Torun International Studies Ewa Jankowska1 DIRECTIONS OF FOREIGN MIGRATION OF POLES AND THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY OF EMIGRATION FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION AREA IN THE YEARS 2004–2011 ABSTRACT This paper provides an introduction to the enhanced study of the relationships occurring between the choice of the country, to which Polish citizens emigrate, and the level and qual- ity of life in the country of emigration. In the first part of the article the author focused on the major causes of departures of Poles out of the country and the effects of emigration for Poland. Next, the directions of departures of Poles to the EU countries for a temporary stay longer than three months in the period 2004–2012 have been analyzed. In the last part of the paper the author made the preliminary analysis of the relationship between the number of people emigrating to a given country and its level of the socio-economic development. In or- der to determine the level of the development the Human Development Index has been used. Keywords: migration, foreign migration, economic migration, socio-economic development, Human Development Index, HDI, social development, economic development 1. INTRODUCTION The word “migration” is derived from the Latin word migratio and means hike, i.e. the move- ment of the inhabitants of a country or region (Tokarski 1980). The causes of migration may have a different nature: economic (e.g. labor migration) or political (e.g. persecutions, acts 1 Toruń High School of Banking, e-mail: ewa.jankowska@wsb.torun.pl No. 1 (6) 2013, pp. 33–42 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2013.004 Published online December, 2013 http://wydawnictwoumk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/TSM Ewa Jankowska34 of war). The concept of migration is very closely related to the concept of “emigration”. This word comes from Latin emigratio and means voluntarily leaving of your home country. Polish accession to the European Union May 1, 2004 and the opening of European borders has caused the emergence of the phenomenon of the so-called new emigration. New emigration, i.e. the mass movement of the Poles to the area of “old” EU countries represents the unique type of migration. The scale of this phenomenon and the impact it has on our country and other EU countries makes it impossible to go past this subject indifferently. New emigration is a conscious choice of the place of residence not necessarily consistently with the nationality. It is associated more with the opening to other cultures and greater toler- ance than with the change of nationality. New emigration does not have a time limit, which is associated with the freedom to travel around the world. The very characteristic feature is the fact that the new emigration is increasingly becoming a part of the search for identity, and thus a way of life. This paper provides an introduction to the enhanced study of the relationships occurring between the choice of the country, to which Polish citizens emigrate, and the level and quality of life in the country of emigration. In the article the author mainly focused on the directions of departures of Poles to the EU countries for a temporary stay longer than three months in the period 2004–2012. The particular attention was paid to the causes of these departures. In the last part of the paper the author made the preliminary analysis of the relationship between the number of people emigrating to a given country and its level of the socio-economic devel- opment. In order to determine the level of the development the Human Development Index has been used. This ratio is determined by one of the agencies of the United Nations: United Nations Development Program – UNDP for almost all countries in the world (in 2012, the value of HDI was estimated for 187 countries). The value of the HDI allows to conduct comparative studies of social and economic development in the world. 2. METHODOLOGY This study was based primarily on an analysis of available statistical data. They were mainly obtained from databases GUS. In order to evaluate the level of the socio-economic devel- opment , the values of Human Development Index were analyzed. For this purpose the UNDP Reports, published since 1990 by the UN, were used. On the basis of the studies of the literature and web sources, the author obtained information on the effects and causes of emigration of Poles departures. 3. THE MOST COMMON EFFECTS AND CAUSES OF EMIGRATION OF POLES The effects of migration, particularly international migration, have been an object of analysis of many Polish researchers and specialists in various fields. In the case of Poland the special attention has been paid in recent years on the one of the types of migration, i.e. the economic emigration. The economic emigration brings both positive and negative effects. It constitutes first of all a source of financial transfers to families in Poland. It exerts an impact on both the Directions of foreign migration of poles... 35 microeconomic plane (e.g. an increase of household income, an increase of their consump- tion, investment and savings) and the macroeconomic plane (e.g. an increase of aggregate demand for goods, the development of the national economy, the decline of poverty level) of the functioning of the economy. In the second quarter of 2013, the Polish emigrants trans- ferred to Poland 998 million euro. According to the National Bank of Poland, the transfers of Poles working in Germany, the UK and Ireland was dominated (PAP 2013). The economic emigration has an impact on the situation on the labor market. On the one hand, an increase in the number of people going abroad to find work reduces the size of the labor supply and thereby reduces the level of unemployment in Poland. On the other hand, causes an “outflow” of skilled and entrepreneurial workforce. Its work contributes to the development of the economy and creates new jobs in other countries. To other positive effects of economic emigration one can include, i.e.: a) an increase of the professional experience of emigrants, b) getting to know of other cultures, c) the development of individuals by undertaking on new challenges, d) an increase of knowledge of foreign languages, e) transfer of knowledge. Among the negative effects of economic emigration one lists the most common: a) deprecating and wasting of qualifications, b) “outflow” of professionals (other countries benefit from expenditures on education of these people, and Poland does not recover these expenditures), c) disruption of educational functions of the family. The most common causes of Poles departures abroad include i.a.: a) intention of taking up the work, 73% of emigrants left the country in order to work, of which 93% been resident on Europe, including over 88% in the European Union. b) family matters, They were indicated by 16% of people going abroad for a temporary stay longer than three months. This cause of departures was related primarily from: the accompani- ment of the family, a combination of family or starting a family. Percentage of people leaving Poland for this reason amounted to 14% in the EU countries. c) education, This group of reasons for departures from the country include, i.e.: taking up studies abroad or improving language skills. With the above-mentioned reasons, Poland has been left by around 6% of emigrants. d) treatment and rehabilitation. This reason was pointed by 0,2% of emigrants. 4. DIRECTION OF EMIGRATION OF POLES IN THE YEARS 2004–2012 In 2011, more than 2 017 000 people permanently residing in Poland were staying tempo- rarily outside our country more than three months. More than 1.5 million people (i.e. almost 78% of emigrants) were staying outside the country 12 months or longer. This was a group of so called long-term emigrants. The remaining part of people constituted short-term emi- grants, i.e. persons staying abroad from 3 to 12 months. Ewa Jankowska36 Fig. 1. Emigrants residing in 2011 abroad for more than 3 months according to the continent of residence (in %) Source: own elaboration on the basis of: http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/na- rodowy-spis-powszechny-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2011/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci- -nsp-2011,1,1.html (8.05.2014) The Poles were on all continents (see Fig. 1). But most often our compatriots have chosen for a temporary stay lasting longer than three months European countries (1 717 000 people, representing over 85%). The EU countries were chosen by 81.5% of emigrants. Therefore, in Fig. 2. Estimate of the emigration from Poland to 27 countries of the European Union for a temporary stay in the years 2004–2012 (in thousand persons) Source: own elaboration on the basis of: http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/narodowy- -spis-powszechny-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2011/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci-nsp-2011,1,1. html (8.05.2014) Directions of foreign migration of poles... 37 the rest of the article only the selected EU countries have been analyzed. The criterion of the selection for the study constituted the number of Poles staying in a given country. In the beginning of the membership of Poland in the European Union, the scale of emigration from Poland to the EU countries systematically increased (in 2004 amounted to 750 000 persons, in 2005 – 1 170 000 and in 2006 – 1 550 000). The emigration reached the maximum size in 2007 (1 860 000 persons). In the years 2008–2010 the decrease of the number of people emigrating from our country was observed. In the following two years, the size of the emigration again increased slightly (from 1 607 000 in 2010 to 1 720 000 in 2011). This means that the number of consecutive and new abroad departures still remains at a very high level. The results of the National Census from 2011 showed that a significant part of persons who went abroad in the first years of membership of Poland in the EU still remains beyond the borders of our country (GUS 2011). The results of the National Census of Population and Housing from 2011 confirmed the increase of the number of Poles leaving and staying abroad. Tab. 1. The estimate of the emigration from Poland for temporary residence to the selected EU countries in the period 2004–2012 (in thousands of persons) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Austria 15 25 34 39 40 36 29 25 28 Belgium 13 21 28 31 33 34 45 47 48 Cyprus - - - 4 4 3 3 3 2 Denmark - - - 17 19 20 19 21 23 Finland 0,4 0,7 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 France 30 44 49 55 56 60 60 62 63 Greece 13 17 20 20 20 16 16 15 14 Netherlands 23 43 55 98 108 98 92 95 97 Spain 26 37 44 80 83 84 48 40 37 Ireland 15 76 120 200 180 140 133 120 118 Germany 385 430 450 490 490 465 440 470 500 Portugal 0,5 0,6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Czech Republic - - - 8 10 9 7 7 8 Sweden 11 17 25 27 29 31 33 36 38 Great Britain 150 340 580 690 650 595 580 625 637 Italy 59 70 85 87 88 88 92 94 97 Source: own elaboration on the basis of: http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/narodowy- -spis-powszechny-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2011/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci-nsp-2011,1,1. html (8.05.2014) Since 2006, the most frequently chosen country by Polish emigrants for a temporary residence above three months was the United Kingdom (in 2006 this country was chosen by 580 000 Poles, and in 2012 – by 637 000 persons). In the period 2004–2005, most people went to Germany (respectively: 385 000 and 430 000). Since 2006, Germany is the second most frequently chosen country by Polish emigrants. Ewa Jankowska38 Fig. 3. The number of emigrants from Poland for temporary residence to the selected EU countries in the period 2004-2012 (in thousands of persons) Source: own elaboration on the basis of: http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/narodowy- -spis-powszechny-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2011/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci-nsp-2011,1,1. html (8.05.2014) In the analyzed period the following countries were very popular: Ireland (in 2004 15 000 Poles emigrated to this country, and in 2012 their number increased to 118 000), Netherlands (most number of Poles were in this country in the years 2007–2008: 98 000 and 108 000, and in 2012 – 97 000) and Italy (in 2012 the largest number of Poles stayed in this country – 97 000). Directions of foreign migration of poles... 39 5. THE CHOICE OF THE COUNTRY OF EMIGRATION AND THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT It seems that making the decision about choosing countries of emigration from the EU area, Polish citizens take into account the level and quality of life in a given country. In 2012, all countries included in the analysis were among the countries with the highest level of socio-economic development according to the Human Development Index HDI, i.e. in the group of very highly developed countries. Fig. 4. The value of HDI for the selected EU countries in the period 2004–2012 Source: own elaboration on the basis of: Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, Human Development Report 2005: International cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, Human Development Report 2007/8: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world, Human Develop- ment Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development, Human De- velopment Report 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development, Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. Ewa Jankowska40 The study included values that HDI received in the years 2004–2012 for the analyzed European Union Member States. The range of years analyzed, should be divided into two periods: 2004–2009 and 2010–2012. This division is necessary due to the fact that since 2010 the methodology for calculating the HDI has changed. The adoption of the new meth- odology resulted that the Human Development Index HDI, from 2010 onwards, has taken lower values than those designated in previous years. That does not mean, however, that the level of socio-economic development of the countries decreased. In years 2004–2012, the value of HDI for all analyzed countries increased. The largest in- crease was recorded in the case of: Spain (about 0,033 points of HDI), Italy (about 0,031) and France (about 0,029). In 2010 there was a drop in the value of Human Development Index (due to the adoption of a new methodology for its measurement), but already in the following year its value increased. The largest increase took place in the case of Austria and Denmark. Fig. 5. shows the relationship between the number of people emigrating from Poland and the level of socio-economic development defined by the Human Development Index HDI. Fig. 5. The relationship between the size of temporary emigration and the values of the HDI in 2011 Source: own elaboration on the basis of: Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, Human Development Report 2005: International cooperation Directions of foreign migration of poles... 41 at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, Human Development Report 2007/8: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world, Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development, Human Development Report 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human De- velopment, Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity: A Better Futu- re for All, http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/narodowy-spis-powszechny-lud- nosci-i-mieszkan-2011/migracje-zagraniczne-ludnosci-nsp-2011,1,1.html (8.05.2014) At the beginning of subsection it was mentioned that making the decision about choos- ing a country of emigration from the EU area, Polish citizens take into account the level and quality of life in a given country. The results of the analysis presented in Figure 5 allow for conclusion that a high level of socio-economic development of the country, it is not the only reason to be taken into account when choosing a country of emigration. In 2012, the highest level of socio-economic development according to HDI values was recorded in the case of: the Netherlands (value of HDI was 0,91), Ireland (0,908), Germany (0,905) and Portugal (0.904). Highest-developed according to the HDI Netherlands placed on the fourth position among the most frequently countries chosen by Polish emigrants. Ireland and Germany were respectively on the third and second place. Portugal, which t o ok 4th place in the ranking of the countries according to the HDI, was the least frequently chosen country by persons departure from Poland. The other hand, the most popular among Polish emigrants: Great Britain was at the fourth place from the end among the analyzed countries according to the level of socio-economic development. 6. CONCLUSION Polish citizens choosing EU country to which they intend to go on for longer than three months, take into account not only the level of socio-economic development. Despite the fact that the great part of Polish emigrants leave our country for economic reasons, the issues related to the economic development of the country of destination are the only one of the elements taken into account when making decisions. Deciding on the choice of a given state, Poles also take into account other features, such as: − approach of inhabitants of the country of emigration to immigrants, − historical background, − the proximity of the country, − migration linking (defined as the earlier experiences of relatives, friends). Consideration of “for” and “against” arguments listed above in large part affects the direc- tion of emigration choose the Poles. REFERENCES Kaczmarczyk P. (2005). Migracje zarobkowe Polaków w dobie przemian. Warszawa. Lisiecki S. (2007). Ludzie w ruchu. 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