key: cord-334425-6zrmavps authors: SanJuan-Reyes, Sindy; Gómez-Oliván, Leobardo Manuel; Islas-Flores, Hariz title: COVID-19 in the environment date: 2020-08-14 journal: Chemosphere DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127973 sha: doc_id: 334425 cord_uid: 6zrmavps Abstract In recent months, the presence of an emerging disease of infectious etiology has paralyzed everyone, already being a public health problem due to its high rate of infection, a life-threatening disease. The WHO has named it COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2). New studies provide information of the role of the environment in COVID-19 transmission process, mortality related to this infectious disease and the impact on human health. The following review aims to analyze information on the implications of COVID-19 infection on human health and the impact of its presence on the environment, from its transmission capacity and the role of air pollutants and climatological factors to reducing the air pollution during confinement. Likewise, it provides a vision of the impact on the environment and human health of exposure to disinfectants and the presence of COVID-19 in wastewater, among other actions. The emergence of a disease of infectious etiology in late 2019 by WHO as "coronavirus disease The main cases of coronavirus death occur mainly in older people, probably due to a poor immune A meta-analysis reports that the probability of developing severe Covid-19 disease for 95 hypertension, respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease is between 2.4 to 3.5 times (Yang et 96 al., 2020). Likewise, it is reported that obesity and smoking were associated with higher risks 97 (Huang et al., 2020; . Based on current data, the median case fatality rate for 98 those younger than 60 years is estimated to be <0.2%, compared to 9.3% for adults older than 80 99 years (Ferguson et al., 2020). Comorbidities increase the risk of mortality up to five times (Jordan et 100 al., 2020). A death rate from COVID-19 is reported in Wuhan of 5.0%, close to that of the world 101 (4.2%), while higher case fatality rates are reported in Italy (9.3%), Iran (7.8%) and Spain (6.0%) 102 ; X. Li et al., 2020) . Until now, there are no specific pharmacological treatment or vaccines against COVID-19 infection 104 for potential therapy in humans, so extensive isolation measures and the use of disinfection products 105 have been implemented to reduce their transmission from person to person. person and current 106 outbreak; therefore, it is imperative to continue such measures to avoid the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 is reported to be even more contagious (but thankfully less fatal) than SARS-CoV. The virus has intermediate levels of both respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potential according 135 to a model that measures the percentage of intrinsic disorder (PID) of membrane (M) and 136 nucleocapsid (N) proteins in viruses (Goh et al., 2012 (Goh et al., , 2020a . The main tool uses AI technology to 137 recognize the intrinsic disorder, given the protein sequence. The model is based on the premise that 138 viruses that remain in hostile environments require harder, that is, less disordered, shells to survive 139 . Furthermore, higher levels of inner layer disorder could be associated with 140 higher infectivity, especially with respect to viruses with high potential for respiratory transmission 141 (Goh et al., 2020b (Goh et al., , 2020c (Goh et al., , 2013 . Evidence of the protective role of outer shells is seen in a wide It is likely that this peculiarity is responsible for its high level of contagion, since the hardness of its CoV-2 to remain infectious outside the body for a longer period than SARS-CoV could mean that it 152 requires fewer viral particles for greater chances of infection. As a result, the infected body is likely 153 to be able to remove more infectious particles that are more likely to infect a person throughout the virus acquires increased virulence through inner coat disorder arises from the ability of the viral 157 protein to bind promiscuously to the host protein. This ability provides rapid replication of viral 158 proteins and particles (Goh et al., , 2020b (Goh et al., , 2020a (Goh et al., , 2020c (Goh et al., , 2016 . The stability of viruses in the environment is essential in risk analysis. Temperature has been the 160 most studied factor and is recognized as the most influential. The high temperature causes a faster Some other viruses are easily transmitted through the aerosol route such as influence virus and 175 coronavirus, their persistence as infectious potential is stable in fine aerosols for prolonged periods 176 of time. This stability is affected by exposure to environmental stressors, such as relative humidity. Specifically for the Influenza virus, the potential to persist on surfaces for hours in physiological 178 drops depends on relative humidity (RH), low RH, and high RH in cool, dry, or wet and rainy between particulate matter and mean temperature, while the relationship between ozone level and surfaces such as cloth and paper at 28 ° C and humidity levels of 35% to 40% As well as banknotes, it has a viability that ranges from two hours to five days. The influenza virus has been found in Beyond the effects of social distancing, the COVID-19 pandemic shows a way to achieve positive 229 environmental change. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is identified, due to the decline In particular, in addition to person-to-person transmission, weather parameters (temperature, wind When talking about COVID-19 mortality, weather conditions could also contribute to the decline. In Wuhan, China, temperature variation, humidity, and wind speed were reported to influence Meanwhile, it is imperative to further strengthen prevention measures against potential 319 transmission; therefore, strict compliance with confinement, hand washing and personal hygiene is 320 necessary to record a lower incidence of COVID-19 and mortality. Transmission of COVID-19 has been established to take place from person to person through direct The increase in the volume of plastic waste, particularly for products used for personal protection 389 for health care purposes and for the general public such as face masks, that are being used to take direct attribution of these exposures to efforts to prevent or treat COVID-19 are not yet available. 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