06_Kruchinenko_05_2022.indd


UDC 636.2.09:616–008.89(477.4)
PREVALENCE OF FASCIOLIASIS IN RUMINANTS 
OF THE WORLD — META-ANALYSIS
 
O. V. Kruchynenko*, S. M. Mykhailiutenko, M. O. Petrenko

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Poltava State Agrarian University, 
Skovorody st., 1/3, Poltava, 36003 Ukraine
*Corresponding author 
E-mail: oleg.kruchynenko@pdaa.edu.ua

O.V. Kruchynenko (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-0437)
S. M. Mykhailiutenko (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-1244)
M. O. Petrenko (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-9401)

Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Ruminants of the World — meta-analysis. Kruchynenko, O. V., 
Mykhailiutenko, S. M., Petrenko, M. O. — Among the gastrointestinal parasitoses, fascioliasis is one 
of the most common diseases in ruminants. Fasciola spp. is recorded on fi ve continents of the globe, in 
more than 50 countries. Th e parasitizing trematode causes economic losses associated with a decrease in 
milk yield, body weight, and culling of aff ected carcasses and organs. In this study, we aimed to quantify 
the prevalence of fascioliasis among ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) of the world in terms of the odds 
ratio according to the Mantel–Haenszel test (M–H). Online databases in English, Russian and Ukrainian 
languages were searched for publications from January 2002 to September 2020. Th is meta-analysis 
included 42 studies with ruminant hosts. Data on the spread of fascioliasis were collected from diff erent 
continents of the globe: North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Th e results of the study 
found that the overall prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle was 6.41 %, while in small ruminants it was only 
2.03 %. Th e disease in cattle was recorded 1.48 times more oft en than in sheep and goats. Egger’s regression 
test revealed no signifi cant publication bias (P = 0.265). Th e results of the meta-analysis confi rm that the 
causative agent of fascioliasis circulates mainly in the emerging countries. Th e updated data on fascioliasis 
will expand the screening strategy to maintain the health of farm ruminants and reduce economic losses.
K e y  w o r d s : prevalence; Fasciola hepatica; Fasciola gigantica; cattle; sheep; goats; meta-analysis.

Introduction

Fascioliasis is a widespread, oft en chronic trematodosis of mainly ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats), 
recorded on all continents of the globe (Dalton, 1999; Mas-Coma et al., 2005; 2009; Rinaldi, 2015) and causing 
signifi cant economic losses to livestock farms (Jaja et al., 2017; Arbabi et al., 2018; Ouchene-Khelifi  et al., 
2018; Nyirenda, 2019; Arias-Pacheco, 2020). For example, global production losses due to fascioliasis alone 
amount to US $ 3.2 billion per year (Mehmood et al., 2017). Fascioliasis is also a zoonotic “neglected tropical 
disease” (WHO, 2013), which poses a signifi cant risk to public health (Mas-Coma et al., 2014 a) and is, in some 
cases, lethal (Mas-Coma et al., 2014 b). According to global estimations, nearly 17 million people are infected 
worldwide (Mas-Coma et al., 2009).

Zoodiversity, 56(5):419–428, 2022
DOI 10.15407/zoo2022.05.419

Parasitology



420 O. V. Kruchynenko, S. M. Mykhailiutenko, M. O. Petrenko

Th e causative agents of fascioliasis are two species of trematodes of the genus Fasciola, Fasciola hepatica 
L., 1758 and F. gigantica Cobbold, 1855 F. hepatica has a worldwide distribution, while F. gigantica is found 
mainly in the tropical Asia and Africa (Torgerson and Claxton, 1999). In addition, it has been shown that both 
species can occur in subtropical regions and hybridize (Agatsuma et al., 2000; Mas-Coma et al., 2009; Peng 
et al., 2009; Aghayan et al., 2019). Interestingly, molecular biological analysis of Fasciola spp. in some cases 
indicates the absence of hybrid forms (Walker, 2008; Mirahmadi, 2018), while in other cases, these forms are 
present (Le et al., 2008; Peng et al., 2009; Amer, 2016).

Th e life cycle of F. hepatica and F. gigantica is dixenous. Th e fi rst intermediate host is a pulmonary mollusk 
of the family Lymnaeidae (Mas-Coma and Bargues, 1997; Mas-Coma et al., 2014). Th e cercariae emerging from 
infected mollusks encyst in the external environment, mainly on plants. Infection of the fi nal hosts occurs when 
eating plants with invasive adolescaria (Dalton, 1999).

Th e fascioliasis can be diagnosed using the classical methods of helminthological dissection (Skrjabin, 
1928) scatological methods (Esteban et al., 1998; Cringoli et al., 2010; 2017; Al-Mamunet al., 2011; Carneiro et 
al., 2018; Zárate-Rendón et al., 2019), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent test systems, ELISA (Hillyer, 1999; 
Akca et al., 2014; Munita et al., 2019). It has been shown that both scatological and ELISA have similar resolution 
(George et al., 2019), which makes the previously obtained results comparable and allows for eff ective control 
of the prevalence of fascioliasis. Information on the prevalence of fascioliasis among diff erent host species is 
highly controversial. Th us, in a number of cases, the prevalence rate of cattle was higher than that of sheep and 
goats (Sharma et al., 1989; Adediran et al., 2014; Jean-Richard et al., 2014; Kusumarini et al., 2020); in some 
cases it was, in contrast, lower (Akca et al., 2014; Tikuye, 2017); in other studies the rates did not diff er (Yuan et 
al., 2016; Jones et al., 2016; Mokhber Dezfouli et al., 2016; Ayele et al., 2018).

Th e aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the distribution of Fasciola spp. in cattle and 
small ruminants (sheep and goats) in terms of the odds ratio based on a random eff ects model according to the 
Mantel–Haenszel criterion (M–H), which will make it possible to establish which species of animals is infected 
more oft en.

Material and methods

I n f o r m a t i o n  s o u r c e s  a n d  s e a r c h

Th e meta-analysis used the “Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis” 
(PRISMA) recommendations (Moher, 2009). It was performed using ReviewManager (RevMan 5.4), certifi ed 
freeware of Cochrane Collaboration (revman.cochrane.org). An in–depth search of publications was carried 
out in PubMed, GoogleScholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, DOAJ, eLIBRARY.RU databases. Two authors 
independently searched for literature in English, Russian and Ukrainian. Th e search was carried out using the 
following keywords: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, cattle, sheep, goat, fascioliasis, prevalence.

E l i g i b i l i t y  c r i t e r i a ,  s t u d y  s e l e c t i o n  a n d  d a t a  c o l l e c t i o n

Th e exclusion criteria were: 1 — the study reported data on the detection of Fasciola spp. only for one host 
species or species that we did not include in the analysis (for example, buff alo); 2 — the total number of stud-
ies performed was less than 70 in each group; 3 — the exact number of positive cases in the surveyed animals 
could not be determined; 4 — publications duplicated each other. Subsequently, disagreements between the 
authors were resolved through discussion and consensus with the third author. Data for analysis were sampled 
in the period from January 2002 to September 2020. Our meta-analysis included 42 articles (fi g. 1). Data on the 
spread of fascioliasis were collected from diff erent continents of the globe: North and South America, Europe, 
Asia and Africa. Th e diagnosis was confi rmed with tests of blood serum (ELISA), feces and posthumous (liver 
examination).

A n a l y t i c a l  a p p r o a c h

Th e data in the meta–analysis, namely the number of positive cases among the examined animals of cattle 
and small ruminants (sheep and goats), were analyzed on the basis of a random eff ects model according to the 
Mantel–Haenszel test (M–H). Th e null hypothesis H0 was that the number of cases of fascioliasis in cattle and 
small ruminants does not diff er statistically, while the alternative hypothesis H1 was that the fascioliasis is more 
common in a certain animal species. I2 values of 25 %, 50 % and 75 % were considered as low, moderate, and 
high heterogeneity, respectively (Cochrane handbook). Eff ect size (ES) was defi ned as the odds ratio (OR = 
ad / bc) with 95 % confi dence interval. For fi nal analysis, all extracted data were entered into ReviewManager 
(RevMan 5.4) provided by the Cochrane Collaboration (revman.cochrane.org). 95 % confi dence intervals were 
calculated in Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, Version 3.01, updated 2013/04/06 (www.
OpenEpi.com). To determine the optimal estimate for frequencies and fractions, including for a small number 
of observations, the Wilson method was used (Wilson, 1927). Confi dence interval values are given in paren-
theses.



421Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Ruminants of the World — meta-analysis

Results 

Table 1 presents the main characteristics of the included studies. According to the 
table 1, Iran, Ethiopia and Nigeria lead in the number of reported cases of fascioliasis in 
ruminants. 

Records identifi ed through database 
searching
(n = 1640)

Records aft er duplicates
removed
(n = 854)

Records screened
(n = 854)

Records excluded
(n = 802)

Full-text articles assessed
for eligibility 

(n = 52)

Full-text articles excluded,
with reasons 

(n = 10)

Studies incluted 
in sysematic review 

(n = 42)

Id
en

tifi
 -

ca
tio

n
Sc

re
en

in
g

El
ig

ib
ili

ty
In

cl
ut

ed

Fig 1. Flow diagram of the study design process.

T a b l e  1 . Cases of prevalence of fascioliasis in ruminants in the world

Autor, year Country Method of diagnosis
Cattle 

Prev. (%), 
95 % CI

Sheep 
Prev. (%), 
95 % CI

Goats 
Prev. (%), 
95 % CI

Abdolali et al., 2016 Iran Microscopic 37.9 
(31.32–45.1)

26.03 
(20.9–31.9)

23.4 
(17.7–30.8)

Abdulhakim et al., 2012  Ethiopia Post mortem 28.6 
(24.35– 33.4)

20.8 
(17.1– 25.2)

13.5 
(10.5–17.3)

Abraham, 2014 Nigeria Microscopic 44.7 
(39.9– 49.6)

– 36.0 
(31.1– 41.2)

Adediran et al., 2014 Nigeria Microscopic 54.3 
(48.5– 59.9)

12.04 
(9.3–15.4)

9.1 
(6.7–12.14)

Aghayan et al., 2019 Armenia Post mortem 15.7 
(12.2– 20.1)

21.2 
(19.41– 23.2)

44.4 
(18.9– 3.3)

Akca et al., 2014 Turkey ELISA 66.6 
(62.35–70.6)

92.9 
(90.5–94.83)

–

Al Mamun et al., 2011 Bangladesh Microscopic 37.9 
(36.4– 39.4)

30.9 
(23.04–40.1)

32.0 
(29.5–34.6)

Ali et al., 2011 Iran Post mortem 2.4 
(1.5–3.9)

6.9 
(6.42–7.5)

4.1 
(3.9–4.4)

Ayele et al., 2018 Ethiopia Microscopic 62.3 
(56.7– 67.63)

60.7 
(54.9–66.2)

–

Choubisa & Jaroli, 2012 India Microscopic 18.5 
(12.7–26)

21.7 
(14.2–31.7)

20.2 (
13.34–29.4)

Cringoli et al., 2002 Italy Microscopic 1.84 
(1.2–2.9)

2.3 
(1.45–3.6)

–



422 O. V. Kruchynenko, S. M. Mykhailiutenko, M. O. Petrenko

Dogo et al., 2017 Nigeria Microscopic 6.83 
(5.02–9.2)

11.6 
(6.44–20.1)

2.83 (1.3–6.03)

Garg et al., 2009 India Microscopic 10.8 
(10.4–11.2)

2.8 
(2.5–3.13)

2.35 (2.1–2.63)

Gazimagomedov et al., 
2011

Russia Microscopic 16.0 
(11.6–21.71)

32.0 
(25.93–38.7)

–

Huklaeva, 2009 Russia Post mortem 19.2 
(14.7–24.62)

25.6 
(22.8–28.6)

17.5 
(10.72–27.3)

Hussain et al., 2017 Iraq Post mortem 1.6 
(0.8–3.1)

2.9 
(1.7–4.9)

–

Imani Baran et al., 2017 Iran Microscopic 4.3 |
(2.4–7.8)

3.5 
(2.72–4.43)

–

Isah, 2019 Nigeria Microscopic 45.7 
(44.1–47.4)

38.7 
(35.6–42.01)

35.0 
(33.4–36.7)

Jean-Richard et al., 2014 Africa Post mortem 68.5 
(60.0–75.8)

22.7 
(16.41–30.6)

12.01 (9.7–
14.82)

Jones et al., 2016 UK Microscopic 55.3 
(44.1–65.92)

54.4 
(44.2–64.34)

–

Kara et al., 2009 Turkey Post mortem 5.4 
(3.8–7.8)

4.42 
(3.6–5.5)

–

Khoramian et al., 2014 Iran Post mortem 3.7 
(3.3–4.05)

3.3 
(3.2–3.4)

2.8 
(2.6–2.84)

Kitila et al., 2014 Ethiopia Post mortem 25.9 
(17.5–36.7)

7.1 
(3.5–13.9)

0.92 
(0.16–5.1)

Kordshooli et al., 2017 Iran Post mortem 11.15 
(10.6–11.7)

5.22 
(5.02–5.44)

2.15 
(2.1–2.23)

Koshevarov, 2011 Russia Microscopic 
Post mortem

18.5 
(15.2–22.4)

25.4 
(20.6–30.9)

17.5 
(11.8–25.02)

Kusumarini et al., 2020 Indonesia Post mortem 29.8 
(24.62–35.6)

8.03 
(4.3–14.6)

5.7 
(4.35–7.4)

Liba et al., 2017 Nigeria Post mortem 12.0 
(8.8–16.2)

9.0 
(6.25–12.8)

7.3 
(4.9–10.8)

Mohamadzadeh et al., 
2016

 Iran Post mortem 1.81 
(1.7–1.9)

2.3 
(2.2–2.4)

0.05 
(0.04–0.07)

Mokhber Dezfouli et al., 
2016

 Iran Post mortem 1.9 
(1.8–1.97)

1.92 
(1.9–1.96)

–

Mungube et al., 2006 Kenya Post mortem 25.7
  (25.2–26.32)

5.2 
(4.7–5.8)

6.6 
(6.24–6.9)

Munguía–Xóchihua et al., 
2007

Mexico ELISA 24.4 
(22.15–26.7)

30.4
 (26.04–35.2)

42.9 
(40.2–45.8)

Musotsi et al., 2017 Kenya Post mortem 6.5 
(6.3–6.8)

6.1 
(5.9–6.3)

4.1 
(3.82–4.4)

Ouchene-Khelif et al., 
2018

Algeria Post mortem 17.2 
(16.21–18.2)

6.51 
(5.9–7.15)

2.5 
(2.15–2.9)

Piri et al., 2017 Iran Post mortem 1.5 
(0.9–2.5)

0.5 
(0.4–0.6)

1.4 
(0.9–2.1)

Sayadi et al., 2015 Iran Post mortem 1.65 
(1.6–1.74)

1.12 
(1.1–1.15)

1.1 
(1.06–1.14)

Shahbazi et al., 2016 Iran Post mortem 1.5 
(1.45–1.56)

0.8
(0.7–0.82)

0.7 
(0.64–0.75)

Squire et al., 2018 Ghana Microscopic 4.6 
(2.6–7.4)

3.2 
(1.3–6.5)

0.4 
(0.1–1.9)

Taye et al., 2016 Ethiopia Microscopic 36.7 
(31.5–42.2)

48.3 
(38.4–58.5)

–

Tikuye 2017 Ethiopia Microscopic 9.52 
(5.9–14.91)

37.6 
(30.2–45.6)

6.8 
(3.3–13.4)

Ullah et al., 2016  Pakistan Microscopic 24.3 
(15.75–35.5)

16.0 
(8.3–28.5)

6.7 
(1.8–21.3)

Zeleke et al., 2013 Ethiopia Microscopic 69.9 
(69.2–70.7)

35.0 
(33.1–37.0)

27.1 
(24.4–30.0)



423Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Ruminants of the World — meta-analysis

A total of 579,258 specimens of cattle and 2,751,936 specimens of small ruminants 
(sheep and goats) were examined. Of these, 37,162 heads of cattle and 55,920 heads of sheep 
and goats were infected with fascioliasis (fi g. 2).

Assessment of distribution and analysis of heterogeneity. High heterogeneity was 
found in the studies included in the meta-analysis, І2 = 99 % (P < 0.00001). Th e results of 
the study established a general distribution of 6.41 % (6.35; 6.48) in cattle, while in small 
ruminants this indicator was, respectively, 2.03 % (2.01; 2.05). Th e fascioliasis in cattle 
was recorded 1.48 (1.19; 1.84) times more oft en than in sheep and goats. Since the 95 % 
confi dence intervals do not include 1, the results can be considered statistically signifi cant 
(overall eff ect: Z = 3.55; P = 0.0004). 

In a meta-analysis of the spread of fascioliasis (fi g. 3) in ruminants, publication error 
was not determined (P = 0.265).

Study or Subgroup
Abdolali et al. 2016
Abdulhakim et al. 2012
Abraham 2014
Adediran et al. 2014
Aghayan et al., 2019
Akca et al. 2014
Al Mamun et al. 2011
Ali et al. 2011
Ayele et al., 2018
Choubisa & Jaroli, 2012
Cringoli et al., 2002
Dogo et al .2017
Garg et al. 2009
Gazimagomedov et al. 2011
Huklaeva 2009
Hussain et al. 2017
Imani Baran et al., 2017
Isah, 2019
Jean-Richard et al. 2014
Jones et al. 2016
Kara et al. 2009
Khoramian et al. 2014
Kitila et al. 2014
Kordshooli et al. 2017
Koshevarov 2011
Kusumarini et al., 2020
Liba et al. 2017
Mohamadzadeh et al. 2016
Mokhber Dezfouli et al. 2016
Mungube et al., 2006
Munguía-Xóchihua et al. 2007
Musotsi et al. 2017
Ouchene-Khelif et al., 2018
Piri  et al., 2017
Sayadi et al. 2015
Shahbazi  et al. 2016
Squire et al., 2018
Taye et al. 2016
Tikuye 2017
Ullah et al. 2016
Zeleke et al. 2013

Total (95% CI)
Total events
Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.46; Chi² = 4755.66, df = 40 (P < 0.00001); I² = 99%
Test for overall effect: Z = 3.55 (P = 0.0004)

Events
71

110
179
158

51
333

1571
16

187
24
18
38

2465
32
46
8

10
1628

89
42
28

385
39

1347
83
79
36

545
2615
6079
328

2113
963

15
1340
2834

15
113

16
17

11096

37162

Total
187
384
400
291
324
500

4145
666
300
130
975
556

22835
200
240
500
230

3560
130
76

513
10462

77
12079

448
265
300

29988
137843

23606
1346

32385
5608
995

81012
188968

328
308
168
70

15860

579258

Events
103
132
126

93
385
502
445

1516
170

37
18
16

266
64

234
13
62

1461
104

49
78

7120
16

5197
91
60
49

3112
16724

1485
632

3985
547

79
6317
3715

8
44
63
18

784

55920

Total
413
768
350
880

1803
540

1394
31288

280
177
788
298

9563
200
940
448

1782
4080

748
90

1763
240863

99
178198

398
1008

600
237621
867015

23779
1580

71836
11925
12612

567982
474665

502
91

252
80

2237

2751936

Weight
2.5%
2.6%
2.5%
2.5%
2.5%
2.5%
2.6%
2.3%
2.5%
2.3%
2.1%
2.2%
2.6%
2.4%
2.5%
1.8%
2.1%
2.7%
2.4%
2.2%
2.4%
2.7%
2.1%
2.7%
2.5%
2.5%
2.4%
2.7%
2.7%
2.7%
2.6%
2.7%
2.7%
2.3%
2.7%
2.7%
1.9%
2.4%
2.2%
2.0%
2.7%

100.0%

M-H, Random, 95% CI
1.84 [1.27, 2.67]
1.93 [1.45, 2.58]
1.44 [1.07, 1.93]

10.05 [7.33, 13.78]
0.69 [0.50, 0.95]
0.15 [0.10, 0.22]
1.30 [1.14, 1.48]
0.48 [0.29, 0.80]
1.07 [0.77, 1.50]
0.86 [0.48, 1.52]
0.80 [0.42, 1.56]
1.29 [0.71, 2.36]
4.23 [3.72, 4.81]
0.40 [0.25, 0.65]
0.72 [0.50, 1.02]
0.54 [0.22, 1.33]
1.26 [0.64, 2.50]
1.51 [1.38, 1.66]

13.44 [8.80, 20.54]
1.03 [0.56, 1.91]
1.25 [0.80, 1.94]
1.25 [1.13, 1.39]

5.32 [2.65, 10.69]
4.18 [3.92, 4.45]
0.77 [0.55, 1.07]
6.71 [4.63, 9.72]
1.53 [0.97, 2.42]
1.39 [1.27, 1.53]
0.98 [0.94, 1.02]
5.21 [4.90, 5.53]
0.48 [0.41, 0.57]
1.19 [1.13, 1.25]
4.31 [3.86, 4.82]
2.43 [1.39, 4.23]
1.50 [1.41, 1.59]
1.93 [1.84, 2.03]
2.96 [1.24, 7.06]
0.62 [0.39, 0.99]
0.32 [0.18, 0.57]
1.10 [0.52, 2.36]
4.32 [3.93, 4.74]

1.48 [1.19, 1.84]

More prevalent in cattle More prevalent in sh.& g Odds Ratio Odds Ratio
M-H, Random, 95% CI

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Cattle Sheep & goats

Fig. 2. Meta–analysis of the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle and small ruminants (chosen measure of 
eff ect — odds ratio).



424 O. V. Kruchynenko, S. M. Mykhailiutenko, M. O. Petrenko

Discussion
Most of the studies on meta-analysis and the spread of helminthiases among ruminants 

are concerned with research within the borders of one state or continent. Such studies can 
be focused on one disease, for example, fascioliasis (Khademvatan, 2019; Soosaraei, 2020) 
or a number of zoonotic helminthiases (Bennema et al., 2009; Fürst et al., 2012; Karshima 
et al., 2018).

We present the fi rst meta–analysis of the spread of fascioliasis among ruminants in the 
world (cattle, sheep and goats). Fasciola spp. trematodes are found in more than 50 countries 
on fi ve continents, especially in countries with developed animal husbandry. Karshima 
et al. (2018) conducted a meta–analysis, which found that the causative agent Fasciola 
gigantica had the widest geographical distribution in Nigeria. Systematic analysis for the 
period of 1999–2019 showed that the Fasciola infection in Iran was 6.2 % (Khademvatan 
et al., 2019). A lot of studies have shown that fascioliasis is more common in cattle (Garg, 
2009; Abdulhakim et al., 2012; Adediran et al., 2014; Abdolali et al., 2016; Mehmood, 2017; 
Ghanimatdan et al., 2019; Kusumarini et al., 2020), and in some regions it is found only 
in cattle (Kruchynenko et al., 2020), but this has not been previously statistically proven. 
Our study clearly showed that the main fi nal host for Fasciola spp. is cattle. Similar data, 
obtained by a group of researchers from Iran for the reporting period (2000–2016), confi rm 
that the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle is 21 %, and in sheep and goats it was at 2.4 % 
and 2 %, respectively (Soosaraei et al., 2020). At the same time, a number of studies have 
shown a higher prevalence of fascioliasis in sheep and goats (Munguía-Xóchihua et al., 
2007; Huklaeva, 2009; Gazimagomedov et al., 2011; Taye et al., 2016). For example, the 
prevalence of that infection in Australia was 52.2 % in sheep and 26.5 % in cattle (Molloy, 
2005). However, this is not a global trend and is most likely related to the type of animal 
housing (indoor or pasture), as well as the sample size in the studies.

Conclusions
Fascioliasis is an important trematodosis. We analyzed the published data for the 

period of 2002–2020 in order to update the global distribution and prevent economic 
losses. Th is disease is reported in ruminants all over the world. It is proved that the total 

SE(log[OR]) Funnel plot with pseudo 95 % confidence limits

P= 0.265

0,5
0,1

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10    
OR

Fig. 3. Funnel plot for the binary result (chosen measure of eff ect — odds ratio).  Th e x-axis denotes the preva-
lence of Fasciola spp. among ruminants, and the y-axis is the standard error of prevalence (P > 0.05 indicates 
no publication error).



425Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Ruminants of the World — meta-analysis

geographic spread of fascioliasis among cattle was 6.41 % versus 2.03 % in small cattle 
(that is, higher in cattle by 1.48 times). Countries with higher prevalence, predominantly 
emerging countries, are a potential source of disease transmission and a threat to possible 
future outbreaks. Th e data presented are intended to improve the current understanding of 
the geographic distribution of the parasite and host range. Th e information provided will 
be useful for the application of more eff ective measures to combat fascioliasis in various 
geo-economic regions of the world.

Confl ict of interest

Th e authors declare no potential confl icts of interests with respect to the research, 
authorship and/or publication of this article.

Th e current studies are the initiative of the authors and do not have any outside fi nancial support. 
Th e research was carried out within the framework of the initiative topic for scientifi c work “Monitoring, 
improvement of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of invasive diseases of animals of the central part of 
Ukraine” (state registration No. 0112U001560).

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Received 19 January 2022
Accepted 28 October 2022