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BOOK REVIEW
CONTROVERSIAL IDEAS ABOUT THE
STATE AND REVOLUTION, A BOOK
REVIEW “THE STATE AND
REVOLUTION” VLADIMIR ILYICH
LENIN, HAYMARKET BOOKS CHICAGO,
2014, 210 PAGES, ISBN: 978-1-60846-498-2
Nur Rohim Yunus
Gosudarstvennyy Universitet Upravleniya (GUU) Moscow, Russia
nurrohimyunus@yandex.ru
Submitted: Feb 18, 2022 Revised: April 11, 2022 Accepted: May 30, 2022
ABSTRACT
The State and Revolution is a book that was born from Lenin's life
experience as the father of Russian revolutionaries. The movement
that gave birth to major changes in the future of Russia and the
formation of a Soviet state with Marxism-Leninism. In his book,
A Discourse of Justice and Legal Protection in Domestic and Global Perspective
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Volume 7 Issue 1, June 2022 ISSN (Print) 2548-1584 ISSN (Online) 2548-1592
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Vladimir Lenin divides the discussion into six chapters, each of which
is divided into several sub-chapters. The method of writing the book
uses a descriptive analysis pattern with a contextual approach. In fact,
this book has a positive contribution to anti-bourgeois supporters,
because of its ideas against bourgeoisie and Western capitalism. But
this book is a negative ghost, for lovers of freedom and democracy.
Because the true teachings of Leninism require authoritarianism and
the absence of freedom for its citizens.
Keywords: State, Revolutions, Marxism-Leninism
Copyright © 2022 by Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. All writings
published in this journal are personal views of the authors and do
not represent the views of this journal and the author's affiliated
institutions.
HOW TO CITE:
Yunus, Nur Rohim. “Controversial Ideas about the State and
Revolution, A Book Review “The State and Revolution” Vladimir
Ilyich Lenin, Haymarket Books Chicago, 2014, 210 Pages, ISBN: 978-
1-60846-498-2". Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 7, No. 1 (2022): 391-
408. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.57385
SHORT NOTE
THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN by Lenin in August–September 1917,
with the original Russian title “Государство революция (Gosudarstvo i
revolyutsiya)”, which was later translated into English as “The State
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and Revolution.” The book that gives a definitive presentation on the
Marxist theory of the state. It is written in the clear and sharp Lenin
style, and is the cornerstone of revolutionary Marxism.1
The author's real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (10 April
1870 – 21 January 1924) who was later nicknamed "Lenin" after the
Lena river in Siberia.2 He served as head of government of the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFS Russia) from 1917 until his
death, and also as head of government of the Soviet Union from 1922
until his death.3 Lenin was politically Marxist and had contributed to
his political ideas in Marxist thought known as Leninism. This idea
when combined with Marx's economic theory is known as Marxism-
Leninism.4
As the head of the Bolshevik branch of the Russian Social
Democratic Labor Party, he was instrumental in the beginning of the
October Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of
Russia's Provisional Government and the establishment of the
Russian Socialist Federative Socialists. Not long after that, Lenin
began enacting socialist reforms, one of which was the transfer of
property rights to the soviets, including those pertaining to land and
buildings (labor councils).5 Lenin was pressured into signing a peace
1 A Riley, Lenin and His Revolution: The First Totalitarian. Soc 56, 503–511 (2019);
Ziva Galili, “Women and the Russian revolution.” Dialectical Anthropology 15
(1990): 119-127.
2 Jane Burbank, “Lenin and the Law in Revolutionary Russia.” Slavic Review 54, no.
1 (1995): 23–44.
3 Richard Gregor, “Lenin, Revolution, and Foreign Policy.” International Journal 22,
no. 4 (1967): 563–75.
4 K Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme in MECW, v 24. Moscow: Progress
Publishers. First written in 1875, (1989); K Marx, and Engels, F. Manifesto of the
Communist Party in MECW v 6. Moscow, (1984). H Draper, Karl Marx’s Theory
of Revolution. v 1. New York: Monthly Review Press (1977).
5 Gizachew Tiruneh, “Social Revolutions: Their Causes, Patterns, and Phases.” SAGE
Open, (July 2014).
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treaty that brought an end to Russia's participation in World War I by
threats from the German Empire. In 1921, he launched what came to
be known as the New Economic Policy, which was a form of state-
sanctioned capitalism that kicked off the process of industrialization
and post-Civil War reconstruction in Russia. A year later, the Russian
Socialist Federative Soviet amalgamated with other areas that had
previously been a part of the Russian Empire to form what would
later be known as the Soviet Union. Lenin served as the leader of this
new government.
Vladimir Lenin made a significant contribution to the
development of the revolutionary program and strategy for the
working class throughout the time of imperialism. At the same time,
Lenin was simultaneously working to create and implement the
organizational practices of Bolshevism. Lenin had the foresight to
realize that a mistake in theory would eventually translate into a
mistake in practice, and that it was a matter of life and death to arrive
at an accurate evaluation of the state and the working class's
relationship to it. In his consideration of the issue, Lenin approached
this matter with a great deal of caution.
The book The State and the Revolution was written in the heat
of the Russian Revolution in the late summer of 1917. Lenin aimed his
fire at the reformers for the slave adaptation of the socialist leaders to
the interests of the bourgeoisie. These words retained their full force
that day, when the self-proclaimed socialists gave themselves cover
for the anti-worker's actions of the bourgeoisie.
Lenin was confronted with the skepticism many anarchists had
regarding the state. He did not merely advocate for the elimination of
all forms of state power or a complete rejection of it. Lenin elaborated
on Marx and Engels' theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and
he advocated for the overthrow of the capitalist state and its
replacement with a workers' state that aimed at the expropriation and
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oppression of capitalists. Lenin's ideas were influenced by Marx and
Engels.
BOOK REVIEW
Chapter 1
Class Society and the State6
Lenin created the stage for his side of the debate in the first chapter
by allowing Marx and especially Engels to speak for themselves about
the genesis and role of the state in society. Engels was particularly
influential in Lenin's thinking. In contrast to the distortions of
opportunists like Karl Kautsky, he draws on the fundamental tenants
of the Marxist viewpoint on the state by offering a number of crucial
excerpts from The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
and Engels' Anti-Dühring.7
Then Lenin divides the chapter into four parts, Lenin outlines
the basic conclusion that the state arises from the division of society
into classes; that it exists to ensure the domination of the rulers, to
possess the upper classes of the exploited masses and not to reconcile
the competing classes in society; that it relies on a specialized agency
of armed men and physical strength to carry out this function; that in
seizing power the proletariat abolishes this state and replaces it with
the dictatorship of the proletariat, which in turn will disappear when
class antagonisms are removed; and that this is not possible without
violent revolution.
6 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
7 F Engels, [Preface to the Fourth German Edition (1890) of the Manifesto of the
Communist Party] in Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (hereafter MECW),
v 27. Moscow: Progress Publishers. First written in 1890, (1990).
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Lenin then evaluated the historical experiences of the
numerous revolutions and expanded his position inside the state on
the basis of these main concepts. In essence, however, it was precisely
these concepts that distinguished revolutionary Marxism from
reformism.
Chapter 2:
The Experience of 1848–18518
Lenin takes a more in-depth look at the evolution of Marx's thinking
on the question of the state following the French Revolution of 1848
and the seizure of power by Louis Bonaparte in December 1851 in this
chapter of his book. Lenin's focus is on the period after the French
Revolution.
Lenin demonstrates, through the use of Marx's pre-
revolutionary writings as well as Louis Bonaparte's Eighteenth
Brumaire, that the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat runs
consistently throughout Marx's work. This is in contrast to the fact
that revolutionists and opportunists claim that Marx supported the
dictatorship of the proletariat. Lenin demonstrates that Marx did not
support the dictatorship of the proletariat. Lenin was quoted as saying
that the notion that the state is capable of overcoming the class
struggle and convincing the minority to meekly surrender to the
majority is a petty-bourgeois version of the utopian ideal.
According to Marx, every previous revolution has been merely
an improvement on the existing state apparatus, in the form of an
ever-growing bureaucracy and army. The task of the proletarian
revolution is not to inherit this state but to destroy and replace it with
a proletariat organized as the ruling class.
8 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
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Chapter 3
The Experience of the Paris Commune of 1871−Marx’s Analysis9
Having proven, in a general sense, that the working class is unable to
simply seize control of an already-built state machine and employ it
for its own purposes, the working class must instead strive toward the
destruction of the pre-existing bureaucratic apparatus. In addition to
this, it is essential to provide a detailed explanation of the specific
pieces of machinery that need to be swapped out for other machinery.
This comprehension can only come about as a result of the working
class's fight for its very existence, and the Paris Commune provides
the outside world with a sight of the dictatorship of the proletariat in
action.
Lenin then defines the fundamental aspects of the workers'
state at the beginning of an armed people rather than a standing army,
which is a summary of Marx's interpretation of his experience. In
addition to this, the election of all officials with the right of recall, the
limitation of the salaries of officials to labor wages, and the abolition
of parliamentarism in favor of workers' councils made up of elected
delegates with legislative and executive functions are all things that
need to happen. It laid the groundwork for the workers' democracy
that exists even to this day.
Chapter 4
Continuation: Supplementary Explanations by Engels10
Lenin opens this chapter by drawing a clear distinction between
Marxist analysis and the anarchist notion that the state can be
abolished overnight. The anarchist position holds that the state can be
9 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
10 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
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abolished overnight. He emphasized that in order for the proletariat
to triumph over the inevitable opposition of the bourgeoisie, they had
to make use of the state as a temporary instrument. Anarchists are
going to deprive the working class a tangible and necessary method
of protecting the revolution in the sake of some abstract concept that
they believe is more important.
Lenin emphasized the fact that the true workers' state was
distinct from all other states in this regard, and he compared it to other
states throughout history. Instead of serving a specific power that is
placed above society to ensure the control of a small minority, we
should do our best to serve society as a whole. The vast majority of
people use the state as a tool to subjugate the smaller population
groups. Lenin then continued to explain why Marxists should not be
considered neutral on the subject of how the bourgeois state ought to
be structured. For instance, democratic republics are superior to
autocratic monarchies insofar as these conditions make it simpler for
working people to organize social revolutions. This makes democratic
republics preferable to autocratic monarchies. On the other hand, this
in no way suggests that there is any sympathy for the bourgeoisie.11
Lenin also clarified that privileged officials should not be
trusted with the administration of the workers' state after he stated
that this responsibility should not be delegated to them. Instead,
everyone needs to learn how to take turns carrying out different state
functions. When the majority of people have acquired the skills
necessary to self-manage and genuinely take charge of social
production, the groundwork that is necessary for the complete
dismantling of the state will have been laid.
11 Gizachew Tiruneh, “Social Revolutions: Their Causes, Patterns, and Phases.” SAGE
Open, (July 2014).
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Chapter 5
The Economic Basis of the Withering Away of the State12
Lenin addresses the period of time spanning the transition from
capitalism to socialism to communism without a state or monetary
system in this chapter of his work. Lenin was also critical of the fact
that many capitalist nations in the West are referred to as
democracies, despite the fact that the vast mass of the population is
unable to participate in actual politics other than casting a vote once
every few years. Instead, capitalists make use of their wealth and
position to exert direct and indirect influence over state institutions in
order to better protect the basic interests that underpin their
businesses.
The socialist revolution will ultimately result in a democracy
that is more inclusive and, more specifically, a democracy that serves
the majority rather than the minority. However, as time passes, the
conflicts between social classes that were the impetus for the
establishment of the state in the first place will become less relevant,
and the state, in whatever shape it takes, will become less necessary.
People will develop the habit, rather than being compelled to work
and obey the law through the use of economic coercion or physical
force, of earning for the common good and adhering to the rules of
social life. This will eliminate the need for such methods.
In reference to Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme, he
differentiates the earlier stage of communist society, which he refers
to as socialism, from the later, more advanced stage. The lowest
transitional stage has not completely shed the imprint of its previous
existence as a capitalist society. The distribution of social wealth in
general is still controlled by the amount of labor done, which means
12 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
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that equality of living has not yet been achieved to its full potential,
despite the fact that class exploitation has been formally eliminated.
However, once capitalism has been expropriated and the profit
motive has been abolished, it will be possible to massively accelerate
the development of the productive forces, which will lead to a
relatively rapid transition to full-fledged communism. This is because
the development of the productive forces is directly proportional to
the level of economic activity. The idea that each person should be
treated according to his or her ability and given what they require
should not be completely realized until that time.
Chapter 6
The Vulgarization of Marxism by the Opportunists13
Lenin makes an effort in the final chapter to argue against those
adherents of Marxism who want reform rather than revolution by
defending the revolutionary Marxist heritage. He did not come back
with the idea that the proletariat could either take control of the
already bourgeois state or refuse to exercise any form of state
authority. It is contingent on its own conditions and can only be
conquered by the use of force.
Lenin emphasized that in order for society to function properly
under capitalism, bureaucracy is required. This is due to the fact that
the working masses are forbidden from engaging in political activity.
One of the ways that capitalists keep control of the state is through the
use of a loyal bureaucracy. One of the tasks that must be accomplished
during the proletarian revolution is the dismantling of the
bureaucracy that is associated with the bourgeois state. All
functionaries must be replaced with workers who have been elected
to the positions, and these workers must be paid the same wages as
13 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, The State and Revolution, Chicago: Haymarket Books
(2014).
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the average worker. When everyone is a bureaucrat for a certain
amount of time, then no one else can become a bureaucrat after that.
Lenin, in his critique of Karl Kautsky's revisionist distortions,
pointed out that the proletariat's takeover of state power cannot be
accomplished only by securing a majority in parliament. This was one
of Lenin's main points in his argument. This is only possible if the
bourgeoisie are displaced as the dominant social class in the state by
the working class, the proletariat, who would then organize
themselves as the governing class. This can only be accomplished by
violent social upheaval.
Due to the fact that he was preoccupied with the October
Revolution, Lenin was unable to successfully complete the book. On
the other hand, he mentions in a footnote that experiencing the
revolution first-hand was much more pleasurable and gratifying than
writing about it afterwards.
BOOK CRITICISM
1. Lenin's Concept of the State
As the proverb states "the experience is the best teacher," the theory
of revolution in the ideas of Karl Marx which was conveyed by
Vladimir Lenin in his book The State and Revolution has indeed
produced results with his success in achieving the ideals of total state
change. However, there are some things that don't necessarily become
real ideas in real life.
When analyzed from Lenin's writings from his book, it will be
found several things that have drawn criticism. But this is basically a
different perspective from Lenin's understanding. Among these are
the concepts of the state, freedom, and the state system.
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Lenin started with a quick assumption and established that the
state is a body that arises from irreconcilable class antagonisms.
Whereas the state is a set of institutions that monitor, control, and
enforce the rules of one class over another, so as to ensure a better
order to continue exploiting its citizens. Lenin finally showed that the
state is about soldiers, police, prisons and courts. Not too much
freedom of argument that can be conveyed by citizens. Except for the
rules and restraints in the name of revolution.14
Lenin's argument, which followed Marx's in The Communist
Manifesto, was that the state was nothing more than a committee
tasked with resolving the problems faced by the whole ruling class.
The word "whole" best describes this situation. Lenin brought out the
nuances in Marx's theory by pointing out that the disintegrating elite
in society is rarely headed in the same direction to go. This was one of
the ways that Lenin drew out the nuances. The current discussion
regarding Europe serves as a good example of how the ruling class
will continue to be divided. Conflicts between persons in positions of
authority can quickly become contentious. Therefore, states must try
and hold, sometimes warring factions and groups together. Failure to
do so would be disastrous for those in power as their bickering went
too far due to their often diverging economic and political interests.
Class divisions often open room for rebellion from below. This was
something the state wanted to avoid and therefore required efforts to
mediate between the factions within the ruling class.
So the state according to him is like a big house with different
rooms with different interests. The crucial room, or basement, is
where the special agencies, both armed men and women are placed.
14 Sarah Washbrook; The Ambivalent Revolution: Forging State and Nation in Chiapas,
1910–1945. By Stephen E. Lewis (Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press,
2005) 283
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In this regard, the function of the state according to Lenin is clearly
very repressive.
2. Controversy of Leninist Ideas in the Modern Era
Lenin's ideas contained in his book later developed into a new
understanding and theory called the Theory of Leninism. Several
countries were fascinated by this notion and adopted it in their
national life, such as North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the
People's Republic of China. However, some countries even reject it
and claim that it is not in accordance with the freedom of human life,
even considering it as anti-religious and tends to lead to atheism, such
as democracies in the West and also Indonesia after the G30S/PKI.15
In theory, Lenin shifted Marx's analysis of capitalism from
advanced capitalist economies to dependent colonial countries. He
combined political economy, geopolitics, political organization and
the sociology of social structure to form an innovative revolutionary
praxis. The expansion of Western capitalism shifted social and
political contradictions to countries moving from feudalism to
capitalism. Lenin was right in his assessment of the social forces
supporting the bourgeois revolution. But he gives an overly optimistic
prediction for the disintegration of monopoly capitalism and only a
partial analysis of the working class in the developed capitalist
countries.16 Lenin's political approach required a redefinition of the
balancing forces and class alliances and a shift in focus from the semi-
15 AM Aji, NR Yunus, GRA Putra, Communism and its influence on the emergence of
atheism. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology. 17 (9) 2020, 411-
424.
16 Xueguang Zhou and Liren Hou. “Children of the Cultural Revolution: The State and
the Life Course in the People’s Republic of China.” American Sociological Review 64,
no. 1 (1999): 12–36.
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periphery to the 'strongest link' in the capitalist chain. A 'Return to
Lenin' is not to adopt his policies but an impetus to rediscover the
socialist sociological vision that stems from the hopes of the
Enlightenment and Marx's analysis of capitalism.17
In his book, Lenin shows his hatred for capitalism. According
to him Capitalism is a system of geo-political competition, and armed
forces can be used to defend, expand or destroy the territory they live
in. The arrogance of capitalism to control the natural wealth in the
country, even in other areas. This is what causes conflicts between
nations in the form of endless wars. However, the anti-capitalism
movement and the campaign for socialism cannot necessarily be fully
justified. Because in reality socialism does not always guarantee
complete welfare for all citizens, even citizens are only used as a tool
to fulfill the political ambitions of the political elite.18
This book is controversial in global political discourse.
However, this controversial idea then gave rise to new ideas as a form
of truth as a result of the rebellion of thought. This can be seen from
the existence of questions and discussions about the relationship
between the proletariat and the state as an important question posed
by class revolutionary action. This question was very important that
day because of the state of the world in war and the existence of a state
revolution. However, the fact that the problem of national defense
then became a natural matter of the defense of the bourgeois state,
and the national problems of a country depended on the support of
other countries.
17 David Lane, V.I. Lenin’s Theory of Socialist Revolution. Critical Sociology. 2021, Vol.
47(3) 455–473. ps://doi.org/10.1177/0896920520958451
18 Revolutionary Perspectives. Bukharin’s Review of Lenin’s ‘The State and
Revolution”. Magazine of the Communist Workers’ Organisation Affiliate of the
Internationalist Communist Tendency. Series 4, No 11, Winter 2018
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After his death, Marxism–Leninism developed into several new
branches of thought such as Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism.
Lenin is still a controversial world figure. His detractors gave him the
label of dictator because he was considered to have violated many
human rights during his tenure, while his supporters opposed this
opinion by arguing that Lenin's powers were limited and giving him
the title of defender of the workers. However, Lenin had a major role
in the international communist movement and became one of the
most influential figures in the world in the 20th century.
CONCLUSION
THE DELIVERY OF the contents of the book written by Vladimir
Lenin is seen in his doctrinal and campaign style, to raise public
awareness and follow his ideas and thoughts. This book, which was
written in the era of revolution, conflict and violence, provides a heat
of assertiveness and dominant power. But finally, the readers can be
wise with their belief to think creatively in order to achieve freedom
and modernity. This book by Lenin boldly demonstrates this
distinction. The reader in this condition cannot blame the author for
citing extensively the works of Marx and Engels. Because basically
these two figures made the new school of Leninism grow and
develop. This work at least provides input and evaluation to Western
capitalism. This is where the war of discourse between capitalist
understanding, and social groups looks real.
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While the State exists,
there can be no freedom.
When there is freedom
there will be no State.
Vladimir Lenin
Estado y revolución
ABOUT AUTHORS
Nur Rohim Yunus is Ph.D. Student in Constitutional Law at GUU (Gosudarstvennyy
Universitet Upravleniya) Moscow Russia. He is also Lecturer at State Islamic
University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-1266,
SCOPUS ID: 57216167775. ResearcherID/WOS ID: F-3477-2017.
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https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/41787427