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Study on the Use of a Variety of Plastic Materials in a Mixture of

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in a Mixture Based on Wear

AC-WC Layers (Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course)

Suprayitno, Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko

Narotama University Surabaya

sri.wiwoho@narotama.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Roads with flexible pavement are pavements that use asphalt as an

aggregate binder, so they are much in demand rather than rigid pavement.

Road infrastructure requires maintenance whose conditions must be

maintained on an ongoing basis. The use of plastic packaging cannot be

separated in everyday life. HDPE (High density polyethylene) is high

density polyethylene. Based on the problem of the amount of used plastic

waste currently available, this research is needed to find out how well the

pavement uses the use of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic as

mixed plastic waste. After testing the laboratory and analyzing it according

to the General Highway Specifications for normal composition 1 without a

mixture of 0%, the asphalt content that meets all the requirements is

estimated at asphalt level between 5.6% - 6%. Whereas in composition 2-4

with HPDE plastic waste 4%, 8%, and 12%. From the results of the

research with 4 different compositions, it is obtained that the optimal

asphalt content composition of HDPE plastic mixture is 0-12% which meets

the VIM and stability an optimal 8% HDPE plastic mixture was obtained

with an optimum asphalt content of 4.45%

Keywords: Asphalt, Plastics, HDPE

Received Revised Published

April 11
th

2019 June 14
th
2019 September 30

th
2019

INTRODUCTION

Roads are infrastructures made by humans to facilitate travel on land and

the evenly distributed economic development in various regions of a

country. Road infrastructure is a publicly owned economic asset that is very

strategic for service levels and conditions must be maintained on an

ongoing basis. HDPE can be produced with metallocene catalysts, Ziegler-

Natta catalysts, and chromium / silica catalysts.

HDPE is widely used as material for making milk bottles, bottles or

detergent packaging, trash bins, margarine packaging and water pipes.

Based on the above problems, this research is needed to find out how

strong the pavement is by using HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic

waste as an ingredient in a hot asphalt mixture. Therefore, in an effort to

utilize the plastic waste, the writer wants to do research by choosing the

title of the Thesis "Study of Using Variations of HDPE (High Density

Polyethylene) Plastic Material Mixes on Paved Mixtures for Asphalt

Concrete Wearing Coarse (AC-WC) Mixture".

LITERATURE REVIEW

Flexible pavement

Flexible pavement (pavement), which is pavement using asphalt as a

binding agent. Pavement layers are shouldering and spreading the burden

of traffic to the subgrade. Flexible pavement is a road pavement that is

commonly used in Indonesia. The types of flexible pavement layers

commonly used in Indonesia include:

 Burtu (one layer of bitumen asphalt), a cover layer consisting of a layer

of asphalt sprinkled with one layer of uniform gradation, with a maximum

thickness of 2 cm.

 Burda (double layer asphalt), is a cover layer consisting of asphalt layers

sprinkled with aggregate which is done twice in succession with a

maximum solid thickness of 3-5 cm.

 Latasir (thin layer of asphalt sand), is a cover layer consisting of asphalt

layers and gradated natural sand continuously mixed, spread and

compacted with a thick thickness of 1-2 cm.

 Buras (asphalt sprinkles), is a cover layer consisting of asphalt layers of

sand with a maximum grain size of 3/8 inch.

 Latasbum (thin layer of pure asbuton), is a cover layer consisting of a

mixture of asbuton and softeners with a certain ratio that is coolly mixed

with a thick solid maximum of 1 cm.

 Lataston (thin layer of asphalt concrete), known as Hot Roll Sheet

(HRS), is a cover layer consisting of a mixture of lame graded

aggregate, mineral filler (filler) and hard asphalt with a certain ratio,

which is mixed and compacted in hot conditions . Dense thickness

between 2.5 - 3 cm. [1]

Table 1. Rough aggregate provisions

Testing Standard Value

Conservation

of aggregate

form

of sodium

sulfate solution

natrium sulfat

SNI 3407:2008

Maks.

12%

magnesium sulfat
Maks.

18%

Abrasion with

Los Angeles

machine

Mix AC

Modification

100

the

round

SNI 2417:2008

Maks.

500

the

round

Maks.

30%

All type

other graded

asphalt

mixture

100

the

round

Maks.

500

the

round

Maks.

40%

Aggregate adhesion to asphalt SNI 2439:2011

Maks.

95%

Broken Grain on Rough Aggregate SNI 7619:2012 95/90

Max. Flat particles and Oval ASTM D4791

Maks.

10%

Material escaped Sieve No. 200

SNI 03-4142-

1996

Maks.

Source: 2010 General Specifications Revision 2 DGH

Table 2. Nominal rough coarse measurements

Testing Standard Value

Sand Equivalent Value SNI 03-4428-1997 Min. 60%

Angularity with Cavity Level Test SNI 03-6877-2002 Min. 45%

Clays of Clays and Grains -

grains

Easy to Break in Aggregate

SNI 03-4141-1996 Maks 1%

Aggregate Passed Ayakan No.

200
SNI ASTM C117:2012 Maks. 10%

Source: 2010 General Specifications Revision 2 DGH

Asphalt

The definition of asphalt is a black or dark brown material. At room

temperature in the form of solid to slightly dense, if heated to a certain

temperature can be soft / liquid so that it can wrap aggregate particles

when making concrete asphalt mixture or can enter the pores in spraying /

watering on road pavement.

HDPE Plastic

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or high-density polyethylene (PEHD) is

thermoplastic polyethylene made from petroleum. Sometimes it is called

"alkathene" or "polythene" when used for pipes. With a high strength-to-

density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of plastic bottles, corrosion-

resistant pipes, geomembranes, and wood plastics. HDPE is usually

recycled, and has the number "2" as its resin identification code.

There are two plastic mixing techniques in asphalt mixes, namely:

1. Wet process (wet process), which is a method of mixing in which plastic

is put into hot asphalt and stirred at high speed until it is homogeneous.

This method requires quite large additional funds, including fuel, high

speed mixer so that the resulting modified asphalt is quite a big

difference compared to conventional asphalt.

2. The dry process (dry process), which is a way in which plastic is put into

the aggregate which is heated at the temperature of the mixture, then

hot asphalt is added. This method can be cheaper than the wet method,

it's easier just to put plastic into the hot aggregate, without the need for

other equipment to mix (mixer).

Marshall Testing

 VFWA is asphalt which functions to cover aggregate grains in solid

asphalt concrete, or in other words, this VFWA is a percentage of the

volume of asphalt concrete which becomes asphalt film or blanket. [2]

 Void In The Mix (VITM) is the pore volume that remains after the

concrete mixture is compressed. VITM is needed for the shifting of

aggregate points, due to additional compaction that occurs by repetition

of traffic loads, or a place if asphalt becomes soft due to rising

temperatures. [2]

 stability is the ability of pavement to accept traffic loads without

permanent changes such as waves, grooves and bleeding. [2]

 Marshall Quotient is the quotient of stability to melt that is used to

approach the level of stiffness or flexibility of the mixture. A high Marshall

Quotient value indicates a high hard layer stiffness value. [2]

Making a research schedule

This research was conducted in approximately 4 months, the

implementation schedule of the research testing process from beginning to

end.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Calculation and Analysis of Material Physical Tests

Table 3. Test results for coarse aggregate filter analysis (10-15 mm)

Size Filter

Retained Passed

Cumulativ

e
Cumulative

ASTM SNI Average Average

inc mm ( % ) ( % )

1 2" 50.80 - 100.00

2 1
1
/2" 37.50 - 100.00

3 1" 25.40 - 100.00

4
3
/4" 19.10 - 100.00

5
1
/2" 12.50 7.00 93.00

6
3
/8" 9.50 74.55 25.45

7 No. 4 4.75 99.37 0.63

8 No. 8 2.36 99.64 0.36

9 No. 16 1.18 99.90 0.10

10 No. 30 0.60 100.00 0.00

11 No. 50 0.30 100.00 0.00

12 No. 100 0.15 100.00 0.00

13 No. 200 0.008 100.00 0.00

Table 4. Physical test results for asphalt pen 60/70

NO DESCRIPTION

TEST

RESULTS

ASPAL PEN

60/70

EQUIREMENTS

1.
Penetration at25

o
C

(dmm)
61.9 60-70

2.
Softening Point

(
o
C)

49.2 >48

3.
Ductility at 25

o
C

(cm)
>140 >100

4. Flash Point (
o
C) 288 >232

5. Specific Gravity 1,032 >1,0

The combined grading results of aggregate and filler can be seen in Figure

1 below:

Figure 1. Grading aggregate gradation graph and filler material

Calculation of Asphalt Levels Composition Plan for test specimens

%CA = (100 – 43,0)% = 57,0% (1)

%FA = (43,0 – 6,2)% = 36,8% (2)

%FF = 6,2% (3)

Pb = 0,035 x (%CA) + 0,045 x (%FA) + 0,18 x (%FF) + K (4)

Pb = (0,035 x 57%) + (0,045 x 36,8%) + (0,18 x 6,2%) + 1 (5)

Pb = 5,8% (6)

Thus the hot asphalt mixture test specimen is made with the asphalt

content of the plan as follows:

Pb – 1% = 5,8% - 1% = 4,8% (7)

Pb – 0,5% = 5,8% – 0,5% = 5,3% (8)

Pb = 5,8% = 5,8% (9)

Pb + 0,5% = 5,8% + 0,5% = 6,3%

(10)

Pb + 1% = 5,8% + 1% = 6,8% (11)

After obtaining the asphalt content of the plan, the marshal test object and

the refusal test object are planned by adding variations in the percentage of

HPDE plastic waste in each composition, namely 4%, 8%, 12% of the total

asphalt weight of each mixture.

Figure 2. The process of mixing hot asphalt test specimens using plastic

waste (source: research results in laboratory)

The test results of the hot asphalt mixture specimens using HPDE plastic

waste on the wear layer (AC-WC) were obtained from testing the asphalt

mixture with marshall devices in accordance with SNI 06-2489-1991.

Table 5. Marshall test results for composition 1 test with a normal mixture

of 0%

No.
Mixture

Characteristics

Estimated
Unit

Specificati

ons 4,8 5,3 5,8 6,3 6,8

1
Cavity in the

mixture (VIM)
8,75 6,58 4,71 2,06 1,8 %

Min. 3 dan

Maks. 5

Cavity Against

Aggregate

(VMA)

17,6

16,7

16,1

14,9

15,

76
% Min. 15

3 Density
2,26

2,30

2,33

2,38

2,3

71
-

4
Cavity Filled

Asphalt (VFB)

50,5

60,7

70,8

86,2

88,

55
% Min.65

5 Melting (flow) 2 2,95 2,95 3,75 3,3 mm Min. 3

6
Marshall

Quotient
725

450,

472,

333,

307

kg/m

m
Min. 300

7
Effective Asphalt

Levels
4,06 4,56 5,07 5,57

6,0

7
% Min. 4,3

8
Marshall

Stability
1450

1326

,3
1391 1237

101

4
kg Min. 1000

Table 6. Marshall test test composition 3 with a mixture of 8% hdpe plastic

waste

No.

Mixture

Characteristic

Estimated

Unit
Specificati

ons 4,8 5,3 5,8 6,3 6,8

1
Cavity in the

mixture (VIM)
4,50 3,67 3,48 2,76 2,55 %

Min. 3 dan

Maks. 5

Cavity Against

Aggregate

(VMA)

13,8

14,1

15,0

15,5

16,4

0
% Min. 15

3 Density
2,37

2,37

2,36

2,35

3
-

4
Cavity Filled

Asphalt (VFB)

67,5

74,1

76,9

82,2

84,4

3
% Min.65

5 Melting (flow) 3,00 2,35 2,85 3,30 3,80 mm Min. 3

6
Marshall

Quotient

508,

607,

497,

373,

3
260

kg/m

m
Min. 300

7
Effective

Asphalt Levels
4,06 4,56 5,07 5,57 6,07 % Min. 4,3

8
Marshall

Stability

1525

1406

1417

1224

,0
988 kg Min. 1000

Figure 3. Graph of Optimum Asphalt Levels of Test Object Composition 1

with a normal mixture of 0%

Figure 4. Graph of optimum asphalt content of specimen 3 with a mixture

of 8% hpde plastic waste

CONCLUSIONS

After conducting research in the laboratory and analyzing the results of

these experiments it can be concluded:

1. For composition 1 normal mixture of 0%, the asphalt content that meets

all the requirements is the estimated asphalt content between 5.6% -

6%. Whereas in composition 2 with the addition of 4% HDPE plastic the

estimated asphalt content that meets all the requirements is the

estimated asphalt content between 4.8% - 5.7%. Then composition 3

with the addition of 8% HDPE plastic, the estimated asphalt content that

meets all the requirements is an estimated asphalt content between

4.8% - 6.1%, and for composition 4 with an additional HDPE plastic

12%, the estimated asphalt content that meets all the requirements is

the estimated asphalt level between 5.5% - 6.2%.

2. The optimum asphalt content for composition 1 with a normal

composition of 0% is 5.8%. Then the optimum asphalt content for

composition 2 with a mixture of 4% HDPE plastic is 5.25%. While the

optimum asphalt content for composition 3 with 8% HDPE plastic

mixture is 5.45%. And for composition 4 with the addition of a 12%

HDPE plastic mixture produces an Optimum Asphalt Level of 5.85%.

Among the composition of the 0-12% HDPE plastic mixture that meets

the VIM and Stability, the optimum 8% HDPE plastic mixture is obtained

with an optimum asphalt content of 4.45%.

REFERENCE

S. Sukirman, Pavement Flexural Highway, (1992)

S. Sukirman, Planning for Flexible Pavement Structure Thickness, (2010)

Department of Public Works, Testing Methods About Fine and Rough

Aggregate Filter Analysis SNI 03-1968, (1990)

Department of Public Works, Marshall Testing Method SNI 06 - (2489) –

(1991)

Directorate General of Highways, Special Specifications for Interim Section

SKh-1.6.10 Hot Asphalt Mixture Using Plastic Waste, (2017)

Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko, Plastic waste of low density polyethylene (LDPE)

types in asphalt mixture. Paper. In: Proceedings of the International

Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management,

(2018)