key: cord-293082-fw7deem8
authors: Zhang, Guangzhi; Li, Bin; Yoo, Dongwan; Qin, Tong; Zhang, Xiaodon; Jia, Yaxiong; Cui, Shangjin
title: Animal coronaviruses and SARS‐CoV‐2
date: 2020-08-16
journal: Transbound Emerg Dis
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13791
sha: 
doc_id: 293082
cord_uid: fw7deem8

COVID‐19 is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It has rapidly spread to 216 countries and territories since first outbreak in December of 2019, posing a substantial economic losses and extraordinary threats to the public health worldwide. Although bats have been suggested as the natural host of SARS‐CoV‐2, transmission chains of this virus, role of animals during cross‐species transmission, and future concerns remain unclear. Diverse animal coronaviruses have extensively been studied since the discovery of avian coronavirus in 1930s. The current article comprehensively reviews and discusses the current understanding about animal coronaviruses and SARS‐CoV‐2 for their emergence, transmission, zoonotic potential, alteration of tissue/host tropism, evolution, status of vaccines, and surveillance. This study aims at providing guidance for control of COVID‐19 and preventative strategies for possible future outbreaks of zoonotic coronavirus via cross‐species transmission.

The coronavirus disease 2019 broke out in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and 46 spread rapidly across the world. On March 11th of 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) 47 announced COVID-19 a pandemic. As of April 7, just four months since its first outbreak, more 48 than 3.4 million confirmed cases and 238,000 deaths have been recorded in 215 countries, areas, 49 and territories, and moreover it seems that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 50 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 will probably continue to circulate around the globe 51 (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/). The health 52 authorities and governments of affected countries have paid attention to current pandemic and 53 have taken immediate measures to block COVID-19 transmission, including utilization of personal 54 protective equipment, quarantine, epidemiological investigation, isolation, clinical data analysis 55 and sharing, public health education, maintaining social distance, the creation of diagnostics, 56 therapeutics, and vaccines, etc (Xiao and Torok 2020) . The new information is rapidly 57 accumulating and uncovers the nature of SARS-CoV-2, but many questions remain to be 58 answered. (Table 1) . These six CoVs usually cause infections in pigs, but PDCoV seems to have the ability 141 to infect other species such as badgers, calves, and cats (Li et al. 2018) . Moreover, it was reported Our phylogenetic analysis with S protein shows that PEDV and TGEV share only 42.8%-43.5% of 154 genome similarity with SARS-CoV-2, and PHEV and PDCoV share 49.2%-49.3% and 155 40.3%-40.4% genome similarity with SARS-CoV-2, respectively (Table 2) . Obviously, porcine

CoVs are unlikely the origin of SARS-CoV-2. However, the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 is likely to 157 recognize porcine ACE2 based on the high similarity of critical virus-binding residues between 158 porcine ACE2 and human ACE2 (Wan, Shang, Graham, et al. 2020 

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The investigation needs to be explored. IBV normally binds to cell receptors via sialic acid for its 185 attachment and entry (Shahwan et al. 2013; Toro, van Santen, and Jackwood 2012) (Table 1) .

Live-attenuated vaccines for IBV are usually adopted by the farms, which are developed by serial 187 passages of virulent strains in embryonated chicken eggs (Laconi et al. 2020; Masoudi, Pishraft 188 Sabet, and Shahsavadi 2020; Baron, Iqbal, and Nair 2018 

Kong. An OIE report shows that the antibody in a pet dog living with a receptor for both FECV and FIPV (Hohdatsu et al. 1998 ) ( Table 1 ). As shown in Table 2 showed that the receptor-binding motif of SARS-CoV-2 RBD can engage with ACE2 of humans 260 and cats at similar efficiencies (Wan, Shang, Graham, et al. 2020 for neonates through colostrum (Nemoto et al. 2017; Kanno et al. 2013) . 

As for the receptors utilized by SARS-CoV-2, biophysical and structural data showed that the S 374 protein engages with ACE2 with at least 10 times higher affinity compared to that of SARS-CoV 375 (Wrapp et al. 2020 ). In addition to ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 may also invade the cell via another 376 receptor: CD147 Ibrahim et al. 2020 Accepted Article Ibrahim et al. 2020; Hao et al. 2020) . It was reported that Furin is involved in the cleavage of 381 SARS-CoV-2 S protein and further facilitate viral entry . In principle, tissues 382 with consistently high expression of ACE2 or CD147 are likely susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, 383 including small intestine, kidney (renal tubular cells), testis (Leydig cells and cells in seminiferous 384 ducts), gall bladder, heart, stomach, and liver (Fagerberg et al. 2014 ). According to a recent report Shen et al. 2020 

Phylogenetic analysis by researchers from Institut Pasteur in Paris showed that SARS-CoV-2 409 might already circulated in France prior to first local case (Gámbaro et al. 2020 ). All of these data 410 undoubtedly showed an intricate situation of this virus. Thus, more surveillance needs to be taken 411 to explore the origin and diversity of this virus worldwide.

Importantly, the careful analyses demonstrate that some of the animal CoVs have evolved to All data generated or analyzed in this study are included in this manuscript and in the 526 supplementary material.

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