item: #1 of 42 id: cord-000916-b22s00es author: Kelso, Joel K title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date: 2013-03-08 words: 9173 flesch: 37 summary: The simulation model used in this study has been used in previous studies to examine various aspects of social distancing and pharmaceutical (antiviral and vaccine) pandemic influenza interventions Breakdown of pandemic costs shown as horizontal bar, for each intervention strategy and each severity category. keywords: additional; age; analysis; antiviral; attack; australia; average; case; categories; category; cfr; children; closure; community; contact; continuous; costs; data; day; days; death; distancing; duration; economic; effective; effectiveness; epidemic; fatality; figure; future; group; h1n1; health; high; higher; hospitalisation; household; icu; illness; impact; individual; infectious; infectiousness; influenza; intervention; local; losses; low; lower; mitigation; model; number; pandemic; pandemic influenza; pandemic severity; period; person; population; productivity; productivity losses; prophylaxis; public; range; rates; reduction; reproduction; results; school; school closure; set; severe; severity; simulation; size; social; strategies; strategy; studies; study; susceptible; symptomatic; time; total; total cost; transmission; treatment; virus; workforce cache: cord-000916-b22s00es.txt plain text: cord-000916-b22s00es.txt item: #2 of 42 id: cord-002586-gilnlwms author: Nahar, Nazmun title: A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date: 2017-06-26 words: 5026 flesch: 43 summary: The implementation cost included NGO cost, mass media dissemination expenditures (local TV channel, DVDs copies and printing posters) and intervention monitoring cost. We used an activity-based costing approach to compare health interventions [16] [17] keywords: activity; affected; announcement; area; banas; bangladesh; behavior; cents; change; collection; communication; community; component; cost; data; date; disease; districts; drinking; effective; estimate; future; gachhi; health; high; impact; implementation; intervention; leaders; local; lower; materials; meetings; messages; ngo; ngos; nipah; niv; palm; palm sap; people; person; posters; prevention; public; public service; raw; raw sap; risk; rural; safe; safe sap; sap; service; spillover; start; study; table; training; transmission; virus cache: cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt plain text: cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt item: #3 of 42 id: cord-004925-fj068j67 author: Morin, B. R. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 words: 9303 flesch: 47 summary: The general response of public health authorities to the under-provision of private disease risk mitigation is the adoption of social distancing measures that include quarantines, travel restrictions, and school closures. We investigated the effect of a subsidy/tax on the cost of illness on private disease risk mitigation in the key epidemiological classes across four compartmental models: SIR, SEIR, and two SAIR models, a one-path progression and a two-path progression. keywords: affinity; asymptomatic; authority; avoidance; benefits; case; changes; contact; cost; decisions; disease; disease risk; disease state; duration; dynamics; economic; effect; effort; epidemic; epidemiological; et al; expected; health; health authority; illness; illness avoidance; increase; individuals; infected; infectious; infectiousness; instruments; intervention; level; marginal; mitigation; mitigation effort; mixing; model; morin; net; optimal; path; people; population; prevalence; private; private cost; private disease; private individuals; private mitigation; private risk; probability; problem; public; public health; recovered; relative; representative; results; risk; risk mitigation; seir; short; sir; socially; society; spread; state; strategies; susceptible; susceptible individuals; tax; time cache: cord-004925-fj068j67.txt plain text: cord-004925-fj068j67.txt item: #4 of 42 id: cord-006226-fn7zlutj author: None title: Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date: 1994 words: 25130 flesch: 47 summary: The effects were correlated with the %-~l-adrenoceptor occupancies estimated using a standard Emax-model (sigmoidicity=l) from the concentrations of active substrate in plasma determined by I~l-adrenoceptor specific radioreceptor assay. With regard to group I) the highest expenditures nccured in hospitals A and B whereas drug costs in C -E were 1/3 less and came to only 20% in hospital F. keywords: absorption; acid; activation; active; activity; addition; administration; adrenoceptor; affinity; age; agents; aggregation; alpha; amounts; analysis; anti; antibiotics; application; arachidonic; area; arginine; arterial; artery; asa; aspirin; average; bay; benefit; beta; binding; bioavailability; biosynthesis; bleeding; blood; bolus; caffeine; cancer; cardiac; care; case; cell; cgmp; change; clearance; clinical; clonixinate; coated; collagen; common; comparison; compartment; compliance; complications; compounds; concentrations; conclusion; conditions; content; contrast; control; coronary; cost; cream; creatinine; cyp1a2; cytochrome; data; day; days; decrease; dependent; detection; diastolic; differences; different; disease; disorders; distribution; dosage; dose; dosing; drug; early; economic; effects; efficacy; endogenous; enhanced; enzyme; epi; eroderm-3; excretion; expensive; expression; extent; factors; failure; fish; flow; fluid; following; formation; fraction; frankfurt; function; germany; glucose; glycation; grapefruit; group; growth; guanylyl; half; hannover; healthy; heart; high; higher; hirudin; hospital; hours; hplc; human; icu; impaired; important; improved; increase; incubation; indication; individual; inflammatory; influence; infusion; inhibition; inhibitors; intake; interaction; intervals; intravenous; ischemic; jena; juice; keto; law; left; leg; leukotriene; levels; life; like; lipoic; liver; lmwh; lower; lung; lysine; main; major; male; marked; mast; maximum; mean; measured; mechanism; medical; mel; metabolism; metabolites; method; min; minutes; mmc; mmhg; model; moderate; morphine; myocardial; naringenin; negative; new; nitrate; nitric; non; normal; number; oil; oral; organic; oxide; p<0.01; pain; parameters; patients; pche; penicillamine; period; peripheral; pge1; pharmacokinetics; pharmacology; phase; phenotype; physicians; placebo; plasma; platelet; population; possible; potent; presence; present; pressure; prevention; primary; procarbazine; products; proliferation; prostacyclin; prostaglandin; protein; pulmonary; quality; randomized; range; rate; rats; receptor; recombinant; reduced; reduction; reference; reform; regard; rejection; related; relative; release; renal; resistance; response; results; risk; role; samples; selective; sepsis; serum; severe; significant; similar; single; small; soluble; solution; specific; standard; stimulation; studies; study; subjects; substances; system; systemic; systolic; tablets; talinolol; test; theophylline; therapeutic; therapy; thromboxane; time; tissue; topical; total; treatment; trials; txb2; type; ufh; university; urinary; urine; use; values; vascular; ventricular; vincristine; vitro; vivo; volume; volunteers; water; weeks; weight; year cache: cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt plain text: cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt item: #5 of 42 id: cord-011701-toevn37u author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 words: 4212 flesch: 35 summary: What is already known on this topic NAI treatment for pandemic influenza has generally been shown to be cost-effective, when compared to no NAI treatment. A comparison of static and dynamic models of NAI treatment for pandemic influenza concluded NAI treatment was seen to be costeffective with both modelling paradigms; although the associated cost-effectiveness ratios were seen to differ. keywords: analysis; antiviral; care; chr; clinical; community; cost; countries; data; deaths; decision; effectiveness; estimates; evidence; groups; healthcare; high; hospitalizations; impact; influenza; like; model; nai; nais; neuraminidase; non; number; onset; oseltamivir; outcomes; overall; pandemic; parameters; patients; population; preparedness; regimens; risk; saving; scenarios; seeking; sensitivity; severity; stockpiling; symptom; table; treatment cache: cord-011701-toevn37u.txt plain text: cord-011701-toevn37u.txt item: #6 of 42 id: cord-012562-diqt998g author: Wang, Ying title: Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date: 2020-05-20 words: 4252 flesch: 32 summary: World Health Organization Status of the prevention of multidrug-resistant organisms in international settings: a survey of the society for healthcare epidemiology of America Research Network The professional status of infectious disease physicians in China: a nationwide cross-sectional survey Extended models for nosocomial infection: parameter estimation and model selection Cost-effectiveness of a national initiative to improve hand hygiene compliance using the outcome of healthcare associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia Cost-effectiveness of a model infection control program for preventing multi-drug-resistant organism infections in critically ill surgical patients Cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in an intensive care unit Challenges and strategies for prevention of multidrug-resistant organism transmission in nursing homes Evaluating infection prevention strategies in outpatient dialysis units using agent-based modeling Efficacy of infection control interventions in reducing the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in the hospital setting Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. The average cost per unit infection prevention was 24 427.8 RMB, with the HH strategy followed by the environment disinfection strategy (CER = 21 314.67). keywords: analysis; associated; aureus; average; benefit; care; compliance; contact; control; cost; countries; different; disinfection; economic; effectiveness; environmental; hand; health; healthcare; highest; hospital; hygiene; icus; incremental; infected; infection; interventions; isolation; limited; low; mdros; measures; model; multidrug; number; optimal; organisms; patients; prevention; ratio; resistant; resources; review; risk; rmb; room; sar; single; staphylococcus; strategies; strategy; studies; study; time; total; transmission; unit; use cache: cord-012562-diqt998g.txt plain text: cord-012562-diqt998g.txt item: #7 of 42 id: cord-013244-d6saaiu9 author: Eijsink, Job F. H. title: Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date: 2020-10-16 words: 5925 flesch: 46 summary: HCV screening of pregnant women potentially contributes to the goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) to achieve 90% diagnosis of HCV and 80% treatment by 2030 worldwide through scaling-up screening strategies and prevention of HCV transmission For the budget-impact analysis, we included total medical costs in the first 5 years, costs of HCV treatment, screening costs and follow-up costs with possible HCV-related diseases. keywords: analysis; asymptomatic; budget; carriers; cases; child; chronic; cohorts; comparison; cost; current; daa; daas; different; disease; dutch; effectiveness; effects; hcv; hcv screening; health; hepatitis; icers; impact; individuals; infection; intervention; life; liver; migrants; model; monitor; monitoring; mother; netherlands; parameter; patients; positive; pregnancy; pregnant; pregnant women; prevalence; qaly; results; risk; scenario; screening; sensitivity; state; study; subsequent; threshold; time; total; transmission; treatment; versus; vertical; virus; women; years cache: cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt plain text: cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt item: #8 of 42 id: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 words: 6373 flesch: 43 summary: The conquest of smallpox An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes in humans: a methodological exploration with applications to hepatitis B, varicella-zoster, measles, pertussis, hepatitis A and pneumococcal vaccination Economic epidemiology and infectious disease Infectious diseases of humans -dynamics and control Increase in congenital rubella occurrence after immunisation in Greece: retrospective survey and systematic review Economics of eradication vs control of infectious diseases Lecture at the advanced course in vaccinology, International Vaccine Institute Assessing the economic impact of communicable disease outbreaks: the case of SARS Globalization and Disease: The Case of SARS Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes The cost of integrating hepatitis B virus vaccine into national immunization programmes: a case study from Addis Ababa Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in The Gambia Providing health care. This principle also applies to the provision of health care. keywords: additional; analysis; aspects; benefits; care; case; cba; children; costs; countries; decision; developing; development; different; discounting; disease; economic; effectiveness; effects; efficiency; equity; eradication; evaluation; expenditures; factors; financial; financing; future; gains; general; global; health; health care; hepatitis; impact; incremental; industrialised; infection; influence; interventions; introduction; life; main; making; market; measles; medical; monetary; new; number; pay; people; perspective; population; possible; practice; preventable; price; program; public; quality; ratio; reference; related; relevant; research; resources; results; societal; society; strategy; terms; time; vaccination; vaccines; value; way; willingness; world; years cache: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt plain text: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt item: #9 of 42 id: cord-021959-1y67126b author: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 words: 11732 flesch: 49 summary: In summary, the discussion of partially diversified stockholders, transaction costs, and leverage suggests that some stockholders may be concerned with unsystematic risk and factor it along with market risk to determine the value of a firm's stock (Amit and Wernerfelt, 1990; Aron, 1988 ; Lubatkin and Schulze, 2003 ; Marshall et al. , 1984 ) . Standard errors of more than 3% per year were typical when the CAPM and FF models were used to estimate industry costs of equity in their study ( Fama and French, 1997 ) . keywords: addition; approach; apt; asset; average; bond; brand; business; capital; capm; case; cash; change; common; companies; company; corporate; cost; country; data; debt; earnings; equity; equity capital; estimate; example; executives; expected; factors; fama; financial; firm; flows; free; french; future; high; higher; historical; hml; hospitality; hospitality industry; hotel; human; important; index; industry; investment; investors; level; lodging; long; low; macroeconomic; major; management; market; market return; market risk; method; model; multiple; need; new; olsen; order; period; portfolio; premium; project; rate; regression; relationship; restaurant; restaurant industry; results; return; risk; risk premium; safety; seasons; security; single; size; small; smb; specific; spread; states; step; stock; stock returns; stockholders; strategic; study; systematic; tax; technology; term; theory; time; tourism; turkey; turkish; u.s; uncertainty; united; use; valuation; value; variables; variance; variation; world; year; yield cache: cord-021959-1y67126b.txt plain text: cord-021959-1y67126b.txt item: #10 of 42 id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author: Foreman, Stephen title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 words: 47672 flesch: 38 summary: Over the past decade evidence has been building that there is a relationship between dental disease, particularly periodontal disease, and chronic illnesses. Dentists will need to be alert for early signs of chronic illness among their patients and physicians will need to be alert for signs of dental disease. keywords: access; action; additional; adults; advanced; affected; aggressive; alleles; alternative; american; american dental; ammation; ammatory; analysis; annual; application; approach; appropriate; areas; arthritis; association; available; average; basic; benefi; benefi ts; better; bioterrorism; blood; blue; cancers; cardiovascular; cardiovascular disease; care costs; care providers; caries; case; causes; cavity; cell; center; central; certain; challenges; changes; childhood; children; chromosome; chronic; chronic disease; chronic health; chronic periodontal; ciency; cient; cigna; ckd; clear; clinical; clinical care; clinical data; clinical research; clinicians; clinics; cms; collaboration; colleagues; collection; common; communication; community; community health; complex; complications; comprehensive; computer; conditions; confi; consequences; consortium; control; coronary; costs; coverage; craniofacial; critical; cross; current; curriculum; data; database; day; death; decade; decision; defi; delivery; demonstration; dental; dental association; dental benefi; dental care; dental clinic; dental coverage; dental data; dental disease; dental education; dental electronic; dental health; dental informatics; dental insurance; dental patient; dental profession; dental providers; dental record; dental research; dental schools; dental services; dental students; dental treatment; dental visit; dentistry; dentists; department; design; detection; development; diabetes; diabetics; diagnosis; different; diffi; direct; disability; disease; disorders; dna; drug; early; economic; edr; educational; effective; effectiveness; effects; effi; efforts; ehr; ehrs; eld; electronic; electronic health; enamel; entire; entities; entry; environment; epigenetic; equivalent; essential; estimate; et al; evaluation; events; evidence; examination; example; exchange; existing; expenditures; experience; extended; extramural; factors; faculty; failure; families; family; federal; fhc; fig; focused; following; forms; foundation; fragile; frequency; function; future; general; genes; genetic; genome; gerd; gingival; good; government; greater; group; hand; head; health care; health center; health information; health insurance; health professionals; health record; health system; healthcare; heart; help; heritability; high; higher; history; home; hospitals; human; hygiene; hypertension; identifi; iehr; illness; impact; impairment; implementation; important; improved; incidence; increased; independent; individuals; industry; infarction; infectious; infl; information; initiative; institute; insurance coverage; integrated; integration; intellectual; involved; iom; issues; key; kidney; knowledge; lack; large; lead; learning; level; life; likely; limited; linkage; little; local; long; loss; low; lower; major; majority; making; management; mapping; markers; marshfi; mechanisms; medicaid; medicaid dental; medical; medical care; medical costs; medical health; medicare; medication; medicine; members; metabolic; methods; methylation; michigan; models; moderate; molecular; months; mother; mouth; multiple; myocardial; national; national health; ndings; necessary; ned; need; neurodevelopmental; new; new dental; non; number; numerous; offi; opportunities; opportunity; oral care; oral disease; oral health; outcomes; overall; pain; paper; particular; past; patient; patient care; patient information; patient record; patterns; pediatric; people; percent; periodontal disease; periodontitis; persons; phenytoin; physician; pipeline; plan; planning; point; policy; poor; population; portion; possible; potential; practice; practitioners; pregnancy; presence; present; preterm; prevalence; preventive; preventive dental; primary; primary care; private; private dental; private health; problem; process; professionals; program; progress; progression; project; providers; public health; purposes; quality; rare; recent; recommendations; record; reduction; refl; reform; related; relationship; report; research; researchers; residents; response; result; retinal; review; rheumatoid; risk; role; rst; rural; savings; scale; secondary; section; security; seizure; sequencing; services; set; severe; shared; sharing; signifi; signs; similar; single; sites; software; source; special; specifi; spending; standards; state; status; stroke; strong; structural; students; studies; study; substantial; success; support; surgeon; surveillance; survey; susceptibility; symptoms; syndrome; system; systemic; team; technologies; technology; teeth; terms; time; tool; tooth; total; training; traits; treatment; trials; type; underserved; uninsured; unique; united; university; use; value; variants; variation; visit; way; wide; willing; wong; work; workforce; years; � ¢ cache: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt plain text: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt item: #11 of 42 id: cord-026169-j4navhku author: Zhang, Sicui title: Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date: 2020-05-18 words: 5218 flesch: 56 summary: However, the previous work used basic strategy of standard conformance checking techniques for dealing with multiple constraints deviations; namely, the total degree of data deviations of that activity is computed by summing up the costs for all the violated constraints. As a proof of concept, we implemented the approach and tested it over a synthetic dataset, comparing results obtained by cost functions with classic sum function and three different aggregations. keywords: activities; activity; aggregation; alignment; analysis; application; approach; behavior; checking; compliance; conformance; constraints; control; cost; cost function; data; deviations; different; event; example; execution; flow; function; fuzzy; level; likely; log; model; moves; multiple; node; operators; overall; possible; previous; process; real; results; set; severity; sum; techniques; traces; use; user; variables; work cache: cord-026169-j4navhku.txt plain text: cord-026169-j4navhku.txt item: #12 of 42 id: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb author: Oberoi, Sumit title: Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date: 2020-06-17 words: 4992 flesch: 54 summary: A large proportion of health care cost is confronted by the patients themselves, which affects the fulfilment of health care because of financial restraints [62] . The economic burden of diabetes in India: results from a national survey Cost of medical care among type 2 diabetic patients with a co-morbid conditionhypertension in India Direct costs associated with chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetic patients in India Factors influencing medical tourism in India: a critical review Costs of diabetes The economic burden of depression in Sweden from Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002 A prospective study of outcomes, healthcare resource utilization, and costs associated with postoperative nosocomial infections The prevalence of multi-morbidity in primary care and its effect on health care utilization and cost The burden of epilepsy for the patient: the intangible costs Economics of psychosocial factors in patients with cardiovascular disease The economic burden of diabetes in India: a review of the literature Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations keywords: ---the; analysis; annual; annum; articles; burden; care; comorbidities; complications; cost; costing; country; data; diabetes; diabetic; direct; direct cost; disease; drugs; east; economic; expenditure; factors; health; hospitalisation; household; illness; india; indirect; individual; items; level; literature; loss; majority; mean; median; medicines; mellitus; north; p.a; patients; present; quality; review; sample; size; south; studies; study; systematic; table; total; treatment; type; viz; west; zone cache: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt plain text: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt item: #13 of 42 id: cord-028178-77zq31tw author: D’Acci, Luca S. title: Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date: 2020-06-30 words: 4886 flesch: 26 summary: Gilbert et al. 2016; 1 Studies also estimate that personal family costs and lost productivity for businesses and other non-government organisation costs, equal, or even surpass, the total government expenditures (Degney et al. 2012; Hilton et al. 2010; Jacobs et al. 2010) . keywords: air; analysis; areas; better; birth; brain; canada; capital; cities; costs; daily; depression; differences; disorders; dollars; early; economic; education; effects; environment; et al; evidence; factors; gdp; global; health; high; human; illness; impact; incidence; increase; individuals; influence; level; life; living; loss; mental; method; mood; mortensen; natural; non; personal; planning; pollution; population; productivity; psychiatric; psychological; psychosis; psychotic; quality; rate; related; research; response; review; risk; rural; satisfaction; schizophrenia; social; socio; stress; studies; study; times; upbringing; urban; urbanicity; urbanization; us$; use; value; van; working; world; year cache: cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt plain text: cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt item: #14 of 42 id: cord-030926-vtids9ns author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 words: 5840 flesch: 39 summary: Despite the benefits of warnings and reports on infectious disease outbreaks, there are few incentives for countries to report disease outbreaks that occur within their borders. There is evidence that countries respond to external incentives on whether or not they report infectious disease outbreaks. keywords: actions; acts; africa; amfm; antibiotic; artemisinin; bacteria; benefits; boundary; burden; cases; cause; child; combination; consequences; control; coordinated; costs; countries; country; coverage; deaths; disease; drug; ebola; economic; effective; elimination; eradication; et al; examples; externalities; financing; global; health; impact; incentives; infectious; influenza; international; large; laxminarayan; level; likely; malaria; mozambique; neonatal; new; number; optimal; outbreak; people; population; problems; programme; public; reduced; reporting; resistance; risk; sanctions; section; significant; single; south; states; subsidy; surveillance; threats; total; trade; trans; treatment; united; use; vaccination; world cache: cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt plain text: cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt item: #15 of 42 id: cord-031702-jik4116j author: Agrawal, Anshu title: Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date: 2020-09-10 words: 5727 flesch: 46 summary: Airline industry has been one of the fastest growing industry globally in terms of demand as well as capacity (Lee 2019) . Airlines industry has always been exposed to exogenous events. keywords: airlines; altman; aviation; backdrop; break; business; capacity; cargo; cash; challenges; charges; commercial; competition; cost; covid; covid-19; crores; day; decline; demand; dgca; distress; ebit; economic; environment; expected; expenses; fig; financial; fixed; fuel; high; impact; india; industry; interest; interglobe; landing; lcc; leverage; load; lockdown; losses; low; management; margins; market; model; movements; net; operating; outbreak; passenger; performance; plf; possible; present; price; pricing; profit; profitability; revenue; risk; score; sector; strategies; study; survival; sustainability; table; terms; total; tourism; traffic; value; viability; way; world; years cache: cord-031702-jik4116j.txt plain text: cord-031702-jik4116j.txt item: #16 of 42 id: cord-103621-ts3llerc author: Wang, Qiang title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date: 2020-03-23 words: 3233 flesch: 52 summary: Among the joint strategies, there was the lowest ratio of cost effectiveness for the program A (CERs= 121 US$/ per human saved). The increase of isolation delay time, however, caused a significant increase in the number of infections in scenario II. keywords: author; cases; community; copyright; cost; days; delay; effectiveness; funder; holder; icers; interventions; isolation; license; march; medrxiv; peer; preprint; probability; program; quarantine; review; scenario; table; time; version cache: cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt plain text: cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt item: #17 of 42 id: cord-104095-g6l57s4x author: Flyvbjerg, Bent title: Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date: 2020-09-28 words: 11599 flesch: 57 summary: First, we present our data for Olympic costs and cost overruns since 1960. Cost overruns are measured as actual outturn cost in percent of estimated costs. keywords: actual; analysis; app; athlete; available; average; average cost; bid; blank; budget; capital; case; check; cities; city; consequence; constraints; contingencies; contingency; conventional; convexity; cost; cost overrun; cost risk; data; date; decision; delivery; difficult; distributions; economic; eternal; events; example; extreme; far; fat; figure; fit; flyvbjerg; games; higher; host; hosting; infinite; infrastructure; ioc; large; law; laws; level; lognormal; long; making; mean; median; megaproject; model; nations; non; number; ocog; olympic; olympic cost; olympic games; outcomes; outturn; overruns; paper; percent; planning; possible; power; power law; previous; random; randomness; real; regression; related; reliable; research; results; risk; second; sports; statistical; summer; summer games; syndrome; table; tail; tailed; terms; test; tight; time; true; type; values; variance; winter; winter games; years cache: cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt plain text: cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt item: #18 of 42 id: cord-104431-3rblzyry author: Hill, Andrew title: Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date: 2020-04-30 words: 5534 flesch: 54 summary: For consistency, we selected a single data source per country to be used for all searches of drug prices within that country, based on the organisation of data and perceived reliability. The minimum costs of drug production can be estimated by calculating the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (aPi), which is combined with costs of excipients, formulation, packaging and a profit margin, to estimate the price of 'final finished product' (FFP) -the drug ready for use. keywords: access; adjustment; analysis; api; available; azithromycin; china; clinical; companies; coronavirus; cost; countries; country; course; cov2; covid-19; daclatasvir; daily; data; day; days; disease; dose; drugs; efficacy; favipiravir; figure; formulation; generic; hepatitis; hiv; hydroxychloroquine; identifier; income; india; infusion; list; loss; low; lpv; manufacture; margin; mass; medicines; minimum; national; need; new; packaging; panjiva; patients; pharmaceutical; pirfenidone; prices; production; profit; randomised; range; remdesivir; results; sars; sofosbuvir; study; tocilizumab; treatment; trials; use cache: cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt plain text: cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt item: #19 of 42 id: cord-182166-x52i7xb4 author: Faugere, Louis title: Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date: 2020-07-22 words: 9780 flesch: 35 summary: To the best of the authors' knowledge, the dynamic management of access hub capacity for urban parcel logistics has not yet been studied in the academic literature. For instance, implementation may require a more agile workforce, specialized training and targeted hiring enabling a data-driven approach to managing network capacity. keywords: access; access hubs; algorithm; approach; approximations; associated; benders; capacity; capacity deployment; capacity modules; capacity pooling; cell; challenges; considered; constraints; cost; couriers; decisions; decomposition; delivery; demand; deployment; design; detours; distance; distribution; dynamic; echelon; facility; figure; horizon; hubs; impact; instances; large; length; level; literature; local; location; logistics; lookahead; mile; mobile; model; modeling; modular; modules; multi; network; number; operations; optimality; optimization; paper; parcel; performance; period; period τ; pickup; planning; pooled; pooling; problem; production; proposed; recourse; requirements; results; riders; routing; savings; scale; scenario; second; section; set; solution; stage; static; stochastic; storage; strategy; subproblem; synchronization; systems; t t; tactical; term; time; travel; urban; variables; vehicle; volume cache: cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt plain text: cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt item: #20 of 42 id: cord-204060-ddve4mga author: Li, Tianyang title: Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date: 2020-04-27 words: 6553 flesch: 49 summary: The first class is healthy X-ray images, the second class is confirmed COVID-19 X-ray images, and the third class is other confirmed pneumonia X-ray images, which include both bacterial and viral pneumonia. Classification of covid-19 in chest x-ray images using detrac deep convolutional neural network Covid-caps: A capsule networkbased framework for identification of covid-19 cases from x-ray images Covid-19: automatic detection from x-ray images utilizing transfer learning with convolutional neural networks Support vector machines with example dependent costs Classification and regression trees Deep learning-based model for detecting 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia on high-resolution computed tomography: a prospective study Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database Leveraging the wisdom of the crowd for fine-grained recognition Metacost: A general method for making classifiers cost-sensitive Maximum-entropy fine grained classification Covid-resnet: A deep learning framework for screening of covid19 from radiographs Radiation dose in computed tomography Pv-lvnet: Direct left ventricle multitype indices estimation from 2d echocardiograms of paired apical views with deep neural networks Estimating uncertainty and interpretability in deep learning for coronavirus (covid-19) detection keywords: accuracy; algorithm; analysis; center; center loss; chest; chest x; class; classes; classification; conditional; conditional center; convolutional; coronavirus; cost; covid-19; cross; dataset; dcsl; deep; detection; discriminative; entropy; examples; features; figure; fine; follows; function; healthy; images; imaging; information; intra; joint; large; layer; learning; level; level cost; loss; matrix; methods; model; networks; neural; new; output; patients; performance; pneumonia; problem; rays; recognition; results; scale; score; screening; section; sensitive; sensitive learning; sensitivity; softmax; task; training cache: cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt plain text: cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt item: #21 of 42 id: cord-252829-gn56tsz3 author: Higginson, Irene J. title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date: 2020-11-03 words: 5792 flesch: 53 summary: Interestingly, IC costs were quite similar between our countries, in contrast to formal end of life care costs which varied much more [19] . key: cord-252829-gn56tsz3 authors: Higginson, Irene J.; Yi, Deokhee; Johnston, Bridget M.; Ryan, Karen; McQuillan, Regina; Selman, Lucy; Pantilat, Stephen Z.; Daveson, Barbara A.; Morrison, R. Sean; Normand, Charles title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date: 2020-11-03 journal: BMC Med DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01768-7 sha: doc_id: 252829 cord_uid: gn56tsz3 BACKGROUND: At the end of life, formal care costs are high. keywords: access; activities; additional; analysis; aspects; average; burden; cancer; care; care costs; caregiver; caregiving; carers; costs; countries; country; data; death; development; end; family; figure; file; grief; health; higher; home; hours; ic costs; icrs; informal; international; interventions; ireland; life; london; months; new; older; outcomes; pac; palliative; palliative care; patients; people; positive; quality; relationship; research; respondents; rewards; services; similar; study; subsequent; support; survey; table; time; total; usa; week; york cache: cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt plain text: cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt item: #22 of 42 id: cord-254630-ed5gawoj author: Barron, Sarah P. title: Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date: 2020-09-17 words: 4031 flesch: 35 summary: Pennsylvania: ECRI Institute, Health devices Contamination of single-use bronchoscopes in critically ill patients With the current COVID-19 pandemic: should we use singleuse flexible bronchoscopes instead of conventional bronchoscopes? Pediatric laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a four-center collaborative protocol to improve safety with perioperative management strategies and creation of a surgical tent with disposable drapes Surgery in COVID-19 patients: operational directives How severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) affected the department of anaesthesia at Singapore General Hospital Single use bronchoscopes: applications in COVID-19 pandemic Reducing maintenance and repair costs in an interventional pulmonology program Implementation of an anaesthesia quality improvement programme to reduce fibreoptic bronchoscope repair incidents Transtracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the pathogenicity of Bibersteinia trehalosi in respiratory disease among calves Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults Single use and conventional bronchoscopes for broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) in research: a comparative study (NCT 02515591) Infections and damaged flexible bronchoscopes-time for a change Cost analysis of (Ambu Ã� aScope TM ) and reusable bronchoscopes in the ICU Decision support for the capacity management of bronchoscopy devices: optimizing the cost-efficient mix of reusable and single-use devices through mathematical modeling Comparative study on environmental impacts of reusable and single-use bronchoscopes Flexible bronchoscope damage and repair costs in a bronchoscopy teaching unit Implementing flexible bronchoscopy in least developed countries according to international guidelines is feasible and sustainable: example from Phnom-Penh, Cambodia This study confirms that SUFBs are only appropriate for single use as opposed to single patient use [22] . keywords: acute; appropriate; article; authors; bal; bronchoscopy; cleaning; clinical; contamination; coronavirus; cost; cov-2; covid-19; current; damage; devices; diagnostic; disease; disposable; effective; effectiveness; equipment; essential; evidence; flexible; guidelines; hcp; health; healthcare; high; infection; intubation; maintenance; number; pandemic; patient; personnel; potential; ppe; procedure; recent; repair; reprocessing; research; respiratory; reusable; review; rfbs; risk; sars; setting; single; staff; standard; studies; study; sufbs; surgical; transmission; units; use cache: cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt plain text: cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt item: #23 of 42 id: cord-259809-7glw6pir author: Lloyd, Helen M. title: Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date: 2020-04-28 words: 7738 flesch: 42 summary: The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes quality health care in those organizations that have a high degree of professional excellence, with minimum risks, good health outcomes for patients, and efficient use of resources [1, 73] . To promote the health of the population, the WHO recommends key objectives for continuous quality improvement in health care. keywords: action; analysis; approaches; care; case; change; containment; contracting; control; core; cost; critical; data; decision; delivery; design; development; different; economic; ehl; ehls; enablers; evaluation; evidence; example; experience; feedback; figure; financial; framework; goals; group; health; health care; healthcare; help; hospital; implementation; important; improvement; incentives; information; interventions; key; knowledge; levels; manuscript; measurement; measures; methods; model; necessary; organization; outcomes; paper; patient; pcc; people; performance; person; plan; planning; policy; potential; practice; process; processes; professional; pts; public; qualitative; quality; quality pcc; questions; research; resources; review; role; self; services; shared; social; statements; strategies; strategy; study; support; system; technology; time; type; use; work; working; world cache: cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt plain text: cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt item: #24 of 42 id: cord-271094-utpg9p5u author: Erdmann, Anett title: Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date: 2020-10-20 words: 10847 flesch: 36 summary: We provide operational conclusions for data-based marketing managers in terms of mixing digital advertising and positioning through Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to optimize digital marketing costs. However, since these papers focus on the demand side in terms of consumer attraction, their objective differs from our paper as we focus on economic optimality in terms of the minimization of digital marketing costs for a given sales objective. keywords: access; advantage; advertising; analysis; analytical; application; approach; attraction; authors; average; behavior; budget; business; case; change; choice; click; commerce; companies; company; considered; consumer; context; conversion; cost; countries; customer; data; decision; development; differences; different; digital; digital marketing; digitalization; dim; dim techniques; direct; dorfman; economic; efficiency; environment; erdmann; established; et al; evolution; firms; focus; food; forecasting; framework; general; grocery; grocery e; high; inbound; information; interest; internet; investment; j.m; level; literature; loyalty; main; management; managers; marginal; marketing; marketing costs; marketing techniques; measure; metrics; mix; model; mortar; new; offline; online; online grocery; opportunity; optimal; optimality; optimization; particular; performance; perspective; players; ponzoa; positioning; process; product; purchase; pure; relationship; relevant; research; results; retailers; sales; search; sem; semrush; seo; service; social; steiner; store; strategy; structure; studies; study; techniques; technological; technology; terms; time; traffic; type; use; variable; visits; way; website cache: cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt plain text: cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt item: #25 of 42 id: cord-280718-hlyo4fys author: Acher, Alexandra W. title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date: 2020-07-15 words: 3389 flesch: 35 summary: Previous studies on readmission cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients use estimated cost data and do not delineate etiology or cost differences between early and late readmissions. Late readmission cost was less varied within individual diagnoses, but when high costs occurred, they were exorbitant. keywords: analysis; bowel; care; common; complications; cost; data; day; days; dge; diagnoses; early; emptying; factors; final; fistula; gastric; grade; high; hospital; index; infection; intervention; late; management; nsqip; obstruction; organ; pancreatic; pancreaticoduodenectomy; patients; postoperative; quartile; readmission; readmitted; resource; results; risk; significant; small; stay; studies; study; surgery; systems; treatment cache: cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt plain text: cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt item: #26 of 42 id: cord-281160-e00koo91 author: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 words: 5105 flesch: 45 summary: Would you like to review those? Types of cost analyses include CBAs, cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-utility analyses, and cost-feasibility analyses. 39 Formally documented expert-based information, such as cost analyses, may be particularly desired and persuasive when policymakers are developing policy decisions. keywords: adoption; airs; analyses; arkansas; authorization; benefit; benefıts; business; california; cbas; center; community; cost; diffusion; documents; economic; evidence; example; fcc; funding; health; human; identifıed; information; innovation; jurisdictions; local; maryland; michigan; monetized; national; nebraska; network; organizations; pennsylvania; personal; plan; policy; policymakers; present; process; public; publication; referral; research; researchers; results; role; scholarly; searches; services; social; state; studies; study; support; texas; u.s; united; use; value; washington; way cache: cord-281160-e00koo91.txt plain text: cord-281160-e00koo91.txt item: #27 of 42 id: cord-282716-gxv6cbom author: Juneau, Carl-Etienne title: Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date: 2020-04-24 words: 5463 flesch: 49 summary: Taking this into account, we propose a 3-stage framework for pandemic control interventions, adapted from Madhav et al. Some emphasise social distancing, while others focus on other interventions. keywords: april; author; available; case; closure; combination; contact; control; copyright; cost; covid-19; distancing; effective; effectiveness; epidemic; equipment; et al; evidence; fatality; funder; h1n1; hand; health; holder; influenza; interventions; isolation; license; masks; measures; medrxiv; modelling; outbreak; pandemic; peak; peer; permission; perpetuity; preprint; protective; quality; randomized; rate; reuse; review; rights; school; social; studies; study; systematic; transmission; trials; vaccination; version; viruses cache: cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt plain text: cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt item: #28 of 42 id: cord-284813-jck9f7nx author: Ruffino, Paolo title: Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date: 2020-10-14 words: 11448 flesch: 37 summary: In: Consumers' surplus calculation and integration with transport models Multicriteria versus cost benefit analysis: a comparative perspective in the assessment of sustainable mobility Urban development without more mobility by car? Lessons from Amsterdam, a multimodal urban region Using cost benefit analysis as a learning process: identifying interventions for improving communication and trust keywords: active; activity; analysis; application; appraisal; approaches; assessment; available; balance; benefits; bicycle; bike; browne; bsc; buehler; car; case; cba; cea; changes; city; common; consequences; considered; cost; countries; criteria; criterion; cycling; cyclists; data; decision; demand; different; economic; effectiveness; effects; environmental; et al; etc; evaluation; example; fact; field; financial; general; gis; hand; health; high; ibid; impacts; increase; infrastructure; instance; intervention; investments; knowledge; levels; limited; literature; main; makers; mca; measures; methods; mobility; model; modeling; multiple; netherlands; network; new; non; number; order; parking; particular; pedestrian; people; physical; planning; policies; policy; pollution; positive; possible; post; potential; practice; present; process; programs; projects; public; quality; related; relevant; research; results; review; road; ryan; safety; scenarios; share; shift; short; social; specific; stakeholders; strengths; studies; study; systematic; techniques; terms; time; tools; traditional; traffic; transport; transportation; travel; type; urban; use; value; walking; weaknesses cache: cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt plain text: cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt item: #29 of 42 id: cord-287067-rrsgl377 author: Beutels, Philippe title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date: 2008-11-30 words: 5436 flesch: 40 summary: These impacts have the potential to change decisions, for instance on rotavirus vaccine. In high-income countries, the main benefi t of rotavirus vaccines is the prevention of parental care and productivity losses in virtually all households with infants or toddlers. keywords: adverse; advisory; aff; analysis; approach; benefi; care; childhood; children; clinical; cost; countries; decision; diff; discounting; disease; drugs; economic; ectiveness; ects; eff; eff ectiveness; evaluation; events; evidence; exposure; features; funding; future; guidelines; health; herd; high; hpv; human; immunity; impact; income; infection; infl; interventions; life; long; losses; models; papillomavirus; patients; people; perspective; pharmaceuticals; pneumococcal; polio; potential; preference; prevention; programmes; public; quality; rate; risk; rotavirus; specifi; time; uenza; uncertainty; use; vaccinated; vaccination; vaccines; varicella; years; young cache: cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt plain text: cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt item: #30 of 42 id: cord-287901-56goaqir author: Maudgil, D.D. title: Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date: 2020-10-17 words: 5024 flesch: 36 summary: The role of cost effectiveness studies in ensuring the best allocation of resources is discussed, and the role of National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in determining this. key: cord-287901-56goaqir authors: Maudgil, D.D. title: Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date: 2020-10-17 journal: Clin Radiol DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.017 sha: doc_id: 287901 cord_uid: 56goaqir Healthcare expenditure is continually increasing and projected to accelerate in the future, with an increasing proportion being spent on interventional radiology. keywords: abdominal; ablation; age; analysis; aneurysm; aortic; approach; arterial; artery; benefits; better; care; ces; clinical; comparison; complications; conditions; cost; data; decision; diabetes; different; disease; economic; effectiveness; embolisation; endovascular; evaluation; evar; evidence; example; expenditure; fibroids; follow; gdp; girft; health; healthcare; icer; improve; interventional; issues; learning; life; long; medical; national; nice; outcomes; patients; percutaneous; peripheral; procedure; qalys; quality; radiology; randomised; reasons; recruitment; repair; report; resources; results; review; robust; significant; simulation; studies; study; surgery; surgical; systematic; technology; term; threshold; time; training; treatment; trials; ultrasound; use; uterine; versus cache: cord-287901-56goaqir.txt plain text: cord-287901-56goaqir.txt item: #31 of 42 id: cord-288487-hs3wfffs author: Lambert, Stephen B title: The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date: 2008-01-24 words: 5666 flesch: 39 summary: We calculated mean costs (total and by categories) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and median costs with interquartile ranges for ARIs in study children. Influenza illnesses had a mean cost of $904, compared with RSV, $304, the next most expensive single-virus illness, although confidence intervals overlapped. keywords: activity; age; aged; aris; australian; available; band; burden; care; childhood; children; cohort; collected; community; confidence; cost; data; days; details; diary; economic; effectiveness; estimates; families; fever; findings; group; health; healthcare; higher; hospital; households; human; illnesses; impact; income; indirect; infections; influenza; interventions; laboratory; lower; mean; media; non; parents; pilot; point; preschool; primary; research; respiratory; rsv; similar; single; specimens; studies; study; symptom; table; time; total; usual; vaccination; vaccine; values; viral; virus; viruses; work; year cache: cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt plain text: cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt item: #32 of 42 id: cord-291645-63ftephy author: Aldridge, Arnie P. title: Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date: 2020-10-03 words: 6107 flesch: 34 summary: First, our primary goal is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH with respect to opioid overdose deaths and related outcomes rather than to compare monetized benefits with intervention costs to measure economic value. It provides a significant opportunity to answer questions about CTH costs and to evaluate its cost-effectiveness at reducing opioid overdose fatalities. keywords: alternative; analysis; approach; care; communities; community; components; cost; crisis; cth; data; deaths; design; disorder; ebps; economic; effectiveness; estimates; et al; evaluation; evidence; hcs; healing; health; impact; implementation; individuals; information; intervention; j o; life; long; makers; methods; misuse; modeling; models; moud; naloxone; non; opioid; orcca; oud; outcomes; overdose; policy; practices; prescription; press; primary; r n; relevant; research; resources; results; services; similar; simulation; societal; specific; states; study; term; time; treatment; u r; united; use; utilization; value; wave; year cache: cord-291645-63ftephy.txt plain text: cord-291645-63ftephy.txt item: #33 of 42 id: cord-292349-r2ljahss author: Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar title: Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date: 2020-08-27 words: 8885 flesch: 41 summary: Hence, we predict that managers accept, ex-post, an increase in FC (merger costs, acquirer premium, etc.) This approach is appropriate when modeling cost effects of multiple M&As measured over longer period of time with various event dates. keywords: account; acquisitions; aircraft; airline; analysis; annual; ante; antitrust; approach; average; case; changes; coefficient; competition; conditions; consumer; context; control; cost; cost structure; data; dependent; different; effects; efficiency; et al; evidence; example; external; findings; firms; fixed; following; fuel; gains; higher; horizontal; impact; important; improvement; incentive; increase; index; industry; inflation; input; international; large; level; likely; literature; loss; m&as; management; market; merged; mergers; merging; model; negative; operating; output; paper; performance; policy; positive; post; potential; power; prices; profitability; profitable; reduction; related; research; results; sample; significant; size; specific; structure; studies; study; target; test; time; total; transaction; types; unit; value; variable; work; world; year cache: cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt plain text: cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt item: #34 of 42 id: cord-299309-p703e396 author: Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date: 2020-09-09 words: 5161 flesch: 48 summary: 7 Capital costs included within the resource needs for COVID-19 response are intended for upgrading laboratories for diagnostic testing (pillar 5), buying field hospitals to expand capacity for treating COVID-19 patients (pillar 7), and repurposing health facilities to enable them to cope with non-COVID-19 patients who would otherwise have been treated in hospitals providing care to COVID-19 patients (pillar 9) to lift the supply side constraint of hospital and intensive care unit beds, procuring communications equipment (pillar 1), and providing motorcycles for contact-tracing teams (pillar 3; table 1). To maintain essential health services, salaries were paid to new hires to replace half of the number of existing health workers prioritised for COVID-19 response, on the assumption that 100% replacement was not needed because non-urgent consul tations and elective admissions are being postponed. keywords: analysis; capacity; capita; care; cases; commodities; contact; costing; costs; countries; country; covid-19; covid-19 response; data; decrease; different; effective; emergency; epidemiological; essential; estimate; exercise; future; global; health; human; incentives; income; income countries; increase; international; level; low; lower; management; measures; middle; model; modelling; need; number; pandemic; personal; pillar; preparedness; public; quo; resources; response; restrictions; scenario; services; social; status; study; supplies; testing; time; transmission; virus; weeks cache: cord-299309-p703e396.txt plain text: cord-299309-p703e396.txt item: #35 of 42 id: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author: Robertson, Christopher T title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 words: 5937 flesch: 43 summary: Part of the heterogeneity is biological-some individuals (eg younger persons and women) appear less likely to suffer harm from infection, whereas other individuals (eg older persons, men, and those with other medical conditions) face greater risk of harm if infected. 7 Suicide and suicide attempts in younger individuals dwarf the magnitude of risk from COVID-19, which makes the pandemic precautions particularly burdensome for this population, even if yielding spillover benefits for everybody else. keywords: associated; behaviors; benefits; businesses; case; chance; compliance; costly; costs; covid-19; disease; distancing; economic; effects; enforcement; example; exemption; farm; fines; form; government; greater; hazard; health; healthcare; high; home; immunity; incentive; income; indemnity; individuals; infected; infection; insurance; law; likely; literature; loss; lost; measures; mechanism; moral; noncompliance; norms; optimal; orders; pandemic; payments; people; persons; policy; policymakers; population; positive; precautions; primary; prior; private; problem; promise; public; quarantine; rates; risk; social; spread; state; strategy; substantial; suffering; taking; tax; testing; theory; unemployment; vaccination; vaccine; way; work; younger cache: cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt plain text: cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt item: #36 of 42 id: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 author: As'ad, Rami title: Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date: 2020-09-04 words: 7821 flesch: 39 summary: It is thus given by: * * , or * , where (A11) = * Using equations (A8) and (A10), the carbon footprint generated due to transportation and storage activities during period t is: Lot sizing with carbon emission constraints The single-item green lot-sizing problem with fixed carbon emissions Healthcare supply chain simulation with disruption considerations: A case study from northern Italy Optimization of vehicle routing with inventory allocation problems in Cold Supply Chain Logistics Haulage sharing approach to achieve sustainability in material purchasing: New method and numerical applications EOQ Revisited with Sustainability Considerations Sustainable cold supply chain management under demand uncertainty and carbon tax regulation Sustainability in Material Purchasing: A Multi-Objective Economic Order Quantity Model under Carbon Trading A sustainable EOQ model: Theoretical formulation and applications Carbon Emissions and Energy Effects on Manufacturing-remanufacturing Inventory Models Carbon Footprint and the Management of Supply Chains: Insights from Simple Models Environmentally responsible inventory models: Nonclassical models for a non-classical era Including sustainability criteria into inventory models Multi-product inventory model for cold items with cost and emission consideration A new inventory model for cold items that considers costs and emissions State-of-the-art literature review on inventory models for perishable products On The consideration of carbon emissions in modelling-based supply chain literature: the state of the art, relevant features and research gaps The Carbon Constrained EOQ Multi-period inventory routing problem under carbon emission regulations Low Carbon Supply Chain: A State-of-The-Art Literature Review Optimal Discounting and Replenishment Policies for Perishable Products Low carbon supply chain: a state-of-the-art literature review Emissions Targets and the Real Business Cycle: Intensity Targets Versus Caps or Taxes Optimal lot-sizing under strict carbon cap policy considering stochastic demand Integrated Economic and Environmental Models for a Multi Stage Cold Supply Chain under Carbon Tax Regulation Operational and Environmental Decisions for a Two-Stage Supply Chain under Vendor Managed Consignment Inventory Partnership Cap-and-Trade Vs. Comput Ind Eng DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106800 sha: doc_id: 318982 cord_uid: cbfiqvu5 Amid the ever growing interest in operational supply chain models that incorporate environmental aspects as an integral part of the decision making process, this paper addresses the dynamic lot sizing problem of a cold product while accounting for carbon emissions generated during temperature-controlled storage and transportation activities. keywords: activities; algorithm; associated; beginning; cap policy; cap t; capacity; caps; carbon; carbon cap; carbon emissions; carbon footprint; carbon tax; case; chain; cold; constraints; consumption; cost; demand; dynamic; economic; emissions; energy; environmental; figure; following; food; freezers; fuel; function; horizon; impact; increase; inventory; items; lagrangian; life; literature; logistics; lot; min; model; multiplier; number; operational; operational cost; optimal; optimization; ordering; orders; paper; period; period t; periodic; perishable; planning; policy; problem; products; reduction; review; set; shelf; size; sizing; solution; step; storage; supply; sustainable; table; tax; temperature; time; total; total carbon; total operational; transportation; trucks; values cache: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt plain text: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt item: #37 of 42 id: cord-320228-vbzceozs author: Hu, Zhi-Hua title: Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date: 2014-11-30 words: 10606 flesch: 46 summary: (3) When weights of the costs returned by solving [M2] and [M3] are equal, the resulting solutions indicate that building costs have almost the same tendency during the first 10 days, whereas the other three costs (psychological penalty cost, psychological intervention cost, and transportation cost) are distributed differently (Fig. 7) . When the four costs are equally weighted, psychological penalty cost is high while psychological intervention cost is minimized (Fig. 7(1a) ). keywords: affected; areas; building; capacity; considered; cost; data; days; decision; degree; determined; disaster; disaster victims; earthquake; effects; emergency; evacuated; evacuation; experimental; factors; fig; function; health; high; homeless; houses; housing; increase; infective; initial; intervention; intervention cost; mental; model; monetary; nip; number; p t; panic; panic degree; panic spread; parameters; penalty; penalty cost; people; period; post; problem; processes; psychological; psychological intervention; psychological penalty; psychology; research; resettlement; resettlement sites; resources; response; results; risk; second; section; shadow; shelters; sites; social; solutions; spread; step; strength; studies; study; susceptible; t;s; temporary; temporary resettlement; time; time t; transportation; victims; wait; wenchuan; workers cache: cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt plain text: cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt item: #38 of 42 id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5 author: Gardiner, Fergus W. title: Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date: 2020-07-15 words: 3903 flesch: 40 summary: Two thirds of this ($1,770,139, 68.0%) was related to in-patient admissions (AR-DRG costs) and the remaining $841,121 on air retrieval costs. Although the drivers of this unbalanced burden of mental health conditions are many and complex, 1 of the key factors is the supply of mental health services. keywords: acute; admission; air; air medical; areas; australian; behavioral; care; cities; codes; collection; communities; costs; data; diagnosis; direct; disorders; drg; economic; evacuations; flight; health; hospital; icd-10; interhospital; likely; major; majority; medical; medical retrievals; mental; mental health; national; patient; primary; provision; psychotic; quality; related; remote; retrievals; rfds; rural; services; settings; societal; statistical; substantial; total; transfers; ward cache: cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt plain text: cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt item: #39 of 42 id: cord-345836-74d2mb70 author: Hogg, William title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 words: 6020 flesch: 41 summary: The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/181/pre pub Mathematical summary -amortization of training costs. We selected a discount factor of 5 percent as recommended by other papers containing cost analyses [4, 6, 7] . keywords: analysis; best; care; contracting; control; cost savings; costs; data; efficacy; estimate; explicit; facilitation; facilitation intervention; facilitators; family; figures; health; health care; hospitalization; infected; infection; infection control; influenza; information; intervention; intervention costs; number; nurse; offices; order; outcomes; outpatient; outreach; patients; period; physicians; potential; practices; primary; probability; project; public; rate; reduction; respiratory; respiratory infection; sars; savings; season; study; threshold; time; total; training; training cost; transmission; value; visit; week; week intervention; year cache: cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt plain text: cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt item: #40 of 42 id: cord-346984-36ryhc58 author: Kettani, Maryème title: Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date: 2020-11-15 words: 14416 flesch: 49 summary: The cost of desalinated water is very sensitive to assumptions, input data and methodologies, which challenges the suitable perception of water cost across studies and experiments Operating conditions -feed pressure and flow rate, conversion ratio -are chosen to minimize either specific energy consumption or water cost. keywords: /kwh; account; addition; ait; analysis; annual; area; average; average cost; average electricity; baha; batteries; battery; calculated; calculation; capacity; capex; case; chtouka; competitive; considered; consumption; cost; cost option; csp; data; day; demand; desalination; desalination cost; desalination electricity; desalination plant; design; development; different; economic; electricity; electricity cost; electricity production; electricity supply; electricity tariffs; energy; energy consumption; energy cost; energy storage; example; expected; factor; fig; future; generation; grid; grid electricity; grid power; high; higher; hours; impact; increase; irradiation; large; lcoe; lcos; lead; main; model; moroccan; morocco; national; needs; operation; opex; option; osmosis; paper; peak; performance; plants; power; power supply; powered; present; pressure; price; production; production cost; project; public; pv electricity; pv plant; pv power; pv production; range; rate; reference; related; renewable; required; results; reverse; scale; scenario; seawater; share; solar; solar electricity; solar energy; solar power; solar pv; solution; storage; study; subsidies; supply; surface; system; table; tariffs; technical; technologies; technology; total; total cost; unit; value; water; water cost; water desalination; year cache: cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt plain text: cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt item: #41 of 42 id: cord-348992-8su58m68 author: Alam, Aatif title: Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date: 2018-07-24 words: 9180 flesch: 42 summary: The upstream plant growth and Griffithsin production operations are adapted from the facility layout detailed by FIGURE 5 | Upstream and downstream cost contributions by process category (units in $000). The upstream portion of the facility houses unit operations for N. benthamiana propagation, inoculation with TMV vector, and Griffithsin protein expression and accumulation. keywords: activity; additional; analysis; antiviral; api; assessment; assumed; batch; batches; benthamiana; biomass; buffer; bulk; case; chromatography; cogs; commercial; components; cost; current; data; days; development; dose; downstream; drug; efficiency; environmental; equipment; et al; expression; extract; extraction; facility; figure; filter; final; fuqua; fuqua et; gene; germination; griffithsin; growth; health; high; higher; hiv; holtz; host; impact; inoculation; level; manufacturing; material; method; microbicide; model; modeling; month; new; nicotiana; non; nutrient; operations; output; overall; pilot; plants; pogue; portion; post; potential; prep; prevention; price; process; processing; production; products; protein; purification; purified; rate; recombinant; recovery; results; room; safety; scale; seed; software; solution; stage; step; study; superpro; supplementary; system; tank; technoeconomic; time; tmv; total; transient; trays; treatment; unit; upstream; use; vaginal; vector; viral; viruses; volume; waste; women; year; yield cache: cord-348992-8su58m68.txt plain text: cord-348992-8su58m68.txt item: #42 of 42 id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 words: 11640 flesch: 37 summary: Airports have been changing as a result of privatization and corporatization, the deregulation of airline markets regionally and inter-continentally and the development of the low cost carrier model which demands different services from the secondary airports that they generally serve (deNeufville, 2008) . Tretheway and Kincaid (2010) define airport competition to include local demand located in overlapping catchment areas e.g. multi-airport cities, connecting traffic served by hubs, cargo traffic, alternative modes and destinations. keywords: access; adler; agreements; air traffic; aircraft; airframe; airline industry; airlines; airports; allocation; alternative; american; approach; association; authority; aviation; better; business; capacity; capital; carriers; change; charges; civil; codesharing; companies; competition; congested; congestion; consumer; cost; current; demand; development; direct; distortions; domestic; east; economic; efficiency; emissions; entry; environment; et al; european; example; excessive; expansion; far; flights; foreign; form; free; frequency; global; government; greater; growth; high; higher; hub; impact; important; increase; industry; infrastructure; international; investment; issue; lack; large; legacy; levels; likely; local; longer; low; lower; major; management; managers; manufacturers; market; model; necessary; need; network; new; noise; open; order; ownership; parts; passengers; peak; policies; policy; price; pricing; private; privatized; profit; public; regional; regulated; regulation; regulatory; relevant; research; restrictions; result; revenue; risk; second; section; sector; service; short; single; skies; slot; states; strategies; strategy; subsidies; sufficient; supply; surplus; system; term; till; time; traffic; transport; travel; union; united; united states; use; welfare; world; years; zealand cache: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt plain text: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt