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1 Moldova State University, Moldova
E-mail: kaprianusm@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-5356
2 Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
E-mail: iulitabirca2021@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3910-8022
3 Research Center for Industrial Problems of Development 
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine (corresponding author)
E-mail: nata_tru@ukr.net
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-7738

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms 
of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2023-1-1

LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT  
OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Iulia Caprian1, Iulita Birca2, Nataliia Trushkina3

Abstract. The aggravation of ecological problems at the global level, as well as the need to solve the economic 
and social problems of humanity, require the implementation of important economic transformation measures. 
The circular economy (or closed-loop economy) is a form of production organization related to extending the life 
cycle of products and minimizing harmful disposal and waste. It is also about sharing, renting, reusing, repairing, 
refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as much as possible. As with any type of economic model, 
the functioning of the circular economy requires a corresponding logistics system. In this context, together with 
the acceptance of the concept of ecological efficiency and "green" economy in many countries, the new approach 
of "green logistics" has emerged in international practice. The purpose of this article is to generalize theoretical 
approaches and to substantiate the conceptual provisions of logistical support for the development of the  
circular economy in the conditions of global transformations. Methodology. The methodological basis of the  
study is the scientific work of scientists on the problems of green economy, circular economy, environmental 
management, waste management, logistics management. The research was conducted using general scientific 
methods: analysis and synthesis – to summarize the existing conceptual approaches and regulations, scientific 
developments on the development of the circular economy, greening of logistics systems, green logistics, 
clarification of terminology; classifications – to systematize theoretical approaches to the definition of "green 
logistics" proposed by various scientific schools; structural and logical generalization – to determine the key 
logistics approaches to the development of the circular economy and the principles of green logistics for the 
implementation of circular business models. Results. In order to present the specific aspects of circular economy 
logistics, the opinions of researchers from different countries were studied to outline a related synthetic vision. 
After conducting the study, the current characteristics of the circular economy were identified. Then the current 
international trends in logistics development were identified. An important trend is the development of "green" 
logistics. It has been found that many conceptual approaches to the definition of the terms "green" logistics  
and environmental logistics are generally accepted and have a broader meaning, without taking into account  
the specifics of the functioning of different areas of economic activity, including the transport sector and 
logistics activities. Scientific views on the interpretation of the nature and content of the concept of "green" 
logistics are generalized. It is proposed to consider the concept of "green" logistics as a tool of circular economy. 
It offers companies a number of advantages and is based on certain principles. As a synergy effect, the massive 
implementation of the circular economy and green logistics can significantly contribute to solving the socio-
economic problems of humanity. Practical implications. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that 
the conceptual provisions can be used in practice when developing an organizational and economic mechanism 
for implementing the concept of green logistics. This mechanism should include such blocks as: management 
of supplies and purchases of material resources; production of products; warehousing and inventories; 
logistics flows; risks of logistics activities; logistics service processes; waste recycling; innovation and change.  
The introduction of the proposed organizational and economic mechanism will reduce the cost of managing 
the movement of logistics flows and increase the level of environmental safety. This is one of the most  



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important requirements for the implementation of the concept of corporate social responsibility of business  
in a circular economy. Value/originality. The authors' approach to formulating the category "green logistics"  
is theoretically substantiated.

Key words: circular economy, green logistics, environmental logistics, greening of logistics activities, green 
technologies, logistics system, conceptual approach, organizational and economic mechanism, sustainable 
development, cost minimization, environmental safety, synergistic effect, globalization. 

JEL Classification: G30, M14, M21, O31, Q21, Q56

1. Introduction
According to the World Business Council for 

Sustainable Development, the circular economy 
is critical to addressing today 's biggest environ-
mental priorities, including resource scarcity, 
pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, land 
use change, and food loss and waste.

It is becoming increasingly clear that humanity  
is approaching the threshold of depletion of  
a wide range of natural resources. This requires  
an urgent abandonment of the practice of the 
linear model of production. In this context,  
experts V. Ganea and I. Birca (2020) mention: 
"This model has caused a huge deficit of energy 
resources, intensification of environmental 
pollution, increase in the area of industrial 
and household waste landfills, etc. The new  
challenges are to ensure a dignified quality of life 
for all the inhabitants of the planet, in the context  
of growing volumes of production and 
consumption, but at the same time in conditions  
of diminishing reserves of natural resources." 

The circular economy model has become an 
alternative to the linear production model, which 
is seen as the only way to solve global problems 
related to rationalizing the use of exhaustible 
natural resources and minimizing the harmful 
impact of human activity on the environment. 

In this regard, the nominated authors (Ganea, 
Birca, 2020) state: "This new type of economic 
activity aims to move away from the direct vector 
of economic growth based on the volume of 
resources used, gradually moving from depletion 
to the regenerative use of materials. This is 
made possible by optimizing the use of existing 
assets, stocks and materials, i.e., by reducing the  
amount of raw materials consumed and the  
volume of waste generated." The implementation 
of the circular economy has as its fundamental 
purpose the achievement of the synergy effect 
(environmental, economic and social). The 
circular economy is intended to offer acceptable 
solutions based on the principles of resource 

efficiency, increasing the environmental and  
social responsibility of economic entities in 
combination with technological development 
and the transformation of social needs. (Ganea  
et al., 2022)

Acceptance of the circular economy model is  
part of the transition activity of many countries 
in the world to the "green" economy. (Caprian 
et al., 2023) As with any model of production 
organization, the success of the implementation 
and operation of the circular economy depends  
on the creation of an appropriate logistics system.

Leading scientists (Dzwigol, 2003, 2008, 2009; 
Karbownik et al., 2012; Kwilinski et al., 2021; 
Bezpartochnyi et al., 2022; Kuzior et al., 2022) 
are conducting scientific discussions on the 
implementation of the concept of green growth  
in order to preserve the environment and improve 
the economic activities of enterprises. 

The desire of companies to create an ecological 
image among consumers has contributed to the 
development of a sustainable logistics concept 
(Boichuk, Kauf, 2019; Trushkina, Shyposha, 
2021), which includes green components and  
takes into account economic, social and 
environmental activities in the context of  
logistics management.

It is precisely the greening of logistics activities 
that is a key vector for business development, 
since most consumers give priority to companies 
that carry out cargo transportation by "green" 
means and use technologies that save natural 
resources. (Trushkina et al., 2021) The use of 
"green" technologies in logistics has become 
as much a necessity as the implementation of  
a quality management system. As a result, 
according to the "Green Trends Survey " in the 
study "Towards Sustainable Logistics" (Christof, 
Ehrhart 2012), 59% of companies found that  
the green transportation of their products is 
recognized as a decisive factor in attracting 
consumers. Based on a survey conducted by  
PE International (UK) (McKinnon et al. 



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2010), the main benefits of implementing green  
logistics include reducing air emissions  
(33% of company directors and senior managers) 
and attracting new customers or developing new 
products (26% of respondents).

Thus, modern business conditions dictate 
new requirements for business development. 
The priority is green logistics as one of the most 
important components of the overall strategy 
of corporate social responsibility in the context 
of the development of a circular economy.  
(Dźwigoł et al., 2021; Trushkina, Prokopyshyn, 
2021) It should be noted that the role and 
importance of green logistics as a tool to 
support environmental safety is becoming more  
relevant every year, as it has become a socially  
useful and profitable symbiosis of ecology and 
economy as part of corporate environmental 
governance policies.

Against this background, the purpose of the 
paper is to generalize theoretical approaches 
and to substantiate the conceptual provisions 
of logistical support for the development of the 
circular economy in the conditions of global 
transformations.

2. The circular economy from  
a modern point of view

There are several definitions of circular  
economy in the literature:
– The circular economy is an economic model that 
aims to use resources efficiently by minimizing 
waste, preserving long-term value, reducing 
primary resources and creating closed loops of 
products, product parts and materials within  
the limits of environmental protection and  
socio-economic benefits. (Morseletto, 2020)
– The circular economy is a production model  
that emphasizes the reuse of products,  
components, and materials; remanufacturing, 
reconditioning, repairing, and upgrading; and  
the use of energy derived from waste throughout 
the product value chain. (Korhonen et al., 2018)
– Circular ecology is a concept that contributes  
to the preservation of the environment by 
minimizing the extraction of resources and the 
generation of waste. Within this production  
model, the aim is to extend the life cycle of  
products and the materials from which they 
are made. Products that have reached the 
end of their use-by date must be reused or 
remanufactured as much as possible, avoiding 

or postponing their incineration or storage.  
(Beames et al., 2021)

The circular economy concept is based on nine 
elements ("9Rs"): Rethink; Refuse; Reduce; 
Reuse; Re-Gift; Repair; Rent; Recycle; Rot.  
In the conditions of the emerging scarcity 
of resources, the circular economy can allow 
producers to reduce the cost of purchasing 
raw materials through repeated processing and  
ensure the optimal use of generated waste. The 
benefits of minimizing waste and environmental 
pollution are also remarkable. The circular  
economy is also related to the minimization 
of excessive consumption of resources due to 
the circularity of the production process. In  
particular, the use of components and  
materials with the highest utility throughout 
the entire technical and biological cycle is  
remarkable. (Ganea et al., 2022)

Within the circular economy, a distinction can 
be made between the biological cycle and the 
technical cycle. The biological cycle includes 
products made from materials derived from 
living organisms, but not from fossil resources. 
The technical cycle includes products made from  
metals and minerals that must first be extracted 
from the earth's interior. (Beames et al., 2021) 
Some experts have highlighted the basic  
principles of the circular economy: (Bugaian, 
Diaconu, 2020)
– The principle of ensuring the sustainability of 
resources provides for the use of renewable energy 
and renewable, recyclable and biodegradable 
materials in successive life cycles.
– The principle of transforming waste into raw 
materials proposes the total disappearance of  
waste and the rethinking of products so that 
they can be recycled and reused to obtain other 
consumer products.
– Recycling products, components and materials 
with the highest use and priority achieves the 
principle of optimizing resource yields.
– The principle of promoting the efficiency of the 
system is achieved by denouncing and combating 
the harmful effects of the current industrial 
economic system.
– The principle of ensuring the diversity and 
high adaptability of products is a priority for 
the circular economy, which seeks to create  
sustainable products over time that can be 
transformed into other products, creating a cycle  
of recycling without waste.



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3. Modern approaches to logistics
Logistics is an economic category that has  

existed since ancient times. As a science, it has 
always been linked to the imperatives of the 
economy of the time. 

Some experts define logistics as follows "Lo-
gistics is that part of supply chain management 
that plans, implements, and controls the efficient 
and effective flow and storage of goods, services, 
and related information from the point of origin 
to the point of consumption to meet customer 
requirements. It is about getting the right  
product, to the right customer, in the right  
quantity, in the right condition, at the right  
place, at the right time, and at the right cost."  
(Flex Logistics, 2021)

The Romanian expert G. E. Mocuța (2009) 
believes that since 2005 a new concept of  
logistics has been promoted as an activity related 
to "the delivery of a product, in good condition,  
at the right time, in the right place, in the right  
and necessary quantity, in the packaging 
of properly presented goods, preceded,  
accompanied and followed by correct and  
accurate information entered in legal documents, 
all under the best economic conditions". 

This definition confirms the application 
of the 7 "Rights" in logistics: Right product; 
Right customer; Right cost; Right quantity; 
Right condition; Right time; Right place. (Flex  
Logistics, 2021) Some researchers believed that 
beginning in the 1990s, cooperative logistics is 
developing in global practice. (Akbari et al., 2002)

In this context, a complex concept of logistics is 
formulated: "The functions of planning, execution 
and control of the flow of goods and information 
for the acquisition, storage, movement and 
delivery of goods in full cooperation with the  
other members of the logistics chain in order to 
achieve the expected objectives of the logistics 
chain, in particular the reduction of the response 
time to the market." (Mocuța, 2009)

In the first decade of the 2000s, total production 
capacity for many products was much higher  
than the market's ability to absorb them. 
Competition is getting fiercer. Product life cycles 
are shortening, and the need for innovation is 
growing. All of this makes forecasting demand very 
difficult and creates important uncertainties in 
markets. Companies are required to produce their 
products in small quantities and deliver them in 
ever shorter periods of time. (Akbari et al., 2002)

In these conditions, modern companies have  
to solve the following tasks:
– search for new markets, market segments and 
niches;
– maintain high quality of products and services;
– minimize the cost of products;
– maintain marketing agility to respond quickly to 
unexpected consumer demands.

Modern logistics must solve a variety of  
problems in the following basic areas: organization 
of the transportation system throughout the 
logistics chain; strategic design of the supply 
chain in terms of size and location decisions; 
determination of demand and its satisfaction 
by supply and the formation of the resulting  
networks; detailed supply planning in the 
movement of products through supply chains.

Modern logistics focuses on the supply chain, 
which consists of all parties directly or indirectly 
involved in the flow and transformation of goods 
and services from the origin of the product to the 
consumer. Logistics encompasses the economic 
activities necessary to satisfy consumer demand  
for the products of companies with product 
offerings. These activities span the entire 
product supply chain, from the extraction of raw  
materials to the delivery of the final product.  
The collection and recycling of used products  
and rail waste is also logistics. (Beames et al., 2021)

Modern logistics is associated with the 
rapid development of logistics services and 
the outsourcing of logistics functions within 
manufacturing companies.

In the first decade of the 2000s, experts 
considered it a current trend among logistics 
providers to focus more on logistics operations  
than on transportation, which is increasingly 
outsourced after second-level subcontracting. 
In particular, following the development of new 
information and communication technologies,  
the competence of the logistics provider has 
evolved from 3 PL (third party logistics) to  
4 PL (fourth party logistics). (Vasiliu et al., 2008)

3PL is the outsourcing of logistics functions 
(priority warehouse management and 
transportation procedures) to an external  
company that manages the company 's supply  
chain and ensures its daily operations. The 4PL 
service is related to the management of the 
customer's entire supply chain and, upon request, 
the design and optimization of the customer's 
supply chain. 5PL and 6PL level services are 



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currently offered. 5PL is a fully integrated  
logistics solution that encompasses the entire 
supply chain through multiple outsourced 
service providers. This logistics service solution 
is created by applying IT technologies to 
provide full visibility of the entire supply chain 
in real time. 6PL is more theoretical with the  
alternative name "Artificial Intelligence-based 
Supply Chain Management". This is a fully 
integrated and partially automated supply chain 
solution that is monitored and controlled by 
artificial intelligence. With the development of  
self-driving vehicles, warehouse robots and  
delivery drones, some components are already  
in use today. 

4. Provision of logistics support  
for the circular economy

The establishment of the circular economy 
requires certain adjustments to logistics systems. 
In the circular economy, suppliers and other  
supply chain partners need to streamline 
information exchange and introduce new 
transportation services as infrastructure elements 
of the circular economy. In a circular economy, 
goods are in constant motion and do not become 
waste because they can always be reused. The  
most challenging logistics issues in a circular 
economy are the predictability of goods flows, 
the low cost of materials, and the wide variety of 
trading qualities. 

Similarly, the implementation of the circular 
economy is closely linked to the development 
of reverse logistics. It refers to the supply chain  
process of returning products from end users 
back through the supply chain to the retailer or 
manufacturer. 

From these positions, it is very important to 
solve problems related to repair, reuse, 
refurbishment, remanufacturing, recycling, waste-
to-energy, and storage: (Beames et al., 2021)

First, it is important to examine the possibility of 
reusing, remanufacturing or recycling a product in 
the area of circular product design.

Second, for products that have a significant  
level of use, it is necessary to emphasize the  
optimal use of the product during its life cycle 
and the possible extension of this life cycle.  
In this context, maintenance or repair work is of 
great importance.

Third, all materials in products that are durable  
or recyclable must eventually be recycled.

The notion of a circular supply chain is also 
linked to the logistics of the circular economy, 
which ensures the operation of a cycle with 
the highest degree of product processing from  
finished products. This means generating value 
from end-of-life products, often leading to the 
recycling of their primary components. 

In recent decades, the concept of "green" 
(ecological) logistics has been promoted. 
Wikipedia offers the following definition: "Green 
logistics describes all attempts to measure and 
minimize the environmental impact of logistics 
activities. It includes all activities related to the 
forward and reverse flows of products, infor-
mation and services between the point of origin 
and the point of consumption. The goal is to  
create sustainable value for the company 
by balancing economic and environmental 
performance." Green (ecological) logistics is 
any business activity aimed at minimizing the 
impact of the logistics system and delivery on the 
environment. Green logistics offers high profits 
without compromising consumer satisfaction and 
the well-being of the planet.

Based on the analysis of literary sources ( Janbo, 
Songxian 2008; Brdulak, Michniewska 2009; 
Sbihi, Eglese, 2009; Mesjasz-Lech, 2011; Ubeda 
et al., 2011; Lai, Wong 2012; Dekker et al., 2012; 
Ćirović et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2014; Jedliński, 
2014; Seroka-Stolka, 2014; Zhang et al., 2015), 
scientific views on the interpretation of the  
essence and content of the concept of "green" 
logistics are generalized. As a rule, this term is 
understood by scholars as:
– a scientific field and one of the factors of 
environmental protection based on resource- 
saving and environmentally friendly technologies;
– a new direction that involves the use of  
advanced logistics technologies and modern 
equipment to minimize environmental pollution 
and increase the efficiency of logistics resources;
– from the theoretical and scientific-methodo-
logical point of view, the functionality of the  
"green" economy is subordinated;
– logistics based on resource-saving and 
environmentally friendly technologies;
– a type of logistics in which scientific and 
practical activities take into account environmental  
aspects at all stages of the movement of material 
and other flows that correspond to it in order to 
reduce the destructive impact on the environment 
and optimize resource consumption;



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– an innovative method in logistics;
– part of the concept of sustainable economic 
development, an effective approach to 
managing resource and energy flows to reduce  
environmental and economic damage to the 
environment and ensure effective innovative 
development of production;
– a system of measures that involves the 
use of energy- and resource-saving logistics  
technologies and modern equipment in all parts 
of the supply chain to minimize the negative 
impact on the environment and increase the  
overall consumer value of products;
– an environmentally friendly and efficient 
transportation distribution system;
– a scientific and practical activity aimed at 
optimizing and efficiently managing direct and 
reverse material and related flows (information, 
financial, waste, emissions, various natural 
resources and energy) in order to minimize the 
negative impact on the environment;
– a scientific and practical activity that involves  
the formation of an effective mechanism for 
integrating environmental and socio-economic 
aspects at all stages of planning, designing and 
managing supply chains in order to minimize 
environmental and economic damage and  
increase the consumer value of products  
through the use of energy and resource-saving 
logistics technologies;
– an activity related to environmentally efficient 
management of logistics flows of products  
moving from the enterprise to the consumer,  
as well as reverse flows of goods in the supplier-
consumer system;
– a set of actions related to the assessment and 
minimization of environmental impacts of  
logistics activities;
– coordination of logistics activities of market 
players with a focus on achieving economic, social 
and environmental benefits through the use of 
energy and resource-saving technologies;
– аn increase in environmental responsibility  
in the transport and logistics sector.

As a result of research (Kwilinski et al., 2021; 
Ganea et al., 2022) it was established that green 
logistics is a tool of circular economy. The 
experience of some countries shows that the  
use of resource-saving technologies in logistics 
can reduce material stocks by 40-60%, speed 
up the turnover of working capital by 20-40%,  
reduce transportation costs by 7-20%, reduce the 

costs of loading and unloading and warehouse 
work by 15-30%.

Ecological logistics should be based on the 
following principles:
– integrated approach to the management of 
logistics flows;
– rationalization of the use of various resources 
(production, financial, energy, information);
– minimizing the use of raw materials and non-
recyclable packaging;
– economic and ecological rationalization of 
transportation and storage of material resources;
– maximizing the use of production waste, 
containers and packaging as secondary raw 
materials or their disposal in environmentally  
safe conditions;
– optimization of costs of organization of logistic 
activities;
– minimizing risks in the operation of transport 
and logistics systems; 
– increasing the level of environmental education 
and responsibility of employees;
– implementation of innovative technologies to 
reduce the ecological burden on the environment;
– application of advanced information techno-
logies in the field of environmental protection.

Using eco-friendly logistics has a number of 
advantages:
– increase the long-term profitability of first- and 
last-mile delivery by reducing waste, costs, and 
carbon footprint;
– create new partnerships or expand existing 
ones. When companies embrace sustainable 
supply chains and green logistics, they become 
more attractive to both customers and business  
partners;
– increase customer satisfaction and loyalty  
through fast delivery and flexibility, and simplify 
the returns process;
– enhance reputation by taking corporate 
responsibility to reduce local and global 
environmental impacts;
– simplified recruitment, as the company using 
green logistics is more attractive to young 
professionals.

5. Conclusions
The circular economy represents a global 

hope for the efficiency of production activities 
while minimizing their negative impact on 
the environment. It is linked to the renewal of  
resources and is an alternative to the linear 



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economy. The development of the circular  
economy is impossible without the implemen-
tation of ecological logistics and new forms 
of logistics services. The implementation of 
new forms of logistics services is of interest 
as an opportunity to continue the research  
carried out. 

The study of successes in the development of  
green logistics also deserves attention. Green 
logistics is a powerful tool for transforming 
logistics systems. Based on the analysis and 
generalization of existing scientific approaches 
to the definition of the term "green" logistics, 
it was established that under it is considered 
a scientific direction; the factor of preserving the 
environment with the help of environmentally 
friendly technologies; component of the green 
economy; type of logistics; economic activity; 
scientific and practical activities; type of activity 
related to the eco-efficient management of the 
movement of logistics product flows; a tool for 
ensuring the ecological safety of the ecosystem; 
a set of logistical approaches to the optimization  
of waste and resource flows; environmentally 
friendly transport distribution system; 
coordination of logistics activities to achieve 
sustainable development.

At the same time, most scientists identify the 
concepts of "green" and "ecological logistics", 
which is understood as a scientific direction that 
includes the use of modern innovative logistics 
technologies; a set of actions aimed at minimizing 
the environmental impact of logistics activities; 
integrated management of logistics processes 
(production, storage, waste transportation); 
a subsystem for managing product flows from  
the supplier to the consumer with minimal 
impact on the environment.

As a result of the study, it was proposed to 
consider the term "green logistics" as a concept 
of sustainable development of logistics systems 
of different levels and a tool of circular economy. 
For the effective implementation of the concept 

of green logistics, it is advisable to develop an 
organizational and economic mechanism, which  
is considered as a set of principles, tools,  
functions, methods and means aimed at reducing 
the level of greenhouse gas emissions and costs  
of organizing logistics activities and various  
logistics services (transport, warehousing, 
marketing, etc.).

The main principles of green logistics should 
be the application of an integrated approach 
to the management of logistics flows; rational 
use of resources (production, financial, energy, 
information); minimal use of raw materials and 
packaging that cannot be recycled; economically 
and environmentally sound transportation and 
storage of material resources; maximum use of 
production waste, containers and packaging as 
secondary raw materials or their environmentally 
sound disposal; optimization of costs of 
organization of logistic activities; minimization 
of risks in operation of transport and logistic 
systems; increase of the level of environmental 
education and responsibility of personnel; 
introduction of innovative technologies for  
reduction of environmental pollution; application 
of information systems and digital technologies  
in the field of environmental protection.

The implementation of the green logistics 
mechanism helps to minimize the costs of  
managing the movement of logistics flows while 
maintaining the required level of environmental 
safety, which is one of the important  
requirements for the implementation of the  
concept of corporate social responsibility of 
companies in a circular economy.

In further scientific research it is planned to 
carry out a SWOT analysis of the development 
of logistics systems taking into account the 
environmental component on the example of 
different countries of the world; to substantiate 
the conceptual provisions of green investment in 
the development of the circular economy in the 
context of the European Green Deal.

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Received on: 14th of March, 2023
Accepted on: 10th of April, 2023

Published on: 28th of April, 2023