Zoodiversity_01_2021.indb


UDC 595.34 (477)
A NEW FINDING OF THE NON-NATIVE COPEPOD 
SINODIAPTOMUS SARSI (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA, 
DIAPTOMIDAE) IN UKRAINE 

L. Svetlichny1, L. Samchyshyna2,3

1Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine,
vul. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, Kyiv, 01030 Ukraine
E-mail: Leonid Svetlichny<leonid.svetlichny@gmail.com
2Institute of Fisheries, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences,
vul. Obukhivska, 135, Kyiv, 03164 Ukraine
3Institute of Fisheries and Marine Ecology, 
Konsulska st., 8, Berdiansk, 71118 Ukraine
E-mail: Leonid Svetlichny<leonid.svetlichny@gmail.com

L. Svetlichny (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9224-6371)
L. Samchyshyna (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-2641)

A New Finding of the Non-Native Copepod Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae) 
in Ukraine. Svetlichny, L., Samchyshyna, L. — Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) was found for the 
second time in Ukraine, in three artifi cial lakes located in the park Nyvki, Kyiv City, aft er its fi rst record 
in the Carpathian Mountain region near Slovakian border in 2016. Our morphological study showed the 
similarity between the specimens of S. sarsi found in Kyiv with the existing illustrations and descriptions 
of the species. Th e most likely route of invasion is through human unwary release. Th e morphology of the 
new population is here described.
K e y  w o r d s :  Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae, Sinodiaptomus, Europe, Ukraine, invasion.

Zoodiversity, 55(1): 1–8, 2021
DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.01.001

Fauna and Systematics 



2 L. Svetlichny, L. Samchyshyna

Introduction

Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) was recently recognized as a “growing” species in Europe (Battes 
et al., 2020), which becomes evident after several finds here in recent years (Mykitchak, 2016; Battes et 
al., 2020; Podshivalina & Sheveleva, 2020). Biological invasions appear to be occurring at an increasing 
rate, and a number of non-indigenous species are expanding their distributions across the world (e. g., 
Dexter & Bollens, 2020). The well-documented European waterways suitable as invasion corridors for 
aquatic taxa (Grigorovich et al., 2002; Alexandrov et al., 2007; Galil et al., 2008) have been supplemented 
in recent decades by the Asian colonization of Europe by non-indigenous zooplankton species, due to 
the strengthening of economic exchange between the countries of these regions (Turbelin et al., 2017). 
At least four cyclopoid (Temnykh & Nishida, 2012; Anufrieva et al., 2014; Anufrieva & Shadrin, 2016), 
four calanoid copepod species (Alfonso et al.,  2014; Sabia et al., 2014; Mykitchak & Koval, 2018) native to 
Asian region, one to Australia (Ferrari & Rossetti, 2006) and one to North America (Branford et al., 2017) 
have been reported in recent years as new to Europe. Such risks of invasion raise up with the increasing 
of human international economic activity, especially for small animals such as copepods which can be 
easily transported along with plants, feather of birds or in the intestines of fish (Havel & Shurin, 2004, 
Bartholme et al., 2005). Known vectors of long-distance translocation of so-called “hitchhiking” non-
native zooplankton taxa include the association with fish of commercial interest utilized in aquaculture 
(Duggan & Pullan, 2017, Pearson & Duggan, 2018) or the aquarium trade (Duggan, 2010).

The original description of S. sarsi was carried out by Rylov (1923), based on specimens collected in 
the neighborhood of Harbin in northern China. He described this new taxon as a subspecies Diaptomus 
chaffanjoni var. sarsi. Later, Kiefer (1928) elevated its rank to species level. However, according to 
article 45.6.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, if a taxon of infrasubspecific rank 
was established before 1961, it has to be considered of subspecific rank (ICZN, 1999).

 Populations of this species, which are native to northern and central China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, 
and southeastern Russia (Borutzky, Stepanova, Kos, 1991), were later recorded further to the west, as in 
central and western Asia, e. g., in the Caucasus region (Rylov, 1930; Weisig, 1931; Kasymov, 1972), 
Kazakhstan (Sharapova, 1989), and western Iran (Löffler, 1961; Smagowicz, 1976), where the species is 
considered autochthonous by Marrone et al. (2017). In the last decades it was also found in southeastern 
Turkey (Gündüz, 1998; Ustaoğlu, 2004; Bekleyen, 2006). In 1997, S. sarsi was recorded at East Siberia 
for the first time (Afonina & Itigiliva, 2010) in steppe cooling pond of the Charanorskoye power plant 
located on the Onon River in the watershed of the upper Amur River. Within Russian Federation, it 
was found in Dagestan, in Krasnodar area, in the Far East (Borutzky et al., 1991), and on Bering Island 
(Novichkova & Chertoprud, 2015). Yusifov et al. (2017) reported that S. sarsi was widespread in water 
bodies of Azerbaijan plains. New locations of the species were found also in Kazakhstan (Krupa & 
Saparov, 2010, Krupa & Mullabaev, 2010). Recently, S. sarsi was recorded in north-eastern Romania 
(Battes et al., 2020) and in the Middle Volga Region (Podshivalina & Sheveleva, 2020). In Ukraine, few 
specimens of S. sarsi were found in 2016 in the lake of Novostuzhytske forestry and trout farm old pond 
both located in the watershed of the upper Uzh River in the Carpathian Mountains (Mykitchak, 2016, 
2018; Mykitchak & Koval, 2018). 

Th is paper presents a new fi nding of a population of S. sarsi in Kyiv, central Ukraine, in September and 
October 2020. Th e morphology of the new population is described.

Material and methods

Zooplankton samples were collected by horizontal subsurface tows of 10 m using a plankton net 
with a 100 μm mesh and mouth diameter of 0.3 m in eight artificial water bodies located on the tributaries 
of the Dnipro River in Kyiv Region: Bucha (General Lakes), Lybyad (Belichanskoye Lake), Syrets (three 
lakes in the Nyvky Park), Sovka (south-eastern and south-western ponds) and Orekhovatka (eastern pond) 
from August 15 to October 15, 2020. Temperature of water varied from 17 to 13 ºC. Volume of filtered 
water was approximately 0.7 m-3 for each tow, and 3–5 tows were carried out for each investigated water 
body. After about an hour, the collected samples were sorted, and all live specimens of Sinodiaptomus 
were transferred into fresh filtered water. Morphological studies were performed to confirm the species 
identification of collected specimens. An anesthetized by MS222 individuals were dissected and studied 
with LOMO BIOLAM C11 stereomicroscope equipped with Nikon 1J5 camera. Photos were done by 
Dr. L. Svetlichny. The collected and studied material was identified by Dr.  L.  Svetlichny, females and 
males of S. sarsi were fixed in 96 % ethanol and deposited at the Depository of Institute of Zoology NASU 
in separate storage vessels.

Th e identifi cation of the species is based on original descriptions by Rylov (1923, 1930) and redescription 
by Ueda & Ohtsuka (1998).



3A New Finding of the Non-Native Copepod Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae)...

Results 

S a m p l i n g  a c t i v i t i e s
Among all sampled sites, S. sarsi was found only in three artifi cial ponds of Nyvky park 

(table 1) on the following dates: September 16, 2020 (12 females with egg sacs and 10 males; 
October 4 (5 females with egg sacs and 21 males); on October 15 (7 females (1 with egg sac), 
13 males, and 13 copepodites).

Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) 

R e d e s c r i p t i o n .  Female (fi g. 1, A). Body length (excluding furcal setae) 2.05–2.49 
mm (2.24 ± 0.13 mm, n = 15), prosome length 1.45–1.75 mm (1.58 ± 0.09 mm), prosome 
width 0.51 – 0.65 mm (0.58 ± 0.04 mm). Th e dorsal surface of last prosomal somite with 
a chitinous, triangular projection (fi g. 1, A), which is a diagnostic character of the genus 
Sinodiaptomus (Kiefer, 1932). Th is somite with moderately developed wings. Left  wing two-
lobed with inner one round. Right wing relatively pointed. Both lobes with strong hyaline 
spine (fi g. 2). Urosome with three somites, genital somite slightly asymmetrical, with a 
moderately long hyaline spine on each side, the intermediate somite short. Antennules 
extending beyond the caudal setae (fi g. 1, A). Сoxopodite of  leg 5 with long, strong, 
distolateral projection (fi g. 3, arrow). 

Male (fi g. 1, B). Body length 1.9–1.95 mm (1.91 ± 0.02 mm, n = 20), prosome length 
1.20–1.32 mm (1.25 ± 0.04 mm), prosome width 0.45–0.48 mm (0.46 ± 0.02 mm). Urosome 
has a lateral bend to the right. Antennules reach the end of caudal rami. Right antennule 
geniculated between segments 18 and 19; segment 15 (fi g. 4) with longer projection than that 
of segment 14; antepenultimate segment of right male antennule with a comb-like process 
(fi g. 4). Basipodite of right leg 5 with a wide round process reaching almost the distal end of 
the exopodite I and with a hyaline lamella on its distal inner margin (fi g. 5). Exopodite II of 
left  leg 5 ending in a lamellate thumb-like process with short posterodistal basal projection.

Discussion

In general, the morphological characters of the specimens found in Kyiv are identical 
to those described for the native populations of Sinodiaptomus sarsi from Asia (Rylov, 1923; 
Kiefer, 1978; Ueda & Ohtsuka, 1998). We only noticed that, in our samples, antennules of 
males were a bit shorter than described elsewhere and did not go beyond the caudal rami. 

Th e highest number of individuals was recorded on October 15th 2020, when the 
density of S. sarsi increased to 5.2 ind m-3 and copepodites appeared in the water. In 
September 2020, a lot of females with egg sacs were observed in the ponds.

Th e spread of S. sarsi is likely facilitated by the fact that its life cycle includes a 
diapausing egg phase. Gündüz (1998) believed that this species was introduced in East 
Anatolia from western Iran (probably from Zaribar Lake). He has also predicted that 
S. sarsi may eventually migrate to Europe by using Anatolia as a bridge between Asia and 
Europe. Battes et al. (2020) considered that the fi sh stocking may represent the main vector 
of S. sarsi introduction in Romania and Ukraine.

T a b l e  1 . Sampling data characteristic at artifi cial ponds of Nyvky park in Kyiv

Date Latitude(ºN)
Longitude

(ºE)
Water 

temperature Number of individuals
Density,
ind m-3

16.09.2020 50° 27' 38" 30° 24' 38" 17.1 12 }, 10 { 3.5
04.10.2020 «  « «  « 14.5 5 }, 21 { 4.1
15.10.2020 «  « «  « 12.9 7 }, 13 {, 13 CI–CV 5.2



4 L. Svetlichny, L. Samchyshyna

Figs 1–5. Sinodiaptomus sarsi: 1 — habitus of female (A) and male (B); 2 — last prosomal somite and urosome 
of female; 3 — leg 5, female; 4 — right antennule, male; 5 — leg 5, male.

1

3

4

5

2



5A New Finding of the Non-Native Copepod Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae)...

However, nowadays, the volume of commercial exchanges between different 
countries has increased and speeded up so much that the translocation of alien species 
between even distantly-located regions becomes more and more likely, both through 
intentional or accidental releases. Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing 
animal food production sector in the world (De Silva et al., 2009). Fish farming is 
currently dominated by Asian countries, which produced 89  percent of the global 
total production in volume terms in the last 20 years (FAO, 2020). The import of fish, 
fish derivate and other aquatic bioresources to Ukraine amounted to 399.1 thousand 
tons in 2019 (Public report…, 2019). Furthermore, China has remained a top fish 
producer in the world, accounting for 35  percent of global fish production in 2018 
(FAO, 2020) and it is exporting a large amount of fish and aquaculture production to 
Ukraine (Public report…, 2019). In spite of the cogent fact that zooplankton invasions 
have implicated the aquaculture industry as the vector for introduction (Duggan & 
Pullan, 2017), unfortunately, there are no papers describing the zooplankton taxa 
residing in Chinese aquaculture farms, which is a significant knowledge gap in 
zooplankton diversity in aquaculture ponds for the most productive country in the 
world (Pearson & Duggan, 2018). It is interesting to note that in Kyiv S. sarsi, was 
found only in three interconnected ponds of Nyvky park. These ponds are located 
at the source of the Syrets River and are surrounded by numerous retail outlets, 
including a pet and aquarium store, and oriental restaurant with the symbolic name  
“EURASIA”. The other investigated ponds built on the nearby rivers (i. e., Bucha, 
Lybyad, Sovka, and Orekhovatka) are less surrounded by commercial or industrial 
constructions, and S.  sarsi specimens were not found there in spite of an intensive 
sampling campaign. Previously, the monitoring of the zooplankton of the water bodies 
of Kyiv, including the ponds of Nyvki park, was carried out within the framework of 
various ecological programs mostly funded by Institute of Hydrobiology, Institute 
of Zoology and Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of National Academy of Sciences 
of Ukraine (Monchenko,1956; Kostenko & Monchenko, 1982; Gromova, 1998; 
Rybka & Zaichenko, 2012; Smolensky, 2014; Volikov & Rybka, 2015; Samchyshyna 
& Dubrovsky, 2015, etc.). However, until 2020, S. sarsi had not been recorded in 
the samples of zooplankton from water bodies of Kyiv City and neighboring areas. 
We believe that appearance of this Asian species should be considered as a recent 
and accidental release of the species along with waste or sewage waters from either 
the nearby exotic restaurant or the pet and aquarium store. It is known from papers 
on zooplankton in the aquarium trade what non-indigenous species had a greater 
probability of being recorded in aquaria containing aquatic plants and in those 
that were heated. Methods for disposal of aquarium wastes ranged from depositing 
washings on the lawn or garden (a low risk for invasion) to disposing of water into 
outdoor ponds or storm-water drains (a higher risk) (Duggan, 2010). Since females 
bearing egg sacs were observed in the samples collected in the autumn, the population 
of S. sarsi may successfully overwinter and establish as a permanent dweller in the 
studied ponds, from which the invader can penetrate into the Dnipro River via its 
tributary Syrets River, via Kyrylovske Lake, and Pochaina River. The spreading of 
this non-native species might have a detrimental effect on native zooplankton taxa, 
community, and even ecosystem structure. The realisation of a systematic monitoring 
of the water bodies of this area as well as a detail taxonomic survey of zooplankton 
from aquaculture farms in Ukraine are thus highly desirable. 

Th is work was supported by the project of the NASU (grant number 0114U002041). We sincerely thank 
the three anonymous referees for useful comments and corrections that improved greatly this manuscript.



6 L. Svetlichny, L. Samchyshyna

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Received 17 November 2020
Accepted 5 January2021