key: cord-263094-5zbzm1b0
authors: Dane, Hannah; Duffy, Catherine; Guelbenzu, Maria; Hause, Ben; Fee, Sean; Forster, Fiona; McMenamy, Michael J.; Lemon, Ken
title: Detection of influenza D virus in bovine respiratory disease samples, UK
date: 2019-07-07
journal: Transbound Emerg Dis
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13273
sha: 
doc_id: 263094
cord_uid: 5zbzm1b0

Influenza D is a newly described virus of cattle, pigs and small ruminants first detected in North America during 2011. Cattle have been shown to be the main viral reservoir and mounting evidence indicates that infection with influenza D may contribute to the development of bovine respiratory disease. The virus has been detected across the United States, Europe and Asia. To date, influenza D has not been reported in the UK. During the winter and spring of 2017/2018, we performed molecular testing of cattle submitted for post‐mortem examination where respiratory disease signs were present. We detected influenza D virus in 8.7% of cases, often as the sole viral agent and always in conjunction with bacterial co‐infection with one or more agents. Viral RNA was present in both the upper and lower respiratory tract and pathological changes in lung tissues were observed alongside signs of concurrent bacterial infections. Sequencing of one UK isolate revealed that it is similar to viruses from the Republic of Ireland and Italy.

and antibiotics, deaths attributed to BRD have steadily increased since the mid-1990s (Loneragan, Dargatz, Morley, & Smith, 2001; Snowder et al., 2007) .

Orthomyxoviridae family. Although initially identified during a 2011 outbreak of respiratory disease in North American pigs (Hause et al., 2013) , cattle were subsequently shown to be the main reservoir of the virus (Collin et al., 2015; Ducatez, Pelletier, & Meyer, 2015; Ferguson et al., 2015; Hause et al., 2014) . IDV has a wide geographic distribution with high seroprevalence in many herds and has been circulating in the United States since at least 2003 (Ferguson et al., 2015; Luo et al., 2017) . Accumulating evidence indicates that IDV is associated with BRD complex. A recent metagenomic study has shown that IDV was among the top 3 viruses associated with BRD in dairy calves (Ng et al., 2015) .

In another study, metagenomics was used to characterize the virome of nasal swab samples collected from beef cattle with acute BRD at feedlot operations in Mexico and the United States (Mitra, Cernicchiaro, Torres, Li, & Hause, 2016) . Although 21 different viruses were detected, including those normally associated with Influenza D is a newly described virus of cattle, pigs and small ruminants first de- (Table 1 ). The lower respiratory tract of five animals was also positive for IDV, with C t values in lung tissue ranging from 19.6 to 32.4.

Samples from IDV positive animals were tested for co-infections with other respiratory pathogens. All animals were negative for BRSV, BoHV-1, BPIV-3 and BVDV using either real-time PCR or IFAT.

Co-infections with BCoV were detected in three of the nine samples. Our results demonstrate that IDV is circulating in cattle herds in Northern Ireland. Its detection in animals with confirmed respiratory disease at a prevalence of 8.7% is in broad agreement with similar studies performed in the United States, Europe and Asia (Collin et al., 2015; Ducatez et al., 2015; Ferguson et al., 2015; Flynn et al., 2018; Zhai et al., 2017) . For example, Flynn et al. detected IDV at a prevalence of 5.6% in cattle respiratory samples in the Republic of Ireland (Flynn et al., 2018) 

We thank Eoin Ryan and Orla Flynn (Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine) and Feng Li (South Dakota State University) for providing advice and reagents.

There are no potential conflicts of interest.

Ken Lemon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-1573

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