# bib

id: cord-349921-v1tewoi0
author: Giorgi Rossi, Paolo
date: 2020-05-05
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 657
sentence: 24
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-349921-v1tewoi0.txt
txt: txt/cord-349921-v1tewoi0.txt
title:
  Case fatality rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and its relationship with length of follow up()

summary:
  Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in Italy and estimates of the reproductive numbers one month into the epidemic The following are members of the Emilia-Romagna COVID-19 working group: Andrea Mattivi, Giulio Matteo, key: cord-349921-v1tewoi0 authors: Giorgi Rossi, Paolo; Broccoli, Serena; Angelini, Paola title: Case fatality rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and its relationship with length of follow up() date: 2020-05-05 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104415 sha: doc_id: 349921 cord_uid: v1tewoi0 nan In their systematic review on the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, Wu and colleagues report a 3.2% case fatality rate (CFR), ranging from 2% to 4% 1 with strong heterogeneity between studies (I 2 =100%).


id: cord-269455-pkjov371
author: Faust, Jeremy Samuel
date: 2020-05-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 977
sentence: 37
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-269455-pkjov371.txt
txt: txt/cord-269455-pkjov371.txt
title:
  Towards a better case fatality estimate for SARS-CoV-2 during the early phase of the United States outbreak

summary:
  Using the Kou model as a source for the denominator (cases as of March 21 st ) and all deaths through April 4 th as the numerator (including all deaths that occurred on US soil prior to March 21), the calculated CFR appears to have been approximately 22 percent of estimates on public-facing COVID19 trackers-and this only accounts for symptomatic cases ( Table 1 , column 1). Together, these data imply that a more accurate CFR for SARS-CoV-2 may rest between 0.5 and 0.8 percent for symptomatic cases, and 0.2 and 0.4 percent for all cases including pre-and asymptomatic infections.


id: cord-315536-fgjhli0p
author: Bignami, Simona
title: Estimates of COVID-19 case-fatality risk from individual-level data
date: 2020-04-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1002
sentence: 42
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-315536-fgjhli0p.txt
txt: txt/cord-315536-fgjhli0p.txt
summary:
  key: cord-315536-fgjhli0p authors: Bignami, Simona; Ghio, Daniela; Van Assche, Ari title: Estimates of COVID-19 case-fatality risk from individual-level data date: 2020-04-22 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067751 sha: doc_id: 315536 cord_uid: fgjhli0p When calculated from aggregate data on confirmed cases and deaths, the case-fatality risk (CFR) is a simple ratio between the former and the latter, which is prone to numerous biases. For this reason, an important epidemiological indicator to monitor during the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the case-fatality risk (CFR), the proportion of confirmed cases who result in fatalities.


id: cord-280672-6x968dwk
author: Fisman, David N.
title: Age Is Just a Number: A Critically Important Number for COVID-19 Case Fatality
date: 2020-07-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1329
sentence: 53
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-280672-6x968dwk.txt
txt: txt/cord-280672-6x968dwk.txt
summary:
  Direct standardization by age requires estimation of age-specific risk from different populations, which are then applied to a standard population, such that resultant differences in overall risk cannot be due to differences in population age structure. In their analysis, the authors show that adjusting for differences in population age structure substantially reduces the observed differences between country-specific CFRs.


id: cord-285546-5tjhdczt
author: Green, Manfred S.
date: 2020-10-21
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2390
sentence: 123
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cord-285546-5tjhdczt.txt
txt: txt/cord-285546-5tjhdczt.txt
title:
  The confounded crude case-fatality rates (CFR) for COVID-19 hide more than they reveal—a comparison of age-specific and age-adjusted CFRs between seven countries

summary:
  Similarity in case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy Early estimation of the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in mainland China: a data-driven analysis Potential biases in estimating absolute and relative case-fatality risks during outbreaks Covid-19: death rate is 0.66% and increases with age, study estimates Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis Aggiornamento nazionale The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)-China, 2020. The age-adjusted CFRs were computed by the direct method, using the combined number of cases in all seven countries in each age group as the standard population.


id: cord-348056-kx9wvw8c
author: Goh, H. P.
date: 2020-05-25
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2458
sentence: 119
flesch: 58
cache: cache/cord-348056-kx9wvw8c.txt
txt: txt/cord-348056-kx9wvw8c.txt
title:
  Risk factors affecting COVID-19 case fatality rate: A quantitative analysis of top 50 affected countries

summary:
  key: cord-348056-kx9wvw8c authors: Goh, H. P.; Mahari, W. I.; Ahad, N. I.; Chaw, L.; Kifli, N.; Goh, B. H.; Yeoh, S. F.; Ming, L. C. title: Risk factors affecting COVID-19 case fatality rate: A quantitative analysis of top 50 affected countries date: 2020-05-25 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108449 sha: doc_id: 348056 cord_uid: kx9wvw8c Background: Latest clinical data on treatment on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicated that older patients and those with underlying history of smoking, hypertension or diabetes mellitus might have poorer prognosis of recovery from COVID-19. Apart from addressing risk factors, there are also parameters that 100 may affect the COVID-19 mortality rate such as shortage of staff, lack of medical supply or 101 equipment, insufficient hospital beds and the country's health expenditure.


id: cord-349978-zklwovba
author: Jombart, Thibaut
title: Inferring the number of COVID-19 cases from recently reported deaths
date: 2020-04-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2480
sentence: 104
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-349978-zklwovba.txt
txt: txt/cord-349978-zklwovba.txt
summary:
  Once past cases are reconstructed, we use a branching process model for forecasting new cases 10, 11 . We assume that past cases caused secondary transmissions independently (i.e. are not ancestral to each other), so that simulated cases for each death can be added.


id: cord-266989-n040i865
author: Ioannidis, John P. A.
title: Coronavirus disease 2019: The harms of exaggerated information and non‐evidence‐based measures
date: 2020-04-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2574
sentence: 134
flesch: 48
cache: cache/cord-266989-n040i865.txt
txt: txt/cord-266989-n040i865.txt
summary:
  The fact that containment measures do seem to work, means that the basic reproduction number is probably in the lower bound of the 1.3-6.5 range, and can decrease below 1 with proper measures. The proportion of undetected infections is unknown but probably varies across countries and may be very large overall • Reported epidemic curves are largely affected by the change in availability of test kits and the willingness to test for the virus over time • Of the multiple measures adopted, a few have strong evidence, and many may have obvious harms • Panic shopping of masks and protective gear and excess hospital admissions may be highly detrimental to health systems without offering any concomitant benefit • Extreme measures such as lockdowns may have major impact on social life and the economy (and those also lives lost), and estimates of this impact are entirely speculative • Comparisons with and extrapolations from the 1918 influenza pandemic are precarious, if not outright misleading and harmful pandemic suggest that early adoption of social distancing measures was associated with lower peak death rates.


id: cord-338462-muetf7l1
author: OKPOKORO, E.
date: 2020-05-02
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2744
sentence: 118
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-338462-muetf7l1.txt
txt: txt/cord-338462-muetf7l1.txt
title:
  Ecologic correlation between underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rate among countries infected with SARS-CoV-2

summary:
  High income countries (HIC) seemingly account for the majority of the mortalities considering that these countries have screened more persons. key: cord-338462-muetf7l1 authors: OKPOKORO, E.; IGBINOMWANHIA, V.; JEDY-AGBA, E.; KAYODE, G.; ONYEMATA, E.; ABIMIKU, A. title: Ecologic correlation between underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rate among countries infected with SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-05-02 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.28.20082370 sha: doc_id: 338462 cord_uid: muetf7l1 Background: The ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented in scope.


id: cord-303991-pjycxlse
author: Shah, M. R. T.
title: Finding the real COVID-19 case-fatality rates for SAARC countries
date: 2020-10-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2989
sentence: 130
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-303991-pjycxlse.txt
txt: txt/cord-303991-pjycxlse.txt
summary:
  Therefore, survival interval and underreported cases should be considered while calculating COVID-19 CFR. However, no study has thoroughly investigated COVID-19 adjusted CFR of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries.


id: cord-338184-899km704
author: Iosa, Marco
title: Covid-19: A Dynamic Analysis of Fatality Risk in Italy
date: 2020-04-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3226
sentence: 130
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-338184-899km704.txt
txt: txt/cord-338184-899km704.txt
summary:
  Both these explanations, related to health policy, could be concomitant with the progressively increased high value of Italian CFR. The trend of the number of deaths followed a 1–3-day delay of positive cases.


id: cord-127109-jdizyzbl
author: Bertschinger, Nils
title: Visual explanation of country specific differences in Covid-19 dynamics
date: 2020-04-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3247
sentence: 167
flesch: 55
cache: cache/cord-127109-jdizyzbl.txt
txt: txt/cord-127109-jdizyzbl.txt
summary:
  Yet, shifting and scaling case data according to the estimated country specific delay and fraction of observed cases leads to an almost complete data collapse as well. Figure 2 suggests that relative case counts are not aligned as some countries, e.g. Germany, systematically lead the counts reported in other countries, e.g. Italy.


id: cord-336115-7ykvl3u6
author: Binns, Colin
title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology
date: 2020-05-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3560
sentence: 181
flesch: 55
cache: cache/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt
txt: txt/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt
summary:
  At the present time, COVID-19 disease is diagnosed by detecting the virus in throat and nasal swabs in patients who have symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection who have been in a region with disease transmission. COVID-19 is the latest in a continuing series of infectious disease epidemics in the history of the human race.


id: cord-330742-m5xx8861
author: Qian, Jie
title: Age-dependent gender differences of COVID-19 in mainland China: comparative study
date: 2020-05-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3541
sentence: 149
flesch: 53
cache: cache/cord-330742-m5xx8861.txt
txt: txt/cord-330742-m5xx8861.txt
summary:
  We used the national surveillance database of COVID-19 in mainland China to compared gender differences in attack rate (AR), proportion of severe and critical cases (PSCC) and case fatality rate (CFR) in relation to age, affected province, and onset-to-diagnosis interval. Furthermore, our findings on gender differences have also provided evidences for addressing the health needs of men and women equally, so as to help policy maker and societies prevent future human tragedies [10, 11] .


id: cord-279539-s2zv7hr4
author: Narayanan, C. S.
title: Modeling the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States
date: 2020-05-05
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3814
sentence: 190
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cord-279539-s2zv7hr4.txt
txt: txt/cord-279539-s2zv7hr4.txt
summary:
  Our model also revealed the deep disparity in deaths among different states, 204 which is attributable to differences in case fatality rate and case incidence. We combine a cohort-based model that determines case fatality rates along with a modified logistic model that evaluates the case incidence to determine the number of deaths in all the US states over time; the model is also able to include the impact of interventions.


id: cord-330338-i6ozygkp
author: Babacic, H.
date: 2020-06-02
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3605
sentence: 152
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cord-330338-i6ozygkp.txt
txt: txt/cord-330338-i6ozygkp.txt
title:
  Global between-countries variance in SARS-CoV-2 mortality is driven by reported prevalence, age distribution, and case detection rate

summary:
  Hypothesis 2 implies that older countries will have higher CFR and countries with higher CDR will have lower CFR, and predicts that the -# will not drive CFR. Overall, this study demonstrates that most countries are on a similar SARS-CoV-2 mortality trajectory as the number of cases increases, after adjusting for age distribution and CDR.


id: cord-300750-huyl21vz
author: Shagam, Lev
date: 2020-04-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3773
sentence: 152
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-300750-huyl21vz.txt
txt: txt/cord-300750-huyl21vz.txt
title:
  Untangling factors associated with country-specific COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality rates during the first quarter of 2020

summary:
  key: cord-300750-huyl21vz authors: Shagam, Lev title: Untangling factors associated with country-specific COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality rates during the first quarter of 2020 date: 2020-04-27 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075580 sha: doc_id: 300750 cord_uid: huyl21vz At early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic which we are experiencing, the publicly reported incidence, mortality and case fatality rates (CFR) vary significantly between countries. Country hemisphere demonstrated significant correlation only with mortality (p = 0.17 and 0.036) whereas population density (p = 0.94 and p = 0.75) and latitude (p = 0.61 and 0.059) did not reach significance in our model.


id: cord-343449-4uxwojzo
author: The Gibraltar COVID-19 Research Group Health Systems,
date: 2020-07-04
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3916
sentence: 175
flesch: 44
cache: cache/cord-343449-4uxwojzo.txt
txt: txt/cord-343449-4uxwojzo.txt
title:
  Oxygen and mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia: a comparative analysis of supplemental oxygen policies and health outcomes across 26 countries.

summary:
  Many nations seem to have implemented conservative oxygen strategies during the pandemic, effectively limiting the access of patients to supplemental oxygen. The Netherlands and Belarus were also excluded due to all three investigators failing to find clear national guidelines regarding oxygen targets.


id: cord-296992-2vp35fwv
author: Simonsen, Lone
title: Using Clinical Research Networks to Assess Severity of an Emerging Influenza Pandemic
date: 2018-05-08
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3983
sentence: 144
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-296992-2vp35fwv.txt
txt: txt/cord-296992-2vp35fwv.txt
summary:
  Global mortality estimates for the 2009 influenza pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) Infection fatality risk of the pandemic a(H1N1)2009 virus in Hong Kong Novel framework for assessing epidemiologic effects of influenza epidemics and pandemics Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in the UK: clinical and epidemiological findings from the first few hundred (FF100) cases Human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus: clinical observations from Mexico and other affected countries Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings Epidemiologic analysis of the laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1)v in Colombia Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v in New Zealand: the experience from The severity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in the United States Estimating age-specific cumulative incidence for the 2009 influenza pandemic: a meta-analysis of A(H1N1) pdm09 serological studies from 19 countries. We used INSIGHT data collected in the pandemic period (2009-2011) to retrospectively demonstrate how clinical research networks can provide essential early insights into pandemic clinical severity and other epidemiological parameters.


id: cord-354073-tn76muv6
author: Jen, Tung-Hui
title: Geographic risk assessment of COVID-19 transmission using recent data: An observational study
date: 2020-06-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3976
sentence: 162
flesch: 55
cache: cache/cord-354073-tn76muv6.txt
txt: txt/cord-354073-tn76muv6.txt
summary:
  We downloaded daily COVID-19 outbreak numbers for countries/regions from the GitHub website, which contains information on confirmed cases in more than 30 Chinese locations and other countries/regions. Travel information required for knowledge of COVID- 19 risk In an influenza pandemic, the strength of the increase in confirmed cases is a proxy for epidemic size and disease transmissibility.


id: cord-291400-o9skj94r
author: Plouffe, Joseph F.
title: Re-evaluation of the therapy of severe pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
date: 2004-12-31
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4423
sentence: 218
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-291400-o9skj94r.txt
txt: txt/cord-291400-o9skj94r.txt
summary:
  In this study, 112 of 452 patients (25%) would have pneumococcal pneumonia, a proportion of pneumococcal pneumonia cases that is similar to the proportion in other large series of hospitalized cases of CAP. The changing pattern of pneumococcal pneumonia was recognized [2] .


id: cord-245047-d81cf3ms
author: Gupta, Sourendu
title: Epidemic parameters for COVID-19 in several regions of India
date: 2020-05-18
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5030
sentence: 260
flesch: 63
cache: cache/cord-245047-d81cf3ms.txt
txt: txt/cord-245047-d81cf3ms.txt
summary:
  Deeper studies of this factor, comparing case data from different regions, is called for in future. It was noted that the number of known cases, C(t), is definitely missing cases among those who have not been tested.


id: cord-281508-zl2url8z
author: Pearce, N.
title: Is death from Covid-19 a multistep process?
date: 2020-06-03
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5003
sentence: 190
flesch: 47
cache: cache/cord-281508-zl2url8z.txt
txt: txt/cord-281508-zl2url8z.txt
summary:
  These characteristics of Covid-19 death are consistent with the multistep model of disease, a model which has primarily been used for cancer, and more recently for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Thus, there are some notable features of Covid-19 death which suggest that it has a markedly different relationship with age than is the case for most other severe respiratory pathogens.


id: cord-342996-honeavwj
author: Mair-Jenkins, John
date: 2015-01-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5310
sentence: 273
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-342996-honeavwj.txt
txt: txt/cord-342996-honeavwj.txt
title:
  The Effectiveness of Convalescent Plasma and Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections of Viral Etiology: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-analysis

summary:
  A further subgroup analysis of 48 patients found that receipt of convalescent plasma treatment <14 days after onset of symptoms improved the likelihood of discharge within 22 days of admission (58% vs 16%; P < .001); this remained significant after adjustment for age, viral status, time of administration, and lactate dehydrogenase level, suggesting that early treatment with convalescent plasma may be beneficial. [30] at moderate risk of bias reported exclusively on patients who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and showed a nonsignificant absolute reduction of 33% (95% CI, −20% to 87%) in the CFR after convalescent plasma treatment.


id: cord-258235-khdyxiwe
author: Chakraborty, Tanujit
date: 2020-04-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5631
sentence: 235
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-258235-khdyxiwe.txt
txt: txt/cord-258235-khdyxiwe.txt
title:
  Real-time forecasts and risk assessment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases: A data-driven analysis

summary:
  Daubechies wavelets can produce identical events across the observed time series in so many fashions that most other time series prediction models cannot recognize [3] . ARIMA model is denoted by ARIMA(p, d, q).


id: cord-286958-e1ey31eo
author: Patel, Urvish
date: 2020-08-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5040
sentence: 206
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-286958-e1ey31eo.txt
txt: txt/cord-286958-e1ey31eo.txt
title:
  Early epidemiological indicators, outcomes, and interventions of COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

summary:
  All studies that compared outcomes of interest in COVID-19 patients were included. Few studies [18, 91] , have reported abnormal liver function in COVID-19 patients, and we found 20% of patients had elevated ALT and AST.


id: cord-333827-zpdnzwle
author: Zhao, Jinqiu
date: 2020-08-17
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2791
sentence: 133
flesch: 51
cache: cache/cord-333827-zpdnzwle.txt
txt: txt/cord-333827-zpdnzwle.txt
title:
  Potential risk factors for case fatality rate of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in China: A pooled analysis of individual patient data

summary:
  The following inclusive selection criteria were applied: (i) patients were diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) (ii) study design was the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof cohort study comparing fatal patients with non-fatal patients (or severe cases versus non-severe cases). In contrast, the proportion of men and women showed no statistical difference between ICU patients and non-ICU patients in another study [18] .


id: cord-263044-o8aosx2q
author: Lipsitch, Marc
title: Potential Biases in Estimating Absolute and Relative Case-Fatality Risks during Outbreaks
date: 2015-07-16
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7019
sentence: 237
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-263044-o8aosx2q.txt
txt: txt/cord-263044-o8aosx2q.txt
summary:
  In particular, cases who are not hospitalized, and cases who do not die, may be less likely than other cases to appear in the database because they are less likely to come to medical or public health attention. Returning to the Ebola context, one might wish to know whether pregnant women infected with Ebola are at greater risk of death from Ebola infection than other cases [37] , for example, in order to give them greater supportive care.


id: cord-021907-omruua6n
author: Hick, John L.
title: Personal Protective Equipment
date: 2009-05-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6385
sentence: 258
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-021907-omruua6n.txt
txt: txt/cord-021907-omruua6n.txt
summary:
  We can only hope that we are not forced to learn too many more harsh lessons about PPE use in the future. When these conditions are met, and absent any particular threats within the community that require higher levels of protection (such as close proximity to a specific chemical production, storage, or disposal site), the minimum level of respiratory PPE is a PAPR with a protection factor of 1000 or greater, which filters organic vapor, acid gas, particulate matter, and biological agents (at the HEPA level).


id: cord-291975-y8ck4lo8
author: Simon, Perikles
title: Robust Estimation of Infection Fatality Rates during the Early Phase of a Pandemic
date: 2020-04-10
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7347
sentence: 245
flesch: 48
cache: cache/cord-291975-y8ck4lo8.txt
txt: txt/cord-291975-y8ck4lo8.txt
summary:
  Testing data for these countries were controlled by visiting the official test report pages of the fourteen countries (supplemental Table 1 ), which enabled adding another 77 data points. Population data of nations were imported from World Bank 20 and data on gross domestic products and age cohort compositions from the UN 21 in their version for 2018 to be comparable with the population data from 2018 or as age cohort estimates for 2020.


id: cord-347353-ll2pnl81
author: Saberi, M.
date: 2020-05-06
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4514
sentence: 174
flesch: 44
cache: cache/cord-347353-ll2pnl81.txt
txt: txt/cord-347353-ll2pnl81.txt
title:
  Accounting for underreporting in mathematical modelling of transmission and control of COVID-19 in Iran

summary:
  Our results also showed the reduction in effective reproduction number, a measure of infection transmission, during this period. With a relatively high case fatality ratio and limited testing capacity, the number of confirmed cases reported is suspected to suffer from significant under-reporting.


id: cord-354133-11b0d499
author: Thomas, B. S.
title: Estimating the Case Fatality Ratio for COVID-19 using a Time-Shifted Distribution Analysis
date: 2020-10-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7508
sentence: 263
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cord-354133-11b0d499.txt
txt: txt/cord-354133-11b0d499.txt
summary:
  However, the closeness of the match reflects a much simpler apparent relationship than that suggested or assumed by conventional analyses, which relate deaths and cases using statistical parametric models that incorporate a broad distribution of expected times between diagnosis (or onset) and death, usually generated from case study data (e.g. [15] ). The mean delay between onset of symptoms and death has been estimated at 12-22 days using case data [2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 16] , but there are also delays between onset of symptoms and testing, between testing and reporting of results, and in reporting of deaths.


id: cord-347182-oj3v1x99
author: Catala, M.
title: Robust estimation of diagnostic rate and real incidence of COVID-19 for European policymakers
date: 2020-05-06
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7904
sentence: 357
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cord-347182-oj3v1x99.txt
txt: txt/cord-347182-oj3v1x99.txt
summary:
  Right now, it is impossible to assess if this is indeed the case in different countries given 520 the lack of reported cases and mortality rates by age and sex. Different European countries in terms of the EPG computed using the reported data on the attack rate vs the EPG using our estimation of the real attach rate.


id: cord-000916-b22s00es
author: Kelso, Joel K
title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories
date: 2013-03-08
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 9173
sentence: 333
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt
txt: txt/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt
summary:
  The simulation model used in this study has been used in previous studies to examine various aspects of social distancing and pharmaceutical (antiviral and vaccine) pandemic influenza interventions Breakdown of pandemic costs shown as horizontal bar, for each intervention strategy and each severity category.


