08_Sygareva.indd UDC 632.651+632.92 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF GOLDEN POTATO CYST NEMATODE, GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS (TYLENCHIDA, HETERODERIDAE), IN UKRAINE O. I. Borzykh1, D. D. Sigareva1, O. L. Fedorenko1, T. I. Bondar1, V. V. Kornyushin2, O. O. Sokolova2, V. G. Karpliuk3 1Institute of Plant Protection, NAAS of Ukraine, Vasylkivska st., 33, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine 2*Shmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnitskogo, 15, Kyiv, 01030 Ukraine 3Kyiv region Department of the State Service of Ukraine for food safety and consumer protection, Saperno-Slobidska st., 8, Kyiv, 03028 Ukraine *Corresponding author E-mail: vadikorn@izan.kiev.ua Current Distribution of Golden Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Tylenchida, Heteroderidae), in Ukraine. Borzykh, O. I. Sygareva, D. D., Fedorenko, O. L., Bondar, T. I., Kornyushin, V. V., Sokolova, O. O., Karpliuk,  V.  G.  — Globodera infestation was evaluated in soils of private farm plots in Chernihiv and Kyiv regions of Ukraine in 2017–2018. Soil samples were taken at 88 farms, 15.02 ha in total, in 11 settlements of 6 districts. Th e nematode abundance in the examined areas was graded as follows: less than 1000 eggs + larvae/100 cm3 — low rate of infestation; 1000–5000 eggs + larvae/100 cm3 — average rate; more than 5000 eggs + larvae/100 cm3 — high rate. 85.4 % of study area is infested with the golden potato cyst nematode. Th e mean abundance of pest was 3331 (15–23,237) eggs+larvae/100 cm3: including 8730 (91–21,486) eggs+larvae/100 cm3 in Kyiv Region and 1829.6 (15– 23,237) eggs+larvae/100 cm3 in Chernihiv Region. Th e highest number of assessed plots per district (29) was in Koryukivsky District, and the mean abundance of G.  rostochiensis (Rо-1) was 1549 (20–15,757) eggs + larvae/100 cm3e+l/100cm3. We also analyzed the results of golden nematode monitoring conducted by the State Service of Ukraine for food safety and consumer protection in 2018. According to those, the golden nematode is found in 18 regions of Ukraine. In most of those (14 regions), the pest infests rather small areas, less than 500 ha. Globodera is not recorded in the other 7 regions of Ukraine and Autonomous Republic of Crimea for now. K e y w o r d s : golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, soil infestation rate, cyst, distribution, Ukraine Zoodiversity, 55(2): 167–174, 2021 DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.02.167 Parasitology 168 O. I. Borzykh, D. D. Sigareva, O. L. Fedorenko, T. I. Bondar, V. V. Kornyushin, O. O. Sokolova et al. Introduction Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923), Skarbilovich, 1959 is the golden potato cyst nematode, one of the sedentary endoparasitic cyst nematodes of the genus Globodera, Heteroderidae, superfamily Tylenchoidea (Filipjev, 1934) B. Chitwood & M. Chitwood, 1937. Th is species is one of the most harmful pathogens of potatoes (Nikitin, 1972). Th e nematode causes potato globoderosis and is included in the “List of regulated pests” as a quarantined organism with a limited distribution on the territory of Ukraine (Review of distribution of quarantined organisms in 2018). Well-defi ned sexual dimorphism is characteristic of this species. Th e males have long, nematode-like, translucent body, and the females have a swollen spherical or lemon-shaped body with a small fi nger-shaped growth (“neck”), with the mouth opening at head end. Th e females fi x immovably on the roots of infested plants, embedding their necks into root tissues, and the cysts are found in soil (Kiryanova, Kral, 1969). Globoderas overwinter in soil as eggs and encysted larvae, well-protected from unfavorable environmental factors. Th e cyst is a protective shell made up from the female body in unfavorable conditions, with ten to hundreds of eggs and larvae that can survive for several years. Th e larvae emerge in spring, when the soil temperature reaches 8–10 °С. Th e future females seek out the host plant roots, enter them and aft er two molts become adult females. Young females emerge from the roots but remain attached to them via necks. Th e female nematodes are initially white, but become golden while laying eggs, browning and darkening when they die and form cysts. Th e males mature in soil, seek out females and die aft er fertilization. At the optimal temperature (18–20 °С) the life cycle occurs in 38–48 days, at lower temperature of 15–17 °С it happens more slowly, in 65–80 days. Th e specialized parasite infects potatoes as the main host, and several other nightshades (tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and weeds of this family) (Butorina et al., 2006). Th e annual potato crop losses from globoderosis worldwide are estimated at 12.2 % (Pylypenko, 2002). American scientists believe that the golden globodera has such a high pathogenicity and ability to survive and spread that, without proper control, it can cause complete (100 %) crop loss. Harmfulness of the potato nematode is manifested only at a certain level of infestation of soil. If that is less than 20 eggs per 100 cm3 of soil, the potato nematode is not harmful. Decrease in tuber yield begins at the level of infestation of 1–5 thousand of larvae/100 cm3 of soil. Th at level may develop 5–6 years aft er single cysts enter the soil (Brodie, 1989). Every 20 eggs/g of soil causes a loss of 2 t/ ha of potatoes. If the amount is up to 10 eggs/ g of soil, the plants themselves can off set the negative impact, if it is 10 to 50 eggs/g, the yield will likely be reduced (Dekker, 1972). In the presence of 10 000 larvae/100 cm3 of soil, 50 % crop losses have been observed. When growing susceptible varieties of potatoes in monoculture, the pest population increases from year to year, and when the abundance of G. rostochiensis reaches 15–25 000 larvae/ 100 cm3 of soil, almost no tubers are obtained (Makovskaya, 1990; Nazarova, 2002). Th e cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis Woll. is one of the most widely distributed potato pathogens. According to the European Plant Protection Organization, it is found on all continents. In Europe, globodera harms potato plants in 33 countries. It is found in 13 countries in North, Central and South America, and in 7 African and 8 Australasian countries. Th e former republics of the U.S.S.R., where potato nematode outbreaks were recorded from 1948 to 1957 (Nikitin, 1972; Pylypenko, 2002; Sigareva et al., 1999), later became areas of widespread parasite infestation. In Ukraine, the golden potato nematode was first observed in the early 1960s. According to the literature, this species was introduced in Ukraine from the Baltic countries with contaminated garden material. At the end of the twentieth century, total area of G. rostochiensis distribution in Ukraine was 5812.7 ha and covered the whole area favorable for potato production in the country (Pylypenko, 1998). Another species G. pallida was first recorded in Ukraine (Transcarpatia) in 2004 (Kochanova et al., 2004; Pylypenko et al., 2005). Material and methods We examined private farms in 5 districts of Chernihiv Region and 1 district of Kyiv Region during summer seasons of 2017–2018. Th e highest number of settlements was assessed in Koryukivsky (4) and Chernihivsky (3) Districts of Chernihiv Region, in other districts we chose single settlements (table 1). Th e survey in Koryukivsky District was conducted in Kholmy town (5 plots), Brech village (8 plots), Zhuklia village (6 plots) and Siadryne village (10 plots). In Chernihivsky District, 3 settlements were assessed: Ivanivka village (10 plots), Yahidne village (12 plots) and Kolychivka village (4 plots). In Horodniansky District, 10 plots were studied in Smychyn village, and in Novhorod-Siversky District, 10 plots were assessed in Novhorod-Siversky City. Th e farm plots were examined according to standard methods (Siddiqi, 1986; Kiryanova, Kral, 1969). Collected 500 cm3 volume samples of soil were taken manually from a depth of 15– 20 cm in the amount of 5 pieces from a plot of 10 acres. Population density of golden cyst potato nematode in soil was calculated by the number of cysts and mean number of larvae and eggs in cysts in 100 cm3 of soil using the fl otation-funnel technique (Sigareva, 1986). Soil samples were thoroughly mixed, sift ed through a sieve with 2 mm diameter of hole and dried to air-dry state. Next, the soil sample with a volume of 100 cm3 was poured into a 1l beaker, adding water to 2/3–3/4 of volume. Th e soil was stirred with a glass rod for 2– 169Current Distribution of Golden Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis in Ukraine 3 minutes, and the contents were allowed to settle for 5 minutes to the formation of precipitate. Th e upper layer of water with cysts and organic particles was poured on a sieve with 0.1–0.2 mm diameter of hole. Th is procedure was thrice repeated, adding water to the beaker. Th e precipitate was washed off using a rubber bulb into a funnel with a built-in fi lter. Aft er straining, the fi lter was removed from the funnel and viewed under an MBS-9 microscope. Th e cysts found on the fi lter were counted and transferred to a drop of water on slide. 20 to 50 cysts were torn using a dissecting needle in order to count the mean number of eggs and larvae (e + l) per cyst and to evaluate their viability. Th e number of local populations of globoderas was evaluated according to: low abundance, less than1000 e + l/100 cm3; average abundance, 1000–5000 e + l/100 cm3; and high abundance, more than 5000 e + l/100 cm3. Globodera species was identifi ed by morphological features. Th e metric parameters of females (as cysts) are 0.38–1.07×0.28–0.97 mm. Young maturing females are initially white, turning in time to golden. Th e length of stylet is 22.9 mkm. Length of anal-vulval plate is 22.4 mkm, length of vulva slit is 9.7 mkm, distance from anus to plate is 60.0 mkm. Th e mature cysts are brown to dark brown. Young females have egg poaches without eggs, the cysts lack the egg poaches. Males are vermiform, 0.91–1.23 mm in length. Head is annular, number of rings ranges from 5–6 to 8–9, cephalic capsule is well-developed. Stylet is 27–28 mkm long with well-developed knob. Spicules are slightly curved, pointed, and 31–36 mkm long. Infectious second stage larvae are 270– 320 mkm long and 18–23 mkm wide. Hyaline tail end is as long as stylet (24–27 mkm) (Dekker, 1972; Kiryanova, Kral, 1969). We have also used the reports of the State Service for food safety and consumer protection of Ukraine on the distribution of G. rostochiensis in Ukraine, particularly in Kyiv and Chernihiv Regions. The areas infested with globoderas are analyzed for each region. By this parameter, the regions are characterized into 6 categories. Category I is defined as less than 1 ha of globodera-infested area. Category II includes regions with 1 to 50 ha of globodera-infested soils. Category III includes regions with 50 to 100 ha of infested soils. Category ІV is for regions with 100–500 ha of infested soils. If 500 to 1000 ha are infested, the region is classed in category V. The highest category, VI, is for regions with more than 1000 ha of globodera-infested soils. Results and discussion Of all the parasitic pests of potatoes, the golden potato cyst nematode is considered the most diffi cult to control. Th e best prevention measures so far include crop rotation and growing nematode-resistant varieties. Th e implementation of agricultural measures and choice of potato variety depend on the abundance rate of this nematode in soil. Hence, the integrated system of protective measures intended to “decontaminate” soils from potato nematodes must take into account the levels of G. rostochiensis infestation and the mapped zones of distribution of that pathogen. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f G l o b o d e r a r o s t o c h i e n s i s i n C h e r n i h i v a n d K y i v R e g i o n s We conducted monitoring surveys of Globodera rostochiensis (Ro-1) nematode infestation at the private farm plots in 5 districts of Chernihiv and 1 district of Kyiv Regions (fi g. 1) in 2017–2018. Th e chosen districts diff ered by the numbers of settlements and examined private farm plots. Total area of the studied farm plots in Koryukivsky District was 5.85 ha, G. rostochiensis (Rо-1) was found at 4.6 ha (78.6 %). Th e local mean abundance of nematodes was 1549 (20–15757) e+l/100 cm3, which is average soil infestation. Th e highest number (12) of studied farm plots in Chernihivsky District, 3.9 ha in total, was located in Yahidne village. Th e golden nematode was found at 3.6 ha (92.3 %) with abundance rate of 1195 (20–4465) e + l/100 cm3. In other districts, single settlements were chosen for study. Th us, the nematode abundance was 4662 (237–6572) e + l/100 cm3 (average level of infestation) in Kyselivka village of Mensky District; in Smychyn village of Horodniansky District, it was low, 886 (30–5510) e + l/100 cm3; in Novhorod-Siversky City of Novhorod-Siversky District, it was average, 2966 (15–23237) e  +  l/100 cm3. Th e highest rate of infestation, 8730 (91–21486) e + l/100 cm3 was recorded in Kozyntsi village of Borodiansky District, Kyiv Region (fi g. 1). In all the collected samples only G. rostochiensis was found. Individuals corresponding to G. pallida in morphological and morphometric characteristics (Pylypenko, 2014) were not identifi ed. 170 O. I. Borzykh, D. D. Sigareva, O. L. Fedorenko, T. I. Bondar, V. V. Kornyushin, O. O. Sokolova et al. Fig. 1. Study area of monitoring survey of G. rostochiensisin soils of private farm plots (own data, 2017–2018) 1. Chernihiv Region: а — Horodniansky District; b — Chernihivsky District; c — Mensky District; d — Koryukivsky District; e — Novhorod-Siversky District. 2. Kyiv Region: а — Borodiansky District. T a b l e 1 . Results of monitoring of Globodera rostochiensis (Ro-1) infestation of private farm plots in Chernihiv and Kyiv Regions (2017–2018) N District Settlement Number of plots (samples)* Study area, ha **Abundance of Gl. rostochiensis Chernihiv Region 1 Chernihivsky Ivanivka vil. 10 (78) 1.55 867 (20–3646) 2 Kolychivka vil. 4 (30) 0.6 1840 (675–3723) 3 Yahidne vil. 12 (88) 1.75 878 (20–4465) 4 Mensky Kyselivka vil. 4 (20) 0.38 4662 (2370–6572) 5 Koryukivsky Kholmb town 5 (70) 1.35 457 (90–1069) 6 Brech vil. 8 (80) 1.6 1483 (98–4584) 7 Zhuklia vil. 6 (56) 1.13 274 (30–1280) 8 Siadryne vil. 10 (90) 1.77 3983 (20–15757) 9 Horodniansky Smychyn vil. 10 (155) 3.1 886 (30–5510) 10 Novhorod-Siversky Novhorod- Siversky city 10 (45) 0.88 2966 (15–23237) Kyiv Region 1 Borodiansky Kozyntsi vil. 9 (45) 0.91 8730 (91–21486) In total 6 11 88 (757) 15.02 3331 (15–23237) N o t e. *Th e number of plots from surveyed district and the number of samples per area; **abundance of larvae and eggs of Globodera rostochiensis (Ro-1) in 100 cm3 of soil, average value (min–max). 171Current Distribution of Golden Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis in Ukraine Recently, the area infested with golden nematodes reduces in Chernihiv Region (table 1). According to the reports of the State Service for food safety and consumer protection, in Chernihiv Region the infested area was 804.26 ha in 2016, 798.2 ha in 2017, and 608.2 ha in 2018. Today, areas with the highest infestation are in Chernihivsky (195.13 ha), Snovsky (130.95 ha) and Horodniansky (81.52 ha) Districts, the least infested area is in Kulykivsky District (2.37 ha). Th e levels of G. rostochiensis (Rо-1) infestation in Kyiv Region are average. Total infested area is 68.39 ha, of which 41.24 ha in Borodiansky District, 13.2 ha in Vyshhorodsky District and 11.7 in Makarivsky District. Smaller areas (approx. 1 ha) are recorded in Ivankivsky and Kyivo-Sviatoshinsky Districts. Th e distribution of golden nematode in the Northwestern Ukraine was assessed in the analysis of the Survey of distribution of quarantined organisms in Ukraine in 2018, conducted by the State Service of food safety and consumer protection of Ukraine based on the data of annual phyto-sanitary monitoring. Th e problem of globoderosis is rather severe in Ukraine. At the beginning of 2018, 4474.07 ha of soils were infested with the potato cyst nematode in 18 regions of Ukraine. Sumy Region is leading by the area of infested soils, 1015.29 ha. Other soils, signifi cantly aff ected by the cyst nematode, are located in Volyn, Rivne and Chernihiv Regions (949.13, 672.52 and 608.2 ha, respectively). Th ese are the major regions of potato production. Th e pest is found at smaller areas (181.5–375.02 ha) in Ternopil, Zhytomyr, Vinnytsa and Cherkasy Regions. Fig. 2. Occurrence of Golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, on the territory of Ukraine: A — Volynska; B — Rivnenska; C — Zhytomyrska; D — Kyivska; E — Сhernihivska; F — Sumska; G — Lvivska; H — Ternopilska; I — Khmelnytska; J — Cherkaska; K — Poltavska; L — Kharkivska; M — Luhanska; N — Zakarpatska; O — Ivano-Frankivska; P — Chernivetska; Q — Vinnytska; R — Kirovogradska; S — Dnipropetrovska; T — Donetska; U — Odeska; V— Mylolaivska; W — Khersonska; X — Zaporizka; Y — AR Krym. 172 O. I. Borzykh, D. D. Sigareva, O. L. Fedorenko, T. I. Bondar, V. V. Kornyushin, O. O. Sokolova et al. The soils of Kyiv, Lviv, Khmelnytsky and Zakarpattia Regions are considerably less infested with G. rostochiensis. In Kherson, Ivano-Frankivsk and Luhansk Regions, the soil infestation is weak, found at 3.93–8.0 ha. Single foci of the golden nematode, less than 1 ha in area, are found in Chernivtsi, Odesa and Kharkiv Regions of Ukraine. There, the nematode has occurred in recent years, and has not yet spread far. In most of Central and Southern Ukraine (Poltava, Kirovohrad, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk Regions and AR Crimea) G. rostochiensis was not recorded (fig. 2). Th us, G.rostochiensis (Ro-1) is currently found in 18 of 25 regions of Ukraine. Th e area of infested soils greatly varies in diff erent regions, from less than 1 ha to more than 1000 ha. Conclusion According to our study, the private farms and backyards are important microhabitats for Globodera rostochiensis to spread and infest other farms, including industrial. Th is potato cyst nematode was found in all (11) studied settlements of Chernihiv and Kyiv Regions, where soil samples were collected in 2017–2018. It populated 75 % of examined plots, 12.66 of 15.02 ha or 84.4 % of study area. Th e abundance of eggs and larvae of globoderas corresponded to the average rate of infestation of soil. Th e golden nematode infestation of potato crops of private farm plots varied greatly. Frequently, the abundance of eggs and larvae of globoderas was low, 15–885 e + l/100 cm3 (less than 1000 e + l/100 cm3 of soil). Mostly the pest abundance was in range of 1069–4584 e + l/100 cm3 in the studied soil samples. High rate of globodera infestation was rarely observed in soil, with abundance of eggs and larvae at 5510–23237 e + l/100 cm3 (more than 5000 e + l/100 cm3). The generalized abundance of golden globodera was 2252 e  +  l/100 cm3 in the pooled soil samples of the private farm plots of Chernihiv Region, which points to the average rate of soil infestation. Mean pest abundance ranged from 887 to 4663 e + l/100 cm3 in different districts. In Kyiv Region, 9 study plots were examined in 1 district. High abundance of globodera (8730 e + l/100 cm3) was found in 90 % of the studied area (0.82 ha of 0.91 ha). Hence, the private farm plots of the studied settlements of that district are characterized by mostly average rate of golden nematode infestation and high percentage of infested area. At the same time, home-grown potatoes provide the vegetable market with a significant harvest of tubers of this traditionally important for Ukraine crop. We also analyzed the reports of the State Service of food safety and consumer protection of Ukraine on the distribution of golden globodera according to data on phyto-sanitary monitoring conducted in 2018. At that point, Globodera rostochiensis was recorded in 18 of 25 regions of Ukraine. Th e areas infested by that rather harmful for potatoes pest diff er signifi cantly in various regions. Th e regional distribution of golden nematode is usually categorized depending on the area infested by this soil nematode, into 1 of 6 possible categories. Th ree regions in Ukraine belong to category I. Six other regions of Ukraine are classifi ed as category II. In 1 region, the relevant indices correspond to category III. Category IV includes four regions, category V three regions. Th e last one, category VI, is represented only by 1 region. Overall, the infested areas are rather small, less than 500 ha, in most of the regions (14 of 18). Th e golden nematode is not recorded in 7 regions of Ukraine and AR Crimea by now. We made a more detailed analysis of the monitoring reports of the spread of golden potato nematode in Chernihiv and Kyiv Regions by the State Service of food safety and consumer protection of Ukraine, where our research was conducted, and 173Current Distribution of Golden Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis in Ukraine revealed certain regional features. In Chernihiv Region, the golden globedera is more widespread and recorded in half of the districts of this region. At the same time, in Kyiv Region, the golden globodera was found only in 20 % of districts, the area of infested soils was much smaller than 0.95–41.24 ha. According to the State Service of food safety and consumer protection of Ukraine, in recent years the area of soil infested with globodera tended to decline. The persistence of this trend needs to be confirmed by monitoring the spread of this quarantine pathogen of potato over the next few years. It is symptomatic that we found the golden nematode in all settlements of Chernihiv and Kyiv Regions, where the soils of 75 % of surveyed plots were infested, which is 84.4 % of their total area, and the generalized numbers of eggs and larvae of globodera are at average levels. Th us, monitoring this harmful pest in a particular region using the method of detecting globodera cysts in the agricultural soils and taking into account their area, is an important fi rst step in controlling the spread of this quarantine nematode in Ukraine. 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