# bib

id: cord-337329-a9l8e5z6
author: Selim, S. A.
title: Rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh
date: 1991
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1933
sentence: 79
flesch: 58
cache: cache/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
txt: txt/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
summary:
  Of 402 dairy calves tested, 28 (7.0%) were positive, of which 21 (7.2%) were from diarrhoeic calves and 7 (6.3%) from non-diarrhoeic calves. The absence of detectable rotavirus antigen in non-diarrhoeic calves up to 1 week old and the high prevalence rate in diarrhoeic calves in the same age group (Table II) emphasizes the association between rotavirus and diarrhoea in such calves.


id: cord-306297-bt35kaix
author: Quigley, J. D.
date: 1995-04-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3967
sentence: 174
flesch: 59
cache: cache/cord-306297-bt35kaix.txt
txt: txt/cord-306297-bt35kaix.txt
title:
  Effects of Housing and Colostrum Feeding on Serum Immunoglobulins, Growth, and Fecal Scores of Jersey Calves 1

summary:
  No attempt was made to measure quantitatively the amount of colostrum consumed by nursed calves. Others (8, 16, 19, 29) have recommended housing calves in individual hutches as an effective method to minimize contact among calves and, consequently, prevalence of disease.


id: cord-331809-1d0c0zc2
author: Haschek, B.
title: Detection of Bovine Torovirus in Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea in Lower Austria and Styria (Austria)
date: 2006-04-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3520
sentence: 146
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cord-331809-1d0c0zc2.txt
txt: txt/cord-331809-1d0c0zc2.txt
summary:
  The faecal prevalence of BoTV in calf diarrhoea ranges from 5% in Lower Saxony, Germany (Liebler et al., 1992) to 36.4% in southern Ontario, Canada . Other 50 farms (ÔhealthyÕ farms) with a similar structure and geographical distribution had been free from calf diarrhoea for at least 3 weeks and served as a standard of comparison (control group).


id: cord-310792-1brqzyn6
author: Murphy, Jacob M.
date: 2014-04-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3924
sentence: 155
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cord-310792-1brqzyn6.txt
txt: txt/cord-310792-1brqzyn6.txt
title:
  Comparison of serum immunoglobulin G half-life in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer or administered with intravenous bovine plasma

summary:
  Serum half-life for IgG in each of the 3 groups of calves was determined by a non-linear regression analysis using a one-phase exponential decay model with random effects for calf initial serum IgG concentrations. key: cord-310792-1brqzyn6 authors: Murphy, Jacob M.; Hagey, Jill V.; Chigerwe, Munashe title: Comparison of serum immunoglobulin G half-life in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer or administered with intravenous bovine plasma date: 2014-04-15 journal: Vet Immunol Immunopathol DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.008 sha: doc_id: 310792 cord_uid: 1brqzyn6 In calves, passive immunity of immunoglobulins can be acquired through ingestion of colostrum or colostrum replacers.


id: cord-313849-lh2ixof2
author: Van Weeren-Keverling Buisman, A.
date: 1990
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3883
sentence: 168
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-313849-lh2ixof2.txt
txt: txt/cord-313849-lh2ixof2.txt
title:
  Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

summary:
  Faeces with these characteristics, typical for chronic RD calves, were produced in week 10 by calves H and S and in week 13 by calf E. During the recovery period, the faeces of calves E and S regained their normal character within a few days. Three of the six diarrhoeic samples from calf S contained Pseudomonas.


id: cord-349484-rp1a8lj8
author: Rocha, Thaís Gomes
date: 2017-03-20
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4296
sentence: 121
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-349484-rp1a8lj8.txt
txt: txt/cord-349484-rp1a8lj8.txt
title:
  Longitudinal study of bovine rotavirus group A in newborn calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy herds

summary:
  Management of diarrhea in pre-weaned calves RotaC: a web-based tool for the complete genome classification of group A rotaviruses Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG), Archives of Virology VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation Severe diarrhea outbreak in beef calves (Bos indicus) caused by G6P[11], an emergent genotype of bovine rotavirus group A, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira Phylogenetic analysis of a G6P[5] bovine rotavirus strain isolated in a neonatal diarrhea outbreak in a beef cattle herd vaccinates with G6P[1] and G10P[11] genotypes Evaluation of a protocol to reduce the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea on dairy herds The prevalence of rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhea, using electron microscopic examination Diarrhea in Nellore calves: clinical and etiological study Review of group A rotavirus strains reported in swine and cattle Modulation by colostrum-acquired maternal antibodies of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to rotavirus in calves experimentally challenged with bovine rotavirus Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotaviruses from Rio de Janeiro Molecular characterization of group A bovine rotavirus in southeastern and central-western Brazil Whole-genomic analysis of 12 porcine group A rotaviruses isolated from symptomatic piglets in Brazil during the years of MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0 Identification of an avian group Trop Anim Health Prod DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2 sha: doc_id: 349484 cord_uid: rp1a8lj8 Reports of rotavirus excretion in calves usually result from cross-sectional studies, and in face of the conflicting results regarding protection of calves born to vaccinated dams against diarrhea, the aim of the present study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion in dairy calves born to vaccinated or unvaccinated dams, to identify the genotypes of bovine rotavirus group A (RVA) strains isolated from these animals as well as to investigate characteristics of the disease in naturally occurring circumstances throughout the first month of life.


id: cord-289728-s6xmdmpf
author: Lorenz, Ingrid
title: Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves
date: 2011-09-14
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3646
sentence: 155
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-289728-s6xmdmpf.txt
txt: txt/cord-289728-s6xmdmpf.txt
summary:
  Disease prevention and management with particular reference to calf pneumonia Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain Enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in Norwegian dairy calves Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and nonnormal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves Cryptosporidium infection in herds with and without calf diarrhoeal problems Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy Why has oral rehydration for calves and children diverged: direct vs. indirect criteria of efficacy The comparative effectiveness of three commercial oral solutions in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances caused by calf diarrhoea Treatment of calf diarrhea: Oral fluid therapy Oral therapy for acute diarrhea. In neonatal calf diarrhoea, oral rehydration therapy is the single most important therapeutic measure to be carried out by the farmer and is usually successful if instigated immediately after diarrhoea has developed.


id: cord-310009-yha2o28l
author: Delafosse, A.
title: Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France
date: 2015-03-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4278
sentence: 154
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-310009-yha2o28l.txt
txt: txt/cord-310009-yha2o28l.txt
summary:
  key: cord-310009-yha2o28l authors: Delafosse, A.; Chartier, C.; Dupuy, M.C.; Dumoulin, M.; Pors, I.; Paraud, C. title: Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France date: 2015-03-01 journal: Prev Vet Med DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.005 sha: doc_id: 310009 cord_uid: yha2o28l This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in calf neonates on dairy farms in Normandy. Previous studies have indicated that cryptosporidiosis may occur more frequently in dairy calves than in beef calves because the former are born throughout the year and are confined to pens or hutches, which can facilitate a high level of yearround transmission (Olson et al., 2004) .


id: cord-295193-uf3eryoy
author: Bok, Marina
title: Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina
date: 2017-10-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4541
sentence: 166
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-295193-uf3eryoy.txt
txt: txt/cord-295193-uf3eryoy.txt
summary:
  Colostrum intake is the natural and most useful method to control BCoV calf diarrhea 12 . key: cord-295193-uf3eryoy authors: Bok, Marina; Alassia, Martín; Frank, Flavia; Vega, Celina G.; Wigdorovitz, Andrés; Parreño, Viviana title: Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina date: 2017-10-12 journal: Rev Argent Microbiol DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.03.007 sha: doc_id: 295193 cord_uid: uf3eryoy Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a viral enteric pathogen associated with calf diarrhea worldwide being, in Argentina, mostly detected in dairy husbandry systems.


id: cord-333535-pzjj2wxc
author: Smith, Geof
title: Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle
date: 2015-02-20
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5428
sentence: 195
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-333535-pzjj2wxc.txt
txt: txt/cord-333535-pzjj2wxc.txt
summary:
  Feedlot 2011 Part IV: health and health management on U.S. feedlots with a capacity of 1,000 or more head Salmonella in calves Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates recovered from calves with diarrhea in Australia Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella on midwest and northeast USA dairy farms Antibiotics as growth stimulants for dairy cattle: a review Use of antibiotics to prevent calf diarrhea and septicemia Antibiotics and calf diarrhea Diarrhea and malabsorption in calves associated with therapeutic doses of antibiotics: absorptive and clinical changes Adverse effect of oral antibacterial prophylaxis and therapy on incidence of neonatal calf diarrhea Evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte formulation and amoxicillin for the treatment of diarrhea in calves A field trial comparing the effects of supplementation with Aureomycin plus lasalocid or monensin on the health and production performance of dairy calves Growth and health of Holstein calves fed milk replacers supplemented with antibiotics or Enteroguard Targeting therapy to minimize antimicrobial use in preweaned calves: effects on health, growth, and treatment costs No effect of a homeopathic preparation on neonatal calf diarrhea in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial A rational approach to treatment of calf diarrhea Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea Treatment of calf diarrhea: antimicrobial and ancillary treatments Observations on the etiology of neonatal diarrhea (scours) in calves Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves Model to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves The distribution of the colon-aerogenes group of bacteria in the alimentary tract of calves The bacteriology of the intestinal tract of young calves with special reference to early diarrhea Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli in the small intestine of calves with and without diarrhea Changes in small intestinal morphology and flora associated with decreased energy digestibility in calves with naturally occurring diarrhea Pathogenesis and prevention of infectious diarrhea (scours) of newborn calves Amoxycillin: distribution and clinical efficacy in calves A clinical evaluation of antimicrobial agents and temporary starvation in the treatment of acute undifferentiated diarrhea in newborn calves Oral absorption and bioavailability of ampicillin derivatives in calves Clinical efficacy of amoxicillin in calves with colibacillosis Field evaluation of efficacy of marbofloxacin bolus in the treatment of naturally occurring diarrhea in the new born calf Comparison of danofloxacin with baquiloprim/sulphadimidine for the treatment of experimentally induced Escherichia coli diarrhea in calves Efficacy of danofloxacin 18% injectable solution in the treatment of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in young calves in Europe Field trial evaluating the influence of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial administration on antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli in dairy calves The typing of E. coli by bacteriophage, its application to the study of E. coli populations of the intestinal tract of healthy calves and of calves suffering from white scours Passage of antibiotics through the digestive tract of normal and scouring calves and their effect upon the bacterial flora Discrepancy between antibiotic (amoxycillin) resistance in vitro and efficacy in calf diarrhea Further observations on the effect of chemotherapy on the presence of drug-resistant Bacterium coli in the intestinal tract of calves The sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents of a further series of strains of Bacterium coli from cases of white scours: the relationship between sensitivity tests and response to treatment Neonatal diarrhea in calves Escherichia coli and Salmonella newport in calves: efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment dehydration, lethargy, or fever. 16 More recent studies have found that either oral antibiotics had no effect on decreasing calf diarrhea or in some cases diarrhea rates actually increased in calves fed antibiotics.


id: cord-251994-ygd8xv5x
author: Björkman, Camilla
title: Disinfection with hydrated lime may help manage cryptosporidiosis in calves
date: 2018-12-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5448
sentence: 213
flesch: 54
cache: cache/cord-251994-ygd8xv5x.txt
txt: txt/cord-251994-ygd8xv5x.txt
summary:
  The aim of this study was to investigate if disinfection of calf pens with hydrated lime would reduce contamination of C. parvum oocysts and improve calf health in herds with C. parvum associated diarrhea problems. Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea and improved the body condition in the calves, but did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration.


id: cord-324365-546cu3ly
author: Koch, A.
date: 2008-02-14
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5835
sentence: 238
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-324365-546cu3ly.txt
txt: txt/cord-324365-546cu3ly.txt
title:
  Clinical Efficacy of Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution or Hypertonic Bicarbonate Solution in the Treatment of Inappetent Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea

summary:
  Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Diarrheic calves with slight metabolic acidosis (base excess [BE] >−10 mM) can be treated successfully with hypertonic saline. 1, 2 In diarrheic calves with a failing suckling reflex, the continuous IV infusion of isotonic solution is recommended as the treatment of choice.


id: cord-266153-c1w1pf5t
author: Gebregiorgis, Ashenafi
date: 2015-11-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5093
sentence: 197
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-266153-c1w1pf5t.txt
txt: txt/cord-266153-c1w1pf5t.txt
title:
  Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from calf diarrhea in and around Kombolcha, South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

summary:
  There were no previous studies conducted on calf diarrhea as well as on diversity of E. coli biotypes in the study area. The present study also investigated the identity of different types of E. coli biotypes in calf diarrhea.


id: cord-261614-3m72qwl4
author: Gomez, Diego E.
date: 2017-07-08
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5347
sentence: 178
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-261614-3m72qwl4.txt
txt: txt/cord-261614-3m72qwl4.txt
title:
  Implementation of an algorithm for selection of antimicrobial therapy for diarrhoeic calves: Impact on antimicrobial treatment rates, health and faecal microbiota

summary:
  Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the impact of an antibiotic use algorithm on calf health (morbidity and mortality) and antimicrobial treatment rates, and to characterise the faecal microbiota of healthy calves before and after implementing the algorithm. The higher representation of Proteobacteria in healthy calves in period before implementation of the algorithm was unexpected, because enrichment with members of this Phylum has been associated with intestinal dysbiosis in other species (Costa et al., 2012; Suchodolski et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2015) , as well as diarrhoea in dairy calves (Gomez et al., 2017) .


id: cord-267659-9iy8l55f
author: Sharon, K. P.
date: 2020-04-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5159
sentence: 179
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-267659-9iy8l55f.txt
txt: txt/cord-267659-9iy8l55f.txt
title:
  Effects of plane of milk-replacer nutrition on the health, behavior, and performance of high-risk Holstein bull calves from a commercial calf ranch

summary:
  There was a treatment × time interaction (P ≤ 0.001) in ADG, where HPN calves had greater (P ≤ 0.001) ADG during the preweaning period but were not different (P = 0.505) from LPN calves after weaning (Table 2 ). Before weaning, PON did not influence dummy-nipple use, except at 15 d, when LPN calves tended to use the nipple more than HPN calves.


id: cord-351920-igmb2yfe
author: Oma, Veslemøy Sunniva
date: 2016-06-13
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5533
sentence: 242
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-351920-igmb2yfe.txt
txt: txt/cord-351920-igmb2yfe.txt
title:
  Bovine coronavirus in naturally and experimentally exposed calves; viral shedding and the potential for transmission

summary:
  General depression and cough were the signs that correlated best with shedding of BCoV RNA, while peak respiratory rate and peak rectal temperature appeared more than a week later than the peak shedding. Although the calves were shedding BCoV RNA 21 days after infection the sentinel animals were not infected.


id: cord-257418-cyul92w0
author: McGuirk, Sheila M.
title: Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers
date: 2008-03-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5749
sentence: 223
flesch: 44
cache: cache/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt
txt: txt/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt
summary:
  Do not Routine medications, feed additives, and well calf treatments should be reviewed closely in calf herds with enteric disease problems. This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems.


id: cord-269730-a8h7irel
author: Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A.
title: Using routinely collected data to evaluate risk factors for mortality of veal calves
date: 2018-09-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5682
sentence: 210
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cord-269730-a8h7irel.txt
txt: txt/cord-269730-a8h7irel.txt
summary:
  Two different models were assembled in which risk factors for veal calf mortality in respectively veal herds and herds of origin were identified. From the calves that were fattened during the study period, observations of 1.1 million calves originated from the Netherlands and were available to study risk factors for veal calf mortality associated with the herd of origin.


id: cord-290783-ipoelk4h
author: Crouch, C. F.
date: 1985-09-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4553
sentence: 142
flesch: 25
cache: cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt
txt: txt/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt
title:
  Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity

summary:
  A review Studies on rotaviral antibody in bovine serum and lacteal secretions using radioimmunoassay The rotaviruses Radioimmunological (RIA) and enzymimmunological (ELISA) detection of coronavirus antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions Vaccination of cows with a combined rotavirus/ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil K99 vaccine to protect newborn calves against diarrhoea Immune responses of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus =mmunization Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections. An analysis of Scourvax-Reo The efficacy of a modified live reo-like virus vaccine and an Escherichia coli bacterin for prevention of acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhoea of beef calves Rotavirus infections in calves: Efficacy of oral vaccination in endemically infected herds Colostral and milk antibody titres in cows vaccinated with a modified live rotaviruscoronavirus vaccine L Passive immunity in calf diarrhoea: Vaccination with K99 antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Evolution des anticorps anti rota dans le lait de vaches traitees en fin de Gestation soit par le vaccine ant=-rota complet, soit par I'adjuvant seul Passive protection of newborn calves against rotavirus by vaccination of their dams Die Wirksamkeitsprufung eimer inaktiv=erten rotavirus-vakzine in einem Milchviehbestand Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from immunized or non-immunized cows Rotavirus infection in lambs: Studies on passive protection Development of passive immunity to porcine rotavirus in pigs protected from disease by bovine colostrum Diarrhoea in dairy calves reduced by feeding colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus.


id: cord-268382-94hlbf98
author: Zwierzchowski, Grzegorz
date: 2020-02-21
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5460
sentence: 214
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-268382-94hlbf98.txt
txt: txt/cord-268382-94hlbf98.txt
title:
  Colostrum-supplemented transition milk positively affects serum biochemical parameters, humoral immunity indicators and the growth performance of calves

summary:
  Between the second feeding and the age of 5 days, CR calves received only transition milk that had been collected from dams shortly before feeding, whereas TRT calves received 1.5 kg of colostrum collected from dams on day 1 and 1.5 kg of transition milk from subsequent milkings (6 kg/d in total). In contrast, 35% of CR calves (6/ 17) and 22% of TRT calves (4/18) had IgG below 16 g/L.


id: cord-264391-7fse4h3f
author: Gow, Sheryl P.
date: 2009-07-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6326
sentence: 262
flesch: 54
cache: cache/cord-264391-7fse4h3f.txt
txt: txt/cord-264391-7fse4h3f.txt
title:
  Antimicrobial drug use and reason for treatment in 203 western Canadian cow–calf herds during calving season

summary:
  key: cord-264391-7fse4h3f authors: Gow, Sheryl P.; Waldner, Cheryl L. title: Antimicrobial drug use and reason for treatment in 203 western Canadian cow–calf herds during calving season date: 2009-07-01 journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.010 sha: doc_id: 264391 cord_uid: 7fse4h3f Abstract Investigators examined antimicrobial drug use practices and reason for treatment as part of a large on-farm observational study of cow–calf herds from western Canada. The null models were also used to generate population-average estimates of the risk of calf treatment and cow and heifer treatment (Dohoo et al., 2003) .


id: cord-350023-7wx5v9b8
author: Tautenhahn, A.
title: Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany
date: 2020-09-24
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6076
sentence: 226
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt
txt: txt/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt
summary:
  Farms on which routine administration of halofuginone lactate was performed had 10.0 times higher odds for calf mortality risk above 5%. Identifying risk factors for high dairy calf mortality and poor growth, will contribute to improve housing, feeding and management strategies on German dairies.


id: cord-355735-515n7knt
author: Elad, D.
date: 1998
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3907
sentence: 171
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-355735-515n7knt.txt
txt: txt/cord-355735-515n7knt.txt
title:
  Yeasts in the gastrointestinal tract of preweaned calves and possible involvement of Candida glabrata in neonatal calf diarrhea

summary:
  Twenty three (19.0%) of C. glabrata positive calves were in their first week of life, 86 (71.1%) in their second week and 12 (9.9%) were between 15 and 30 days old (Fig. 1) . key: cord-355735-515n7knt authors: Elad, D.; Brenner, J.; Markovics, A.; Yakobson, B.; Shlomovitz, S.; Basan, J. title: Yeasts in the gastrointestinal tract of preweaned calves and possible involvement of Candida glabrata in neonatal calf diarrhea date: 1998 journal: Mycopathologia DOI: 10.1023/a:1006860418915 sha: doc_id: 355735 cord_uid: 515n7knt To examine the possibility of a mycotic involvement in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) the presence of fungi was assessed in (a) the intestinal contents of dead calves and fecal samples submitted for routine laboratory examination, (b) fecal specimens, sampled once in winter and once in summer, of calves raised on 2 farms with different management systems, and (c) mucosal scrapings of various segments of the digestive tract of a diarrheic calf, massively shedding Candida glabrata.


id: cord-280036-ev82fzly
author: Almawly, J.
date: 2013-10-18
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5778
sentence: 193
flesch: 43
cache: cache/cord-280036-ev82fzly.txt
txt: txt/cord-280036-ev82fzly.txt
title:
  Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium

summary:
  key: cord-280036-ev82fzly authors: Almawly, J.; Prattley, D.; French, N.P.; Lopez-Villalobos, N.; Hedgespeth, B.; Grinberg, A. title: Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium date: 2013-10-18 journal: Vet Parasitol DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.029 sha: doc_id: 280036 cord_uid: ev82fzly Halofuginone lactate (HL) is registered in several countries for the prevention of calf cryptosporidiosis, but the compound's utility in the presence of co-infection with other enteropathogens is not well understood. Newborn calves are therefore considered major amplifiers of potentially zoonotic C. parvum in nature, and the prevention of calf cryptosporidiosis is relevant from both animal and human health perspectives (Hunter and Thompson, 2005; Kiang et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2007; Grinberg et al., 2008; Xiao and Feng, 2008; Zhou et al., 2008) .


id: cord-293079-z7dx6ey9
author: Schaefer, A. L.
date: 2012-10-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5582
sentence: 186
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt
txt: txt/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt
title:
  The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography

summary:
  Detecção rápida do coronavírus bovino (BCoV) por meio de uma semi-nested RT-PCR Etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds Automatic monitoring of watering behaviour in feedlot steers: potential use in early detection of respiratory disease and in predicting growth performance Veterinary Medicine Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress Evaluation of breath biomarkers and serum haptoglobin concentration for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in heifers newly arrived at a feedlot Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Dexamethasone reduces transport-induced weight losses in beef calves The medicine and epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease complex in feedlot Respiratory disease associated with bovine coronavirus infection in cattle herds in Southern Italy Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus Cough sound description in relation to respiratory diseases in dairy calves Bovine respiratory disease research A nation-wide epidemiological study of acute bovine respiratory disease in France Bovine pasteurellosis and other bacterial infections of the respiratory tract Serial evaluation of physiologic, pathological, and behavioral changes related to disease progression of experimentally induced Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia in postweaned calves Multiplex real-time RT-PCR detection of three viruses associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex Dissertationm, Department of Production Animal Medicine Acute phase proteins assessment for an early selection of treatments in growing calves suffering from bronchopneumonia under field conditions Experimental infectious respiratory disease in groups of calves: lobular distribution, variance, and sample size requirements for vaccine evaluation Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals The Fire of Life The effects of fasting and transportation on beef cattle: 1. acid-base-electrolyte balance and infrared heat loss of beef cattle The early detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) with infrared (IRT) and treatment with nitric oxide Infrared detection and nitric oxide treatment of bovine respiratory disease Early detection and prediction of infection using infrared thermography The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves Early disease detection: Implications for industry efficiency, food quality and safety The use of infrared thermography in the non-invasive, automated detection of calves displaying bovine respiratory disease Orbital Infrared as an Early Indicator of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Sero-negative Cattle Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: Environmental, genetic, and economic factors Infrared thermography as a non-invasive tool to study animal welfare Non-invasive measurement of stress in dairy cows using infrared thermography Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anesthetic Effects of local anesthetic and a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drup on pain responses of dairy calves to hot iron dehorning Effects of an epinephrine infusion on eye temperature and heart rate variability in bull calves White blood cell metabolism and Neutropenia and qualitative disorders of neutrophiles The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors?


id: cord-316839-wckqscvm
author: Maunsell, Fiona P.
title: Field evaluation of a Mycoplasma bovis bacterin in young dairy calves
date: 2009-05-11
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7402
sentence: 299
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-316839-wckqscvm.txt
txt: txt/cord-316839-wckqscvm.txt
summary:
  Although M. bovis-associated mortality also occurred in Herd C, it was not the primary cause of calf mortality: only 17% (1/6) of mortalities in vaccinated and 36% (4/11) of mortalities in control calves in Herd C were attributable to M. bovis. Nasal colonization was not affected by vaccination; in Herd B where endemic M. bovis disease was present, the mean percentage (±SD) of calves with M. bovis-positive nasal swabs at each sampling time was 81.4 ± 24.4% for vaccinated calves and 75.8 ± 20.0% in control calves.


id: cord-297597-tqc1usry
author: Godden, Sandra
title: Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves
date: 2008-02-23
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7700
sentence: 306
flesch: 44
cache: cache/cord-297597-tqc1usry.txt
txt: txt/cord-297597-tqc1usry.txt
summary:
  A guide to colostrum and colostrum management for dairy calves Evaluation of the hydrometer for testing immunoglobulin G 1 concentrations in Holstein colostrum Evaluation of a cow-side immunoassay kit for assessing IgG concentration in colostrum Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves Effects of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding and addition of a dried colostrum supplement on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Holstein bull calves Electron microsopic studies of the jejunal epithelium from neonatal pigs fed different diets The ultrastructure of neonatal calf intestine and absorption of heterologous proteins Effect of colostral immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations on immunoglobulin absorption in calves Intestinal transmission of macromolecules in newborn dairy calves of different ages at first feeding Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves I. Period of absorption Effect of suckling followed by bottle feeding colostrum on immunoglobulin absorption and calf survival The period between birth and first suckling in dairy calves The failure of the oesophageal groove reflex, when fluids are given with an oesophageal feeder to newborn and young calves Two methods for administering colostrum to newborn calves Colostrum management in calves: effects of drenching vs. bottle feeding Studies on dairy calves allowed to suckle their dams at fixed times postpartum Decreased colostral immunoglobulin absorption in calves with postnatal respiratory acidosis Hypoxia in neonatal calves: Effect on intestinal transport of immunoglobulins Effect of high arterial carbon dioxide tension on efficiency of immunoglobulin G absorption in calves Effects of maternal nutritional restriction and cold stress on young calves: absorption of colostral immunoglobulins Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on serum proteins in neonatal calves Influence of administered indigenous microorganisms on uptake of [iodine-125] gamma-globulin in vivo by intestinal segments of neonatal calves Bacteria in colostrum: impact on calf health Most, but not all, studies report a tendency for older cows to produce higher quality colostrum, presumably because of older animals have had a greater period of exposure to farm-specific pathogens


id: cord-308343-crjjhpl1
author: Graef, Geneva
title: Impact of confinement housing on study end-points in the calf model of cryptosporidiosis
date: 2018-04-25
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8082
sentence: 341
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-308343-crjjhpl1.txt
txt: txt/cord-308343-crjjhpl1.txt
summary:
  The Wilcoxon Rank Sum was used to assess differences in fecal oocyst counts and fecal dry matter percentage between IC and CFC samples for confinement housing calves and between IC samples in confinement housing and box stall calves. The mean peak in oocyst shedding for confinement housing calves was log 7.5 oocysts/ gram fecal dry matter, which is nearly 3 orders of magnitude greater than the mean peak in box stall calves.


id: cord-261338-gvlkc2r1
author: Foster, D.M.
title: Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves
date: 2009-01-26
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 9397
sentence: 359
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-261338-gvlkc2r1.txt
txt: txt/cord-261338-gvlkc2r1.txt
summary:
  USDA survey Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in newborn calves: a review Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea of beef calves: the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, reo-like (rota) virus and other enteropathogens in cow-calf herds Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in calves in Scotland and northern England Occurrence and characteristics of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea The development of the flora of the alimentary tract in young animals Observations on the flora of the alimentary tract of animals and factors affecting its composition The role of K antigens of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in colonization of the small intestine of calves Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the small intestine of colostrum-fed calves infected with selected strains of Escherichia coli Some infectious causes of diarrhea in young farm animals Prevalence of four enterotoxin (STaP, STaH, STb, and LT) and four adhesin subunit (K99, K88, 987P, and F41) genes among Escherichia coli isolates from cattle Hybridization of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from calves and piglets in New York State with gene probes for enterotoxins (STaP, STb, LT), Shiga-like toxins (SLT-1, SLT-II) and adhesion factors (K88, K99, F41, 987P) Influence of bovine intestinal fluid on the expression of K99 pili by Escherichia coli Functioning of the digestive tract of young fasted calves Gastro-intestinal disorders and the functioning of the digestive tract of young calves Observations on the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea (scours) in calves Pathophysiology of calf diarrhea: new concepts. Rotavirus was one of the first identified viral causes of diarrhea, and was initially known as neonatal calf diarrhea virus.


id: cord-323467-ifwjvvjj
author: Beaver, Annabelle
title: Invited review: A systematic review of the effects of early separation on dairy cow and calf health
date: 2019-07-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10076
sentence: 343
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-323467-ifwjvvjj.txt
txt: txt/cord-323467-ifwjvvjj.txt
summary:
  Of the 70 included articles, 7 (3 single-herd and 4 multi-herd studies) addressed respiratory health in dairy calves. It is important to recognize that a large proportion of dairy calves left with the dam fail to nurse within 6 h after parturition (46% of calves born to dams of second or higher parity; Edwards and Broom, 1979) .


id: cord-264469-a71vxxzh
author: Quigley, J. D.
title: Letter to the Editor: A Response to the Comments of Borderas et al. (2007)
date: 2007-08-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1679
sentence: 61
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-264469-a71vxxzh.txt
txt: txt/cord-264469-a71vxxzh.txt
summary:
  The authors propose that increased morbidity and mortality in our study was caused by administration of refused calf milk replacer (CMR) by esophageal feeder. There were no differences in proportion of calves refusing CMR or in the number of refusals recorded.


id: cord-313273-ajj4qy7c
author: Maier, G. U.
date: 2019-08-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 11429
sentence: 362
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-313273-ajj4qy7c.txt
txt: txt/cord-313273-ajj4qy7c.txt
title:
  Management factors associated with bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 100 study

summary:
  paratuberculosis and other zoonotic pathogens during simulated composting, manure packing, and liquid storage of dairy manure Performance and health of dairy calves using different types of commercial housing Effects of ad libitum milk intake on dairy calves Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms Regional management practices and prevalence of bovine respiratory disease in California's preweaned dairy calves Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter Efficacy of colostrum replacer versus maternal colostrum on immunological status, health, and growth of preweaned dairy calves Comparison of plastic domes with wooden hutches for housing of dairy calves The effect of plywood and polyethylene calf hutches on heat stress Antibiotic-resistant E. coli in surface water and groundwater in dairy operations in Northern California Survey of management practices related to bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies Development of a novel clinical scoring system for on-farm diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves Sensitivity and specificity of on-farm scoring systems and nasal culture to detect bovine respiratory disease complex in preweaned dairy calves Comparison of calf housing types and tympanic temperature rhythms in Holstein calves Feed conversion efficiency, daily pasture intake, and milk production of primiparous Friesian and Jersey cows calved at two different liveweights Timely diagnosis of dairy calf respiratory disease using a standardized scoring system Associations between management practices and within-pen prevalence of calf diarrhea and respiratory disease on dairy farms using automated milk feeders A simulation study of sample size for multilevel logistic regression models Bovine coronarvirus in naturally and experimentally exposed calves; viral shedding and the potential for transmission Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia Effect of housing type on health and performance of preweaned dairy calves during summer in Florida Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle Efficacy of feeding a lacteal-derived colostrum replacer or pooled maternal colostrum with a low IgG concentration for prevention of failure of passive transfer in dairy calves Survival of Salmonella enterica in aerated and nonaerated wastewaters from dairy lagoons Survey Sampling National Dairy Heifer Project 1991-1992, Dairy Heifer Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Management Focusing on Preweaned Heifers Heifer Calf Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is one of the most common causes of death in dairy calves and poses a significant welfare and economic burden on the industry (Panciera and Confer, 2010) .


id: cord-287778-ewowkq8o
author: Ollivett, T.L.
title: Salt Poisoning as a Cause of Morbidity and Mortality in Neonatal Dairy Calves
date: 2013-04-03
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2212
sentence: 96
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
txt: txt/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
summary:
  Milk replacer sodium concentrations were determined by a VITROS â 5,1 FS Chemistry System b after the milk replacer solution was agitated, centrifuged, and an aliquot of the supernatant obtained for analysis. Extremely high salinity well water (farm water, 7,100 ppm; safe level, <1,000 ppm 8 ) used to mix the milk replacer on the farm resulted in extremely high milk replacer sodium concentrations, compared with considerably lower milk replacer sodium concentrations in milk replacer mixed according to farm protocol but by university water (Table 1) .


id: cord-310366-da1hsuj4
author: Jamaluddin, A. A.
date: 1996-09-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2832
sentence: 84
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-310366-da1hsuj4.txt
txt: txt/cord-310366-da1hsuj4.txt
title:
  Effect of preweaning feeding of pasteurized and nonpasteurized milk on postweaning weight gain of heifer calves on a Californian dairy

summary:
  A child production function estimated from longitudinal data The gut microflora and growth Respiratory disease in young adults: influence of early childhood lower respiratory tract illness, social class, air pollution, and smoking Morbidity and growth of infants and young children in a rural Mexican village Effect of cahhood morbidity on age at first calving in New York holstein herd Health in childhood and later performances Pathology of calves with diarrhoea in southern Britain Effects of feeding pasteurized colosttum and pasteurized waste milk on mortality, morbidity, and weight gain of dairy calves: Field trial and economic analysis Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves Polynomial regression Acute morbidity and physical growth in rural Guatemalan children Outcome for acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infancy Wheezing, asthma and pulmonary dysfunction The function with the greatest overall fit (that with the least significant F-statistic) was used to provide subjective comparison of calf overall weight gain between treatment and control groups.


id: cord-007180-pho3miid
author: Heine, J.
title: Enteric Lesions and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Calves Monoinfected with Cryptosporidium Species
date: 1984-11-17
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3399
sentence: 163
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-007180-pho3miid.txt
txt: txt/cord-007180-pho3miid.txt
summary:
  In preliminary tests cryptosporidial oocysts (in potassium dichromate suspensions of calf feces) that were treated with 3.2% peracetic acid (vol/vol) and held at 22 C for 20 min retained infectivity for mice. Nachweis, Vorkommen und experimentelle Ubertragung Fecal transmission of calf cryptosporidia between calves and pigs Demonstration of cryptosporidia in calf feces: a comparative study Bovine cryptosporidiosis: clinical and pathological findings in forty-two scouring neonatal calves Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans Cryptosporidiosis in a veterinary student Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons Cryptosporidiosis: assessment of chemotherapy of males and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)


id: cord-325148-oe3yv69y
author: Dutta, Ritaban
title: Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management
date: 2015-11-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3973
sentence: 179
flesch: 46
cache: cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt
txt: txt/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt
summary:
  Timing of vaccinations is important for replacement animals. Given the fact that airborne spread is probably the one of the most serious issue in animal biosecurity management, a predictive meteorological service for national level biosecurity risk pathway analysis is essential, for prevention of large-scale livestock disease control.


id: cord-007481-4mj5isyl
author: Chanter, N.
title: Dysentery in calves caused by an atypical strain of Escherichia coli (S102-9)
date: 2002-11-13
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4200
sentence: 146
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-007481-4mj5isyl.txt
txt: txt/cord-007481-4mj5isyl.txt
summary:
  Electron microscopy was used to examine more precisely lesions produced by atypical E. coli and to compare them with those described previously. Experimental infection of gnotobiotic calves with atypical E. coli isolates 37/1 or 6/193 Bacteria Two out of four atypical isolates from the culture collection were selected for experimental infections.


id: cord-281635-a6ia8kxf
author: Bellinzoni, R. C.
date: 1989-06-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3727
sentence: 131
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
txt: txt/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
title:
  Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina

summary:
  Veterinaermed Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Evolution des anticorps anti-rota dans le lait de vaches traitees en fin de gestation soit par le vaccine anti-rota complet, soit par I'adjuvant seul Incidence of rotavirus in beef herds in Argentina Serotypic similarity and diversity of rotaviruses of mammalian and avian origin as studied by plaque-reduction neutralization Antigenic relationships among some bovine rotaviruses: serum neutralization and cross-protection in gnotobiotic calves Serotyping of cell culture adapted subgroup 2 human rotavirus strains by neutralization Bovine rotavirus serotypes and their significance for immunization Bovine milk immunogtobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis key: cord-281635-a6ia8kxf authors: Bellinzoni, R. C.; Blackhall, J.; Baro, N.; Auza, N.; Mattion, N.; Casaro, A.; La Torre, J. L.; Scodeller, E. A. title: Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina date: 1989-06-30 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90241-7 sha: doc_id: 281635 cord_uid:


id: cord-277545-xyhh7uky
author: Oliveira, Victor H.S.
date: 2020-05-11
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4027
sentence: 135
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-277545-xyhh7uky.txt
txt: txt/cord-277545-xyhh7uky.txt
title:
  Microbial diversity involved in the etiology of a bovine respiratory disease outbreak in a dairy calf rearing unit

summary:
  Bacterial pathogens and cytology or tracheobronchial region in calves during neonatal period Respiratory diseases in calves in southern Rio Grande do Sul: study of 33 outbreaks Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows Control, management, and prevention of bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves and cows Association between antimicrobial drug class for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory samples Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis Development of nested PCR assays for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples Improved detection of bovine coronavirus N gene in faeces of calves infected naturally by a semi-nested PCR assay and an internal control Isolation and genetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle in China Bovine herpesvirus type 1 abortions detected by a semi-nested PCR in Brazilian cattle herds Development of PCR assays for species-and type-specific identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates Development of a PCR test for identification of Haemophilus somnus in pure and mixed cultures A nested-PCR strategy for molecular diagnosis of mollicutes in uncultured biological samples from cows with vulvovaginitis Histophilus somni-induced infections in cattle from southern Brazil Histophilus somni is a potential threat to beef cattle feedlots in Brazil Lung pathology and infectious agents in fatal feedlot pneumonias and relationship with mortality, disease onset, and treatments Isolation of bovine Parainfluenza virus type 3 in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in cattle herds in the state of Parana, Brazil Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination Mannheimia haemolytica in bovine respiratory disease: immunogens, potential immunogens, and vaccines Innate immunology of bovine respiratory disease Laboratory test descriptions for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis and their strengths and weaknesses: gold standards for diagnosis, do they exist? Considering that BALF and not nasal swabs were analyzed, these results demonstrate the etiological multiplicity that may be involved in BRD outbreaks in dairy calves.


id: cord-276186-fgvu1wcx
author: Schnyder, M.
date: 2009-03-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4395
sentence: 156
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-276186-fgvu1wcx.txt
txt: txt/cord-276186-fgvu1wcx.txt
title:
  Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves

summary:
  Blood samples from uninfected NTZ treated calves contained both NTZ metabolites (Fig. 1) . Serum samples of uninfected treated calves contained both NTZ metabolites (tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide) and oral administration at 12 h intervals was considered as optimal.


id: cord-003782-my6frz5s
author: Foster, Derek
date: 2019-05-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4717
sentence: 201
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-003782-my6frz5s.txt
txt: txt/cord-003782-my6frz5s.txt
title:
  Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge

summary:
  jvim.15529 sha: doc_id: 3782 cord_uid: my6frz5s BACKGROUND: Salmonellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal calves, often occurring before preventative vaccines can be administered. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from Salmonella enterica serotype Newport bacterin to neonatal calves was not sufficient to decrease mortality, clinical signs, sepsis, intestinal damage, or fecal shedding when exposed to a highly pathogenic Salmonella isolate.


id: cord-274450-mukc7mxi
author: Philippe, P.
date: 2014-12-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4318
sentence: 152
flesch: 48
cache: cache/cord-274450-mukc7mxi.txt
txt: txt/cord-274450-mukc7mxi.txt
title:
  Comparative efficacy of diclazuril (Vecoxan(®)) and toltrazuril (Baycox bovis(®)) against natural infections of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in French calves

summary:
  From SD36 to SD78, less differences were observed, except for SD54, SD57, SD64 and SD68 when the percentage of calves in group A (diclazuril) excreting oocysts were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than for group B calves (toltrazuril). For all trial sites, the average body weight gain of group A calves (diclazuril) was 4.4 kg higher than the group B calves (toltrazuril).


id: cord-266424-wchxkdtj
author: Lofstedt, Jeanne
title: Model to Predict Septicemia in Diarrheic Calves
date: 2008-06-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4639
sentence: 171
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-266424-wchxkdtj.txt
txt: txt/cord-266424-wchxkdtj.txt
summary:
  Because individual calves often satisfied multiple criteria for a diagnosis of septicemia, the totals for all the above criteria are greater than the total number of septicemic calves. The mean hospital stay for nonsepticemic calves that lived was 4.1 days compared with 5.0 days for septicemic calves that survived.


id: cord-335215-h9p4kmss
author: Follet, Jérôme
date: 2011-12-02
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4343
sentence: 205
flesch: 48
cache: cache/cord-335215-h9p4kmss.txt
txt: txt/cord-335215-h9p4kmss.txt
title:
  Cryptosporidium infection in a veal calf cohort in France: molecular characterization of species in a longitudinal study

summary:
  in neonatal calves in Northern Ireland Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium subtypes in cattle in England Cryptosporidium genotype and subtype distribution in raw wastewater in Shanghai, China: evidence for possible unique Cryptosporidium hominis transmission Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update Cryptosporidium parvum mixed genotypes detected by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis Identification of genotypically mixed Cryptosporidium parvum populations in humans and calves New view on the agespecificity of pig Cryptosporidium by species-specific primers for distinguishing Cryptosporidium suis and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to simultaneously distinguish Cryptosporidium species of veterinary and public health concern in cattle Characteristics of Cryptosporidium transmission in preweaned dairy cattle in Henan Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns Resistance of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum: effects of age and previous exposure Cryptosporidium parvum in calves: kinetics and immunoblot analysis of specific serum and local antibody responses (immunoglobulin A in cattle in Michigan: implications for understanding the transmission dynamics Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection in cattle Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs-occurrence and management associated risk factors Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp.


id: cord-007442-13q74l4f
author: Lewis, Lon D.
title: Treatment of the Calf with Diarrhea
date: 2017-07-20
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5333
sentence: 249
flesch: 54
cache: cache/cord-007442-13q74l4f.txt
txt: txt/cord-007442-13q74l4f.txt
summary:
  Oral fluid therapy has several advantages over the parenteral administration of fluids: the ability to give large volumes rapidly; a sustained input as fluids are absorbed; a lesser expense since the fluids need not be sterile and may be given by the owner; a less critical composition of the fluid compared with fluids given parenterally; and the relative safety of this route. Oral fluids constitute excellent media for microbial growth and are nonsterile; therefore, after use, the remainder should be refrigerated and, if not used within one to two days, it should be discarded.


id: cord-306194-2vraae5h
author: Gomez, D.E.
title: Characterization of the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves
date: 2017-04-07
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5191
sentence: 212
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-306194-2vraae5h.txt
txt: txt/cord-306194-2vraae5h.txt
summary:
  On F1, diarrheic calves had a significantly lower relative abundance of Actinobacteria than did healthy calves from the same farm (P = .005). diarrheic calves from F1, whereas in F2 3 genera were enriched in healthy calves and 4 in diarrheic calves (Fig 5) .


id: cord-281229-s9s7awtn
author: Apperson, K. Denise
date: 2018-12-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5297
sentence: 210
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-281229-s9s7awtn.txt
txt: txt/cord-281229-s9s7awtn.txt
title:
  Effects of feeding pregnant beef cows selenium-enriched alfalfa hay on passive transfer of ovalbumin in their newborn calves

summary:
  Calculated Se intake from dietary sources was 8.3 (including 3 mg Se/head daily from Na-selenite), 27.6, and 57.5 mg Se/ head daily for cows consuming 70% alfalfa hay and 30% grass hay with Se concentrations of 0.34 to 2.42 and 5.17 mg Se/kg in the alfalfa hay DM, respectively. This is reflected by the increase in whole blood Se concentrations in Control cows from151 ± 4 ng/mL (mean ± SEM) at baseline to 193 ± 14 ng/mL at parturition [20] .


id: cord-294463-rtepmxt2
author: Heller, Meera C.
title: Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants
date: 2017-12-20
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5599
sentence: 287
flesch: 39
cache: cache/cord-294463-rtepmxt2.txt
txt: txt/cord-294463-rtepmxt2.txt
summary:
  in children faecal specimens Controlling the onset of natural cryptosporidiosis in calves with paromomycin sulphate Prophylactic use of decoquinate for infections with Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea D-Lactic acidosis in calves Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea Treatment of calf diarrhea: intravenous fluid therapy Reference values of blood parameters in beef cattle of different ages and stages of lactation Changes in the blood biochemical and haematological profile of neonatal calves with age Effect of intravenous small-volume hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and glucose solutions in decreasing plasma potassium concentration in hyperkalemic neonatal calves with diarrhea Update on the use of blood and blood products in ruminants Large animal internal medicine 5th Edition Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: effects on calf performance Evaluation of flunixin meglumine as an adjunct treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves Targeting therapy to minimize antimicrobial use in preweaned calves: effects on health, growth, and treatment costs Evaluation of the effects of oral colostrum supplementation during the first fourteen days on the health and performance of preweaned calves Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in farm animals Use of biologics in the prevention of infectious diseases Strategies for controlling neonatal diarrhea in cow-calf herds-the Sandhills calving system Investigations of D-lactate metabolism and the clinical signs of D-lactataemia in calves Clinical and laboratory assessment of hydration status of neonatal calves with diarrhea Treatment of calf diarrhea: oral fluid therapy Diseases of the alimentary tract, in veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats Bovine noroviruses: a missing component of calf diarrhoea diagnosis Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea Enteric viral infections in lambs or kids Update on cryptosporidium and giardia infections in cattle Evaluation of modified Ziehl-Neelsen, direct fluorescent-antibody and PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp.


id: cord-337354-ky8mq4y0
author: Velasquez-Munoz, Ana
date: 2019-02-07
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5443
sentence: 237
flesch: 55
cache: cache/cord-337354-ky8mq4y0.txt
txt: txt/cord-337354-ky8mq4y0.txt
title:
  Effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran in milk of pre-weaned organic Holstein calves

summary:
  As other prebiotics used in calf health, SRB is a carbohydrate. Study personnel were responsible for the mixing and feeding of treatment calves.


id: cord-329648-ixzymz8a
author: Niskanen, R.
date: 2002-05-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4287
sentence: 177
flesch: 53
cache: cache/cord-329648-ixzymz8a.txt
txt: txt/cord-329648-ixzymz8a.txt
title:
  Failure to Spread Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infection from Primarily Infected Calves Despite Concurrent Infection with Bovine Coronavirus

summary:
  Schweizer Archiv fu Èr Tierheilkunde 128 Pa Ê vej mot kontrol af BVDV (Towards control and eradication of BVDV) Differences in virulence between two noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses in calves Pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection of cattle Pathogenesis and vaccinology of BVDV infections. This finding supports the principle of the Scandinavian BVDV control programmes that elimination of BVDV infection from cattle populations can be achieved by identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) animals, i.e. that long-term circulation of the virus without the presence of PI animals is highly unlikely.


id: cord-299310-ukn6hm5x
author: Sutherland, M. A.
date: 2018-09-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6209
sentence: 222
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cord-299310-ukn6hm5x.txt
txt: txt/cord-299310-ukn6hm5x.txt
title:
  Measurement of dairy calf behavior prior to onset of clinical disease and in response to disbudding using automated calf feeders and accelerometers

summary:
  The proportion of time calves spent lying was similar (P > 0.05) among all treatment groups over the 24-h pre-and 24-h posttreatment period (Table 2) . Fewer unrewarded visits to the ACFS by disbudded calves could reflect a lack of appetite in these animals due to the pain or distress caused by disbudding.


id: cord-321958-ci4onndm
author: De Waele, V.
date: 2010-09-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5368
sentence: 216
flesch: 48
cache: cache/cord-321958-ci4onndm.txt
txt: txt/cord-321958-ci4onndm.txt
title:
  Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: Use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems

summary:
  However, at 21 days, more of halofuginone treated calves (78%) were shedding, albeit low numbers of oocysts, than the untreated calves (33%) Fig. There was no adverse reaction to the medication in any of the halofuginone lactate treated calves, i.e. no mortality or clinical findings, such as dehydration, prostration, presence of mucus or visible blood in faeces, were recorded from the calves treated with halofuginone lactate during the study.


id: cord-264227-eym33p51
author: Katsoulos, Panagiotis D.
date: 2017-07-29
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5235
sentence: 183
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-264227-eym33p51.txt
txt: txt/cord-264227-eym33p51.txt
title:
  Evaluation of the in-field efficacy of oregano essential oil administration on the control of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves

summary:
  key: cord-264227-eym33p51 authors: Katsoulos, Panagiotis D.; Karatzia, Maria A.; Dovas, Chrysostomos I.; Filioussis, George; Papadopoulos, Elias; Kiossis, Evangelos; Arsenopoulos, Konstantinos; Papadopoulos, Theologos; Boscos, Constantin; Karatzias, Harilaos title: Evaluation of the in-field efficacy of oregano essential oil administration on the control of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves date: 2017-07-29 journal: Res Vet Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.029 sha: doc_id: 264227 cord_uid: eym33p51 The objective of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, whether daily administration of oregano essential oil is effective in preventing and/or diminishing the severity of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves aged less than 15 days. Furthermore, it seems that under certain hygiene management practices oregano essential oil administration might possess a preventive effect against neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.


id: cord-262115-kdeynhzq
author: Opgenorth, Julie
date: 2020-10-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7524
sentence: 282
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cord-262115-kdeynhzq.txt
txt: txt/cord-262115-kdeynhzq.txt
title:
  Colostrum supplementation with n-3 fatty acids alters plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediators in newborn calves

summary:
  The ALA significantly differed in concentration among CON and FF treatment calves during the first week of life (24, 46, 73, and 140 nM, respectively; P < 0.001) as well. The supplement for treatment calves was then added to 2.8 L of colostrum, but control calves did not receive any supplement.


id: cord-308816-nux087gc
author: de Graaf, Dirk C
title: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals
date: 2000-01-10
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8216
sentence: 348
flesch: 39
cache: cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt
txt: txt/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt
summary:
  (Apicmplexa Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens Morphometric comparison of the oocysts of Cryptosporidium meleagridis and Cryptosporidium baileyi from birds Intestinal cryptosporidiosis and reovirus isolation from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with enteritis Experimental reproduction of entiritis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and reovirus Host speci®city studies and oocyst description of a Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from ostriches Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis Intestinal and bursal cryptosporiosis in turkeys following inoculation with Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from commercial poults Diarrhea associated with intestinal crypotosporidiosis in turkeys Experimental Cryptosporidium infections in chickens: oocyst structure and tissue speci®city Experimental cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens Experimental induced infections in turkeys with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens Experimental infections in domestic ducks with Cryptosporidium baileyi isolated from chickens Cryptosporidiosis in birds Fatal cryptosporidiosis in quail Cryptosporidial infection in chickens Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in chicken Development of an serologic evaluation of acquired immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi by broiler chickens Eect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection Variations in oocyst output associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi infections in chickens Age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium baileyi infection in chickens Eect on Cryptosporidium baileyi on broilers infected at 26 days of age Cryptosporidium sp. and cryptosporidiosis Histologic incidence and distribution of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in chickens: 68 cases in 1986 Diseases of poultry Cryptosporidiosis in birdsÐa review Infection naturelle de Cryptosporidium sp. chez le poulet de chair au Maroc Prevalence of Cryptosporidium antibodies in 10 animal species Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius and trachea in broilers Cryptosporidia in the bursa of FabriciusÐa correlation with mortality rates in broiler chickens Serologic incidence of Cryptosporidium in Delmarva broiler ocks Cryptosporidial infection in broiler chikens in Greece Cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine O-stained fecal smears Subclinical cryptosporidiosis of turkeys in Iowa In: 4eÂ mes journeÂ es de la recherche cunicole en France EcaciteÂ du lactate d'halofuginone dans le traitement de la cryptosporidiose chez l'agneau The eect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves Speci®c serum and local antibody responses against Cryptosporidium parvum during medication of calves with halofuginone lactate Paromomycin is eective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves Chemoprophylaxis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection with paromomycin in kids and immunological study The eect of varying levels D. ECCOX 1 on experimental Cryptosporidia infections in Holstein bull calves Evaluation of decoquinate to treat experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids Assessment of maternal immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens Eect of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum infection Ecacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves Treatment of experimental ovine crytosporidiosis with ovine or bovine hyperimmune colostrum Speculation on whether a vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is a reality or fantasy


id: cord-018404-jdu4h00e
author: DuBourdieu, Dan
date: 2019-03-11
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8791
sentence: 338
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt
txt: txt/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt
title:
  Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals

summary:
  Various processes have been developed to help minimize heat damage to egg antibodies and immunoregulatory factors during the spraydrying procedure. Research shows that this pathway starts to close shortly after birth, and after 8-12 h, approximately 50% of the calf's ability to absorb colostrum antibodies is gone.


id: cord-333522-zsdymkjd
author: Gruse, Jeannine
date: 2016-01-11
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7029
sentence: 269
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-333522-zsdymkjd.txt
txt: txt/cord-333522-zsdymkjd.txt
title:
  Quercetin Feeding in Newborn Dairy Calves Cannot Compensate Colostrum Deprivation: Study on Metabolic, Antioxidative and Inflammatory Traits

summary:
  Although quercetin is known to exert antioxidative effects, we did not find improved antioxidative status in the plasma of calves nor increased hepatic expression of antioxidative enzymes, which is in line with previous findings of our group in research conducted on neonatal calves and lactating dairy cows The aim of this work was to study effects of quercetin feeding on metabolic, antioxidative and inflammatory parameters in neonatal calves to investigate whether quercetin could compensate for insufficient colostrum supply.


id: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg
author: Robertson, Lucy J.
title: Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals
date: 2013-08-17
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 22814
sentence: 818
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt
txt: txt/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt
summary:
  Cryptosporidium parvum infection has since been associated with diarrhoea in studies using molecular methods (Caccio et al. 2013; Alpacas and llamas In New York, Cryptosporidium parvum infection was identified in 5 crias, 3 of their caretakers were confirmed to have cryptosporidiosis, and three others were suspected to have cryptosporidiosis, suggesting zoonotic transmission (Starkey et al. 2007 ).


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
date: 2006-06-06
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 40667
sentence: 1501
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt
txt: txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt
title:
  Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems

summary:
  Stabulati In Gabbia Individuale The Provision Of Solid Feeds To Veal Calves: I. Growth Performance, Forestomach Development, And Carcass And Meat Quality Experimental infection of calves and adult cattle with Escherichia coli O157:H7 Effects of handling aids on calf behavior Iron deficiency and the immune response The pituitary-adrenal response to stress in the iron-deficient rat Indicators relevant to animal welfare: a seminar in the C.E.C. programme of coordination of research on animal welfare The behaviour of calves under four levels of lighting The effect of different housing conditions on behavioural and adrenocortical reactions in veal calves From an animal's point of view: motivation, fitness, and animal welfare Phylogenetic characterization of 'Candidatus Helicobacter bovis', a new gastric helicobacter in cattle Rotavirus infections in calves in dairy herds Sucking motivation and related problems in calves Dairy calves discrimination of people based on previous handling Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka Enhancement of clinical signs in experimentally rotavirus infected calves by combined viral infections Group A rotavirus as a cause of neonatal calf enteritis in Sweden Incidence of diarrhea among calves after strict closure and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a dairy herd Enteric infections in veal calves: a longitudinal study on four veal calf units Behaviour and Welfare of Veal Calves in Relation to Husbandry Systems Comparison of four methods of calf confinement. In New Trends in Veal Calf Production The importance of straw for pig and cattle welfare: a review Behavioural and physiological studies on rearing and veal calves Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis to study the potential for zoonotic transmission Dynamics of bovine respiratory syncytical virus: a longitudinal epidemiological study in dairy herds The prevalence of verotoxins, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in the feces and rumen of cattle at processing Haemoglobin And Haematocrit Levels In Veal Calves Is Anaemia of Veal Calves Normochromic or Hypochromic A comparison of different enrichment media for the isolation of Salmonella dublin from livers, kidneys and muscles of Salmonella-positive veal calves Zusatzfuttering von Stroh an mastkÃ¤lber The effect of housing system and dietary iron supply on stress physiological measures and resistance against an experimental infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) in veal calves Enkele epidemiologische aspecten van salmonellose bij mestkalveren in Nederland Calves' responses to repeated social regrouping and relocation Does nutritive and non-nutritive sucking reduce other oral behaviors and stimulate rest in calves Nonnutritive oral activities and stress responses of veal calves in relation to feeding and housing conditions Providing social contacts and objects for nibbling moderates reactivity and oral behavior in veal calves The effects of rearing in individual crates on subsequent social behaviour of veal calves Somministrazione Di Un Mangime Solido A Vitelli A Carne Bianca


# ent

id: cord-289728-s6xmdmpf
sid: 135
eid: 20
type: ORG
entity:
  parasitologische und klinische befunde zur epizootologie der eimeria-alabamensis-kokzidiose bei jungrindern


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
sid: 1418
eid: 9
type: ORG
entity:
  und anderer zur erzeugung tierischer produkte gehaltener tiere bei ihrer haltung (tierschutz-nutztierhaltungsverordnung -tierschnutztv


