WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

Research Article

Building Inclusive Development for People
with Disability in Post-Pandemic Era to

Pursue ASEAN Community 2025:
Learning from Asia-Pacific Development

Center (APDC)

Arauf Aji Harindra Sakti1
Waseda University

ara.aji.sakti@gmail.com

Abstract
This qualitative research conducted with the
study case method tries to point out the impact
of COVID-19 on the employment condition of
disabled-person and what ASEAN might
consider adopting from the Asia-Pacific
Development Center (APCD) when it faces
disability policy development. ASEAN itself has
many legal commitment papers to establish an
inclusive community, particularly for people
with disabilities. COVID-19 has hit multi-sector
of development in ASEAN and facing bigger
challenges to establish an inclusive
environment to achieve ASEAN Community
2025 due to the economic slump and mass
unemployment. The study found that the
pandemic's negative effect doubled when it hit
people with disabilities and required rapid
response. ASEAN established the
Comprehensive Recovery Framework (ACRF), a
set of principle guidelines, to respond to the
challenge. However, it lacks procedures on how
to implement the principles and guidelines at
regional level. ASEAN may learn from Asia-
Pacific Development Center for Disability
(APCD) program, 60+Plus Project, as policy
implementation guidelines for ASEAN Member
States.

Keywords: Disability, Inclusive Development,
ASEAN, APDC, 60+Plus Project, COVID-19,
post-Pandemic World.

1 The author is a postgraduate student at the
Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Waseda
University.

I. Introduction

Persons with disabilities are one of the

groups most likely to be left behind,

encountering a range of barriers including

limited opportunities for health, education,

and employment. Approximately 1 billion

people, or 15% of the world's population, live

with some form of disability, and 80% of them

live in developing countries. It is estimated that

1 in every 6 people in Asia and the Pacific about

690 million people live with a disability. These

690 million people include individuals with

physical disabilities; those who are blind or

experience low vision, deaf, or hard-of-

hearing; those with learning disabilities,

cognitive/developmental disabilities,

psychosocial disabilities, or are deaf-blind; and

those with multiple disabilities (Crosta &

Sanders, 2021).

The qualitative case study is used to

help explore the impact of COVID-19 on the

employment condition of the disabled group.

Various data sources from ASEAN legal policy

documents related to the current guidelines on

the post-pandemic period, statistics, and

official websites from various world actors who

have concerns about disability inclusion have

been used to provide multiple perspectives. In

the end, as the outcome of the policy and

practice analysis between ASEAN and APCD,

learning points can be recognized.

The commitment of Asia and Pacific

countries to the disability agenda after the

adoption of the CRPD (Convention of The

Rights of Persons with Disabilities) became

more tangible with the Incheon Strategy to

"Make the Rights Real" for persons with

disabilities in ASEAN (M. Lusli, 2010). All 10

ASEAN countries have signed and ratified the

UNCRPD and are now responsible for its

WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

implementation in their countries (Cogburn &

Reuter, 2017).

In 2013, The ASEAN Declaration on

Strengthening Social Protection mentioned

that people with disabilities should have

equitable access to social protection. The

Declaration calls upon ASEAN members state

(AMS) to support the principle by adopting it

into their national policies, strategies, and

mechanisms to ensure the implementation of

social protection programs as well as the

tangible targeting system to assure that social

protection services may go to those who need

most. Furthermore, In 2015, The Kuala Lumpur

Declaration on a People-Oriented, People-

Centered ASEAN, promotes the protection

rights of people with disabilities and facilitates

their interest and welfare in ASEAN’s future

agenda (ASEAN Summit 33rd, 2018). Both

declarations are the follow-up of the previous

work and to show continued commitment to

the issues, Bali Declaration on Enhancement of

The Role and Participation of Persons with

Disabilities in ASEAN Community in 2011.

ASEAN’s commitment to an inclusive

community is enshrined in the ASEAN

Community Vision 2025.

There are 4 main aims to realizing

disability inclusion; adjusting national

development plans of education,

diversifications of social services, development

of social security schemes, and accessible

education and work opportunities, among

others (ASEAN Summit 33rd, 2018). Thus,

ASEAN embodied the Bali Declaration on the

Enhancement of The Role and Participation of

Persons with Disabilities in The ASEAN

Community into 3 principles set forth in the

Mobilization Framework of The ASEAN Decade

of Person with Disabilities (2011-2020):

1. Relevance. The vision and work plan of

inclusion on people with disabilities rights

is pertain to the ASEAN Community Pillars.

2. Complementarity. The inclusion rights for

people with disabilities complements the

existing commitments and aspirations of

ASEAN to establish ASEAN Community

2025.

3. Interrelatedness. People with disabilities

rights are the whole part of human rights,

which means the principles are

interconnected and interdependent.

Coordination among sectoral bodies and

participation of persons with disabilities

and their organizations will be key success

factors in the holistic implementation of

this Enabling Masterplan. (ASEAN Summit

33rd, 2018)

ASEAN Enabling Masterplan 2025:

Mainstreaming the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities developed to address the needs of

persons with disabilities across the three pillars

of ASEAN Community Vision 2025. The master

plan’s purpose is to mainstream the rights of

people with disability across the three pillars

by providing a framework for the integration of

persons with disabilities across sectors (Singh,

2022). The commitment to include people with

disability in ASEAN Community Agenda are

emerge as the response of ASEAN as the key

regional actor in Southeast Asia and contribute

to the global development, of the 2030 Agenda

on Sustainable Development.

II. Conditions of People with Disabilities in

ASEAN

Fig. 1. Massive GDP Contraction ASEAN
Member States in Q2 2020
Source: (ASEAN, 2020)

WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

COVID-19 declared as pandemic in

March 2020, and since then the world

condition disrupted and filled with uncertainty

crisis. Neither developed countries nor

developing countries were secured from the

rapid changing because of COVID-19 which

generated global multi-dimension crisis;

health, economy, and social disaster.

Southeast Asia region has

encountered similar experiences with the rest

of the world. Figure 1 shows after expanding

by an average of 5.3% over the last decade, the

ASEAN region is now projected to contract by

3.8%1 in 2020, the first decline in economic

growth in 22 years. Economically, in 2020,

trade and investment in ASEAN were impacted

by the pandemic. ASEAN’s trade fell by 12.4%

and FDI inflows by 32.9% compared to the

previous year (ASEAN, 2020).

Fig. 2. Unemployment Rate in ASEAN 2019-

2022 (%)

Source: (ASEAN, 2021)

Furthermore, an economic

catastrophe is unavoidable as the response of

the world economy fell off due to the

pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis led to mass

layoffs and contributed to rising poverty and

inequality around the globe. International

Labor Organization (ILO) estimated global

working hours were lost by around 5.4% in the

first quarter of 2020 compared to the last

quarter of 2019 and the number worsened to

14% in the second quarter.

The situation in ASEAN is even more

delicate given the high levels of informality,

uneven social security nets, and structural

dependence on highly labor-intensive sectors

in some AMS. Yet overall, job losses appear to

rise in unemployment rates across ASEAN in

the second quarter of 2020 (ASEAN, 2020). In

detail, figure 2, unemployment in ASEAN from

2.5% in 2019 to 3.1% in 2021, stalling the 20-

year achievement of the region in terms of

labor force participation (ASEAN, 2021).

Unfortunately, there are less data on disability

unemployment rate before and during COVID-

19 period can be found to exactly point out the

analysis impact.

Assumed that the number shown in

figure 2 includes unemployment status for

people with disability. Even so, the percentage

of people with disability unemployment rate

may be higher than the data showed. Because,

people with disabilities often do not register as

either employed or unemployed, which means

they are often invisible in labor market

statistics and likely to be overlooked in policy

initiatives (UN ESCAP, 2020).

Moreover, the employment prospects

for individuals with disabilities tend to be poor;

they are likely to be in low-paying jobs in the

informal economy without social protection;

they are likely to be involved in corporate

social responsibility programs; or they are

likely to be self-employed. It is estimated that

three quarters of employed persons with

disabilities work in the informal economy, with

informal workers accounting for 28 to 92

percent of the labor force across developing

countries. It positioned people with disabilities

at more critical point and broadened the

inequality at the worst moment.

It is estimated that in 1 in every 6

people in Asia and the Pacific, about 690

million people live with a disability. The

emergence of the Pandemic COVID-19 in 2020

has significantly affected multi-dimensions of

social life for the majority group of society and

made the vulnerable group more suffer due to

existing gaps in the status quo. People with

disabilities in general, have experienced

WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

poorer health outcomes, lower access to

education, reduced services, and support, and

increased violence and abuse throughout the

pandemic.

Furthermore, persons with disabilities

are not fairly represented in the workforce in

Asia and the Pacific. As an outcome, people

with disabilities have less overall consumption

and less contribution toward economic

growth. Persons with disabilities are

systematically excluded from equal access to

work across the region. According to UNESCAP,

persons with disabilities work less or earn less

because of the barriers they face. The domino

effect of being excluded from the system has

triggered a long record of social injustice.

People with disabilities most likely experienced

discrimination in their daily lives in many

sectors even in normal conditions and

aggravated due to the pandemic. Evidence

shows that people with disabilities faced more

threats due to the pandemic, such as; higher

rates of infection and death from COVID-19,

less access to healthcare information,

worsened mental health, lack of involvement

in response planning, loss of income, and poor

assistance, reduced access to disability support

and services, increased gender-based violence,

and inaccessible remote learning (Crosta &

Sanders, 2021).

The prevalence of specific disabilities

varies among the AMS, yet the obstacles

people with disabilities face is similar. Despite

the different variables among the AMS, they

have similar weaknesses such as inadequate

legislation, unequal employment, and

inadequate physical access which correlated to

education accessibility. Meanwhile, studies

show that if persons with disabilities were paid

on an equal basis as their colleagues without

disabilities, the GDP of many Asian and Pacific

countries could increase by 1 to 7% (Crosta &

Sanders, 2021). Based on the founding, the

contribution of people with disabilities might

be one of the keys to supporting the region’s

economic pace to recovery from the pandemic

if they were, to have more chances and access,

included in the mainstream.

III. ASEAN Resolution in Post-Covid

Development Framework

Fig.3. ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery
Framework: Broad Strategies, and Enabling
Factors
Source: (ASEAN, 2021)

ASEAN has designed the “ASEAN

Comprehensive Recovery Framework (ACRF)”

to provide a consolidated exit strategy for

ASEAN to emerge resilient and strong from the

COVID-19 crisis. ACRF observes 6 key

principles; focused, balanced, impactful,

pragmatic, inclusive, and measurable (ASEAN,

2020). ASEAN applied the principles into 3

phases: re-opening, recovery, and resilience.

First, in brief, re-opening designed the smooth

transition from lock-down/social rigid

restriction into “new normal” conditions

without undertaking the health procedure to

prevent further COVID-19 waves. Secondly,

concerns to support the sectors back to pre-

COVID-19 potential and focused on assisting

sectors and groups that have been affected by

the pandemic, such as tourism, micro, small

and medium enterprises, and vulnerable

groups (ASEAN, 2020). The third phase,

building resilience in society towards

unprecedented crisis on fundamental

vulnerabilities within economies and societies.

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(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

Indirectly, inclusive development for

the vulnerable group has been involved in the

5 strategies of ACRF shown in figure 3. In the

short term of the ASEAN Comprehensive

Recovery Framework embedded in further

strengthening and broadening of social

protection and social welfare for a vulnerable

group, social assistance programs need to be

continued and scaled up. The proposal is

necessary not limited only to mitigate the risk

of the pandemic in socioeconomic impact at an

individual level, but also to ensure domestic

consumption going.

One key challenge is to ensure that

social assistance is accessible to those without

social security or unemployment benefits.

Accessibility to social care services should also

be ensured especially for those facing higher

risks during lockdown and containment

measures, owing to their age, gender,

disability, economic status, and other factors

(ASEAN, 2020). ASEAN recovery efforts must

follow inclusive principles and cover the

intersection of age, disability, and gender in

designing measures. Prioritizing human rights

and the protection of vulnerable groups and

sectors is uncompromised. Recovery efforts

must be inclusive and consider the intersection

of age, disability, and gender in designing

measures. Human rights and the protection of

vulnerable sectors must be prioritized.

To sum up, COVID-19 has positioned

ASEAN in an uncomfortable situation from

multi-dimensions, such as economic instability

to mass unemployed wave, and it affects the

path of the region to establish equal

environment for vulnerable groups. But the

insufficient disaggregated data hampers a

deeper analysis of socioeconomic impact of

the pandemic on people with disabilities.

ASEAN, directly and indirectly, stated inclusive

development for vulnerable groups on many

legal papers, yet full and integrated programs

still turn out as the main issues. Thus, the

framework offers very general overview of the

inclusive development principle yet lacks

implementation policy development.

Considering the hidden economic potency

towards domestic finance growth, building

accessibility and integration program for

people with disabilities is a vital foundation.

Not only to tackle inequality but also to achieve

rapid recovery, it will need double effort due to

the pandemic development setbacks and

stagnancies.

IV. Asia-Pacific Development Center: The

60+ Plus Project

APCD was established in Bangkok,

Thailand on 31 July 2001 as a legacy of the

Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons,

1993-2002. APCD was endorsed by the United

Nations Economic and Social Commission for

Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) as a regional

collaboration between Thailand and JICA.

ESCAP also identified APCD as the regional

center on disability and development for the

Incheon Strategy to Make the Right Real, 2013-

2022 (APCD Foundation, 2021).

The main mission of APCD is to nurture

the capacities of person with disability and

establish Community-Based Inclusive

Development Disabled Organizations and

Disability-Inclusive Business as agents of

change. While the vision is to promote an

inclusive, barrier-free, and right-based society

for person and organizations of disability

throughout empowerment program. After

operating for 21 years, APCD has trained more

than 7,000 persons with disabilities and

stakeholders in the Asia-Pacific region. APCD

provide capacity building and training for not

only people with disabilities but also for parent

who has disabled family members and staff

who interact with disabled person. Moreover,

APCD cooperates with more than 30 countries

to establish disability and development

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(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

programs and activities (APCD Foundation,

2021).

To achieve an inclusive community,

people with disabilities must be independent,

and capable of empowering themselves and

leading community-based development to

support the entire agenda of inclusive

development. Networking and collaboration

among disability organizations and

stakeholders are one of the main missions.

Armed with sophisticated network and various

collaborations will provide people with

disability more access to be actively involved

and contribute to the community. Considering

how the issues have been left behind among

any other inequality concerns, even without

the pandemic, it is essential to build

networking, initiate collaboration and share

experiences to mainstream the issues of

inequality among people with disabilities.

Working closely and considering

people with disability as resourceful

individuals is the principle of APCD’s capacity

development (CD) project. Since it is important

to build strong self-esteem in people with

disabilities, considering the common societal

prejudice against them. Once the PWDs got

involved in their communities and began to

work towards a barrier-free society, they came

in closer contact with non-disabled persons,

including their families and community

members, local government officials, and even

policymakers at the central government level.

In this way, the APCD Project also created a

comprehensive and multilayered CD impact

(JICA & IFIC, 2008). Through effective training

and capacity building, people with disabilities

and stakeholders will be empowered with

skills, knowledge, and a positive attitude

toward disability and community development

(APCD Foundation, 2021).

The 60+ Plus Bakery & Chocolate Café

Project is APCD’s main activity. One of the

settled projects is disability-inclusive business

in the food industry which aims to develop the

inclusive business skills of persons with

disabilities in society, as well as provide

sustainable on-the-job training and an

inclusive environment for them. The project

supports them to be professional bakers and

chocolatiers, shopkeepers, and entrepreneurs

based on Disability Inclusive Business and

Inclusive Entrepreneurship.

This initiative is implemented by APCD,

with support from the United Nations

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and

the Pacific (UNESCAP) and other partners, as

part of the Incheon Strategy to ‘Make the Right

Real’ for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and

the Pacific. Collaboration between the Ministry

of Social Development and Human Security of

Thailand, the Embassy of Japan, Thai-Yamzaki

Co.ltd., and APCD, 60+Plus Bakery has been

established. The project aimed youths with

disabilities produce and sell baked goods at the

shop. Thus, another project with food-based

workshop is 60 + Plus Chocolatier by MarkRin,

initiated by APCD and MarkRin Co., Ltd (Home

| Asia-Pacific Development Center on

Disability, n.d.). Almost 100 trainees with

various disabilities (visual, hearing, physical,

psychosocial, intellectual, learning, and

autism) participated in both Thai Yamazaki and

Chocolate training since 2015. The trainee

employed by Thai Yamazaki in various

branches in Bangkok while others were hired

by cafes (i.e., Cafe Amazon, Black Canyon),

hotels (i.e., Chaophaya Hotel), hospitals (i.e.,

Siriraj Hospital), and schools (i.e., Anglo

Singapore International School). Trainees are

also hired by 60+Plus Bakery & Chocolate Café

or start their entrepreneurship career in food

businesses.

As the follow-up workshop program of

60 + Plus Chocolatier and 60 + Plus Bakery,

APCD established 60+Plus Bakery & Chocolate

Café. The original 60+Plus Bakery & Chocolate

Café in the compound of Rajvithi home for the

girls where APCD is located has been

established at the end of December 2018. The

WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

café run by the disabled person has become

the star and down-to-earth role model on how

to include people with disability into the

community in Thailand and internationally. As

a result of this success, APCD has been invited

to open another branch of 60+ Café in the

Government House. The opening new branch

in the Government House will increase the

number of employment opportunities and

real-life training facilities for a person with

disabilities (Home | Asia-Pacific Development

Center on Disability, n.d.).

V. Learning from APCD to Achieve ASEAN

Community 2025 for People with Disabilities

Fig. 4. End-to-End Inclusive Program Mapping

The end-to-end development principle

run by APCD on 60+Project has become the key

to building inclusive development for people

with disabilities. Overall, the end-to-end

program required many actors to work

together on the same track, from start to finish

line, to empowering people with disabilities

from human development, providing inclusive

access and/or facility, and promoting.

The cooperation between APCD, the

Ministry of Social Development and Human

Security as the representative of Thai

government, Embassy of Japan and UNESCAP

as the international actors, and the business

sector represented by Thai-Yamzaki Co.ltd and

MarkRin Co., Ltd has succeeded to established

end-to-end program for inclusive development

of people with disability.

The program started with a workshop

not only for people with disabilities but also for

the disability staff who work within the

community and was supported by government

commitment and collaboration with the

business sector. 60+Project equip people with

disabilities-specific skill sets in the F&B sector.

People with disabilities obtained intensive

training on F&B services, from making to

marketing. F&B, as one of the closest sectors

to human services, is considered a strategic

sector, to begin with, to make people with

disability gain more exposure and public

awareness towards the equal capability to

provide services. Furthermore, due to unequal

access to many sectors since they were born,

as the result, people with disability cannot

properly develop their potencies and most

likely has low self-esteem as well. Training

them with useful skills will increase people

with disability specialty and self-esteem as the

first step to competing in the labor market

(figure 4).

The effort to actively include people

with disability in the business sector is

acknowledged as an effort of economic

redistribution. The core problem with fully

including people with disability in the

economic sector, which later become one of

the main reasons to increase independence

level and self-esteem, is because employers

are less likely to hire people with disabilities

and prefer persons without disabilities.

Therefore, it is essential to provide a place or

facility where people with disabilities can show

what they are capable of after finishing the

workshop (figure 4). If there is no follow-up

program after the workshop is finished, the

resolution to achieve equality between the

person with and without disabilities will end up

in vain. Bear in mind that unequal access and

the absence of fruitful networks are the main

obstacles for the disabled person to explore

their potencies.

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Positive discrimination against people

with disabilities access to the workforce is

needed due to the current condition of

inaccessibility. The prejudice that peoples with

a disability unable to work as efficiently as

people without disability due to disabling

conditions have to eradicate. It is vital for non-

disabled persons in general to recognize the

status of “disabled” is no barrier for person

with disability to give equal service. If the

majority of employers find it difficult to hire

people with disabilities, then create a place

and/or facility where disability may perform

100% with their conditions and at the same

time promote cooperation with companies

who may employ people with disabilities.

Humans are more reluctant to believe in

invisible changes, therefore it is important to

show them that humans with disabilities have

equal abilities. While having people with

disabilities in a workplace full of people

without disabilities will promote an inclusive

environment as part of mainstreaming the

issue.

Through the efforts above, the next

step is promoting the program as the

community development endeavor. A

successful project, such as 60+Project, will

most likely become favorable case study. In

this state, media exposure plays an important

role to gain mass public awareness and build

community esteem among people with

disabilities. The process of spreading good

news will contribute to reconstructing the

definition of self-sufficiency widely.

Due to the fact that the current notion

of self-sufficiency pays amount of

responsibility against discrimination against

people with disability in the matter of

workforce selection procedure. Employers will

prefer to hire a non-disabled person based on

the argument that efficiency in the workplace

can be achieved if the workers have proper

self-sufficiency (the absence of physical and

intellectual disability). The argument failed to

capture the root problem. Even people

without disabilities will need a set of the facility

to support their potency to become fully

efficient laborers. Therefore, instead of a set

requirement to meet a certain level of self-

sufficiency during recruitment, the problem is

how employers provide facilities to support

their worker’s efficiency points. The APCD

actively working on promoting 60+Project, as

one of the role models to establish inclusive

model development, through seminars, TV

shows, and joining a meeting with various

actors either domestically or internationally.

To sum up, the persons with

disabilities in ASEAN are still facing difficulties

to access fair employment and assistance

either in their respective fields or

entrepreneurship skill. Strengthening by

ESCAP report that the gap in inclusive

development in ASEAN, almost always leads to

the lack of financial investment in accessibility,

as well as a dearth of innovative investment

forms outside of monetary values, ranging

from high-level commitment and institutional

buy-in, or the creation of strong legal

accessibility frameworks to the development

of human resources, as well as to the

development of strong partnerships among

governments and policymakers, organizations

and other stakeholders. (Sano, 2021).

ASEAN may adopt end-to-end

development model to improve the regional

capability to achieve ASEAN Inclusive

Community Masterplan in 2025. Due to the

fact, APCD has a tangible project which

answers the challenge to build and provide

equal access, as well as a network for people

with disabilities. Indeed, the last policy product

and implementation, in the end, will be AMS’s

responsibility. An end-to-end program such as

the 60+Plus Project by APCD will automatically

answer the world agenda against inclusive

development for vulnerable groups. As a prior

explanation, the hidden economic potency of

people with disability is still less explored and

WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Vol.03/No.02, July-December 2022
(e-ISSN: 2272-3760)

even shrink due to the economic crisis because

of the pandemic. Therefore, offering a clear

path to develop an inclusive environment,

which positively impacts economic inclusivity,

for people with disabilities is considered a

necessary option. The development

framework with sharp and clear methods will

be easier to be adopted and further adjusted

by AMS. Especially in the current condition

where recovery from the pandemic becomes a

priority for vulnerable groups.

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APCD Foundation. (2021). APCD Activities
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Inclusive Sustainable Development. 法

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I. Introduction
II. Conditions of People with Disabilities in ASEAN
COVID-19 declared as pandemic in March 2020, and since then the world condition disrupted and filled with uncertainty crisis. Neither developed countries nor developing countries were secured from the rapid changing because of COVID-19 which generated...
Southeast Asia region has encountered similar experiences with the rest of the world. Figure 1 shows after expanding by an average of 5.3% over the last decade, the ASEAN region is now projected to contract by 3.8%1 in 2020, the first decline in econo...
III. ASEAN Resolution in Post-Covid Development Framework
IV. Asia-Pacific Development Center: The 60+ Plus Project
Works Cited