key: cord-314421-j5psma9i
authors: Ahmed, Qanta A.; Memish, Ziad A.
title: The cancellation of mass gatherings (MGs)? Decision making in the time of COVID-19
date: 2020-03-14
journal: Travel Med Infect Dis
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101631
sha: 
doc_id: 314421
cord_uid: j5psma9i

Our recommendation, as experts who have monitored health hazards at the Hajj for over 15 years, especially if the situation with COVID-19 continues to escalate globally is that Hajj 2020 will be at risk of being suspended and a means for Muslims to fulfill their rights in the future either personally or even by proxy need to be announced. The same holds true for the Summer 2020 Olympics in Japan and for many other MGs and large gatherings. Decisions in the time of COVID-19 will be closely followed and will be a blueprint for other mass gatherings.

The world has been put "on hold" by the emerging coronavirus outbreak which has now surpassed the combined toll of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks in terms of deaths. The public health burden of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is set to increase and it is a time for urgent decisions [1, 2] . Two major mass gatherings (MG) -events attracting more than 25000 people in one location, -are on the horizon, with little sign of containment of the current outbreak [3] .

In July, the South East Asian nation Japan hosts the summer Olympics, shortly after the world's largest MG, the Hajj, receives pilgrims to Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from all over the world [3, 4] . Drawing Muslims from over 180 nations, Hajj is the single most international MG in the world. KSA, acutely aware of its international pilgrim-travelers has been vigilant of the coronavirus outbreak from its inception.

While the summer Olympics is at least seven years in planning, the Hajj is an annual event based on the lunar calendar, for which the KSA prepares annually with a much more compressed schedule-no more than a 9-month lead time, with the dates moving 10 days in advance of the Gregorian calendar annually. In 2020, Hajj is scheduled to fall close to August 9th and to last up to 9 days.

While the Olympics will gather hundreds of thousands of attendees both in terms of competing athletes and domestic and international visitors, the Hajj is Islam's defining pilgrimage, a pivotal act of worship in a Muslim's lifetime and one they often wait decades to fulfill. Each Hajj draws over 2.5 million attendees and, in some years, almost 3 million 'Guests of God" as the KSA regards them. Safeguarding the lives of millions of pilgrims is the cardinal duty and honor of the Custodian of the Two Holy Cities in Islam. Keeping Hajj safe and sacrosanct are the overriding national priorities of the KSA and the ruling monarch. Protecting the lives of pilgrims during Hajj however is not only a matter of governing national policy for the KSA and its monarch, but a divinely ordained duty. The stakes for protecting Hajj are therefore extremely high, not only in scale but also in terms of the religious mandate.

While the KSA annually hosts 7.5 million religious' visitors-Muslims can perform an abbreviated pilgrimage known as Umrah any time of the year for which the KSA issues visas year-round. In the months leading up to Ramadan-beginning this year on April 23rd and later the Hajj -anticipated in August this year, the KSA attracts longer term religious pilgrims often in KSA for some weeks to months before the pinnacle act of Hajj, one of the five pillars of Islamic belief. With such huge number of pilgrims from almost every nation on earth, Hajj planners and the KSA government have been focused on ways to contain the coronavirus through the lens of an international perspective.

Because the potential for both MGs-the Olympics and the Hajj-to be jeopardized by the outbreak is significant, huge efforts in the KSA are underway to assess and mitigate the risks to travelers, the vast majority of whom are religious pilgrims. We predict Hajj 2020 may be suspended in the interests of global safety as well as a precaution for domestic containment in the KSA [5] . While almost unprecedented-the last time https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101631 Received 11 March 2020; Accepted 13 March 2020

Hajj was canceled predates the formation of the modern KSA, Islam mandates that the sanctity of human life be placed above all other rights including the right of God to demand worship by mankind. With this in mind, the KSA in canceling Hajj 2020 well in advance of the events would be very much in line with Islamic ideals and would contribute greatly to the safety of humanity in doing so [6] . We also predict that Hajj planners and the Saudi authorities will very much set the tone for the international community in addressing many forthcoming mass gatherings including the forthcoming Olympics in Japan (see Fig. 1 ).

If public health planners fail to anticipate coronavirus outbreaks during these remarkably international MG events, the ramifications will be global [7] . This is because MGs are effectively massive 'hubs' with the potential to disseminate infection. The MG participants, religious pilgrims and Olympics spectators and participants can act as 'spokes' enabling spread of disease. MG facilitated spread of COVID-19 could overshadow even the epicenter of the outbreak in Wuhan, China.

Fortunately, public health experts and the field of MG medicine are seasoned at managing outbreaks and preparations are already underway and Hajj planners have a uniquely intense and informed 

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease xxx (xxxx) xxxx experience which is of enormous international value at this time. The Hajj has handled the SARS-CoV outbreak, the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks, the rift valley fever (RVF) outbreak, Zika virus, pandemic influenza H1N1 and the MERS-CoV outbreak all in the last decade [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Management of these outbreaks involved close collaboration with multiple agencies both domestically across KSA and international intergovernmental collaboration [13] . Immigration restrictions even for religious reasons were put in place and affected areas were categorically embargoed from sending pilgrims to Mecca [9] . Very early on thermal screening was incorporated across all ports of entry into the KSA. Strongly worded guidelines were provided to travel and other physicians advising pilgrims in their countries of origin with the firm message that the elderly, the very young, and those with serious comorbidities-including diabetes and renal disease -were strongly discouraged from attending the Hajj mass gathering in acknowledgement of the increased risk of respiratory infection [14] .

Basic precautions remain paramount and must be emphasized including cough etiquette, rigorous and frequent hand hygiene and the use of facemask when in contact with patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms. While health care workers (HCWs) will be familiar with these measures, and Hajj pilgrims are always escorted by Hajj tour agencies who also provide basic education in infection control, the Umrah pilgrim (the traveler making the mini-pilgrimage to Mecca sometimes on the spur of the moment and at any time of the year) and the general public will not have experience in hand hygiene education. The public must be informed to wash hands with soap and water frequently, as well as before and after visits to the lavatory and before and after eating. The public must learn to wash their hands for at least -20 s -and when hands are not overtly soiled, to use an alcohol hand rub. While alcohol is forbidden for ingestion to the observing Muslim, it is permitted for all medical purposes including as both a vehicle for medications and in topical form as alcohol hand hygiene agents. The KSA has been very far sighted in issuing religious fatwahs for such medical practices for over two decades with KSA's scholars issuing fatwas to reassure Muslim patients and the wider public of the acceptability of the use of alcohol hand rub for the Muslim without violating any principles of Islam [15] . In this time of COVID-19 outbreaks, religious authorities would do well to remind the Muslim public of the legitimacy of alcohol hand rubs as safe and indeed preferred mode of hand hygiene and coronavirus containment.

Less well known is the enormous semi-permanent and highly mobile healthcare system that is activated in the Hajj season, the months leading from Ramadan to after the Hajj ends. This provides on-site acute medical care including acute care for critical illness at all the Hajj sites. The enormous effort of this temporary but massive and sophisticated healthcare system that KSA engages and operates for the purposes of the religious pilgrim visiting in Hajj season means that many thousands of HCWs must travel to the Hajj sites as well. Sometimes they are hired from outside the country, many international volunteer doctors and other personnel seek to serve the 'guests of god'. These workers are also at risk should Hajj be allowed to continue in the face of an accelerating COVID-19 outbreak. The impact would be two-fold. Not only of more health care personnel exposed to active disease with the threat of severe infection in localized pockets and then transmission to others seeking medical care, but also a twofold burden on the HCWs-caring for patients afflicted by the outbreak or compromised by it somehow and managing fellow colleagues sickened by the intensification of exposure. The semi-permanent health services at Hajj are already siphoning off critical healthcare staff from their usual responsibilities throughout the KSA managing a population of close to 32 million including 10 million expatriates. In a scenario with colleagues falling ill and on some occasions dying, the wider Saudi healthcare system could be singularly more impacted by the COVID-19 crisis during Hajj than any other healthcare workforce yet to date. The long-term impact of such an outcome is as yet unknown and difficult to predict.

Facemasks could mitigate aerosolized transmission especially in areas of high-density during MGs-where crowd densities in Hajj can reach 9 persons per square meter. As the public starts to purchase supplies, mass purchasing can cause shortages for masks which would be best used by HCWs in the healthcare setting.

Many hospitals have removed all N95 masks from open access on medical floors and units to be reserved for an acute outbreak when these masks will be needed to provide protection for HCWs in close contact to exposed persons. In line with containment, the Saudi CDC has recommended the avoidance of travel to outbreak nations, and for persons returning from these regions, 14-day quarantine periods at home-excluding the HCW or hospital employee from the workplace-are now in force. Globally, purveyors have been legally prohibited from price hiking facemasks and gloves which have sold in an unprecedented fashion both in high volume and-until the restriction -exorbitant pricing [16] .

We are already learning that what is much more challenging in terms of SARS-CoV-2 is the asymptomatic status. This allows infected persons without symptoms to move freely in society infecting others and therefore the opportunity for detection is very low [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

There is evidence that the impact of large gatherings on disease transmission is also reaching the awareness of other governments. Switzerland has announced a ban on events expected to draw gatherings of over 1000 people. France has issued a temporary ban of all public gatherings of over 5000 people. It is increasingly likely that massive international events will be postponed or canceled entirely until we begin to see regression and ultimately resolution of this outbreak.

A secondary and perhaps more palpable impact of the outbreak has been panic. Panic has impacted the global market. China rightly prolonged the closure of the Chinese stock market, the largest market in the world, trading over 16% of the global market-as the outbreak became apparent. This was a wise move to avoid volatile reverberations across global markets as panic concerning the outbreak set in [22] .

The economic impact of the coronavirus on China has been much greater already than the impact of the Swine Flu. This is because China's economy is now seven-fold bigger than it was then in 2003 and China is much more integrated in global supply chains now than it was then. Thus, a greater impact on China translates as more significant reverberations in the global markets. SARS reduced China's GDP by 1% in 2003-then 100 Billion Renmibi at a time when China represented only 4% of the global GDP. Today the losses are already far greater.

Last week witnessed the biggest market correction in the US stockmarket since 2008 and the fastest correction in history. This correction comes at a time of one of the most fundamentally strong periods of economic growth in US history. With the outbreak likely to reach the United States in more substantial scale than the initial handful of cases that are now being reported there is real risk of a market correction developing into an economic recession and with a general election imminent the domestic political ramifications here in the US are enormous.

Because of all the aforementioned reasons, curtailing MGs at this time is crucial. Tragically China's experience has been telling in this regard too and we must learn from the events there. Wuhan officials allowed over 5 million people to leave Wuhan where they were exposed to and some of them incubating the coronavirus weeks before the city was quarantined on January 22nd. The virus was thus rapidly propagated across China and then globally. Today all 33 provinces of China have reported outbreaks in large cities.

Both outbreak management and MG management require clear communication and responsive political approaches. Much has been learned from the experience with SARS and the Chinese authorities have been much more transparent than in the past. The stakes are extremely high. China is also sharing its data widely and engaging international experts with valuable and timely insights. China must be commended for many aspects of disease management at this time of crisis.

Similarly when KSA has faced the extremely delicate balance of welcoming religious pilgrims for both Hajj and Umrah this year many of whom have waited a life time to enact their religious rites, and weighing the impact of propagating outbreaks, difficult and unpopular decisions have to be made to safeguard not only the mass gathering but also the wider global community. One clearly impact the other.

KSA has made an unprecedented and courageous decision by temporarily banning the Umrah by curtailing religious tourism from all international destinations in addition to local umra and suspending the recently introduced tourism e-visa (recently launched for 49 nations) for all nations now at-risk countries. This is in addition to banning travel of Saudi's to affected countries and closing land borders with UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait and Jordan.

These bans while impeding the rights of millions of Muslims to fulfil religious Islamic rites have been widely supported by the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation, World Health Organization and also by other individual Muslim governments including Egypt which indicated the ban was indeed in line with Sharia principles of holding sacrosanct the right to human life above all else, a right that Muslims must preserve for all humanity irrespective of creed or belief.

While some optimistic reports suggest the outbreak is slowing, and China is now reporting fewer cases daily while cases outside of China are rising, public health officials everywhere will be vigilant of the forthcoming mass gatherings in the Arabian Peninsula and SE Asia.

Hajj planners, public health experts and mass gathering medicine experts must collaborate intensely in advance of these events for the best possible outcomes.

While smaller events such as the Formula One Race to be held in China in April have already been postponed, a final decision for postponing the Olympics and the Hajj has not been made awaiting more data on how this infection evolves over time. Our recommendation as experts who have monitored health hazards at the Hajj for over 15 years, especially if the situation with COVID-19 continues to escalate globally is that Hajj 2020 will be at risk of being suspended and a means for Muslims to fulfill their rights in the future either personally or even by proxy must be rapidly announced. While that decision will be heartbreaking for individual Muslims and both spiritually and economically damaging for the Kingdom, solace will be obtained in knowing the Muslim majority world can contribute to the wellbeing of humanity. Further, the Kingdom has the opportunity to lead the world in acknowledging that even the most beloved and long-awaited mass gathering events including the Olympics must sometimes be suspended, postponed or canceled. Hajj planners frequently consult on the management of mass gatherings including the US inauguration, the Olympics and the World Cup. Their preemptive management of the coronavirus crisis in the setting of the world's largest and most diverse mass gathering is being closely followed and will be a blueprint for other mass gatherings soon following.

While the approaches are myriad, the time for international geopolitical and public health collaboration and solidarity is now, we must save no resources to protect both regional and international populations.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report -51

Emergence of a novel human coronavirus threatening human health

Mass gatherings medicine: public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events

Health risks and precautions for visitors to the Tokyo 2020 olympic and paralympic games

Van Thuan Hoang COVID 19: Will the 2020 Hajj pilgrimage and Tokyo Olympic Games be cancelled

COVID-19 -the role of mass gatherings

COVID-19: preparing for superspreader potential among Umrah pilgrims to Saudi Arabia

Travel implications of emerging coronaviruses: SARS and MERS-CoV

The Hajj in the time of an Ebola outbreak in west Africa

Hajj 2016: under the shadow of global Zika spread

Hajj abattoirs in Makkah: risk of zoonotic infections among occupational workers

Public health. Pandemic H1N1 and the 2009 Hajj

Healthy Hajj 2019ˮ -what you need to know, before you go

Clinical respiratory infections and pneumonia during the Hajj pilgrimage: a systematic review

WHO global patient safety challenge Muslim health-care workers and alcohol-based handrubs

Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China

Asymptomatic coronavirus infection: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19

The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) -China. China CDC Weekly

Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection

Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. pii: S1473-3099 Lancet Infect

Coronavirus set to weaken China's ailing economy: Business. Downturn Deadly outbreak forces banks, shops and factories to shut as growth rate hits 30-year low [USA Region] Weinland. London (UK) [London (UK): Don. Financial Times