e1e4497f-4746-4191-8eb0-f7ea245d6a02/799cb493-00f7-4795-9a83-b017c6321278 Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 469 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: A case study of male and female bloggers’ Language of Baluchistan Durdana Rafique Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Turbat (UoT) durdana.rafiq@uot.edu.pk Dr. Zia ur Rehman Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistani Languages AIOU, Islamabad zia.rehman@aiou.edu.pk Tanvir Ahmed PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistani Languages, AIOU Islamabad. tanviruot@gmail.com Abstract The influence of English in all fields of life cannot be ignored and it has influenced all people belonging to any field of life living in any area of the world. The English used in Pakistan is different from the standard British English. It is called an institutionalized variety of English, according to Rahman (2000). This study aims to add the existing research on Pakistani English by exploring the syntactic features of Pakistani English in the blogs of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan. The researcher uses the theory of Noam Chomsky Transformational Generative Grammar. (2002). He says that grammar is generative because it can produce an infinite number of sentences from the set of finite rules. The population for the present study consists of male bloggers and female bloggers from all over Baluchistan. Total number of 7 blog posts is selected by the researcher. A simple random sampling technique is used for collecting data. 4 male bloggers and 4 female bloggers belonging to different ethnic groups are selected, based on social genre. 3 blogs are from male bloggers and 4 are from female bloggers due to the limitation of time. The blogs are selected from e-news websites, i.e. Daily Times, The Baloch Nation, Baluchistan Voice, The Dawn News, The Friday Times, and Sada-e-Baluchistan. The findings of the study show that there are differences found in the language in the blogs of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan in using Pakistani English. It is analyzed that male bloggers use syntactic features which are more inclined towards BSE as compared to females. However, the changes in the syntactic features of the language of bloggers also show that the sentences are transformed from the simple sentence into another sentence, by conforming the facts that how changes occur with either same meanings or different meanings Keywords: Blogs, Bloggers, Pakistani English, Transformational generative grammar, Syntax Introduction Language is one of the most important phenomena of human life. Language plays a vital role in describing who we are and how we are different from other speech communities. Language is evolving regularly. According to Aitchison (1981), changes in the English language occur in the same way as changes in other languages of the world. The English language is a global language. English occupies a very important place in the world. The influence of English in all fields of life cannot be ignored and it has influenced all people belonging to any field of life living in any area of the world. mailto:durdana.rafiq@uot.edu.pk mailto:zia.rehman@aiou.edu.pk mailto:tanviruot@gmail.com Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 470 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI The variety of English used in Pakistan has undergone several changes. It is called Pakistani English because of the influence of the societal and cultural impact on the language. The English used in Pakistan is different from the standard British English. It is called an institutionalized variety of English, according to Rahman (2000). He also asserts that there are four varieties of Pakistani English. His ideas of Pakistani English are based on the ideas of Kachru. He divided the varieties into Acrolect, Mesolect, Basilect and Anglicized varieties. Tariq Rahman creates a model which he calls Pakistani Standard English by using the features from variety B and variety C. This model contains features which are intelligible not only among the speakers of Pakistan but also among the speakers of foreign languages. The study of syntax allows constructing sentences in any language. Anyone who knows the rules of syntax is also able to construct sentences from the limited number of rules. According to Chomsky (2002), syntax deals with the processes and rules of the language used for the construction of sentences. He asserts that grammar is transformational as well as generative. By transformation he believes that a simple sentence can be transformed into other sentences either with the same meaning or different meaning. The process of transformation occurs by the addition of words or by the movement of the position of the words. The second part of his theory is generative because it can generate an unlimited number of sentences from the limited number of rules. This study aims to add the existing research on Pakistani English by exploring the syntactic features of Pakistani English in the blogs of male and female bloggers of Balochistan. The study of blogs is an emerging area of significance. The linguistic variations of blogs are an important feature of research. Purpose of the Study The purpose of selecting blog posts from the news blog is to analyze the variation of syntactic structure to identify which specific variety of Pakistani English is used by the bloggers of Baluchistan as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book of Pakistani English (1992). The researcher intends to work with Bloggers in Baluchistan, who are not only recognized nationally but also internationally. Research Questions Q1. What are the syntactic structures reflected in the blog posts of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan? Q2. Which specific variety of Pakistani English is executed in the language of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan? Research Objectives 1. To find out the syntactic structure as reflected in the blog posts of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan. 2. To identify the specific variety of Pakistani English as executed in the language of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan. Significance Of the Study The research will be useful for other researchers who are interested in investigating the syntactic structures of the sentences in the blog posts written by the male and female Bloggers of Baluchistan. This study is innovative in a sense it discusses the areas which have not been discussed before in relation with the theory of Noam Chomsky. The study will help the future Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 471 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI researchers to have an effective understanding of the syntactic structures of the language of Bloggers. Problem Statement Men and women use language differently according to different situations and cultures (Lakoff, 1975). Several studies have been done on the differences between the language of males and females. They are exposed to life differently. The difference in the expressions used by males and females is due to their life experiences and difference in exposure (Colley et al., 2004; Uchenata, 1992). Baluchistan is the largest province of Pakistan in terms of land; it is at the same time, one of the least populated provinces of Pakistan (Baloch & Ahmad, 2011). The researcher intends to work on the Bloggers’ language in Baluchistan. Some of the features of Pakistani English have been highlighted by many researchers such as A.Mehboob (2004), Baumgardner (1993), T.Rafat (2013), Bergstrom (2021), in order to validate the claims made by them on the basis of intuitive studies of the variety of Pakistani English. So far, no work is found to the best of my knowledge on the syntactical analysis of Pakistani English using the transformational generative grammar by Noam Chomsky to substantiate the analytical ground of the study. The study aims to deal with the syntactic features of blogs and gives an overview of blogs and their corresponding linguistic properties and aspects in the language of bloggers of Baluchistan. Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology The researcher uses the theory of Noam Chomsky Transformational Generative Grammar. (2002). He says that grammar is generative because it can produce an infinite number of sentences from the set of finite rules. The other part of his theory is transformational which shows that He developed this theory in his book ‘Aspect of syntactic structures a simple sentence can be transformed into other sentences with either same meanings or different meanings. This process of transformation occurs by the help of the set of rules which he named as transformational rules. It shows the relationship of the words in the sentence and understanding of the syntactic relationships through the process of transformation with the help of deep structures and surface structures. The population for the present study consists of male bloggers and female bloggers from all over Baluchistan. For the purpose of Representativeness, the Bloggers who are selected are recognized not only nationally but also internationally. The Bloggers belonging to different ethnic groups are residing in Baluchistan. Total number of 7 blog posts is selected by the researcher. A simple random sampling technique is used for collecting data. 4 male bloggers and 4 female bloggers belonging to different ethnic groups are selected, based on social genre. 3 blogs are from male bloggers and 4 are from female bloggers due to the limitation of time. The blogs are selected from e-news websites, i.e. Daily Times, The Baloch Nation, Baluchistan Voice, The Dawn News, The Friday Times, and Sada-e-Baluchistan. The data is collected during the period 2019-2021. The Participants update their blogs frequently with time. The language used by the bloggers is English. Rahman divides Pakistani varieties of English into four sub-categories. a. Anglicized English: This variety that Pakistanis speak in British settings. They have been exposed to English for a long period. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 472 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI b. Acrolect variety: This variety is developed by the Pakistani speakers in educational institutions as a medium of instruction. This variety is different from British English in terms of its linguistic features such as semantics, phonology, syntax, lexis and morphology. c. Mesolect: It is totally different from British English and it is used by Pakistani speakers whose medium of instruction in schools is Urdu. d. Basilect: It is a kind of Pakistani English pidgin. It is used by speakers who are not much educated. The researcher focuses only on a correct variety (Variety B) of Pakistani English. Following characteristics will be observed in the blog posts of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan. i. The omission of definite articles in Pakistani English. ii. The use of progressive aspects with habitual and completed action. iii. Certain verbs considered stative in BSE are used in progressive in PE e.g do, hear, see, have and other verbs. iv. PE use of preposition plus an –ing participle is used. v. In PE indirect objects are frequently omitted. vi. In BE the infinitive of purpose is similar to an infinite complement and has in ‘order to’, simply to answer the questions for what purpose or simply ‘why’. In PE the form gerund replaces the infinitive of purpose. vii. Difference in the use of prepositions. viii. Addition of preposition which is mostly avoided in BSE. ix. Omission of dummy auxiliary do, does, did. x. Lack of agreement of the verb. xi. The indefinite article may be omitted. The current research employs a qualitative mode of inquiry to investigate syntactic and distinguishing features of Pakistani English. The use of qualitative, secondary data has made this research comprehensive and relevant. The researchers have chosen the qualitative design because it facilitates in-depth investigation (Creswell, 2012). Delimitation The study is delimited to only the blog posts of male and female bloggers of Balochistan. The study collects data from only 4 males and 3 female bloggers of Balochistan. Moreover, for the analysis of the syntactic structure of Pakistani English only the Acrolect variety of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English was used. The study is also delimited to the syntactical analysis and transformational generative grammar of Pakistani English in order to find out the specific variety of Pakistani English. Literature Review Language is one of the most important elements of human life. Language is used to express our emotions, ideas, and feelings in life. Syntax plays a very important role to understand the structure of the sentence. According to Greason (1998), Syntax deals with the construction of the smaller units of the language to the larger construction. As mentioned by Chomsky (2002), Syntax deals with the rules and processes of the construction of sentences in any language. Several studies have been made on the Syntactical Analysis of the text. According to Astuti research (2007), there are three positions of the modifiers in the Syntactical Analysis of the noun Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 473 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI phrase in his work on the novel of Jane Austin Pride and Prejudices. The examples are prepositions (noun+modifier), post position (modifier+noun) and after and before noun (noun+modifier+noun). And these positions are based on the grammatical structures. Syntactical Analysis plays a very important role to analyze the structure of any piece of literary work. As mentioned by H.G Widdowson (1975), Syntactical Analysis is the mediation between two areas i.e. literary criticism and linguistics. The complete understanding of any literary piece of work is dependent upon the complete understanding of the syntactic properties of the text. Culler (19981), asserted that in order to understand the structure of the sentence it is important to understand the internal structure of the grammar which shapes its structure, Different types of strategies are identified by the researchers and linguists. Leech (1969), analysis Lexical, Phonological, Graph logical, Semantics and Grammatical variations in the literary works. Another work was done by Plett (2010), according to him Syntactical Analysis deals with the relations, rearrangement and cancellation. He further says that the deviation in syntax is the result of mismatches between good and bad grammar. Pakistani English Pakistani English is considered an institutionalized variety of English. It is the variety which is used in the educational institutions and written forms. According to Kachru (1986), Pakistani English is a different variety of English which is the result of the nativised discourse and is used as a tool for creative writing in various genres. Baumgardner (1998), conducted research on the attitude of the Pakistani towards the Lexical acceptability in Pakistani English. The findings of the study show that the Pakistani norm is emerging quickly. Talat (2002) also studies the changes in the process of Pakistani English and finds out that the change in the Pakistani English is due to the product of English rather than the results. Most of the studies done on Pakistani English are in the field of Lexis. Majority of the linguists work on the process of formation of words and lexis in the field of Pakistani English research. Baumgardner (1990), Kachru (1975) and Rahman (1990). As asserted by Damron (2004), Pakistan English is different in terms of intonational patterns. The reason for this difference is the influence of Urdu language on Pakistani English. Pakistani English is not devoid of deviations. These deviations are embedded in the English of Pakistan in such a way that it is now considered as the part of Pakistan English. Similar study was conducted by Hassan (2000), on the Lexical variation of Pakistani English. The findings of his study show that deviation occurs at the level of lexis, morphology, and phonology. According to Reeves (1984), Pakistan is considered as the second home for Britisher because of the lively nature of English used in Pakistan by the common masses. Another study conducted by Kennedy (1993), on use of English language for expressing emotions. The findings of his study show that Pakistan variety is identified by its grammar and lexis. Blogs Males and females are exposed to life differently. According to Uchenata (1992), the difference in the expression of males and females is due to their life experiences and difference in exposure. Several studies have been done on the use of male and female language. As mentioned by Mulac & Weiman (1988), men use more directive language as compared to women. Women tend to produce question words in their natural language settings. In another study conducted by Baker (2013), the study focused on the issues related to the representation of gender in online Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 474 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI personal advertisements by the adults of Malaysia. The findings of the study revealed that identities are constructed through personal advertisements. Some studies are also done on the uses of hedges while dealing with gender-based differences. According to Lee (2003), males and females have different preferences in using hedging words to express their feelings. The findings of the study revealed that difference exists in the choices of vocabulary and lexical diversity. Another remarkable work is done by Robin Lakoff (1975), in the study she worked at the level of phrases. She investigated two types of phrases in women’s speech. Lakoff identified hedges and tag questions in the speech of women. Other researchers found out the level of uncertainty in the speeches of women. Women use more uncertain expressions than males. Cognitive and perceptual words are more found in women's speeches. As asserted by Biber and Conrad (1998), women use more adverbs, conjunctions, and modal auxiliary verbs in their speech. Whereas some recent studies found different results. Muracher and Thomson (2001), worked on male and female email communication. The results of the study show that men and women use language in the same way. The use of questions, apology, and appreciation by both genders is the same. Women are more polite in the use of language than men. Analysis The syntactic analysis of distinguishing Features of PE in the blog posts of bloggers’ language. The data for this study consisted of all the sentences of the blog posts of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan. The unit of analysis was all the sentences keeping in view the variety B (Acrolect) features of Tariq Rahman and Noam Chomsky Transformational generative grammar helps to understand the syntactic features of the sentences and how changes are taking place through transformational generative grammar, which according to Chomsky grammar generates and transforms sentences. The total number of three males and four female bloggers were selected for the study. For the purpose of representativeness male and female bloggers belonging to different ethnic groups were selected so that they may represent different issues ranging from different topics like social genres topics ranging from food, clothing, climate, politics and other social issues. Moreover the male bloggers are more in number as compared to female bloggers that is why four female bloggers and three male bloggers are selected for this purpose. Female Bloggers 1. Breaking Stereotypes About The Hazara Community: Tilyan Aslam The model of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English and Noam Chomsky Transformational Generative Grammar helps to explain the syntactic variations of features between BSE and non- native varieties of English as well as how changes are taking place through transformation because grammar generates and transforms sentences. The researcher focused only on the characteristics of the Variety B (Acrolect) from the book of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English. After going through the details of the blog post of the female blogger, the researcher identified following syntactic features of Pakistani English. i. The omission of the definite article Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 475 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI According to Tariq Rahman the omission of definite articles is a common phenomenon in Pakistani English. e.g. a. Hazaras are peace loving people in θ city Hajarat, Afghanistan. b. In Quetta, θ Hazara community lives in Hazara town Mariabad. It was found out that only in two places the definite article was omitted. So it can be said that such kind of syntactic deviation is not commonly found in the language of this female blogger belonging to the province of Baluchistan The reason for this deviation from BSE is the absence of a parallel category of the article in the deictic systems of South Asian languages (Kachru 1969: 32).And it also shows how the transformation in the syntactic structure brought changes in the structure of the sentence. ii.The use of the progressive aspect with habitual and completed action and certain stative verbs. Following examples are extracted from the blog post of the blogger. a. I like exploring Hazara town, like finding a new Quetta. b. The people are coming from many areas. c. I do like visiting places and exploring history. iii.In Pakistani English the adjective is followed by a to+infinitive e.g a. They are rude to attack other communities. b. This town has so much to serve us. c. Affordable stuff to buy and yummy dishes to try with. iv.Use of Preposition unnecessarily a. They fought against poverty. b. The evenings to enjoy the things of. v.Use of progressive form with stative verbs e.g. a. The best of seeing the things. b. I am amazed to hear such things about the town. c. The stereotypical feeling made them aware. d. Being warm and welcoming vi.The use of would and could. The auxiliaries would and could are used for will and can. e.g a. I could see people walking free. b. All I would conclude is to learn from them. Second Article Child labor: A dark side of Pakistan by Mahnoor Mustafa After going through the blog post of the female blogger, the researcher identified the following syntactic features of Pakistani English. The features identified by the researcher are highlighted as below. i. The omission of the definite article As mentioned by Tariq Rahman, the omission of definite articles commonly occurred in Pakistani English. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 476 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI e.g a. Every morning on my way to ɸ library in Quetta. b. child labour is barrier to ɸ children joy. c. A recent study of ɸ society for empowering human resource (SEHR) highlights children are working as child labour. d. Government has failed to provide free education. ii.The use of –ing progressive aspect with stative verb. e.g a. Seeing the sufferings of children. b. Government is not believing in the miseries of the children. iii.The adjective followed by a to infinitive in Pakistani English. e.g a. Poverty gives rise to child labour. b. Children's access to education is an evident strategy. c. Many children are suffering from emotional and mental trauma. Moreover, it was also found out that the blogger has used the infinitive of purpose according to BSE which is the same as a to + infinite complement to answer the question for what purpose? ‘in order to’ is used for this purpose. e.g a.The concerned authority must come up with effective policy in order to provide protection against child labor. b. Children are forced to work in order to survive in society. c. I work in order to carry out the responsibility of my family. The above examples from the blog post of a female blogger shows that the language is more inclined towards BSE according to the differences discussed by Tariq Rahman in his book ‘Pakistani English’. Third Article Impact of Tourism on a country by Mahan Aslam The following syntactic features are identified by the researcher from the blogpost of the female blogger by keeping in view the Tariq Rahman variety of Acrolect in Pakistani English. Following syntactic features are observed in the blog post. i.The omission of the definite article The omission of the definite article is found in many instances in the article of Mahan blog. ‘Impact of Tourism on a country ‘. In the places where there was a need for placement of definite articles, it was omitted by the writer. According to Tariq Rahman the reason for such omission is due to the absence of a parallel category of the article in the deictic system of the languages of South Asia. And this makes Pakistani English different from BSE. Tariq Rahman used the symbol ɸ as the symbol of omitted article. ii.In Pakistani English the adjective is frequently followed by a to+ infinitive. e.g a. Tourism has also proved productive to create a change. b. It becomes the first priority to work and give. c. More and more projects in order to give an advanced shape to the country. d. Tourism is a productive opportunity to make peace among the advanced countries of the world. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 477 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI However, there are some sentences also showing syntactic structures following BSE. For example adjective complementation by an –ing participle clause which was made up of an adjective+an optional preposition and + a gerund participle clause. e.g a. The government has not succeeded in minimizing the sufferings of the tourists. b. One of the most important benefits of tourism is it helped in improving the construction of roads and parks. c. In Pakistani English the for+gerund replaces the infinitive of purpose as compared to BSE, where the infinitive of purpose is the same as to – infinite complement to answer the question of ‘for what purpose’?. e.g. ‘…..because tourists take an insight into each and everything while visiting a country ,but the examples following the syntactic structures of BSE are prevailing in this article. e.g a. People get jobs in order to become rich. b. A country maintains its infra-structure in order to give an advanced shape to the country. iii.Differences in the use of Preposition. According to Tariq Rahman Pakistani Speakers use preposition where needed and use preposition where not needed by Pakistani writers or speakers. Fourth Article The flaws in our Education: Why are Pakistani students struggling with mathematics by Saadeqa Khan In this blog the writer shows some variation from BSE but her language seems to be more inclined towards BSE. i.The omission of definite article In some places the writer omitted the definite article where needed but in many places she has used the definite article according to the standard of British English as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book ‘Pakistani English’. e.g. a. ɸ study of maths gives reason to solve a problem. b. According to ɸ published statistics ɸ average maths score for students in ɸ National Education Assessment system. Throughout the article, the blogger omitted the use of definite article in two places only. Whereas in other instances she has followed the use of definite articles where needed according to Tariq Rahman views on Pakistani English. ii.The use of progressive aspect with habitual and completed actions and certain stative verbs So far as the use of the progressive aspect with completed and habitual actions is concerned the blogger has not used any such sentence according to the variety B (Acrolect) as mentioned by Tariq Rahman. So, it seems that the language used by the blogger is very close to the BSE as mentioned by Tariq Rahman. iii.Adjectives followed by the to + infinitive There are many examples of the sentences where an adjective is followed by a to +infinitive. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 478 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI e.g a. It gives us reason to hope that every problem disappears. b. This is due to the severe problem of resistance. c. They were sad to hear about the program. d. She is happy to learn maths. iv.In Pakistani English for + gerund is replaced by infinitive of purpose In this article the blogger has not used any example of Pakistani English for + gerund by the infinitive for the purpose of as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book ‘Pakistani English. But there are sentences that show the answer to the question of purpose according to the BSE. e.g.: a. The teachers are hired to teach the subject. b. The students are introduced to new subjects in order to promote their skills. c. Training programs are introduced in order to make them aware of advancement. v.The Auxiliary Could and Would are used for Will and Can in Pakistani English according to Tariq Rahman In the article, it was found out that the blogger has not used ‘Would and Could’ for ‘Will and Can’. She has used the auxiliary ‘Will and Can’ in the same way it has used by the BSE speakers in their language e.g. a. The government will make necessary changes. b. The government will have to strengthen the education system. c. Quality education will soon be accessible to rich and poor. Male Bloggers Article one Traffic on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border surges by Asim Ahmed khan The model of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English and Noam Chomsky theory of Transformational Generative Grammar helps to explain the differences in grammatical features between BSE and non-native varieties of English as well as how changes are taking place through transformation because grammar generates and transforms sentences. The researcher focused only on the characteristics of the Variety B (Acrolect) from the book of Tariq Rahman ‘Pakistani English’.After going through the details of the blog post of the male blogger, the researcher identified the following syntactic features of Pakistani English. i.The omission of definite Article e.g. a. ɸ Federal ministry of border Affairs is responsible for IDPS. b. I think ɸ Taliban’s are involved in unrest of Pakistan. Throughout the article by Asim Khan, only in two places the definite article was omitted. ii.The use of the progressive aspect with habitual and completed actions, and use of progress aspect with certain stative verbs. The use of the progress aspect with habitual action and completed action was not found in the blog post of Asim Khan. Instead he uses the rule which is more inclined towards BSE according to Tariq Rahman definition of BSE. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 479 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI e.g a. Abdullah Khan often visits the Pak-Afghan borders. b. Fatima hails from Ghazni, Afghanistan c. Her husband always works during the summer season. d. Afghan people often take up permanent residency in Pakistan. ii.Adjective is frequently followed by a to-infinitive. According to Tariq Rahman, in Pakistani English the adjective is frequently followed by a to-infinitive whereas in BSE adjective complementation occurs by an-ing participle clause, made of an adjective+optional preposition+Gerund. e.g. a. The officials have not succeeded in decreasing the issue of the people. b. The Afghans have returned by manipulating the environment of the country. c. Talibans have buried everything behind to ensure new life for their families. However, only one sentence is used in the language of the blogger where it has been found out that the adjective is followed by a to-infinitive according to Tariq Rahman variety of acrolect. These examples show how the sentences are transformed from one sentence to another. iv. In Pakistani English the for+gerund replaces the infinitive of purpose. e.g a. Vehicles are full of people charging double the price. b. Rozi Khan left Afghanistan to live a peaceful life. c. He came to Pakistan to live a better future. d. She tries to live by sewing clothes. v. Difference in the Use of Prepositions. According to Tariq Rahman, Pakistani speakers and writers face difficulty while speaking or writing English. The type of errors in prepositions is also found in the writing of this blogger. e.g. a. People sitting in the closed door cannot understand the woes of the poor. b. Engineers and doctors are waiting for more opportunities. Second Article Ecology: Balochistan Siberian secret by Rafiullah Mondokhail. i.The omission of the definite article. In this blog post the researchers found out that the rule for the omission of definite articles as mentioned by Tariq Rahman was not used by the blogger. Rather the blogger used it appropriately throughout the blog post according to the rule of BSE as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book, Pakistani English (1992). e.g. a. The Zhob valley falls on the migratory route of the train. b. The hunters use a pair of tamed cranes. c. The officials explain that there are no funds allocated at the district level. d. The migratory cranes swoop down close to the captured pair. ii. The use of the progressive aspect with certain stative verbs By going through the details of the blog post, it was found out that the blogger has used progressive aspect with certain stative verbs in the blog post by the blogger. e.g. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 480 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI a. Knowing no boundaries, the flocks fly across rivers. b. The cranes like to congregate near the Zhob river. c. Concerning the season, the cranes fly back to their native habitat. iii.Pakistani English adjective is followed by a to+infinitive According to Tariq Rahman, Pakistani English is followed by a to+infinitive. The examples of such cases are extracted from the blog post of the blogger. e.g. a. Siberian cranes are expensive to buy. b. The locals are excited to hear about the Cranes. c. Ashraf Ali, the wild officer, was pleased to welcome the cranes. iv. In Pakistani English, a preposition+ing participle is used. According to Tariq Rahman, in Pakistani English a preposition+ing participle is used as compared to BSE where adjective complementation by a to-infinitive consists of an adjective+a to-infinitive. e.g. a. The cranes had migrated after moving to the river. b. The necks, wings and entangles before migrating cranes sweep down close to the pair. However, some of the examples from the blog post show resemblance to BSE like adjective-complementation, adjective+to infinitive. e.g. a. It is difficult for the cranes to breathe because the river smells horrible. v. Majority of the sentences used by the blogger in his blog post show the use of infinitives of purpose according to BSE to answer the question of purpose. e.g. a. The biting cold weather compels the birds to find a new region. b. The number of cranes is migrating to preserve and protect themselves from being hunted. c. The birds are tied by a swirling iron weight in order to entangle. d. The hunters used MP-3 voice recordings of the cranes. Honking to Lure, migrating flock. Third Article Balochistan paving the way for Robotics Education in Pakistan by Saeed Yousuf After going through the details of the blog post, the following characteristics features of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English have been identified by the researcher and how the sentences are transformed by using the features of Pakistani English. i. The omission of the definite article e.g. a. ɸ secretary secondary education Balochistan chaired a high profile discussion. b. Attending ɸ meetings ɸ representatives from nine robotics organizations all across Pakistan. c. ɸ education department reiterated ɸ Balochistan’s government commitment. In this blogspot it was also identified that the blogger has not used any progressive aspect with habitual and completed actions. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 481 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI ii. PE replaces for+gerund replaces the infinitive of purpose. e.g a.Balochistan secondary education department works for promoting a healthy environment in the institute. b. The department conducted a meeting for collaborating between the education departments of the country. iii. Differences in the Use of Prepositions Preposition is the most common error by the speakers of Pakistani English. The reason for such error is due to the influence of the mother tongue on L2. The other reason for such mistake is due to the non equalevancy. Some of the examples are extracted from the language of the blogger by the researcher by keeping in view the characteristic features of Acrolect variety of Tariq Rahman Pakistani English. e.g. a. Secretary Education is going to help to raise funding for deserving students. b. Majority of the people cannot agree to the proposed criteria. c. Things will change in a few moments. Findings and Conclusion Pakistani English will keep on changing and developing with the passage of time in interaction with the regional languages of Pakistan. This research is conducted on non-native speakers of English belonging to the province of Baluchistan. The findings of the study show that there are differences found in the language in the blogs of male and female bloggers of Baluchistan in using Pakistani English. It is analyzed that male bloggers use syntactic features which are more inclined towards BSE as compared to females. However, the changes in the syntactic features of the language of bloggers also show that the sentences are transformed from the simple sentence into another sentence, by conforming the facts that how changes occur with either same meanings or different meanings. It was observed that this process of transformation occurs by the addition of words or by the movement of the position of the word. However, there are some instances found out from the blog posts of female bloggers showing that some syntactic structures of Pakistani English are not followed by them in some places like the auxiliary would and could are not used in the same way as in Pakistani English. The other example is from the blogs of female bloggers that the use of for + gerund by the infinitive for the sake of purpose as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book ‘Pakistani English’ is not used according to the correct variety of Pakistani English and answers the question of purpose according to the BSE. The findings of the study also show that the characteristics of Pakistani English as mentioned by Tariq Rahman in his book ‘Pakistani English’ are reflected in the language of both male and female bloggers of Baluchistan, Pakistan. Male and females use language differently because they are different humans. The definite article was omitted by the female bloggers more than male bloggers. Male bloggers seem to be more inclined towards BSE as reflected in their writings as compared to females. The deviation in syntactic features according to Tariq Rahman is found more in female blogs as compared to males’ bloggers in terms of omission of definite articles, use of progressive aspects with stative verbs, replacement of for gerund for purpose and differences in the use of prepositions. Syntactic Analysis of Pakistani English: 482 UNIVERSITY OF CHITRAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE VOL. 5 | ISSUE I | JAN – JUNE | 2021 ISSN (E): 2663-1512, ISSN (P): 2617-3611 https://doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iI Future Recommendation The research is based on some of the characteristics features of Pakistani English and focusing on only the Acrolect variety of Pakistani English. However there are many other varieties of Pakistani English as mentioned by Tariq Rahman. Future researchers can work on other varieties to find out the differences in the language of male and female bloggers in other provinces of Pakistan. The researcher focused only on Noam Chomsky transformational generative grammar. There are other theories of syntax that can be applied for analysis. 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