        item: #1 of 76
          id: cord-005112-9mxqwqty
      author: Zhang, Hongpeng
       title: Methods for counting particles in microfluidic applications
        date: 2009-08-20
       words: 6439
      flesch: 45
     summary: The general limitation of microfluidic particle counters is the low throughput which needs to be improved in the future. For each type of particle counters, we also explore various applications and examine the advantages and disadvantages.
    keywords: channel; chip; counter; counting; detecting; detection; dna; et al; fiber; flow; fluorescence; light; method; particle; rps; scattering
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        item: #2 of 76
          id: cord-006892-n2ncamqh
      author: Donaldson, Braeden
       title: Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation
        date: 2018-09-19
       words: 9783
      flesch: 25
     summary: Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines.
    keywords: administration; antibodies; antigen; cells; delivery; development; expression; formulation; human; immune; influenza; particles; pathways; presentation; production; response; vaccination; vaccine; virus; vlp; vlp vaccines
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        item: #3 of 76
          id: cord-006947-nrzjedhi
      author: Dasgupta, S
       title: Nano- and microparticles at fluid and biological interfaces
        date: 2017-09-20
       words: 18461
      flesch: 45
     summary: The temporary nature of contact-line pinning can be observed for instance for metastable orientations of dumbbell-shaped particles at interfaces; the distribution of particle orientations relaxes towards the globally stable particle orientation when the system ages particle orientations For non-spherical particles, the orientation of the particles at interfaces, as well as particle shape, size, and surface properties have to be taken into account to determine adsorption energies and interface deformations.
    keywords: adhesion; angle; aspect; bending; capillary; contact; curvature; deformations; ellipsoidal; energies; energy; figure; fluid; forces; interactions; interface; line; membrane; nanoparticles; orientation; particles; shape; surface; systems; tension; wrapping
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        item: #4 of 76
          id: cord-007131-q0cy9dej
      author: Shimazaki, Yasuhiro
       title: Three‐dimensional Numerical Simulation of Gas‐particulate Flow around Breathing Human and Particulate Inhalation
        date: 2006-05-05
       words: 1373
      flesch: 62
     summary: Particles are set for initial condition as where u p , v p , w p are particle velocities. The equation of particle motion is ( ) where m p is the mass of particle and u r =(u, v, w) is its velocity vector, C D is the drag coefficient, ρ is the density of surrounding air, A p is the projected area of a particle, and g r is the gravity vector, respectively.
    keywords: breathing; human; nose; particles
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        item: #5 of 76
          id: cord-007363-h8xa83nw
      author: Yan, Yihuan
       title: Numerical investigation of indoor particulate contaminant transport using the Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase flow models
        date: 2019-05-09
       words: 5363
      flesch: 47
     summary: The models were compared against each other in the aspects of air velocity, particle concentration, and particle-wall interactions. It was found that the two models have similar accuracy in predicting the airflow field while each of them has its own advantage and drawback in modelling particle concentration and particle-wall interactions.
    keywords: air; concentration; e model; fig; manikin; model; particle; particle concentration; phase
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        item: #6 of 76
          id: cord-008454-8brxpotx
      author: Field, Anne M.
       title: Diagnostic Virology Using Electron Microscopic Techniques
        date: 2008-04-09
       words: 18854
      flesch: 46
     summary: Diagnosis of viral infections by observation of virus particles in thin sections of infected tissues has been a continuing but perhaps rather underused technique for the last 30 years. Observation of virus particles in suspension in metal-shadowed preparations had some diagnostic applications, but when the negative staining technique was introduced in 1959 and, as a result, virus particles were more readily recognizable, diagnostic use of the electron microscope became extremely practical.
    keywords: antibody; brain; cells; detection; diagnosis; diameter; electron; electron microscopy; et al; hbsag; hepatitis; human; iem; methods; microscopy; morphology; particles; samples; sections; sera; stain; staining; studies; surface; technique; tests; virus; virus particles; viruses
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        item: #7 of 76
          id: cord-008917-ek8rp4kh
      author: Caul, E.O.
       title: CORONAVIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN DIARRHOEA STOOLS
        date: 1980-12-06
       words: 943
      flesch: 40
     summary: First, it ensures that a high proportion of mole patients receive potentially mutagenic cytotoxic agents during their childbearing period, whereas others think it desirable to avoid such exposure. 4 Blastocystis hominis, an intestinal protozoan parasite of man Coronavirus particles in faeces from patients with gastroenteritis Recognition of human enteric coronaviruses by electron microscopy Coronavirus propagated from patients with non-bacterial gastroenteritis Further studies on human enteric coronaviruses Replication of an enteric bovine coronavirus in intestinal organ cultures The human enteric coronaviruses 28% of euthyroid subjects with an exaggerated response to TRH have neither thyroid antibodies nor a history of partial thyroid ablation (unpublished) Charing Cross Hospital Relationship of oral contraception to development of trophoblastic tumour after evacuation of a hydatidiform mole Drug safety in porphyria The value of determining the plasma concentration of drugs in animals and man.
    keywords: coronavirus; drugs; particles
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        item: #8 of 76
          id: cord-009769-cql7go58
      author: Chhabra, Sudhaker
       title: Flow and Particle Dispersion in Lung Acini: Effect of Geometric and Dynamic Parameters During Synchronous Ventilation
        date: 2011-07-01
       words: 5529
      flesch: 46
     summary: The particle location at the (t þ 1) time step can be written as: Here dt is the time step, u t p is particle velocity, and x t p is particle location at time ¼ t. Our velocity maps demonstrate larger velocity magnitudes, greater fluid mixing, and smaller particle deposition for higher values of the geometric parameters parameters employed in this study.
    keywords: alveolar; deposition; exhalation; figs; flow; parameters; particle; velocity
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        item: #9 of 76
          id: cord-009825-6cargkwy
      author: Nazaroff, William W
       title: Indoor bioaerosol dynamics
        date: 2014-12-27
       words: 10726
      flesch: 39
     summary: The second primary section ('Dynamic processes') summarizes available information on many important processes that affect the concentrations and fates of indoor bioaerosol particles. In part because of the large range, size is a major determinant of indoor airborne particle behavior (Nazaroff, 2004) .
    keywords: air; bacteria; bioaerosol; concentrations; deposition; et al; exchange; exposure; figure; human; indoor; outdoor; particles; rate; respiratory; size; study; ventilation
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        item: #10 of 76
          id: cord-010022-e19vm7vp
      author: RIEPENHOFF‐TALTY, M.
       title: Negative Staining and Immune Electron Microscopy as Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Agents
        date: 2006-12-16
       words: 1374
      flesch: 49
     summary: While the vast majority of these were rotavirus, the finding of astrovirus and other small round viruses Winter vomiting disease Astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis Comparison of direct electron microscopy, immune electron microscopy, and rotavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of gastroenteritis Fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in gastroenteritis due to calicivirus Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of infectious diarrhea FLEWETT Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis The 33 to 39 nm virus-like particles tentatively designated as Sapporo agent associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis Small round virus-like particles associated with acute gastroenteritis in Japanese children Astrovirus associated gastroenteritis in a children's ward Viruses in infantile gastroenteritis Calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease Orbivirus acute gastroenteritis of infancy Viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children Nosocomial infantile gastroenteritis associated with minirotavirus and calicivirus The occurrence of calicivirus in infants with acute gastroenteritis Virus-like particle, 35 to 40 nm associated with an institutional outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in adults Detection by immune electron microscopy of 26-27 nm virus-like particles associated with two family outbreaks of gastroenteritis The second technique seen in FIGURE 3 was developed by Kapikian and is most useful for tissue culture grown and probably purified fecal virus.'
    keywords: electron; gastroenteritis; particles; virus
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        item: #11 of 76
          id: cord-010910-hz2vyw6c
      author: Huang, Xinyue
       title: Macrophage-like THP-1 cells show effective uptake of silica nanoparticles carrying inactivated diphtheria toxoid for vaccination
        date: 2020-01-08
       words: 6903
      flesch: 51
     summary: FTIR approach Fine-tuning of silica nanosphere structure by simple regulation of the volume ratio of cosolvents Ligand-specific targeting of microspheres to phagocytes by surface modification with poly(L-lysine)-grafted poly (ethylene glycol) conjugate Particle size and surface charge affect particle uptake by human dendritic cells in an in vitro model Nanoparticle surface charge impacts distribution, uptake and lymph node trafficking by pulmonary antigen-presenting cells II: Effect of surface charges on in vitro phagocytosis and biodistribution in rats Differences in the state of differentiation of THP-1 cells induced by phorbol ester and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Polymer particle shape independently influences binding and internalization by macrophages Strong antibody responses induced by protein antigens conjugated onto the surface of lecithin-based nanoparticles Effect of the size and surface charge of polymer microspheres on their phagocytosis by macrophage Macrophage phagocytosis of biodegradable microspheres composed of l-lactic acid/glycolic acid homo-and copolymers Evaluation of particle uptake in human blood monocyte-derived cells in vitro.
    keywords: antigen; cells; macrophages; nanoparticles; particles; silica; size; temperature; uptake
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        item: #12 of 76
          id: cord-022504-tk7v4hoj
      author: None
       title: Environmental and safety issues with nanoparticles
        date: 2012-03-16
       words: 14098
      flesch: 50
     summary: Where f is the characteristic function that expresses particle size, particle concentration, particle composition, and so on [2, 3] . Influence of particle diameter on lower limit of particle concentration for explosion.
    keywords: air; cake; carbon; chemical; compounds; concentration; diameter; effects; environment; fig; filter; filtration; flow; form; health; materials; membrane; nanoparticles; particles; processes; size; surface; toxicity; wastewater; water
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        item: #13 of 76
          id: cord-022538-1g9kmpdi
      author: Makino, Hisao
       title: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH NANOPARTICLES
        date: 2008-05-20
       words: 14290
      flesch: 50
     summary: Where f is the characteristic function that expresses particle size, particle concentration, particle composition, and so on [2, 3] . Influence of particle diameter on lower limit of particle concentration for explosion.
    keywords: air; cake; carbon; chemical; combustion; compounds; concentration; diameter; effects; environment; fig; filter; filtration; form; health; materials; membrane; nanoparticles; particles; processes; size; surface; toxicity; wastewater; water
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        item: #14 of 76
          id: cord-031037-up0z1yaf
      author: Edwards, David
       title: A New Natural Defense Against Airborne Pathogens
        date: 2020-07-07
       words: 10218
      flesch: 46
     summary: Following a baseline assessment of exhaled aerosol particle count subjects drew two deep nasal inspirations via Nimbus of FEND2. There is a strong correlation between high numbers of exhaled particles and age with the group older than 65 exhaling on average 6,641 particles per liter while the group younger than 65, on average, exhaling 440 particles per liter.
    keywords: aerosol; animals; cacl; cells; exposure; fend; fig; human; infection; influenza; nasal; particles; saline; study; subjects; treatment
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        item: #15 of 76
          id: cord-032161-sbtu48c2
      author: Xu, Zhonglin
       title: Particle and Size Distribution
        date: 2013-08-07
       words: 8171
      flesch: 61
     summary: Particle characteristic depends to a great extent on the law of particle size distribution. Particle number is usually a big number, so frequency distribution is preferred instead of number distribution in the study of particle size distribution.
    keywords: average; curve; data; diameter; distribution; group; particle; particle group; particle number; particle size; size distribution
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        item: #16 of 76
          id: cord-032165-nyj72o21
      author: Xu, Zhonglin
       title: Movement of Indoor Fine Particle
        date: 2013-08-08
       words: 9869
      flesch: 65
     summary: According to the aerosol mechanics, Stokes formula is derived with the continuous flow condition, which assumes that there is no velocity jump on particle surface. That is to say, there is no relative velocity between the flow particles and the infinite thin medium layer attached to the surface, or there is a boundary layer on particle surface without relative velocity.
    keywords: air velocity; deposition; diameter; flow; particle; surface; value
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        item: #17 of 76
          id: cord-032174-qu5mm9r1
      author: Xu, Zhonglin
       title: Sampling Theory
        date: 2013-08-14
       words: 11559
      flesch: 66
     summary: Sampling is generally divided into the planktonic method (the airborne state of sampled particles remains the same) and the capture method (airborne particles are captured). So in the above circumstances, it may not be necessary to use large sampling flow rate particle counter.
    keywords: air; concentration; flow rate; loss; particle; rate; sampling; sampling flow; sampling tube; sampling volume
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        item: #18 of 76
          id: cord-032188-y02b92pe
      author: Xu, Zhonglin
       title: Characteristics of Air Filters
        date: 2013-08-14
       words: 17708
      flesch: 61
     summary: It is usually to determine whether to change air filters according to the measured pressure drop or the outlet velocity of air filter. So it is necessary to know the characteristic of air filters and its design principle so as to use it correctly and effectively.
    keywords: air filter; diameter; drop; dust; efficiency; efficiency air; electrostatic; fiber; filter media; filter paper; filters; filtration; hepa filter; particle; pressure; pressure drop; velocity
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        item: #19 of 76
          id: cord-102908-sr7j8z9c
      author: Mersmann, Sophia F.
       title: Learning to count: determining the stoichiometry of bio-molecular complexes using fluorescence microscopy and statistical modelling
        date: 2020-07-24
       words: 5246
      flesch: 35
     summary: Figure 5A displays the mean number of bound antibody at increasing 9C12 concentrations; AdV-9C12 stoichiometries range from 29 to 115 across the titration of antibody. However, using stoichiometric estimates to calibrate fluorescent data revealed population heterogeneity with a small proportion of virus particles binding ∼200 antibody molecules.
    keywords: adv; antibody; binding; complexes; figure; molecules; particles; virus
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        item: #20 of 76
          id: cord-222700-yof5x4ct
      author: Slapik, Aleksandra
       title: Tunable particle separation via deterministic absolute negative mobility
        date: 2020-08-31
       words: 4907
      flesch: 44
     summary: key: cord-222700-yof5x4ct authors: Slapik, Aleksandra; Spiechowicz, Jakub title: Tunable particle separation via deterministic absolute negative mobility date: 2020-08-31 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 222700 cord_uid: yof5x4ct Particle isolation techniques are in the spotlight of many areas of science and engineering. As it is illustrated in the panel (a), among many particle sizes corresponding to the friction coefficient γ ∈ [0. 2, 4] only those with the friction coefficient γ *
    keywords: friction; mobility; particle; separation; size
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        item: #21 of 76
          id: cord-233294-jnic4o2j
      author: Ravazi, Maryam
       title: In situ Measurement of Airborne Particle Concentration in a Real Dental Office: Implications for Disease Transmission
        date: 2020-08-19
       words: 2932
      flesch: 51
     summary: The contribution of outdoor air 29 Aerosol and bioaerosol particles in a dental office Measurement of particle concentrations in a dental office. Running high-speed air purifier at the beginning of the operation is the most effective scenario in reducing airborne particle concentrations.
    keywords: air; concentration; operation; particles; purifier; removal
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        item: #22 of 76
          id: cord-252147-bvtchcbt
      author: Domingo-Espín, Joan
       title: Engineered Biological Entities for Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy: Protein Nanoparticles
        date: 2011-11-15
       words: 17227
      flesch: 30
     summary: The main biological production systems for protein drugs are described below. Finally, some successful examples of protein nanoparticles on the market will be described in addition to protein products currently in clinical trials and under preclinical research in order to envision which type of protein nanoparticles will be available soon on the market.
    keywords: binding; cancer; cell; complex; delivery; design; dna; drug; drug delivery; expression; gene; gene delivery; human; interactions; molecules; nanoparticles; nuclear; particles; peptides; production; properties; protein; receptor; self; specific; system; targeting; therapy; transfer; tumor; use; vector; virus; vivo; vlps
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        item: #23 of 76
          id: cord-253092-igic5pxc
      author: Lee, Byung Hee
       title: Multi-zone simulation of outdoor particle penetration and transport in a multi-story building
        date: 2016-12-20
       words: 5416
      flesch: 45
     summary: A number of researchers have investigated the contribution of outdoor particles to indoor air quality, predominantly by measuring ratios of indoor to outdoor particle concentrations. key: cord-253092-igic5pxc authors: Lee, Byung Hee; Yee, Su Whan; Kang, Dong Hwa; Yeo, Myoung Souk; Kim, Kwang Woo title: Multi-zone simulation of outdoor particle penetration and transport in a multi-story building date: 2016-12-20 journal: Build Simul DOI: 10.1007/s12273-016-0340-1 sha: doc_id: 253092 cord_uid: igic5pxc
    keywords: airflow; building; deposition; indoor; multi; outdoor; particle; penetration; simulation
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        item: #24 of 76
          id: cord-253922-qjsd3whg
      author: Hamilton, R. C.
       title: Shedding of “virus-like” particles in canine faeces
        date: 1995-09-30
       words: 983
      flesch: 64
     summary: One of the methods used in the diagnosis of canine parvovirus was negative stain electron microscopy of diarrhoeic canine faeces to detect parvovirus particles. Parvovirus particles were observed in some samples containing the viruslike particles ( Fig. 8)
    keywords: particles; virus
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        item: #25 of 76
          id: cord-255314-mqexsqzj
      author: Hersen, Guillaume
       title: Impact of Health on Particle Size of Exhaled Respiratory Aerosols: Case‐control Study
        date: 2008-04-29
       words: 3325
      flesch: 52
     summary: A setup composed of a modified hood connected to an electrical low pressure impactor, which allows for the study of a wide range of particle sizes (from 7 nm to 10 μm), has been developed in order to collect exhaled breaths. As a consequence, further research on the exhaled breath should be undertaken with symptomatic volunteers and would require the analysis of this wide range of particle sizes.
    keywords: controls; individuals; particles; size; study; symptoms; variables; volunteers
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        item: #26 of 76
          id: cord-258118-j26v354r
      author: Karuppal, Raju
       title: It is time for a more cautious approach to surgical diathermy, especially in COVID-19 outbreak: A schematic review
        date: 2020-05-16
       words: 3538
      flesch: 37
     summary: The hazards of surgical smoke Surgical smoke and infection control Detecting hepatitis B virus in surgical smoke emitted during laparoscopic surgery. Apart from the numerous chemicals, surgical smoke had been shown to harbour intact bacterial and virus particles especially COVID-19 in the current time.
    keywords: chemical; covid-19; diathermy; electrocautery; hazards; health; laser; particles; smoke; tissue
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        item: #27 of 76
          id: cord-258762-vabyyx01
      author: Garbey, Marc
       title: A Systems Approach to Assess Transport and Diffusion of Hazardous Airborne Particles in a Large Surgical Suite: Potential Impacts on Viral Airborne Transmission
        date: 2020-07-27
       words: 9883
      flesch: 51
     summary: We propose to construct a rigorous multi-scale computational framework to address these questions and use measurements of diffusion-transportation of surgical smoke particles with off-the-shelf portable sensors to calibrate the model. In the current study, quantification of surgical smoke concentration in the hallway, the duration of exposure along the year, and the mechanism of propagation of hazardous airborne particles from one OR to another was feasible.
    keywords: air; concentration; diffusion; door; figure; flow; hallway; model; particles; smoke; source; suite; table; time; transmission
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        item: #28 of 76
          id: cord-261908-olcuq6tm
      author: Lai, Ka-Man
       title: Propagation of Respiratory Aerosols by the Vuvuzela
        date: 2011-05-23
       words: 3984
      flesch: 47
     summary: We recommend that consideration is taken of their propensity to disseminate respiratory aerosols and that persons with respiratory infections be advised not to blow their vuvuzela in places where they risk infecting others. We hypothesised that vuvuzelas might facilitate the generation and dissemination of respiratory aerosols.
    keywords: aerosols; air; mean; particles; peak; shouting; vuvuzela
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        item: #29 of 76
          id: cord-265164-ybh5yljw
      author: Zhao, Bin
       title: Numerical study of the transport of droplets or particles generated by respiratory system indoors
        date: 2004-11-24
       words: 2614
      flesch: 52
     summary: The main assumptions used for the simulation of particle transport include: (1) The airflow is isothermal. It is seen that the large outlet velocity will maintain a much longer distance of particle transport due to the large momentum.
    keywords: air; coughing; droplets; particles; sneezing; transport
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        item: #30 of 76
          id: cord-265642-7mu530yp
      author: Syomin, B. V.
       title: Virus-Like Particles as an Instrument of Vaccine Production
        date: 2019-06-17
       words: 7110
      flesch: 38
     summary: One of the most important properties of VLPs is mimicking virus particles and the consequent ability to induce a strong immune response to the antigen which they demonstrate irrespective of the source of the monomers which multimerize into VLPs, these being either insect viruses, in particular the gypsy virus THE PRODUCT RANGE A number of VLP vaccines are available on pharmaceutical markets in many countries.
    keywords: antigen; cells; development; disease; example; expression; hepatitis; human; particles; production; protein; response; surface; system; vaccines; virus; vlps
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        item: #31 of 76
          id: cord-271616-h6iauddk
      author: Block, Karin A
       title: Disassembly of the cystovirus ϕ6 envelope by montmorillonite clay
        date: 2013-12-19
       words: 5110
      flesch: 46
     summary: In this work, the objective is to explore the interaction between MMT clay and an enveloped virus to better understand the mechanisms of MMT-induced virus deactivation in clay-rich environment, such as Earth's critical zone. Roper and Marshall (1974) found that at low salinity, MMT particles surrounded Escherichia coli bacteria resulting in greater protection from phage than under higher salinity conditions.
    keywords: clay; envelope; mmt; ncs; particles; virions; virus; viruses
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        item: #32 of 76
          id: cord-272248-d0ybu9o3
      author: Bostanci Ceran, Basak
       title: Airborne pathogen projection during ophthalmic examination
        date: 2020-06-25
       words: 3358
      flesch: 42
     summary: Abaqus Standard Version:6 Particle-based fluid simulation for interactive applications Experimental validation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics on generation and propagation of water waves Numerical simulation for the air entrainment of aerated flow with an improved multiphase SPH model Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation of a high-pressure homogenization process Particle-based non-Newtonian fluid animation for melting objects Lagrangian fluid dynamics using smoothed particle hydrodynamics On the problem of penetration in particle methods Numerical simulation of sphere water entry problem using Eulerian-Lagrangian method Respiratory and facial protection: a critical review of recent literature Aerobiology and its role in the transmission of infectious diseases Droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear Drivers of airborne human-to-human pathogen transmission Human cough as a two-stage jet and its role in particle transport FSI analysis of the coughing mechanism in a human trachea Experimental measurement of breath exit velocity and expirated bloodstain patterns produced under different exhalation mechanisms Gender effect on oral volume capacity Design and characterization of a cough simulator Interim US guidance for risk assessment and public health management of persons with potential Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposures: geographic risk and contacts of laboratory-confirmed cases Towards a conceptual framework to support one-health research for policy on emerging zoonoses This article contains video clips as additional online-only material. During the ophthalmic examination, the proximity to the patient’s nose and mouth was observed to be less than the horizontal distance of flow front particles.
    keywords: coughing; droplets; examination; fig; flow; particles; shield; transmission
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        item: #33 of 76
          id: cord-273382-7w8fli6w
      author: Guderian, Daniela B.
       title: In vitro comparison of surgical techniques in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: electrocautery generates more droplets and aerosol than laser surgery or drilling
        date: 2020-09-07
       words: 3945
      flesch: 41
     summary: During drilling, the slide is covered with a lot of rinsing liquid, but only a small amount of tissue particles are thrown along. The dispersion of tissue particles during drilling was also observed previously in cadaver studies at the frontal and lateral skull base [11, 13] .
    keywords: aerosol; electrocoagulation; formation; intervention; laser; particle; sars; tissue; treatment
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        item: #34 of 76
          id: cord-274305-mnyy41po
      author: Kumar, Purnima S
       title: Demystifying the mist: Sources of microbial bioload in dental aerosols
        date: 2020-07-27
       words: 5945
      flesch: 32
     summary: In an attempt to establish context for reviewing the literature on dental aerosols, we begin this review by examining the reasons why definitions of aerosols vary widely. The vectors can be natural, namely, mist, fog, and vapor or anthropogenic, for example, smoke, dust, smog, and of particular importance to us, dental aerosol.
    keywords: aerosol; air; evidence; human; microbial; oral; particles; pathogens; procedures; saliva; studies; transmission; viruses
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        item: #35 of 76
          id: cord-274355-6hiutrct
      author: Satheesan, Manoj Kumar
       title: A numerical study of ventilation strategies for infection risk mitigation in general inpatient wards
        date: 2020-02-22
       words: 4946
      flesch: 45
     summary: In the base case as shown in Fig. 1(a) , the supply air and ward air exhausted to the corridor were set to be equal for all air change rates. Furthermore, the randomness associated with particle deposition rates (r w , r c , and r f ) under different air change rate conditions can be attributed to the asymmetric airflow distribution patterns and locations of the infected patients.
    keywords: air; airflow; cubicle; et al; infection; particles; patients; study; ventilation; ward
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        item: #36 of 76
          id: cord-274780-fmnro0kw
      author: Hoshino, Y.
       title: Detection of astroviruses in feces of a cat with diarrhea
        date: 1981
       words: 1372
      flesch: 45
     summary: Bridging structures between virus particles were frequently seen (Fig. t, arrowheads) . A fecal sample was submitted for EM examination for viral particles.
    keywords: astroviruses; diarrhea; feces; kitten; particles
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        item: #37 of 76
          id: cord-276323-0n4aws2q
      author: Dourmashkin, R. R
       title: ARE CORONAVIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES SEEN IN DIARRHŒA STOOLS REALLY VIRUSES?
        date: 1980-11-01
       words: 1133
      flesch: 41
     summary: Opioid peptides (endorphins) in pituitary and brain Endogenous opioid systems in brain Corticotropin/&bgr;-endorphin precursor: concomitant storage of its fragments in the secretory granuyles of anterior pituitary corticotropin/ endorphin cells Opioid peptides Betaendorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland The effects of opiate agonist and antagonist on serum prolactin in primates Effects of Naltrexone on mood and neuroendocrine function in normal adult males Hormonal and other effects of naltrexone in normal men Naloxone increases ACTH and conisol levels in man Suppression of plasma cortisol in depressed patients by acute intravenous methadone infusion Comparison of plasma hormonal levels between heroin addicts and normal subjects There are a number of distinct types of particle, the morphology of which will be reviewed elsewhere.4
    keywords: particles; vesicles
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        item: #38 of 76
          id: cord-279716-kxfc4npg
      author: Blachere, Francoise M.
       title: Bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus
        date: 2007-10-22
       words: 4263
      flesch: 45
     summary: Furthermore, we will test the bioaerosol sampler in a healthcare setting to monitor the prevalence of airborne influenza viral particles and to study the transmission of influenza via the inhalation of aerosolized viral particles. These findings would significantly contribute toward understanding the transmission of aerosolized influenza viral particles.
    keywords: bioaerosol; influenza; minutes; particles; sampler; size; stage; viral
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        item: #39 of 76
          id: cord-280272-mn596x1p
      author: Akhrymuk, Ivan
       title: Magnetic Nanotrap Particles Preserve the Stability of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Blood for Laboratory Detection
        date: 2020-01-28
       words: 6557
      flesch: 44
     summary: However, despite the existence of the above-mentioned obstacles, we observed efficient separation of VEEV viral particles from blood by NT particles at various temperature and humidity conditions. NT particles have previously been shown to capture and enrich multiple pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, and Rift Valley fever virus.
    keywords: blood; capsid; cn3080; conditions; detection; figure; particles; protein; rna; samples; temperature; time; veev; virus
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        item: #40 of 76
          id: cord-282858-zikoui4h
      author: Graudenz, Gustavo Silveira
       title: SARS-CoV-2. Long Distance Airborne Transmission and its Public Health Implications
        date: 2020-11-02
       words: 1667
      flesch: 33
     summary: In health care settings, the Center for Disease Control's recommendations for prevention of airborne transmission include maintaining a negative pressure environment, fine filtering of exhaust air from infected patients' rooms, maintaining high air exchange rates (12 air exchanges per hour), shutting recirculation ducts, and establishing pressure cascades (2) in these settings until further evidence of long distance transmission is obtained Unfortunately, these precautionary measures have not yet been applied in most health care facilities in Brazil. Currently, there is no clear evidence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
    keywords: air; cov-2; particles; sars; transmission
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        item: #41 of 76
          id: cord-285077-okwck5sv
      author: Sayahi, Tofigh
       title: Airborne Aerosolized Mouse Cytomegalovirus From Common Otolaryngology Procedures: Implications for COVID-19 Infection
        date: 2020-09-15
       words: 5000
      flesch: 45
     summary: Using this same method, Pan et al demonstrated much greater collection of virus particles and efficiency of collecting viable virus-specifically, 10 to 100 times better than standard BioSamplers. To assess the presence of infectious CMV viral particles, cultured cells were inoculated with aerosol condensates and monitored for GFP expression by fluorescent microscopy.
    keywords: aerosol; background; coblation; concentrations; dna; drilling; electrocautery; health; particle; procedures; smps; virus
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        item: #42 of 76
          id: cord-286878-5nv3ec5l
      author: Simpson, J.P.
       title: Measurement of airborne particle exposure during simulated tracheal intubation using various proposed aerosol containment devices during the COVID‐19 pandemic
        date: 2020-06-19
       words: 3660
      flesch: 46
     summary: Using an in‐situ simulation model, we evaluated laryngoscopist exposure of airborne particles sized 0.3 ‐ 5.0 microns using five aerosol containment devices (aerosol box; sealed box with and without suction; vertical drape; and horizontal drape) compared with no aerosol containment device. Primary outcome was the quantity and size of airborne particles measured at the level of the laryngoscopist’s head at 30, 60, 120, and 300 seconds, as well as 360 seconds (60 seconds after device removal).
    keywords: aerosol; box; containment; device; intubation; laryngoscopist; particle; use
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        item: #43 of 76
          id: cord-287708-0qvwjejv
      author: Gera, Tamás
       title: Application of pulsed laser ablation (PLA) for the size reduction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
        date: 2020-09-25
       words: 5394
      flesch: 52
     summary: Laser ablation produced drug particles can be preferable during the preparation of medicines for per os, nasal and pulmonary drug administration. Drug solubility: importance and enhancement techniques A literary endorser Solubility enhancement techniques-a review Improvement in solubility of poor water-soluble drugs by solid dispersion Production of ibuprofen in crystalline and amorphous forms by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) Enhanced solubility of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by hydroxyl terminated S-triazine based dendrimers Nanocrystals: Industrially feasible multifunctional formulation technology for poorly soluble actives Particle size reduction of biomaterials using cryogenic milling process An investigation on the application of cryogenic ball milling to ibuprofen particle and its characteristics Combinative particle size reduction technologies for the production of drug nanocrystals Overview of milling techniques for improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs Methods of size reduction and factors affecting size reduction in pharmaceutics Analysis of submicron-sized niflumic acid crystals prepared by electrospray crystallization Laser ablation synthesis in solution and size manipulation of noble metal nanoparticles Size reduction of gold nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation and re-irradiation in water media Laser ablation of inorganic and organic materials A study of Particle Generation During Laser Ablation with Applications Production of meloxicam suspension using pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique Laser fragmentation as an efficient size-reduction method for pulmonary drug discovery: proof-of-concept study of beclomethasone dipropionate Ultrafast laser processing of drug particles in water for pharmaceutical discovery Nanoparticle formation by laser ablation of perylene microcrystals in an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 Reagglomeration mechanism of drug nanoparticles by pulsed laser deposition Indomethacin nanoparticles directly deposited on the fluidized particulate excipient by pulsed laser deposition Modifying the physicochemical properties of NSAIDs for nasal and pulmonary administration Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter Conformational stability of ibuprofen: assessed by DFT calculations and optical vibrational spectroscopy Spectral studies of niflumic acid aggregation in dissolved, solid and adsorbed states Structural characterization of ambazone salt with niflumic acid Mechanochemical preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials of drugs with inorganic oxides Physicochemical characterization, the Hirshfeld surface, and biological evaluation of two meloxicam compounding pharmacy samples A method for segregating the optical absorption properties and the mass concentration of winter time urban aerosol Detection of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin by solid-phase extraction and UV/Vis spectroscopy Approximate spherical blast theory including source mass Permalloy nanoparticles generated by laser ablation Particle generation by ultraviolet-laser ablation during surface decontamination Laser application of polymers Wavelength dependence of pulsed laser ablation of calcified tissue T.G. and E.N. carried out the ablation of drugs and FTIR measurements.
    keywords: ablation; acid; drug; fig; ibuprofen; laser; niflumic; particles; size; wavelengths
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        item: #44 of 76
          id: cord-287751-52e0tlcu
      author: Dai, Qili
       title: Changes in source contributions to particle number concentrations after the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from a dispersion normalized PMF
        date: 2020-11-06
       words: 4448
      flesch: 42
     summary: In addition to new particle formation from traffic emission with a dominant particle size ranged from ~10-30 nm as typically observed during rush hour as discussed above, a factor with particle size peaking in the nucleation mode size range (<20 nm), and characterized by high explained variations of O 3 and solar radiation with narrow DISP bands was identified as new particle formation (NPF) through photochemistry. Thus, this factor with particle sizes peaking around 30 nm was attributed to coal combustion.
    keywords: concentrations; emission; factor; particle; pmf; size; source; traffic
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        item: #45 of 76
          id: cord-289521-zun6tp2o
      author: Leonard, Scott
       title: Reducing aerosol dispersion by High Flow Therapy in COVID‐19: High Resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Particle Behavior during High Velocity Nasal Insufflation with a Simple Surgical Mask
        date: 2020-05-29
       words: 7062
      flesch: 51
     summary: For particle studies, CFD allows precise tracking of particle sizes and location that is generally not possible with other methods. ANSYS results for the percentage of particle mass by disposition and particle size (≤5µm or >5µm) for all tested cases, both with and without a surgical mask. .
    keywords: breathing; flow; hvni; mask; mass; model; particles; patient; room; simulation; therapy; velocity
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        item: #46 of 76
          id: cord-292928-a4bn30ul
      author: Ghosh, Bipasha
       title: Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms
        date: 2015-10-03
       words: 16772
      flesch: 27
     summary: Among the six locations, all five sites revealed significantly smaller bioaerosol concentration in winter than in summer except the restroom in hospital lobby which may be due to the maintenance of almost similar indoor air conditions by air conditioning system artificially in both summer and winter (Lee et al., 2012) . A recently developed electrostatic precipitator had no charging unit in the inlet while the physical collection efficiency strongly depended on the precipitation voltage which eventually depended on the charge present on the airborne microbes naturally due to aerosolization (Kunkel, 1950; Flagan, 2001 ) thereby making collection possible by differentiating between the positively and negatively charged microorganisms by adding a signature to the bioaerosol particle sampled (Lee et al., 2004a; ; Lee et al., 2004b) .
    keywords: air; airborne; analysis; bacterial; bioaerosol; cells; collection; concentration; detection; dna; effects; efficiency; environments; et al; exposure; flow; fungal; fungi; health; identification; indoor; laser; methods; microorganisms; particles; pcr; sampler; sampling; sequencing; size; species; spores; studies; technique; temperature; time
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        item: #47 of 76
          id: cord-297377-yy1dq81q
      author: Poostchi, Ali
       title: Efficacy of slit lamp breath shields
        date: 2020-05-12
       words: 1208
      flesch: 57
     summary: The surgical facemask and large shield offered the best protection, while the small standard shield seemed to be effective for larger particles (Fig. 2) . [4] or an impinger from which viral particles can be sampled from air, cultured in cells and detected as plaques [5] .
    keywords: lamp; particle; shield; slit
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        item: #48 of 76
          id: cord-300435-vs0ntcsb
      author: Katz, Al
       title: Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability
        date: 2018-10-01
       words: 5316
      flesch: 38
     summary: In fact, sediment-bearing biofilms have been shown to sequester virus particles in wetlands where they are subsequently concentrated and subject to re-release (Flood and Ashbolt, 2000) . The colloidal interaction between virus particles and the small fraction of suspended sediments can be described by DLVO theory (Derjaguin and Landau, 1941; Verwey and Overbeek, 1948) , in which the potential between colloidal particles is the sum of the attractive van der Waals potential and the Coulomb potential (repulsive for like-charged particles and attractive for oppositely-charged particles).
    keywords: aggregation; goethite; montmorillonite; particles; sediments; turbidity; virions; virus; viruses
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        item: #49 of 76
          id: cord-304048-wncau6zm
      author: Sun, Ke
       title: A numerical study of bend-induced particle deposition in and behind duct bends
        date: 2011-12-23
       words: 5616
      flesch: 49
     summary: The air velocity, particle velocity and particle deposition velocity were validated with available experimental data. Particle deposition velocities in and behind bends were analyzed numerically.
    keywords: bend; deposition; dimensionless; duct; flow; number; particle; particle deposition; ratio; velocity
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        item: #50 of 76
          id: cord-306371-jmaqkovs
      author: Jensen, Ditte Marie Krohn
       title: Spray drying of siRNA-containing PLGA nanoparticles intended for inhalation
        date: 2010-02-25
       words: 6633
      flesch: 48
     summary: Harnessing in vivo siRNA delivery for drug discovery and therapeutic development Inhalable siRNA: potential as a therapeutic agent in the lungs SiRNA drug delivery by biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery Non-viral siRNA delivery to the lung Mechanisms of macromolecule absorption by the lungs Pathology of human influenza revisited Time course and cellular localization of SARS-CoV nucleoprotein and RNA in lungs from fatal cases of SARS Inhalation, deposition, and fate of insulin and other therapeutic proteins Investigation of the proinflammatory potential of biodegradable nanoparticle drug delivery systems in the lung Fundamentals of pulmonary drug delivery Preparation and properties of inhalable nanocomposite particles: effects of the size, weight ratio of the primary nanoparticles in nanocomposite particles and temperature at a spray-dryer inlet upon properties of nanocomposite particles Preparation and properties of inhalable nanocomposite particles: effects of the temperature at a spray-dryer inlet upon the properties of particles Nanocomposite particle Physical characteristics and aerosolization performance of insulin dry powders for inhalation prepared by a spray drying method Quality by design -spray drying of insulin intended for inhalation Spray-drying preparation of microparticles containing cationic PLGA nanospheres as gene carriers for avoiding aggregation of nanospheres Spray drying in practice Spray-dried powders for pulmonary drug delivery Influence of formulation excipients and physical characteristics of inhalation dry powders on their aerosolization performance Merck Research Laboratories Functional polarity is introduced by Dicer processing of short substrate RNAs Preparation of poly(DLlactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method Method for quantifying the sample collected by an Andersen Cascade Impactor using total organic carbon analysis Evaluation of a new Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer for size distribution measurements of solution metered dose inhalers Two methods for quantifying DNA extracted from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres The role of particle properties in pharmaceutical powder inhalation formulations Physicochemical and in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulphate/ipratropium bromide and salbutamol sulphate/ excipient spray dried mixtures for use in dry powder inhalers Droplet and particle size relationship and shell thickness of inhalable lactose particles during spray drying Particle formation and capture during spray drying of inhalable particles How much particle surface corrugation is sufficient to improve aerosol performance of powders? Use of solid corrugated particles to enhance powder aerosol performance A few mg of spray dried powder was placed on the turntable inside the Small-Scale Powder Disperser and introduced into the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer by a Venturi aspirator.
    keywords: content; drying; inhalation; microparticles; nps; plga; powder; ratio; sirna; size; spray; water
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        item: #51 of 76
          id: cord-310948-nt378esz
      author: Edwards, N. J.
       title: Quantifying Respiratory Airborne Particle Dispersion Control Through Improvised Reusable Masks
        date: 2020-07-14
       words: 5160
      flesch: 38
     summary: If the SARS-CoV-2 aerosol is considered with an ability to infect for more than 3 hours with TCID50 of greater than 10 2 as noted in a recent laboratory study [1] then the understanding the effectiveness of non-medical masks and face coverings to control human exhalation aerosol dispersion has significant importance for broad public health infectious disease strategy, especially with asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic populations. [10, 11] A lack of definitive data on establishing the effectiveness of using non-medical masks or face coverings has resulted in medical practitioners giving broad public health guidance based on professional judgement only.
    keywords: aerosol; dispersion; effectiveness; exhalation; face; filtration; masks; particle; preprint; study; velocity
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        item: #52 of 76
          id: cord-311311-rmv5rfst
      author: Harper, Martin
       title: Recent Advances in Occupational Exposure Assessment of Aerosols
        date: 2020-09-18
       words: 9875
      flesch: 44
     summary: Air Sampling Instruments Realization, development and first applications of the personal air sampler Aerosol sampling efficiency of 37-mm filter cassettes Investigations into defining inhalable dust On the quantitative determination of the inhalability of airborne dust A new personal sampler for airborne total dust in workplaces The use of dust-collecting cassettes in dust samplers Chapter AE-Factors affecting aerosol sampling Performance evaluation of disposable inhalable aerosol sampler at a copper electrorefinery Aerosol evaluation difficulties due to particle deposition on filter holder inner walls Field comparison of 37-mm closed-face filter cassettes and IOM samplers Internal wall losses of pharmaceutical dusts during closed-face, 37-mm polystyrene cassette sampling Evaluation of quartz residue on cassette interiors of AIHA proficiency samples Concerning sampler wall losses in the chemical analysis of airborne metals Portable XRF analysis of occupational air filter samples from different workplaces using different samplers: Final results, summary and conclusions A comparison of XRF and ICP-OES for lead on air filter samples from a lead ore concentrator mill and a lead-acid battery recycler A comparison of X-ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis for lead on air filters from different personal samplers used in a secondary lead smelter/solder manufacturer Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Other large particle samplers have been shown to have internal deposits other than on the filter
    keywords: aerosol; air; analysis; cassette; collection; dust; exposure; filter; foam; laboratory; mass; method; particles; respirable; sampler; sampling; silica; size; study
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        item: #53 of 76
          id: cord-311486-auuyjct6
      author: Cook, T. M.
       title: Personal protective equipment during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a reply
        date: 2020-06-04
       words: 397
      flesch: 44
     summary: However, the behaviour of particles is highly complex, not dependent only on size and much debated: as I stated in my article the dichotomy into> 5 and < 5 µm particles leading to droplet or airborne spread, respectively, is likely to be simplistic, with aerosols being maintained over a wider range of particle size. Personal protective equipment during the coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 pandemic -a narrative review Personal protective equipment during the coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 pandemic -a narrative review The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    keywords: particles; size
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        item: #54 of 76
          id: cord-312223-qgwzgazd
      author: Shafagati, Nazly
       title: The Use of NanoTrap Particles as a Sample Enrichment Method to Enhance the Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus
        date: 2013-07-04
       words: 8854
      flesch: 55
     summary: Viral inactivation was assayed by plaque assays (C) and viral RNA was extracted from the particles with Ambion's MagMax 96-well Viral RNA extraction kit and quantitated by qRT-PCR (D Comparison of capture efficacy of NanoTrap particles and commercially available beads for RVFV capture NanoTrap particles have unique properties not demonstrated in other beads that are used for protein purification and albumin exclusion such as dye baits that make them an ideal candidate in virus capture. Characterization of RVFV NanoTrap particle capture.
    keywords: assays; capture; minutes; nanotrap; nanotrap particles; nt53; particles; pcr; plaque; qrt; rna; rvfv; samples; virus
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        item: #55 of 76
          id: cord-312236-8eaqn8eu
      author: Lai, Alvin C.K.
       title: Study of expiratory droplet dispersion and transport using a new Eulerian modeling approach
        date: 2007-06-02
       words: 4112
      flesch: 50
     summary: Particle relaxation time (t) is used to characterize the time required for the particle to 'relax' to become airborne where C c is Cunningham slip correction factor, d p is the droplet diameter, and m is the kinematics viscosity of air. Aerosol droplet dispersion and transport in a ventilated enclosure depend on the ventilation scheme, particle size, density, concentration, source location, etc.
    keywords: airflow; dispersion; droplet; model; nuclei; particle; time; velocity; ventilation
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        item: #56 of 76
          id: cord-313825-bbjxd86y
      author: Xia, Tian
       title: Pulmonary diseases induced by ambient ultrafine and engineered nanoparticles in twenty-first century
        date: 2016-10-08
       words: 8770
      flesch: 42
     summary: In a recent study, Chen et al. presented findings that implicated long-term exposure to air pollution particles contributed to enormous loss of life expectancy in China These results were based on an experimental design making use of a Chinese policy that provided free coal for heating in cities located north of Huai River, but not in the south, which produced an arbitrary discontinuity for PM air pollution, where the major difference was coal combustion.
    keywords: air; air pollution; ambient; effects; exposure; health; lung; mortality; nanoparticles; nps; particles; pollution; ros; stress; studies; surface; ufps
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        item: #57 of 76
          id: cord-313971-czcs1y9w
      author: Zhao, Yang
       title: Airborne Microorganisms From Livestock Production Systems and Their Relation to Dust
        date: 2014-04-16
       words: 15185
      flesch: 34
     summary: Concentrations of airborne microorganisms and dust in livestock production systems have been investigated in previous studies (Kim et al., 2008; Radon et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2011a) . The effect of feeding management on airborne microorganism concentration has not been extensively studied.
    keywords: airborne; animal; bacteria; biological; concentrations; decay; deposition; dust; effect; efficiency; et al; factors; houses; humidity; infection; livestock; microbial; microorganisms; particles; pig; production; samplers; sampling; size; studies; survival; systems; temperature; transmission; virus
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        item: #58 of 76
          id: cord-314009-7t1bzc7f
      author: Barclay, T.
       title: Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies
        date: 2016-10-07
       words: 7666
      flesch: 27
     summary: Given the high expression of lectins on APCs, decorating the surface of vaccine or adjuvant particles with sugar groups can assist vaccine particle targeting to APCs. key: cord-314009-7t1bzc7f authors: Barclay, T.; Petrovsky, N. title: Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies date: 2016-10-07 journal: Micro and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5 sha: doc_id: 314009 cord_uid: 7t1bzc7f The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function.
    keywords: adjuvant; antigen; cell; delivery; emulsion; immune; immunogenicity; influenza; inulin; nanoparticles; oil; particles; responses; self; size; surface; system; vaccine
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        item: #59 of 76
          id: cord-318495-1w74wf02
      author: Vignuzzi, Marco
       title: Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus–host interaction
        date: 2019-06-03
       words: 8880
      flesch: 20
     summary: Biologic role in homologous interference Viral interference by defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus measured in individual cells Analysis of extracellular West Nile virus particles produced by cell cultures from genetically resistant and susceptible mice indicates enhanced amplification of defective interfering particles by resistant cultures Replication signals in the genome of vesicular stoma titis virus and its defective interfering particles: identification of a sequence element that enhances DI RNA replication Functional characterisation of the genomic and antigenomic promoters of Sendai virus Homologous interference by incomplete Sendai virus particles: changes in virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis Defective viral genomes alter how Sendai virus interacts with cellular trafficking machinery leading to heterogeneity in the production of viral particles among infected cells Replication defective viral genomes exploit a cellular pro-survival mechanism to establish paramyxovirus persistence MDA5 participates in the detection of paramyxovirus infection and is essential for the early activation of dendritic cells in response to Sendai virus defective interfering particles Sendai virus defective-interfering genomes and the activation of interferon-beta Induction of dendritic cell production of type I and type III interferons by wild-type and vaccine strains of measles virus: role of defective interfering RNAs Highly immunostimulatory RNA derived from a Sendai virus defective viral genome A novel role for viral-defective interfering particles in enhancing dendritic cell maturation Modulation of a systemic Semliki Forest virus infection in mice by defective interfering virus Identification of a natural viral RNA motif that optimizes sensing of viral RNA by RIG.-I. mBio Activation of the beta interferon promoter by unnatural Sendai virus infection requires RIG-I and is inhibited by viral C proteins PACT-and RIG-I-dependent activation of Type I interferon production by a defective interfering RNA derived from measles virus vaccine Preference of RIG-I for short viral RNA molecules in infected cells revealed by next-generation sequencing TLR-independent induction of dendritic cell maturation and adaptive immunity by negative-strand RNA viruses In vivo ligands of MDA5 and RIG-I in measles virusinfected cells Nonencapsidated 5′ Copy-Back Defective Interfering Genomes Produced by Recombinant Measles Viruses Are Recognized by RIG-I and LGP2 but Not MDA5 ATPase-driven oligomerization of RIG-I on RNA allows optimal activation of type-I interferon Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand RNA viruses Dicer-2-dependent generation of viral DNA from defective genomes of RNA viruses modulates antiviral immunity in insects Role of defective interfering particles of Sendai virus in persistent infections Comparative study of rabies virus persistence in human and hamster cell lines Subclinical infections in mice resulting from the modulation of a lethal dose of Semliki Forest virus with defective interfering viruses: neurochemical abnormalities in the central nervous system Defective interfering particles: effects in modulating virus growth and persistence Persistence of virulent Semliki Forest virus in mouse brain following co-inoculation with defective interfering particles Defective interfering virus particles modulate virulence Continuous influenza virus production in cell culture shows a periodic accumulation of defective interfering particles Multiple-hit inhibition of infection by defective interfering particles Defective interfering particles of human parainfluenza virus type 3 are associated with persistent infection in cell culture Defective interfering influenza virus RNAs: time to reevaluate their clinical potential as broad-spectrum antivirals? Targeting expression of the leukemogenic PML-RARalpha fusion protein by lentiviral vector-mediated small interfering RNA results in leukemic cell differentiation and apoptosis Ebola virus defective interfering particles and persistent infection Defective interfering viral particles in acute dengue infections Generation of measles virus defective interfering particles and their presence in a preparation of attenuated live-virus vaccine Effects of defective interfering viruses on virus replication and pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo Defective interfering particles of respiratory syncytial virus Induction and biological properties of defective interfering particles of rabies virus Defective T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus.
    keywords: cells; copy; defective; dvgs; generation; genomes; infection; influenza; interfering; particles; persistent; production; replication; rna; rnas; type; virus; viruses
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        item: #60 of 76
          id: cord-319221-x834qscq
      author: Abuhegazy, Mohamed
       title: Numerical investigation of aerosol transport in a classroom with relevance to COVID-19
        date: 2020-10-01
       words: 6058
      flesch: 52
     summary: From a fluid dynamics perspective Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors Transport and trajectory of cough-induced bimodal aerosol in an air-conditioned space American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique CFD simulation of cross-ventilation for a generic isolated building: Impact of computational parameters Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method An investigation of particle trajectories in twophase flow systems Slip correction measurements of spherical solid aerosol particles in an improved millikan apparatus Deposition of micron-sized particles on flat surfaces: Effects of hydrodynamic and physicochemical conditions on particle attachment efficiency The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities The position of the student in the flow field significantly affects particle transport.
    keywords: aerosol; air; air conditioning; conditioning; deposition; particles; student; system; windows
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        item: #61 of 76
          id: cord-322880-zfc9w5y6
      author: Rohit, Anusha
       title: Respiratory droplets get suspended longer and spread wider in temperate environments compared to tropics and implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission
        date: 2020-06-09
       words: 1853
      flesch: 51
     summary: Owing to their size, larger particles settle down at a much faster speed than smaller particles. Thus smaller particles will stay airborne for a longer time, while larger particles will settle down on surfaces more quickly.
    keywords: droplets; humidity; particle; size
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        item: #62 of 76
          id: cord-324585-2rx84imv
      author: Konda, Abhiteja
       title: Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks
        date: 2020-04-24
       words: 5084
      flesch: 50
     summary: However, there is limited data available today on the performance of common cloth materials used in such cloth masks, 7−12 particularly their filtration efficiencies as a function of different aerosol sizes ranging from ∼10 nm to ∼10 μm scale sizes. This includes the use of cloth masks by large sections of the public, as can be seen during the current global spread of COVID-19.
    keywords: aerosol; cloth; cotton; filtration; masks; particle; silk; size
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        item: #63 of 76
          id: cord-325915-dw989txm
      author: Wolf, Michael W
       title: Downstream processing of cell culture-derived virus particles
        date: 2014-01-09
       words: 11875
      flesch: 28
     summary: The emerging generation of chromatography tools for virus purification Outlines the advantages of monoliths as chromatography tools for virus purification Purification of cell culturederived modified vaccinia ankara virus by pseudo-affinity membrane adsorbers and hydrophobic interaction chromatography Monoliths emerge as key purification methodology Direct capture of influenza A virus from cell culture supernatant with Sartobind anion-exchange membrane adsorbers Engineering adeno-associated virus for one-step purification via immobilized metal affinity chromatography Purification of cell culture-derived influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 by membrane-based immobilized metal affinity chromatography Sulfated membrane adsorbers for economic pseudo-affinity capture of influenza virus particles Exploiting heparin-binding properties of MoMLV-based retroviral vectors for affinity chromatography Purification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from cell culture using ultrafiltration and heparin affinity chromatography Removal of poliovirus type 1 from a protein mixture using an immunoaffinity chromatography column Affinity capture of a biotinylated retrovirus on macroporous monolithic adsorbents: towards a rapid single-step purification process Concanavalin A affinity chromatography for efficient baculovirus purification Lectin-affinity chromatography for downstream processing of MDCK cell culture derived human influenza A viruses One-step selection of Vaccinia virusbinding DNA aptamers by MonoLEX Chromatographic purification of virus particles Tagging retrovirus vectors with a metal binding peptide and one-step purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography Protein adsorption dissociation constants in various types of biochromatography Large-scale processing of recombinant retroviruses for gene therapy Capture of cell culture-derived influenza virus by lectins: strain independent, but host cell dependent Development and scale up of preparative HIC for the purification of a recombinant therapeutic protein High-throughput screening of chromatographic separations: II. However, as discussed by the authors, the acidic isoelectric point of influenza virus particles (Table 2 ) may have resulted in co-precipitation of virus particles with cationic polymers [28] , and therefore product losses.
    keywords: adsorbers; cell; chromatography; concentration; culture; development; dna; downstream; filtration; flow; gene; influenza; membrane; methods; particles; process; processes; production; proteins; purification; surface; therapy; vaccines; vectors; virus; virus particles; viruses
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        item: #64 of 76
          id: cord-326409-m3rgspxc
      author: Lai, Alvin C.K.
       title: Comparison of a new Eulerian model with a modified Lagrangian approach for particle distribution and deposition indoors
        date: 2007-03-24
       words: 3569
      flesch: 46
     summary: Turbulent Flow: Analysis, Measurement and Prediction Methodology for determining the susceptibility of airborne microorganisms to irradiation by an upper-room UVGI system Using large eddy simulation to study particle motions in a room Effect of ventilation strategies on particle decay rates indoors: an experimental and modelling study Modeling particle distribution and deposition in indoor environments with a new drift-flux model Three-dimensional analysis of airflow and contaminant particle transport in a partitioned enclosure Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies Indoor pollutant mixing time in an isothermal closed room: an investigation using CFD Particle deposition with thermophoresis in laminar and turbulent duct flows Modelling of indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition Modeling particle deposition and distribution in a chamber with a two-equation Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes model Modeling indoor particle deposition from turbulent flow onto smooth surfaces Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong Modelling and measurement of airflow and aerosol particle distribution in a ventilated two-zone chamber A preliminary parametric study on performance of SARS virus cleaner using CFD simulation Accounting for nonuniform mixing and human exposure in indoor environments Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel Improved numerical simulation of aerosol deposition in an idealized mouth-throat Diffusion characteristics of airborne particles with gravitational settling in a convection-dominant indoor flow field Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens Development of a numerical model to simulate the biological inactivation of airborne microorganisms in the presence of ultraviolet light Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method As observed in Fig. 4 , the original EIM without correction overpredicts particle deposition rate noticeably, particularly for 0.3 and 1 mm particles at the high ventilation rate.
    keywords: deposition; eulerian; lagrangian; model; particle; results; velocity
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        item: #65 of 76
          id: cord-327507-ic3tdx59
      author: Kirschbaum, Stephanie
       title: Laminar air flow reduces particle load in TKA—even outside the LAF panel: a prospective, randomized cohort study
        date: 2020-11-09
       words: 3585
      flesch: 46
     summary: The current study is the first one demonstrating that the LAF system is not only able to reduce general particle load during TKA surgery but is also able to reduce particle load outside the LAF panel. key: cord-327507-ic3tdx59 authors: Kirschbaum, Stephanie; Hommel, Hagen; Strache, Peggy; Horn, Roland; Falk, Roman; Perka, Carsten title: Laminar air flow reduces particle load in TKA—even outside the LAF panel: a prospective, randomized cohort study date: 2020-11-09 journal: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06344-3 sha: doc_id: 327507 cord_uid: ic3tdx59 PURPOSE:
    keywords: laf; load; operating; particle; particle load; study; system; use
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        item: #66 of 76
          id: cord-329135-g8fuax6p
      author: Haig, C.W.
       title: Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies
        date: 2016-04-01
       words: 10284
      flesch: 36
     summary: To gain a greater understanding of the transmission dynamics of certain airborne diseases and to increase hygiene standards through improved infection control, bioaerosol sampling studies have frequently focused on healthcare environments. Bioaerosol particles enter the apparatus through a slit, causing the particles to impact on the slowly rotating agar plate below.
    keywords: air; airborne; bioaerosol; bioefficiency; collection; concentration; contamination; cyclone; device; exposure; filters; flow; impactors; liquid; microbial; particles; plates; samplers; sampling; size; study
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        item: #67 of 76
          id: cord-329137-5pw07qje
      author: Dryden, Kelly A.
       title: Immature and Mature Human Astrovirus: Structure, Conformational Changes, and Similarities to Hepatitis E Virus
        date: 2012-10-05
       words: 3862
      flesch: 47
     summary: VP90 assembles in infected cells and undergoes C-terminal cleavages by caspases to generate VP70 (a 70-to 79-kDa protein) for release from the cells as immature virus particles. Cleavage to VP70 is required for release of immature particles from cells, and subsequent cleavage by trypsin confers infectivity.
    keywords: astrovirus; capsid; domain; fig; hastv; hev; immature; particles; protein; spikes; structure
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        item: #68 of 76
          id: cord-332255-7sxioviw
      author: Narita, M.
       title: Electron microscopy of the intestine of gnotobiotic piglets infected with porcine rotavirus
        date: 1982-10-31
       words: 1653
      flesch: 51
     summary: In some sections, the infected cells appeared to be detaching from adjacent epithelial cells and being shed into the lumen (Fig. 7) . Thereafter, infected cells were only rarely observed.
    keywords: cells; particles; rotavirus; virus
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        item: #69 of 76
          id: cord-336901-q6kgzuob
      author: Choi, Jeongan
       title: Integrated micro-optofluidic platform for real-time detection of airborne microorganisms
        date: 2015-11-02
       words: 4493
      flesch: 37
     summary: Figure 4 Samples containing the bacterial suspension were injected into the micro-optofluidic platform using a syringe pump to evaluate the device performance for the real-time detection of airborne bacterial particles. The morphology of airborne bacterial particles was investigated using SEM (Nova Nano SEM 200; FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR, USA).
    keywords: concentration; counting; detection; flow; micro; microorganisms; mixing; particle; platform; time
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        item: #70 of 76
          id: cord-336948-8yqdhcnz
      author: Löhner, Rainald
       title: Detailed simulation of viral propagation in the built environment
        date: 2020-08-05
       words: 5703
      flesch: 45
     summary: In order to prevent this, the changes in particle velocities and temperatures are limited in order not to exceed the differences in velocities and temperature between the particles and the fluid [70] . Multistage explicit advective prediction for projection-type incompressible flow solvers Comparison of coarse and fine mesh 3-D Euler predictions for blast loads on generic building configurations Optimal placement of sensors for contaminant detection based on detailed 3-D CFD simulations Improving the speed and accuracy of projection-type incompressible flow solvers On the simulation of flows with violent free surface motion Simulation of flows with violent free surface motion and moving objects using unstructured grids Applied CFD techniques Improvements in speed for explicit, transient compressible flow solvers Adaptive embedded and immersed unstructured grid techniques Timings of FEFLO on the SGI-ICE machines Semi-automatic porting if a general fortran CFD code to GPUs: the difficult modules Deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers for the pressure-Poisson equation: extensions and improvements F2GPU-a general fortran to GPU translator On meshparticle techniques Tightly coupled computational fluid and crowd dynamics Droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract Edge-based finite element scheme for the Euler equations Implicit finite element schemes and boundary conditions for compressible flows on unstructured grids An accurate, fast, matrix-free implicit method for computing unsteady flows on unstructured grids A class of matrixfree implicit methods for compressible flows on unstructured grids A fast, matrix-free implicit method for computing low mach number flows on unstructured grids Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks Simulation of flow past complex geometries using a parallel implicit incompressible flow solver A parallel implicit incompressible flow solver using unstructured meshes Computation of unsteady flow past deforming geometries Firstprinciples blast diffraction simulations on a notebook: accuracy, resolution and turn-around issues Boundary layer theory Implementation of untructured grid GMRES+LU-SGS method on shared-memory, cache-based parallel computers Adjoint-based design of shock mitigation devices Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises Observing and quantifying airflows in the infection control of aerosol-and airborne-transmitted diseases: an overview of approaches Airflow dynamics of coughing in healthy human volunteers by shadowgraph imaging: an aid to aerosol infection control Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing-potential sources of infectious aerosols High infectivity and pathogenicity of influenza a virus via aerosol and droplet transmission Combination of body-fitted and embedded grids for external vehicle aerodynamics Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study Numerical modeling of long-duration blast wave evolution in confined facilities Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1 Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment How far droplets can move in indoor environments-revisiting the wells evaporation-falling curve Optimal sensor placement for airborne contaminant detection in an aircraft cabin Numerical simulation of coughed droplets in conference room Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
    keywords: air; distribution; equations; flow; fluid; number; numerical; order; particle; simulation; velocity; virus
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        item: #71 of 76
          id: cord-337957-z9ssp0rs
      author: Berrouk, Abdallah S.
       title: Experimental measurements and large eddy simulation of expiratory droplet dispersion in a mechanically ventilated enclosure with thermal effects
        date: 2009-06-26
       words: 5380
      flesch: 51
     summary: Thus, proper understanding of aerosol transport is required to improve exposure assessment tools and models and adopt better ventilation strategies that can substantially reduce indoor particle concentrations and improve the indoor air quality. Both measurements and numerical simulations of airflow field and particle concentration were carried out in a downscaled chamber with two identical model occupants as depicted in Fig.
    keywords: airflow; concentration; inlet; les; particle; results; simulation; temperature; time; transport; velocity; ventilation
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        item: #72 of 76
          id: cord-339475-okw6la2b
      author: None
       title: Chapter 11 Health effects
        date: 2005-12-31
       words: 3091
      flesch: 44
     summary: However, none of the harmful components mentioned above exists in ambient particles at sufficiently high concentration levels to cause a specific disease. Ambient particles are harmful when their concentration exceeds a certain limit; epidemiological studies have indicated a strong association of increases in human morbidity and mortality rates with increased concentrations of ambient particles in a certain size fraction (Wilson and Spengler, 1996; Vedal, 1997) .
    keywords: agents; air; cause; disease; effects; exposure; particles; region
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        item: #73 of 76
          id: cord-340639-hdn85mik
      author: Uk Lee, Byung
       title: Unipolar ion emission enhances respiratory protection against fine and ultrafine particles
        date: 2004-11-30
       words: 3790
      flesch: 44
     summary: It was surprising to observe that the initial penetration e ciency (t=0) of ultraÿne particles through both masks slightly increased with decreasing particle size. This allows testing the performance of respirator ÿlters against pathogenic agents using non-pathogenic aerosol surrogates that simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of the particles of interest.
    keywords: aerosol; ciency; emission; ion; mask; particles; penetration; respirator; ÿlter
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        item: #74 of 76
          id: cord-352743-goier9an
      author: Habchi, Carine
       title: Transient transport model of particles resulting from high momentum respiratory activities: Inter-personal exposure
        date: 2015-07-31
       words: 7465
      flesch: 48
     summary: This is followed by a parametric study conducted to assess the effect of variable factors on the crossinfection between occupants (DV flow rate, coughing velocity, particle diameter, and distance between the occupants). -Zone I characterized by upward flow in the air surrounding the thermal plumes extends from the floor to the stratification height where the surrounding air and DV flow rates are equal [26, 27] ; -Zone II is bounded by the stratification and critical height where rising plumes expand [18, 28] ; and -Zone III is a recirculation zone where surrounding air and thermal plumes merge together
    keywords: distance; dv flow; flow rate; model; particle; time; transient; velocity
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        item: #75 of 76
          id: cord-355883-uyrn281a
      author: Zimmerman, Alyssa
       title: Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment
        date: 2020-08-07
       words: 3528
      flesch: 54
     summary: Science of The Total Environment Size distribution and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles from dry-season biomass 731 burning in Amazonia Frequent nucleation events at the high altitude station of Chacaltaya (5240 m a Effect of restricted 745 emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India Sources and concentration of 748 nanoparticles (<10nm diameter) in the urban atmosphere Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric 752 measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms Air Quality Study: Description and Relation to Key Meteorological, Gas Phase Aerosol Parameters Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from 757 the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program Particle Number and Size Distribution from a Diesel and new particle formation events at an urban site in Hong Kong Severe air pollution events not 769 avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak. Resources, 770 Conservation and Recycling Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer Characteristics 775 of regional new particle formation in urban and regional background environments in the Horizontal homogeneity and vertical extent of new particle formation events.
    keywords: average; class; concentration; events; growth; number; particles; time
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        item: #76 of 76
          id: cord-356116-c40e3zp7
      author: Savory, Eric
       title: Western Cold and Flu (WeCoF) aerosol study – preliminary results
        date: 2014-08-23
       words: 5738
      flesch: 44
     summary: Although cough droplet sizes have been characterized, more research is needed to examine cough flows from infected individuals. [49] found no significant difference in maximum cough velocity related to sex and weight of the cougher.
    keywords: chamber; cough; droplets; field; flow; influenza; particles; size; study; transmission; velocity; virus
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