Three Seas Economic Journal

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Vol. 2 No. 3, 2021

Corresponding author:
1 Institute of Market Problems and Economic&Ecological Research 
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine.
E-mail: natalivern93@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5968-4211

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-3-2

INSTITUTIONAL PREREQUISITES FOR ORGANIZATIONAL  
AND ECONOMIC QUALITY ASSURANCE  

OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF CITY PARKS
Nataliia Vernihorova1

Abstract. As of today, according to the classifications of ecosystem services, there were developed numerous 
methods of their assessment. At the same time, there are no studies on institutional support for ecosystems 
depending on their functional groups. If we want to achieve economic effects in our economic activity in the process 
of support and improvement of ecosystem functions, we need to know exactly what effects are desirable and which 
ecosystem functions are responsible for them. Therefore, the subject of research of the article is groups of ecosystem 
services of city parks and the possibility of their institutional support. The purpose of the article is to present a 
comprehensive approach to support for ecosystem services of city parks by diversifying directions of support by 
ecosystem functions. The article uses methods of theoretical cognition, namely: induction, deduction and systems 
analysis. The use of systems analysis is aimed at systematizing data on ecosystem functioning, and known ways 
of their institutional control and support. Conceptual data passes through the border of economics and ecology, 
and consist of known developments for the assessment of ecosystem services, their functional classification.  
The study and analysis of these sources allowed to develop a comprehensive approach to institutional support of 
park ecosystems, in order to obtain certain economic, ecological and social effects. The paper presents the specifics 
of institutional support of parks according to the landscape and geographical approach. Based on the analysis of 
the characteristics of parks of different categories, it was found that city parks in their organizational and economic 
support should embody the functions of public space, while maintaining its ecological significance for the city. 
Therefore, the results of the research indicate that due to its versatility, high-quality organization of the city park 
requires clear and responsible institutional support. A quality city park meets the social and ecological needs of the 
city, and ideally, contributes to the economic well-being of nearby facilities and areas. The popularity and economic 
importance of the park depends on the ability to meet all these needs and the quality of ecosystem services of 
the park. The practical significance of the study is that the diversification of institutional support of city parks by 
groups of ecosystem services will increase the efficiency of management and organizational apparatus in the field 
of park management and will improve the quality of services received by park visitors. Improvement of the quality 
of services will contribute towards the increase of the popularity of parks and, consequently, economic benefits.  
The originality of the article lies in the fact that the author proposed for the first time the support for park facilities  
by groups of ecosystem services. It is determined that city parks are characterized by the following functional 
groups of ecosystem services: regulatory, cultural and supportive. The qualitative component with regard to the 
city park provides not only its support as an ecosystem, but also the possibility of convenient consumption of 
these services by park visitors. Therefore, it is important for city parks to note the availability of infrastructure, which 
should be considered separately from the support of ecosystem services.

Key words: city parks, ecosystem services, support, institutional support, diversification.

JEL Classification: Q57

1. Introduction
The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the 

author proposed for the first time the diversification of 
institutional support for city parks in accordance with 

the functional groups of ecosystem services. Given  
that city parks are multifunctional areas, it is expected 
that they meet the ecological and social needs of the  
city. The main component that creates demand for 

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms 
of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0



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city parks is their ecosystems, which need support  
according to their functional groups. Therefore, in order 
to improve the quality of all these needs, it is important 
to develop organizational and institutional solutions 
in accordance with the functional classification of 
ecosystem services. The purpose of the article is to 
develop a comprehensive approach to institutional 
support of city parks based on the functional 
classification of ecosystem services. Scientific-research 
objectives of the article can be formed as follows:
– grouping of ecosystem services of parks by their 
functional groups,
– identification of the main objects and functions of 
ecosystem services, and the corresponding benefits for 
the state;
– identification of the object of influence by the 
institutions, to support certain groups of ecosystem 
services.

The research methodology consists of methods 
of theoretical cognition (induction, deduction 
and systems analysis). First of all, the analysis of 
existing research on the principles of classification 
of ecosystem services and the functions of parks in 
the city environment (Kucheriavyi, 2005; Solovii, 
2016), including classic authors (Costanza, 1997; 
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005) and 
recent research (Xin Cheng, 2021; Jenssen, 2021; 
Li, 2021). Based on the analysis, it is proposed the 
following diversification of institutional support 
of parks: by categories of parks and by groups of 
ecosystem services. In the process of analysis, there 
were considered different parks according to their 
national importance, and, accordingly, functional 
purpose (diversification by categories of parks). Due 
to the fact that all parks are a cultural space, the use 
of a geographical approach is proposed while ensuring 
the quality of ecosystem services. Furthermore, there 
were considered the groups of ecosystem services and 
the corresponding effects they have (diversification  
by groups of ecosystem services). Accordingly, 
knowing the category of parks and their purpose, it 
is possible to regulate certain groups of ecosystem 
services to achieve the desired social, environmental 
and economic effects when using parks. 

2. Quality criteria for parks as a cultural space: 
landscape-geographical approach

Usually ecosystem services are considered as 
“proposition from nature”, “resource”, “favorable 
natural conditions for economic development”. But 
at the same time, this resource is not infinite, and 
needs support from the state and society. Therefore, 
developing in practical terms the concept of quality 
environment of the park, it can be proposed the 
directions of support for ecosystem services of parks 
in accordance with:

1. Categories of parks and corresponding quality 
criteria.

2. Groups of ecosystem services (regulatory, cultural, 
support).

The actuality of supporting groups of ecosystem 
services lies in the increase of the efficiency of 
administrative regulation of the activity of parks, 
promotion of the development of relevant ecosystem 
services of the park, improvement of the quality of 
service.

Social and economic activities on the territory of 
parks comply with the requirements of cultural space. 
Cultural space means a part of geographical space 
(geospace) that differs in the specifics of cultural 
activities and features of cultural, informational and 
leisure needs of citizens, the interconnected elements 
of which are located in a certain territory (geotory) and 
develop over time (Law of Ukraine “On Culture”, 2011). 
The requirements of cultural space depend on the type 
of park, its specialization and the value of ecosystems. 
Therefore, considering the park as a cultural space, it is 
important to use a geographical approach, according 
to which the concept of quality of ecosystem services 
for different categories of parks should be considered 
depending on their environmental, scientific and 
historical and cultural value. As of today, there are works 
in which landscape assessment of a natural object is  
used in the assessment and definition of goals in the  
long-term planning of protected areas, detection 
of regional features of the nature park (Hudzevich, 
Liubchenko, 2020). Therefore, in the context of the 
landscape-geographical approach, parks of national, 
regional and local significance should be divided 
(Figure 1).

Based on Figure 1, the administrative regulation 
of parks of national and regional importance should 
meet primarily environmental standards, research 
interests and cultural functions of these parks.  
Among the predominant groups of ecosystem  
services of these categories of parks, which have  
primary interest for state support, there can be marked 
regulatory and supportive ecosystem services.

For parks of local significance, priority ecosystem 
services should be determined in accordance 
with the species classification of the park, its goals 
and importance in the city system. Parks of local  
importance, especially megacities, are valuable 
for the entire range of ecosystem services. Their 
institutional regulation seems more complex in modern  
conditions. On the one hand, parks contribute to the 
improvement of microclimatic and ecological qualities 
of the city environment, and accordingly require 
compliance with environmental regulations.

On the other hand, city parks are an important 
element of public space. Modern conditions of the 
city environment have developed in such a way that 
a comfortable stay of a person outside his home, and 



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especially recreation in favorable conditions require 
special creation and maintenance of greenery. The 
infrastructure of cities and their planning organization 
is mostly aimed at conducting efficient economic 
activities, which include: movement of people and 
connection with infrastructure (transit areas – streets, 
avenues, boulevards, roads, highways), location of 
public services, production, etc. (territories of economic 
subjects – streets, squares), and residential areas.  
Parks are often outside the interests of economic 
development and investors, although they are in high 
demand among visitors.

3. Institutional support  
for regulatory ecosystem services

There are no targeted actions and programs to  
support ecosystems on the part of the state and 
institutions that take care of parks. Therefore, we 
propose to improve the administrative regulation 
of park facilities in accordance with the group of  
ecosystem services. For now, let's focus on city parks. 

For each of the groups of ecosystem services (regulatory, 
cultural and support) that are specific to parks, it is 
possible to offer areas of support that focus on one or 
another element of the ecosystem that generates certain 
ecosystem services.

For regulatory ecosystem services of city parks, the 
main areas of support are clearly shown in Figure 2.

As can be seen from Figure 2, for the group of 
regulatory ecosystem services of city parks, there can 
be distinguished the following groups of institutional 
regulation:
– Administrative regulation and plant protection  
aimed at plant protection and biocenoses. The purpose 
of this area of support is to create favorable conditions 
for plant communities, so within these measures it is 
necessary to select plants based on their resilience, the 
need for living conditions, as well as the selection of 
plants to create symbiotic groups;
– Administrative regulation and control of sanitation, 
aimed at quality and species composition of greenery. 
The purpose of this area of institutional regulation is 
to create favorable conditions for human existence 

Categories of parks 

3. Parks of local significance

1. Parks of national significance

1.1 Natural objects – are national parks

2.1 Natural objects – regional landscape parks 

2. Parks of regional significance

1.2 Artificially created environmental facilities – botanical 
gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks and parks-
memorials of garden and park art 

3.1 Multifunctional – parks of culture and recreation

c) objects of improvement of green economy of
settlements (parks of public use) – children's, sports,
exhibitional, memorial, waterparks, meadow parks, forest
parks, buffer parks

а) natural objects – regional landscape parks 

b) artificially created objects of the reserve fund –
botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks,
parks-memorials of garden and park art;

3.2 Specialized

Quality criteria

Compliance with
environmental regulations, 
provision of scientific-
research and cultural-
educational functions, 
recreation with observance 
of environmental 
regulations

Compliance with
environmental regulations, 
recreation, conduct of
environmental educational 
work

Compliance with the 
needs of the geosocial 
system – providing 
opportunities for 
recreation of citizens, 
maintaining the quality 
of the natural 
environment of cities, 
entertainment and 
leisure of all segments 
of the population, the 
needs of landscape and 
architectural solutions

Figure 1. Categories of parks and corresponding quality criteria

Source: compiled on the basis of the (Law of Ukraine "On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine", 1992; 
Order "On approval of the Rules for the maintenance of greenery in the settlements of Ukraine”, 2006)



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through greenery, improve the environment of the 
city, reduce common groups of human diseases. Given 
the purpose of this area, it is important to exclude 
plants harmful to human health, such as ragweed, male 
poplars, etc.;

– Administrative regulation and geological security, 
aimed at creating a safe geological environment in 
the city. The purpose of this area of support is to 
promote landscaping of vulnerable areas of the city, 
select plants with appropriate qualities. An example 

Services Object of action
Ecosystem service / state 
function

Benefit / feedback 
from the state

Regulatory services of city park ecosystems

Formation 
of city
microclimate

City
space in 
general

Regulation of carbon 
balance, humidity and 
air temperature

Improvement of hygienic 
and organoleptic conditions 
of the city environment

Air 
ionization City air 

basin

Increase of the biological 
activity of oxygen and the 
content of light ions

Increase of air transparency, 
reduction of manifestations of 
fatigue, increase of
productivityVentilation 

regulation
Regulation of air flow in 
the city, prevention of air 
stagnation

Improvement of air quality, 
scattering of impurities, 
protection against heat

Impact of park ecosystems Organizational and economic 
support of city landscaping 
programs, taking into account the 
peculiarities of the climate

Protection of green areas 
and control, planning

Green plantings of 
parks, biocenoses

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Regulation 
of human 
diseases

Human
Saturation of air with 
phytoncides and oxygen, 
absorption of harmful 
impurities in the air

Improvement of resort and therapeutic 
properties of the environment for resort 
cities, reduction of disease incidence of 
the population

Impact of park ecosystems
Creation of separate requirements and 
programs for landscaping of resort 
towns; landscaping with regard to the 
specifics of disease indicators, taking
into account the needs of vulnerable 
groups

Protection of green areas, 
administrative activities, planning, 
forecasting, functional modeling, 
design

Green massif, its 
quality and 
appearance

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Administrative regulation and plant protection

Administrative regulation and control of sanitation

Drain 
regulation Surface 

of city 
area

Moisture retention and 
absorption, transpiration

Particle retention

Reduction of losses from rain 
showers, humidification of city air

Prevention of soil erosion and dust in 
cities, landslides and villages; 
preservation of viable soilsImpact of park ecosystems

Administrative regulation and geological security

Identification of areas of the city 
vulnerable to erosion, landslides, dust 
storms, floods, and the creation of a 
program for their landscaping; selection 
of appropriate plants

Monitoring, functional 
modeling, design

Park greenery, 
including grass 
cover

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Erosion 
control

Figure 2. Main directions of institutional support for regulatory ecosystem services of city parks 

Source: compiled by the author based on the analysis 
(Kucheriavyi, 2005; Solovii, 2016; Young-Jae, 2018; Morsy, 2016; Pennino, 2016, Liu, 2012)



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of such support for ecosystem services is the creation 
of wetland parks on city territories. For example, the 
“Atlantic de Las Llamas Park” in Santander (Spain) 
(PROSTRANSTVO, 2021), or the Hong Kong 
Wetland Park in northern Ting Shui Wai (2021), 
which were designed to preserve wetland ecosystems 
and create an ecological mitigation zone.

It can be said that the object of state support for 
regulatory ecosystem services are green areas of parks, 
and the above three areas of support have their purpose. 
That is, it can be seen that the regulation of ecosystem 
services through the same object may have different 
meanings.

4. Institutional support  
for cultural ecosystem services

Let’s consider the areas of support for cultural 
ecosystem services of city parks (Figure 3).

As can be seen from Figure 3, institutional areas of 
support for cultural ecosystem services include:
– Administrative regulation and social orientation, 
designed to create a favorable environment for 
recreation. The functioning of the park should be 
organized from the standpoint of the status of the 
territory as a public space, and include specially 
designed social programs, depending on the type 
and specialization of the park. Green plantations are 

Cultural services of ecosystems of city parks

Services Object of action Ecosystem service / 
state function

Benefit / feedback from 
the state

Rest Human, 
society

Natural phenomena, 
phenology, change 
of impressions

Recreation within the city, income for 
nearby service facilities

Places 
of public 
cultural 
events

Human, 
society

socialization
Diversification of impressions and rest; places for 
communication and meetings; aesthetic 
experience; job support

Sport Human, 
society

Environment 
for recovery

Involvement of the population in a healthy 
lifestyle, creation and support of jobs in the 
field of sports servicesImpact of park ecosystems

Creating social and health programs in 
parks, improving the quality of rest and 
taking into account the needs of the 
population 

Monitoring the needs of the 
population, development of 
proposals, public hearings, design, 
organization, assistance

Green areas of 
parks and relevant 
infrastructure, 
buildings

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Administrative regulation and social orientation

Aesthetic 
and cultural 
space of the 
city

Natural 
phenomena, 
phenology 

Natural heritage as the property of society; 
aesthetic values; prerequisites for tourism 
development, increase of land value

Cultural 
historical 
heritage 

Preservation of cultural 
and historical heritage Tourist attractions, aesthetic values of 

city space, increase of land value

Inspiration Human
Natural 
phenomena, 
phenology 

Source of inspiration for national symbols or the city, 
advertising, creativity; opportunities for the 
development of behavioral and impression economy

Impact of park ecosystems

Green areas and 
infrastructure of culture, 
recreation and historical sites

Creation of investment programs for the 
development of parks of cultural and 
historical significance, improvement of 
environmental standards in parks

Monitoring of cultural 
and natural heritage 
parks, adaptation to 
modern needs 

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Administrative regulation and cultural development

Cultural 
natural 
heritage 

activities

Figure 3. Main directions of institutional support for cultural ecosystem services of city parks

Source: compiled by the author based on the analysis 
(Kucheriavyi, 2005; Solovii, 2016; Young-Jae, 2018; Morsy, 2016; Pennino, 2016, Liu, 2012)



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the object of influence by state regulators, but their 
qualitative features are considered from the standpoint 
of benefit to society. This area includes the needs and 
safety of human health, as well as the possibility of 
implementing socially beneficial measures;

– Administrative regulation and cultural development 
aimed at maintaining the cultural value of parks. Insti-
tutional support is aimed at supporting those qualities 
that affect a person through impressions or inspiration. 
Therefore, the object of influence are units of greenery 

Supporting services of ecosystems of city parks

Services Object of action Ecosystem service / state 
function

Benefit / feedback 
from the state

Nutrient 
retention

Ground cover 
and water 
bodies

Nutrient retention rate Absorption of nutrients and 
improvement of soil quality and 
protection of groundwater

Nitrogen 
absorption

Ground 
cover

Nitrogen fixation 
coefficient

Improvement of the quality of soils, 
their chemical composition

Adsorption 
of waste and 
toxins

Ground cover 
and water 
bodies

Decomposition of impurities 
by biological, biophysical and 
biochemical processes

Preservation and improvement of 
the quality of soils and water 
bodies, including underground 
ones

Green 
plantations and 
soil biocenosis

Approval of the program of protection 
of soils and underground waters on the 
territory of the city, the maximum 
coverage by parks of the areas with 
high quality of soils, selection of 
plants and promotion of health of 
ecosystems

Monitoring, design, protection of 
plantations and soil biocenoses, 
cooperation with geological services 
and other specialists

Impact of park ecosystems

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Administration and preservation of biocenoses

Oxygen 
production

Air bassin Filling the atmosphere 
with oxygen and 
absorbing carbon dioxide

Maintenance of the rate of 
oxygen supply per unit of 
population

Air 
quality

Air bassin Absorption of CO, CO2 and 
other impurities, retention of 
small particles, ionization

Maintenance of air quality as a 
prerequisite for recreational activities; 
reduction of the cost of overcoming the 
effects of corrosion of structures

Noise 
protection 
function

City space Absorption of sound 
oscillations by crowns Reduction of noise stress for the 

population, improvement of hygienic 
norms in the city

Maintenance of healthy 
condition of greenery, selection 
of the most stable and useful 
species

Green plantations, their 
qualitative, species and 
quantitative composition

Impact of park ecosystems
Monitoring, cooperation 
with specialists, design, 
protection

Institutional support for park ecosystem services

Administration and protection of plants

Representativ
es of the 
animal world

Territories for life, 
food

Populations of useful species in 
cities, biodiversity

Creation of living conditions for safe species 
of animals and birds; selection of appropriate 
plants and park planning; combination of 
parks in a network of green corridors

Monitoring, 
planning, protection

Green plantations and their 
species and quantitative 
composition; organizational 
and planning programs

Impact of park ecosystems

Institutional support of park ecosystem services

Administration and regulation of wildlife

Animal 
habitats

Figure 4. Main institutional areas of support and regulation of supporting ecosystem services of urban parks

Source: compiled by the author based on the analysis 
(Kucheriavyi, 2005; Solovii, 2016; Young-Jae, 2018; Morsy, 2016; Pennino, 2016, Liu, 2012)



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in terms of their historical and cultural significance,  
as well as architectural complexes and objects.

Today in the city parks of Ukraine there are almost 
no permanent social programs, especially since they 
are not specified in the documents on the improvement  
of parks. 

5. Institutional support for supporting 
ecosystem services

The basis for quality provision of park space is the 
institutional regulation of supporting ecosystem 
services. They are the basis for the preservation and 
development of cultural and regulatory ecosystem 
services, and create the main qualitative characteristics 
of the natural space of city parks (Figure 4).

It can be seen from Figure 4 that the main areas of 
regulation of supporting ecosystem services of parks are 
divided into:
– Administration and maintenance of biocenoses  
aimed at maintaining soil biocenoses through the selec-
tion of greenery, especially grass cover. This area should 
include soil protection programs, because as it is known, 
in the cities of the steppe zone of Ukraine may be high 
quality chernozems. Therefore, the creation of parks 
should be correlated with areas with valuable landscapes 
and the presence of groups of valuable biocenoses;
– Administration and protection of plants aimed 
at maintaining greenery, in order to improve such 
functions as: oxygen production, impact on air quality, 
noise protection properties. It provides for measures 
with regard to improve the health of greenery;
– Administration and regulation of wildlife, aimed at 
creating conditions in parks for the existence of birds, 
squirrels, hedgehogs. Both animal and human safety are 
important. Park areas should include groups of greenery 

that are far from people's recreation areas, or even out 
of reach. For example, groups of trees in a circle of low 
bushes provide opportunities for nesting and other 
forms of existence. At the same time, there should be  
no stray animals in the parks, and populations of 
squirrels and hedgehogs should be supervised by 
experts for signs of rabies and other dangerous diseases.

It can be seen that each of the groups of ecosystem 
services of urban parks requires different areas of 
support from the institutional maintenance. The object 
of influence remains almost unchanged – greenery 
and biocenoses of parks, but administrative decisions 
on the development of the park can take on different 
meanings and, accordingly, give different effects. 

6. Generalized principle  
of institutional support for city parks

In Figure 5 we can summarize the principles of 
government regulation in the context of improving the 
ecosystem services of parks.

So, it can be seen that the quality of ecosystem 
services of parks and their diversity are provided 
primarily by such administrative areas as: protection 
of ecosystems and social orientation of park activities. 
Rich opportunities to offer ecosystem services of 
parks are a prerequisite for the implementation of 
various programs of recreation, rehabilitation and 
social activities. In Ukraine, almost both directions are 
absent, especially in city parks. The inclusion of parks in 
the socio-economic space of life of citizens in Ukraine 
takes place only in the areas of commercial benefit. 
Therefore, we can see how a poor understanding of 
the areas of quality support of parks and the lack of 
their socially oriented software leads to a qualitative 
impoverishment of ecosystem services.

Park ecosystem 
services

Subject of action Essence of 
service

State support and regulation

Regulatory

Due to greenery, and 
infrastructure and 

architecture

Impressions, 
recreation, income 
from recreational 

activities, aesthetic 
attractions in the city

Due to quality of 
greenery and their 

location

Regulation of urban 
microclimate, sanitation 

and geological safety

Cultural

Supporting Due to functioning of 
ecosystems, biocenoses, 

functional features of 
green plants

Creation of enabling 
environment to 

support regulatory and 
cultural services

Administration and 
maintenance of biocenoses, 
plant protection, regulation 

of the animal world

Administrative regulation and 
cultural development, social 

orientation

Administrative regulation and 
plant protection, sanitation 
control, geological safety

Figure 5. Principles of institutional regulation according to the groups of ecosystem services of parks 

Source: compiled by the author



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7. Conclusion
In conclusion, it may be noted that the main 

prerequisite for organizational and economic 
quality support of ecosystem services of city parks 
is the comprehensive support of their ecosystems 
as the main resource for the creation of services. 
In addition, there must be an understanding of the 
impact of ecosystem groups on the social, ecological 
and economic environment of the city, to develop an 
optimal strategy for the development of parks with 
the desired effect. As of today, the park improvement 
system lacks specific solutions to support the 
ecosystem as a whole, or targeted support for 
a specific group of ecosystem services. That is why 
there is no clear understanding of the quality of city 

parks and ways to achieve it. Therefore, the following 
recommendations can be provided at the institutional 
level of the organization of park development:
– Diversification of administrative regulation, and 
organizational and economic support of parks in 
accordance with groups of ecosystem services;
– Expansion of cooperation of institutions and 
organizations on the balance of which the parks are 
listed, with botanists, ecologists and geologists in 
regards to creation of parks in vulnerable areas;
– Creation of a landscaping program in accordance  
with the problems of cities: sanitary, geological,  
climatic and specific diseases of local residents;
– Creation of parks in accordance with the social, 
environmental and economic needs of the city.

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