Nadia Kindrachuk* The acceleraTion of The Ukrainians’ assimilaTion dUe To deliberaTe narrowing of The Ukrainian langUage: 60’s-70’s of the XXth century Abstract: This article investigates anti-Ukrainian language policy in  Ukraine during the  60’s  – 70’s of  the  twentieth century, whose main objective was artificial exclusion of  the use of  the  Ukrainian language and the  acceleration of  the  Ukrainians’ assimilation. Narrowing the  Ukrainian language in  higher educational institutions of  Ukraine was felt especially painfully, where the  younger gene- ration of the  Ukrainians was trained and brought up. Teaching most special and general subjects in higher education resorted to Russian more and more frequently. Those features of Ukrainian higher education showed the wealth of the national language, culture, facilitated the study of their national history, promoted a  national idea, the  ideas of  Ukrainian statehood were leveled under the  influen- ce of the Russification policy. Also, the paper examines the denationalization of the titular nation – the Ukrainian SSR by the media, which were a part of the informational space of the Soviet totalitarian state. The article reveals the destructive role of the media in narrowing the Ukrainian national outlook and “undermining” their social and psychological stability, showing a ban on national-patriotic ma- terials in the Ukrainian printed word, radio, television. Russification of all spheres of the Ukrainian people significantly reduced the use of the Ukrainian language and formed the status of its inferiority and laid the basis for all intensive large-scale assimilation of the Ukrainians. Keywords: Ukrainian language; Ukrainians; language policy; russification; denationalization; censor- ship; ideological dictates; national self-determination. torun International studies 2015, No. 1 (8), pp. 61-69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2015.006 * Institute of  History, Political Science and International Relations, State Institution of  High Education “Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University”, Ivano-Frankovsk, Ukraine, e-mail: jasmin_2@list.ru http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2015.006 62 Nadia Kindrachuk formUlaTion of scienTific Problem and iTs significance The isolation from the world of Soviet society, the rule of totalitarian ideology and coagulat- ing the processes of liberalization in the USSR during the 60’s-70’s of the twentieth century hindered the  democratic changes in  Ukraine. The  main task of  the  state was to  central- ize and to  russify the  Ukrainian education and culture, the  Ukrainian life on  the  whole. The main objective of the anti-national language policy was gradual and systematic destruc- tion of the Ukrainian language, which further caused a sharp decline in its prestige and its perception as something minor and inferior. The establishment and development of an independent, democratic Ukrainian state de- mands from historians understanding the historical experience of the past. In order to con- duct the current language policy skillfully the previous lessons of history must be taken into consideration. Therefore, a comprehensive study of russification policy, decreasing the use of Ukrainian language, history of language development in Ukraine during the 60’s – 70’s of the twentieth century is very important and requires a special approach in the study. research analysIs The  issues of  Ukrainian language, national education and culture in  the  second half of  the  XXth century were covered partially in  the  works of  authors such as  I. Dziuba (2005), D. Horbachuk and O. Zubarev (2007), Yu. Kalganov (2014), I. Koliaska (1970), V. Koptilov (1963), T. Kutsayeva (2007), O. Sergiychuk (2002), O. Tyevikova (2010) and others. However, the studied issue remains unexplored in the scientific literature. This en- ables us to continue the study in this prospective field of research. The aim of The arTicle Thus, the  purpose of  this article is  the research of  accelerating the  policy of  assimilation of  the  Ukrainians as  a  result of  targeted narrowing of  the  Ukrainian language during the  60’s  – 70’s of the  XXth century, analysis of  the  influene of  social and political fac- tors on the cultural and educational sphere of Ukrainian people, identificating the factors that hindered the development of Ukrainian language and accelerated the process of dena- tionalizating Ukrainians in the outlined period. The study of the language policy in high- er education of  Ukraine, clarification of  the  destructive role of  the  media in  narrowing the  Ukrainian national outlook, display of  the  ban on manifesting national and patriotic issues in the Ukrainian printed word, radio, television. the MaIn MaterIal and JustIfIcatIon of study results Totalitarianism and the rule of official ideology led to the limited development of various life spheres of Ukrainians. This was the most clearly observed in the field of language use. At that time the language issue was covered by the “Law on languages equality in Ukraine” (June 1927), by the articles 40, 110 and 121 of the Constitution of the USSR (1936) and 63The acceleration of the Ukrainians’ assimilation due to deliberate narrowing ... by the similar articles 109 and 120 of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (1937). They allowed to design legislation acts, conduct proceedings and educational process in the native (Ukrainian) language. The Russian had an official status as an interstate language. Therefore, the  commonly used languages on  the territory of  republic were Ukrainian and Russian, but the  last one was implemented actively in  the  social life of  Ukrainians. Until the  XXI Congress of  the  CPSU (1959) russification was realized in  two directions: approximation of Ukrainian to Russian and “substitution” of Ukrainian by Russian. The policy on the ap- proximation of Ukrainian to Russian with the “perspective” of further fusion of languages pursued by the  government, collapsed; therefore, it  was decided to  focus on  the second program of  russification  – implementing Russian language as  the  language of  interethnic communication (Sergiychuk, 2002, p. 4). The Soviet government understood the importance of Ukrainian language as the ba- sis for forming a  nation, and tried to  narrow possibly the  sphere of  its use. The  Ministry of  Education of  the  Ukrainian SSR received a  significant number of  complaints. The  Ukrainians expressed indignation because of  existence of  a large number of  Russian language kindergartens and nurseries. “Going to a kindergarten, our children do not under- stand other language than their native (Ukrainian) language, and there can not be an edu- cational method, if educators are speaking to  them in  Russian language” (Dziuba, 2005, p. 177). The official language policy contributed to an increase of Russian language schools and a simultaneous decrease of Ukrainian language ones. The number of Russian language schools increased, especially after the reform of 1958. On average, in one Ukrainian school there were 190 pupils, and in each Russian school – 524, even in Khmelnytsky, Zhytomyr, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv more than 50% pupils visited Russian  lan- guage schools (Tyevikova, 2010, p. 289). In Odessa in 1963-1964 school year there were 34 schools with Ukrainian language of ed- ucation and 136 schools with Russian language of education, namely, two elementary schools with Ukrainian and four with Russian language of  education, 14 eight-year schools with Ukrainian and 62 with Russian language of education, 18 secondary schools with Ukrainian and 70 with Russian language of education (Proceedings of the Meeting, 1963, s. 35). Among eight-year schools with teaching a  number of  subjects in  a foreign language in the senior school, according to the data of the Odessa Regional Department of Education in 1963-1964 school year there was no Ukrainian language schools and four Russian lan- guage schools (Proceedings of the Meeting, 1963, s. 39). According to the same data, among the opened special and boarding schools in the 1963-1964 school year there were no Ukrainian language schools while what was mentioned was the opening of the Russian language special boarding school № 88 for mentally retarded children in Kiev district of Odessa (Proceedings of  the  Meeting, 1963, s. 35). In the  list of  masters schools there were no Ukrainian lan- guage schools while what was mentioned was the opening of three Russian language ones in Odessa, namely two schools at the Dzerzhinsky plant and the Kirov plant and one school at the  Vorovskyy garment factory  (Proceedings of  the  Meetingof  the  Industrial Regional, 1963,s. 35). There were more Russian language schools in  Lviv. In 1956  their percentage in this city was 52% and the percentage of Ukrainian languages schools – 43 % although there was a large number of ethnic Ukrainians in the population, namely: 85 % Ukrainians and 8,5 % Russians (Information and Reports, 1956, p. 24). In Ukraine there was an  intensive process of  russification of  the  higher education. Since 1954 Ukrainian language was no longer a requirement for matriculation to universi- 64 Nadia Kindrachuk ties in the Ukrainian SSR, which caused some difficulties for rural youth which took exams with “a significant Ukrainian accent”  (Kruchynenko, 2007, p.  26). A negative influence on national education had the fact that the whole educational process in higher educational institutions of Ukraine was conducted mainly in Russian language although the Ukrainians amounted to over 60 % of all students (Panchuk (ed.), 1994, p. 320). In some universities of the Ukrainian SSR the Ukrainian language formed only 5 % of lectures (Rusnachenko, 1998, p.  52). In Kyiv schools 70  % of  lectures were read in  Russian (Slyusarenko, et al., 2002, p.  458). At the  universities of  such cities as  Dnepropetrovsk, Odesa, Kharkiv ex- cept at the departments of the Ukrainian language and literature subjects were read mainly in  Russian, and medical technical colleges, technical colleges, industrial, commercial, ag- ricultural and economic universities of  Ukraine were fully russified except for some uni- versities in  western regions  (Koliaska, 1970, p.  123). As  a  result, the  language situation in the Ukrainian SSR deteriorated. An opportunity to be a student depended on ideological factors. The relevant authori- ties conducted interviews with applicants, personal cases were studied in detail, seeking in- formation about their whereabouts and that of their relatives during the occupation, about the relationship with the Germans, Ukrainian nationalists or activists of Ukrainian nation- alists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, about the presence of repressed family members and so on (same inspection conducted among teachers) (Tyevikova, 2010, p. 158). The cur- riculum was subordinated to high school plans of full-scale socialism construction and ideo- logical education, the  emphasis was placed on  the formation of  the  materialist worldview and sense of commitment to the Communist Party, the disclosure of reactionary ideology of “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism”. The history of  Ukraine was not taught in  higher educational institutions, “and one could not understand anything that actually happened in Ukraine from books on the his- tory of  Ukraine, they said nothing apart from the  number of  issued treatises and dates of the party congresses. Every year in the USSR they produced tens of thousands of gradu- ates with a degree in “History” who had no idea about the history of the land where they studied... ” (Palyi, 2011). Higher educational institutions of Ukraine performed the function of policy advocacy, history of the CPSU and the communist education of workers. Among the educational and scientific literature published in Ukraine and with which the universi- ties were provided or had the largest circulation was the history of the CPSU and the Soviet Union, which at that time was considered a valuable source of scientific research in any field of knowledge. Exclusion of the native language from the use was assisted by the book publishing pol- icy of the Soviet government. The percentage of Ukrainian printed production was less than the half of all publications. For example, as of 1960 3844 of 7889 units of printed books and booklets in Ukraine were published in Ukrainian language. Five years later (in 1965) the  situation has worsened, only 2998 of  7251 units of  printed books and booklets were published in Ukrainian language (Tyevikova, 2010, p. 286). Ukrainian scientific literature suffered as well. Whereas 1962 the Academy of Sciences of the USSR published 950 scien- tific works, the  Academy of  Sciences of  the  Ukrainian SSR  issued only 142,87  published in Russian language (Shtepa, 2005, p. 190). A similar situation was with textbooks. According to the data of the Book Chamber of Ukrainian SSR, as of 1963 “The Techvydav” issued 121 books in Russian language and only 32  – in  Ukrainian language (including textbooks for Russian universities  – 11, for 65The acceleration of the Ukrainians’ assimilation due to deliberate narrowing ... Ukrainian universities  – 1); “State Publishing House of  Literature in  Construction and Architecture” issued in the same year 122 books in Russian language and 11 – in Ukrainian language; “The Medvydav”  – 188 and 54, and among 102 national interagency scientif- ic collections 86 were issued in  Russian language and 16 only  – in  Ukrainian language (Dziuba, 2005, p. 143). In the late 60’s of the XXth century there were almost no Ukrainian textbooks in higher educational institutions of  the  Ukrainian SSR (Kutsayeva, 2007, p.  38.) since only some leading universities had the right to publish scientific and academic books which were under strict state control. They had to make long-term plans on the number of printed pages per year and receive the consent of the Supreme Soviet. For example, while a Ukrainian Journal of the Lviv State Franko University of physical and technical series in 1967–-968’s issued only 550 copies, the  similar publication of  Moscow University (in Russian) had a  circu- lation of  2,5 thousand copies (The Approved Consolidated Financial Plan, 1965, s. 23). The works in the Ukrainian language stayed in the offices because they did not have the cen- sor’s permission, and many supporters of Ukrainian words were dismissed. In the late 70’s of the XXth century in Ukraine there were spread 27 journals devoted to the issues of educa- tion, out of which only three were published in Ukrainian (Horbachuk, et al., p. 179). Thus, the  Ukrainian reader was denied the  opportunity even to  get acquainted with Ukrainian printed word themselves. This disappointing situation in the national language policy contributed to the resto- ration movement in defense of the native language. Thus, the majority of the III Plenum of  the  Writers Union of  Ukraine, which was held in  Kyiv on  the 10-11th January 1962, spoke about the decline of Ukrainian language and culture, criticized the educational law, which assumed the right to choose the language of education (The Report of the Department Science, 1962, pp. 6-7). The general state of Ukrainian language in society was also the main question at the Republican Conference on Culture of Ukrainian Language in Kiev in 1963, which was organized by the  Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University and the  Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Its members condemned the theory of nations’ bilingualism, spoke persistently about widening the use of Ukrainian language and the  removing artificial barriers to  its development (Koptilov, 1963, p.  2). O.  Dovzhenko wrote with sadness about the  infringement on  Ukrainian language: “In the fortieth year of building socialism in the capital of the forty-million Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic the teaching sciences is held in Russian language. This is not anywhere in the world... What an unheard-of immorality... What a cruel deception... What a pity, what a shame...” (Dovzhenko, 1994, p. 413). As a means of assimilation and russification of the Ukrainians Soviet leadership has actively used the media, which traditionally belonged to the leadership in the field of ideo- logical influence on the society and personality. Aware of this fact, the Soviet government has actively used this function of the media to promote their political interests and manipu- lation of mass consciousness of the Ukrainians. In such a situation national identity and historical memory of the people, the need and the ability to think critically were lost, which led to the education of people who are incapable of forming an opinion. In the  period under study the  Ukrainian press has suffered devastating destruction, the  brutal political pressure on  intellectuals was intensified, everything that contained Ukrainian was swept away, ideological denationalization occurred, russification increased, which greatly reduced the scope of the Ukrainian language while reducing it to the rank of 66 Nadia Kindrachuk inferiority. Since 1959 the  issue of  the  Ukrainian written word decreases while the  num- ber of  the  Russian-language continues to  grow. Forming 17% of  the  USSR population, the Ukrainians could count on only 4,3% of Ukrainian products (Vovk, 2008, p. 129). They significantly reduced print runs of  many periodicals and their information material that the broad masses of the population could understand. The most interesting and important publications came out in Russian publications while the Ukrainian ones had to repeat often annoying and uninteresting topics. This situation led to the loss of readers and, accordingly, to the reduction of circulation of  the  Ukrainian printed word, and this, in  turn, became a convenient excuse to close Ukrainian publications. Ukrainian products were in demand in western region of the republic and in rural areas. Based on the official data of the Book Chamber in 1963 in the Ukrainian SSR among the urban Ukrainian language newspapers 36 newspapers were printed and 42 in  Russian Among the  newspapers of  collective and state farms they printed 214 in Ukrainian and 37 – in Russian (Kalganov, 2014, p. 216). During the 70’s of the XXth century the share of Ukrainian magazines in the USSR declined from 46 % to 19 % (Yekelchyk, 2011, p. 241). Ukrainian-language newspapers and magazines in  Poland and Czechoslovakia gave the  coverage of  the  issue of  the  discrimination of  the  national language, where a  large number of Ukrainian emigration lived. Thus, the magazine “Our culture” which came out in the city of Warsaw, informing its readers about the First Slavic Archaeological Congress (September 1965, the city of Warsaw) stated: “The Congress was pleased to hear the report made not only the  languages of  big Slavic peoples but also smaller as  Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks... among all the  nations represented in  Congress only Ukrainian pronounced all the reports not in native but in  Russian” (Kalganov, 2014, p. 216). Soviet propaganda was not conducive to fostering a sense of national dignity and pride, did not inculcate love for the Ukrainian language, traditions, customs and culture. It should be noted also that many of the Ukrainian written word was of low quality because only 1% of Ukrainian products was issued by polygraph enterprises with the state seal of quality (Vovk, 2008, p. 108). However, only the readers were concerned about this situation as Derzhkomvydav SSR even in the second half of 1970’s did not take comprehen- sive measures to improve the technological level and product quality for enterprises under his control (Proceedings of the Meeting of the Minister Council, 1977, s. 41). In addition, financial conditions of  the  workers of Ukrainian printed products were much worse than those of Russian employees. For example, a salary of chief editor of “Fatherland” in the study period was 1,500 rubles. And the  editor’s salary of  the  journal “Oktyabr”  – 6000 rubles (Kalganov, 2014, p.  217). A similar situation is  shown by the  member of  the  Ukrainian literature at the Union of Soviet Writers F. Kravchenko, “Executive Secretary of Ukrainian Republican magazine receives 120 rubles per month, and executive secretary of  the  re- gional Russian (“Don”, “Climb”) – 180 rubles. Why? Explain impossible!... But abroad all this is “noticed” and they make of this “policy”... recently, “Voice of America” was playing on the fact that the difference in pay of the journalistic work, they say, has the same reasons: the Ukrainians were viewed as less valuable employees” (Kalganov, 2014, p. 217). A Soviet television played an important role in the process of assimilation and russifica- tion of the Ukrainians during the 60’s – 70’s of the twentieth century. In November, 1952 in the city of Kiev Ukraine’s first television station was launched, and later they started work- ing in the city of Kharkiv and Donetsk. It should be noted that the production of Soviet tele- vision was under the watchful supervision of government and the Communist Party bodies, 67The acceleration of the Ukrainians’ assimilation due to deliberate narrowing ... so the TV stations were able to broadcast only information that corresponded to the Soviet social ideology and politics, in other words – conducted mass propaganda ideological prin- ciples of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Thus, TV concerts almost always started with songs about Lenin and the Communist Party: “Praise the Communist Party”, “The name of Lenin”, “March of communist labor brigades” etc.  (Kasymenko  (ed.), 1960, p.  845). On the  then television, they often showed “old” Bolsheviks, production innovators, ministers, directors of enterprises seeking to eliminate all national differences in the USSR and promoted the creation of a new “single Soviet people” and the greatness of the dominant Russian language – “commonly understood language”. As a  means of  denationalization, indoctrination and assimilation of  the  Ukrainians Soviet authorities also actively used radio, because about 90 % of the Ukrainians listened to the radio daily (Zhuravliov, 1979, p. 16). In particular, national radio much of their air- time gave to the broadcast from the city of Moscow, which was conducted only in the Russian language, all other programs, too, were mostly Russian-speaking (Dziuba, 2005, p.  141). The authorities of the Ukrainian SSR decided on what the listener should listen to and what not. An event that took place in the 1970’s can serve as evidence of this when in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory the Soviet radio broadcasted the concert, in the program of  which Ukrainian carols were included. The  concert was broadcast just till Christmas carols singing, before them the air was off (Demydenko, 1993, p. 156). Governments ex- erted hard pressure on  SSR radio workers and watched that “no cases of  ideological fail- ures and political mistakes” were transmitted on  air (Reports of  Regional Committees of the Communist Party, 1970, ss. 18, 31). Usually, all materials were scrutinized by radio editor, and those that belong to  the  “critical issues”, were revised by agitation and propa- ganda department of the Communist Party regional committee of a particular area Reports of Regional Committees of the Communist Party, 1970, ss. 20). The cinema was almost completely in Russian language as well. Ukraine did not pro- duce any films in Ukrainian language (Krupnyk, 2002, p. 79). Only after the Russian lan- guage version of  the  film was approved in  Moscow, a  Ukrainian language version could be created. The  processes of  russification and idealogization affected the  theater, in  which almost all the performances were in Russian language. A strict control of the government led to monotonous and dull posters repertoire displaying the same performances. Such perfor- mances as “The Knife in the Sun” of I. Drach, “That was how perished Huska” of M. Kulish and many others were not displayed in the studied period (Vovk, 2008, p. 106). conclUsions Thus, based on  what was mentioned above, we can draw the  following conclusions. The  60’s  – 70’s of  the  twentieth century were characterized by an  active, purposeful rus- sification the  life of  Ukrainians pursued by the  leadership of  the  CPSU  – CPU based on  the general principles of  an Soviet totalitarian state. Russification of  all life spheres of Ukrainian people reduced significantly the use of Ukrainian language and formed the sta- tus of  its inferiority and laid the  basis for an  intensive, deliberate denationalization and assimilation of  Ukrainians. Rapidly a  process of  higher education in  Ukraine underwent russification, which has been deprived of  national orientation, lack of  influence of  ideol- ogy and the  state monopoly on  education. Teaching most special and general education 68 Nadia Kindrachuk in higher educational institutions of USSR was increasingly done in Russian. The atempts to develop Ukrainian traditional elements of national education were primarily challenged. The daily media promoted the image of the Soviet people, brought Soviet patriotism, imposed the Russian language and the sense of teamwork that did not contribute to the development of Ukrainian national identity and national separation. 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