# bib

id: cord-029032-s9geepsc
author: Vargas-García, Cesar
title: Parasite-Guest Infection Modeling: Social Science Applications
date: 2020-06-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1840
sentence: 75
flesch: 44
cache: cache/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt
txt: txt/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt
summary:
  Extended models were presented that address issues under debate in ecology, such as optimizing parasite-host interactions and why host infection mechanisms can be beneficial to parasites. In particular, parameters such as replication, mortality rate of the infected host, infection rate (absorption rate), among others, have been suggested as possible control parameters used by parasites to optimally infect hosts [3] [4] [5] [6] .


id: cord-290548-0wezrr1b
author: Watanabe, Tokiko
title: Villains or heroes? The raison d'être of viruses
date: 2020-02-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2920
sentence: 115
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt
txt: txt/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt
summary:
  However, the relationships between hosts and viruses are various and virus infections do not necessarily cause diseases in their hosts. Yet, these negative aspects of viruses do not tell the whole story since the relationships between hosts and viruses are multitudinous, and virus infections do not necessarily lead to disease symptoms in hosts.


id: cord-102383-m5ahicqb
author: Romano, Alessandra
title: Energy dynamics for systemic configurations of virus-host co-evolution
date: 2020-05-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3778
sentence: 102
flesch: 26
cache: cache/cord-102383-m5ahicqb.txt
txt: txt/cord-102383-m5ahicqb.txt
summary:
  Virus and host cell dynamics are strictly connected, and convey in virion assembly to ensure virus spread in the body. Virus and host cell dynamics are strictly connected, generating a complex dynamics that conveys in virion assembly to ensure virus spread in the body.


id: cord-263312-x7f0hn7f
author: Tzelepis, Ilias
title: Drosophila melanogaster: a first step and a stepping-stone to anti-infectives
date: 2013-08-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3757
sentence: 135
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-263312-x7f0hn7f.txt
txt: txt/cord-263312-x7f0hn7f.txt
summary:
  Finally, Drosophila infection and inflammation can easily be studied in relation to aging overcoming the barrier of long experimental time [10] . For example, Drosophila cells have been used in genome-wide RNAi screens to rapidly identify genes required for replication of influenza and dengue viruses


id: cord-330590-nu8ckeud
author: Nieto-Rabiela, F.
title: Viral metacommunities associated to bats and rodents at different spatial scales
date: 2018-12-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4032
sentence: 140
flesch: 30
cache: cache/cord-330590-nu8ckeud.txt
txt: txt/cord-330590-nu8ckeud.txt
summary:
  In general, it is more feasible to analyze the viral metacommunities associated with rodents at viral species scale by overlapping families, showing a weak phylogenetic signal between the host and the virus species. To measure the influence of the host phylogeny and functional characteristics of the host on viral community structure we hypothesized that both the expression of Clementsian structures based on the Niche Theory would prevail at different macroecological scales, and the host phylogeny will explain the viral metacommunity distribution as response of the shared host evolutionary histories and ecological relationships.


id: cord-262434-q4tk96tq
author: Baker, Kate S.
title: Poxviruses in Bats … so What?
date: 2014-04-03
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3332
sentence: 112
flesch: 32
cache: cache/cord-262434-q4tk96tq.txt
txt: txt/cord-262434-q4tk96tq.txt
summary:
  [40] [41] [42] and there is currently insufficient evidence available to determine what the zoonotic potential of bat poxviruses might be on this spectrum. However, given that no bat poxviruses identified to date are orthopoxviruses, and the little information available, it is clear that much more detail is needed before the potential threat of bat poxviruses to man can be commented on.


id: cord-269505-7g8lio9l
author: Keesing, Felicia
title: Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases
date: 2010-12-01
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5349
sentence: 185
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt
txt: txt/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt
summary:
  In systems like these, the loss of host species can actually increase transmission if the lost hosts are suboptimal for parasite development and reproduction; this is because these suboptimal hosts absorb pathogens but are poor at transmitting them. On the other hand, a greater diversity of host species can sometimes increase pathogen transmission by increasing the abundance of vectors 67 .


id: cord-270803-jtv5jmkn
author: Wang, Lin-Fa
date: 2011-11-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5616
sentence: 198
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-270803-jtv5jmkn.txt
txt: txt/cord-270803-jtv5jmkn.txt
title:
  Mass extinctions, biodiversity and mitochondrial function: are bats ‘special’ as reservoirs for emerging viruses?

summary:
  Bat viruses may therefore have co-evolved with or adapted to bats over many millions of years. The long life-span of bats may facilitate the transmission of chronic persistent infections, whereas the unusually large and complex structure of bat populations may ensure a sufficient number of immunologically naive juveniles for bat viruses to persist in bat colonies.


id: cord-312545-io2jmp7o
author: Roche, Benjamin
title: Ecosystem dynamics, biological diversity and emerging infectious diseases
date: 2011-04-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6002
sentence: 234
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-312545-io2jmp7o.txt
txt: txt/cord-312545-io2jmp7o.txt
summary:
  On the other hand, the effects of host-specialized parasites on host species communities are the opposite of the ones previously described, because generally an important diversity in host species is maintained locally. Bearing in mind that, generally, pathogen dynamics are driven by the dynamics of the overall biological diversity of the community and not of one single reservoir or vector host species, then future research should concentrate on revisiting the idea of disease transmission using a broader community-scale perspective than the one generally applied.


id: cord-003767-9xbu4hnq
author: Slingenbergh, Jan
date: 2019-05-25
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6289
sentence: 274
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-003767-9xbu4hnq.txt
txt: txt/cord-003767-9xbu4hnq.txt
title:
  Animal Virus Ecology and Evolution Are Shaped by the Virus Host-Body Infiltration and Colonization Pattern

summary:
  Less attention is given to why and how virus fitness results from the success of virus transmission. Virus circulation in the bloodstream may enable virus transmission via needles or arthropod vectors [10] .


id: cord-262585-5vjqrnwh
author: Hraber, Peter
title: Resources to Discover and Use Short Linear Motifs in Viral Proteins
date: 2019-08-16
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5671
sentence: 265
flesch: 36
cache: cache/cord-262585-5vjqrnwh.txt
txt: txt/cord-262585-5vjqrnwh.txt
summary:
  A fusion intermediate gp41 immunogen elicits neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 Immunosilencing a highly immunogenic protein trimerization domain Vaccination with soluble headless hemagglutinin protects mice from challenge with divergent influenza viruses Human chemokine MIP1a increases efficiency of targeted DNA fusion vaccines Dengue E protein domain III-based DNA immunisation induces strong antibody responses to all four viral serotypes Options for synthetic DNA order screening, revisited A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology Short linear motifs -ex nihilo evolution of protein regulation Convergent evolution and mimicry of protein linear motifs in host-pathogen interactions The present and the future of motif-mediated protein-protein interactions A million peptide motifs for the molecular biologist Viral proteins can modulate immunity in several ways, which include: shutdown of host macromolecular synthesis, inhibiting antigen production or apoptosis, and interference with such processes as antigen presentation by MHC, natural killer (NK) cell function, antiviral cytokines, or interferon responses.


id: cord-002423-1u44tdrj
author: Geoghegan, Jemma L.
date: 2017-02-08
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6186
sentence: 224
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-002423-1u44tdrj.txt
txt: txt/cord-002423-1u44tdrj.txt
title:
  Comparative analysis estimates the relative frequencies of co-divergence and cross-species transmission within viral families

summary:
  Specifically, using a normalized tree topology distance metric based on the Penny and Hendy distance metric that enables comparisons between pairs of virus and host trees with different numbers of tips [14] , which we now term the 'nPH85' distance (where n = normalized), we compare phylogenies of virus families and their hosts. If related viruses have an evolutionary history of co-divergence with their hosts there should be evidence of topological similarities between the virus and host phylogenetic trees, whereas host jumping generates incongruent tree topologies.


id: cord-199630-2lmwnfda
author: Ray, Sumanta
date: 2020-07-05
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6402
sentence: 257
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-199630-2lmwnfda.txt
txt: txt/cord-199630-2lmwnfda.txt
title:
  Predicting potential drug targets and repurposable drugs for COVID-19 via a deep generative model for graphs

summary:
  After the model is trained the drug-CoV-host links are predicted using the following equation: where A i j represents the possible links between all combination of SARS-CoV-2 nodes and drug nodes. To develop suitable therapeutic strategies and design antiviral drugs, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viral and human proteins is essential 2 .


id: cord-017819-85x0juiw
author: Christe, Philippe
title: Biological conservation and parasitism
date: 2006
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6171
sentence: 219
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-017819-85x0juiw.txt
txt: txt/cord-017819-85x0juiw.txt
summary:
  In contrast, widespread host species that live in high density are exposed to a wide range of parasite species that may affect drastically the population dynamics of these carnivores, suggesting that macroparasites may regulate them at least locally. Parasite species may also be subject to the Allee effects that influence the occurrence and the severity of epidemics as illustrated by patchy distributions of worms in hosts as a result of the necessity for female worms to find a mate in order to reproduce (Cornell et al. 2004 ).


id: cord-276585-m1dkkbq7
author: Pulliam, Juliet R. C.
title: Viral Host Jumps: Moving toward a Predictive Framework
date: 2008-02-13
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6922
sentence: 244
flesch: 32
cache: cache/cord-276585-m1dkkbq7.txt
txt: txt/cord-276585-m1dkkbq7.txt
summary:
  Though the relative rates of inactivation of different virus species depend on specific environmental conditions (such as temperature and relative humidity), requiring an envelope for successful cellular infection may generally decrease the ability of a virus to survive outside a host, since the phospholipid membrane will be sensitive to desiccation, ultraviolet radiation, changes in pH, and ozone toxicity (Cox, 1989) . Focusing on the appearance of viral pathogens in new host species, I outline a framework that uses specific molecular characteristics to rank virus families by their expected a priori ability to complete each of three steps in the emergence process (encounter, infection, and propagation).


id: cord-262682-gsvswr7v
author: Hedblom, Grant A.
title: Segmented Filamentous Bacteria – Metabolism Meets Immunity
date: 2018-08-24
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6713
sentence: 204
flesch: 30
cache: cache/cord-262682-gsvswr7v.txt
txt: txt/cord-262682-gsvswr7v.txt
summary:
  Amongst intestinal commensals and symbionts, SFB are unique because they penetrate the intestinal mucus layer and intimately associate with host cells without invading the host (Chase and Erlandsen, 1976; Sanford, 1991) . SFB are unique amongst intestinal commensals and symbionts because they penetrate the intestinal mucus layer and intimately associate with host cells, but do not invade the host (Sanford, 1991) .


id: cord-299828-fb84rtmx
author: Joseph, Maxwell B.
title: Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management
date: 2013-04-16
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6625
sentence: 227
flesch: 24
cache: cache/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt
txt: txt/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt
summary:
  Simultaneously, wildlife disease management (WDM) presents opportunities for large‐scale empirical tests of disease ecology theory in diverse natural systems. Theoretical concepts that have received limited attention to date in wildlife disease management could provide a basis for improving management and advancing disease ecology in the future.


id: cord-264532-xfb94lq8
author: Bull, James J
title: Invasion thresholds and the evolution of nonequilibrium virulence
date: 2008-01-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7334
sentence: 271
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-264532-xfb94lq8.txt
txt: txt/cord-264532-xfb94lq8.txt
summary:
  Thus, most tests of virulence evolution models have been relative, i.e., correlating virulence level with some environmental characteristic and determining if the correlation is in the right direction. Our goal is to recognize a possible feature of virulence evolution in parasites that newly invade a host species.


id: cord-005281-wy0zk9p8
author: Blinov, V. M.
title: Viral component of the human genome
date: 2017-05-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6592
sentence: 235
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-005281-wy0zk9p8.txt
txt: txt/cord-005281-wy0zk9p8.txt
summary:
  The reverse process, i.e., the acquisition of host genes or shorter sequences by viruses, is also possible, although viral genomes obviously have a lower abso-lute capacity for storing the acquired material. However, these relations are in fact two-sided and involve modifications of both the virus and host genomes.


id: cord-004914-cnz61qjy
author: Pedersen, Amy B.
title: Cross-Species Pathogen Transmission and Disease Emergence in Primates
date: 2010-03-16
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7177
sentence: 234
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-004914-cnz61qjy.txt
txt: txt/cord-004914-cnz61qjy.txt
summary:
  We expand on our previous analysis to explore the potential for future pathogen host shifts and disease emergence within and between wild primates and humans. Primates with higher phylogenetic risk had a significantly lower proportion of host specific pathogens (all pathogens combined), consistent with an increased frequency of host shifts in species with lots of closely related neighbors, but this was found only in the weighted GLM (P value <0.05, Z = -2.13, df = 103; P = 0.29 for the unweighted GLM).


id: cord-021552-6jbm869r
author: HURST, CHRISTON J.
title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses
date: 2007-05-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7829
sentence: 338
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt
txt: txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt
summary:
  Evasion of host defenses ~ uncertain, but may include avoiding host immune defenses by infecting immune cells. Evasion of host defenses ~ avoids host immune defenses by infecting immune cells.


id: cord-104317-t30dg6oj
author: Parker, Michael T.
date: 2016-09-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7988
sentence: 323
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt
txt: txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt
title:
  An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery

summary:
  It is likely this was because human viruses rely on invasion of host cells to replicate and this provokes an overwhelmingly negative impression. This represents a veritable antithesis to the strategy of parasitic human viruses (see The Parasitic Virome, above), wherein viruses have prioritized trade-offs other than pathogenicity to ensure their transmission to a new host.


id: cord-026880-i45okohf
author: Hartigan, Ashlie
date: 2020-06-16
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8223
sentence: 297
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-026880-i45okohf.txt
txt: txt/cord-026880-i45okohf.txt
title:
  Transcriptome of Sphaerospora molnari (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) blood stages provides proteolytic arsenal as potential therapeutic targets against sphaerosporosis in common carp

summary:
  Three cathepsins Sm_CL1, 2 and 3; a presenilin like aspartic protease (Sm_SP1); a dipeptidyl peptidase (Sm_DDPIV); a metallopeptidase (Sm_MP1) and two lipases (Sm_Lip1 and 2) were used as target proteases. Characterisation of these proteases (substrate, inhibitors, abundance in the proteome) will advance our knowledge of the roles these cathepsins play in the development of this parasite and further inform our prioritization of protease targets for intervention and control assays.


id: cord-001714-jfawhnsq
author: Caron, Alexandre
title: Bridge hosts, a missing link for disease ecology in multi-host systems
date: 2015-07-21
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7901
sentence: 286
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-001714-jfawhnsq.txt
txt: txt/cord-001714-jfawhnsq.txt
summary:
  Bridge hosts provide a link through which pathogens can be transmitted from maintenance host populations or communities to receptive populations that people want to protect (i.e., target hosts). Here we focus on the definition of bridge hosts and their epidemiological consequences.


id: cord-289443-46w52de3
author: Sironi, Manuela
title: Evolutionary insights into host–pathogen interactions from mammalian sequence data
date: 2015-03-18
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 9373
sentence: 305
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-289443-46w52de3.txt
txt: txt/cord-289443-46w52de3.txt
summary:
  PLoS Pathog MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies An evolutionary analysis of antigen processing and presentation across different timescales reveals pervasive selection A 175 million year history of T cell regulatory molecules reveals widespread selection, with adaptive evolution of disease alleles The intertransmembrane region of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus modulator of immune recognition 2 contributes to B7-2 downregulation The Nef protein of HIV-1 induces loss of cell surface costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in APCs Members of adenovirus species B utilize CD80 and CD86 as cellular attachment receptors Structural basis for langerin recognition of diverse pathogen and mammalian glycans through a single binding site Hiding lipid presentation: viral interference with CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell activation A threonine-based targeting signal in the human CD1d cytoplasmic tail controls its functional expression Evolutionary history of copynumber-variable locus for the low-affinity Fcγ receptor: mutation rate, autoimmune disease, and the legacy of helminth infection One of the few studies of helminth-driven selective pressure in mammals that also integrates evolutionary analysis with epidemiological information Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity Dual host-virus arms races shape an essential housekeeping protein An extremely interesting study extending the arms race scenario to a housekeeping protein, the transferrin receptor Evolutionary reconstructions of the transferrin receptor of caniforms supports canine parvovirus being a re-emerged and not a novel pathogen in dogs Escape from bacterial iron piracy through rapid evolution of transferrin Mammalian NPC1 genes may undergo positive selection and human polymorphisms associate with type 2 diabetes Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1)/ NPC1-like1 chimeras define sequences critical for NPC1's function as a flovirus entry receptor Cell entry by a novel European filovirus requires host endosomal cysteine proteases and Niemann-Pick C1 Multiple cationic amphiphiles induce a Niemann-Pick C phenotype and inhibit Ebola virus entry and infection Inhibition of ebola virus infection: identification of Niemann-Pick C1 as the target by optimization of a chemical probe Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection Evolutionary analysis of the contact system indicates that kininogen evolved adaptively in mammals and in human populations Positive selection during the evolution of the blood coagulation factors in the context of their disease-causing mutations Induction of vascular leakage through release of bradykinin and a novel kinin by cysteine proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus Viral immune modulators perturb the human molecular network by common and unique strategies Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication A novel test for selection on cis-regulatory elements reveals positive and negative selection acting on mammalian transcriptional enhancers PAML 4: phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood Accuracy and power of Bayes prediction of amino acid sites under positive selection Bayes empirical Bayes inference of amino acid sites under positive selection Detecting individual sites subject to episodic diversifying selection High sensitivity to aligner and high rate of false positives in the estimates of positive selection in the 12 Drosophila genomes Class of multiple sequence alignment algorithm affects genomic analysis Estimates of positive Darwinian selection are inflated by errors in sequencing, annotation, and alignment The effects of alignment error and alignment filtering on the sitewise detection of positive selection Effect of recombination on the accuracy of the likelihood method for detecting positive selection at amino acid sites Evaluation of an improved branch-site likelihood method for detecting positive selection at the molecular level The effect of insertions, deletions, and alignment errors on the branch-site test of positive selection Multiple hypothesis testing to detect lineages under positive selection that affects only a few sites A random effects branchsite model for detecting episodic diversifying selection Modeling the site-specific variation of selection patterns along lineages Performance of standard and stochastic branch-site models for detecting positive selection among coding sequences Statistical properties of the branch-site test of positive selection Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation CD1 antigen presentation: how it works The authors declare no competing interests. In this case the branch of the phylogeny leading to these species may show significant evidence of positive selection .


id: cord-337738-2qck1j1w
author: Martin, Jennifer H.
title: Buying time: Drug repurposing to treat the host in COVID‐19H
date: 2020-06-23
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 1475
sentence: 59
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-337738-2qck1j1w.txt
txt: txt/cord-337738-2qck1j1w.txt
summary:
  It focuses on an alternative approach to the scientific discovery of treatments for individual patients, reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical experience with specific drugs that might be useful, and considers whether or not recent lessons regarding this bottom up approach to treatment have been learned. COVID19, drug repurposing, global collaboration, host response, renin-angiotensin 2 of 3 | COMMENTARY a further 1-5 years to complete necessary studies, and finalise the regulatory pharmaceutics dossier, but even then, time is still needed to find funding to manufacture, upscale, and develop supply lines to roll it out globally. An approach based on treating the host built on sound physiology and pathophysiology, together with thorough administrative data input and accepted principles of drug repurposing based upon pharmacology and clinical pharmacology is needed.


id: cord-000546-0hobwqpe
author: Bier, Ethan
title: Deconstructing host-pathogen interactions in Drosophila
date: 2011-10-06
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10033
sentence: 250
flesch: 24
cache: cache/cord-000546-0hobwqpe.txt
txt: txt/cord-000546-0hobwqpe.txt
summary:
  This innate protective system has been highly amenable to analysis using genome-wide screening in Drosophila cells (see below). They showed that infection of adult flies with VSV induces autophagy (Shelly et al., 2009) and that autophagy was mediated by VSV-G, a pathogen surface protein that is recognized by Drosophila cells.


id: cord-013837-x95r6bz8
author: Chai, Qiyao
title: New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
date: 2020-07-29
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 11232
sentence: 382
flesch: 20
cache: cache/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt
txt: txt/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt
summary:
  To prevent the successful establishment of Mtb infection in the lungs, host immune cells, and various nonclassical immune cells in the airway are equipped with a set of cell-surface and intracellular PRRs to recognize the invading mycobacteria, such as Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, Nod-like receptors (NLRs), complement receptors, and scavenger receptors (SRs). Upon infection, host cells detect Mtb through a set of innate immune receptors and launch a range of cellular innate immune events.


id: cord-014397-7b88ycv8
author: Gavora, JS
title: Resistance of livestock to viruses: mechanisms and strategies for genetic engineering
date: 1996-12-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 11586
sentence: 415
flesch: 35
cache: cache/cord-014397-7b88ycv8.txt
txt: txt/cord-014397-7b88ycv8.txt
summary:
  The transgenic birds that expressed only the viral envelope coding region of the recombinant genome were shown to be resistant to the corresponding subgroup of the avian leukosis virus (Salter and Crittenden, 1989; Gavora et al, 1995a) , due to a blockage of virus receptors by the viral envelope proteins. and 1 Erythrocyte P antigen: cellular receptor for B 19 parvovirus Resistance to parvovirus B19 infection due to lack of virus receptor (erythrocyte P antigen)


id: cord-018821-e9oxvgar
author: Webber, Quinn M. R.
title: Sociality, Parasites, and Pathogens in Bats
date: 2016-04-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10936
sentence: 311
flesch: 24
cache: cache/cord-018821-e9oxvgar.txt
txt: txt/cord-018821-e9oxvgar.txt
summary:
  Constructing epidemiological models from empirical data undoubtedly improves inference for predicting epidemic outcomes, but as yet there are no studies that quantify real-world relationships between the social behavior of bat hosts and their parasites to test predictions of epidemiological models (Table 5 .3). Transmission of bacterial or viral pathogens via ectoparasite vectors among bat hosts could be influenced by sociality, especially for highly gregarious females at maternity colonies.


id: cord-031937-qhlatg84
author: Verma, Anukriti
date: 2020-09-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6766
sentence: 210
flesch: 19
cache: cache/cord-031937-qhlatg84.txt
txt: txt/cord-031937-qhlatg84.txt
title:
  Elucidating potential molecular signatures through host-microbe interactions for reactive arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease using combinatorial approach

summary:
  KYNU was further mapped with host proteins (direct and indirect) resulting in 1994 interactions. It is suggested that in host-microbe interactions, bacterial proteins entering host cells interact with host proteins and inject their effector components, but has not been proven in ReA and IBD.


id: cord-291946-kq0rsuxj
author: Etienne, Lucie
title: The Mongoose, the Pheasant, the Pox, and the Retrovirus
date: 2013-08-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2912
sentence: 103
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-291946-kq0rsuxj.txt
txt: txt/cord-291946-kq0rsuxj.txt
summary:
  Schneider E, translator Molecular epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm in U.S. primate centers unravels the origin of SIVmac and SIVstm The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: A Bayesian coalescent approach The origin of AIDS Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes Paleovirology -Ghosts and gifts of viruses past Genomic fossils calibrate the long-term evolution of hepadnaviruses A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution Interclass transmission and phyletic host tracking in murine leukemia virus-related retroviruses Origins of major human infectious diseases Multiple groups of endogenous betaretroviruses in mice, rats, and other mammals Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats A novel endogenous betaretrovirus group characterized from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Retrovirus insertion into herpesviruses Field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus carry integrated sequences from the avian retrovirus, reticuloen dotheliosis virus The extraordinary evolutionary history of the reticuloendotheliosis viruses Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses Characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T DNA and isolation of a novel variant of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T by molecular cloning Nucleotide sequence of v-rel: The oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus Regulated nuclear import of Rel proteins in the Drosophila immune response NF-kappa B, KBF1, dorsal, and related matters Replication of reticuloendotheliosis viruses in cell culture: acute infection Construction of a helper cell line for avian reticuloendotheliosis virus cloning vectors Lower in vivo mutation rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 than that predicted from the fidelity of purified reverse transcriptase Retroviral recombination and reverse transcription We thank Kristopher Azarm, Jesse Bloom, Patrick Mitchell, Cristina Wittkopp, and Janet Young for their comments. key: cord-291946-kq0rsuxj authors: Etienne, Lucie; Emerman, Michael title: The Mongoose, the Pheasant, the Pox, and the Retrovirus date: 2013-08-27 journal: PLoS Biol DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001641 sha: doc_id: 291946 cord_uid: kq0rsuxj Paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses.


id: cord-319448-gt6uqfrl
author: Casadevall, Arturo
title: The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis
date: 2003
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5547
sentence: 197
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-319448-gt6uqfrl.txt
txt: txt/cord-319448-gt6uqfrl.txt
summary:
  For COLONIZATION A state of host-microorganism interaction that leads to a variable amount of host damage, from minimal to great, thereby reflecting host immune responses that have the capacity to eliminate the microorganism or to promote the development of another state. Although microbial replication can cause host damage, and possibly DISEASE, host damage and/or disease are not essential for microbial survival.


id: cord-345157-fhmhpobi
author: Qi, Dan
title: Virus infection-induced host mRNA degradation and potential application of live cell imaging
date: 2018-12-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2629
sentence: 110
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-345157-fhmhpobi.txt
txt: txt/cord-345157-fhmhpobi.txt
summary:
  Elife A common strategy for host RNA degradation by divergent viruses Bacteriophage T4-induced shut-off of hostspecific translation Phage-induced change in the stability of mRNAs A tale of two RNAs during viral infection: how viruses antagonize mRNAs and small non-coding RNAs in the host cell Emerging roles for RNA degradation in viral replication and antiviral defense Interplay between viruses and host mRNA degradation Messenger RNA degradation in bacterial cells RNase E: at the interface of bacterial RNA processing and decay The bacterial enzyme RppH triggers messenger RNA degradation by 5' pyrophosphate removal Herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function Herpes simplex virus mutants defective in the virion-associated shutoff of host polypeptide synthesis and exhibiting abnormal synthesis of alpha (immediate early) viral polypeptides The role of the UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in evasion of non-specific host defence mechanisms during primary infection The herpes simplex virus host shutoff RNase degrades cellular and viral mRNAs Nsp1, a protein with no known similarity to cellular or viral nucleases from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) belonging to betacoronavirus family, is reported to induce host mRNA degradation by binding to 40S ribosome


id: cord-261466-b9r4cyp7
author: Maritz, Julia M.
title: What is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health?
date: 2014-06-18
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6135
sentence: 240
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt
txt: txt/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt
summary:
  This dramatic case of disease emergence demonstrates the potential for a trichomonad to jump host species (columbiform to passerine) and spread rapidly through populations. Mining other trichomonad genome data to identify important virulence proteins will improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of infections and can be used to test hypotheses, such as whether zoonotic organisms show greater diversity in key virulence proteins underlying their capacity to parasitize a variety of host species and mucosal sites [78] .


id: cord-292657-gq3965se
author: Das, Piyanki
title: Decoding the global outbreak of COVID-19: the nature is behind the scene
date: 2020-06-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5035
sentence: 189
flesch: 39
cache: cache/cord-292657-gq3965se.txt
txt: txt/cord-292657-gq3965se.txt
summary:
  Different host body environment acts as the supportive system for the pathogen which creates extreme selective pressure. Now the pangolin theory as intermediate host for the development of the unique receptor binding site (RBD) in the SARS-CoV-2 can be linked with the report of SARS corona virus in dead pangolins from Guangdong wild life resource in China during the period of COVID outbreak in China [34] .


id: cord-007735-ejvv2lxv
author: Bowdish, D. M. E.
title: Immunomodulatory Properties of Defensins and Cathelicidins
date: 2006
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 13937
sentence: 405
flesch: 28
cache: cache/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt
txt: txt/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt
summary:
  In humans, the major classes of host defence peptides include the α- and β-defensins and the cathelicidin, hCAP-18/LL-37. Interest in the immunomodulatory functions of these peptides is increasing, and indeed many peptides and proteins with similar characteristics to host defence peptides have been found to have either antimicrobial or immunomodulatory properties in addition to their primary functions.


id: cord-348819-gq7lp931
author: Becker, Daniel J.
title: Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover
date: 2019-08-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4642
sentence: 182
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-348819-gq7lp931.txt
txt: txt/cord-348819-gq7lp931.txt
summary:
  [34] describe how the dose -response relationship, which quantifies the probability of successful infection in the recipient host as a function of challenge dose, can act as a filter on the aforementioned upstream dynamics to shape pathogen spillover risk. Research on pathogen spillover is often focused on a single component of this process through the lens of a particular discipline.


id: cord-276637-re9c3e0b
author: Khan, Junaid S.
title: Parasites of seabirds: A survey of effects and ecological implications
date: 2019-04-04
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 13676
sentence: 404
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-276637-re9c3e0b.txt
txt: txt/cord-276637-re9c3e0b.txt
summary:
  Conversely, breeding failures at the colony level also may also have a detrimental impact on local tick populations (Danchin, 1992; Dietrich et al., 2011; Monticelli et al., 2008; Ols en et al., 1993; Ramos et al., 2001) . The most commonly reported impact of ectoparasites on adult seabirds is that of reduced parental care due to parasitism (e.g. Dietrich et al., 2011; Duffy, 1983) .


id: cord-335774-15fhg8o9
author: Mull, Nathaniel
title: Ecology of Neglected Rodent-Borne American Orthohantaviruses
date: 2020-04-26
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6842
sentence: 266
flesch: 33
cache: cache/cord-335774-15fhg8o9.txt
txt: txt/cord-335774-15fhg8o9.txt
summary:
  While studying such viruses is important, there are an untold number of other pathogens that persist among humans and wildlife that receive little to no attention [1] . Empirical data on the ecology of neglected American orthohantaviruses are crucial to understanding transmission and persistence of such viruses and threats to human health.


id: cord-290253-hxxizipk
author: Roberts, Katherine E.
title: Changes in temperature alter the potential outcomes of virus host shifts
date: 2018-10-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7105
sentence: 292
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cord-290253-hxxizipk.txt
txt: txt/cord-290253-hxxizipk.txt
summary:
  This has important consequences for our understanding of host shift events in a changing climate as it suggests that temperature changes may affect the likelihood of a host shift into certain species. In both assays individual flies were placed in 4 ml glass vials (ST5012, Ampulla, UK) and exposed to temperature change through submersion in a liquid filled glass tank (see Fig A in S1 Text).


id: cord-313301-7mkadtp9
author: Duffy, Siobain
title: EVOLUTION OF HOST SPECIFICITY DRIVES REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AMONG RNA VIRUSES
date: 2007-08-23
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6098
sentence: 204
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-313301-7mkadtp9.txt
txt: txt/cord-313301-7mkadtp9.txt
summary:
  Although there was no direct selection acting on host range in our experiment, three of the four populations lost the ability to infect one or more alternative hosts. To more closely examine host range of an evolved virus clone, we first obtained a high-titer lysate (∼10 10 virus particles per mL) of the clone on the selected host, P. pseudoalcaligenes ERA.


id: cord-048325-pk7pnmlo
author: Hanley, Brian
title: An object simulation model for modeling hypothetical disease epidemics – EpiFlex
date: 2006-08-23
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8902
sentence: 456
flesch: 56
cache: cache/cord-048325-pk7pnmlo.txt
txt: txt/cord-048325-pk7pnmlo.txt
summary:
  There is also a cell exchange fraction specifiable to model hosts moving from cell to cell. Disease Vectors introduce disease into host populations at some location in some area, in either a limited way or on a regular cycle.


id: cord-319658-u0wjgw50
author: Guven-Maiorov, Emine
title: Structural host-microbiota interaction networks
date: 2017-10-12
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4672
sentence: 240
flesch: 36
cache: cache/cord-319658-u0wjgw50.txt
txt: txt/cord-319658-u0wjgw50.txt
summary:
  Most proteins of bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens are not accessible to bind to host proteins; but some of their proteins either bind to host surface receptors [11] or enter the host cell and interact with host cytoplasmic proteins. Systems biology approaches that integrate the HMIs with host endogenous protein interaction networks reveal the systematic trends in virulence strategies of pathogens.


id: cord-277417-f71jwdzj
author: Geoghegan, Jemma L.
title: The phylogenomics of evolving virus virulence
date: 2018-10-10
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10445
sentence: 315
flesch: 33
cache: cache/cord-277417-f71jwdzj.txt
txt: txt/cord-277417-f71jwdzj.txt
summary:
  If only a single mutation is associated with a change in virus virulence, as in the case of WNV, then this change in virulence is likely to be selectively advantageous without an evolutionary trade-off with transmissibility, as a reduction in transmissibility would probably need to be compensated for by additional reciprocal mutations located elsewhere in the genome. To illustrate how a phylogenomic approach can shed light on the evolution of virus virulence, we now briefly outline a number of cases in which it can be or has been applied.


id: cord-320083-0k15w624
author: Leitão, Jorge H.
title: Microbial Virulence Factors
date: 2020-07-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 2822
sentence: 104
flesch: 32
cache: cache/cord-320083-0k15w624.txt
txt: txt/cord-320083-0k15w624.txt
summary:
  Central attention is given to the various mechanism used to manipulate gene expression, including histone modification, control of host DNA methylation patterns, sabotage of host long non-coding RNAs, interfering with the host RNA transcription and translation, as well as with host protein stability [13] . Bacterial small non-coding regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have emerged over the last decade as key regulators of post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, being involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including bacterial virulence [19] .


id: cord-255181-du6rqc6i
author: Louz, Derrick
date: 2005-06-29
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8024
sentence: 323
flesch: 36
cache: cache/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt
txt: txt/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt
title:
  Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines

summary:
  Reassortment is another important evolutionary mechanism in RNA viruses with a segmented genome, such as influenza viruses and reoviruses. The surface glycoproteins of H5 influenza viruses isolated from humans, chickens, and wild aquatic birds have distinguishable properties Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses Wet markets -a continuing source of severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza? Quasispecies and the implications for virus persistence and escape The molecular biology of coronaviruses Episodic evolution mediates interspecies transfer of a murine coronavirus Persistent infection promotes cross-species transmissibility of mouse hepatitis virus Receptor homologue scanning functions in the maintenance of MHV-A59 persistence in vitro The N-terminal region of the murine coronavirus spike glycoprotein is associated with the extended host range of viruses from persistently infected murine cells Structure of a major immunogenic site on foot-and-mouth disease virus Molecular basis of pathogenesis of FMDV Efficient infection of cells in culture by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate Tissue culture adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus selects viruses that bind to heparin and are attenuated in cattle Cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the RGD integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage Evolution subverting essentiality: dispensability of the cell attachment Arg-Gly-Asp motif in multiply passaged foot-and-mouth disease virus Foot-and-mouth disease virus virulent for cattle utilizes the integrin alpha(v)beta3 as its receptor Expansion of host-cell tropism of foot-and-mouth disease virus despite replication in a constant environment Polyomaviridae: the viruses and their replication Evidence for two points of restriction in the expression of adenovirus type 2 in cultured epidermal keratinocytes Isolation of a variant of human adenovirus serotype 2 that multiplies efficiently on monkey cells A human cell line selected for resistance to adenovirus infection has reduced levels of the virus receptor Herpesviruses and heparan sulfate: an intimate relationship in aid of viral entry Infection of Chinese hamster ovary cells by pseudorabies virus Adaptability in herpesviruses: glycoprotein D-independent infectivity of pseudorabies virus Glycoprotein Dindependent infectivity of pseudorabies virus results in an alteration of in vivo host range and correlates with mutations in glycoproteins B and H Three classes of cell surface receptors for alphaherpesvirus entry Modification of human cytomegalovirus tropism through propagation in vitro is associated with changes in the viral genome A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for influenza A virus Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus Reverse genetics approach towards understanding pathogenesis of H5N1 Hong Kong influenza


id: cord-017008-c7skxte0
author: Méthot, Pierre-Olivier
title: Emerging Disease and the Evolution of Virulence: The Case of the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic
date: 2014-08-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 17590
sentence: 591
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-017008-c7skxte0.txt
txt: txt/cord-017008-c7skxte0.txt
summary:
  Next, we describe the biology of infl uenza viruses with a focus on the 1918-19 pandemics and we move on to the ecological-evolutionary explanations of its exceptional virulence, paying attention to the trade-off model, before turning to molecular 4 On the history, epistemology, and social aspects of the concept of emerging disease see Grmek ( 1993 ); Before describing in more details the potentials and limits of these two perspectives we fi rst describe significant aspects of the biology of infl uenza viruses.


id: cord-288231-vg8bwed9
author: Haagmans, Bart L.
title: The Application of Genomics to Emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases
date: 2009-10-26
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3414
sentence: 109
flesch: 27
cache: cache/cord-288231-vg8bwed9.txt
txt: txt/cord-288231-vg8bwed9.txt
summary:
  Understanding the relationship between genetic diversity and antigenic properties of these viruses [13] may help to predict the emergence of influenza viruses and to develop effective vaccines. The host evasion and evolution of influenza virus is further discussed in [20] .


id: cord-307803-rlvk6bcx
author: Balloux, Francois
title: Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us?
date: 2017-10-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 3850
sentence: 151
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt
txt: txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt
summary:
  The main arguments for an origin of human pathogens linked to agriculture are based on the proximity between traditional farmers with their livestock and the emergence of higher human population densities in stable settlements enabled by agricultural subsistence. There is also no obvious pattern pointing to the Neolithic revolution as a strong driver for the emergence of human pathogens.


id: cord-353609-no3mbg5d
author: Vandegrift, Kurt J.
title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses
date: 2011-04-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6927
sentence: 300
flesch: 39
cache: cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt
txt: txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt
summary:
  Recently, it has been demonstrated that the pathogens of host populations might also be useful to this end. Unfortunately, the very characteristics that make viruses useful for estimating host population structure and demography may also impede the analyses.


id: cord-296179-hobh6akq
author: King, K C
title: Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations?
date: 2012-06-20
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4193
sentence: 143
flesch: 33
cache: cache/cord-296179-hobh6akq.txt
txt: txt/cord-296179-hobh6akq.txt
summary:
  Thus, host population genetic diversity seems to have an important role in buffering populations against epidemics. Host genetic diversity could buffer populations against epidemics in nature, but it is not clear how much diversity is required to prevent disease spread.


id: cord-270604-u62437dh
author: Cuthill, Jennifer Hoyal
title: A SIMPLE MODEL EXPLAINS THE DYNAMICS OF PREFERENTIAL HOST SWITCHING AMONG MAMMAL RNA VIRUSES
date: 2013-02-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7444
sentence: 232
flesch: 33
cache: cache/cord-270604-u62437dh.txt
txt: txt/cord-270604-u62437dh.txt
summary:
  Specifically, host switch distance (HSD) was estimated, for each virus, as the average phylogenetic distance between each pair (i, j) of host species of that virus: where d ij is the midbranch distance between two host species i and j, and n is the number of host species. For all three host phylogenies, ABC selected a relatively low value for the parameter β, indicating a strong effect of host phylogenetic distance (HSD) on the probability of a successful host switch.


id: cord-018425-vyiuv5qu
author: Bataille, Arnaud
title: Colonization of Parasites and Vectors
date: 2017-07-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10574
sentence: 354
flesch: 36
cache: cache/cord-018425-vyiuv5qu.txt
txt: txt/cord-018425-vyiuv5qu.txt
summary:
  In contrast, Galapagos frigatebird species are infected with just one lineage of Haemoproteus iwa, which is probably vectored by the hippoboscid fly, Olfersia spinifera (Levin et al. 2011) . One lineage was repeatedly detected in Galapagos penguins and occasionally in yellow warblers and the other three were only detected in one or a handful of Galapagos birds at one location, at one given time (Levin et al. 2013) .


id: cord-259505-7hiss0j3
author: Kong, Qingming
title: Proteomic analysis of purified coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus particles
date: 2010-06-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6930
sentence: 269
flesch: 38
cache: cache/cord-259505-7hiss0j3.txt
txt: txt/cord-259505-7hiss0j3.txt
summary:
  + signalling to membrane dynamics Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins S100-annexin complexes: some insights from structural studies Recruitment of Hsp70 chaperones: a crucial part of viral survival strategies Synthesis and quality control of viral membrane proteins Association of HSP70 with the adenovirus type 5 fiber protein in infected HEp-2 cells Association of heat shock protein 70 with enterovirus capsid precursor P1 in infected human cells Vaccinia virus infection induces a stress response that leads to association of Hsp70 with viral proteins Increased expression of Hsp70 and co-localization with nuclear protein in cells infected with the Hantaan virus Uncoating ATPase is a member of the 70 kilodalton family of stress proteins Hsp90 is required for the activity of a hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase Two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE analysis reveals heat shock protein chaperone machinery involved in hepatitis B virus production in HepG2.2.15 cells Selective inhibition of virus protein synthesis by prostaglandin A1: a translational block associated with HSP70 synthesis Evolutionary constraints on chaperone-mediated folding provide an antiviral approach refractory to development of drug resistance Molecular chaperone Hsp90 is important for vaccinia virus growth in cells Hsp90 inhibitors suppress HCV replication in replicon cells and humanized liver mice Hepatitis C virus RNA replication is regulated by FKBP8 and Hsp90 The cellular chaperone heat shock protein 90 facilitates Flock House virus RNA replication in Drosophila cells Identification of Hsp90 as a stimulatory host factor involved in influenza virus RNA synthesis Involvement of Hsp90 in assembly and nuclear import of influenza virus RNA polymerase subunits Antiviral activity and RNA polymerase degradation following Hsp90 inhibition in a range of negative strand viruses Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase requires the mammalian chaperone hsp90 for proper localization to the nucleus Development and application of Hsp90 inhibitors Enhanced association of mutant triosephosphate isomerase to red cell membranes and to brain microtubules A glycolytic enzyme binding domain on tubulin Glycolytic enzyme-tubulin interactions: role of tubulin carboxy terminals Enolase, a cellular glycolytic enzyme, is required for efficient transcription of Sendai virus genome Specific interaction in vitro and in vivo of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and LA protein with cis-acting RNAs of human parainfluenza virus type 3 Human hepatic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds to the poly(U) tract of the 3' noncoding region of hepatitis C virus genomic RNA Identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a cellular protein that binds to the hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulatory element Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) interaction with 3' ends of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and colocalization with the viral NS5 protein Functional significance of the interaction of hepatitis A virus RNA with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): opposing effects of GAPDH and polypyrimidine tract binding protein on internal ribosome entry site function Specific phosphorylated forms of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase associate with human parainfluenza virus type 3 and inhibit viral transcription in vitro Specific binding of ApoA-I, enhanced cholesterol efflux, and altered plasma membrane morphology in cells expressing ABC1 Apolipoprotein A-I activates Cdc42 signaling through the ABCA1 transporter Apolipoprotein A-I and its amphipathic helix peptide analogues inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-induced syncytium formation Immunoprecipitation, with an antiserum to ovalbumin, of protein NP from influenza A virus and of glycoprotein C from the herpes simplex type I virus Identification and characterization of tenp, a gene transiently expressed before overt cell differentiation during neurogenesis A modified silver staining protocol for visualization of proteins compatible with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry Proteomic analysis of purified coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus particles Proteome Science The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus Envelope glycoprotein interactions in coronavirus assembly Characterization of the coronavirus M protein and nucleocapsid interaction in infected cells Coronavirus spike protein inhibits host cell translation by interaction with eIF3f Interaction of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus membrane protein with betaactin and its implication in virion assembly and budding Induction of apoptosis in murine coronavirusinfected 17Cl-1 cells Induction of apoptosis in murine coronavirus-infected cultured cells and demonstration of E protein as an apoptosis inducer Host and viral proteins in the virion of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Virion proteins of Kaposi's sarcomaassociated herpesvirus A mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach to study Marek's Disease Virus gene expression Proteins of purified Epstein-Barr virus Identification of proteins in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) particles: the HCMV proteome Identification of proteins associated with murine cytomegalovirus virions Vaccinia virus proteome: identification of proteins in vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion particles Krijnse Locker J: Identification of the major membrane and core proteins of vaccinia virus by two-dimensional electrophoresis Protein composition of the vaccinia virus mature virion Specific incorporation of heat shock protein 70 family members into primate lentiviral virions Cellular proteins bound to immunodeficiency viruses: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines Proteomic and biochemical analysis of purified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produced from infected monocyte-derived macrophages Proteomic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry effectively distinguishes specific incorporated host proteins Identification of host proteins associated with retroviral vector particles by proteomic analysis of highly purified vector preparations Immunochemical identification of viral and nonviral proteins of the respiratory syncytial virus virion Identification of cellular interaction partners of the influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complex and polymerase complex using proteomic-based approaches Cellular proteins in influenza virus particles Polypeptides of the surface projections and the ribonucleoprotein of avian infectious bronchitis virus Proteomic analysis of SARS associated coronavirus using two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and onedimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectroemtric analysis Plunder and stowaways: incorporation of cellular proteins by enveloped viruses Viral proteomics Interaction of epithelial ion channels with the actin-based cytoskeleton


id: cord-338804-nreqluol
author: Heise, M.T.
title: Viral Pathogenesis
date: 2014-11-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6419
sentence: 159
flesch: 22
cache: cache/cord-338804-nreqluol.txt
txt: txt/cord-338804-nreqluol.txt
summary:
  Though there is evidence that the host immune response exacerbates virus induced disease during both Sindbis virus and VEE infection (Rowell and Griffin, 2002; Kimura and Griffin, 2003; Charles et al., 2001) , in the case of VEE, mice lacking a functional adaptive immune system still succumb to virus-induced disease (Charles et al., 2001) , suggesting the direct cell killing by the virus contributes to disease pathogenesis. These results further reinforce the idea that virus receptor interactions play a crucial role in determining whether the virus can efficiently infect the host and ultimately cause disease.


id: cord-298475-3bhiattk
author: Farmaki, Anna
title: Impacts of Covid-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses
date: 2020-09-03
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 9840
sentence: 340
flesch: 40
cache: cache/cord-298475-3bhiattk.txt
txt: txt/cord-298475-3bhiattk.txt
summary:
  Drawing from semi-structured interviews with P2P accommodation hosts, this study aims to explore: a) their perceptions of the short-term impacts of the pandemic on their hosting practice, b) their responses to the pandemic and c) their perceptions of the long-term impacts of the pandemic on the P2P accommodation sector. Concerns from P2P accommodation hosts have also been voiced as many struggled financially during the pandemic due to the loss of reservations (Johnson and Davis, 2020) .


id: cord-345654-vyz6f3he
author: Dennehy, John J.
title: Evolutionary ecology of virus emergence
date: 2016-12-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 11489
sentence: 488
flesch: 36
cache: cache/cord-345654-vyz6f3he.txt
txt: txt/cord-345654-vyz6f3he.txt
summary:
  Though it is recognized that host populations must overlap in order for virus emergence to take place, virus host alternation has seldom been explored outside of a few laboratory and theoretical studies. Perhaps the most famous case of reassortment leading to the expansion of virus host range comes from the 2009 IAV H1N1 pandemic.


id: cord-314325-nquov2i0
author: Murphy, F.A.
title: Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases
date: 2008-07-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5496
sentence: 210
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt
txt: txt/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt
summary:
  The risk of infection or disease in a population is determined by characteristics of the virus, the host, and the host population, as well as behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another. The risk of infection or disease in a population is determined by characteristics of the virus, the host, and the host population, as well as behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another.


id: cord-309642-wwaa6ls0
author: Potgieter, Leon N.D.
title: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections
date: 1986-11-30
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10859
sentence: 514
flesch: 33
cache: cache/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt
txt: txt/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt
summary:
  The respiratory tract is a very common site at which virus infections are initiated, usually as the result of airborne infections. The inert superficial protective layers of the intact skin usually are impervious to virus infection.


id: cord-329149-1giy1fow
author: Martinez-Martin, Nadia
title: Technologies for Proteome-Wide Discovery of Extracellular Host-Pathogen Interactions
date: 2017-02-22
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 11184
sentence: 374
flesch: 20
cache: cache/cord-329149-1giy1fow.txt
txt: txt/cord-329149-1giy1fow.txt
summary:
  Interestingly, this study highlighted a small set of extracellular host proteins recurrently targeted by several of the viral and bacterial pathogens analyzed, including cell surface receptors such as VEGFR2/KDR and collagen, possibly indicating previously unrecognized roles in the immune response against pathogens. In addition, interactions between cell surface proteins are often characterized by fast dissociation rates and therefore weak binding affinities, and in consequence well-established PPI methods such as yeast-two-hybrid or affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP/MS) largely fail to detect these interactions.


id: cord-351490-2fx0w30u
author: Russell, Clark D.
title: Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: Goals for systems biology in infectious disease
date: 2017-04-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4151
sentence: 151
flesch: 29
cache: cache/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt
txt: txt/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt
summary:
  The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses Mechanisms of HIV-1 to escape from the host immune surveillance Role of protein A in the evasion of host adaptive immune responses by Staphylococcus aureus Evolution of innate immunity: clues from invertebrates via fish to mammals Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures siRNA screening has been used as a genomewide approach to identify such host factors for influenza virus infection.


id: cord-349975-quw1gyw7
author: Martin, Lynn B.
title: Extreme Competence: Keystone Hosts of Infections
date: 2019-01-29
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5297
sentence: 221
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-349975-quw1gyw7.txt
txt: txt/cord-349975-quw1gyw7.txt
summary:
  Here, we provide a framework to do so, emphasizing how interplay among host traits related to parasite exposure behavior, susceptibility, replicability of parasites on/in hosts, and transmissibility, comprise host competence. Functional Ecol Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence Behavioral competence: how host behaviors can interact to influence parasite transmission risk Host competence: an organismal trait to integrate immunology and epidemiology Crossing the scale from withinhost infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge Spatial and temporal dynamics of superspreading events in the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic Vertebrate sickness behavior: an adaptive and integrated neuroendocrine immune response Contributions from the silent majority dominate dengue virus transmission Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Tolerance of infection: a role for animal behavior, potential immune mechanisms, and consequences for parasite transmission How individual variation in host tolerance affects host competence to transmit parasites Escherichia coli, cattle and the propagation of disease From superspreaders to disease hotspots: linking transmission across hosts and space Stress hormones predict a host superspreader phenotype in the West Nile virus system Host stress hormones alter vector feeding preferences, success, and productivity Linking social and pathogen transmission networks using microbial genetics in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Physical structure of lakes constrains epidemics in Daphnia populations Linking host traits, interactions with competitors and disease: mechanistic foundations for disease dilution A defunctioning polymorphism in FCGR2 B is associated with protection against malaria but susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus Zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses: a comprehensive overview Within-host evolution of human influenza virus Parallel evolution of influenza across multiple spatiotemporal scales A quantitative analysis of transmission efficiency versus intensity for malaria The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission Major histocompatibility alleles associated with local resistance to malaria in a passerine The dynamics, transmission, and population impacts of avian malaria in native Hawaiian birds: a modeling approach Malaria tolerance À for whom the cell tolls?


id: cord-003806-ctass7hz
author: Bull, James J.
title: Recombinant vector vaccine evolution
date: 2019-07-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8806
sentence: 368
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-003806-ctass7hz.txt
txt: txt/cord-003806-ctass7hz.txt
summary:
  We use mathematical and computational models to study vaccine evolution and immunity. Although the selective basis of vaccine evolution is easy to comprehend, the immunological consequences are not.


id: cord-297960-4x1j0iqg
author: Bösl, Korbinian
title: Common Nodes of Virus–Host Interaction Revealed Through an Integrated Network Analysis
date: 2019-10-04
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 5491
sentence: 220
flesch: 37
cache: cache/cord-297960-4x1j0iqg.txt
txt: txt/cord-297960-4x1j0iqg.txt
summary:
  Given that the viral proteins were interacting with a large number of host proteins, we analyzed the sub-cellular location of the host proteins. We binned the localization into 11 compartments and estimated the percent of host proteins in a given compartment as compared to the total number of host proteins targeted by a given FIGURE 3 | Clusters of hvPPI involved in core cellular processes.


id: cord-016717-2twm4hmc
author: Vourc’h, Gwenaël
title: How Does Biodiversity Influence the Ecology of Infectious Disease?
date: 2011-06-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7767
sentence: 262
flesch: 35
cache: cache/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt
txt: txt/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt
summary:
  We highlight that the number of pathogen species is not well known but that new findings are facilitated by the rapid expansion of molecular techniques. For these reasons, combined with the limited knowledge available of the systematics of many pathogens (Brooks and Hoberg 2001) , it is difficult to accurately estimate the number of pathogen species.


id: cord-324697-c0dv1zmi
author: Rodriguez, William
title: Fated for decay: RNA elements targeted by viral endonucleases
date: 2020-06-07
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6417
sentence: 248
flesch: 43
cache: cache/cord-324697-c0dv1zmi.txt
txt: txt/cord-324697-c0dv1zmi.txt
summary:
  Furthermore, while this review focuses on host RNA elements that escape viral endonucleases, there also exist several examples of RNA structures that escape from host nucleases to benefit viral infection. mRNA degradation by the virion host shutoff (Vhs) protein of herpes simplex virus: genetic and biochemical evidence that Vhs is a nuclease Lytic KSHV infection inhibits host gene expression by accelerating global mRNA turnover Host shutoff during productive Epstein-Barr virus infection is mediated by BGLF5 and may contribute to immune evasion An overlapping protein-coding region in influenza A virus segment 3 modulates the host response C19ORF66 broadly escapes viral-induced endonuclease cleavage and restricts Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) Transcriptome-wide cleavage site mapping on cellular mRNAs reveals features underlying sequence-specific cleavage by the viral ribonuclease SOX The influenza a virus endoribonuclease PA-X usurps host mRNA processing machinery to limit host gene expression Selective degradation of host RNA polymerase II transcripts by influenza a virus PA-X host shutoff protein KSHV SOX mediated host shutoff: the molecular mechanism underlying mRNA transcript processing Nuclease escape elements protect messenger RNA against cleavage by multiple viral endonucleases Site specific target binding controls RNA cleavage efficiency by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus endonuclease SOX RNA splicing by the spliceosome RNA localization: making its way to the center stage Communication is key: 5″-3″ interactions that regulate mRNA translation and turnover The hDcp2 protein is a mammalian mRNA decapping enzyme XRN 5″→3″ exoribonucleases: structure, mechanisms and functions Decapitation: poxvirus makes RNA lose its head Characterization of a second vaccinia virus mRNA-decapping enzyme conserved in poxviruses Vaccinia virus D10 protein has mRNA decapping activity, providing a mechanism for control of host and viral gene expression The Nudix hydrolase superfamily Decapping the message: a beginning or an end


id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u
author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul
title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics
date: 2017-09-19
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10217
sentence: 383
flesch: 34
cache: cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt
txt: txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt
summary:
  The smallpox pandemic of Smallpox: 12,000 years from plagues to eradication: a dermatologic ailment shaping the face of society Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic Dengue, urbanization and globalization: the unholy trinity of the 21st century SARS: an emerging global microbial threat Predicting epidemic risk from past temporal contact data Ebola control: effect of asymptomatic infection and acquired immunity Shedding of Ebola virus in an asymptomatic pregnant woman Understanding the emergence of Ebola virus disease in sierra leone: stalking the virus in the threatening wake of emergence Perspectives on West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak Aedes alpobictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995: the shape of things to come? Men, primates, and germs: an ongoing affair Seewis virus: phylogeography of a Shrew-Borne hantavirus in Siberia Coevolution of rodent and viruses: arenaviruses and hantaviruses The arenavirus and rodent coevolution process: a global view of a theory Bats worldwide carry hepatitis E virus-related viruses that form a putative novel genus within the family Hepeviridae VHF such as Ebola Virus Disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, or Marburg virus disease are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with potential to become pandemics.


id: cord-355239-fc52dn3v
author: Kato, Kentaro
title: The Role of Carbohydrates in Infection Strategies of Enteric Pathogens
date: 2014-11-15
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 6801
sentence: 303
flesch: 39
cache: cache/cord-355239-fc52dn3v.txt
txt: txt/cord-355239-fc52dn3v.txt
summary:
  The surface of Toxoplasma: more and less Targeted disruption of the glycosylphosphatidylinositolanchored surface antigen SAG3 gene in Toxoplasma gondii decreases host cell adhesion and drastically reduces virulence in mice Toxoplasma gondii: the role of parasite surface and secreted proteins in host cell invasion Recently, the surface proteins of apicomplexan parasites have also been reported to bind to carbohydrates on host cells [3] .


id: cord-348841-qxkmngyk
author: Kozakiewicz, Christopher P.
date: 2018-07-28
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 7501
sentence: 220
flesch: 20
cache: cache/cord-348841-qxkmngyk.txt
txt: txt/cord-348841-qxkmngyk.txt
title:
  Pathogens in space: Advancing understanding of pathogen dynamics and disease ecology through landscape genetics

summary:
  However, host landscape genetic studies can provide indications of the potential risk of spread of infectious agents, and the understanding gained about host movements can inform subsequent studies of pathogen dynamics. Our review emphasizes the expanding utility of landscape genetic methods available for elucidating key pathogen dynamics (particularly transmission and spread) and also how landscape genetic studies of pathogens can provide insight into host population dynamics.


id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4
author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire
title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control
date: 2016-10-24
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 10081
sentence: 362
flesch: 31
cache: cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt
txt: txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt
summary:
  Other types of vehicles for infectious disease agents are biologic products (e.g., blood, organs for transplant) and fomites (inanimate objects such as needles, surgical instruments, door handles, and bedding). Inanimate matter in the environment, such as soil and water, can also act as a reservoir of human infectious disease agents.


id: cord-021465-2pj26fmv
author: PERDUE, MICHAEL L.
title: Impact of Avian Viruses
date: 2007-05-09
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 14079
sentence: 565
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt
txt: txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt
summary:
  The isolation and classification of tern virus influenza virus A/tern/South Africa/1961 Close relationship between mink influenza (H10N4) and concomitantly circulating avian influenza viruses Spread of Marek's disease Proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinins: Primary structure of the connecting peptide between HA1 and HA2 determines proteolytic cleavability and pathogenicity of Avian influenza viruses Duck plague Avian encephalomyelitis Diseases of Poultry Diseases of Poultry Infectious bronchitis virus: Evidence for recombination within the Massachusetts serotype Revision of the taxonomy of the Coronavirus, Torovirus and Arterivirus genera An outbreak of disease due to chicken anemia agent in broiler chickens in England Outbreak of virulent infectious bursal disease in East Anglia Retroviridae: The viruses and their replication Evaluation of the molecular basis of pathogenicity of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed pigeon PMV-I viruses Mass survival of birds across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Molecular evidence Infectious laryngotracheitis in peafowl and pheasants Exogenous and endogenous leukosis virus genes: A review Propagation and preliminary characterization of a chicken candidate calicivirus Studies on Australian infectious bronchitis virus, IV: Apparent farm-to-farm airborne transmission of infectious bronchitis Significance of parvoviruses, entero-like viruses and reoviruses in the aetiology of the chicken maladsorption syndrome The relationship between quail bronchitis virus and chicken embryo lethal orphan virus Avian influenza in Pennsylvania: The most imminent and significant human public health concerns with regard to bird viruses appear to be twofold:


id: cord-018555-3lta1tbp
author: Overstreet, Robin M.
title: Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest
date: 2016-01-06
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 15642
sentence: 558
flesch: 42
cache: cache/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt
txt: txt/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt
summary:
  Virions were inactivated by a 10-min exposure to temperatures of 60-90 C. A variety, but not all, of toxicants can probably affect the relationship between the viral agent and shrimp host. Lightner and Redman (1998) discussed this term when dealing with shrimp infections.


id: cord-269975-1ebmq7t8
author: Duplantier, Allen J.
title: Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges
date: 2020-05-27
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 12977
sentence: 420
flesch: 23
cache: cache/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt
txt: txt/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt
summary:
  infection Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430 BioCryst Pharmaceuticals BioCryst announces study results for BCX4430 in a non-human primate model of Ebola Virus infection BioCryst Pharmaceuticals BioCryst announces positive study results for BCX4430 delayed treatment of Ebola virus infection in a non-human primate model Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model Intracellular conversion and in vivo dose response of favipiravir (T-705) in rodents infected with Ebola virus Synthesis of [(18)F] favipiravir and biodistribution in C3H/HeN mice as assessed by positron emission tomography Efficacy of favipiravir (T-705) in nonhuman primates infected with Ebola virus or Marburg virus Post-exposure efficacy of oral T-705 (Favipiravir) against inhalational Ebola virus infection in a mouse model Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys FDA-approved selective estrogen receptor modulators inhibit Ebola virus infection Singledose pharmacokinetic study of clomiphene citrate isomers in anovular patients with polycystic ovary disease A screen of approved drugs and molecular probes identifies therapeutics with anti-Ebola virus activity Categorization and prioritization of drugs for consideration for testing or use in patients infected with Ebola Addressing therapeutic options for Ebola virus infection in current and future outbreaks A rapid screening assay identifies monotherapy with interferon-ss and combination therapies with nucleoside analogs as effective inhibitors of Ebola virus Evaluation of immune globulin and recombinant interferon-alpha2b for treatment of experimental Ebola virus infections Interferon-beta therapy prolongs survival in rhesus macaque models of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: a proof-ofconcept study Lipid nanoparticle siRNA treatment of Ebola-virus-Makona-infected nonhuman primates Discovery and early development of AVI-7537 and AVI-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections A single phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer targeting VP24 protects rhesus monkeys against lethal Ebola virus infection A potent Lassa virus antiviral targets an arenavirus virulence determinant Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor Lassa virus infection of rhesus monkeys: pathogenesis and treatment with ribavirin Usefulness of monitoring ribavirin plasma concentrations to improve treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C Stampidine prevents mortality in an experimental mouse model of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus Zidampidine, an aryl phosphate derivative of AZT: in vivo pharmacokinetics, metabolism, toxicity, and anti-viral efficacy against hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus Use of favipiravir to treat Lassa virus infection in macaques GuthrieW.I.P. Organization, N4-hydroxycytidine and derivatives and anti-viral uses related thereto Efficacy of a ML336 derivative against Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses Development of (E)-2-((1,4-dimethylpiperazin-2-ylidene)amino)-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide, ML336: Monoclonal and cocktail antibody therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for countering anthrax and under development for treatment of Ebola virus infection are discussed.


id: cord-264884-ydkigome
author: Villarreal, Luis P.
title: The Widespread Evolutionary Significance of Viruses
date: 2008-07-05
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 23160
sentence: 915
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cord-264884-ydkigome.txt
txt: txt/cord-264884-ydkigome.txt
summary:
  key: cord-264884-ydkigome authors: Villarreal, Luis P. title: The Widespread Evolutionary Significance of Viruses date: 2008-07-05 journal: Origin and Evolution of Viruses DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374153-0.00021-7 sha: doc_id: 264884 cord_uid: ydkigome In the last 30 years, the study of virus evolution has undergone a transformation. Originally concerned with disease and its emergence, virus evolution had not been well integrated into the general study of evolution.


id: cord-019068-6j42euvc
author: Williams, Ernest H.
title: Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea
date: 2019-07-05
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 33624
sentence: 1893
flesch: 58
cache: cache/cord-019068-6j42euvc.txt
txt: txt/cord-019068-6j42euvc.txt
summary:
  In field experiments, we found juvenile isopods first attached all over host fishes and then crawled to their adult positions. Because parasites are typically small and cryptic and often infect multiple hosts and/or host species during their life cycle, unravelling the life cycles of even a small percentage of parasite species has proven to be challenging.


