item: #1 of 136 id: cord-000725-rafwlw0t author: Hindinger, Claudia title: IFN-γ Signaling to Astrocytes Protects from Autoimmune Mediated Neurological Disability date: 2012-07-27 words: 5125 flesch: 35 summary: Supporting an initial pro-inflammatory role of astrocytes dependent on innate, not IFN-c responsiveness, inhibition of IFN-c signaling to astrocytes did not influence EAE onset or incidence, initial disease progression, astrocyte activation, or BBB integrity as indicated by similar entry of inflammatory cells into the brain. Therefore, astrocyte activation constitutes a ubiquitous, yet heteroge-neous response associated with both promoting and inhibiting CNS repair [3] [4] [5] . keywords: activation; astrocytes; cells; cns; disease; fig; gfapcr1d; ifn; mice; signaling cache: cord-000725-rafwlw0t.txt plain text: cord-000725-rafwlw0t.txt item: #2 of 136 id: cord-001017-4qfhltg4 author: Chatterjee, Dhriti title: Microglia Play a Major Role in Direct Viral-Induced Demyelination date: 2013-06-20 words: 6673 flesch: 37 summary: For long time, microglia were known to be present in the chronic inflammatory demyelinating plaque to remove myelin from the dead sick neuron in MS patients but the emerging recognition of microglia as CNS resident immune cells and their role in CNS health and diseases stimulated substantial efforts to redefine the role and function of microglia in the regulatory mechanisms of demyelination. RSA59-induced meningitis (Supplementary Figure 1(a) ), and encephalomyelitis (accumulation of inflammatory cell and perivascular cuffing) ( Supplementary Figures 1(b) and 1(c) ) were observed as shown previously [18, 19] (Supplementary Figure 1 ; these data are partly published but for the ready information compiled in one figure. ). keywords: cells; cns; demyelination; infected; infection; mhv; mice; microglia; mouse; pbs; rsa59; spinal; virus cache: cord-001017-4qfhltg4.txt plain text: cord-001017-4qfhltg4.txt item: #3 of 136 id: cord-001332-dp6vzgef author: Hosking, Martin P. title: ELR(+) chemokine signaling in host defense and disease in a viral model of central nervous system disease date: 2014-06-17 words: 2745 flesch: 10 summary: Thus, chemokine signaling may participate in either repair and/or exacerbation of pathology following insult, injury, or infection of the CNS (Liu et al., 2001b; Kerstetter et al., 2009; Omari et al., 2009) . Neutrophils also infiltrate into the CNS during the first week following cuprizone feeding, and their early presence in the CNS is absolutely necessary for the subsequent demyelination observed within the corpus callosum (Liu et al., 2010a) . keywords: cells; cns; cxcr2; et al; infection; jhmv cache: cord-001332-dp6vzgef.txt plain text: cord-001332-dp6vzgef.txt item: #4 of 136 id: cord-001396-rpnuauwz author: Blanc, Caroline A title: FTY720 (fingolimod) modulates the severity of viral-induced encephalomyelitis and demyelination date: 2014-08-20 words: 5626 flesch: 43 summary: Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis: prospects and promise Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis Fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy Bar-Or A: Clinical immunology of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study Fingolimod is a potential novel therapy for multiple sclerosis Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator, increases BDNF levels and improves symptoms of a mouse model of Rett syndrome Fingolimod therapy for multiple sclerosis Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists FTY720 (fingolimod) efficacy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis requires astrocyte sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulation Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalitis in SJL mice A central role for CD4 + T cells and RANTES in virus-induced central nervous system inflammation and demyelination CD4 and CD8 T cells have redundant but not identical roles in virus-induced demyelination Macrophage infiltration, but not apoptosis, is correlated with immune-mediated demyelination following murine infection with a neurotropic coronavirus Mouse hepatitis virus-induced recurrent demyelination. T cell anti-viral effector function and FTY720 treatment T cell responses, including proliferation, secretion of IFN-γ and CTL activity, are critical in controlling JHMV replication within the CNS keywords: cd4; cd8; cells; cns; demyelination; figure; fty720; mice; sclerosis; specific; treatment; virus cache: cord-001396-rpnuauwz.txt plain text: cord-001396-rpnuauwz.txt item: #5 of 136 id: cord-002021-67ao8chx author: Kim, Seong Bum title: Blockage of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulates Japanese encephalitis via enhancement of type I/II IFN innate and adaptive T-cell responses date: 2016-04-18 words: 12090 flesch: 44 summary: Therefore, in order to characterize the immunological parameters associated with control of JEV replication in IDO KO mice, we examined and compared NK cell responses in both BL/6 and IDO KO mice. Generation of BM chimeric mice and determination of serum IFN-β BL/6 mice (5 weeks old) and IDO KO mice were irradiated with one dose of 900 rads. keywords: bl/6; cd4; cd8; cells; cns; expression; fig; ido; ifn; infection; innate; jev; levels; mice; replication; responses; virus cache: cord-002021-67ao8chx.txt plain text: cord-002021-67ao8chx.txt item: #6 of 136 id: cord-002119-kl431ev6 author: Garcia, Elisa title: Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury date: 2016-06-23 words: 13465 flesch: 36 summary: Current and future surgery strategies for spinal cord injuries Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade Sensorimotor rehabilitation: at the crossroads of basic and clinical Translating mechanisms of neuroprotection, regeneration, and repair to treatment of spinal cord injury Degenerative and regenerative mechanisms governing spinal cord injury Molecular insights of the injured lesions of rat spinal cords: inflammation, apoptosis, and cell survival IL-1 gene deletion protects oligodendrocytes after spinal cord injury through upregulation of the survival factor Tox3 Neuroinflammation: a common pathway in CNS diseases as mediated at the blood-brain barrier Microarray analysis of expression of cell death-associated genes in rat spinal cord cells exposed to cyclic tensile stresses in vitro Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain Growth Factors Are Essential for Nervous System Development and Function Role of growth factors on periodontal repair Role of the TLR4 pathway in blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction during the bimodal stage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats Effects of peripheral inflammation on the bloodspinal cord barrier The blood-spinal cord barrier: morphology and clinical implications The role of hemorrhage following spinal-cord injury Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury Blood-spinal cord barrier permeability in experimental spinal cord injury: dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI Blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury: relation to revascularization and wound healing Distribution and time course of protein extravasation in the rat spinal cord after contusive injury Cytokine transport across the injured blood-spinal cord barrier The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury Receptor-mediated transport of LIF across blood-spinal cord barrier is upregulated after spinal cord injury Potent pro-inflammatory actions of leukemia inhibitory factor in the spinal cord of the adult mouse Leukemia inhibitory factor arrests oligodendrocyte death and demyelination in spinal cord injury Effects of MK801 on evoked potentials, spinal cord blood flow and cord edema in acute spinal cord injury in rats Pathophysiology of blood-spinal cord barrier in traumatic injury and repair Src family kinase inhibitor PP1 improves motor function by reducing edema after spinal cord contusion in rats Role of hypoxia-induced VEGF in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in chronic spinal cord injury Alterations in tissue Mg ++ , Na + and spinal cord edema following impact trauma in rats Potassium and calcium changes in injured spinal cords Role of L-and N-type calcium channels in the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord white matter injury Radiopacity of intracerebral hemorrhage correlates with perihemorrhagic edema Selective vasopressin-1a receptor antagonist prevents brain edema, reduces astrocytic cell swelling and GFAP, V1aR and AQP4 expression after focal traumatic brain injury The neurobiology of glia in the context of water and ion homeostasis Involvement of aquaporin 4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders Aquaporin and brain diseases Regulators of synaptic transmission: roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy Differential regulation of synaptic transmission by pre-and postsynaptic SK channels in the spinal locomotor network The N-type voltage-gated calcium channel: when a neuron reads a map Smallconductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel type 2 (SK2) modulates hippocampal learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling Local calcium signaling in neurons Remyelination after spinal cord injury: is it a target for repair? Calcium signalling in lymphocyte activation and disease Molecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent excitotoxicity Cellular defenses against excitotoxic insults Physiological and pathological functions of P2X7 receptor in the spinal cord Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury A reassessment of P2X7 receptor inhibition as a neuroprotective strategy in rat models of contusion injury Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system Glutamate transporters/ keywords: activation; cells; cord; cord injury; cytokines; expression; factor; glutamate; growth; il-1; injury; macrophages; microglia; molecules; receptor; response; role; sci; spinal; spinal cord; tnf cache: cord-002119-kl431ev6.txt plain text: cord-002119-kl431ev6.txt item: #7 of 136 id: cord-002209-xs6qigg4 author: Kıray, Hülya title: The multifaceted role of astrocytes in regulating myelination date: 2016-09-17 words: 7514 flesch: 15 summary: Attempts have also been made to define the astrocyte phenotype in more detail along this continuum (Liberto et al., 2004) . It is suggested that the increase in IL-1β levels at early stages of CNS pathology stimulates the induction of CNTF mRNA and protein in astrocytes (Stöckli et al., 1991; Guthrie et al., 1997; Dallner et al., 2002; Liberto et al., 2004) , a phenomenon which appears to be important for remyelination (Herx et al., 2000) . keywords: astrocytes; brain; cells; cns; cntf; cytokines; disease; et al; expression; factor; growth; injury; mice; myelination; oligodendrocyte; survival; tnf cache: cord-002209-xs6qigg4.txt plain text: cord-002209-xs6qigg4.txt item: #8 of 136 id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj author: Sullivan, Kathleen E. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 words: 24227 flesch: 37 summary: Importantly, after a novel PIDD has been described, subsequent reports often reveal a wider variation in associated infections and cellular findings, often without clear genotype-phenotype correlations [320] [321] Human infection, called Cat Scratch Disease, is assumed to involve inoculation of Bartonella-infected flea feces into the skin during a cat scratch. keywords: associated; azole; bartonella; cases; cause; cell; children; chronic; clinical; cns; countries; days; deficiency; dengue; diagnosis; disease; epidemiology; fever; hiv; human; immune; immunodeficiency; immunoglobulin; individuals; infection; influenza; mandrillaris; patients; pcr; pidd; primary; resistance; review; risk; skin; species; susceptibility; symptoms; syndrome; therapy; tick; transmission; treatment; vaccination; vaccine; virus cache: cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt plain text: cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt item: #9 of 136 id: cord-003199-03c9rx3o author: Singh, Manmeet title: Intracranial Inoculation Is More Potent Than Intranasal Inoculation for Inducing Optic Neuritis in the Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Model of Multiple Sclerosis date: 2018-09-04 words: 5002 flesch: 34 summary: As expected, intranasal inoculation with RSA59 failed to induce demyelination in spinal cord; however, it also did not induce optic nerve demyelination. As expected, intranasal inoculation with RSA59 failed to induce demyelination in spinal cord; however, it also did not induce optic nerve demyelination. keywords: demyelination; inoculation; intranasal; mice; nerve; optic; rsa59 cache: cord-003199-03c9rx3o.txt plain text: cord-003199-03c9rx3o.txt item: #10 of 136 id: cord-003738-el0wyu74 author: Zhang, Qingxiu title: The interleukin-4/PPARγ signaling axis promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after brain injury date: 2019-06-21 words: 10524 flesch: 45 summary: The percentages of IL-4Rα + O4 + cells were higher in the ipsilateral ischemic hemisphere (Fig 1C and 1D) , suggesting a potential direct effect of IL-4 on white matter cells. Frequency histograms revealed much greater reduction of axon diameters in the MCAO + vehicle group compared to the MCAO + IL-4 and sham groups, suggesting higher axonal degeneration in stroke mice without IL-4 treatment (Fig 5B) . keywords: brain; cells; data; differentiation; fig; il-4; ischemic; matter; mbp; mcao; mice; microglia; oligodendrocyte; opc; opcs; pparγ; remyelination; stroke; treatment; usa; white cache: cord-003738-el0wyu74.txt plain text: cord-003738-el0wyu74.txt item: #11 of 136 id: cord-004911-fbge8tkc author: Imrich, H. title: On the role of peripheral macrophages during active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) date: 2001 words: 6034 flesch: 44 summary: Two subsets of rat T lymphocytes defined with monoclonal antibodies Recruitment of antigen-nonspecific cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia Comparison of Freund's and Ribi adjuvants for inducing antibodies to the synthetic antigen (TG)-AL in rabbits Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease Population dynamics of lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system of rats with different susceptibility to coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalitis Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon-gamma-treated microglial cells Microglia are the major cell type expressing MHC class II in human white matter T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system Immunoregulatory molecules and IL 2 receptors identified in multiple sclerosis brain Purification of human C3b inactivator by monoclonal-antibody affinity chromatography Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats after elimination of macrophages A monoclonal antibody to a constant determinant of the rat T cell antigen receptor that induces T cell activation Cervical lymphoid tissue but not the central nervous system supports proliferation of virus-specific T lymphocytes during coronavirus-induced encephalitis in rats Prevention and treatment of Lewis rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with a monoclonal antibody to the T cell receptor V beta 8.2 segment An evaluation of several adjuvant emulsion regimens for the production of polyclonal antisera in rabbits Experimental autoimmune panencephalitis and uveoretinitis transferred to the Lewis rat by T lymphocytes specific for the S100 beta molecule, a calcium binding protein of astroglia Do neurological signs occur in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the absence of inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system? Progressive appearance of MHC antigens within the rat nervous system Adoptive transfer of EAE-like lesions from rats with coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis Analysis of cell surfaces by xenogeneic myeloma-hybrid antibodies: differentiation antigens of rat lymphocytes Inducible expression of H-2 and Ia antigens on brain cells keywords: animals; brain; cells; disease; fig; infiltrating; macrophages; microglia cache: cord-004911-fbge8tkc.txt plain text: cord-004911-fbge8tkc.txt item: #12 of 136 id: cord-005146-o3roa7br author: Sasaki, Makoto title: Demyelination and remyelination in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord after heat injury date: 1989 words: 4548 flesch: 51 summary: In the deep or marginal zones bordering the intact tissue, most axons had thin myelin, which, unlike Schwann cell myelin, had no cytoplasmic layer or basal lamina on the myelin sheath surface, indicating that oligodendrocytes had made the myelin sheaths around them. By 2 weeks many of the denuded axons were remyelinated, and by 4 weeks almost all of those axons located near the pial and perivascular surfaces had been remyelinated by Schwann cells, while most of those located in the deep and marginal zones bordering the adjoining intact areas were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. keywords: axons; cells; cns; cord; myelin; schwann; sheaths; spinal cache: cord-005146-o3roa7br.txt plain text: cord-005146-o3roa7br.txt item: #13 of 136 id: cord-005393-rhji4io9 author: Popko, Brian title: The effects of interferon-γ on the central nervous system date: 1997 words: 7981 flesch: 29 summary: In vivo expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced neurologic diseases Differential regulation of oligodendrocyte markers by glucocorticoids: post-h-anscriptional regulation of both proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein and transcriptional regulation of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase Morphological and molecular response of the MOCH-1 oligodendrocyte cell line to serum and Lnterferon-y: possible implications for demyelinating disorders Immunological aspects of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis Immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases Cell type-specific regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons Differential expression and regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products in neural and glial cells of the human fetal brain Selective killing of cholinergic neurons by microglial activation in basal forebrain mixed neuronal/glial cultures Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells Induction of active and adoptive relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using an encephalitogenir epitope of proteolipid protein Activation of microglial cells by beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide Evdution of the T-cell d~ng the course of experimental imanune-mediated demyelinating disea~s Nitric oxide induces necrotic but not apoptotic cell death in oligodendrocytes Differential expression of Ia and Ia-associated invariant chain in mouse tissue after in vivo treatment with IFN-7 Interferon pretreatment lowers the threshold for maximal heat-shock response in mouse cells Early evidence demonstrating the ability of brain cells, including neurons, to express MHC molecules includes experiments in which IFN-y was either added to mixed brain cultures or i~ected directly into the CNS (Wong et al., 1984 (Wong et al., , 1985 . keywords: astrocytes; brain; cells; class; cns; eae; et al; expression; human; ifn; immune; interferon; mhc; mice; oligodendrocytes; protein cache: cord-005393-rhji4io9.txt plain text: cord-005393-rhji4io9.txt item: #14 of 136 id: cord-005734-14ba78cz author: Bennett, Jami L. title: CCL2 transgene expression in the central nervous system directs diffuse infiltration of CD45(high)CD11b(+) monocytes and enhanced Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease date: 2003 words: 7641 flesch: 40 summary: T cells from either the spleen or peripheral lymph nodes of JE32 mice proliferated equally as well as control cells (data not shown). CD44 has been correlated with CNS infiltration by CD4 + T cells (Brocke et al, 1999) , suggesting that up-regulation may be required for entry and retention of the small number of T cells observed in CCL-transgenic mice. keywords: accumulation; ccl2; cd45; cells; cns; control; disease; expression; figure; je32; mice; tmev; transgenic cache: cord-005734-14ba78cz.txt plain text: cord-005734-14ba78cz.txt item: #15 of 136 id: cord-006824-btcdjmfp author: None title: Key Note and State of the Art Lectures date: 2002-09-07 words: 7580 flesch: 31 summary: The mucopolysaccharidoses Longterm outcome of Hurler syndrome following bone marrow transplantation Reversal of pathology in murine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII by somatic cell gene transfer Stem cell transplantation in lysosomal storage diseases Prolonged survival and remyelination after hematopoietic cell transplantation in the twitcher mouse (murine globoid cell leukodystrophy) Hematopoietic cell transplantation after administration of high-dose busulfan in murine globoid cell leukodystrophy (the twitcher mouse) Repopulation by donor-derived macrophages in the murine central nervous system (CNS) after congenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT): a quantitative study Hematopoietic cell transplantation in the twitcher mouse. The largest retrospective analysis of Italian children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation demonstrated a pulmonary mortality of 9% [28] . keywords: allogeneic; bone; cells; complications; disease; donor; hct; lung; marrow; patients; pulmonary; storage; survival; transplantation; treatment; years cache: cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt plain text: cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt item: #16 of 136 id: cord-007170-svsfu7fj author: Richt, J. A. title: Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent date: 1992-06-17 words: 6144 flesch: 39 summary: Eine vergleichend-pathologische Studie Axonal transport of Borna disease virus along olfactory pathways in spontaneously and experimentally infected rats Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen zur Bornaschen Krankheit (Ansteckende Gehirn-Riickenmarkentziindung) der Pferde Borna disease: a persistent virus infection of the central nervous system Preliminary studies on the biology of Borna disease virus Molecular characterization of the Borna disease agent Isolation and characterisation of Borna disease agent cDNA clones A Borna virus cDNA encoding a protein recognized by antibodies in humans with behavioral diseases Analysis of Borna disease virus-specific RNAs in infected cells and tissues Replication of Borna disease virus in cell cultures Influence of interferon on persistent infection caused by Borna disease virus in vitro Borna disease, a possible hazard for man? Isolation and characterization of a 14500 molecular weight protein from brains and tissue cultures persistently infected with Borna disease virus Purification and properties of an intranuclear virus-specific antigen from tissues infected with Borna disease virus Atypical dissemination of the highly neurotropic Borna disease virus during persistent infection in cyclosporin A-treated, immunosuppressed rats Antigenetic relationship and further characterization of two major Borna disease virus proteins Behavioral disease in rats caused by immunopathological responses to persistent Borna virus in the brain Pathogenesis of Borna disease in rats: immune-mediated viral ophthalmoencephalopathy causing blindness and behavioral abnormalities Pathogenesis of Borna disease in rats: evidence that intraaxonal spread is the major route for virus dissemination and the determinant for disease incubation Molecular and immunopathological studies of Borna disease virus infection in rats Coronaviruses and their replication Coronavirus transcription: subgenomic mouse hepatitis virus replicative intermediates function in RNA synthesis Minus-strand copies of replicating coronavirus Clinical and histological findings Persistent Borna virus infection in adult hamsters Adaptation of Borna disease virus to the mouse Astrocytes and Schwann cells are virus-host cells in the nervous system of rats with Borna disease Determination of immune cells and expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen in encephalitic lesions of experimental Borna disease Replication of Borna disease virus in rats: age-dependent differences in tissue distribution Effect of Borna disease virus infection on athymic rats Inhibition of immunemediated meningoencephalitis in persistently Borna disease virusinfected rats by cyclosporine A Spread of infectious virus along the optic nerve into the retina in Borna disease virus-infected rabbits Borna disease virus-induced meningoencephalomyelitis caused by a virus-specific CD4+ T cell-mediated immune reaction Escape from lethal disease in rats after Borna disease virus infection: survival with obesity syndrome Influence of immunosuppressive treatment on Borna disease in rabbits Borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis as a model for CD4 + T cell-mediated immunopathology in the brain Viral particles induce la antigen expression on astrocytes Tumor necrosis factor amplifies measles virus-mediated la induction on astrocytes Narayan 0, Oldstone MBA. keywords: animals; antibodies; bdv; borna; brain; cells; cns; disease; infection; inoculation; rats; virus cache: cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt plain text: cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt item: #17 of 136 id: cord-007603-27m9wz0i author: Rall, Glenn F. title: A transgenic mouse model to assess the interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with virally infected, class I MHC-expressing astrocytes date: 2002-11-11 words: 3690 flesch: 39 summary: An increase in mean fluorescence (from 12.26 to 23.24) was found in primary transgenic astrocytes relative to non-transgenic astrocytes (Fig. 4A, arrows) . + RNA was extracted from brains and analyzed by Northern blot and sequential hybridization with different probes (Mucke et al., 1991) . keywords: astrocytes; cells; class; expression; mhc; mice; transgenic cache: cord-007603-27m9wz0i.txt plain text: cord-007603-27m9wz0i.txt item: #18 of 136 id: cord-008523-avkgldnp author: Perlman, Stanley title: Selection of and evasion from cytotoxic T cell responses in the central nervous system date: 2004-01-07 words: 8877 flesch: 33 summary: The CD4 and CD8 T cell response in maternal antibody-protected mice that develop chronic demyelination is proinflammatory and readily detected (Castro et al., 1994; . The ability of the virus to tolerate mutations in the part of the protein that contains the target CD8 T cell epitope is also important. keywords: cell; class; cns; ctl; epitope; escape; et al; infected; mhc; mice; mutants; response; virus cache: cord-008523-avkgldnp.txt plain text: cord-008523-avkgldnp.txt item: #19 of 136 id: cord-008530-yni0poh9 author: Asensio, Valerie C. title: Chemokines and viral diseases of the central nervous system date: 2004-01-07 words: 15894 flesch: 34 summary: In a follow-up study by this group, examining chemokine receptor expression in SIV-AIDS encephalitis, the chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4 were found to be expressed by inflammatory cells within perivascular lesions (Westmoreland et al., 1998) . HIV-1 Tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-l-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes Binding and functional properties of recombinant and endogenous CXCR3 chemokine receptors Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis Rat LCRI: cloning and cellular distribution of a putative chemokine receptor in brain Neuroaxonal dystrophy in HTLV-l-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: neuropathologic and neuroimmunologic correlations CCR5 levels and expression pattern correlate with infectability by macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro Immunohistochemical study of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 and their ligands in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine EBIl-ligand chemokine that is a specific functional ligand for EBI1, CCR7 Identification of single C motif-lflymphotactin receptor XCR1 Molecular cloning of a novel C-)~ or ~/-type chemokine, SCM-1 Cutting edge: identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK Lymphotropic virions affect chemokine receptor-mediated neural signaling and apoptosis: implications for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia Intracellular CXCR4 signaling, neuronal apoptosis and neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-l-associated dementia The chemokine receptor CCR8 is preferentially expressed in Th2 but not Thl cells Recent advances in chemokines and chemokine receptors Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development keywords: astrocytes; brain; ccr5; cells; chemokine; chemokine receptors; cns; cxcr4; disease; et al; expression; gene; hiv; human; infection; ip-10; leukocyte; mcp-1; mice; microglia; mip; neurons; protein; rantes; receptor; sdf-1; virus cache: cord-008530-yni0poh9.txt plain text: cord-008530-yni0poh9.txt item: #20 of 136 id: cord-008586-5jinvuyn author: Loihl, Angela K. title: Chapter 18 Expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 in glia associated with CNS pathology date: 2008-04-10 words: 6707 flesch: 48 summary: There is also suggestive evidence that NOS-2 expression in the CNS is 256 associated with HIV-1 (Adamson et al., 1996) and SIV infection (Lane et al., 1996) . Infarct 26 I 262 volume, however, in these mutant mice increased following administration of nitro-L-arginine, a NOS inhibitor, presumably due to inhibition of NOS-3 (Huang et al., 1994) . keywords: astrocytes; brain; cells; cns; et al; evidence; expression; gene; induction; ischemia; mice; nitric; nitric oxide; occlusion; oxide; production; protein; synthase cache: cord-008586-5jinvuyn.txt plain text: cord-008586-5jinvuyn.txt item: #21 of 136 id: cord-009577-29u7pdpk author: Gonzalez‐Scarano, F. title: Molecular pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections date: 2004-10-08 words: 6378 flesch: 35 summary: In the case of influenza virus, a trypsin-like protease present in host cells cleaves the hemagglutinin protein into two smaller peptides, HA1 and HA2, held together by a tlisulfide bond. If influenza virus is grown in cells that lack this peptidase activity, H A cleavage does not occur, and, though the virus still binds to cellular receptors, it is not infectious [20, 41, 67, 681. keywords: cells; cns; host; infection; influenza; proteins; rabies; receptor; reovirus; spread; system; type; virus; viruses cache: cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt plain text: cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt item: #22 of 136 id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: None title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 words: 182444 flesch: 45 summary: Of included patients, 165 had treatment intensity of 2 (41.0%), 192 of 3 (47.8%) and 45 of 4 (11.2%). After 2 cycles of treatment patient was no longer requiring oxygen and was ambulating without assistance. keywords: acute; addition; adherence; adult patients; age; aml; aml patients; analysis; anemia; anti; average; background; baseline; biopsy; bleeding; blood; blood cell; bone; cancer; cancer patients; care; cases; cell; cell disease; center; chart; chemotherapy; childhood; children; chronic; clinical; cohort; complications; conclusion; control; count; course; cycles; data; days; death; design; development; diagnosis; differences; disease; dose; effects; efficacy; end; episodes; evaluation; events; evidence; expression; factors; failure; family; female; fever; findings; following; function; gene; grade; group; guidelines; health; hemoglobin; high; history; hospital; hsct patients; hydroxyurea; imaging; immune; impact; improvement; incidence; increase; induction; infection; initial; institution; intervention; iron; laboratory; lesions; leukemia; levels; life; literature; liver; loss; low; lymphoma; male; management; marrow; mean; median; medical; metastatic; method; months; mortality; multiple; mutations; n =; need; negative; neuroblastoma; neuroblastoma patients; neutropenia; new; non; normal; novel; number; objectives; oncology patients; outcomes; p =; pain; parents; patients; pediatric; period; platelet; population; positive; post; potential; present; presentation; primary; program; providers; range; rates; relapse; report; required; research; response; results; review; risk; risk patients; role; scd patients; scores; screening; severe; sickle; sirolimus; specific; stage; standard; states; states background; stem; studies; study; support; survival; survivors; symptoms; syndrome; term; testing; therapy; thrombocytopenia; time; total; transfusion; transplant; treatment; tumor; type; united; use; weeks; years cache: cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt plain text: cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt item: #23 of 136 id: cord-010016-fs8pjy1z author: WEBB, H. E. title: CAN VIRAL ENVELOPE GLYCOLIPIDS PRODUCE AUTO‐IMMUNITY, WITH REFERENCE TO THE CNS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS? date: 2008-05-12 words: 2977 flesch: 42 summary: Seven days after Langat or West Nile virus challenge of the alphavirus infected mice, brain virus titres were significantly lower than in mice given flavivirus alone. Viruses have been thought to be involved in such diseases as multiple sclerosis (MS) for many years. keywords: brain; cell; envelope; immune; virus; viruses cache: cord-010016-fs8pjy1z.txt plain text: cord-010016-fs8pjy1z.txt item: #24 of 136 id: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx author: Gromeier, Matthias title: Mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis date: 2005-03-25 words: 5150 flesch: 37 summary: Mouse neurovirulent strains of poliovirus type 2 differed from mouse neurovirulent poliovirus type 1 derivatives in their ability to induce CNS lesions. The outcome of infection of mice with mouse-adapted poliovirus strains has been described previously mainly in terms of paralysis and death, and it was generally assumed that these strains produce the same disease syndromes in normal mice and in mice transgenic for the human poliovirus receptor (hPVR-tg mice). keywords: clinical; disease; hpvr; mice; mouse; poliomyelitis; poliovirus; strains; type cache: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt plain text: cord-010187-ymhcfyxx.txt item: #25 of 136 id: cord-011533-im78xwl8 author: Gloude, Nicholas J. title: Thinking Beyond HLH: Clinical Features of Patients with Concurrent Presentation of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Thrombotic Microangiopathy date: 2020-05-23 words: 4881 flesch: 31 summary: In our prior prospective study examining complement genes in HSCT, we observed a significant association between TMA severity and outcomes in HLH patients undergoing HSCT who had complement gene variants identified. Transplant-related mortality was also significantly higher in HLH patients with TMA with six patients of the 9 patients dying from TMA-associated complications, while all HLH patients without TMA survived after transplant (6/9 67% vs 0/8, 0%, p = 0.09) keywords: activation; complement; eculizumab; hlh; hypertension; injury; interferon; organ; patients; therapy; tma cache: cord-011533-im78xwl8.txt plain text: cord-011533-im78xwl8.txt item: #26 of 136 id: cord-015352-2d02eq3y author: None title: ESPR 2017 date: 2017-04-26 words: 82384 flesch: 43 summary: In 2011, the image gently campaign released a safety checklist for performing digital radiography examinations on pediatric patients which is easily applicable to every radiology service. Health care professionals have a shared responsibility for communicating risks and benefits of imaging procedures to patients, especially in the case of pediatric patients. keywords: accuracy; acute; adc; age; agreement; analysis; anomalies; approach; assessment; biopsy; body; bone; bowel; brain; cases; changes; chest; children; contrast; correlation; cxr; data; diagnosis; diffusion; disease; dose; dwi; edema; evaluation; examination; findings; fluid; follow; group; head; hepatic; high; images; imaging; imaging findings; infection; information; injury; involvement; jia; left; lesions; literature; liver; lung; mass; mean; months; mr imaging; mre; mri; non; normal; objective; patients; pediatric; pneumonia; points; population; positive; possible; post; potential; presence; present; presentation; procedure; pulmonary; radiation; radiologists; radiology; range; renal; results; right; risk; role; sensitivity; sequences; signal; standard; studies; study; symptoms; syndrome; system; technique; time; tissue; total; trauma; treatment; tumor; ultrasound; use; values; vascular; volume; wall; years cache: cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt plain text: cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt item: #27 of 136 id: cord-015684-q10sx1dm author: Cacabelos, Ramón title: Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry: The Path to Personalized Medicine in Mental Disorders date: 2009 words: 17012 flesch: 35 summary: 4th Edn Pharmacogenomics: the inherited basis for interindividual differences in drug response Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: development, science, and translation Pharmacogenomics and therapeutic prospect in dementia Pharmacogenetic basis for therapeutic optimization in Alzheimer's disease Infl uence of pharmacogenetic factors on Alzheimer's disease therapeutics Pharmacogenetic aspects of therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors: the role of CYP2D6 in Alzheimer's disease pharmacogenetics From pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics to pharmacogenomics Inheritance and drug response Pharmacogenomics-Drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects National estimates of medication use in nursing homes Medicare Current Benefi ciary Survey and the 1996 Medical Expenditure Survey Antidepressant drugs prescribing among elderly subjects: a population-based study Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe Potentially inappropriate medication use by elderly persons in U.S. Health Maintenance Organizations The Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease Catalog of 680 variants among eight cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes: nine esterase genes, and two other genes in the Japanese population DNA sequence variations in a 3.7-kb noncoding sequence 5-prime of the CYP1A2 gene: implications for human population history and natural selection PM frequencies of major CYPs in Asians and Caucasians Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP1A1, NAT2 and of P-glycoprotein in a Russian population CYP2C9 allelic variants: ethnic distribution and functional signifi cance Identifi cation and functional characterization of a new CYP2C9 variant (CYP2C9 * 5 1 ) expressed among African Americans Molecular basis of ethnic differences in drug disposition and response Isolation, sequence and genotyping of the drug metabolizer CYP2D6 gene in the Colombian population Effects of prototypical microsomal enzyme inducers on cytochrome P450 expression in cultured human hepatocytes Cytochrome P450 in the brain: a review The expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2A4 genes: a tangle of networks of nuclear and steroid receptors Regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes by nuclear receptors The CYP2C19 enzyme polymorphism Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences Clinically signifi cant drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors: a guide for neurologists Assessment of the predictive power of genotypes for the in-vivo catalytic function of CYP2D6 in a German population Ten percent of North Spanish individuals carry duplicated or triplicated CYP2D6 genes associated with ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine Impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on steady-state plasma concentrations and clinical outcome of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease patients Molecular pathology and pharmacogenomics in Alzheimer's disease: polygenic-related effects of multifactorial treatments on cognition, anxiety, and depression Pharmacogenomic studies with a combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease Interethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 in the U.S. population: clinical implications Donepezil use in Alzheimer disease Effects of cholinergic markers in rat brain and blood after short and prolonged administration of donepezil Treatment with MPEP and MTEP can induce gene expression related to ATP synthesis, hydrolase activity, and signaling pathways associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the frontal cortex, this constituting another potential therapeutic target in some neuropsychiatric disorders. keywords: activity; alzheimer; apoe; brain; carriers; cns; cyp2d6; dementia; disease; disorders; drug; enzymes; expression; factors; genes; genotype; infl; levels; metabolism; patients; pharmacogenomics; pms; profi; receptor; response; schizophrenia; studies; treatment; ums; variants cache: cord-015684-q10sx1dm.txt plain text: cord-015684-q10sx1dm.txt item: #28 of 136 id: cord-016954-l3b6n7ej author: Young, Colin R. title: Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis date: 2008 words: 9721 flesch: 40 summary: Experimental studies in induced animal models have the advantage over studies in spontaneous models in that the onset and progression of the disease can be controlled. EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN GUINEA PIGS Guinea pigs have also been investigated to determine whether they may serve as useful EAE models of MS. keywords: animal; autoimmune; cells; cns; demyelination; disease; eae; encephalomyelitis; experimental; human; infection; lesions; mice; model; rats; virus cache: cord-016954-l3b6n7ej.txt plain text: cord-016954-l3b6n7ej.txt item: #29 of 136 id: cord-017144-k7fqneup author: Oleszak, Emilia L. title: Nitric Oxide in TMEV date: 2005 words: 3585 flesch: 29 summary: A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells Pathological implications of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitrosocompounds Production of nitrite by neonatal rat microglial cells/brain macrophages Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions Role of nitric oxide in inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine are found in monocytes/macrophages and/or astrocytes in acute, but not in chronic, multiple sclerosis Activation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis Induction of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating regions of multiple sclerosis brains Cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from rat astrocytes IFN-? and IL-1B induce nitric oxide formation from primary mouse astrocytes Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by neurones following exposure to endotoxin and cytokine Appearance of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat central nervous system after rabies virus infection and during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis but not after peripheral administration of endotoxin Does nitric oxide play a critical role in viral infections? Coronavirus-induced demyelination occurs in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase Disassociation between the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitric oxide on a neurotropic murine coronavirus Inducible nitricoxide synthase plays a minimal role in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced, T cell-mediated protective immunity and immunopathology Inflammation is a component of neurodegeneration in response to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice Induction of nitric oxide synthase during Japanese encephalitis virus infection: evidence of protective role Nitric oxide and viral infection: NO antiviral activity against a flavivirus in vitro, and evidence for contribution to pathogenesis in experimental infection in vivo In vivo expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced neurologic diseases Role of nitric oxide in HIV-1 infection: friend or foe? Inducible nitric oxide synthase in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection An alternative pathway of nitric oxide production by rat astrocytes requires specific antigen and T cell contact Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 modulate nuclear factor kappaB activity and nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in Theiler's virus-infected brain astrocytes Differential expression of TGF-beta, IL-2, and other cytokines in the CNS of Theiler's routine encephalomyelitis virus-infected susceptible and resistant strains of mice Our shifting understanding of the role of nitric oxide in autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine, reduces inflammation and demyelination produced by Theiler's virus infection Expression and potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease keywords: disease; inos; mice; nitric; oxide; p.i; tmev cache: cord-017144-k7fqneup.txt plain text: cord-017144-k7fqneup.txt item: #30 of 136 id: cord-017499-51yy7y9n author: Freye, Enno title: Mechanism of Action of Opioids and Clinical Effects date: 2008 words: 24978 flesch: 42 summary: It is assumed that opioid receptors mediate Opioid receptors are found in several areas of the brain, particularly in the periaqueductal grey matter, and throughout the spinal cord ( Figure II-9 ). There, opioids act as agonists at highly definite receptor sites, and there is general agreement on the existence of at least three types of opioid receptor sites (Table II-1). keywords: action; activity; addition; affinity; agonist; analgesic; anesthesia; antagonist; binding; brain; cough; depression; dose; drug; effect; fentanyl; figure; following; heroin; increase; morphine; naloxone; nerve; nucleus; opioid; opioid receptor; opium; pain; patients; potency; potent; receptor; response; results; sites; solution; sufentanil; system; use cache: cord-017499-51yy7y9n.txt plain text: cord-017499-51yy7y9n.txt item: #31 of 136 id: cord-017917-7aeh6quc author: Marten, Norman W. title: The Role of Metalloproteinases in Corona Virus Infection date: 2005 words: 3003 flesch: 30 summary: However, subsequent analysis of individual cell populations sorted from infected brains indicated that MMP-9 gene expression is up regulated several fold among infiltrating inflammatory cells (Zhou, unpublished data) (Table 1) . Although no single conclusive mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of IFN-[3 has been demonstrated, MMP-9 gene expression is down regulated by 45, 46) . keywords: cns; expression; infection; inflammatory; matrix; mmp-9; mmps cache: cord-017917-7aeh6quc.txt plain text: cord-017917-7aeh6quc.txt item: #32 of 136 id: cord-017954-vobslprh author: Croxford, J. Ludovic title: Animal Models for the Study of Neuroimmunological Disease date: 2016-03-26 words: 8055 flesch: 28 summary: For example, the administration of drugs before the initiation of EAE disease is only useful for indicating an effect on the activation of T cells and has no real clinical significance for MS treatment, where patients have often experienced symptoms for some time before treatments are started. An ultrastructural study Expansion by self antigen is necessary for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by T cells primed with a cross-reactive environmental antigen Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein A virus-induced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis Viral delivery of an epitope from Haemophilus influenzae induces central nervous system autoimmune disease by molecular mimicry Structural requirements for initiation of cross-reactivity and CNS autoimmunity with a PLP139-151 mimic peptide derived from murine hepatitis virus Long-term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system Predisposition to EAE induction in resistant mice by prior infection with Semliki Forest virus The pathogenicity of the M9 mutant of Semliki Forest virus in immune-compromised mice Semliki Forest virus induced, immune mediated demyelination: the effect of irradiation Dissociation of demyelination and viral clearance in congenitally immunodeficient mice infected with murine coronavirus JHM The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system Epitope spreading and molecular mimicry as triggers of autoimmunity in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis Serologic evidence of previous Campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with the Guillain-Barre' syndrome Guillain-barré syndrome animal model: the first proof of molecular mimicry in human autoimmune disorder Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome The role of cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome Acute immunoinflammatory neuropathy: update on Guillain-Barré syndrome From bench to bedside-experimental rationale for immune-specific therapies in the inflamed peripheral nerve Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barre' syndrome Allergic neuritis: an experimental disease of rabbits induced by the injection of peripheral nervous tissue and adjuvants Identification of the neuritogen for experimental allergic neuritis P0 myelin protein produces experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats Sequential expression of chemokines in experimental autoimmune neuritis Chemokines and peripheral nerve demyelination Cytokine production and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome The role of the very late antigen-4 and its counterligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis of the Lewis rat The role of interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system Experimental allergic neuritis in the SJL/J mouse: dysfunction of peripheral nerve without clinical signs Experimental allergic neuritis in the SJL/J mouse: induction of severe and reproducible disease with bovine peripheral nerve myelin and pertussis toxin with or without interleukin-12 P0 protein peptide 180-199 together with pertussis toxin induces experimental autoimmune neuritis in resistant C57BL/6 mice Transfer of experimental allergic neuritis with P2-reactive T-cell lines Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin supergene family as tissue-specific autoantigens: induction of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) by P0 protein-specific T cell lines Induction of experimental allergic neuritis in the BN rat: P2 protein-specific T cells overcome resistance to actively induced disease Effects of gangliosides on the expression of autoimmune demyelination in the peripheral nervous system Experimental sensory neuropathy induced by sensitization with ganglioside GD1b Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in the chicken: an animal model of axonal Guillain-Barre' syndrome Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future Autoimmune channelopathies and related neurological disorders Thymus and myasthenia gravis: antigen processing in the human thymus and the consequences for the generation of autoreactive T cells Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor Experimental myasthenia in rabbits: immunological, electrophysiological and morphological aspects Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: a model of myasthenia gravis in rats and guinea pigs Strain differences in the autoimmune response of mice to acetylcholine receptors Genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice Immunological studies of acetylcholine receptors Experimental autoimmune myasthenia induced in monkeys by purified acetylcholine receptor Myasthenia in frogs immunized against cholinergic receptor protein Immunogenetics of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis A molecular basis for MHC class Il-associated autoimmunity Autoimmune human T lymphocytes specific for acetylcholine receptor Immuno-therapy for myasthenia gravis: a murine model Animal models of myasthenia gravis In vivo therapy with monoclonal anti-IA antibody suppresses immune response to acetylcholine receptor Daunomycin treatment prevents clinical expression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis Oral administration of acetylcholine receptors: effects on experimental myasthenia gravis IFN-α treatment suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies suppress the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis Treatment of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Fc protein Etanercept treatment in corticosteroid dependent myasthenia gravis Ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the end-plate in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis Ultrastructural localization of the terminal and lytic ninth complement component (C9) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis: quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of inflammatory cells and detection of complement membrane attack complex at the end-plate in 30 patients Inhibition of acute passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with Fab antibody to complement C6 Novel complement inhibitor limits severity of experimentally myasthenia gravis Anti-C5 antibody treatment ameliorates weakness in experimentally acquired myasthenia gravis Immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis: ultrastructural and light microscopic localization and electrophysiologic correlations Passively transferred experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis: passive transfer from man to mouse Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: cellular and humoral immune responses Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies Induction of myasthenia by immunization against muscle-specific kinase Myasthenia gravis experimentally induced with muscle-specific kinase keywords: autoimmune; cells; cns; demyelination; disease; eae; eamg; mice; models; myasthenia; myelin; specific cache: cord-017954-vobslprh.txt plain text: cord-017954-vobslprh.txt item: #33 of 136 id: cord-017958-18nnwoav author: Chan, Andrew title: Apoptotic Cell Death in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Apoptosis of effector cells as a safe mechanism in the termination of an autoimmune inflammatory attack date: 2005 words: 4464 flesch: 19 summary: A model for T-cell apoptosis in vivo Apoptosis of T cells and macrophages in the central nervous system of intact and adrenalectomized Lewis rats during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Apoptosis of myelinreactive T cells induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in vitro Role of passive T-cell death in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death Phagocyte receptors for apoptotic cells: recognition, uptake, and consequences Phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes by oligodendrocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Phagocytic removal of apoptotic, inflammatory lymphocytes in the central nervous system by microglia and its functional implications Phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia and modulation by different cytokines: mechanism for removal of apoptotic cells in the inflamed nervous system Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory T cells leads to down-regulation of microglial immune activation Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neurons by Microglia/Brain macrophages In vitro: involvement of lectin-, integrin-, and phosphatidylserine-mediated recognition Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. [3-chain-variable-region V138.2-positive T cells are not essential for induction and course of disease Usage of V~3.3 T-cell receptor by myelin basic protein-specific encephalitogenic T-cell lines in the lewis rat T-cell apoptosis in inflammatory brain lesions: destruction of T cells does not depend on antigen recognition Impairment of TNFreceptor-1 signaling but not fas signaling diminishes T-cell apoptosis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced chronic demyelinating autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumor necrosis factor Molecular mechanisms of high-dose antigen therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: rapid induction of Thl-type cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase Immune (dys)regulation in multiple sclerosis: role of the CD95/CD95 ligand system Dual role for Fas ligand in the initiation of and recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Intrathecal Fas Ligand infusion strengthens immunoprivilege of central nervous system and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Microglia induce CD4 T lymphocyte final effector function and death Antigen presentation by astrocytes primes rat T lymphocytes for apoptotic cell death keywords: apoptosis; autoimmune; cell; cns; death; eae; encephalomyelitis; lewis cache: cord-017958-18nnwoav.txt plain text: cord-017958-18nnwoav.txt item: #34 of 136 id: cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 author: None title: Cell and Tissue Reactions date: 2006 words: 17149 flesch: 37 summary: Brain cells can also swell without a concomitant increase in brain volume if fluid shifts from an extracellular to an intracellular space. Moderate levels of ICAM-1 and very low levels of VCAM-1, two molecules responsible for the adhesive properties of granulocytes and of T-cells, are expressed by brain endothelial cells. keywords: antigen; apoptosis; astrocytes; bbb; blood; brain; cells; cerebral; cns; csf; damage; death; edema; endothelial; et al; expression; fig; herniation; hydrocephalus; icp; inflammation; injury; intracranial; ischemia; molecules; necrosis; neurons; pressure; swelling; system; tissue cache: cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt plain text: cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt item: #35 of 136 id: cord-018042-qt7055fw author: Müller, Marcus title: Chemokine Actions in the CNS: Insights from Transgenic Mice date: 2008 words: 5813 flesch: 31 summary: (CCL2) in inflammatory disease and adaptive immunity: therapeutic opportunities and controversies Widely expressed transcripts for chemokine receptor CXCR1 in identified glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and cholinergic neurons and astrocytes of the rat brain: a single-cell reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction study Transgenic expression of CCL2 in the central nervous system prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Molecular mechanisms involved in T cell migration across the blood-brain barrier Cutting edge: ectopic expression of the chemokine TCA4/SLC is sufficient to trigger lymphoid neogenesis CC chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis GRO-alpha and CXCR2 in the human fetal brain and multiple sclerosis lesions Regulation of chemokine receptor expression in human microglia and astrocytes CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs Controlled recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to specific organs through transgenic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Gene knock-out technology: a methodological overview for the interested novice CXC chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and growth-related gene product alpha (GROalpha) modulate Purkinje neuron activity in mouse cerebellum Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is expressed by astrocytes after mechanical injury to the brain Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is sufficient for the chemotaxis of monocytes and lymphocytes in transgenic mice but requires an additional stimulus for inflammatory activation Identification and characterization of a novel beta chemokine containing six conserved cysteines Cytokines and the nervous system. The consequences of chemokine expression in the unmanipulated CNS and in some cases in stimulus-evoked disease models have been examined in transgenic mice with CNS-targeted expression of specific chemokines. keywords: brain; ccl2; cells; chemokine; cns; cxcl10; et al; expression; mice; transgenic cache: cord-018042-qt7055fw.txt plain text: cord-018042-qt7055fw.txt item: #36 of 136 id: cord-020770-wpub7krf author: Benmamar-Badel, Anouk title: Protective Microglial Subset in Development, Aging, and Disease: Lessons From Transcriptomic Studies date: 2020-04-03 words: 11492 flesch: 34 summary: This early description led the community to consider microglial cells as a homogeneous population, even though the first description of a microglial subset (satellite microglia) appeared as early as 1919 (1) . This signature includes genes such as P2ry12, Fclrs, Tmem119, Hexb, Mertk, Cx3cr1, Csf1r, etc. that have been used in numerous studies thereafter to identify microglial cells. keywords: aging; brain; cd11c+; cd11c+ microglia; cells; development; disease; expression; genes; macrophages; mice; microglia; model; mouse; signature; studies; study; subset; trem2 cache: cord-020770-wpub7krf.txt plain text: cord-020770-wpub7krf.txt item: #37 of 136 id: cord-021069-v9f9874x author: Morrison, Lynda A. title: Viral pathogenesis and central nervous system infection date: 2004-11-23 words: 3817 flesch: 29 summary: The consequences of infection vary with the location and function of tissue injured by the virus : for example, motor neuron destruction in poliomyelitis results in paralysis ; demyelinating reactions to virus infection cause incoordination ; and virus infections of cells in the developing nervous system produce a variety of congenital abnormalities and neurological diseases (see Coyle, this issue, 32 and refs 19, 38) . Information about neuronal physiology and function has also been revealed through studying virus infection. keywords: cells; cns; host; infection; pathogenesis; system; transport; virus; viruses cache: cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt plain text: cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt item: #38 of 136 id: cord-021452-9rukc80y author: Bergman, Robert L. title: Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date: 2009-05-15 words: 8317 flesch: 46 summary: Dose-response and time-action analysis The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na + K + )-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function Lactate and pyruvate metabolism in injured cat spinal cord before and after a single large intravenous dose of methylprednisolone Effects of multi-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate administration on injured cat spinal cord neurofilament degradation and energy metabolism Evaluation of an intensive methylprednisolone sodium succinate dosing regimen in experimental spinal cord injury Pretreatment with alpha tocopherol enhances neurologic recovery after experimental spinal cord compression injury Management of spinal trauma in 69 cats Survival rates and outcomes in cats with thoracic and lumbar spinal cord injuries due to external trauma High-rise syndrome in cats: 207 cases Tension band stabilization of fractures and luxations of the thoracolumbar vertebrae in dogs and cats: 38 cases Combined medical and surgical treatment after acute spinal cord injury: results of a prospective pilot study to assess the merits of aggressive medical resuscitation and blood pressure management Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an inappropriate standard of care Is the role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury now resolved? High dose methylprednisolone in the management of acute spinal cord injury -a systematic review from a clinical perspective Gastric hemorrhage in dogs given high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate Complications of methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy in dachshunds with surgically treated intervertebral disc disease Evaluation of time-dependent spread of tissue damage in experimental spinal cord injury by killedend evoked potential: effect of high-dose methylprednisolone Nonsurgical management of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures and fractures/luxations in the dog and cat: a review of 17 cases Management of vertebral column fractures in dogs and cats: 211 cases (1977-1985) Spinal fracture or luxation Reversible spinal cord trauma in cats. Additive effects of direct pressure and ischemia An evidence-based review of decompressive surgery in acute spinal cord injury: rationale, indications, and timing based on experimental and clinical studies Current use and timing of spinal surgery for management of acute spinal cord injury in North America: results of a retrospective multicenter study Principles of vertebral fracture management Use of pins and methylmethacrylate in stabilization of spinal fractures and luxations The rotational stabilizing effect of spinal fixation techniques in an unstable vertebral model Recovery of locomotion in the cat following spinal cord lesions Determinants of locomotor recovery after spinal injury in the cat Locomotor capacity attributable to step training versus spontaneous recovery after spinalization in adult cats Effects of training on the recovery of full weight bearing stepping in the adult spinal cat Return of weight supported locomotion in adult spinal cats Chronic spinal cord-injured cats: surgical procedures and management Retention of hindlimb stepping ability in adult spinal cats after the cessation of step training Feline intervertebral disc disease: a review of the literature Intervertebral disc extrusion in six cats Intervertebral disk disease in 10 cats Spontaneous lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion in cats: literature review and case presentations Disc protrusions in the cat: distribution of dorsal protrusions along the vertebral column Disc protrusions in the cat: age incidence of dorsal protrusions Disc protrusions in the cat: ventral protrusions and radial splits Degeneration of the intervertebral disc in the cat Protrusion of the intervertebral disc in the cat Intervertebral disc syndrome in the cat Intervertebral disc protrusion in a cat Acute intervertebral disc extrusion in a cat: clinical and MRI findings Lumbosacral disc disease in a cat Radiographic diagnosis: intervertebral disc extrusion in a cat Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in a cat Tetraparesis in a cat with fibrocartilaginous emboli Fibro-cartilaginous embolism in a cat Syringomyelia and hydromyelia in dogs and cats Subarachnoid cyst in a cat Correlative imaging findings in seven dogs and one cat with spinal arachnoid cysts Spinal subarachnoid cyst in a cat Intradural epithelial cyst in a cat keywords: cases; cats; cent; cord; csf; diagnosis; disc; disease; feline; fip; injury; management; signs; spinal; trauma; treatment cache: cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt plain text: cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt item: #39 of 136 id: cord-021500-sy6lnt7b author: Jean Harry, G. title: Myelination, Dysmyelination, and Demyelination date: 2007-05-09 words: 17617 flesch: 27 summary: Kaiser Found The nodes of Ranvier Molecular genetics of X-linked mutants Selective expression of DM-20, an alternatively spliced myelin proteolipid protein gene product The PO glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin Cell kinetics and cell death in the optic nerve of the myelin deficient rat Acute effects of triethyltin on the rat myelin sheath Schwann cell precursors and their development Effect of cytochalasin D on secretion by rat pancreatic acini Sources of cholesterol for kidney and nerve during development The neuritogenicity and encephalitogenicity of P2 in the rat, guinea-pig and rabbit Structure and expression of proteolipid protein in the peripheral nervous system Conversion of normal behavior to shiverer by myelin basic protein antisense cDNA in transgenic mice Organization of microtubules in myelinating Schwann cells Novel member of the zinc finger superfamily: a C2-HC finger that recognizes a glia-specific gene Restoration of myelin formation by a single type of myelin basic protein in transgenic shiverer mice Pax3: a paired domain gene as a regulator in PNS myelination Compact myelin exists in the absence of basic protein in the shiverer mutant mouse Beyond self-assembly: from microtubules to morphogenesis Purification and partial characterization of two glycoproteins in bovine peripheral nerve myelin membrane Functions of intermediate filaments Oligodendroglial cell death in jimpy mice: an explanation for the myelin deficit Development of unmyelinated fibers in peripheral nerve: an immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic study Changes in the state of actin during the exocytotic reaction of permeabilized rat mast cells Localization of the gene encoding myelin basic protein to mouse chromosome 18E3-4 and rat chromosome 1 p11-p12 Decrease in oligodendrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity preceding myelin degeneration in cuprizone induced demyelination Triethyllead-induced hypomyelination in the developing rat forebrain Protein composition of forebrain myelin isolated from triethyllead-intoxicated young rats Suppressive effect of triethyllead on entry of proteins into the CNS myelin sheath in vitro Effect of triethyllead on posttranslational processing of myelin proteins An isoform of ankyrin is localized at nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons of central and peripheral nerves Lead Lead encephalopathy in the developing rat: effect upon myelination Undernutrition in the developing rat: effect upon myelination Deletion of the serine 34 codon from the major peripheral myelin protein P0 gene in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type lB Two forms of 1B236/myelin-associated glycoprotein, a cell adhesion molecule for postnatal neural development, are produced by alternative splicing Mechanism of demyelination, in tellurium neuropathy: electron microscopic observations Demyelination and remyelination in lead neuropathy: electron microscopic studies Receptor activity and signal transduction in myelin Enzymes and receptors of myelin The Neural Crest Structure and acylation of proteolipid protein Myelin-associated enzymes Merosin, a protein specific for basement membranes of Schwann cells, striated muscle and trophoblast, is expressed late in nerve and muscle development Unwrapping the genes of myelin Isolation and sequence of a cDNA encoding the major structural protein of peripheral myelin The myelin proteolipid protein gene and its expression Expression of myelin proteolipid and basic protein mRNAs in cultured cells The experimental production of edema in the central nervous system of the rat by triethyltin compounds Interaction and fusion of unilamellar vesicles containing cerebrosides and sulfatides induced by myelin basic protein Modulation by glycosphingolipids of membrane-membrane interaction induced by myelin basic protein and mellitin Immunoelectron microscopic localization of neural cell adhesion molecules (L1, N-CAM, and MAG) and their shared carbohydrate epitope and myelin basic protein in developing sciatic nerve Hexachlorophene intoxication: characterization of myelin and myelin related fractions in the rat during early postnatal development Polyneuropathy and IgM monoclonal gammopathy: studies on the pathogenetic role of anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibody Effect of pre-and postnatal essential fatty acid deficiency on brain in development and myelination The primary structure of fatty acid-binding protein from nurse shark liver: structural and evolutionary relationship to the mammalian fatty acid-binding protein family Structure and molecular interactions of myelin basic protein and its antigenic peptides P0 promoter directs expression of reporter and toxin genes to Schwann cells of transgenic mice Structure and chromosomal localization of the gene for the oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein The oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein belongs to a distinct family of proteins and contains the HNK-1 carbohydrate A phosphatidylinositoMinked peanut agglutinin-binding glycoprotein in central nervous system myelin and on oligodendrocytes Structure and function of myelin protein genes Organization of myelin protein genes: myelinassociated glycoprotein Schwann cell development and the regulation of myelination Schwann cell development, differentiation, and myelination Recombination within the myelin basic protein gene created the dysmyelinating shiverer mouse mutation Biochemical and molecular bases of myelinopathy Myelin formation, structure, and biochemistry Schwann cells as targets for neurotoxicants Biochemistry of lipids. Assignment of the myelin basic protein gene to human chromosome 18q22-qter Axon-regulated expression of a Schwann cell transcript that is homologous to a growth arrest-specific gene 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, an oligodendrocyte-Schwann cell and myelin-associated enzyme of the nervous system Quantitative analysis of myelin protein gene expression during development in the rat sciatic nerve D, and cAMP response element binding protein by Schwann cells and their precursors in vivo and in vitro Myelin basic protein in brains of rat with low dose lead encephalopathy Identifying the protein products of brain-specific genes with antibodies to chemically synthesized peptides A leucine-to-proline mutation in the putative first transmembrane domain of the 22-kDa peripheral myelin in the trembler-J mouse Trembler mouse carrier a point mutation in a myelin gene Some new observations in triethyl-tin of rats Experimental study on segmental demyelination in tellurum neuropathy Expression of carbonic anhydrase II mRNA and protein in oligodendrocytes during toxic demyelination in the young adult mouse Ultrastructure of axons in disturbed CNS myelination in pt rabbit Experimental paraprotein neuropathy, demyelination by passive transfer of IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein The DM20 protein of myelin: intracellular and surface expression patterns in transfectants Myelin deficity produced by early postnatal exposure to inorganic lead or triethyltin are persistent Primary demyelination induced by exposure to tellurium alters mRNA levels for nerve growth factor receptor, SCIP, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and myelin proteolipid protein in rat sciatic nerve Tellurium-induced alterations in HMG-CoA reductase gene expression and enzyme activity: differential effects in sciatic nerve and liver suggests tissue-specific regulation of cholesterol synthesis Primary demyelination induced by exposure to tellurium alters Schwanncell gene expression: a model for intracellular targeting of NGFreceptor Alterations in gene expression associated with primary demyelination and remyelination in the peripheral nervous system Experimental lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat: concentration of lead in cellular fractions enriched in brain capillaries Effect of inorganic lead exposure on myelination in the rat Telluriuminduced neuropathy: a model for reversible reductions in myelin protein gene expression Posttranslational modification of myelin proteins The localization of laminin and fibronectin on the Schwann cell basal lamina keywords: axons; brain; cells; cholesterol; cns; cns myelin; development; et al; expression; gene; glycoprotein; levels; mbp; membrane; mice; mouse; myelin; myelin protein; myelination; nerve; oligodendrocyte; plp; pns; pns myelin; protein; rat; rats; schwann; schwann cells; synthesis; system cache: cord-021500-sy6lnt7b.txt plain text: cord-021500-sy6lnt7b.txt item: #40 of 136 id: cord-021772-5v4gor2v author: Levine, Gwendolyn J. title: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date: 2019-05-31 words: 12659 flesch: 41 summary: 10, 20 Approximately 80% to 95% of CSF protein is albumin, and 5% to 12% of CSF total protein comprises gammaglobulins. 20 Increased bilirubin leakage into the SAS or high concentrations of CSF protein (>100-150 mg/dL) may cause xanthrochromia. keywords: analysis; canine; cases; cats; cells; cns; concentration; csf; diagnosis; disease; dogs; fluid; neutrophilic; pleocytosis; protein; samples; spinal; study cache: cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt plain text: cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt item: #41 of 136 id: cord-022163-7klzsrpu author: Broder, Christopher C. title: Henipaviruses date: 2016-09-09 words: 14473 flesch: 32 summary: The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses Epidemiological perspectives on Hendra virus infection in horses and fl ying foxes Mumps virus replication in human lymphoid cell lines and in peripheral blood lymphocytes: preference for T cells Combined chloroquine and ribavirin treatment does not prevent death in a hamster model of Nipah and Hendra virus infection Ephrin-B2 selectively marks arterial vessels and neovascularization sites in the adult, with expression in both endothelial and smooth-muscle cells Development of an acute and highly pathogenic nonhuman primate model of Nipah virus infection Animal challenge models of Henipavirus infection and pathogenesis Therapeutic treatment of Nipah virus infection in nonhuman primates with a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody Poly(I)-poly(C12U) but not ribavirin prevents death in a hamster model of Nipah virus infection Relevance of CD6-mediated interactions in T cell activation and proliferation Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia Elucidation of Nipah virus morphogenesis and replication using ultrastructural and molecular approaches Nipah virus: vaccination and passive protection studies in a hamster model Antibody prophylaxis and therapy against Nipah virus infection in Hamsters Acute Hendra virus infection: analysis of the pathogenesis and passive antibody protection in the hamster model Pteropid bats are confi rmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus Interaction between chicken lymphocytes and Newcastle disease virus Genetic characterization of Nipah virus Molecular characterization of Nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus assembly and budding: building particles that transmit infections Serologic evidence of Nipah virus infection in bats Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats Antibodies to henipavirus or henipa-like viruses in domestic pigs in Ghana, West Africa Nipah virus outbreak with person-to-person transmission in a district of Bangladesh Cluster of Nipah virus infection Comparative pathology of the diseases caused by Hendra and Nipah viruses The retrospective diagnosis of a second outbreak of equine morbillivirus infection Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence Ultrastructure of Hendra virus and Nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats Replication and persistence of measles virus in defi ned subpopulations of human leukocytes Newcastle disease virus-vectored Nipah encephalitis vaccines induce B and T cell responses in mice and long-lasting neutralizing antibodies in pigs Virus infections in the nervous system Effects of canine distemper virus infection on lymphoid function in vitro and in vivo Rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against Henipaviruses Eph, a protein family coming of age: more confusion, insight, or complexity? Fields virology Modes of paramyxovirus fusion: a Henipavirus perspective Experimental inoculation study indicates swine as a potential host for Hendra virus Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses in bats Single-dose replication-defective VSV-based Nipah virus vaccines provide protection from lethal challenge in Syrian hamsters Structural pathways for macromolecular and cellular transport across the blood-brain barrier during infl ammatory conditions The pandemic potential of Nipah virus Paramyxoviruses: henipaviruses Epidemiology of henipavirus disease in humans Transmission of human infection with Nipah virus Recurrent zoonotic transmission of Nipah virus into humans Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia Experimental infection of squirrel monkeys with Nipah virus Cedar virus: a novel Henipavirus isolated from Australian bats Experimental infection of horses with Hendra virus/australia/horse/2008/redlands Genome sequence conservation of Hendra virus isolates during spillover to horses Nipah virus uses leukocytes for effi cient dissemination within a host A recombinant subunit vaccine formulation protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge in cats Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system Henipavirus microsphere immuno-assays for detection of antibodies against Hendra virus Endocytosis plays a critical role in proteolytic processing of the Hendra virus fusion protein Hendra virus vaccine, a one health approach to protecting horse, human, and environmental health Experimental Nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) Henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Hendra virus challenge Single injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines protect ferrets against lethal Nipah virus disease Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses Feline model of acute Nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine Rapid Nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route A novel morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus TLR3 agonists as immunotherapeutic agents Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier Cathepsin L is involved in proteolytic processing of the Hendra virus fusion protein Subcellular localization and calcium and pH requirements for proteolytic processing of the Hendra virus fusion protein Chloroquine administration does not prevent Nipah virus infection and disease in ferrets A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal Hendra virus challenge Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease Eph receptors and ephrins in cancer: bidirectional signalling and beyond Quantitative analysis of Nipah virus proteins released as virus-like particles reveals central role for the matrix protein The YPLGVG sequence of the Nipah virus matrix protein is required for budding Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore Henipavirus neutralising antibodies in an isolated island population of African fruit bats Continent-wide panmixia of an African fruit bat facilitates transmission of potentially zoonotic viruses Evidence for henipavirus spillover into human populations in Africa Human Hendra virus encephalitis associated with equine outbreak Protection against henipavirus infection by use of recombinant adenoassociated virus-vector vaccines Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from fl ying foxes (Pteropus spp.) keywords: acute; animals; bats; cell; challenge; cns; disease; encephalitis; et al; evidence; fusion; glycoprotein; hendra; henipavirus; hev; horses; human; infection; model; nipah; nipah virus; niv; outbreak; pigs; studies; vaccine; virus cache: cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt plain text: cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt item: #42 of 136 id: cord-022395-rk31pwoa author: Schuller-Levis, Georgia title: Central Nervous System: Viral Infection and Immune-Mediated Inflammation date: 2012-12-02 words: 8853 flesch: 31 summary: Vi ruses may be able to down regulate appropriate recognition molecules on the surface of immune cells. MHC antigens are expressed only at low levels or not at all on the majority of CNS cells (Hart and Fabre, 1981 ). keywords: antigens; brain; cells; class; cns; disease; eae; endothelial; et al; expression; factor; il-1; immune; infection; inflammation; inflammatory; response; system; virus; viruses cache: cord-022395-rk31pwoa.txt plain text: cord-022395-rk31pwoa.txt item: #43 of 136 id: cord-022594-fx044gcd author: Pirko, Istvan title: Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date: 2009-05-18 words: 25150 flesch: 43 summary: Not only do several viral and bacterial peptides share structural similarities with MBP, but it has also been demonstrated that these antigens may activate MBP-specific T-cell clones derived from MS patients. Virus has rarely been cultured from CSF of MS patients, but a new strain of HSV (the MS strain) and a new virus (Inoue-Melnick virus) were first isolated from the CSF of MS patients. keywords: acute; adem; brain; cases; clinical; cns; cord; course; criteria; csf; demyelination; diagnosis; disability; disease; dose; evidence; interferon; lesions; matter; mri; ms patients; patients; rate; relapse; relapsing; risk; sclerosis; spinal; studies; study; symptoms; syndrome; treatment; trial; years cache: cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt plain text: cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt item: #44 of 136 id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author: None title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 words: 49293 flesch: 47 summary: We conclude that this cingulate activation may reflect the greater involvement of an attentional network (of which the anterior cingulate is a part) in tasks requiring a higher degree of mental work on the part of AD patients. To investigate erythrocyte membrane molecular dynamics in AD patients and age-matched controls, we investigated erythrocyte membrane molecular motion at the surface (fluorescamine), aqueous-hydrocarbon interface (DPPE-ANS), and hydrocarbon core (1219j-AS; PPC-DPH) by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of 16 probable AD patients (5 males; 11 females) and 20 (1 1 males; 9 females) age-matched controls. keywords: activation; activity; acute; ad patients; age; als; alzheimer; analysis; antibodies; blood; brain; cases; cells; cerebral; changes; chronic; conduction; controls; criteria; csf; data; days; dementia; diagnosis; disease; dose; effects; evidence; examination; factors; findings; function; group; hours; human; improvement; infection; injury; left; lesions; levels; loss; mean; memory; months; motor; mri; muscle; myelin; nerve; neurological; onset; p =; parkinson; patients; pd patients; present; protein; response; results; risk; scale; sclerosis; scores; sensory; serum; severity; specific; spinal; stroke; studies; study; subjects; symptoms; syndrome; test; treatment; type; women; years cache: cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt plain text: cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt item: #45 of 136 id: cord-022756-kdgo4rqb author: None title: Hematopoietic Tumors date: 2012-11-28 words: 42468 flesch: 39 summary: Unfortunately, rituximab does not have therapeutic activity in dogs due to a lack of external recognition of a similar antigen on canine lymphoma cells and the inherent antigenicity of human-derived antibodies in dogs. A second report of eight cats (seven with large cell lymphoma) underwent 6 weeks of CHOPbased combination chemotherapy, followed 2 weeks later by whole abdomen radiation consisting of 10 daily 1.5 Gy fractions. keywords: acute; anemia; blood; bone; bone marrow; canine; cases; cats; cell; cell lymphoma; chapter; chemotherapy; classification; cutaneous; diagnosis; disease; dogs; feline; felv; figure; form; grade; humans; involvement; leukemia; lymphoma; marrow; median; months; myeloma; nodes; prednisone; present; primary; prognosis; protocols; remission; renal; response; serum; signs; study; survival; treatment; tumors cache: cord-022756-kdgo4rqb.txt plain text: cord-022756-kdgo4rqb.txt item: #46 of 136 id: cord-023026-2r84ndzv author: None title: Posters date: 2013-06-14 words: 138804 flesch: 38 summary: Levels of expression of NG2 mRNA and protein in mouse glial cells are regulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate and overexpression of cleaved fragments modulates protein expression in murine glial cells. Interestingly, when we analyzed the in vitro expression pattern of rCD300f in brain cells by Q-PCR and immunohistochemistry, in addition to the expected expression in microglial cells, we detected expression of CD300f in oligodendrocytes and neurons. keywords: activation; activity; acute; addition; adult; analysis; animals; anti; astrocytes; astroglial; axons; blood; brain; brain cells; brain injury; cells; cerebral; changes; chronic; cns; conditions; contrast; control; cord; cortex; cortical; cultures; cytokines; damage; data; days; death; decrease; derived; development; differentiation; disease; eae; effect; evidence; experiments; expression; expression levels; extracellular; factors; findings; formation; function; gene; gene expression; gfap; glial; glucose; glutamate; hippocampal; human; imaging; immune; increase; inflammation; inflammatory; inhibition; injection; injury; ischemic; ko mice; lactate; lesions; levels; loss; lps; macrophages; markers; mechanisms; membrane; metabolic; methods; mice; microglia; microglia activation; microglia cells; migration; model; molecules; morphology; mouse; mrna; myelin; nerve; neural; neurons; new; ng2 cells; non; number; oligodendrocytes; opcs; order; pathway; patients; pcr; phenotype; play; post; potential; precursor cells; presence; present; primary; processes; production; progenitor cells; progression; proliferation; properties; protein; protein expression; rats; receptors; reduced; regulation; release; remyelination; response; results; role; schwann cells; signaling; slices; spinal; stem cells; stress; studies; study; surface; survival; synaptic; system; test; therapeutic; time; tissue; transgenic; treatment; type; uptake; vitro; vivo; weeks cache: cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt plain text: cord-023026-2r84ndzv.txt item: #47 of 136 id: cord-023143-fcno330z author: None title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 words: 43520 flesch: 44 summary: The immunohistological analysis suggests that CD8+ T cell dependent disappearence of marginal zone macrophages of follicular dendritic cells and of virus infected cells in general correlates with immunosuppression. Our studies indicate that MHC class I resmcted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are activated in response to viral antigens leading to destruction of virus infected cells and loss of transgene expression. keywords: activity; amino; analysis; animals; antibodies; antibody; antigen; b cells; binding; cd4; cd8; cell responses; challenge; class; clones; cns; ctl; ctl response; cytokines; cytotoxic t; days; different; disease; dna; epitopes; expression; gene; hiv; hla; host; human; ifn; immune; immunity; infected; infection; influenza; lcmv; levels; lymphocytes; memory; mhc; mice; model; molecules; mouse; murine; peptides; primary; production; protein; recognition; recombinant; replication; response; results; role; sequence; specific; spleen; strains; studies; t cells; type; vaccine; vaccinia; viral; virus; virus infection; viruses; vivo cache: cord-023143-fcno330z.txt plain text: cord-023143-fcno330z.txt item: #48 of 136 id: cord-026031-hnf5vayd author: Ford, Richard B. title: Emergency Care date: 2009-05-21 words: 112481 flesch: 42 summary: animal patients. The normal CVP for small animal patients is 0 to 5 cm H 2 O. Values less than zero are associated with absolute or relative hypovolemia. keywords: abnormalities; acute; administer; administration; airway; animal; bandage; blood; blood pressure; body; cardiac; care; cases; catheter; cats; cause; charcoal; control; crystalloid; damage; days; decrease; diagnosis; disease; dogs; dose; drugs; dysrhythmias; edema; effects; effusion; emergency; emesis; examination; exposure; failure; fluid; following; function; gastrointestinal; heart; hemorrhage; hours; infection; ingestion; injury; intravenous; kg iv; kg po; lavage; loss; management; minutes; monitor; needle; normal; obstruction; occurs; oxygen; pain; patient; perform; perfusion; place; plasma; presence; present; pressure; pulmonary; radiographs; rate; renal; result; risk; saline; secondary; seizures; serum; shock; signs; skin; sodium; solution; supplemental; therapy; thoracic; time; tissue; toxicity; trauma; treatment; tube; urine; volume; vomiting; water; wound cache: cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt plain text: cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt item: #49 of 136 id: cord-028963-u4iupl1s author: Lane, Michael title: Multiple Sclerosis date: 2020-07-10 words: 11874 flesch: 42 summary: About 15% of MS patients have progressive worsening from the onset of their illness, a form of MS referred to as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Given its safety profile and limited evidence on improving attention and executive function in MS, G. biloba standardized extract may benefit MS patients with cognitive impairment. keywords: acid; brain; diet; disease; fat; group; gut; levels; low; oil; patients; people; placebo; risk; sclerosis; stress; studies; study; subjects; supplementation; vitamin cache: cord-028963-u4iupl1s.txt plain text: cord-028963-u4iupl1s.txt item: #50 of 136 id: cord-030371-wp6xmaqe author: Kubota, Kazuo title: Basic Science of PET Imaging for Inflammatory Diseases date: 2019-12-21 words: 15825 flesch: 33 summary: Preliminary results Quantification of temporal changes in calcium score in active atherosclerotic plaque in major vessels by (18)F-sodium fluoride PET/CT Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography Recent progress in the development of TSPO PET ligands for neuroinflammation imaging in neurological diseases Longitudinal imaging of microglia-astrocyte activation in mouse mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with TSPO PET to identify the best therapeutic time windows In vivo positron emission tomographic imaging of glial responses to amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders Translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and its clinical impact in neurodegenerative diseases Imaging of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor expression as biomarkers of detrimental versus beneficial glial responses in mouse models of Alzheimer's and other CNS pathologies Distinct binding of amyloid imaging ligands to unique amyloid-beta deposited in the presubiculum of Alzheimer's disease In vivo visualization of tau accumulation, microglial activation, and brain atrophy in a mouse model of tauopathy rTg4510 Longitudinal, quantitative assessment of amyloid, neuroinflammation, and anti-amyloid treatment in a living mouse model of Alzheimer's disease enabled by positron emission tomography Comparative in vitro and in vivo quantifications of pathologic tau deposits and their association with neurodegeneration in tauopathy mouse models Imaging of brain TSPO expression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with (18) F-DPA-714 and micro-PET/CT 11C]PBR28 PET imaging is sensitive to neuroinflammation in the aged rat TSPO imaging in parkinsonian disorders PET imaging of [(11)C]PBR28 in Parkinson's disease patients does not indicate increased binding to TSPO despite reduced dopamine transporter binding Animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comparison of model validity Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28 Kinetic modeling without accounting for the vascular component impairs the quantification of [(11)C]PBR28 brain PET data Novel reference region model reveals increased microglial and reduced vascular binding of 11C-(R)-PK11195 in patients with Alzheimer's disease PET imaging of microglia by targeting macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) Synthesis and initial in vivo evaluation of [(11) C]AZ683-a novel PET radiotracer for colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) Although the binding affinity in humans has been shown to vary due to polymorphism, TSPO PET has been employed as an effective tool to visualize and quantify the degree of neuroinflammation associated with glial activation in preclinical studies conducted using animal models, including rodents [106] . keywords: accumulation; activation; animal; binding; brain; cells; cns; disease; expression; fdg; fig; imaging; inflammation; macrophages; mice; microglia; model; mouse; neuroinflammation; pet; plaques; receptor; results; studies; study; tspo; uptake; vivo cache: cord-030371-wp6xmaqe.txt plain text: cord-030371-wp6xmaqe.txt item: #51 of 136 id: cord-104265-kcygxo7h author: Brabb, Thea title: In Situ Tolerance within the Central Nervous System as a Mechanism for Preventing Autoimmunity date: 2000-09-18 words: 7125 flesch: 46 summary: No proliferation was detected in any of the other experiments using MBP TCR transgenic CNS T cells (n ϭ 5). For assessment of anergy in CNS T cells, stimulations were performed as described above except in the presence or absence of 50 U IL-2/ml (23) . keywords: cells; cns; mbp; mice; naive; nontransgenic; t cells; tcr; tolerance; transgenic cache: cord-104265-kcygxo7h.txt plain text: cord-104265-kcygxo7h.txt item: #52 of 136 id: cord-252389-xrdbmosj author: Kumar, Mukesh title: Neurological manifestations and comorbidity associated with COVID-19: an overview date: 2020-10-14 words: 5453 flesch: 37 summary: The neurological manifestations reported by SARS patients, SARS-CoV was detected in samples/specimens of SARS patients. In this article, we have reviewed the neurological characteristic features of COVID-19 patients, latent neurotropic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 involvement in the comorbidity associated with CNS disorders, and neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. keywords: brain; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; disease; infection; manifestations; patients; sars; symptoms cache: cord-252389-xrdbmosj.txt plain text: cord-252389-xrdbmosj.txt item: #53 of 136 id: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author: Zanella, M.-C. title: High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date: 2019-01-11 words: 4175 flesch: 29 summary: Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis Infectious encephalitis in France in 2007: a national prospective study Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study Acute bacterial and viral meningitis Viral infections of the central nervous system in Spain: a prospective study Viral meningitis Etiology of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in an adult population Guidelines on the management of infectious encephalitis in adults Genetic characterization of human herpesvirus type 1: full-length genome sequence of strain obtained from an encephalitis case from India Analysis of an echovirus 18 outbreak in Thuringia, Germany: insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of several enterovirus species B members Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report Toscana virus genome stability: data from a meningoencephalitis case in Mantua Phylogenetic and epidemiologic evidence of multiyear incubation in human rabies Metagenomic and metabolomic characterization of rabies encephalitis: new insights into the treatment of an ancient disease Isolation of Toscana virus from the cerebrospinal fluid of a man with meningitis in Marseille Toscana virus meningitis case in Switzerland: an example of the ezVIR bioinformatics pipeline utility for the identification of emerging viruses A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study Afebrile meningoencephalitis with transient central facial paralysis due to Toscana virus infection, southeastern France Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 at the origin of an epidemic of fatal hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Cambodia A variegated Squirrel Bornavirus associated with fatal human encephalitis Isolation and complete genome analysis of neurotropic dengue virus serotype 3 from the cerebrospinal fluid of an encephalitis patient Astrovirus MLB2, a new gastroenteric virus associated with meningitis and disseminated infection Nextgeneration sequencing for diagnosis and tailored therapy: a case report of astrovirus-associated progressive encephalitis Acute encephalopathy in an immunocompromised boy with astrovirus-MLB1 infection detected by next generation sequencing Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases Small circular single stranded DNA viral genomes in unexplained cases of human encephalitis, diarrhea, and in untreated sewage Identification of a new cyclovirus in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute central nervous system infections A cluster of fatal tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in organ transplant setting A novel cause of chronic viral meningoencephalitis: Cache Valley virus Astrovirus VA1/HMO-C: an increasingly recognized neurotropic pathogen in immunocompromised patients Clinical metagenomic identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis and assembly of the draft genome: the continuing case for reference genome sequencing Diagnosis of neuroinvasive astrovirus infection in an immunocompromised adult with encephalitis by unbiased next-generation sequencing Deep sequencing to identify the causes of viral encephalitis Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the identification of encephalitiscausing viruses: unexpected detection of human herpesvirus 1 while searching for RNA pathogens Detection of virus in CSF from the cases with meningoencephalitis by next-generation sequencing A new densovirus in cerebrospinal fluid from a case of anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis Suspected encephalitis with Candida tropicalis and Fusarium detected by unbiased RNA sequencing Next-generation sequencing in neuropathologic diagnosis of infections of the nervous system Acute West Nile virus meningoencephalitis diagnosed via metagenomic deep sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid in a renal transplant patient Deep sequencing reveals persistence of cell-associated mumps vaccine virus in chronic encephalitis Diagnosis of fatal human case of St. Louis encephalitis virus infection by metagenomic sequencing An emerging opportunistic infection: fatal astrovirus (VA1/HMO-C) encephalitis in a pediatric stem cell transplant recipient Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis with metagenomic deep sequencing Human parvovirus 4 as potential cause of encephalitis in children Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia Identification of viruses in cases of pediatric acute encephalitis and encephalopathy using next-generation sequencing Detection of Toscana virus from an adult traveler returning to Australia with encephalitis Neurobrucellosis: unexpected answer from metagenomic nextgeneration sequencing Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects Human anelloviruses and the central nervous system Low prevalence of TT virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of viremic patients with central nervous system disorders TT virus has a ubiquitous diffusion in human body tissues: analyses of paired serum and tissue samples Deep sequencing for the detection of virus-like sequences in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis: detection of GBV-C in human brain Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: a case report and literature review Human pegivirus-1 in the CSF of patients with HIVassociated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) may be derived from blood in highly viraemic patients The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance Validation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing tests for universal pathogen detection key: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh authors: Zanella, M.-C.; Lenggenhager, L.; Schrenzel, J.; Cordey, S.; Kaiser, L. title: High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. keywords: cns; encephalitis; hts; patients; samples; studies; virus; viruses cache: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt plain text: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt item: #54 of 136 id: cord-253201-r6vsa0pw author: Nazari, S. title: Central Nervous System Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date: 2020-07-22 words: 3961 flesch: 41 summary: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CNS presentations in COVID-19 patients in an attempt to identify the common CNS features and provide a better overview to tackle this new pandemic. However, a growing number of COVID-19 patients are presenting with different combinations of the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations [16] keywords: cns; coronavirus; covid-19; disease; infection; license; medrxiv; patients; preprint cache: cord-253201-r6vsa0pw.txt plain text: cord-253201-r6vsa0pw.txt item: #55 of 136 id: cord-253797-a9lmfaho author: Eddleston, M. title: Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes—Implications for their role in neurologic disease date: 1993-05-31 words: 8991 flesch: 24 summary: Part II: unlike H-ZK-dependent cytotoxic T cells, H-2Ia-restricted T cells are only stimulated in the presence of interferon gamma Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cell lines Production of prostaglandin E and an interleukin-I like factor by cultured astrocytes and C6 glioma cells Expression of class II major histocompatibiiity antigens on reactive astrocytes and endothelial cells within the gliosis surrounding metastases and abscesses On the cellular source and function of interleukin-6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases The induction of inter~llular adhesion molecule 1 @CAM-l) expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, lymphotoxin, and interleukin-1: relevance to intracerebral antigen presentation Astrocytes and intracerebral immune responses Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) release from cultured rat astrocytes Subacute spongiform encephalopathies: transmissible cerebral amyloidoses caused by unconventional agents Lipopolysaccharide-free conditions in primary astrocyte cultures allow growth and isolation of microghal cells Expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 by reactive astrocytes Laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan in the lesioned adult mammalian central nervous system and their possible relationship to axonal sprouting Localization of the CD44 glycoprotein to fibrous astrocytes in normal white matter and to reactive astrocytes in active lesions in multiple sclerosis Ameboid microglia as effecters of inflammation in the central nervous system A role for IGF-I in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic injury Changes in ghal cell markers in recent and old demyelinated lesions in central pontine myelinolysis 11984) Vehicles of inactivation Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the rat central nervous system: comparison between the effects of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte cultures and in uiuo Periventricular Gomori-positive glia in brains of X-irradiated rats Rat ependyma and microglia cells express class II MHC antigens after intervenous infusion of recombinant gamma interferon Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance Macrophages in the peripheral nervous system and astroglia in the central nervous system of rat commonly express apolipoprotein E during development but differ in their response to injury Glial uptake of excitatory amino acids influences neuronal survival in cultures of mouse hippocampus Ia-restricted encephalitogenic T lymphocytes mediating EAE lyse autoantigenpresenting astrocytes Coronavirus infection induces H-2 antigen expression on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes Increase in basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity and its mRNA level in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia Astrocytes produce interferon that enhances the expression of H-2 antigens on a subpopulation of brain cells The Cytokine Handbook Acidic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity in brain of Alzheimer patients Regulation ofplasminogen activators and type-I pfasminogen activator inhibitor by cyclic AMP and phorbol ester in rat astrocytes Multiple sclerosis: involvement of interferons in lesion pathogenesis 19%) interferon-gamma and Ia antigen are present on astrocytes in active chrontc multiple sclerosis lesions On the presence of &positive endothelial cells and astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions and its relevance to antigen presentation Neurotrans~itter t&porters (plus): a promising new gene family nexin-II. keywords: astrocytes; astroglial; brain; cells; cns; expression; factor; growth; injury; molecules; neurons; number; protein; rat; response; role; studies; system; vitro cache: cord-253797-a9lmfaho.txt plain text: cord-253797-a9lmfaho.txt item: #56 of 136 id: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author: None title: Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date: 2006-12-31 words: 241480 flesch: 43 summary: Inst., Kyoto Univ., Inuyama, Japan GABAergic cells in the cerebral cortex are divided into subgroups: parvalbumin (PV)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, calretinin (CR)-, and calbindin-containing types. In the present study, we therefore investigated the synthesis of sex steroids and corticosteroids in the hippocampus of adult male rats, by monitoring the metabolism of tritiated steroids with HPLC system. PS2A-G125 GABA depolarizes GnRH neurons isolated from adult GnRH-EGFP transgenic rats Chengzhu Yin, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Masakatsu Kato, Yasuo Sakuma Nippon Medical School, Department of physiology, Tokyo, Japan GnRH neurons are essential in the reproductive neuroendocrine system. keywords: 1,2; 100; acid; action; activation; activities; activity; addition; administration; adult; age; amplitude; amygdala; analysis; animals; antagonist; application; area; astrocytes; auditory; axons; bdnf; behavioral; binding; biology; body; brain; brain activity; brain development; brain function; brain research; brain science; bsi; ca1; calcium; camkii; cells; cellular; center; central; cerebellar; cerebral; changes; channel; chiba; cns; cognitive; complex; condition; contrast; control; correlation; cortex; cortex neurons; cortical; crest; cultured; current; data; days; death; decrease; dendrites; dendritic; department; dept; development; difference; differentiation; direction; disease; disorders; distribution; div; division; domain; dopamine; dopaminergic; dorsal; dynamics; effect; estrogen; evoked; excitatory; experiments; exposure; expression; eye; factors; family; fibers; field; findings; firing; fmri; following; formation; fos; frequency; function; funds; gaba; gabaergic; gene; gene expression; gfp; glutamate; gnrh neurons; graduate; granule; group; growth; gyrus; hand; health; high; hippocampal neurons; hippocampus; hiroshi; human; imaging; increase; individual; induced; induction; inhibition; inhibitory; injection; injury; inputs; institute; interaction; interneurons; intracellular; involvement; japan; japan brain; japan neural; japan neurons; japan science; jst; kakenhi; kinase; kyoto; kyoto university; lab; laboratory; layer; learning; left; level; life; like; localization; loss; ltd; ltp; male; manner; mechanisms; med; medical; medicine; membrane; memory; method; mice; microglia; migration; model; molecular; molecules; monkeys; motion; motor; motor neurons; mouse; mouse brain; movement; mrna; multiple; muscle; mutant; nagoya; national; nerve; nervous; network; neural; neurite; neuronal; neurons; neuroscience; new; nmda; non; novel; nuclei; nucleus; number; olfactory; onset; order; osaka; osaka university; pain; pathway; patients; pattern; period; phase; phosphorylation; physiology; plasticity; play; postnatal; postsynaptic; potential; prefrontal; presence; present; presynaptic; primary; process; processes; processing; progenitor cells; projection neurons; proliferation; properties; protein; ps2p; ps3a; ps3p; purkinje cells; pyramidal; rat brain; rate; rats; receptor; recorded; recording; reduced; region; regulation; relationship; release; report; required; research; research funds; research institute; response; results; reward; right; riken; role; saitama; school; sciences; second; selective; sensory; signaling; signals; site; size; slices; social; specific; spike; spinal; spines; state; stem cells; stimulation; stimuli; stimulus; stress; structure; studies; study; subjects; surface; synapses; synaptic; system; target; task; technology; temporal; term; terminals; test; time; tohoku; tokyo; tokyo university; transcription; transgenic; transmission; treatment; tsukuba; type; university; university graduate; university school; usa; visual; vitro; vivo; voltage; weeks; wild; zone cache: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt plain text: cord-257167-rz4r5sj7.txt item: #57 of 136 id: cord-259347-3acsko74 author: Cheng, Qi title: Infectivity of human coronavirus in the brain date: 2020-05-28 words: 3996 flesch: 37 summary: We declare no conflicts of interest. Identification of an epitope of SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43 Human respiratory coronavirus OC43: genetic stability and neuroinvasion Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E Acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus OC43 Infection of primary cultures of human neural cells by human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 Murine encephalitis caused by HCoV-OC43, a human coronavirus with broad species specificity, is partly immunemediated Susceptibility of murine CNS to OC43 infection Axonal Transport Enables Neuron-to-Neuron Propagation of Human Coronavirus OC43 Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Human Coronavirus OC43 Associated with Fatal Encephalitis A rare cause of acute flaccid paralysis: human coronaviruses Susceptibility of human and rat neural cell lines to infection by SARS-coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB/c mice Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of mice transgenic for the human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 virus receptor Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Differential virological and immunological outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in susceptible and resistant transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) Neurological Complications of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: a Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature Effect of olfactory bulb ablation on spread of a neurotropic coronavirus into the mouse brain Viremic dissemination of mouse hepatitis virus-JHM following intranasal inoculation of mice Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease Immunological and neuropathological significance of the Virchow-Robin space Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in cryptococcal meningitis associated with AIDS: CT and MR findings The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China Persistence of physical symptoms in and abnormal laboratory findings for survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in BALB/C mice Murine Olfactory Bulb Interneurons Survive Infection with a Neurotropic Coronavirus Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. keywords: acute; brain; cns; coronavirus; cov; human; infection; sars; syndrome cache: cord-259347-3acsko74.txt plain text: cord-259347-3acsko74.txt item: #58 of 136 id: cord-262281-56tbrl8a author: Hawkes, C. H. title: Parkinson's disease: a dual‐hit hypothesis date: 2007-10-24 words: 8202 flesch: 36 summary: In Parkinson's Disease: Progress in Research Dual-hit hypothesis 609 Poor and protracted myelination as a contributory factor to neurodegenerative disorders Neurodegeneration in normal brain aging and disease Alpha-synuclein lesions in normal aging, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease: evidence from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) Pathogenesis and preclinical course of Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease Diagnostic staging of Parkinson's disease: conceptual aspects The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease Is Parkinson's disease a primary olfactory disorder? IPT and IBZM SPECT imaging in subclinical and clinically manifest idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson's disease, and controls Combination of 'idiopathic' REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for a-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder Olfactory deficit in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behavior disorder Characteristics of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and that associated with MSA and PD Gastric alphasynuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology Parkinson's disease: Lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic preand postganglionic neurons Amygdala pathology in Parkinson's disease The neurobiology of the central nucleus of the amygdala in relation to neuroendocrine and autonomic outflow Projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the gastric related area of the dorsal vagal complex: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in rat The central nucleus of the amygdala modulates gut-related neurons in the dorsal vagal complex in rats Alafuzoff I. a-Synuclein pathology does not predict extrapyramidal symptoms or dementia Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in the aged human brain Regional distribution of proteinase-K-resistent a-synuclein correlates with Lewy body disease stage Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in aging Alzheimer disease with amgydala Lewy bodies: a distinct form of alpha-synucleinopathy Staging of sporadic Parkinson disease-related alpha-synuclein pathology: inter-and intra-rater reliability The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins in olfactory mucosa from patients with and without neurodegenerative diseases Nasal mucosa in patients with Parkinson's disease Preliminary diagnosis of Parkinson's disease by olfactory bulb pathology keywords: brain; disease; disorder; dysfunction; lewy; nerve; neurones; nucleus; olfactory; parkinson; pathology; patients; study; system; virus cache: cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt plain text: cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt item: #59 of 136 id: cord-262786-otxpc46a author: Mohammadi, Soheil title: Understanding the Immunologic Characteristics of Neurologic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Immunological Mechanisms date: 2020-09-01 words: 6308 flesch: 34 summary: Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: a retrospective observational study Report of EEG finding on critically ill patients with COVID-19 Intact brain network function in an unresponsive patient with COVID-19 Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly The hypothalamus as a hub for SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and pathogenesis Cerebrovascular and neurological dysfunction under the threat of COVID-19: is there a comorbid role for smoking and vaping? Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease Cranial neuropathies and COVID-19: neurotropism and autoimmunity Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Is the collapse of the respiratory center in the brain responsible for respiratory breakdown in COVID-19 patients? Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage? Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed for the neurological deficit in SARS-CoV-2: indirect CNS involvement through systemic inflammation, direct invasion of the virus into the CNS, multi-organ failure, hypoxia, sepsis, etc. keywords: brain; cells; cns; cov-2; covid-19; cytokine; disease; immune; infection; olfactory; patients; response; sars; virus cache: cord-262786-otxpc46a.txt plain text: cord-262786-otxpc46a.txt item: #60 of 136 id: cord-264794-bgygebgx author: Lundgren, A.-L. title: Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. A clinical and pathological study date: 1992-11-30 words: 4866 flesch: 45 summary: Cats previously shy became social and affectionate, mewing more than usual, while cats that were customarily cheerful and affectionate became introverted and shy. A clinical and pathological study date: 1992-11-30 journal: Journal of Comparative Pathology DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90015-m sha: doc_id: 264794 cord_uid: bgygebgx Abstract A spontaneous neurological disease in cats characterized by behavioural and motor disturbances was investigated by clinical, morphological and immunological methods. keywords: brain; cases; cats; cause; cells; cord; disease; feline; infection; lesions; spinal; virus cache: cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt plain text: cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt item: #61 of 136 id: cord-266078-h53zpjab author: McGuckin Wuertz, Kathryn title: STING is required for host defense against neuropathological West Nile virus infection date: 2019-08-15 words: 9820 flesch: 44 summary: Intriguingly however, STING was not relocalized in WNV infected cells (Fig 4A) . We found that STING deficient mice exhibit increased mortality and morbidity including increased and sustained neurological clinical signs, particularly in mice that survive infection (Fig 1) . keywords: brain; cells; cns; dpi; fig; immune; infection; mice; nile; pathology; response; role; sting; sting-/-mice; virus; west; wnv cache: cord-266078-h53zpjab.txt plain text: cord-266078-h53zpjab.txt item: #62 of 136 id: cord-266441-sd117tzs author: Almutrafi, Amna title: The Epidemiology of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors at the National Neurologic Institute in Saudi Arabia: A Ten-Year Single-Institution Study date: 2020-02-15 words: 2592 flesch: 47 summary: Inclusion criteria included a histopathologic diagnosis of primary brain tumor of any age and sex, availability of clinical data, and histologic slides for confirmation of diagnosis. Several studies reported the frontal lobe to be the most common site for primary brain tumors in adults [9, 11] . keywords: arabia; brain; cancer; cns; saudi; tumors cache: cord-266441-sd117tzs.txt plain text: cord-266441-sd117tzs.txt item: #63 of 136 id: cord-267166-ecmayzr6 author: Savarin, Carine title: Distinct Gene Profiles of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Microglia During Neurotropic Coronavirus-Induced Demyelination date: 2018-06-11 words: 7749 flesch: 32 summary: While altered microglia gene expression coincided with the time of early, yet robust demyelination, it remains to be determined whether these changes are sustained at later time points during JHMV persistence, when clinical disease improves and remyelination occurs. Finally, a wide variety of upregulated gene transcripts are associated with MHC class II antigen presentation and modulation of T cell function. keywords: bmdm; cells; cns; day; demyelination; expression; figure; functions; gene; infection; jhmv; mice; microglia; p.i; time; tissue cache: cord-267166-ecmayzr6.txt plain text: cord-267166-ecmayzr6.txt item: #64 of 136 id: cord-268341-103xf3dw author: Parra, Beatriz title: Kinetics of Cytokine mRNA Expression in the Central Nervous System Following Lethal and Nonlethal Coronavirus-Induced Acute Encephalomyelitis date: 1997-07-07 words: 5792 flesch: 41 summary: TNF-a mRNA is induced following JHMV infection level of IL-12 mRNA in 2.2v-1-infected mice suggests the possibility that oligodendroglia transcribe IL-12 mRNA in (Pearce et al., 1994; Stohlman et al., 1995a; Sun et al., 1995) and TNF-a is present during both the acute and response to JHMV infection, similar to the induction of IL-12 mRNA following measles virus infection of oligo-persistent JHMV infections. infected mice, suggesting a rapid response to virus infection. keywords: cns; day; et al; ifn; induction; infection; jhmv; mice; mrna; p.i; virus cache: cord-268341-103xf3dw.txt plain text: cord-268341-103xf3dw.txt item: #65 of 136 id: cord-268835-catuja6c author: Libbey, Jane E. title: Molecular Mimicry in Multiple Sclerosis date: 2007-12-31 words: 8100 flesch: 37 summary: They also found that for CD8 þ T cells, cross-reactivity impacts T-cell kinetics and the hierarchy of T cells responding to epitopes encoded by the infecting virus, which changes T-cell responsiveness (Chen et al., 2001; Selin et al., 1998) . There have been many studies which attribute the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS to CD8 þ T cells, CD4 þ T cells, or antibody recognition of self. keywords: cd8; cells; cns; cross; disease; et al; infection; mice; mimicry; molecular; multiple; patients; virus cache: cord-268835-catuja6c.txt plain text: cord-268835-catuja6c.txt item: #66 of 136 id: cord-269861-r07osd0w author: Kim, Jin Hyoung title: CCR5 ameliorates Japanese encephalitis via dictating the equilibrium of regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T and IL-17(+)CD4(+) Th17 cells date: 2016-07-20 words: 12113 flesch: 51 summary: Presumably, this increase in IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells specific for JEV Ag may contribute in part to the control of JE progression in Ccr5 +/+ mice at a later phase. After vigorous heart perfusion, sorted CD4 + T cells from CNS-infiltrated leukocytes were briefly stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin for 3 h. The expression of transcription factors of CD4 + Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs was determined by real-time qRT-PCR using total RNA extracted from stimulated CD4 + T cells. keywords: ccr5; cd4; cells; cns; dpi; foxp3; jev; mice; progression; role; th17; tregs; −/− cache: cord-269861-r07osd0w.txt plain text: cord-269861-r07osd0w.txt item: #67 of 136 id: cord-270084-xs0pbcip author: Stohlman, Stephen A. title: Delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the central nervous system during JHM virus infection requires viral specificity for protection date: 1988-09-30 words: 5124 flesch: 42 summary: The questionable role of mononuclear phagocytes in the clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from spleen of mice Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity to pathogens and alloantigens Role of macrophages in natural resistance to virus infections Differences in antigen presentation to MHC class I-and class II-restricted influenza virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones Protective effect of monoclonal antibodies on lethal mouse hepatitis virus infection in mice The delayed hypersensitivity T cell and its interactions with other T cells Protection of mice from fatal herpes simplex virus type I infection by adoptive transfer of cloned virus-specific and H-2 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes Chronic central nervous system demyelination in mice after JHM virus infection Murine coronaviruses: isolation and characterization of two plaque morphology variants of the JHM neurotropic strain Macrophage antiviral activity: extrinsic versus intrinsic activity The defect in delayed-type hypersensitivity of young adult SJL mice is due to a lack of functional antigen-presenting cells In vivo effects of coronavirusspecific T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication Macrophage response to herpes simplex encephalitis in immune competent and T cell-deficient mice Correlation of persistent mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3) infection with its effect on mouse macrophage cultures Pathogenesis of demyelination induced by mouse hepatitis virus (JHM virus) Production and characterization of T cell clones specific for mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM: in vivo and in vitro analysis We thank John Fleming and Wendy Gilmore for helpful discussions, Cindy Segal for assistance with the histology and Carol Flores for preparation of the manuscript. DTH is an antigen-specific response mediated by T cells which express the CD4 cell surface marker and respond to antigen presented in the context of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules. keywords: cells; dth; infection; jhmv; mice; response; virus cache: cord-270084-xs0pbcip.txt plain text: cord-270084-xs0pbcip.txt item: #68 of 136 id: cord-270458-7imgvale author: Franchini, Massimo title: The impact of the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak on the safety and availability of blood transfusions in Italy date: 2020-04-13 words: 1526 flesch: 45 summary: With the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak spreading in all European Countries, we recommend defining common European guidelines that establish screening criteria for blood donors. The current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has stimulated further discussion on this issue, particularly on the safety of blood donations in endemic countries [8] . keywords: blood; cns; coronavirus; sars cache: cord-270458-7imgvale.txt plain text: cord-270458-7imgvale.txt item: #69 of 136 id: cord-270780-3g381rzr author: Bradshaw, J. M. title: A Retrospective Study of 286 Cases of Neurological Disorders of the Cat date: 2004-10-31 words: 3210 flesch: 44 summary: The causes of nervous disorders in cats are well documented in standard texts (Hopkins, 1992; Jubb and Huxtable, 1993; Summers et al., 1995) , but to our knowledge there are no reports of surveys of nervous diseases in the cat. In 1990, feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) was identified as a cause of nervous disease in cats (Wyatt et al., 1990 Wyatt, 1991) . keywords: cases; cats; feline; lesions cache: cord-270780-3g381rzr.txt plain text: cord-270780-3g381rzr.txt item: #70 of 136 id: cord-271011-5stsx5je author: Singh, M. title: Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date: 2005-03-09 words: 6936 flesch: 50 summary: key: cord-271011-5stsx5je authors: Singh, M.; Foster, D.J.; Child, G.; Lamb, W.A. title: Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date: 2005-03-09 journal: J Feline Med Surg DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.07.001 sha: doc_id: 271011 cord_uid: 5stsx5je CSF analysis alone was useful only in the diagnosis of cats with feline infectious peritonitis, Cryptococcus species infection, lymphoma and trauma. keywords: cats; cells; clinical; count; csf; diagnosis; disease; inflammatory; protein; signs cache: cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt plain text: cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt item: #71 of 136 id: cord-271176-wdc4p4bc author: González-Scarano, Francisco title: Infectious etiology in multiple sclerosis: the debate continues date: 1999-12-01 words: 2315 flesch: 32 summary: Although there were calls from conference 'break-out' sessions for better stratification of MS patients in epidemiological studies, the consensus of studies pointing in the direction of an environmental cause, as well as the evidence from the oligoclonal immune responses, convinced the majority of delegates that MS is likely to be caused or triggered by an infectious agent. Subramamiam Sriram (Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA) presented data indicating that the CSF of 97% of MS patients (compared with 18% of patients with other neurological diseases) contains genomic material from the bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae, as shown by PCR amplification. keywords: cns; disease; infection; patients; tuberculosis; usa cache: cord-271176-wdc4p4bc.txt plain text: cord-271176-wdc4p4bc.txt item: #72 of 136 id: cord-271396-bol1zpji author: Manglani, Monica title: New advances in CNS immunity against viral infection date: 2018-02-28 words: 5649 flesch: 33 summary: Immediately beneath the skull lies the dura mater ( Figure 3) , a dense connective tissue layer consisting of fenestrated vessels (without tight junctions) derived from the carotid artery, sensory nerve fibers of the cranial nerves, and an abundant repertoire of immune cells, including meningeal macrophages [9, 12 ] . Unlike the BBB, but similar to the dura mater, choroid plexus blood vessels are fenestrated and do not express tight junctions, which provides easier access to pathogens and immune cells into the stromal space. keywords: brain; cells; choroid; cns; immune; infection; olfactory; parenchyma; plexus; system; virus cache: cord-271396-bol1zpji.txt plain text: cord-271396-bol1zpji.txt item: #73 of 136 id: cord-272981-8gahvdt0 author: Wege, Helmut title: Relapsing subacute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in rats during the course of coronavirus JHM infection date: 1984-08-31 words: 3732 flesch: 47 summary: ing encephalomyelitis in rats --A morphological analysis Demyelinating encephalomyehtis induced by a long.term corona virus infection in rats Virus mutation during slow infection --Temporal development and characterization of mutants of visna virus recovered from sheep Chronic relapsing experimental encephalomyeliti!s --CNS plaque development in umuppressed and ~uppressed animals in vivo and in vitro models of demyelination in vivo and in vitro models of demyelinating disease Endogenous factors influel~ing derrtyelinating di3ease caused by mouse hepatitis virus in rats and mice Induction of antimyelin and antioligoden&~ocyte antibodies by vaecinia virus Chronic central nervous system demyelination in mice after JHM virus infection, ~euroiosy Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune e~halomyelitis --Treetmant with combinations of myelin components promotes clinical and struclural recovery Immunological and pathological fmdin~ in demyelimttinl~ ancephnhtis associated with canine distemper virus infection Microplate enzyme immunoatsays for the immuncdiasnosis of virus infections Current trends in multiple sclerolds research, lmJnunolosy Today Adoptive trar~fer of EAE-like iedo~ by BM~P s~Jnmlar~ed lymphocytes from ran witL corcnavirus-induced demyelinafing encephalomyelitis Struc/ural polypeptid~ of the routine cc~ronavirus JHM Neurovinllenc¢ of routine coronavirus JHM wmperatur~.-sensitive mutants in rats After virus infection in rats inflammatory disseminating CNS lesions of marked demyelination develop accompanied by clinical signs of a subacute disease after varying incubation times. keywords: animals; cells; demyelination; disease; infection; jhm; rats; sde; virus cache: cord-272981-8gahvdt0.txt plain text: cord-272981-8gahvdt0.txt item: #74 of 136 id: cord-274315-08mk8a86 author: DiSano, Krista D. title: An optimized method for enumerating CNS derived memory B cells during viral-induced inflammation date: 2017-06-15 words: 8842 flesch: 40 summary: Expansion of activated peripheral blood memory b cells in rheumatoid arthritis, impact of B cell depletion therapy, and biomarkers of response Preferential localization of IgG memory B cells adjacent to contracted germinal centers Quantitation of rare memory B cell populations by two independent and complementary approaches The human immunomodulatory CD25+ B cell population belongs to the memory B cell pool New markers for murine memory B cells that define mutated and unmutated subsets B cells produce pathogenic antibodies and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in mice Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells Long-term presence of memory B-cells specific for different vaccine components Virus-specific antibody-producing cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute Japanese encephalitis An optimized assay for the enumeration of antigen-specific memory B cells in different compartments of the human body Accumulation of class switched IgD-IgM-memory B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid during neuroinflammation CD73 expression is dynamically regulated in the germinal center and bone marrow plasma cells are diminished in its absence Tracking human antigen-specific memory B cells: a sensitive and generalized ELISPOT system Meningeal infiltration of the spinal cord by non-classically activated b cells is associated with chronic disease course in a spontaneous B cell-dependent model of CNS autoimmune disease Activated GL7(+) B cells are maintained within the inflamed CNS in the absence of follicle formation during viral encephalomyelitis Multiple layers of B cell memory with different effector functions Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis Handbook of ELISPOT: Splenocytes from naïve C57BL/6 mice were used as feeder layers during B cell stimulation. keywords: asc; bmem; brain; cells; cns; day; elispot; et al; igm; pre; r848; specific; spinal; stimulation; virus cache: cord-274315-08mk8a86.txt plain text: cord-274315-08mk8a86.txt item: #75 of 136 id: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h author: Monette, Anne title: T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date: 2018-10-24 words: 28288 flesch: 24 summary: As cellular immunity to VZV wanes in the elderly and immunocompromised populations, latent VZV becomes reactivated and causes zoster (i.e., shingles, herpes zoster), which is usually associated with chronic pain but also numerous other serious neurological and ocular disorders, as well as multiple visceral and gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcers, hepatitis, and pancreatitis (Gershon et al., 2015; Gilden et al., 2010) . Transmission to humans is via the rodent host Mastomys natalensis (Mccormick et al., 1987) . keywords: acute; adaptive; antibodies; antibody; cases; cause; cd4; cd8 þ; cell responses; children; clearance; cns; dengue; development; disease; disorders; encephalitis; et al; fever; hbv; hepatitis; human; humoral; ifn; immune; immunity; individuals; infection; influenza; measles; memory; memory t; mortality; populations; protection; proteins; replication; responses; rna; rsv; rubella; specific; system; t cells; term; vaccination; vaccine; varicella; virus; virus infection; viruses; vzv; zoster; þ t cache: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt plain text: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt item: #76 of 136 id: cord-276533-cxyndepl author: McFarland, Henry F. title: Multiple sclerosis: Possible immunological mechanisms date: 1989-01-31 words: 4667 flesch: 43 summary: Recently, the generation of virus specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was examined in patients with MS and in appropriate control groups (26). These include: what is the actual mechanism of myelin destruction; what is the antigen or antigens responsible for initiating the disease process; how is antigen presented to immune T cells in the CNS and is the genetic influence on susceptibility involved at this stage; what is the role of an environmental or infectious agent in the disease; and finally, what accounts for the fluctuating nature of the disease? keywords: cells; disease; myelin; response; virus cache: cord-276533-cxyndepl.txt plain text: cord-276533-cxyndepl.txt item: #77 of 136 id: cord-276587-ynionj5r author: Hwang, Mihyun title: Alpha/Beta Interferon (IFN-α/β) Signaling in Astrocytes Mediates Protection against Viral Encephalomyelitis and Regulates IFN-γ-Dependent Responses date: 2018-04-27 words: 9081 flesch: 40 summary: fl/fl mice not only was associated with increased astrocyte infection but also affected neurons and microglia, despite overall elevated and sustained levels of mRNAs for IFN-␤ and IFN-␣ genes and ISGs. Finally, our results show that extensive virus spread in the absence of protective astrocyte IFNAR signaling cannot be controlled by T cells. keywords: astrocytes; cns; day; fig; fl mice; ifn-; ifnar fl; infection; mgfapcre; mice; microglia; mrna; p.i; virus cache: cord-276587-ynionj5r.txt plain text: cord-276587-ynionj5r.txt item: #78 of 136 id: cord-277679-sc9hugxr author: Khateb, Mohamed title: Coronaviruses and Central Nervous System Manifestations date: 2020-06-23 words: 4211 flesch: 32 summary: Similarly, the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity at 30 months after SARS infection was reported to reach up to one-third of the total survivors who presented with signs of various psychiatric diagnoses. In another case series of COVID-19 patients with AIS during their hospitalization (27) , all six had risk factors for stroke, and were detected with LVO. keywords: acute; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; demyelination; human; infection; patients; sars; syndrome cache: cord-277679-sc9hugxr.txt plain text: cord-277679-sc9hugxr.txt item: #79 of 136 id: cord-278684-txlvla0j author: Gonzalez–Dunia, Daniel title: Borna Disease Virus and the Brain date: 1998-01-30 words: 13963 flesch: 39 summary: Arch Persistent Borna virus infection in adult hamsters Unusually high seroprevalence of Borna disease virus in clade E human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Thailand Varied prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in Arabic, thoroughbred and their cross-bred horses in Iran Developmental injury to the cerebellum following perinatal Borna disease virus infection Early and persistent abnormalities in rats with neonatally acquired Borna disease virus infection The hippocampus: functional and structural correlations Expanded nuclear magnetic resonance studies in Borna disease virus seropositive psychiatric patients and control probands Findings with nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in psychiatric patients with and without serum antibodies to the virus of Borna disease Possible significance of Borna disease for humans Borna disease virus: An immunohistological and virological study of naturally infected animals Borna disease-Neuropathology and pathogenesis Neuronal birth and death Mood disorders: Biochemical aspects Purification and properties of an intranuclear virus-specific antigen from tissue infected with Borna disease virus Mechanism of glial-guided neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo Die Bornasche Krankheit der Pferde und Schafe Ein Beitrag zur Epizootiologie der Bornaschen Krankheit beim Pferd Studies on the genetic control of resistance of black hooded rats to Borna disease Replication of Borna disease virus in rats: Age-dependent differences in tissue distribution Replication of Borna disease virus in cell cultures Effect of Borna disease virus infection on athymic rats Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain Persistent, tolerant or subacute infection in Borna disease virus-infected rats Genetic diversity of RNA viruses Local nitric oxide production in viral and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system Viruses, neurosis and fatigue Borna disease virus p24 and p38/40 synthesized in a baculovirus expression system: Virus protein interactions in insect and mammalian cells Borna disease virus and the consumption of raw horse meat Abrogation of tolerance to a chronic viral infection Chimeric Theiler's virus with altered tropism for the central nervous system A single amino acid change determines persistence of a chimeric Theiler's virus Role of VP2 amino acid 141 in tropism of Theiler's virus within the central nervous system Ü ber eigentümliche Kerneinschlüsse der Ganglienzellen bei der enzootischen Gehirn-Rückenmarksentzündung der Pferde Untersuchungen über die pathologische Histologie, Pathogenese und postmortale Diagnose der seuchenhaften Gehirn-Rückenmarksentzündung (Bornasche Krankheit) des Pferdes keywords: animals; bdv; bdv infection; borna; borna disease; brain; cells; cns; disease; disease virus; disorders; evidence; expression; human; immune; infection; neurons; patients; pti; rats; specific; studies; system; virus; viruses cache: cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt plain text: cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt item: #80 of 136 id: cord-280987-uhxk5b1b author: Turtle, L. title: Encephalitis, Viral date: 2014-05-01 words: 2268 flesch: 31 summary: Each year a variety of arboviruses cause 200-2000 cases of encephalitis in the US, tickborne encephalitis virus causes a few thousand cases in Europe, whereas Japanese encephalitis virus causes approximately 68 000 cases in Asia. The most common sporadic viral cause is herpes simplex virus, but arthropodborne viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus, are a major cause in some settings, and rabies in others. keywords: acute; cells; encephalitis; infections; virus; viruses cache: cord-280987-uhxk5b1b.txt plain text: cord-280987-uhxk5b1b.txt item: #81 of 136 id: cord-283850-kt8n6pg2 author: Steardo, Luca title: Psychiatric face of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-30 words: 7892 flesch: 19 summary: An excessive glial reactivity due to persistent exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines also contributes to synapse loss and neuronal death 63, 64 . Ageing substantially affects the levels and the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS. keywords: analysis; brain; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; disease; disorder; il-6; infection; inflammation; levels; patients; psychiatric; sars; stress; subjects cache: cord-283850-kt8n6pg2.txt plain text: cord-283850-kt8n6pg2.txt item: #82 of 136 id: cord-284038-93s3ffoy author: Keyhanian, Kiandokht title: SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date: 2020-11-07 words: 11721 flesch: 30 summary: Viruses Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Coupling viruses to dynein and kinesin-1. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis Propagation of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and pseudorabies virus in dorsal root ganglia cells Expression of the monoclonal antibody against nucleocapsid antigen of SARS-associated coronavirus in autopsy tissues from SARS patients. keywords: acute; brain; case; cells; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; csf; disease; encephalitis; et al; human; infection; patients; pcr; r n; receptor; sars; study; symptoms; syndrome; system cache: cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt plain text: cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt item: #83 of 136 id: cord-285493-eg2ltip6 author: Schwab, S. title: Non-suppurative Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in Cats and Dogs: an Immunohistochemical Study date: 2007-02-01 words: 6986 flesch: 34 summary: Various factors, ranging from autoimmune processes to intoxication, have already been suggested as causes of non-suppurative changes in the CNS (Kipar et al.,1998; , Lee et al., 2002 . EMCV-speci¢c antibodies have been detected in primates, mice, rats, horses and elephants in various parts of the world, the rat being the natural host (Nowotny et al.,1993; Nowotny,1996; Psalla et al., 2006) . keywords: antigen; cases; cats; cells; cns; dogs; et al; feline; infection; macrophages; meningoencephalitis; signs; virus cache: cord-285493-eg2ltip6.txt plain text: cord-285493-eg2ltip6.txt item: #84 of 136 id: cord-288111-0ufc54kw author: ter MEULEN, VOLKER title: Autoimmune Reactions Against Myelin Basic Protein Induced by Corona and Measles Viruses date: 2006-12-17 words: 2851 flesch: 29 summary: A variety of viral sequences, including those of measles virus, were recently compared by computer analysis with myelin basic protein ( MBP).26 The comparison showed amino acid homology between viral proteins and MBP. Corona virus induced subacute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in rats: A morphological analysis Demyelinating encephalomyelitis induced by a long-term corona virus infection in rats Relapsing subacute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in rats in the course of coronavirus JHM infection Comparative analysis of coronavirus JHM induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis in Lewis and Brown-Norway rats Virological aspects of measles virus induced encephalomyelitis in Lewis and BN rats Oligoclonal measles virusspecific IgG antibodies isolated from cerebrospinal fluids, brain extracts, and sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis Mumps meningitis: Prolonged pleocytosis and occurrence of mumps virus-specific oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid Progressive rubella virus panencephalitis: Synthesis of oligoclonal virus-specific IgG antibodies and homogeneous free light chains in the central nervous system Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies Intrathecal synthesis of virus-specific oligoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies in a case of varicella-zoster meningoencephalitis Synthesis of herpes simplex virus immunoglobulin M, A and G antibodies and development of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G in the central nervous system Demonstration of electrophoretically restricted virus-specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by imprint electraimmunofixation Detection and identification of virus-specific, oligoclonal IgC in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid by immunoblot technique Intrathecal humoral immune response in corona virus induced encephalomyelitis of Lewis and BN rats Analysis of the intrathecal humoral immune response in Brown Norway (BN) rats, infected with the murine coronavirus JHM Comparative analysis of virusspecific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Adoptive transfer of EAE-like lesions by BMP stimulated lymphocytes from rats with coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis Induction of autoimmune reactions to myelin basic protein in measles virus encephalitis in ,Lewis rats Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cell lines Viral particles induce l a antigen expression on astrocytes Tumor necrosis factor amplifies measles virus-mediated Ia induction on astrocytes B cell activation. keywords: antigens; cells; encephalomyelitis; lymphocytes; measles; rats; virus cache: cord-288111-0ufc54kw.txt plain text: cord-288111-0ufc54kw.txt item: #85 of 136 id: cord-290566-tmsocyfc author: Chitnis, Tanuja title: The Role of CD4 T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis date: 2007-05-25 words: 10600 flesch: 30 summary: No evidence to support CTLA-4 as a susceptibility gene in MS families: The Canadian Collaborative Study DiVerentiation of T cell lymphokine gene expression: The in vitro acquisition of T cell memory Chemokine receptor expression on T cells is related to new lesion development in multiple sclerosis The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte traYcking to the CNS: Anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms B7-2) and CD40L expression in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis Induction of circulating myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein-specific transforming growth factor-beta1-secreting Th3 T cells by oral administration of myelin in multiple sclerosis patients CTLA-4 gene polymorphism may modulate disease in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing-remitting MS: Quantitative MR assessment Increased CD80(þ) B cells in active multiple sclerosis and reversal by interferon beta-1b therapy CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis Vulnerability of human neurons to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity Detection of skewed T-cell receptor V-beta gene usage in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis Myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein reactivity of brain-and cerebrospinal fluid-derived T cell clones in multiple sclerosis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis Oral administration of myelin induces antigen-specific TGF-beta 1 secreting T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis Interleukin 17-producing CD4þ eVector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages Immunologic studies of patients with chronic encephalitis induced by post-exposure Semple rabies vaccine The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4 Immunoregulatory molecules and IL 2 receptors identified in multiple sclerosis brain Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein: Identification of an encephalitogenic epitope and association with multiple sclerosis Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3 Intrathecal activation of the IL-17/IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis Interleukin 12 signaling in T helper type 1 (Th1) cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 and Stat4 Increased T cell expression of CD154 (CD40-ligand) in multiple sclerosis Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. T cells in multiple sclerosis: Results from an MRImonitored phase II clinical trial Activated self-MHC-reactive T cells have the cytokine phenotype of Th3/T regulatory cell 1 T cells T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid express a similar repertoire of inflammatory chemokine receptors in the absence or presence of CNS inflammation: Implications for CNS traYcking Expression of CCR7 in multiple sclerosis: Implications for CNS immunity Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis Dysregulated T cell expression of TIM3 in multiple sclerosis DiVerences in surface phenotype and mechanism of action between alloantigen-specific CD8þ cytotoxic and suppressor T cell clones Preferential T-cell receptor beta-chain variable gene use in myelin basic protein-reactive T-cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis A PD-1 polymorphism is associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis DiVerences in responsiveness to CD3 stimulation between naive and memory CD4þ T cells cannot be overcome by CD28 costimulation A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation Functional and ontogenetic analysis of murine CD45Rhi and CD45Rlo CD4þ T cells Human CD25þ CD4þ T regulatory cells suppress naive and memory T cell proliferation and can be expanded in vitro without loss of function The CTLA-4 gene is associated with multiple sclerosis Neuron-mediated generation of regulatory T cells from encephalitogenic T cells suppresses EAE Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis T cell receptor V 5 and V 17 clonal diversity in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis patients Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity on pathogenesis Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage T cell recognition of immunodominant and cryptic proteolipid protein epitopes in humans CD4þ CD28-costimulation-independent T cells in multiple sclerosis High level of cross-reactivity in influenza virus hemagglutinin-specific CD4þ T-cell response: Implications for the initiation of autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis CTLA4 dimorphisms and the multiple sclerosis phenotype Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis Depletion of myelin-basicprotein autoreactive T cells by T-cell vaccination: Pilot trial in multiple sclerosis Transection of major histocompatibility complex class I-induced neurites by cytotoxic T lymphocytes Expression of costimulatory molecules on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis TIM-4 is the ligand for TIM-1, and the TIM-1-TIM-4 interaction regulates T cell proliferation A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading Implication of Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokines in liver graft acceptance Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy Production of neurotrophins by activated T cells: Implications for neuroprotective autoimmunity Molecular mimicry between a viral peptide and a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide induces autoimmune demyelinating disease in mice Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease T cell response to 2 0 ,3 0 -cyclic nucleotide 3 0 -phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in multiple sclerosis patients Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients Expansion of a recurrent V 5.3þ T-cell population in newly diagnosed and untreated HLA-DR2 multiple sclerosis patients Selection for T-cell receptor V beta-D beta-J beta gene rearrangements with specificity for a myelin basic protein peptide in brain lesions of multiple sclerosis CTLA-4 dysregulation in the activation of myelin basic protein reactive T cells may distinguish patients with multiple sclerosis from healthy controls A virusinduced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis Depletion of V 5.2/5.3 T cells with a humanized antibody in patients with multiple sclerosis Stat6-independent GATA-3 autoactivation directs IL-4-independent Th2 development and commitment Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon Treatment of multiple sclerosis with gamma interferon: keywords: activation; blood; cd4þ; cells; cns; disease; et al; expression; lesions; mbp; myelin; patients; protein; responses; role; sclerosis; specific; studies; t cells; tcr; th1; th2 cache: cord-290566-tmsocyfc.txt plain text: cord-290566-tmsocyfc.txt item: #86 of 136 id: cord-292255-zafnq8gl author: Trojano, M. title: Chapter 8 Environmental Factors and Their Regulation of Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis date: 2016-12-31 words: 5664 flesch: 33 summary: 5 In such a case, whichever the initial injury, the leakage of CNS antigens into draining lymph nodes activates T cells that address and enter the CNS, inducing inflammation, demyelination, and oligodendrocyte loss as well as axonal/neuronal injury and loss. Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells are needed to activate T cells. keywords: cells; cns; disease; dna; factors; patients; risk; sclerosis; smoking; vitamin cache: cord-292255-zafnq8gl.txt plain text: cord-292255-zafnq8gl.txt item: #87 of 136 id: cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 author: Desforges, Marc title: Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses: Potential Neurovirulent Agents in Humans date: 2014-03-12 words: 7103 flesch: 33 summary: The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses New respiratory viral infections Viral infections in immunocompromised patients: what's new with respiratory viruses? Viruses associated with pneumonia in adults Emerging respiratory agents: new viruses for old diseases? Epidemiology of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system Inflammation in neuroviral diseases Viral encephalitis: familiar infections and emerging pathogens Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies HSV-induced apoptosis in herpes encephalitis Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses Cell death in HIV dementia Human polyomavirus JCV and expression of myelin genes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Molecular mechanisms of measles virus persistence The risk of development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis among persons infected with HTLV-I Infiltration of the brain by pathogens causes Alzheimer's disease Respiratory syncytial virus epidemics: the ups and downs of a seasonal virus Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in children with seizures from respiratory syncytial virus infection Detection of subgroup B respiratory syncytial virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia Classification of acute encephalopathy in respiratory syncytial virus infection Neurological complications of respiratory syncytial virus infection: case series and review of literature Impaired learning resulting from respiratory syncytial virus infection Blue moon neurovirology: the merits of studying rare CNS diseases of viral origin Human paramyxoviruses and infections of the central nervous system Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans Emerging epidemic viral encephalitides with a special focus on henipaviruses Rapid Nipah virus entry into the central nervous system of hamsters via the olfactory route Influenza virus and CNS infections Pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the good, the bad and the ugly Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children Study of influenza C virus infection in France Interspecies transmission, adaptation to humans and pathogenicity of animal influenza viruses Viral parkinsonism Acute encephalopathy and encephalitis caused by influenza virus infection Role of viral infections in the etiology of febrile seizures Influenza-associated central nervous system dysfunction: a literature review Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with influenza A H1N1 infection Influenza A virus infection causes alterations in expression of synaptic regulatory genes combined with changes in cognitive and emotional behaviors in mice Influenza infection induces neuroinflammation, alters hippocampal neuron morphology, and impairs cognition in adult mice Human coronaviruses Viral-induced neurodegenerative disease Coronaviruses in poultry and other birds Coronaviruses as Encephalitisinducing infectious agents. Furthermore, it was shown that in the murine CNS, neurons are the main target of infection, which causes these essential cells to undergo degeneration and eventually die by some form of programmed cell death after virus infection. keywords: acute; associated; cell; cns; coronavirus; disease; hcov; human; infection; oc43; respiratory; sars; virus; viruses cache: cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt plain text: cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt item: #88 of 136 id: cord-295041-5vpawtef author: Jakhmola, Shweta title: SARS-CoV-2, an Underestimated Pathogen of the Nervous System date: 2020-09-28 words: 5028 flesch: 35 summary: Cochrane Database Syst Rev SARS-CoV-2: recent reports on antiviral therapies based on lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir and other drugs for the treatment of the new coronavirus Amantadine disrupts lysosomal gene expression: a hypothesis for COVID19 treatment TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in humans with Japanese encephalitis COVID-19 in a MS patient treated with ocrelizumab: does immunosuppression have a protective role? Neuroinflammation during RNA viral infections Inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes in manganese neurotoxicity Microglia in infectious diseases of the central nervous system Astrocytes maintain glutamate homeostasis in the CNS by controlling the balance between glutamate uptake and release Vitamin D receptor activation regulates microglia polarization and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin IIexposed microglial cells: role of renin-angiotensin system Within the brain: the renin angiotensin system Coronavirus neurovirulence correlates with the ability of the virus to induce proinflammatory cytokine signals from astrocytes and microglia Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms (review) Activation of human monocytes after infection by human coronavirus 229E Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: central regulator for cardiovascular function ACE2 in brain physiology and pathophysiology: evidence from transgenic animal models Inhibitory interneurons regulate temporal precision and correlations in cortical circuits Angiotensin II regulation of angiotensin-converting enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat primary astrocyte cultures SARS-CoV2 entry and spread in the lymphatic drainage system of the brain Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms Can the enteric nervous system be an alternative entrance door in SARS-CoV2 neuroinvasion? SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection SARS-CoV-2: olfaction, brain infection, and the urgent need for clinical samples allowing earlier virus detection The olfactory bulb: an immunosensory effector organ during neurotropic viral infections Respiratory barrier as a safeguard and regulator of defense against influenza A virus and Single-cell analysis of olfactory neurogenesis and differentiation in adult humans Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV Novel dynamics of human mucociliary differentiation revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing of nasal epithelial cultures Hierarchical deconstruction of mouse olfactory sensory neurons: from whole mucosa to single-cell RNA-seq A multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells Furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations T helper cell 17 (Th17)-mediated cytokine storm, evident in virus infections, is seen in COVID-19 with neurological manifestations (Fig. 1b) keywords: brain; cells; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; infection; olfactory; patients; sars; studies; system; virus; viruses cache: cord-295041-5vpawtef.txt plain text: cord-295041-5vpawtef.txt item: #89 of 136 id: cord-297325-fbilhauu author: Savarin, Carine title: Self-reactive CD4(+) T cells activated during viral-induced demyelination do not prevent clinical recovery date: 2015-11-11 words: 7593 flesch: 42 summary: Activation of SR T cells by the CD11b + population increased at days 14 and 21 p.i. concomitant with enhanced demyelination [23, 43] , while the CD11b − population retained only a minimal ability to support SR T cell proliferation (Fig. 2b, c) . Using a non-fatal viral mouse model of encephalomyelitis associated with demyelination and disability, yet ultimate clinical improvement, this study set out to monitor uptake and presentation of endogenous myelin antigens, as well as induction and fate of SR T cells. keywords: cd11b; cells; cln; cns; fig; infection; jhmv; mice; microglia; myelin; p.i; virus cache: cord-297325-fbilhauu.txt plain text: cord-297325-fbilhauu.txt item: #90 of 136 id: cord-297448-aiorjsyh author: Atkinson, Jeffrey R. title: Dynamics of Virus-Specific Memory B Cells and Plasmablasts following Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System date: 2019-01-04 words: 7724 flesch: 46 summary: The total numbers of CD19 ϩ tdTomato ϩ B cells increased significantly by day 14 p.i., slowly declined until day 21, and reached background levels by day 28 p.i. tdTomato mice were thus treated with tamoxifen coincident with MHV-A59 inoculation to jointly track the emergence of tdTomato ϩ cells as a marker for Ag-primed Bmem (CD19 ϩ tdTomato ϩ IgD Ϫ CD138 Ϫ ) and ASC (CD19 ϩ tdTomato ϩ IgD Ϫ CD138 ϩ ) in CLN. keywords: asc; bmem; cells; cns; day; fig; mice; p.i; specific; tdtomato; virus cache: cord-297448-aiorjsyh.txt plain text: cord-297448-aiorjsyh.txt item: #91 of 136 id: cord-298847-szezd2vb author: Jacomy, Hélène title: Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43 date: 2003-10-10 words: 6907 flesch: 39 summary: Although the etiology of most neuroautoimmune, neuroinflammatory, and/or neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear, virus infections could directly trigger neurodegeneration or initiate a CNS-directed inflammatory process leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage, or a combination of both. Histochemical labeling of viral distribution at different times after infection revealed that virus infection initiated by ic inoculation was quickly disseminated throughout the CNS. keywords: brain; cells; cns; days; disease; et al; hcov; human; infection; mhv; mice; oc43; postinfection; virus cache: cord-298847-szezd2vb.txt plain text: cord-298847-szezd2vb.txt item: #92 of 136 id: cord-299051-5r2s8z1a author: Tsuhako, Maria Heloisa title: Tempol ameliorates murine viral encephalomyelitis by preserving the blood–brain barrier, reducing viral load, and lessening inflammation date: 2010-03-01 words: 5951 flesch: 37 summary: Brain tissues were collected, homogenized in PBS (1.5 ml/g tissue), and subjected to EPR analysis before (to determine tempol levels) and after addition of 1 mM ferricyanide (to determine tempol plus hydroxylamine levels) Thus, we confirmed that MHV-A59 infection of SPF female C57BL/6 mice models certain of the aspects of the CNS inflammation associated with MS [5] [6] [7] , being useful to test the effects of tempol treatment. keywords: animals; brain; cns; days; encephalomyelitis; fig; inflammatory; levels; mice; min; spinal; tempol; virus cache: cord-299051-5r2s8z1a.txt plain text: cord-299051-5r2s8z1a.txt item: #93 of 136 id: cord-299949-kmn53e2z author: Schultz, Kimberly L.W. title: Immune Responses to Viruses in the CNS date: 2016-05-09 words: 6962 flesch: 21 summary: For recovery after virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), the essential, nonrenewable nature of neurons requires a fine-tuned immune response that controls virus replication without damaging neuronal function. Thus, the immune responses required for successful clearance and control of virus infections in the CNS are often distinct from those required for clearance from other organs and are characterized by noncytolytic, virus-specific processes. keywords: antibody; cells; clearance; cns; encephalitis; et al; expression; ifn; immune; infection; mice; neurons; response; system; virus cache: cord-299949-kmn53e2z.txt plain text: cord-299949-kmn53e2z.txt item: #94 of 136 id: cord-299967-90aknp7c author: Terry, Rachael L title: Inflammatory monocytes and the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis date: 2012-12-17 words: 6123 flesch: 28 summary: The importance of monocyte-derived cells in the pathogenesis of brain infection highlights the importance of understanding the pathway(s) through which monocytes migrate from the periphery into the brain. Monocytes significantly contribute to immunopathology during brain infection An arguable role of monocytes during brain infection is their potential contribution to immune-mediated pathology. keywords: brain; cells; cns; disease; encephalitis; infection; ly6c; macrophages; mice; microglia; models; monocytes; recruitment; virus cache: cord-299967-90aknp7c.txt plain text: cord-299967-90aknp7c.txt item: #95 of 136 id: cord-302796-zi3p2k1b author: Cardona, Astrid E. title: Chemokines in and out of the central nervous system: much more than chemotaxis and inflammation date: 2008-05-08 words: 5476 flesch: 33 summary: The following examples are described in this review: Chemokine receptors play important homeostatic properties by regulating levels of specific ligands in blood and tissues during healthy and pathological conditions; chemokines and their receptors are clearly involved in leukocyte extravasation and recruitment to the CNS, and current studies are directed toward understanding the interaction between chemokine receptors and matrix metalloproteinases in the process of blood brain barrier breakdown. Chemokine receptor expression in peripheral elements and resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a relevant communication system during neuroinflammatory conditions. keywords: bbb; cells; chemokine; cns; cxcr2; expression; infection; levels; mice; mmp9; receptor; role; ϫ/ϫ cache: cord-302796-zi3p2k1b.txt plain text: cord-302796-zi3p2k1b.txt item: #96 of 136 id: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author: Stafstrom, Carl E. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 words: 7042 flesch: 34 summary: The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) to discuss the available data about COVID-19 infections in neonates and children, and (2) to provide a perspective about potential neurologic involvement in neonates and children with COVID-19 infections, in view of neurobiological development. In the context of COVID-19 infection, the BBB may be dysfunctional, disrupted either by inflammatory response or the virus itself, allowing transmission of the virus or activated immune cells from the circulation into the CNS keywords: brain; children; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; disease; infection; involvement; sars; symptoms; syndrome; virus cache: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt plain text: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt item: #97 of 136 id: cord-304084-ervaxqph author: Chang, Luan-Yin title: Status of Cellular Rather Than Humoral Immunity is Correlated with Clinical Outcome of Enterovirus 71 date: 2006 words: 4265 flesch: 38 summary: PHA stimulation index among EV71 cases with different severity (EV71 cases with pulmonary edema, EV71 cases with CNS involvement, and uncomplicated EV71 cases). Peak enterovirus 71 (EV71) stimulation index among EV71 cases with different severity (EV71 cases with pulmonary edema, EV71 cases with CNS involvement, and uncomplicated EV71 cases). keywords: cases; edema; enterovirus; ev71; response; stimulation; test cache: cord-304084-ervaxqph.txt plain text: cord-304084-ervaxqph.txt item: #98 of 136 id: cord-308201-lavcsqov author: Desforges, Marc title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 words: 8478 flesch: 27 summary: These criteria certainly represent a pertinent tool to evaluate the involvement of human respiratory viruses as a factor that could influence long-term human neurological diseases. Nevertheless, our data suggest that HCoV-OC43 may also invade the CNS from the external environment through other pathways involving other cranial peripheral nerves [269] , reminiscent of what was shown for other human respiratory viruses such as RSV and influenza virus [8] . keywords: acute; cns; coronavirus; diseases; encephalitis; hcov; human; infection; influenza; mice; oc43; patients; respiratory; syndrome; system; term; tract; viruses cache: cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt plain text: cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt item: #99 of 136 id: cord-309109-c5hajb6k author: Matthews, A. E. title: Murine hepatitis virus—A model for virus-induced CNS demyelination date: 2002 words: 6907 flesch: 40 summary: These data suggest that T cells play a role in controlling viral titers, even before 5 d.p.i. Beta2-microglobulinde cient mice, which lack CD8 C T cells, have delayed clearance of virus from the liver . The role of IL-10 in mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis Mouse hepatitis virus is cleared from the central nervous systems of mice lacking perforin-mediated cytolysis Nitric oxide localized in the spinal cords of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: An electroparamagneti c study Central nervous system immunity in mice infected with Theiler's virus Local neutralizing antibody response Cutting edge: The T cell chemoattractant IFN-inducible protein 10 is essential in host defense against viral-induced neurologic disease Contributions of CD8 C T cells and viral spread to demyelinating disease Neither B cells nor T cells are required for CNS demyelination in mice persistently infected with MHV-A59 Antibody is required for clearance of infectious murine hepatitis virus A59 from the CNS but not the liver Coronavirus infects and causes demyelination in primate central nervous system Murine coronavirus spike protein determines the ability of the virus to replicate in the liver and cause hepatitis Molecular cloning of the gene encoding the putative polymerase of mouse hepatitis coronavirus, strain A59 Kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system following lethal and nonlethal coronavirus-induced acute encephalomyelitis IFN-gamma is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligodendroglia Contributions of Fas-Fas ligand interactions to the pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus in the central nervous system Spread of a neurotropic murine coronavirus into the CNS via the trigeminal and olfactory nerves The astrocyte is a target cell in mice persistently infected with mouse hepatitis virus Pathogenesis of chimeric MHV-4/MHV-A59 recombinant viruses: The murine coronavirus spike protein is a major determinant of neurovirulence Oligodendrocytes and their myelin-plasma membrane connections in JHM mouse hepatitis virus encephalomyelitis Role of macrophages during Theiler's virus infection Exacerbated viral hepatitis in IFN-gamma receptorde cient mice is not suppressed by IL-12 Modulation of acute coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis in gamma-irradiated rats by transfer of naṏve lymphocyte subsets before infection Virus dissemination through the brain parenchyma without immunologic control Apoptosis of JHMV-speci c CTL in the CNS in the absence of CD4 C T cells CTL effector function within the central nervous system requires CD4 C T cells Mouse hepatitis virus-speci c cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect from lethal infection without eliminating virus from the central nervous system Tumor necrosis factor expression during mouse hepatitis virusinduced demyelinating encephalomyelitis In vivo effects of coronavirus-speci c T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication Chronic central nervous system demyelination in mice after JHM virus infection Activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord of mice chronically infected with a neurotropic coronavirus Spread of a neurotropic coronavirus to spinal cord white matter via neurons and astrocytes CD4 C and CD8 C T cells are not major effectors of mouse hepatitis virus A59-induced demyelinating disease Coronavirus infection induces H-2 antigen expression on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes Post in ammatory remyelination in the spinal cord of mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus, JHM strain Sequential infection of glial cells by the murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) leads to a characteristic distribution of demyelination Coronavirus MHV-A59 causes upregulation of interferon-beta RNA in primary glial cell cultures Pathogenesis of demyelination induced by a mouse hepatitis Role of spleen macrophages in innate and acquired immune responses against mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 Role of virus-speci keywords: cd8; cells; cns; demyelination; et al; hepatitis; infection; jhm; mhv; mice; virus cache: cord-309109-c5hajb6k.txt plain text: cord-309109-c5hajb6k.txt item: #100 of 136 id: cord-311845-wnk7itha author: Lubetzki, Catherine title: Demyelination in multiple sclerosis date: 2014-02-05 words: 7406 flesch: 22 summary: Such excess of glutamate is thought to mediate oligodendrocyte cell death through kainate and AMPA receptors expressed by the cell bodies (Matute, 1998; McDonald et al., 1998) . In chronic MS lesions, re-expression of the poly-sialated (PSA) form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has been reported (Charles et al., 2002) . keywords: antibodies; axons; cells; channels; cns; demyelinated; demyelination; disease; et al; expression; lesions; myelin; oligodendrocyte; patients; protein; sclerosis cache: cord-311845-wnk7itha.txt plain text: cord-311845-wnk7itha.txt item: #101 of 136 id: cord-311847-2czqs84q author: Pennisi, Manuela title: SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms date: 2020-07-31 words: 9018 flesch: 36 summary: The differences in the sequence of spike proteins between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 will enable scientists to identify epitopes in COVID-19 patients for the development of monoclonal antibodies against this virus. COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression Analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A retrospective analysis The interface between stroke and infectious disease: Infectious diseases leading to stroke and infections complicating stroke The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): A report from Progression in migraine: Role of mast cells and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines The pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19 Analysis of the clinical effect of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection Anosmia in COVID-19: A Bumpy Road to Establishing a Cellular Mechanism Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis Prevalence of Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Reveals Significant Ethnic Differences Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment options. keywords: ace2; acute; brain; cells; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; covs; disease; human; infection; olfactory; patients; sars; study; syndrome; viral cache: cord-311847-2czqs84q.txt plain text: cord-311847-2czqs84q.txt item: #102 of 136 id: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x author: Atkins, G. J. title: Transient virus infection and multiple sclerosis date: 2000-09-28 words: 6187 flesch: 34 summary: Evidence for the involvement of virus infection in MS also comes from several animal diseases in which persistent virus infection gives rise to demyelination [10,11,22±24] . A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis Effects of in¯uenza vaccination and in¯uenza illness on exacerbations in multiple sclerosis Analysis of the molecular basis of neuropathogenesis of RNA viruses in experimental animals: relevance for human disease? Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading Adoptive transfer of EAE-like lesions from rats with coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis Primarily chronic progressive and relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis: two immunologically distinct entities Neuropathology in multiple sclerosis: new concepts Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: The antigen speci®city of T lymphocytes determines the topography of lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/ oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Anti-myelin antibodies modulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice Identi®cation of auto-antibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis: a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system Functional evidence for epitope spreading in the relapsing pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Adoptive transfer of EAE-like lesions from rats with coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis Characterization of measles virus-induced autoimmune reactions against myelin basic protein in Lewis rats Induction of autoimmune reactions to myelin basic protein in measles virus encephalitis in Lewis rats Synergistic interaction between measles virus infection and myelin basic protein peptide-speci®c T cells in the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats The balance between persistent virus infection and immune cells determines demyelination Semliki Forest virus infection of mice: a model for the genetic and molecular analysis of viral pathogenicity The molecular pathogenesis of Semliki Forest virus: a model virus made useful Immune responses, and autoimmune outcome, during virus infection of the central nervous system Predisposition to EAE induction in resistant mice by prior infection with Semliki Forest virus Production and role of cytokines in the CNS of mice with acute viral encephalomyelitis Molecular mimicry between a viral peptide and a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide induces autoimmune demyelinating disease in mice Long-term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system Multiplication of virulent and demyelinating Semliki Forest virus in the mouse central nervous systemÐconsequences in BALB/c and SJL mice Effect of viral infection on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice Facilitation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by irradiation and virus infection: role of in¯ammatory cells In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells prevents lesions of demyelination in Semliki Forest virus infection Role of immune responses in protection and pathogenesis during SFV infection Characterization of the cellular and cytokine response in the central nervous system following Semliki Forest virus infection Long-term persistence of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes after viral infection of the central nervous system Focal brain damage enhances experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in brain and spinal cord Examination of eight cases of multiple sclerosis and 56 neurological and non-neurological controls for genome sequences of measles virus, canine distemper virus, simian virus 5 and rubella virus Failure to detect measles virus RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in peripheral blood leucocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis Absence of measles, mumps and rubella viral gene sequences from multiple sclerosis brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction Increased risk of multiple sclerosis after late Epstein-Barr virus infection: a historical prospective study B-cell responses to myelin basic protein and its epitopes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by Semple rabies vaccine A multicenter, randomized, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of in¯uenza immunization in multiple sclerosis Sequence homology between certain viral proteins and proteins related to encephalomyelitis and neuritis Molecular mimicry in T-cell mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones speci®c for myelin basic protein Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: mechanism for autoimmunity Multiple sclerosis and molecular mimicry Autoimmunity caused by host cell protein-containing viruses Breakdown of the blood±brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis Viral infection at the blood±brain barrier in multiple sclerosis:Ðan ultrastructural study of tissues from a UK regional brain bank Induction of relapsing paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by bacterial superantigen Reverse transcriptase-dependent and -independent phases of infection with mouse mammary tumor virus: implications for superantigen function The signi®cance of measles virus antigen and genome distribution in the CNS in SSPE for mechanisms of viral spread and demyelination Polyomavirus models of brain infection and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis Semliki Forest virus neurovirulence mutants have altered cytopathogenicity for central nervous system cells Oligodendrocyte infection and demyelination produced in mice by the M9 mutant of Semliki Forest virus Pathogenicity of Semliki Forest virus for the rat central nervous system and primary rat neural cell culturesÐ possible implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis Death mechanisms in cultured cells infected by Semliki Forest virus Morphology of oligodendrocytes during demyelination in optic nerves of mice infected with Semliki Forest virus Antibody response to rubella virus structural proteins in multiple sclerosis Multiplication of rubella and measles viruses in primary rat neural cell cultures: relevance to a postulated triggering mechanism for multiple sclerosis Oligodendroglial degeneration in distemper: apoptosis or necrosis? keywords: cns; demyelination; disease; infection; measles; myelin; sclerosis; virus; viruses cache: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt plain text: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt item: #103 of 136 id: cord-312064-hza70mur author: Borrow, P title: Investigation of the role of delayed-type-hypersensitivity responses to myelin in the pathogenesis of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. date: 1998-04-17 words: 4654 flesch: 28 summary: Two inbred strains of mice were used in this study: SJL mice, which are highly susceptible to TVID, and CBA mice, which are of intermediate susceptibility. CBA mice are less susceptible to the development of demyelinating disease following infection with TMEV A group of 50 CBA mice infected with the BeAn strain of TMEV were also scored for the development of clinical signs of disease over time post-infection as described above for SJL mice (Fig. 1) . keywords: disease; infected; infection; mice; myelin; responses; theiler; tmev; virus cache: cord-312064-hza70mur.txt plain text: cord-312064-hza70mur.txt item: #104 of 136 id: cord-315656-asvf4roo author: Wu, Junjiao title: Revisiting the Immune Balance Theory: A Neurological Insight Into the Epidemic of COVID-19 and Its Alike date: 2020-10-15 words: 5947 flesch: 25 summary: Studies have shown that increased numbers of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of severe SARS patients are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury (46) . Although fever and pneumonia are typical symptoms, COVID-19 patients exhibit multiple neurological complications. keywords: ace2; brain; cells; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; cytokine; disease; infection; patients; potential; sars; system cache: cord-315656-asvf4roo.txt plain text: cord-315656-asvf4roo.txt item: #105 of 136 id: cord-316227-dgyxbgvg author: Geginat, Jens title: The Enigmatic Role of Viruses in Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Mimicry or Disturbed Immune Surveillance? date: 2017-05-23 words: 8622 flesch: 43 summary: Bystander activation upon viral infection could be involved in the generation of the autoreactive and potentially encephalitogenic T helper (Th)-1/17 central memory (Th1/17 CM polymorphisms associated with MS are involved in immune responses, in particular in the activation and homeostasis of T cells [46] , and T cells expressing a TCR that cross-reacted with MBP and a common bacterial peptide was able to induce MS-like disease in humanized mice [37] . keywords: cells; cns; immune; memory; patients; sclerosis; t cells; th1/17; virus cache: cord-316227-dgyxbgvg.txt plain text: cord-316227-dgyxbgvg.txt item: #106 of 136 id: cord-317651-lsca8vt2 author: Yong, V. Wee title: Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system date: 2001 words: 8148 flesch: 38 summary: Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 reduces infarct size Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) activities in human brain after focal ischemia Role for matrix metalloproteinase 9 after focal cerebral ischemia: effects of gene knockout and enzyme inhibition with BB-94 Presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia Activation of glial cells by human coronavirus OC43 infection The cell biology of β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin in Alzheimer's disease β-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE A metalloproteinase inhibitor domain in Alzheimer amyloid protein gelatinase A possesses a β-secretase-like activity in cleaving the precursor Amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease Localization of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in Alzheimer's disease and normal brain Degradation of amyloid β-protein by a metalloproteinase secreted by microglia and other neural and non-neural cells Constitutive and regulated α-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by a disintegrin metalloprotease Evidence that tumor necrosis factor α converting enzyme is involved in regulated α-secretase cleavage of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor Altered cell-matrix associated ADAM proteins in Alzheimer disease Expression of specific matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory myopathies Spatiotemporal expression patterns of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the postnatal developing rat cerebellum Differential spatial distribution and temporal regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase mRNA expression during rat central nervous system development Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated suppression of activator protein-1 activation and matrix metalloproteinase expression after spinal cord injury Expression and modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human embryonic CNS stem cells Kuzbanian controls proteolytic processing of Notch and mediates lateral inhibition during Drosophila and vertebrate neurogenesis Processing of the notch ligand delta by the metalloprotease Kuzbanian A novel proteolytic cleavage involved in Notch signaling: the role of the disintegrin-metalloprotease TACE Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 is required for oligodendroglial process extension in vivo and in vitro Localization of proteinase expression in the developing rabbit brain Release of plasminogen activator and a calcium-dependent metalloproteinase from cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons Inhibition of retinal growth cone activity by specific metalloproteinase inhibitors in vitro NGF induction of the gene encoding the protease transin accompanies neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells Induction of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 (92-kDa gelatinase) by retinoic acid in human neuroblastoma SKNBE cells: relevance to neuronal differentiation The fact that one of these fragments is the immunodominant epitope of myelin basic protein supports the concept of MMPs as foes in MS A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumor-necrosis factor-α from cells Membrane type 4 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP17) has tumor necrosis factor-α convertase activity but does not activate pro-MMP2 Cytotoxicity by matrix metalloprotease-1 in organotypic spinal cord and dissociated neuronal cultures HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity is prevented by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors Neuronal death in the hippocampus is promoted by plasmin-catalysed degradation of laminin The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis ADAM family proteins in the immune system Matrix metalloproteinases: multifunctional contributors to tumor progression Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in human brain tumors Gelatinase-A (MMP-2), gelatinase-B (MMP-9) and membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) are involved in different aspects of the pathophysiology of malignant gliomas Roles of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 in invasion and dissemination of human malignant glioma Marked inhibition of tumor growth in a malignant glioma tumor model by a novel synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor AG3340 Glioma invasion in vitro: regulation by matrix metalloprotease-2 and protein kinase C Membranetype 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) enables invasive migration of glioma cells in central nervous system white matter Cancer Drug Discovery and Development: Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human astrocytomas in vivo Inhibition of in vivo tumorigenicity and invasiveness of a human glioblastoma cell line transfected with antisense uPAR vectors The specific expression of three novel splice variant forms of human metalloprotease-like disintegrin-like cysteine-rich protein 2 gene in brain tissues and gliomas Proteolytic cascade enzymes increase in focal cerebral ischemia in rat Matrix metalloproteinase expression increases after cerebral focal ischemia in rats. keywords: activity; adams; brain; cells; cns; expression; growth; human; inhibitors; matrix; metalloproteinases; mmp2; mmp9; mmps; patients; ref; tissue cache: cord-317651-lsca8vt2.txt plain text: cord-317651-lsca8vt2.txt item: #107 of 136 id: cord-320617-ucm7wx8b author: B’Krong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh title: Enterovirus serotypes in patients with central nervous system and respiratory infections in Viet Nam 1997–2010 date: 2018-04-12 words: 3960 flesch: 45 summary: Similarly, in patients with respiratory infection, the clinical significance of EV infection should be interpreted with caution because of the high rate of co-infection with more common respiratory viruses [39] . EV infections are often asymptomatic, but may also result in a diverse spectrum of clinical illness, varying from mild febrile illnesses to severe disease of the cutaneous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous system (CNS) keywords: children; clinical; cns; enterovirus; infection; patients; pcr; study cache: cord-320617-ucm7wx8b.txt plain text: cord-320617-ucm7wx8b.txt item: #108 of 136 id: cord-320909-p93gxjm2 author: Natoli, S. title: Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date: 2020-05-22 words: 4730 flesch: 33 summary: Radiology 2020 Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with Coronavirus Disease Labs rush to study coronavirus in transgenic animals -some are in short supply A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: Implications for pathogenesis virus transmission pathways Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a functional receptor for SARS coronavirus Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. In line with observations in SARS models, non-human primates and wild-type mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a relatively mild clinical disease, in spite of the evidence that Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed a massive infection of the respiratory tract [44, 45] (Table 2) . keywords: brain; coronavirus; cov; cov-2; human; infection; mers; mice; models; sars; syndrome cache: cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt plain text: cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt item: #109 of 136 id: cord-322728-10m3xscs author: Severance, Emily G. title: Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date: 2016-12-31 words: 8339 flesch: 13 summary: A recent resurgence in this field is exemplified by the numerous antibody studies that confirm an increased immune response directed at these food antigens, including a role for maternal antibodies to food antigens and the possible presence of an antigen-specific immune reaction up to 2 years before diagnosis of the disease (Cascella et al., 2011; Dickerson, Stallings, Origoni, Vaughan, et al., 2010; Jackson et al., 2012; Karlsson et al., 2012; Lachance & McKenzie, 2014; Niebuhr et al., 2011; Samaroo et al., 2010; Severance et al., 2010; . Exposure to infectious disease pathogens during the pre-and postnatal period as defined by an antibody response is significantly associated with the future development of or current status of schizophrenia (Arias et al., 2012; Brown & Derkits, 2010; Buka, Cannon, Torrey, & Yolken, 2008; Fellerhoff, Laumbacher, Mueller, Gu, & Wank, 2007; Mortensen et al., 2010; Niebuhr et al., 2008; Xiao et al., 2009; Yolken et al., 2001; . keywords: activation; antibodies; barrier; blood; brain; complement; csf; development; disease; disorders; et al; exposure; immune; proteins; psychosis; receptors; review; risk; schizophrenia; studies; study; system cache: cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt plain text: cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt item: #110 of 136 id: cord-324530-tac1unnp author: André, Nicole M title: Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis date: 2019-06-26 words: 2928 flesch: 43 summary: An update on feline infectious peritonitis: diagnostics and therapeutics An update on feline infectious peritonitis: virology and immunopathogenesis CNS disease in the cat: current knowledge of infectious causes Prevalence of diseases of the spinal cord of cats Fenner's veterinary virology Improving virus taxonomy by recontextualizing sequence-based classification with biologically relevant data: the case of the Alphacoronavirus 1 species Infectious diseases of the dog and cat A review of coronavirus infection in the central nervous system of cats and mice Immunocytochemical demonstration of feline infectious peritonitis virus within cerebrospinal fluid macrophages Practical overview of common infectious disease agents Hagan and Brunner's microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals Diagnosis and clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis in the central nervous system A retrospective study of the neuropathology and diagnosis of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis Feline infectious peritonitis with neurologic involvement: clinical and pathological findings in 24 cats Feline infectious peritonitis with spinal cord involvement in two cats Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis Mutation in spike protein cleavage site and pathogenesis of feline coronavirus Immunohistochemical studies on meningoencephalitis in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Spike protein fusion peptide and feline coronavirus virulence Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis Feline infectious peritonitis: insights into feline coronavirus pathobiogenesis and epidemiology based on genetic analysis of the viral 3c gene Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis Acknowledgements We thank Wendy Wingate for help with sample collection, all members of the Whittaker lab for helpful comments and support, and Dr John Loftus for clinical consultation and critical reading of the manuscript. [1] [2] [3] It is the most common infectious disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of cats. keywords: cat; cns; feline; fip; months; peritonitis; protein; spike cache: cord-324530-tac1unnp.txt plain text: cord-324530-tac1unnp.txt item: #111 of 136 id: cord-324619-y7gilopu author: Alam, S.B. title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 may be an underappreciated pathogen of the central nervous system date: 2020-07-15 words: 5255 flesch: 28 summary: A retrospective study from China found that COVID-19 patients over 60 years old and with neurologic comorbidities were at a higher risk of developing neurologic impairments such as impaired consciousness and cerebrovascular accidents (18). It is possible that COVID-19 patients that have experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS via the neuromuscular junction could experience similar complications and long-term follow-up of these patients should be prioritized. keywords: article; brain; cells; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; disease; human; infection; patients; sars cache: cord-324619-y7gilopu.txt plain text: cord-324619-y7gilopu.txt item: #112 of 136 id: cord-325624-6anybxnk author: Ireland, Derek D. C. title: RNase L Mediated Protection from Virus Induced Demyelination date: 2009-10-02 words: 8100 flesch: 39 summary: Cell type specific effects of anti-viral RNase L activity are also clearly evident from studies with West Nile virus (WNV). While mouse embryonic fibroblasts display RNase L dependent anti-viral activity [10] , IFN-b treatment revealed no affect of RNase L in reducing WNV replication in either cortical or peripheral motor neurons [11] . keywords: brain; cells; ifn; infected; infection; matter; mice; microglia; p.i; rnase; spinal; virus cache: cord-325624-6anybxnk.txt plain text: cord-325624-6anybxnk.txt item: #113 of 136 id: cord-328763-hcbs20a0 author: Ifergan, Igal title: Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date: 2020-10-06 words: 11076 flesch: 27 summary: 1 receptor inhibition prevents microglial plaque association and improves cognition in 3xTg-AD mice Pharmacological targeting of CSF1R inhibits microglial proliferation and prevents the progression of Alzheimer's-like pathology Early long-term administration of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 ablates microglia and reduces accumulation of intraneuronal amyloid, neuritic plaque deposition and pre-fibrillar oligomers in 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease The selective M-CSF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ki20227 suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ameliorate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis Cytokine and chemokine alterations in tissue, CSF, and plasma in early presymptomatic phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), in a rat model of multiple sclerosis Csf1R inhibition attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes recovery Inhibition of colony-stimulating-factor-1 signaling in vivo with the orally bioavailable cFMS kinase inhibitor GW2580 Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis mCSF-induced microglial activation prevents myelin loss and promotes its repair in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis The relative number of macrophages/microglia expressing macrophage colonystimulating factor and its receptor decreases in multiple sclerosis lesions Adverse Event Oncotarget Kinase Inhibit KIT inhibition by imatinib in patients with severe refractory asthma Preclinical overview of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that targets both Raf and VEGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling Bruton's tyrosine kinase: an emerging key player in innate immunity Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis Generation of pathogenic T(H)17 cells in the absence of TGF-beta signalling The induction of EAE is only partially dependent on TNF receptor signaling but requires the IL-1 type I receptor Inflammasomederived IL-1beta regulates the production of GM-CSF by CD4(+) T cells and gammadelta T cells Myeloid cell transmigration across the CNS vasculature triggers IL-1beta-driven neuroinflammation during autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice Experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells requires pertussis toxin-driven IL-1beta production by myeloid cells Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats by influencing the activation and proliferation of encephalitogenic cells A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases Activated IL-1RI signaling pathway induces Th17 cell differentiation via interferon regulatory factor 4 signaling in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions New insights into the role of IL-1beta in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis Involvement of the IL-1 system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: breaking the vicious cycle between IL-1beta and GM-CSF Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in humans Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12 Role of IL-12 receptor beta 1 in regulation of T cell response by APC in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-12 receptor-beta 2-deficient mice: IL-12 responsiveness is not required in the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system Cutting edge: IL-23 receptor gfp reporter mice reveal distinct populations of IL-17-producing cells Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain Anti-IL-12 antibody prevents the development and progression of multiple sclerosis-like relapsing-remitting demyelinating disease in NOD mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide Modulation of susceptibility and resistance to an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis in prototypically susceptible and resistant strains by neutralization of interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, respectively Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets using an anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody Anti-IL-23 therapy inhibits multiple inflammatory pathways and ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis Elevated interleukin-12 in progressive multiple sclerosis correlates with disease activity and is normalized by pulse cyclophosphamide therapy Interleukin-12 and perforin mRNA expression is augmented in blood mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis Decreased interleukin-10 and increased interleukin-12p40 mRNA are associated with disease activity and characterize different disease stages in multiple sclerosis Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), and interleukin 12 cytokine in multiple sclerosis lesions Increased IL-23p19 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and its induction in microglia Repeated subcutaneous injections of IL12/23 p40 neutralising antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, dose-ranging study Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis? In addition to the direct effect on T cells, it was also shown that the decreased ability of miR-155 KO mice to mount inflammatory T cell responses was linked to DCs secreting less cytokines critical for driving T H 1 and T H 17 responses, mainly IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF (199) . keywords: autoimmune; cells; cns; csf; disease; eae; expression; factor; immune; macrophages; mice; monocytes; myeloid; nanoparticles; patients; receptor; sclerosis; targeting cache: cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt plain text: cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt item: #114 of 136 id: cord-329527-0rlotyz3 author: Bohmwald, Karen title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date: 2018-10-26 words: 11066 flesch: 38 summary: Besides respiratory tract infections, these viruses have been associated with neurological clinical manifestations in patients with a severe occurrence of the respiratory disease (Antonucci and Fanos, 2005; Akins et al., 2010; Antonucci et al., 2010; Desforges et al., 2014a; Fok et al., 2015; Algahtani et al., 2016) . Commonly, the invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) and the subsequent pathology have been more studied in infection caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), measles virus (MV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others (Koyuncu et al., 2013) . keywords: brain; cells; cns; csf; detection; encephalitis; et al; hmpv; hrsv; human; infection; influenza; mice; patients; respiratory; viral; virus; viruses; year cache: cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt plain text: cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt item: #115 of 136 id: cord-329750-purunxce author: Waldman, Amy title: Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review date: 2006-06-28 words: 8449 flesch: 46 summary: Additional support for an infectious etiology was provided by further studies that showed elevated antiviral titers (measles, rubella, mumps, varicella/zoster, EBV, influenza/parainfluenza,coronavirus, HTLV-1, Borna, etc) in the CSF of MS patients during an acute exacerbation [ Sibley et al., 1985; Panitch, 1994] . The relative risk of developing PML in MS patients on natalizumab is 1 in 1,000 keywords: adults; cells; children; cns; criteria; diagnosis; disease; et al; lesions; mri; patients; progressive; sclerosis; study; symptoms; treatment; years cache: cord-329750-purunxce.txt plain text: cord-329750-purunxce.txt item: #116 of 136 id: cord-330553-sukrjl22 author: Stonedahl, Sarah title: The Role of Microglia during West Nile Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System date: 2020-08-28 words: 5555 flesch: 36 summary: While these studies present evidence for a protective effect of TLR3 following WNV infection, an earlier study showed increased survival from WNV infections in TLR3-deficient mice [65] . WNV infection also induces neuroinflammation characterized by activation of innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, production of inflammatory cytokines, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and infiltration of peripheral leukocytes. keywords: brain; cells; cns; infection; mice; microglia; nile; role; virus; west; wnv cache: cord-330553-sukrjl22.txt plain text: cord-330553-sukrjl22.txt item: #117 of 136 id: cord-331268-kzy33hdb author: Lynch, Sharon G. title: Multiple sclerosis date: 1996-01-31 words: 13858 flesch: 43 summary: Multiple sclerosis and human Tcell lymphotrophic retroviruses Amplification and molecular cloning of HTLV-I sequences from DNA of multiple sclerosis patients HTLV1 and tropical spastic paraparesis The G and Brahic M analysis of human Tlymphotrophic virus sequences in multiple sclerosis tissue Serologic studies of MS patients, controls, and patients with other neurologic diseases: antibodies to HTLV I Human T lymphotrophic virus type I may not be associated with multiple sclerosis in Japan Detection of human T-cell lymphoma virus type I DNA and antigen in spinal fluid and blood of patients with chronic progressive myelopathy Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain Bacterial toxin superantigens activate human T lymphocytes reactive with myelin autoantigens V-Beta specific stimulation of human T cells by staphylococcal toxins Findings in multiple sclerosis Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: report by the panel on evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis Influenza1 encephalopathy and post-influenza1 encephalitis Lyme disease: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment Human T-lymphocyte virus type I antibodies in the serum of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis in the Seychelles The diagnosis of childhood neurodegenerative disorders presenting as dementia in adults Textbook of child neurology Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after uncomplicated optic neuritis: a long-term prospective study Transverse myelitis: retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events Long-term follow-up of acute partial transverse myelopathy Early risk of multiple sclerosis following isolated acute syndromes of the brainstem and spinal cord Prognostic significance of brain MRI at presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS: a five-year follow-up study neuromyelitis optica and Schilder's myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up Multiple sclerosis: early prognostic guidelines Studies on the natural history of multiple sclerosis: eight early prognostic features of the later course of the illness Cardiovascular testing and exercise prescription in multiple sclerosis patients Multiple sclerosis. keywords: abnormalities; cell; chronic; diagnosis; disease; findings; lesions; mri; myelin; neuritis; optic; pain; patients; problems; progressive; sclerosis; spasticity; study; symptoms; therapy; treatment; use cache: cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt plain text: cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt item: #118 of 136 id: cord-332109-ont0tqpn author: Wei, Yufeng title: Substance Use Disorder in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Vulnerabilities and Complications date: 2020-07-18 words: 11749 flesch: 35 summary: The Janus face of immune enhancement Draft Landscape of COVID-19 Candidate Vaccines The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-Preliminary Report Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: A dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): Anti-inflammatory strategies Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: A case report of non-severe COVID-19 Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals Presence of SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19 Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Infections Opioid use disorder and the COVID 19 pandemic: A call to sustain regulatory easements and further expand access to treatment Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period Comparing lung tissues from deceased patients of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with influenza and COVID-19, the lungs from COVID-19 patients displayed distinctive vascular impairments of the pulmonary vessels. keywords: ace2; alcohol; axis; bbb; blood; brain; cells; cns; cocaine; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; cytokines; disease; expression; hpa; infection; patients; protein; responses; sars; system; use; virus cache: cord-332109-ont0tqpn.txt plain text: cord-332109-ont0tqpn.txt item: #119 of 136 id: cord-333186-gxs74wit author: Ashhurst, Thomas Myles title: The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date: 2014-10-31 words: 8548 flesch: 33 summary: Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis Subpopulations of mouse blood monocytes differ in maturation stage and inflammatory response Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior Accelerated dendritic cell differentiation from migrating Ly6C(lo) bone marrow monocytes in early dermal West Nile virus infection Ly6c+ 'inflammatory monocytes' are microglial precursors recruited in a pathogenic manner in West Nile virus encephalitis Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions Recruitment of beneficial M2 macrophages to injured spinal cord is orchestrated by remote brain choroid plexus Inflammatory modulation of HSCs: viewing the HSC as a foundation for the immune response Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2 Dissecting negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling MyD88 and Type I interferon receptor-mediated chemokine induction and monocyte recruitment during Listeria monocytogenes infection Type I interferon signaling regulates Ly6C(hi) monocytes and neutrophils during acute viral pneumonia in mice Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-gamma in response to chronic infection IFNalpha activates dormant haematopoietic stem cells in vivo Circulating Ly-6C+ myeloid precursors migrate to the CNS and play a pathogenic role during autoimmune demyelinating disease Targeted blockade in lethal West Nile virus encephalitis indicates a crucial role for very late antigen (VLA)-4-dependent recruitment of nitric oxide-producing macrophages CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides 'preferentially' polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE Role of pathogens in multiple sclerosis Bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce monocyte emigration in response to circulating tolllike receptor ligands Antiviral type I and type III interferon responses in the central nervous system Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity Role of IFN-gamma in an experimental murine model of West Nile virus-induced seizures Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system The CCL2 synthesis inhibitor bindarit targets cells of the neurovascular unit, and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Additive roles for MCP-1 and MCP-3 in CCR2-mediated recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during Listeria monocytogenes infection Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis Expression of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 reflects differential activation of mononuclear phagocytes in pattern II and pattern III multiple sclerosis lesions Elevated expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications in multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain Monocyte subsets differentially employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques L-selectin-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites Monocyte migration to inflamed skin and lymph nodes is differentially controlled by L-selectin and PSGL-1 Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod Immune modulation by flaviviruses Ifit2 deficiency results in uncontrolled neurotropic coronavirus replication and enhanced encephalitis via impaired IFNalpha/beta induction in macrophages Myelomonocytic cell recruitment causes fatal CNS vascular injury during acute viral meningitis Hippocampal protection in mice with an attenuated inflammatory monocyte response to acute CNS picornavirus infection CCL2 transgene expression in the central nervous system directs diffuse infiltration of CD45(high)CD11b(+) monocytes and enhanced Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease IFNgamma influences type I interferon response and susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease Visualization of Central European tick-borne encephalitis infection in fatal human cases Inflammatory response in human tick-borne encephalitis: analysis of postmortem brain tissue Infiltrating macrophages are key to the development of seizures following virus infection Maturation and localization of macrophages and microglia during infection with a neurotropic murine coronavirus Modulating inflammatory monocytes with a unique microRNA gene signature ameliorates murine ALS CD11b+Ly-6C(hi) suppressive monocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis Therapeutic inflammatory monocyte modulation using immune-modifying microparticles Blood monocyte subsets differentially give rise to CD103+ and CD103À pulmonary dendritic cell populations Differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells in a model of transendothelial trafficking Endogenous production and peripheral blood levels of granulocyte-macrophage (GM-) and granulocyte (G-) colony-stimulating factors Functions of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Transgenic expression of CSF-1 in CSF-1 receptor-expressing cells leads to macrophage activation, osteoporosis, and early death GM-CSF in the generation of dendritic cells from human blood monocyte precursors: recent advances Th17 cells induce Th1-polarizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor down-regulates CD14 expression on monocytes Interleukin 4 down-regulates the expression of CD14 in normal human monocytes Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha In-vitro differentiation of mature dendritic cells from human blood monocytes Generation of CD1+RelB+ dendritic cells and tartrateresistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells from human monocytes Monocyte-derived dendritic cells Differentiation of human dendritic cells from monocytes in vitro Inflammation switches the differentiation program of Ly6Chi monocytes from antiinflammatory macrophages to inflammatory dendritic cells in the colon Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and macrophage CSFdependent macrophage phenotypes display differences in cytokine profiles and transcription factor activities: implications for CSF blockade in inflammation Dendritic cells as the terminal stage of monocyte differentiation Interferon-gamma switches monocyte differentiation from dendritic cells to macrophages GM-CSF controls nonlymphoid tissue dendritic cell homeostasis but is dispensable for the differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo IL-6 switches the differentiation of monocytes from dendritic cells to macrophages Diverse activation of microglia by chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 overexpression in brain Th1 immune response takeover among patients with severe Japanese encephalitis infection Proinflammatory mediators released by activated microglia induces neuronal death in Japanese encephalitis Prolonged microglial cell activation and lymphocyte infiltration following experimental herpes encephalitis Glial activation involvement in neuronal death by Japanese encephalitis virus infection RIG-I mediates innate immune response in mouse neurons following Japanese encephalitis virus infection The bacteriostatic protein lipocalin 2 is induced in the central nervous system of mice with West Nile virus encephalitis The blood-brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages induced by influenza virus-infected apoptotic cells Caspase-8 serves both apoptotic and nonapoptotic roles Specific involvement of caspases in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages Human cytomegalovirus stimulates monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via the temporal regulation of caspase 3 ER stress induced impaired TLR signaling and macrophage differentiation of human monocytes IL-1beta triggers the differentiation of macrophages with enhanced capacity to present mycobacterial antigen to T cells TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells The innate immune adaptor molecule MyD88 restricts West Nile virus replication and spread in neurons of the central nervous system West Nile virus nonstructural protein 1 inhibits TLR3 signal transduction Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics for multiple sclerosis management Qin, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses TLR8 expression and TLR8-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes in vitro and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo Interleukin-32 induces the differentiation of monocytes into macrophage-like cells NOD2 triggers an interleukin-32-dependent human dendritic cell program in leprosy Differential regulation of human interferon A gene expression by interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense Interferon regulatory factor IRF-7 induces the antiviral alpha interferon response and protects against lethal West Nile virus infection Differential regulation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7 and IRF-9 gene expression in the central nervous system during viral infection IRF3 helps control acute TMEV infection through IL-6 expression but contributes to acute hippocampus damage following TMEV infection Neurons produce type I interferon during viral encephalitis Interferon regulatory factor-7 modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice ICSBP/IRF-8 retrovirus transduction rescues dendritic cell development in vitro ICSBP is essential for the development of mouse type I interferon-producing cells and for the generation and activation of CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8alpha + dendritic cells IFN regulatory factor 8 is a key constitutive determinant of the morphological and molecular properties of microglia in the CNS ICSBP directs bipotential myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into mature macrophages Monocyte differentiation to macrophage requires interferon regulatory factor 7 Critical role of IRF-8 in negative regulation of TLR3 expression by Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 activity in human myeloid dendritic cells Differential expression of IFN regulatory factor 4 gene in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages IRF-4 expression in the human myeloid lineage: up-regulation during dendritic cell differentiation and inhibition by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Natural killer cells trigger differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells IL-10 dampens TNF/inducible nitric oxide synthaseproducing dendritic cell-mediated pathogenicity during parasitic infection keywords: cells; cns; csf; differentiation; encephalitis; ifn; infection; inflammatory; ly6c; mice; monocytes cache: cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt plain text: cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt item: #120 of 136 id: cord-334499-fz7vrnb1 author: Templeton, Steven P. title: Pathogenesis of acute and chronic central nervous system infection with variants of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM date: 2007-06-01 words: 6293 flesch: 34 summary: Through the classical pathway, these proteins may be activated on the surface of antibody bound MHV infected cells or in MHV/antibody immune complexes, thus enhancing the recruitment and effector functions of CNS macrophages/microglia. MHV-JHM infected mice with demyelinating disease serve as a relevant animal model of the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) keywords: cell; cns; demyelination; disease; immune; infected; infection; jhm; mhv; mice; virus cache: cord-334499-fz7vrnb1.txt plain text: cord-334499-fz7vrnb1.txt item: #121 of 136 id: cord-334577-wb6zhovi author: Mangale, Vrushali title: Microglia influence host defense, disease, and repair following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system date: 2020-05-25 words: 5150 flesch: 29 summary: T cells during virus-induced central nervous system disease Microglia and the brain: Complementary Partners in Development and Disease Utility of mouse cell line DBT for propagation and assay of mouse hepatitis virus Intrathecal insulin-like growth factor 1 but not insulin enhances myelin repair in young and aged rats The biology of persistent infection: Kim N. Green https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-6744 Thomas E. Lane https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-0825 Elimination of microglia improves cognitive function following cranial irradiation Selective packaging in murine coronavirus promotes virulence by limiting type I interferon responses Central nervous system remyelination: Roles of glia and innate immune cells Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: Host-virus stand-off Perforin and gamma interferon-mediated control of coronavirus central nervous system infection by CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonism enhances proliferation and migration of engrafted neural progenitor cells in a model of viral-induced demyelination FTY720 (fingolimod) modulates the severity of viral-induced encephalomyelitis and demyelination keywords: cells; cns; control; expression; infection; jhmv; mice; microglia; p.i; plx5622 cache: cord-334577-wb6zhovi.txt plain text: cord-334577-wb6zhovi.txt item: #122 of 136 id: cord-337365-hugenn14 author: Chen, Zhuangzhuang title: The role of microglia in viral encephalitis: a review date: 2019-04-09 words: 7279 flesch: 36 summary: The interaction between amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) produced by neurons and activated microglia during viral infection is uncertain. Neurons release more ATP after viral infection, while the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine in cell lysates decrease. keywords: activation; antiviral; autophagy; brain; cells; cns; encephalitis; expression; infection; mice; microglia; neurons; patients; role; signaling; virus cache: cord-337365-hugenn14.txt plain text: cord-337365-hugenn14.txt item: #123 of 136 id: cord-338235-vz2d2x18 author: Pinschewer, Daniel D. title: T cells can mediate viral clearance from ependyma but not from brain parenchyma in a major histocompatibility class I- and perforin-independent manner date: 2010-03-30 words: 7290 flesch: 37 summary: I. Drug treatment and virologic studies RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation: an assay of gene function in lymphocyte development Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in B cell deficient mice generated by targeted deletion of the JH locus Efficient T-cell surveillance of the CNS requires expression of the CXC chemokine receptor 3 Mechanisms of edema formation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. key: cord-338235-vz2d2x18 authors: Pinschewer, Daniel D.; Schedensack, Mariann; Bergthaler, Andreas; Horvath, Edit; Brück, Wolfgang; Löhning, Max; Merkler, Doron title: T cells can mediate viral clearance from ependyma but not from brain parenchyma in a major histocompatibility class I- and perforin-independent manner date: 2010-03-30 journal: Brain DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq028 sha: doc_id: 338235 cord_uid: vz2d2x18 Viral infection of the central nervous system can lead to disability and death. keywords: brain; cells; cns; deficient; fig; indg; infection; mice; perforin; rlcmv; viral; virus cache: cord-338235-vz2d2x18.txt plain text: cord-338235-vz2d2x18.txt item: #124 of 136 id: cord-340008-2efzyki4 author: Haddadi, Kaveh title: Coronavirus Disease 2019: Latest Data on Neuroinvasive Potential date: 2020-09-17 words: 3586 flesch: 34 summary: Neuroscience CD40-CD40L interactions induce chemokine expression by human microglia: implications for human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis and multiple sclerosis Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice Coronavirus infection of rat dorsal root ganglia: ultrastructural characterization of viral replication, transfer, and the early response of satellite cells Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation Neurotropic virus tracing suggests a membranous-coatingmediated mechanism for transsynaptic communication Characteristics of a coronavirus (strain 67N) of pigs Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Causes Multiple Organ Damage and Lethal Disease in Mice Transgenic for Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9 Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. She presented with respiratory manifestations and computed tomography scanconfirmed lung involvement typically matched by COVID-19 infection. keywords: cells; cns; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; infection; manifestations; patients; sars cache: cord-340008-2efzyki4.txt plain text: cord-340008-2efzyki4.txt item: #125 of 136 id: cord-342204-9tgxijvn author: Nuzzo, Domenico title: Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection date: 2020-07-03 words: 3228 flesch: 32 summary: When a virus proliferates in tissue cells of lung this leads to alveolar gas exchange disorders causing hypoxia in the CNS, increasing anaerobic metabolism in the mitochondria of brain cells (Di Carlo et al., 2012; Hypoxia can cause cerebral vasodilation, swelling of brain cells, interstitial edema, cerebral blood flow obstruction, ischemia, and congestion . keywords: brain; cov-2; covid-19; patients; sars; stress; virus cache: cord-342204-9tgxijvn.txt plain text: cord-342204-9tgxijvn.txt item: #126 of 136 id: cord-345254-glm2dxhh author: Hwang, Mihyun title: Distinct CD4 T-cell effects on primary versus recall CD8 T-cell responses during viral encephalomyelitis date: 2015-02-13 words: 7409 flesch: 46 summary: Revealing the role of CD4 + T cells in viral immunity T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions A novel helper role for CD4 T cells CD4 + T cells are required to sustain CD8 + cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection Requirement for CD4 T cell help in generating functional CD8 T cell memory Longitudinal requirement for CD4 + T cell help for adenovirus vector-elicited CD8 + T cell responses Defective CD8 T cell memory following acute infection without CD4 T cell help CD4 + T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8 + T lymphocytes CD4 T cells promote CD8 T cell immunity at the priming and effector site during viral encephalitis CTL effector function within the central nervous system requires CD4 + T cells CD4 + T cells are required for the maintenance, not programming, of memory CD8 + T cells after acute infection CD8 + T lymphocyte mobilization to virusinfected tissue requires CD4 + T-cell help Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off Kinetics of virus-specific CD8 + Tcell expansion and trafficking following central nervous system infection Perforin and c interferon-mediated control of coronavirus central nervous system infection by CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells Mouse hepatitis virus is cleared from the central nervous systems of mice lacking perforin-mediated cytolysis IFN-c is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligodendroglia Evolution of mouse hepatitis virus: detection and characterization of spike deletion variants during persistent infection CD4 and CD8 T cells have redundant but not identical roles in virus-induced demyelination Effective clearance of mouse hepatitis virus from the central nervous system requires both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells CD4 T cells contribute to virus control and pathology following central nervous system infection with neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus A central role for CD4 + T cells and RANTES in virus-induced central nervous system inflammation and demyelination Memory CD4 + Tcell-mediated protection from lethal coronavirus encephalomyelitis The JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus induces a spike protein-specific Db-restricted cytotoxic T cell response Characterization of the Ld-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope in the mouse hepatitis virus nucleocapsid protein Inverted immunodominance and impaired cytolytic function of CD8 + T cells during viral persistence in the central nervous system Bystander CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination after viral infection of the central nervous system Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of murine coronavirus JHM selected with monoclonal antibodies Mechanisms of central nervous system viral persistence: the critical role of antibody and B cells Antibody prevents virus reactivation within the central nervous system Inhibition of interferon-c signaling in oligodendroglia delays coronavirus clearance without altering demyelination Perforinmediated effector function within the central nervous system requires IFN-c-mediated MHC up-regulation Heterogeneity and cell-fate decisions in effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation during viral infection Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8 + T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells Stimulation history dictates memory CD8 T cell phenotype: implications for prime-boost vaccination CD27 stimulation promotes the frequency of IL-7 receptor-expressing memory precursors and prevents IL-12-mediated loss of CD8 + T cell memory in the absence of CD4 + T cell help Pathogen-induced inflammatory environment controls effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation Short-lived effector CD8 T cells induced by genetically attenuated malaria parasite vaccination express CD11c Interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not IL-23, deficiency ameliorates viral encephalitis without affecting viral control Antigen-independent memory CD8 T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection CD4 T cells are required for CD8 T cell survival during both primary and memory recall responses CD4 + T cells are required for the priming of CD8 + T cells following infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 Oligodendroglia are limited in type I interferon induction and responsiveness in vivo Type I interferons are essential in controlling neurotropic coronavirus infection irrespective of functional CD8 T cells Antigen specificity of CD4 T cell response in the central nervous system of mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus Immunogenicity of JHM virus proteins: characterization of a CD4 + T cell epitope on nucleocapsid protein which induces different T-helper cell subsets Enhancement of proliferation and downregulation of TRAIL expression on CD8 + T cells by IL-21 CD4 + T-cell help controls CD8 + T-cell memory via TRAIL-mediated activation-induced cell death We sincerely thank Wenqiang Wei, Eric Barron, Ernesto Barron and Jennifer Powers for exceptional technical assistance. A major role of CD4 T cells during infections is to support priming, programming and/or effector function of CD8 T cells. keywords: cd4; cd8; cells; cns; day; fig; memory; mice; p.i; specific; virus cache: cord-345254-glm2dxhh.txt plain text: cord-345254-glm2dxhh.txt item: #127 of 136 id: cord-345339-kyboibtq author: Steiner, Israel title: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis date: 2001 words: 4288 flesch: 36 summary: Randomized double blind placebo controlled study of interferon b-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis Virological aspects of tropical spastic paraparesis/ HTLV-I associated myelopathy and HTLV-I infection Detels R: A case-control study of multiple sclerosis Risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a casecontrol study in Israel Multiple sclerosis and antecedent infections: a case-control study Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis Evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infectious disease Human herpesvirus 6 Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6 Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus type 6 infection Fulminant demyelinating encephalomyelitis associated with productive HHV-6 infection in an immunocompetent adult Chronic myelopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6 Human herpesvirus 6 and multiple sclerosis: survey of anti-HHV-6 antibodies by immunofluorescence analysis and of viral sequences by polymerase chain reaction Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA A combined serologic/molecular analysis of possible human herpes virus-6 infection in multiple sclerosis patients Eis-Hubinger AM: Human herpesvirus 6 polymerase chain reaction findings in human immunodeficiency virus associated neurological disease and multiple sclerosis The HHV6 paradox: ubiquitous commensal or insidious pathogen? The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis An important contribution to the concept that a retrovirus might be present in multiple sclerosis patients' nervous system at a higher percentage than in the normal population Detection of virionassociated MSRV-RNA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes The association between multiple sclerosis and infection with Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus Discussion on the possible combined action of more than one pathogen in inducing central nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis Transactivation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 by herpes simplex virus type 1 Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis A systematic analysis of multiple sclerosis patients for evidence of a bacterial infection by a group that has first raised the possibility of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in multiple sclerosis Evidence for infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS Lack of detectable Chlamydia pneumoniae in brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis More mayhem from molecular mimics Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis On the possible role of antigens of infective agents in modulating the immune response against nervous system constituents keywords: disease; human; immune; infection; patients; sclerosis; virus; viruses cache: cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt plain text: cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt item: #128 of 136 id: cord-346339-y7z1sa8y author: Baumgärtner, Wolfgang title: Re-emergence of neuroinfectiology date: 2016-01-11 words: 1750 flesch: 27 summary: [13] depicts emerging and re-emerging neurotropic and non-neurotropic viruses that cause CNS diseases and sheds some light on the mechanisms underlying both the direct and indirect as well as the immediate and delayed consequences of these diseases. Various bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Listeria monocytogenes, are among the most common bacterial causes of CNS diseases in humans. keywords: cns; diseases; infections; pathogens; system; virus cache: cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt plain text: cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt item: #129 of 136 id: cord-348746-yaf61cmx author: Foley, Janet E. title: A Review of Coronavirus Infection in the Central Nervous System of Cats and Mice date: 2008-06-28 words: 5481 flesch: 30 summary: Isolation and characterization of feline C3 and evidence for the immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: Nature and development of viremia Early death after feline infectious peritonitis virus challenge due to recombinant vaccinia virus immunization A study on the mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in feline macrophages by monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages Monoclonal antibody analysis of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus Cytokine expression in feline lymphoid tissue in health and disease Antibody and cytokine responses in kittens during the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Interleukin 1 alpha mRNA-expressing cells on the local inflammatory response in feline infectious peritonitis Exposure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to luminal membrane of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells cocultured with astrocytes induces a delayed increase of permeability and cytoplasmic stress fiber formation of actin Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 on fluid-phase permeability and ammonia diffusion in CNS-derived endothelial cells In vivo effects of coronavirus-specific T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication Monoclonal antibodies to the matrix (E1) glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus protect mice from encephalitis Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated Population dynamics of lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system of rats with different susceptibility to coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalitis Mouse hepatitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect from lethal infection without eliminating virus from the central nervous system Coronavirus-induced demyelination occurs in the presence of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells Infection with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape mutants results in increased mortality and growth retardation in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus Apoptosis induced in mouse hepatitis virus-infected cells by a virus-specific CD8ϩ cytotoxic Tlymphocyte clone Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The causative agent, FIP virus (FIPV), is a macrophage-tropic mutant of the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). keywords: cats; cells; cns; coronavirus; disease; feline; fip; infection; jhm; mhv; mice; peritonitis; virus cache: cord-348746-yaf61cmx.txt plain text: cord-348746-yaf61cmx.txt item: #130 of 136 id: cord-349135-it5ahzj3 author: Lane, T. E. title: Functional Diversity of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Response to Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System date: 2006 words: 8642 flesch: 32 summary: Specifically, our experiments revealed an important role for CCL3 signaling in tailoring T cell responses that allowed for egress out of draining cervical lymph nodes and trafficking into the CNS. In these particular EAE models in which mice are immunized peripherally with antigen, CXCL10 expression within secondary lymphoid tissue is considered important in dictating disease outcome by serving to retain lymphocytes and tailoring T cell responses. keywords: cells; chemokine; cns; cxcl10; demyelination; disease; expression; infection; mhv; mice; virus cache: cord-349135-it5ahzj3.txt plain text: cord-349135-it5ahzj3.txt item: #131 of 136 id: cord-349285-zmp7sw5q author: Koh, Kyung‐Nam title: Clinical features, genetics, and outcome of pediatric patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Korea: report of a nationwide survey from Korea Histiocytosis Working Party date: 2014-07-03 words: 3947 flesch: 36 summary: In the study cohort, 25 cases were categorized with familial HLH, 64 with presumed secondary HLH, and 162 with unspecified HLH. Twenty-five patients (10%) were categorized with familial HLH based on family history and/or genetic mutation, 64 (25%) with presumed secondary HLH, and 162 (65%) with unspecified HLH. keywords: disease; group; hlh; lymphohistiocytosis; mutations; patients; study cache: cord-349285-zmp7sw5q.txt plain text: cord-349285-zmp7sw5q.txt item: #132 of 136 id: cord-351398-ftkrd1tj author: Stohlman, Stephen A. title: Viral Induced Demyelination date: 2006-04-05 words: 8225 flesch: 31 summary: The demyelination most likely results from virus infection of oligodendroglia coupled with the massive influx of macrophages and activation of microglia which strip the myelin sheaths from axons leading to primary demyelination. However, virus infection in CNS cells types other than oligodendroglia have been noted during the latent phase (103) . keywords: acute; cells; cns; demyelination; immune; infection; mice; oligodendroglia; response; tmev; virus cache: cord-351398-ftkrd1tj.txt plain text: cord-351398-ftkrd1tj.txt item: #133 of 136 id: cord-353242-9vy8k6du author: Dhaiban, Sarah title: Targeting Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis date: 2020-09-29 words: 6283 flesch: 40 summary: The chemokines/chemokine receptors axis expressed in T cells have the capability of recruiting inflammatory cells into CNS, which may lead to its destruction. CCR5 ACKR2 -Expressed by T cells, macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, platelets, tubular epithelium, and certain tumor cells. keywords: autoimmune; cells; chemokine; cns; cxcl12; disease; eae; expression; levels; patients; receptors; sclerosis; treatment cache: cord-353242-9vy8k6du.txt plain text: cord-353242-9vy8k6du.txt item: #134 of 136 id: cord-353298-vr5hnzp8 author: None title: In vitro analysis of the oligodendrocyte lineage in mice during demyelination and remyelination date: 1990-09-01 words: 6950 flesch: 39 summary: These cultures contained various types of glial cells, of which O-2A lineage cells (oligodendrocytes, O-2A progenitors, type 2 astrocytes, and mixed phenotype cells) represented a small proportion of the total. Cultures from demyelinated tissue differed in several ways from those of age-matched controls: first, the total number of O-2A lineage cells was strikingly increased; second, the O-2A population consisted of a higher proportion of O4-positive astrocytes and cells of mixed oligodendrocyte-astrocyte phenotype; and third, all the cell types within the O-2A lineage showed enhanced proliferation. keywords: adult; astrocytes; cells; cns; cultures; fig; growth; lineage; o-2a; oligodendrocytes; tissue; type cache: cord-353298-vr5hnzp8.txt plain text: cord-353298-vr5hnzp8.txt item: #135 of 136 id: cord-353812-4oxbczqe author: Zoghi, Anahita title: A case of possible atypical demyelinating event of the central nervous system following COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: 1547 flesch: 41 summary: According to the literature, neurotropic coronaviruses could induce a cytokine storm by releasing a large number of inflammatory markers (Bohmwald et al., 2018) , which could activate molecular changes and also reactivate immunemediated processes (Kim et al., 2017) . The first is a direct viral injury to the CNS via blood circulation or nasal epithelium (Wu et al., 2020) . keywords: cns; covid-19; sars cache: cord-353812-4oxbczqe.txt plain text: cord-353812-4oxbczqe.txt item: #136 of 136 id: cord-355413-ls2nud43 author: Shi, Fu-Dong title: Nature killer cells in the central nervous system date: 2010-01-29 words: 6880 flesch: 34 summary: Recently, there has been growing insight into the biological functions of NK cells, in particular into their roles in infection, tumorurveillance and autoimmunity. Paradoxically, NK cells appear to have an inhibitory role for autoimmune responses within the CNS. keywords: brain; cells; cns; et al; immune; infection; killer; mice; nkg2d; role; system; type; virus cache: cord-355413-ls2nud43.txt plain text: cord-355413-ls2nud43.txt