English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 351 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts Maaz Ahmad Khan Lecturer in English, University of Buner, KP. maazahmadkhan515@gmail.com Dr. Tariq Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English University of Malakand, Pakistan tariqkhan1975@gmail.com Kamran Zeb Lecturer in English, University of Buner, KP. kamranzeb1995@gmail.com Abstract This study aims at exploring category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts of the Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di by Khan Abdul Wali Khan. It investigates the nature of category shifts, giving an overview of prior theories of translation. It adopts qualitative method, using closing reading technique as a tool for collection as well as interpretation of data under the theoretical framework of Catford’s theory of translation shifts. It analyzes category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts, by studying source text and target text in parallel. It finds out answer to the question: What are category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts of the Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di? Moreover, it gives an avenue to future researchers to apply category shifts to other forms of translated literature. Keywords: Category shifts, qualitative method, close reading technique, source and target text I. Introduction Translation is a creative-cum-mechanical act involving three processes: cognitive, communicative and linguistic process. It is a cognitive process in that it touches upon what is going on in the mind of translator. This means that thought processes of translator are given attention in the process of translation. Translation is a communicative process meaning that there is cross-cultural communication when a person translates a stretch of language, showing cultural conventions, perception of the world, habits, social institutions, etc. Translation is essentially a linguistic process in which a translator pays particular attention to language of the text, including form, functions, effects, etc. Translation plays a significant part in the fields of knowledge. It helps disseminate human intellectual pursuits. Subsequently, it brings about cultural innovation and development. However, translation is subject to shifts, or departure from equivalence or correspondence or both: one of the ends of a translator is to create equivalence between source text (ST) and target text (TT). One of the challenges posed to translation is that it loses effect of the original text, especially in the case of poetry. This is because of shifts. According to Catford (1965), shift is a deviation from formal balance in the process of moving from source text to target text. It is of two types: shift of level and shift of category. Aesthetic pleasure created by prosodic and metrical features is not sometimes relayed to the target culture. On the contrary, prose translation is not comparatively as difficult as poetry; because prose and poetry do not mailto:maazahmadkhan515@gmail.com mailto:tariqkhan1975@gmail.com mailto:kamranzeb1995@gmail.com English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 352 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 follow the same way of expression. There are not as many shifts in prose as in poetry. It is needless to say that shifts occurring in prose can also occur in poetry. Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di (Facts are Facts) is one of scholarly books written by Khan Abdul Wali Khan. His other books are Rekhtya Muqadas Di (Facts are Sacred) and Saritoob (Manliness). In Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di ( Facts are Facts), Wali Khan tries to rationalize the bent of Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as Bacha Khan and All Indian Congress towards the need of Pakistan by the Muslim League. There are 22 chapters in the book describing machinations and manipulations of the British; also talking about the struggle for power by the Muslim League and the Congress. The writer tries to substantiate his point of view by giving letters and official correspondence between British secretary for India and the viceroy of India, governors of the British Indian provinces and so on. Moreover, many of the supporting proofs are taken from India Office Library London. This book also muckrakes the true colors of religious personalities and feudal lords who worked for the British at the expense of the common people who were struggling for the freedom of the soil. The Ministry of Nationalities and Tribal Affairs of Afghanistan in 1987 went through the book for the first time. It was rendered into Urdu in Pakistan in 1988. It was translated into English by Dr. Syeda Saidain Hameed in 1990. This study enables a person to have an understanding of Pashtun culture and psychology. It will contribute to the rounded understanding of the book, especially the linguistic aspect of the book involved. II. Review of Related Literature According to Munday (2001), the term translation is used in several senses. First, it refers to a product, signifying a written language translated. It is a finished end product passed through a process. Second, it also refers to a process involving source language and target language. Source language is the one from which something is translated, whereas target language is the one to which something is translated. As a process, translation is categorized into interlingual, intralingual and intersemiotic translation. Third, translation also refers to academic discipline covering history, theories and strategies of translation. Translation is a linguistic, cognitive, cultural and communicative process involving rendition of written language. Newmark (1981), has drawn a dichotomy between semantic and communicative translation using certain parameters. Semantic translation emphasizes thought processes of the translator. Communicative translation emphasizes intention of the translator and culture rather than thought processes as it is more subjective in nature. Venuti (1995) introduced foreignization and domestication as strategies of translation, providing linguistic and cultural guidance. Foreignization refers to influence of cultural deviation on those cultural norms to exhibit linguistic and cultural variations of the foreign text, sending the audience abroad. Venuti (ibid) favors foreignization as a strategy. It is a form of opposition against cultural deviation, racial discrimination, cultural superiority, and subjugation for the benefits of liberal state relations. Domestication refers to a culture- centred reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural standards, fetching the author back home. According to Nida (1964), there are principles of correspondence in translation, which lie under the process of translation. Languages differ in terms of form and substance. English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 353 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 Total balance of form and substance or precise rendition is not possible. Variations in renditions are normally due to three essential forces in the process of translation: nature of message, writer’s purpose and kind of audience. To Munday (2001), discourse analysis model attributed to Halliday draws on systemic functional grammar, considering language as a form of interaction or communication. It holds that meaning exists in the linguistic choices of a writer and methodically relates these selections to a broad sociocultural fabric. This notion draws on Buher’s division of language functions. To Munday (ibid), polysystem theory is a theory of translation propounded by a Jewish scholar named Itamar Even-Zohar in the 1970s. A literary work is views in context rather than in isolation, being a part of a system. Polysystem is a heterogeneous and hierarchical system of systems which brings about a continuous changing process of development within the polysystem in aggregate. According to Munday (ibid), Vinay and Darbelnet drew a comparative review of English and French, exploring differences and making distinction between direct and oblique translation. As far as the differences are concerned, they did not describe the differences as shifts, but, of course, they were the first to study translation shifts. According to Ahmad (2020), language is a significant part of human culture. Human culture and language are interconnected with each other. They both have influence over each other in the process of evolution. According to Kantiastuti (2014), meaning transfer is a crucial aspect of translation; it is of different types: complete meaning, increased meaning, decreased meaning, and nonequivalent meaning. According to Jacobson (1959), languages vary basically in what they ought to communicate and not in what they may communicate. These differences are made in terms of gender, aspect and semantic field. Jacobson (ibid) argues that there is not any common total equivalence between language-units. To Fang (2011), the connection between ideology and translation is manifold; translation is a phenomenon rooted in history and society, in which different conflicting ideologies confront each other. According to Haque (2012), translation of prose is essentially the translation of fictional prose or non-fiction prose, including novels, short stories, folk tale, comedy, works of criticism, hagiography and the like. III. Methodology This study adopts qualitative method. According to Jamshed (2014), research methodology is a set of techniques acting like a design of architecture by means of which a researcher forms a mental bent to identify a problem and come up with a solution to the problem. It is a detailed procedure representing selection of a person conducting the study, relying on the characteristics and kind of the problem of one’s study. To Creswell (2009), qualitative methodology of research is a blanket term referring to a set of study design based certain theoretical dimensions. Close reading is used as a technique for the collection of data pertaining to the topic; it is an objective way of analysis emphasizing on moves used in developing a depth of understanding related to a text. In other words, it is a device used to understand a demanding text, encompassing the reader forming a in-depth comprehension of literary piece, rather than a prompt and superficial view of the main idea of a stretch of language. The procedure of close reading starts with the comprehension of words and expressions and their different shades of English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 354 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 meaning. According to Greenham (2019), there are six contexts of closing reading. First of all, the semantic context is about the meaning of words, focusing on what individual words can mean. Second, the syntactic context is about the arrangement and distribution of words and how words mean when they are arranged and put together. Third, the thematic context is about how different themes appear and influence meaning as we read a text. Fourth, the iterative context is about the ways that iteration and structuring influence the meaning of text. Fifth, the generic context is about the type of work, which we are reading, influence the approach to its meanings. Sixth, the adversarial context is about how the theoretical, political and historical concerns reshape meanings of a text. Facts are Facts: An Untold Story of India’s Partition, a book by Khan Abdul Wali Khan, is selected as object of the study. It is a prose work originally written in Pashtu, translated into several languages, including English. Pashtu and English versions of the book are investigated in the light of translation shifts attributed to Catford. Shift refers to deviations from structural correspondence when a person translates a literary piece. Formal correspondence as opposed to dynamic correspondence is an orientation of translation. Form and substance of the message are given equal preference. Shifts are categorized into the following kinds: level shifts and category shifts. IV. Analysis and Interpretation Category shift is a kind of shift marked by deviation from structural correspondence in terms of grammatical category rather than level of language. It covers the following: unit shift, class shift, structure shift and intra-system shift. Interpretation of Unit Shift (rank shift) Unit shift refers to a shift in which a unit of language such as morpheme, lexeme, phrase or sentence, rendered with a separate unit. For instance, a word is rendered with a phrase: a phrase is translated with a word. The following shifts of unit have been explored and analyzed: Example 1: ST: دې مليانو دهغې پاره په اسالم کښي جواز پيش کولے شو PT: dɛ mʊljɘnʊ dɘ hɘχɛ pɘrɘ pɘ ɪslɘm kɪ ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ TT: They rationalized their policies based on a contorted interpretation of Islam. ,is a phrase in Pashtu, consisting of a group of words (ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ) ”جواز پيش کولے شو“ that is, noun, helping and main verb. This phrase is translated in English translation as rationalized, a word in English. BT: These Mullahs could gave justification for their (the British) policies. Example 2: ST: پيرنګي د نر بچي خو دا يو خدمت د اسالم کړے دے چې د دغه مليانو نومونه ئ سره د هغوي د پتو پورا پورا ليکلي دي . PT: pɪrɘŋgɪ dɘ nɘr bɘʧɪ χʊ dɘ jʊ χɪdmɘt dɘ ɪslɘm kɘrɛ dɛ ʧɪ dɘ hɘɣɘ mʊljɘnʊ nʊmɔnɘ jɛ sɘrɘ dɘ hɘɣʊ dɘ pɘtʊ pɔrɘ pɔrɘ lɪkɘlɪ dɛ TT: The British did Islam a good turn by recording the names and addresses of these Mullahs. is a word acting as a noun in Pashto. It is translated as a good turn, which is (χɪdmɘt) ”خدمت“ a phrase in English, consisting of a head (turn), dependents (article and adjective). English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 355 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 BT: The British served Islam by giving the Mullahs’ names along with full addresses. Example 3: ST: دا پيرانګي کوشش دا ؤ چې هغه کورونوکښي ځان له ملګري پيدا کړي کومې چې د پيرانګي په خالف جنګيدې . PT: dɘ pɪrɘŋgɪ kɔʃɘʃ dɘ wʊ ʧɪ hɘɣɘ kɔrɔnʊ kɪ zɑːlə mɘlgɘrɪ pjɛdɘ krɪ kʊmʊ ʧɪ dɘ pɪrɘŋɪ pɘ χɪlɑːf ʤɘŋgjgɛ TT: The British strategy was to befriend those families whose friends were involved in the freedom struggle. .is a phrase in Pashto, consisting of a noun followed by a verb (mɘlgɘrɪ pjɛdɘ krɪ) ”ملګري پيدا کړي“ This phrase is translated with a word, that is, befriend. In this case, a phrase in source text is rendered with a word in target language. BT: The British tried to make friends with those families involved fighting the British. Example 4: ST: پيرانګي دا هر څه په داسې پټه طريقه کول چې د پيرانګي مخاليفين په هيڅ رنګې هم خبر نه شې PT: pɪrɘŋgɪ dɘ hɘr sɘ pɘ dɘsɪ pɘtɘ tɘrɪqɘ kɘwɘl ʧɪ dɘ pɪrɘŋgɪ mʊχɘlɪpiːn pɘ hɛs rɘŋgɪ hʊm χɘbɘr nɘ ʃɪ TT: The British were conducting this intrigue with utmost secrecy. Their enemies had no suspicion that such documents and letters were being exchanged. The sentence in Pashto is a compound sentence consisting of two independent clauses. This sentence is split up into two sentences in target text. In other words, clause in ST is rendered with a sentence in TT; clause is shifted to sentence in the process of going from source text to target text. BT: The British were conducting this intrigue with utmost secrecy that their enemies had no suspicion that such documents and letters were being exchanged. Example 5: ST: کننګم د مليانو درې ډلې ټاکلې وۍ دا واړه واړه مليان ی د عالقو خانانو او اعتباري خان بهادرانو ته په حواله کړيوو . PT: kənɪŋgɘm dɘ mʊljɘnʊ drɪ dɘlɪ tɘkɘlɪ wɛ dɘ wɘrɘ wɘrɘ mʊljɘn dɛ ɑlɘquː χɑːnɑːnʊ ɑʊ ɪtɪbɘrɪ χɑn bɘdɘrɘnʊ tɘ pɘ hɘwɘlɘ kɘrɪ wʊ TT: Cunningham made three groups among the Maulanas. is a clause in ST. It is a (kənɪŋgɘm dɘ mʊljɘnʊ drɪ dɘlɪ tɘkɘlɪ wɛ) ”کننګم د مليانو درې ډلې ټاکلې وۍ“ constituent of a larger construction. This constituent is shifted to a construction in TT. BT: Cunningham made three groups of Mullahs, assigning the smaller Mullahs to local khans and nawab. Interpretation of Class Shift Class shift is a form of category shift, referring to the deviation of grammatical class, such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. The following shifts of class have been explored and analyzed: Example 1: ST: په لندن کښي پيرنګيان ويريدل چۍ د ګاندهۍ جۍ د قامۍ حکومت د جناح صيب په English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 356 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 مشرۍ کښي انکارجناح صيب کافي بدنام کړے دے . PT: pɑː lɒnɗɘn kɪ pɪrɘŋjɘn wɘjɘrɛdɘl ʧɪ ɖɘ ɡɑːnɖɪ ʤɪ ɖɘ qɑːmɑɪ hɘkʊmɘt ɖɘ ʤɪnɘ sɑːb pɑː mɘʃɘrɑɪ kɪ kɑːfɪ bɘdnɑːm kɑːræ ɖɛ TT: The British were concerned that having refused Ghandhiji’s offer Jinnah was becoming very unpopular. is a verb in Pashto. It is translated as ‘concerned’, which is an adjective in (wɘjɘrɛdɘl) ”ويريدل“ English. It functions as adjective in TT. Verb is shifted to adjective in the process of translation. BT: Having refused the offer of Ghandhiji by Jinnah, the British in London feared that this made Jinnah very unpopular. Example 2: ST: دا سرجارج کننګم دا د خپل الس ليکلۍ ڈاېرۍ چۍ سړے لولۍ ، نو حېران شي PT: dɘ sɛːr ʤɔːrʤ kʌnɪngʌm dɘ dɘ χpɘl lɑːs lɪkɘlɪ dɑɪjrɪ ʧɪ sɘrɘj lwɘlɪ nʊ hɜrɑːn ʃɪ TT: George Cunningham’s diaries are a shocking record of men. is a verb in Pashtu, meaning to wonder. It is translated as shocking as in (hɜrɑːn ʃɪ) ”حېران شي“ shocking record of men. Shocking is an adjective in English. It follows that the verb “حېران شي” (hɜrɑːn ʃɪ) is shifted to adjective (shocking) in the process of translation. BT: Reading Sir George Cunningham’s diaries, one astonishes. Example 3: ST: مسلمانو د غالمولو د پا ره ې خپل ايمان ، ضمير او سړيتوب په سرو سپينو خرچ کړي دي PT: mʊsɘlmɘnɘnʊ dɘ ɣwɘlɘmɘwɘlʊ dɑpɘrɘ jɛ χpɘl ɪmɑːn zɑːmiːr ɑʊ sɘrɪtuːb pɑ srɔː spɪnʊ χɘrʧ kɘrɪ dɪ TT: For a few pieces of silver, (they) agreed to serve as the custodian of slavery for the Indian people. is an expression acting as a verb, meaning for making (dɘ ɣwɘlɘmɘwɘlʊ dɑpɘrɘ) ”د غالمولو د پا ره“ (someone) slave. This verbal group is translated as custodian of slavery, which is a noun phrase in English, consisting of head (custodian) and modifier (of slavery). A verbal group is shift to a noun phrase in the process of translation. BT: To make the Muslims slave, they sold their faith, conscience and manliness for money. Example 4: ST: .هغه اول د خاکسار تنظيم سره تعلق لرلو PT: hɘɣɘ ɘwɘl dɘ χɑksɑːr tɘnziːm sɘrɘ tɘlʊq lɘrɘlʊ TT: He was formerly connected with the Khaksar movement. is a word in Pashto, acting as a noun. It is translated as formerly, which is an adverb (ɘwɘl) ”اول“ in English. Similarly, “تعلق” (tɘlʊq ) is a word functioning as a noun. This word is translated as connected, which is a verb used in passive form. Nouns are shifted to adverb and verb in the process of translation. BT: He had association with Khaksar movement in the past. Example 5: ST: هغه دې قسمه مليانو سره په پټه رابطه کړي PT: hɘɣɘ dɛ qɪsmɘ mʊljɘnʊ sɘrɘ pɘ pɘtɘ rɘbɪtɘ kɘrɪ English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 357 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 TT: He was commissioned to work secretly with the tribal Mullahs. and noun (pɘtɘ/پټه) is an expression in Pashto, consisting of adjective (pɘtɘ rɘbɪtɘ) ”پټه رابطه“ This expression is translated as work secretly, consisting of verb (work) and adverb .(rɘbɪtɘ/رابطه) (secretly). It follows that noun and adjective are shifted to verb and adverb respectively in the process of translation. BT: He was commissioned to have secret contact with the tribal Mullahs. Interpretation of Structure Shift Example 1: ST: کننګم دا سۍ ګويانه دے چی دا د مليانو سره د رابطې کار مونړه خان بهادر قلې خان ته په حواله کړو چۍ هغه د دۍ هغه دې قسمه مليانو سره په پټه رابطه کړي . PT: kʌnɪŋgʌm dɘsɪ gʊjɘnɘ dɛ ʧɪ dɘ dɛɪ mʊljɘnʊ sɘrɘ rɘbɪtɘ kɑːr mʊŋɘ χɑːn bɘhɑːdɘr qʊlɪ tɘ pɘ hɘwɘlɘ krʊ ʧɪ hɘɣɘ dɛɪ qɪsmɘ mʊljɘnʊ sɘrɘ pɘ pɘtɘ rɘbɪtɘ kɘrɪ TT: Cunningham wrote that Kuli Khan was being used as the Mullah liaison. He was commissioned to work secretly with the tribal Mullahs. The sentence in ST consists of three clauses: (1) کننګم دا سۍ ګويانه دے , (kʌnɪŋgʌm dɘsɪ gʊjɘnɘ dɛ) ʧɪ dɘ dɛɪ mʊljɘnʊ sɘrɘ rɘbɪtɘ) چی دا د مليانو سره د رابطې کار مونړه خان بهادر قلې خان ته په حواله کړو. (2) kɑːr mʊŋɘ χɑːn bɘhɑːdɘr qʊlɪ tɘ pɘ hɘwɘlɘ krʊ) (3) . هغه د دۍ هغه دې قسمه مليانو سره په پټه رابطه کړي This sentence is translated with two) (ʧɪ hɘɣɘ dɛɪ qɪsmɘ mʊljɘnʊ sɘrɘ pɘ pɘtɘ rɘbɪtɘ kɘrɪ).چۍ sentences in TT, that is, (1) Cunningham wrote that Kuli Khan was being used as the Mullah liaison. (2) He was commissioned to work secretly with the tribal Mullahs. A single sentence structure is shifted to two sentences in TT in the process of translation. BT: Cunningham said that Kuli Khan was being used as the Mullah liaison, commissioned to work secretly with the tribal Mullahs. Example 2: ST: کننګم سره دا شوفکر چې رقم مومونړخو چاپيره په سمه اوغر خور کړو .ملک مو و مليانوپه ذريعه ځان سره ملګرے کړو خو چی پته ولګوو چې دا مليان واقعي د پيرانګي د پاره پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ PT: kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ rɘqɘm χʊ mʊŋ ʧɘpɜrɘ pɘ sɘmɘ ɣɘr ɑʊ χʊr krʊ. mɘlk mʊ mʊljɑnʊ pɘ zɘrjɘ zɑːn sɘrɘ mɘlgɘrɛ krʊ χʊ ʧɪ pɘtɘ wɘlɘgɘwʊ ʧɪ dɘ mʊljɑːn wɘqijɛ dɘ pɪrɘŋg dɘ pɘrɘ prʊpɘgɘndɘ kɘwɪ ɑw kɘnɘ? TT: Cunningham’s next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertained whether or not they were actively engaged in ant-congress propaganda. The two sentences ( ( پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ )پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ … (kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ) in ST are rendered with one sentence, that is, Cunningham’s next concern was (کننګم سره دا شوفکر that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertain whether or not they were actively engaged in anti-congress propaganda. It is evident two sentences have been translated with a sentence in TT. BT: Cunningham thought that the money was distributed among the Mullahs in all directions. People were befriended through the Mullahs; it is to be known whether or not the Mullahs really disseminated propaganda for the British. Example 3: English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 358 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 ST: دا پيرانګي کوشش دا ؤ چې هغه کورونوکښي ځان له ملګري پيدا کړي کومې چې د پيرانګي په خالف جنګيدې . د پيرنګې په خالف په جهاد کښي د فقيراېپې سره سره دوه دری نامتو دېني مشران وو چې يو د مسيدومال پاونده ؤ او دويم په مومند کښي حاجی صيب د تورمزو (تورنګزو) ، او دا د پيرنګي کوشش ؤ چې هر څنګه چې وې دا دواړه مورچې فتح کړي او زما په خيال د هغه د ټولو نه لويه کاميابي هم دا وه چې د دغه شان غازيانو زامن د ځان په خوا او ودروي . PT: dɘ pɪrɘŋgɪ kɔʃɘʃ dɘ wʊ ʧɪ hɘɣɘ kɔrɔnʊ kɪ zɑːlə mɘlgɘrɪ pjɛdɘ krɪ kʊmʊ ʧɪ dɘ pɪrɘŋɪ pɘ χɪlɑːf ʤɘŋgjgɛ pɪrɘŋɪ pɘ χɪlɑːf [ɘ ʤɪhɑːd kɪ dɘ pɘqiːrɑːpɪ sɘrɘ sɘrɘ dwɘ drɛɪ nɑːmɘtʊ mɘʃɘrɑːn wʊ ʧɪ jʊ dɘ mʊlɘ mɘsɪdʊ pɑːwʊndɘ wɔː ɘʊ dwɘjɘm pɘ mʊmɘndʊ kɪ hɘʤɪ sɛɪb dɘ tɔːrmɘzɔː (tʊrɘŋzɔː) ɘʊ dɘ dɘ pɪrɘŋɪ kɔːʃɘʃ ʊ ʧɪ hɜːr sɘŋɘ ʧɪ wɪ dɘ dwɘrɘ mʊrʧɛɪ pɘthɑ kɘrɪ ɘʊ zɘmɘ pɘ χjɑːl dɘ hɘɣɘ dɘ tuːlʊ nɘ lɔːjɘ kɑːmjɑːbɪ hʊm dɘwʊ ʧɪ dɘ dɘɣɘ ʃɑːn ɣɑːzjɑːnʊ zɑːmɘn dɘ zɑːn pɘ χwɘ ɔdrɘwɪ TT: The British strategy was to befriend those families whose heads were involved in the freedom struggle. The two most important persons fighting the Jihad against the British were Faqir aand Mullah Pawandah. Another crucial link was Haji Sahib Turangzai of Mohmand. The British were most interested in ingratiation themselves with these three individuals. And their greatest triumph was to win over the sons of these valiant patriots. Mullahs Pawandah’s son Fazal Din and Haji Turangzai’son Padsha Gul. The sentence in Pashtu consists of eight clauses, meaning there are eight subjects and predicates in a single sentence. This single sentence is shifted to five sentences in TT in the process of translation. BT: The British strategy was to befriend those families whose heads were involved in the freedom struggle; the two most important persons fighting the Jihad against the British were Faqir aand Mullah Pawandah; another crucial link was Haji Sahib Turangzai of Mohmand; the British were most interested in ingratiatign themselves with these three individuals; and their greatest triumph was to win over the sons of these valiant patriots: Mullahs Pawandah’s son Fazal Din and Haji Turangzai’son Padsha Gul. Interpretation of Intra-system Shift Example 1: ST: چې قام ته پته ولګي PT: ʧɪ qɑːm tɘ pɘtɘ wɘlɘɡɪ TT: This will further inform the people. ,is a noun in Pashto, meaning a group of people having common racial, ethnic (qɑːm) ”قام“ ideological, and historical features in common. It is not preceded by any article in Pashto as in .is translated as ‘the people’, showing definite article (the) in TT (qɑːm) ”قام“ .(qɑːm) ”قام“ BT: This will further inform (Pashto) nation. Example 2: ST: کننګم سره دا شوفکر چې رقم مومونړخو چاپيره په سمه اوغر خور کړو PT: kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ rɘqɘm χʊ mʊŋ ʧɘpɜrɘ pɘ sɘmɘ ɣɘr ɑʊ χʊr krʊ. TT: Cunningham’s next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs… English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 359 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 is a noun not preceded by any article in ST. It is translated as the money, which (rɘqɘm) ”رقم“ consists of article (the) and noun (money) in TT. There is a deviation in the usage of article system in the process of translation. BT: Cunningham thought that money was spent in all directions. Example 3: ST: .هلته ي نه ي سوال ځواب وکړو PT: hɘltɘ nɘ jɛ swɑːl ʒwɑːb ʊkrʊ TT: He sent a message. is a phrase used without any article in ST. It is translated as ‘a (swɑːl ʒwɑːb) ”سوال ځواب“ message’, showing the use of an article in TT. It follows that English language has a system of articles in which every singular countable noun is preceded by indefinite article. For example: هغه ډاکټردے. (پښتو ) PT: hɘɣɘ dɑːktɘr dɛ (pɘχtʊ) He is a doctor. (English) Doctor is used without any article in Pashto, whereas the word doctor when being used to describe a profession is preceded by indefinite article. BT: He communicated from over there. Example 3: ST: پيرنګيان په لندن کښي ويريدل PT: pɪrɘŋjɘn pɑː lɒnɗɘn kɪ wɘjɘrɛdɘl ʧɪ ɖɘ TT: The British were concerned (in London). .is a noun used without any article in ST. It is translated as the British in TT (pɪrɘŋjɘn) ”پيرنګيان“ This shows shift in article system. Similarly, Khaksar, Muslim League and Congress are translated as the Khaksar, the Muslim League, and the Congress respectively in TT. V. Conclusion This study tried to find out category shifts in Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di. Category shifts refer to a class of translation shifts, signifying deviation from formal correspondence in terms of unit, class, structure and intra-system. This study explored all of the category shifts in the Pashto text. Examples of all forms of category shift are discussed below. First of all, unit shift is analyzed as follows: ST: دې مليانو دهغې پاره په اسالم کښي جواز پيش کولے شو PT: dɛ mʊljɘnʊ dɘ hɘχɛ pɘrɘ pɘ ɪslɘm kɪ ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ TT: They rationalized their policies based on a contorted interpretation of Islam. ,is a phrase in Pashtu, consisting of a group of words (ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ ) ”جواز پيش کولے شو“ that is, noun, helping and main verb. This phrase is translated in English translation as rationalized, a word in English. BT: These Mullahs could gave justification for their (the British) policies. Second, class shifts are analyzed as follows: ST: په لندن کښي پيرنګيان ويريدل چۍ د ګاندهۍ جۍ د قامۍ حکومت د جناح صيب په مشرۍ کښي انکارجناح صيب کافي بدنام کړے دے . English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 360 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 PT: pɑː lɒnɗɘn kɪ pɪrɘŋjɘn wɘjɘrɛdɘl ʧɪ ɖɘ ɡɑːnɖɪ ʤɪ ɖɘ qɑːmɑɪ hɘkʊmɘt ɖɘ ʤɪnɘ sɑːb pɑː mɘʃɘrɑɪ kɪ kɑːfɪ bɘdnɑːm kɑːræ ɖɛ TT: The British were concerned that having refused Ghandhiji’s offer Jinnah was becoming very unpopular. is a verb in Pashto. It is translated as ‘concerned’, which is an adjective in (wɘjɘrɛdɘl) ”ويريدل“ English. It functions as adjective in TT. Verb is shifted to adjective in the process of translation. BT: Having refused the offer of Ghandhiji by Jinnah, the British in London feared that this made Jinnah very unpopular. Third, structure shifts are analyzed as follows: ST: کننګم سره دا شوفکر چې رقم مومونړخو چاپيره په سمه اوغر خور کړو .ملک مو و مليانوپه ذريعه ځان سره ملګرے کړو خو چی پته ولګوو چې دا مليان واقعي د پيرانګي د پاره پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ PT: kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ rɘqɘm χʊ mʊŋ ʧɘpɜrɘ pɘ sɘmɘ ɣɘr ɑʊ χʊr krʊ. mɘlk mʊ mʊljɑnʊ pɘ zɘrjɘ zɑːn sɘrɘ mɘlgɘrɛ krʊ χʊ ʧɪ pɘtɘ wɘlɘgɘwʊ ʧɪ dɘ mʊljɑːn wɘqijɛ dɘ pɪrɘŋg dɘ pɘrɘ prʊpɘgɘndɘ kɘwɪ ɑw kɘnɘ? TT: Cunningham’s next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertained whether or not they were actively engaged in ant-congress propaganda. The two sentences ( ( پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ )پروپېګنډه کوي او که نه ؟ … (kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ) in ST are rendered with one sentence, that is, Cunningham’s next concern was (کننګم سره دا شوفکر that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertain whether or not they were actively engaged in anti-congress propaganda. It is evident two sentences have been translated with a sentence in TT. BT: Cunningham thought that the money was distributed among the Mullahs in all directions. People were befriended through the Mullahs; it is to be known whether or not the Mullahs really disseminated propaganda for the British. Fourth, intra-system shifts are analyzed as follows: ST: کننګم سره دا شوفکر چې رقم مومونړخو چاپيره په سمه اوغر خور کړو PT: kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ rɘqɘm χʊ mʊŋ ʧɘpɜrɘ pɘ sɘmɘ ɣɘr ɑʊ χʊr krʊ. TT: Cunningham’s next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs… is a noun not preceded by any article in ST. It is translated as the money, which (rɘqɘm) ”رقم“ consists of article (the) and noun (money) in TT. There is a deviation in the usage of article system in the process of translation. BT: Cunningham thought that money was spent in all directions. Moreover, Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di can be analyzed through the lens of shifts described by Vinay and Derbelnet and the deforming tendencies described by Antonie Berman. Furthermore, category shifts can also be applied to other genres of Pashto literature, especially poetry. References Ahmad, R. (2020). Translation from Pashto to English: an analysis of deforming tendencies in the English translation of Abdul Ghani Khan’s poetry (Unpublished MPhil Thesis). Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan. English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di: A Study on Category Shifts 361 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 Baker, M. (2018). 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