golden calf world adores desires handled rare incomparable wonder nature transmuting metals viz intire substance lead moment transmuted exceeding small particle true philosophick stone hague year written latin john frederick helvetius doctor practitioner medicine hague faithfully englished london printed john starkey mitre fleetstreet near excellent theodorus ketjes many peregrinations famous phisician happy practitioner medicine amsterdam intimate friends noble excellent experienc accurate searchers vulcanian anatomy john casparus fausius counsellor chief physician serene elector palatine heidelberg christian mentzelius principal physician court serene elector brandenburg reverend patrons intire friends epistle dedicatory noble excellent expert accurate inspectors vulcanian anatomy real friends although i neither willing able wanting honoured friends yet divulge bring light verity spagirick art precious miraculous arcanum i saw eyes taking little transmutatory powder i transmuted impure mass lead volatile fire fixed gold constantly sustaining every examen fire wise henceforth suspected man day perswaded others arcanum given man contrarily we fully indubitately perswaded things nature mercury philosophers like fountain overflowing wonderfull effects escaping every acuteness light human reprehensible reason shall evidenced little work i willing dedicate consecrate you primary patrons prudent masters defenders yet mean i pray consider i writ end i teach art i self know i might recite true process arcanum confirm patronize verity true light truth self property brute animals pass life silence especially heed things look required propagation glory wise powerful god creator wherefore since thing unworthy divine majesty ungrateful man consort divine nature wax brutish brutes i present you faithful friends patrons science rare history time ability permit recollected things faithfully commemorated therefore omitting paints flourishes rhetorical expressions i forthwith betake self discovery whatsoever i saw heard elias artist touching truly i intimately familiar he instruct way preparing universal medicine method chimistry yet he supplyed reasons method healing i shall never able commend worth condigne praises therefore curious favourers true lovers chimical art accept little work mean gift you rather peruse recreation mind i shall relate things whatsoever discoursed several times humbly requesting benevolence you received small treatises you accept novel i freely dedicate officiously give you motion increase admiration farewel avete favete humble john fredrick helvetius excellent prudent sirs i enter description philosophick pigmy little theatre secrets overcoming subduing giants i pray permit use words vanhelmont taken book de arbore vitæ fol transcribed i compelled believe aurifick argentick stone friend spagyrick art i ignorant many found among wise yea among exquisite chimists consumed goods goods others great vulanick secret experience even day sufficiently proves we seen pity unwary chimists yea worthy called alchimists i say they labouring simply daily deluded guile kind diabolick aurifick argentick suckgoods i know many stupid men rise contradict truth true experience touching philosophick stone work devil another affirms thing third faith soul gold ounce gold ounce lead may tinged repugnant attestation kifflerus i shall briefly commemorate fourth believes verity possibility thereof faith chargeable never quit cost many like allegations yet i wonder according saying quorum rationem non intelligimus miramur que vero pernoscere volupe est rimamur we attain we admire know pleasing desire man fallen fountain light abyss darkness effect thing purpose natural things especially wisdome natural philosophick study barren sophisticate part proper fools unapt men presently contemn thing knowing yet sought they possession therefore rightly saith seneca lib de moribus art yet happy rout deride i matter whether they believe contradict i write touching transmutation metals i rest satisfied thing eyes i seen hands i done philosophers say i hands handled spark eternal wisdome saturnine catholick magnesia philosophers fire potency sufficient penetrate stones yea treasure great value tun gold exceed price thereof seek you i believe i seen eyes thomas handled he nature things well adept philosophers although decrepit age world accounted secret saturn known unless cabalistick christian we judge happy physicians knowledge pleasant medicinal potion mercury medicine son esculapius resisting force death panacea otherwise produced gardens moreover wise god doth reveal gifts solomon promiscuously mortals they indeed seem strange they behold creature occult magnetick potency incited self deduced art like example iron magnetick ingenited potential virtue magnet magnetick virtue gold mercury magnetick virtue silver venus copper consequently metals minerals stones herbs plants moreover i may properly quæry wisest philosophers sage able comprehend acuteness dextrous ingeny obumbracle imaginative tinging venemons monstrous faculty pregnant woman compleats work moment deduced art external object i assuredly believe many foolishly say mortomagical work devil doltish ignorant affraid true resplendent light verity sight troubled afflicted stars cause we treat cause contemned although i you know comprehend celestial influences mind plants earth supplies us rejected although i you external signature know judge aright effect virtues ingenited they notoriously exercise according power healing conserving humane bodies therefore since others offended internal light ignorant abstruse things you i want science virtues deduced art according end they created thousand like things might instanced although you know splendour angels candour heavens perspicuity air limpitude waters variety colours flowers hardness metals stones proportion animals image god regenerate men faith believers reason soul yet beauty throughly beheld fully known mortals although stone philosophers potent virtue seen yet i therefore man think primary scope intention perswade worthy unworthy sons age labour work i shall rather dehort every curious indagators art they seriously abstain perilous arcanum certain sanctum sanctorum yea i admonish studious arcanum accurately take heed beware lectures association false philosophers i hope i shall satisfie curious naturalists investigators physical arcanums communicating publishing present discourse passed elias artist touching nature stone philosophers ens effulgent morning carbuncle splendid sun gold fair moon silver recreable amiable sight light pleasing object inward mind obliterated extinguished oblivion although credited none fatuate learned illiterate ignorant asses glory praise ambitious eloquence malignant ulcerated age world nothing safe secure calumnies taken wrong sense perverted unworthily idiotick ignorance cacozelots farr men deviate true rule verity success time they intangled errors miserably wast away expire assertion built eternal foundation triumphing verity shall continue remain consummation ages without diminution although art yet known mortals adept philosophers according antient faith experience affirmed natural mystery many anxious men sinistrously sought required found jehovah saturninely placed centre world mean we proclaim happy take care help art they may wash philosophick queen they circulate crystalline artifice khunradus they none others besides shall see crowned internally fiery king philosophers coming forth glassy sepulchre external fiery body glorified perfect colours world shining carbuncle perspicuous compact ponderous crystal salamander spewing waters benefit thereof fire washing leprous metals i self seen shall they see abyss spagyrick art royal art long lain hid absconded mineral kingdom safest secret places many years assuredly genuine sons laudable art shall behold like flood numicius æneas heretofore command venus washed absolved immortality immediately transformed immortal god lydian river pactolus transmuted gold midas mygdonius washed likewise candid rivals art shall serious order behold naked diana fountain narcissus scylla walking sea without garments reason fervent rayes sol partly blood pyramus thisbe self collected help white mulberries tinged red partly blood adonis descending goddess venus transformed rose anemona partly likewise blood ajax arose beautiful flower violet partly blood giants slain jupiters partly shed tears althea she put golden vestments partly drops fell decocted water medea green things immediatly sprang earth partly cocted potion medea made various herbs gathered always three dayes full moon cure jasons aged father partly leaves tast nature gaucus changed neptune partly exprest juice jason benefit he land cholcons received golden fleece afterward reason compleatly armed he fought feild mars without hazard life partly garden hesperides golden apples may gathered trees partly hippomenes running mastery atalanta staying course overcoming three golden apples gifts venus partly aurora cephalus partly romulus transformed jupiter god partly soul julius cæsar goddess venus transfigured comet placed among stars partly python juno serpent arising putrid earth deucalions flood made hot rayes sun partly fire medea kindled seven lights partly moon inflamed burning phæton partly withered olive branch new flourishing bearing fruit yea becoming new tender olive tree partly arcadia jupiter wont walk partly habitation pluto gate whereof lay cerberus partly mountain hercules burned members received mother wood parts father remained fixed incombustible fire nothing life destroyed he length transmuted god likewise we forget germans sons true philosophers entred length transformed temple whose covering made pure gold certainly i choose must yet acclamation say adept happy thrice happy artificer merciful benediction highest jehovah pursues art confecting preparing divine salt efficacious operation metallick mineral body corrupted destroyed dyes yet soul thereof mean revived glorious resurrection philosophick body yea i say happy son man prayers obtains art arts glory god certain mystery known way unless drawn imbibed god fountain fountains therefore let every serious lover inestimable art judge whole work required he constantly prayer true faith labour implore solicite divine grace holy spirit solemn manner god alone candidly liberally either mediately immediately communicate gifts benefits none unless candid liberal ingenies holy way practical piety inquisitors profound arts find they seek they work exercise theosophically solitary colloquies jehovah pure heart mouth religiously heavenly sophia indeed willingly embraces friendship presenting offering us inexhaustible rivolets full gracious goodness benevolence happy he royal way he walk shall shown expert arcanum i seem presage self i equally satisfied readers preface i presume teach art unknown self yet i hope better greatest part intention relate you certain history therefore drink friends following dialogue springing colloquy presented wishing you well thence you may satisfie allay thirst thirsting minds i doubt least study divine wisdome sweet you nectar ambrosia i communicate i common jul cæs scaliger end wisemen communication wisdome according gregory nyßen he good nature willingly communicates goods others part good men profitable others chap ii divers ilustrious men written touching verity arcanum among take sayings follows paracelsus book signature natural things tincture naturalists true sign transmutative virtue thereof imperfect metals changed viz white silver red best gold exceeding small part medicine well prepared injected metal flux crucible invincible astrum metals overcomes things changeth nature like self gold silver noble better dug metallick mines medicinal arcanums prepared therefrom therefore i say every alchimist astrum gold able tinge red metals gold tincture gold astrums self substance fixed multiplication immutable powder haveing colour red almost like saffron yet whole corporal substance liquid rosin perspicuous crystal brittle glass colour rubie exceeding poaderous read paracelsus heaven philosophers likewise paracelsus seventh book transmutation natural things transmutation great natural mystery metallick contrary course nature repugnant order god many men falsly judge imperfect metals changed neither gold silver without stone philosophers paracelsus manual medicinal stone philosophers stone celestial perfect medicine cleanseth impurities metals henry khunradus amphitheatre eternal sapience i travelled long invited others knew somewhat experience firm judgement conjecture alwayes vain among i call god witness wonderful ordination i received green catholick lyon blood lyon viz gold vulgar philosophers eyes i saw hands i handled nostrils smelt odour thereof wonderful god works they i say gave gifts prepared i desperate cases used admirable success benefit needy neighbour instinct jehovah mercy they sincerely revealed wayes preparing wonderful method wonderful god gave way i walked god alone i say immediately mediately yet subdelegately nature fire art master well living mute corporally spiritually good sleeping waking gave i write fables hands you shall handle eyes you shall see azoth viz catholick universal mercury philosophers alone internal external fire yet sympathetick harmony olympick fire reason inevitable necessity united suffice obtaining stone you shall see stone philosophers king lord bare rule coming bridal throne glassy sepulchre mundane scene glorified body viz regenerate perfect namely shining carbuncle temperate splendour tire subtile depurated parts concordant peace mixtion inseparably united perfectly equallized clear crystal compact ponderous fluid fire rosin flight mercury wax flowing yet without fume entring penetrating solid close bodies oyl paper resolvable every liquor melting commiscible therewith brittle glass powder colour saffron intire mass like blushing rubie redness sign perfect fixation fixed perfection permanently colouring tinging examens whatsoever even sulphur adurtive tryals corroding waters vehement persecution fire fixed alwayes unburnable permanent salamander stone philosophers greater world parts thereof fermented reason ferment transforms self whatsoever hence you may learn reason philosophers azoth imposed name mercury adheres bodies fermented metals viz white existant highest whiteness pure silver white sanguineous stone gold obrizon red work three dayes helmont eternal life i oftentimes seen hands handled see place i projected quarter grane wrapt paper eight ounces argentvive hot crucible immediately whole hydrargyry little noise ceased flow remained congealed like yellow wax fusion thereof blowing bellows found eight ounces gold wanting eleven grane therefore grane powder transmutes equal parts argentvive best gold within earth aforesaid powder found sort like thereunto transmutes almost infinite mass impure metal perfect gold uniting self defends rust ærugo cankring death maketh immortal torture fire art transfers gold requires heat helmont tree life i compelled believe aurifick argentifick stone several distinct times hand made projection grane powder thousands granes argentvive hot crucible presence principal friends business pleasing admiration succeeded well fire books promise he first gave powder least much thereof sufficient transmuting two hundred thousand pound weight metal gold he gave much half grane powder transmuted nine ounces three quarters ounce argetitvive given evening strange friend written sixty years since alexander scotus made projection kinde trust famous city colonia hanovia i place examples worthy note touching possibility transmutation read following true extract epistle written doctor kufflerus kufflerus artist i laboratory secondly i found another laboratory caroli de roy i poured calx sol prepared gold vulgar manner third cohobation sublimed tincture gold self neck retort tincture i mixed silver precipited vulgar manner i saw ounce sublimed tincture gold ordinary flux crucible transmuted ounce halfe two ounces precipitate silver best gold third part silver yet remaining white fixed gold two parts thereof perfect silver fixed every examen fire experience time we never find like i helvetius saw gold white without tincture yet example rare done hague whose name grill he year spirit salt prepared vulgar manner transmuted lead pound he received three parts best silver two ounces fixed gold hague certain much exercised disciple alchimy according nature alchimy poor man sometime since require spirit salt vulgarly prepared loving friend mine name john casparus knottnerus friend giving demanded whether he use spirit salt he now metals grill made answer metalls accordingly he afterward powred spirit salt lead he put glass dish usual conditures confections space two weeks elapsed supernatant spirit salt appeared splendid exceeding curious made instrument ingenious artist sight grill filled exceeding joy signified us he seen signate star philosophers touching he read basilius he thought i many honest men behold star supernatant spirit salt lead mean remaining bottom ash colour swollen like sponge space seven nine dayes humidity spirit salt absumed exceeding heat aire july vanish star settled still stood earthly spongeous lead thing worthy admiration beheld spectators length grill taken part cinereous lead star adhering cupellated test found ounce lead twelve ounces cupellate silver twelve ounces he two ounces best gold i helvetius able shew spongeous lead part star yet adhering besides pieces star silver gold made thereof subtile likewise foolish grill understood he known knottterus whether he used spirit salt thenceforth attempted learn art make yet time elapsed worthy knottnerus got spirit salt he expert various kinds thereof he given able call mind suddenly mean he family visited pestilence dyed falling water drowned death two none find way either operations certainly cause admiration internal nature lead simple maturation spirit salt appear external form noble less admirable wonderful mind viz mirifick stone philosophers exceeding swiftly transmute metals virtue potentially insited self deduced art iron contact magnet touching enough sons art chap iii since promises much better esteemed much sooner they fulfilled i without dilation immediately come promised declaration following history take hague sixth calend january december year certain man came house afternoon indeed planely unknown endued honest gravity serious authority countenance cloathed plebick habit like memnonite middle stature visage somewhat long dispersed hairs indeed black yet curled little hair chin three four fourty years age countrey far i able conjecture septentrional batavia vulgarly called nord hollund salutations ended new guest great reverence asked whether he might freedom come pyrotechnick art sake he he willing pass door house adding he thought made use friend come read little treaties especially i published digbies sympathetick powder i discovered doubt true philosophick mystery therefore occasion taken he asked whether i believe place given mystery things nature benefit physician might able cure diseases universally unless sick already defect either lungs liver like noble member i answered remedy exceeding necessary physician man knows great secrets yet hidden nature i ever life see adept man although i read perused many things touching verity thing art writings philosophers i enquired whether he speaking universal medicine physician he answering denyal professed he melter orichalcum flower years he known many things friend rare sight especially way extracting medicinal arcanums force fire cause he lover noble science medicine moreover long discourses touching experiments metals made violence fire elias artist spake you know highest secret offered sight viz stone phylosophers you read writings many chymists excellent touching substance colour strange effect i answered except i read paracelsus helmont basilius sandivogius like books adept phylosophers extant nevertheless i think i able know phylosophick matter whether true although i see present whilst i speaking he pulled pocket ivory box he three ponderous fragments magnitude scarcely equalizing small walnut colour pale sulphur interior scales crucible adhere noble substance liquified i suppose value might equalize twenty tun gold i plighted faith i held greek cheimhêlion pretious treasure stone within hands almost quarter hour philosophick mouth owner i heard many things worthy note touching wonderful effect humane metallick bodies indeed i sad afflictedly afflicted mind restored treasure treasures lord possessor gave hand short space time yet i manner men overcoming without greatest action thanks fit case afterward i asked came pass since i otherwise read stones philosophers endowed rubinate purple colour philosophick stone tinged sulphureous colour he answered sir nothing purpose matter sufficiently mature moreover i entreated he give perpetual remembrance small part medicine included box although bulk he denied answering lawful although you give whole roome full gold duckets reason price matter reason another certain consequence yea surely possible fire burned fire i sooner cast whole substance devouring flames vulcan eyes little he asked whether i another room windows i presently brought phænix bird rare seen land best furnished chamber yet he entrance manner hollanders countryes shake shooes dropping wet snow i indeed time thought perhaps he provide readiness treasure he dash hope pieces he immediatey asked piece best mean layed cloak country coat he opened bosom shirt he wore green silk five great golden pendants round filling magnitude interior space orb tin comparing respect colour flexibility difference gold mine exceeding great pendants he inscribed iron instrument following words request he gave leave i coppy form pendants words engraven thereon follows amen holy holy holy lord god things full power leo libra ii wonderfull wisdome jehovah catholick book nature made day alchemical symbols gold mercury silver wonderfull god nature he spagyrick art make nothing vain sacred holy spirit hallelujha hallelujha away devil speak god without light amen eternal invisible wise best omnipotent god gods holy holy holy governour conserver deservedly praysed moreover i affected admiration master i pray tell you greatest science whole world he answered i received magnalia communication certain extraneous friend certain dayes lodged house professing he lover art came teach various arts viz besides aforesaid stones crystal beautiful precious stones made much fair rubies chrysolites saphires others kind prepare crocus martis quarter hour dose infallibly heals pestilential dysentery likewise metallic liquor help every species dropsy may cured certainly four dayes space certain limpid water sweet hony help i extract tincture granates corals glasses blown artificers space two hours hot sand many things like he told i neither well observed committed memory intention carryed viz learn art pressing noble juice metals metals shadow waters deceived dog piece flesh substantial moreover artist told master taught art bad bring glass full rain water he mixed small quantity white pouder commanding disciple master proceeds discourse go ounce cupellate silver laminate beat thin silver dissolved quarter hour ice hot water he presently gave half potion speedily made drink mouth tasted sweet milk i thence became cheerful he related things i ceased enquire end he instanced whether potion philosophick he answered you must curious afterward he told he command laudable artist master took piece leaden gutter house lead melted now crucible artist drew pocket gasket full sulphureous powder he took small part point knife injected lead flux presently giving order fire blown two pair bellows strongly exciting heat vehemently little he powred crucible pure gold red stones kitchen i pleasing discourser commodiously behold verity transmutation metals astonished fear admiration i scarcely able speak word master heartning cheer contented take self sixteenth part mass keep memorandum fifteen parts distribute poor i he memory deceive he bestowed exceeding great alms sparrendamen church whether he gave distinct times whether he told substance gold silver i asked length saith he speaking master he directly taught great divine art therefore narration things ended i humbly entreated he shew effect transmutation impure metals i thence might better assurance things related faith confirmed securely give credit real truth matter he discreetly gave repulse yet taking leave he promised return three weeks shew certain curious arts fire way projecting making provisoe lawful three weeks elapsed according word he came house invited walk abroad hour two we time certain discourses secrets nature fire mean well spoken companion way lavish rather sparing words touching great secret affirming singular mystery tended alone magnifying illustrious fame glorious god men considered they might condignly sacrifice works great god uttering expressions otherwise he pastor church i mean time fayled solicit demonstrate transmutation metals moreover i beseeched intreated vouchsafe eat lodge house urging earnestness rival lover ever use perswasive words winning beloved willingness gratifying others he agitated spirit great constancy made void i endeavoured nevertheless i choose speak sir you see i convenient laboratory you may shew metallick transmutation whosoever assents asketh obligeth true answered he bit i made promise you imparting things exception return i interdicted leave every requests vain i instantly earnestly besought he reason heavenly interdiction demonstrate i asked he give much treasure sufficient transmuting four grains lead gold request he little pouring forth flood philosophick mercy gave small particle big saying take greatest treasure world great kings princes ever see i saying master small particle perhaps sufficient tinging four granes lead he answered give i accordingly gave conceiving good hope receiving somewhat greater particle instead thereof he breaking half almost threw fire wrapping blew paper he gave faying yet sufficient i sad countenance perplexed mind answered ah sir mean you i doubted now i believe small quantity medicine suffice transmuting four grains lead he you rightly handle lead crucible reason small quantity thereof take two drams half ounce little lead must tinged well may i i easily believe viz little tincture transmute great quantity lead gold he answered i say true mean i giving great thanks inclosed diminished superlative degree concentrated treasure casket saying morrow i make tryal give notice man thereof long i live answered he things tend glory god omnipotent us singularly declared sons art we may live theosophically dye sophistically i confessed held mass medicine short space time i attempted raze something finger nayl i got certain invisible atome i cleansed nayl injected collected matter wrapt paper lead flux i see transmutation gold almost whole mass lead vanished aire remaining substance transmuted glassy earth hearing he smiling say you dexterously play thief apply tincture i wonder you expert fire better understand fuming nature lead you wrapped theft yellow wax might conserved fume lead penetrated lead transmuted gold now sympathetick operation performed fume medicine permixed fume flew away gold silver tin mercury like metals corrupted lead vapours likewise converted brittle glass he speaking i shewed crucible viewing remaining substance perceived beautiful tincture adhering sides crucible say nine clock i return shew you medicine must used transmute lead gold promise i rested secure yet mean i requested information whether philosophick work required great charges preparing long time friend answered he you accurately affect know things yet i open you charge great time long touching matter arcanum made i you know two metals minerals prepared sulphur philosophers abundant minerals therefore made i asked menstruum whether operations made glasses crucibles he answered menstruum celestial salt salt celestial virtue benefit philosophers dissolve terrene metallick body dissolving noble elixir philosophers produced operation performed crucible beginning end open fire whole work may begun plainly ended longer time four dayes whole work greater cost required value three florens lastly he added neither mineral salt great price i master strange repugnant sayings various philosophers writ least seven nine moneths imployed work he answered true writings philosophers understood truly adept therefore touching time they write nothing certain yea i say lover art find art preparing mystery whole life without communication true adept man respect cause i advise you friend you seen true matter true work forget self thirsting perfection art cast away goods you never find i say master although i unknown you you unknown nevertheless since he unknown you shewed you way finding operation arcanum perhaps you may you willing notifie somewhat touching secret difficult rudiments overcome i may saying happily add somewhat things already found occasion thing found another difficultly invented artist answered work matter unless you know thing beginning work end you know nothing thereof indeed i told you enough yet you ignorant stone philosophers made glassy seal hermes broaken sol gives forth splendor metallick rayes wonderfully coloured speculum eyes narcißus behold metals transmutable rayes adept gather fire help volatile metals fixed fixed gold silver enough time god willing morrow we shall occasion meeting yet we may talk together touching philosophick matter according i nine clock i come house shew you way projecting happy valediction night elias artist left sad expectation day yea mercury philosophers vanish aire i hear much word yet he he promised he come betimes next morning half hour ten sent another unknown man signifying friend yesternight promised revisit morning reason urgent business come nevertheless three clock afternoon he see i vehement desire expected till almost eight clock i began doubt truth matter besides wife curious searcher art laudable man came troubling reason philosophick art cited aforesaid severe honest man saying go let us try i pray verity work ac cording man otherwise i certainly shall sleep night i answered i pray let us deferr till morrow perhaps man come nevertheless i ordered son kindle fire thoughts arose man indeed otherwise discourses divine now found first time guilty lye second time i make experiment stollen matter hid nayl purpose lead transmuted gold lastly third time he gave little matter tinging great mass lead he almost drove desperation notwithstanding thoughts i commanded yellow wax brought wherein wrap matter finding lead i cut half ounce six drachmes wife wrapped matter stone wax lead flux she cast little mass hissing flatuosity performed operation crucible well closed quarter hour whole mass lead transmuted best gold certainly i lived age ovid i believed metamorphosis rare chimical art i behold things hundred eyes argus i scarcely see work nature admirable lead mixt stone wise fire melted demonstrated us beautiful colour yea i say green i poured cone fusory cup received colour like blood waxed cold shined colour best gold i present amazed made haste we aurificate lead even cold precious examen judged gold excellent whole world better found withall adding every ounce gold he give florens next day rumour wonderful metallick transmutation spread hague whence many illustrious men lovers art made among name general examiner moneys province holland porelius came certain illustrious men earnestly desiring i communicate small particle artificial gold prove legitimate examens curiosity sake i willingly gratified we went together house certain curious name brechtelius whose workhouse excellency gold evidenced form probation skilful artists call quarta viz they crucible melt three four parts silver part gold hammering reduce mixture thin plates they pour sufficient quantity aquafortis silver dissolved gold settles bottome like black powder afterward aquafortis poured golden powder put crucible strong fire reduced gold work ended we supposed half gold vanished yet deed we found gold besides weight transmuted part silver gold viz two drams gold transmuted two scruples silver abundance tincture like gold homogeneal self we suspecting silver well separated gold presently make mixture seven times much antimony examen we lost eight grains gold i evaporated antimony i found nine grains gold yet colour somewhat pale best tryal fire we lost nothing gold infallible kind probation i thrice performed presence noble illustricsus men found every dram gold acquired silver augmentation self scruple gold silver pure good flexible according five drams gold attracted self silver five scruples i may together comprise remains whole weight laudable powder quantity exceeding small transmute six drams two scruples vile metal gold wise fixed able perseveringly sustain intense torture fire behold i exactly first last commemorated history gold i indeed land countrey elias artist day hospited i wholly ignorant he told purpose abide country longer summer he travil asia visit holy land let wise king heaven shadow whose divine wings he hitherto layn hid administratory angels accompany intended journey prosper he living great age may inestimable talent greatly succour whole republick christians life gloriously behold take prepared inheritance life eternal amen chap iv therefore now compleat promise i forthwith betake self dialogue colloque elias artist physician elias artist god save you master helvetius i may troublesome i desire freedom discoursing you little time i heard you curious indagator natural things i perused books among especially whole treatise you write effect sir kenelm digbies sympathetick powder gloried distance cure wounds assuredly i incredibly delighted things beheld speculum whether sympathetick antipathetick naturally implanted creatures inexhausted treasures divine light deity less abundantly liberally granted us may best known creatures produced either ætherial heaven belly earth womb sea end potentially insited virtues they restore health mortal body men helvetius physician sir presence new guest shall never troublesome rather i receive you best friends philosophick discourse touching secrets cf nature recreation mind convenient salutiferous nutriment man worthy taste he shall rightly disposed banquet enter i pray friend house artist indeed sir seems you compleat vulcanian shop perhaps things spagyrically exactly drawn mineral kingdom i pray end many medicaments i believe god things nature naturally gives medicines we may much sooner safely decayed languishing health man unless disease mortal deficiency nature putrefaction noble internal part hurt reason total absumption radical humidity desperate cases galenick cure paracelsick tincture yeild releif ordinary diseases yet many men fatal term life expired abfit nemesis dicto enforced pass fair kingdom pleasing light shadowed land dead whilst either they neglect health body commit faith physicians unskilful remedy they hand physician far i gather discourse judgement deceive you either physician man expert chimistry certainly according you say i believe things nature given excellent medicaments many philosophers affirm certain although known universal medicament benefit we may prolong life appointed end cure diseases otherwise uncurable many things among wisest men world shew us way find noble fountain whence wonderful medicamentous juice nobilitating physician drawn perhaps man artist indeed i physician melter orichalcum almost exercised ingeny pyrotechny sought internal nature metals although i now cease usual diligence elaborating accurate work art vulcan yet mind still takes delight labours kind lovers curious spagyrick art i verily believe judge wise god age communicate gratis nothing metallick mysteries nature spagyrick sons praying labouring physician friend i must needs grant god nothing communicates sons laudable good well gifts yet you shall rarely hear he nothing gives vends medicamentous wine nectar sons we certainly know great number chymists lived former ages according proverb strove draw water sieve whilest they presumed prepare universal stone philosophers besides books triumph glory adept man learn way preparing know first matter searching lowest roots mountains never ascend heights ambrosia nectar macrosophists drank mean time part good physician since he wants universal elixir without daily study conserving conscience pure sound adhibit diseases sick commended cure curations remedies restoring sanity he effect certainly knows virtue healing incited wherefore desperate diseases i many practitioners alwayes use simple medicaments thence diseased may soon restored pristine state health better pristine indeed various diverse kinds salts generated glandules lymphatick vessels putrefaction nutriment taken afterward wax florid various humours diverse diseases either internal external experience teacheth many constitutions complexions humane bodies many diversities diseases obnoxious although manner disease daily conversation evidenceth us drink wine whence divers operations manifestly discover peter drinks wine he labours angry i say furious mind contrary paul drinking wine seems imbibe mind agnine timorousness matthias sings luke weeps touching scorbutick contagious venome viz peter radical juice lymphatick vessels glandules converted acidity stopping passages organs whole body whence skin arise spots arms legs blewish colour times pestilence they swell like pepper corns juice pauls parts changed aperitive bitterness whence skin arms legs arise red spots pricking like bitings fleas pestilential time they blanes juice matthias parts converted sweetness easily putrifying whence skin arms leg arise watery tumours almost conspicuous dropsical persons time pest they pestilential tumours juice parts luke changed saline drying sharpness whence skin arms legs arise precipitations ordinary ferment flesh exficcations usually happens atrophia yea frequently true atrophia pest they become ardent buboes madness even death behold friend physician universal medicament heal evil scorbutick pestilential febrile venome indeed mediation particular vegetable mineral remedy given us god nature he may exterminate i heal help scorbutick persons scorbutick herb sorrel fumitory brooklime much less certain remedy made diverse species congested herbs sorrel antipathy fire water antipathy herbs fumitory therefore correctory peters scorbutick saline acid tinging venome made volatile bitter salt correctory pauls scorbutick saline bitter tinging venome made acid fixed salt herb sorrel correctory matthias scorbutick sweetish moistning tinging venome made help fixed bitter drying sulphur herb fumitory correctory lukes scorbutick tinging saline drying venome made help sweet moistning mercury herb red colewort external signature herbs easie judge internal specifick remedy diverse scorbutick disease certainly friend observed prudent physician he must needs doubt universal medicine artist you discoursed i easily grant yet physicians use method healing yet meanwhile impossible universal medicine given highest mineral kingdome benefit we may perform administer things you related touching lowest kingdom vegitables wise god several weighty reasons philosophers promiscuously conferred magnificent charisma supereminent science revealed according adept mouth confess say science true verity thereof doubted physician sir besides commemorated observations strenuously refuting operation universal medicine partly respect age strength man partly reason sex circumstances whilst difference made tender robust whether nature education male female young man virgin beginning middle end diseases understood whether disease inveterate sick lately invaded lastly whether ferment promoted disease precipited another effervescency made either stomach intestines assuredly many contradictions wonderful effect universal medicine greatest part rational physicians want perspicil thomas didymus fingers artist indeed sir you philosophised rightly well yea arthodoxly universal medicament according notorious far spred proverb many heads many senses sweet sounding musick delights ears every midas doth history related please historians bread wine taste like relish palats judgements skilful men strangely differ touching wonderful effect universal medicine humane metallick bodies universal medicine way operating vastly differs particular medicine may sense called universal herb curing every scorbutick marked blew spots sorrel healing every scurvy noted red spots healing atrophia kind fumitory remedying tumors kind especially physicians observation you recited esteem moreover exceeding great difference universal medicine philosophers refreshing vital spirits particular medicament corrected venom humors viz boyles nature man acid man bitter predominant saline another sharp grow potent corrupt humors without delay presently expelled body ordinary emunctories nature either belly urine bladder sweat pores spittle mouth nostrils assuredly corruption becomes generation another viz disease every spark we timely extinguish exceding great burning arise defect vital spirits impossible effect therefore care conscientious physician deduce motion vital spirits digestible natural heat best securely performed operation universal medicament they found notably recreated soon perfect medicine driven morbifick evil seat occupies immediately infuseth lost sanity harmony sympathy self vital spirits medicine mutually wherefore adept called mystery nature defensive old age diseases i fay even pestilent season full contagious diseases every raging makes man salamander bearing epidemical plagues heaven displeased utmost term life expired physician far i beloved friend understand medicine makes emendation depraved humours chiefly conducent recreation vital spirits besides among practical chimists secret taught viz spayrick art may commonstrated pure separated impure immature rendred mature bitter corrected sourish sourish sweet sharp gentle gentle sharp acid sweet sweet acid laudable medicine philosophers according understanding prolong life beyond term prefixed preserve effect venimous otherwise mortiferous diseases certainly true commonly believed prolongation humane life depends omnipotent god omitting i ask question whether use universal medicine pristine nature man may converted new slothful man may degenerate diligent stirring man man nature melancholy sad afterward became jovial chearful full joy like alterations reformations permutations vicissitudes happen nature man artist sir great power never conferred medicament change nature man wine inebriating taken diverse individual men drunk changeth nature provokes deduceth act naturally potentially dead even operation universal medicine recreation vital spirits excites sanity time suppressed naturally even heat sun changeth herbs flowers provokes proper potential nature deduceth act man melancholy temper raised exercise melancholy matters jovial man pleasant recreated chearful actions consequently desperate diseases present excellent preservative hence man presaging evil befal rather prevent prevented prolongation life philosophick medicament induced predestination omnipotent god undoubtedly neither hermes trismegistus paracelsus raymundlully count bernhard many like illustrious possessors great mystery yeilded common death mortals perhaps protracted life day therefore part fanatick foolish man affirm yea foolish man believe assent touching medicament things nature physician friend whatsoever you spoken less regularly fundamentally touching operation universal medicine i indeed cherefully willingly grant long i ignorant preparing rightly i attempt carry boat small lake vast ocean certainly driven back shore without fruit although many illustrious men written somewhat touching laudable preparation yet they involved wrapper shadowed caution footsteps latently demonstrated known none diligent readers follow far they come they wealthy well informed able know buy books hypothesis kind handled betides you may consume greatest part life you gather thence sufficient knowledge direct manual operation therefore best us abide patiently laboratory praying blessed god according saying ora ac labora deus dat omni hora labour pray god gives alway artist you argue rightly enough sir writings philosophers art arts rarely learned sense well clearely understood manuduction adept philosopher let us hence pass transmutative effect noble tincture touching possessors many adept written many books genuine disciples labouring much fire length compleatly attain wished end arcanum physician i perceive mastership takes pleasure passing use medicine infinite transmutation metals although i easily believe possibility art viz chymical experiment kind adept i made mention touching experiment kifflerus tincture ounce gold transmuted ounce half silver best gold mention experiment helmont scotus he made famous cities colonia hanovia much insist illustrious well known example manifested prague cæsar ferdinando third grain tincture three pounds mercury transmuted noble gold insomuch i brought less neccessity believing art may true yet i hour sufficiently receive without doubt eyes i never life saw man true possessor thereof artist sir you say true yet art art whether you believe even seen magnet insited sulphureous virtue iron contact presently makes magnet although you believe wonderful operations latent yet they remain true you judge stone philosophers wise seek clouded writings understood explained desired earnestly hands must endavoured general epitomen whole art may made short space time without much labour things necessary may gathered help easy transition real authors might effected now since you presented examples you endeavour assert confirmed possibility matter i self shew you true matter secret philosophers behold look well physician master sulphureous yellow glassy substance philosophick matter you self possessor science i ready believe you jest i pray sir tell truth whether really artist yes matter doctor you now within hand pretious treasure world true stone philosophers man ever better shall i self elaborate composition beginning end you another convenient chamber i shew you metal transmuted gold stone i brought another chamber behold he five pendants benefit philosophick tincture prepared saturn lead i wear perpetual remembrance master i suppose you perused many writings adept seeing substance nature stone sufficiently know true matter rightly understand physician i understand self you master you rather learned art acquired proper labour invention although i now seen substance you affirm true tincture philosophers five pendants nevertheless i still left ignorant doubt whether true therefore i earnestly request you confer small part matter suffice transmute four grains lead gold you may way remove scruple doubt render much certain verity matter give magnitude grain thence specimen probation may exhibited either desperate disease metallick transmutation artist i confess certain man good condition wholly unknown demonstrating taught first possibility transmutation secondly way preparing infallible art touching you reason doubt whereas you request i give you small part treasure wise lawful although you give recompense many ducats whole room bottom top contein reason estimation matter small price another weighty reason respect possible fire consumed fire i time rather cast whole mass devouring flames eyes wherefore meanwhile i admonish you eager coveting great science you day seen possession many kings princes ever behold although they eagerly desired see besides i think comming you weeks i shew you certain excellent arts manuductions chymical science shall lawful shew you way transmutation i truely satisfie curiosity therein mean i bid you farewel withal admonishing you take heed self meddle great profound labour least you miserably loose fame substance ashes like covetous inquisitors noble art physician now shall i master happen reason philosophick oath confirmed small draught silver dissolved shall lawful you give requested exceeding small part tincture wonderful you ignorant i according suspicion mind anxious earnestlie desirous tasting noble science yea i verilie think adam first patriark world driven paradice eating apple either wisedom yet living age he forbear taste golden apple garden atlantis mastership manie princes see i seen i indeed seen matter you give rare testimony mean i beheld transmutative effect i give credit words since you told you go hence three weeks return teach excellent chymical arts way projection shall lawful you fruition good hope i time rest satisfied mean time giving you hearty thanks exceeding great friendship shewed alreadie singular care faithful admonition i chymical labours consume goods reputation i assuredly never yet made tryal great high things ever i attempt unless self first gratis pure benevolence friendship demonstrate way manner preparing yet i shall admire verity art please self remembrance friendship you shewed you revealed adept philosopher king prince great man men know you possessor art therefore god forbid lay hold you attempt tortures bring you discovery you reveal art artist i shewed stone philosophers man except aged man self you i revealed i possessor henceforth man must ever see hear thing although king prince god i hope permit cast prison i manner circumforanean physicians mountebanks vagabond impostors poor alchimists directly indirectly discover art rather suffer self cruelly wracked tortured tormented burning fire untill life expire physician good friend authors touching verity art write plainly number concerning utter words obscure perhaps they understand unless they adhibited commentaries annotations evident paraphrasists i suppose you times past read therefore best able inform adept artist master doctor i indeed read i read many books yet among i read i find authors curious sandivogius especially book entituled cosmopolita dutch borger der werelt brother basilius twelve keys sandivogius author you may peruse untill i return i obscure words truth latent even tincture philosophers included retruded external minerals metallick bodies physician sir i give you thanks great friendship i shall according advice you say touching objects tincture i easily assent grant i believe wonderful efficacious essences metals hid external rinds shells bodies although i find well exercised experienced fire know uncase kernel according rule art every external robust substance animal vegetable mineral body like terrestrial province isaac holland prescribed excellent essences spiritually enter wherefore needful sons art know saline suitable ferment grateful metallick nature they may subdue dissolve separate concentrate magnetick metallick virtue tinging they may multiply philosophick homogeneal golden we see bodies creatures easily destroyed thenceforth internals cease live hasten dark shadowings they they creation god creator brought light man discover us art metallick kingdom artist you say well rightly judged natural destruction things shall pleasing merciful god deal graciously you he done he according good hope direct adept demonstrate you way destroying metals collecting internal souls mean you invoke wise god whose vigilant eyes i commend you always open sons regenerated christ farewel rest assured i friend i must time go hence i hope see you good health ere long new friend took leave went away leaving friend sad space three weeks expired according word he returned gave tincture you may learn history philosophick man god went i never saw time day i hear carriers posts intimate acquaintance nevertheless he left spurre acute memory reposted minde opinion paracelsus affirming metals metals metals cleansed spiritual first depurated feculency made metals living gold silver philosophers well humane metallick bodies wherefore guest friend little acquaintance exactly shewed way preparing preparing celestial spiritual salt corporeal earthly substances i might matrix collect spiritual rayes sol luna assuredly he light enkindled great light i seen understood i corporeal metals sympathy transmute eternal soul help thereof they clarified transformed like body either gold silver according disposition red seed red body according nature white seed white body elias artist affirmed chalybs sandivogius true mercurial metallick humidity help without corrosive artist might open fire crucible separate fixed rayes sol luna body thenceforth make volatile mercurial dry philosophick tincture he demonstrated communicated somewhat relating transmutation metals indeed men well skilled chymical science necessity assenting viz pyrotechny mother nurse various noble sciences arts they easily judge colours chaos metals fire metallic body therein even dayly bowels earth procreated metals perspicuous stones proper noble vaporous seed spiritual tinging sulphureous seed diverse saline matrixes common sulphur whether impure pure metal whilst conjoyned body mixt salt peter burning heat fire easily changed hard fixed earth earth thenceforth aire easily changed limpid water water afterward strong fire according nature metallick pure impure sulphur mixt converted glass admirably well tinged various colours almost manner white egge generated chick natural heat seminal bond life metal made new noble metal heat fire convenient saline nature although chimists rightly perfectly know internal alwayes moving magnetick virtues distinguished according harmony disconsonancy whence we see metal sympathy antipathy another singular found magnet iron mercury gold silver copper remarkable sympathy contrary notable antipathy lead tin iron gold antimony silver lead mercury infinite like sympathetic antipathetick annotations occurr animal vegetable kingdom you may read find various authors written curiosities accurate absolute knowledge true philosophers masters nature beginning esteem i described i self seen done caused printed you candid readers mere liberality gratis communicating according seneca i desire know somewhat i may teach others si cum hac exceptione detur sapientia ut illlam inclusam tencam abjiciam man doubt real truth matter let lively faith believe crucified jesus he strict way regeneration may become new creature let fix whole anchor faith likewise shew greek philanthropia love mankind neighbours especially exercise works mercy brotherly love towards needy members christian religion length whole course life justly holily finished fatal mortal hour he may hence watery ocean tempestuous rocky world arrive safety blessed port eternal rest sing new song triumphing philosophers heavenly jerusalem he hopes take faithful assured friend john frederick helvetius doctor practitioner medicine hague transcriber note repeated word perused deleted benedictine monk things first metals minerals whereunto added frier isaac work alex van suchten translated daniel cable printed sold benedictine monk things first metals minerals translated daniel cable whereunto added alex van suchten secrets translated person great skill printed sold supernatural chap i i present undertaken write first tincture root metals minerals inform you spiritual essence metals minerals first spiritually conceived born corporally necessary first utter acquaint you speech things consist two parts natural supernatural visible tangible form shape natural intactible without form spiritual supernatural must apprehended conceived faith creation especially eternity god without end immensible incomprehensible nature conceive apprehend humane reason supernatural reason apprehend must conceived faith divine matter belongs theology judgeth souls moreover appertains supernatural things angels lord clarified bodies permission creator impossible creature works concealed eyes world likewise works infernal spirits devils unknown they permission high god great works god found acknowledged supernatural scann comprehended humane imaginations especial great grace mercy god he bestows mankind great love indeed man apprehend know great wonderful works he manifested divers manner wayes christ saviour redeemer confirmation omnipotence glory he raised dead daughter ruler synagogue widows son he made dumb speak deaf hear blind see supernatural conception resurrection descension ascension heaven deep mysterious nature obtained faith belongs likewise supernatural things taking heaven divine rapture spirit third heaven moreover many supernatural things done imagination dreams visions many wonders done imagination witness speckled sheep speckled rods laid watring places god warned wise men east especial dream return likewise three persons three gifts presents offerings supernatural star peculiar mystical meaning dream hapned wife natural unjustly adjudged lord saviour jesus christ death vision angels appeared shepherds birth christ women sepulchre sought body they laid accounted natural many supernatural things done several times prophets saints voice ass speaking contrary common course nature interpretation dreams god angels preserves us oftentimes infinite evils delivers us manifold dangers impossible nature many others belong theology heaven whereunto soul regard now follows supernatural things visible works god we see firmament wit planets stars elements reason course motion observed speculation reckoning belongs astronomy visible incomprehensible performing operation magnetick way likewise divers admirable things found observed altogether supernatural understand heaven operates earth earth affords correspondence heavenly earth seven planets operated bred seven celestial spiritual impression infusion even stars operate minerals done incomprehensibly spiritually therefore accounted supernatural even two lovers persons visible love invisible humane bodies tangible natural love invisible spiritual intangible supernatural comparable magnetick attraction invisible love attracted spiritually imagination accomplish desires fruition like manner heaven love earth earth love inclination affection towards man great world lesser lesser world taken greater earth desires invisible imagination doth attract love heaven thereby union superiour inferiour man wife accounted body together union earth impregnated infusion heaven begins conceive bring forth birth sutable infusion birth conception digested elements brought perfect ripeness reckoned among supernatural things supernatural essence performs operation natural among supernatural things likewise reckoned magical cabalistical matters depend thereon arising light true knowledge proceed superstition conjuration unlawful exorcisme sorcerers use i mean place magick wise men came revelation god true allowable art judged rightly old us usual among writing found they noted observed reserved signs characters hieroglyphicks blessings may used christ son god used scripture saith he took little children laid hands blessed whatsoever contrary god word justly rejected tollerated they godly diabolical supernatural things oppose god holy word belong magick soul prejudice concerning visions holy men god often seen reason they reckoned among things natural whatsoever man speculates comprehends mind supernatural contrary whatsoever he take see hold natural let us consider third part natural supernatural things physick virtues powers medicine every thing must first driven visible tangible natural body brought spiritual meliorated supernatural operation spirit first infused given body live might released operate penetrate spiritual essence fire left might burn opposition might suffocate suppress hinder burning life whereas otherwise separation soul spirit body first done succeed operation either effectual profitable necessary whatsoever visible felt inseparably body natural corporal soon separation living departs dead gaining perfect operation natural body separated spiritual essence free penetrate becoming spiritual supernatural medicine brief things none excepted we touch handle natural they must made supernatural you prepare physick supernatural living power operate natural dead tangible form made he dead life virtue soon operative quickning spirit came he manifested living virtue power supernatural admiration every thing natural supernatural united bound together habitation every thing might perfect created things world supernatural concerns soul spiritual matters natural supernatural concerns elements firmament likewise minerals vegetables animals known found they separated soul departs body spirit forsakes soul leaving body empty habitation moreover you must understand consider great little world made formed first matter unsearchable almighty essence time beginning spirit god moved water eternity without beginning great world heaven earth first man little world taken greater water separated earth water matter whereon everlasting spirit god moved little world formed noblest earth quintessence aquosity yet earth natural breathing divine heating breath immediately supernatural added natural supernatural knit united great world perishable yet new earth world little world eternal great created dissoluble world brought nothing little world clarified spirit god he possesses making celestial clarified water aforesaid earthly water follow first matter turned last last matter become first now reason great world perishable spirit god dwelling habitation great world little world man temple holy ghost he wilfully defile adhering hellish fire makes breach difference he remaines little world he formed similitude made consecrated temple otherwise every thing little world found great heaven earth elements depends thereon appertains thereunto we find first creation performed nothing three things arose wit soulish spiritual invisible essence represented mercurial water sulphurous vapour terrene salt three gave compleat perfect tangible formal body things wherein especially four elements contained i already mentioned writing i treat microcosme i may yet give little information natural supernatural things well spiritual corporal we find woman cured flux blood held twelve years bare touch she touched garment son god disease natural medicine cure supernatural faith she gained help lord christ likewise we excellent high supernatural miracle three children cast fiery furnace command king yet god wonderfully delivered consumed confusion tongues infusion divers speeches foolish structure tower reached heaven esteemed supernatural miracle supernatural sign children lap water dogs small number gods command fought judg sending dove ark she brought olive branch bill sign mercy divine supernatural message holy man god struck rock rod hard rock yielded water beyond humane reason turning salt water sweet drinkable supernatural dry passage children red sea budding rod supernatural brief resurrection christ eternal son god grave appearing two men going revealing disciples door lock divine supernatural divers examples might recited divine writ brevities sake i omit among supernatural things accounted mineral signs appearance spirits representations pigmies appearing diversly numerously giving notice good bad luck ruine riches figures shapes works found ores metals men fishes creatures formed represented imagination three first principles ripened fully digested earth elements hereunto appertain monsters earth things found within earth certain times wonderful form shape found time past yet appear found time hereunto belong visions appearances performed water glasses cristal means done sigils characters yet various natural yet affording supernatural appearances sights others performed conjurations neither natural supernatural diabolical belonging sorcery prohibited good christians likewise means oppose holy writ gods word commandments rejected refuted true natural cabalists i say certain distinction sure order found natural supernatural unnatural things like manner appertains supernatural things relations likewise terrestrial spirits inhabit air sometimes heard seen perceived sometimes foretelling death disasters sometimes they discover apparition riches good fortune certain places fiery spirits appertain appear fiery shape like burning light spirits untangible bodies yet they spirits right hellish spirits hunt mens souls eternal jewel even infernal devil dependents ejected spirits nature set men admiration maintained elements whereby they nourished fed earthly world shall cease they shall decay vanish they souls saved i say hereof present refer opening circumstances large another opportunity i shall particularly treat visions spiritual appearances esteemed unnatural part world yet truly natural they found supernatural operations wonderful qualities i may confirm assertion i say likewise many things found physick yield manifest workings supernaturally magnetical way operating attractive spiritual power attracted air air physick hurt distemper even ever doth direct turn self towards polestar though star many thousand miles distant yet spiritual operation sympathy prevalent attracted together vast distance middle band air attractive power known people general thing common therefore become customary esteemed notice taken secret whence operative faculty source original like manner hurts distempers may healed cured though patient physitian far distant charmes exorcismes unlawful prohibited means opposite god nature means wherein attractive magnetick virtue lies accomplish wounded person goes journey leaving weapon wherewith he wounded else bloud issued wound physician wherewith he proceeds rightly orderly means usual dressing wound without doubt he shall absolutely cured witchcraft cure performed attractive power medicine carried sore means air wherewith mundified may perform spiritual operation think hard sayings impossible nature many say contrary nature whereby many excited dispute raise arguments opposite whether natural whether possible whether sorcery i resolve cure natural operates supernatural spiritual performed meerly attractive incomprehensible means manner cure sorcery i affirm hereby mixt accompanied sorcery unnatural means contrary god creator holy saving word natural supernatural invisible incomprehensible spiritual attractive power received original sydereal performs operation elements lastly i likewise approve cure sorcery devil rather delights mischief mankind assist manner way benefit yet impossible without gods permission much might written magnetick form i chuse rather silent referring till i come treat natural miracles world grosser sort foolish wits imagine wise philosophers others perfect senses know difference case wise truly discreet well know distinguish betwixt natural supernatural observe comparison proved gross example many creatures dye absolutely water life left therein soon pleasant summer appears natural heat gives new life body quite restored substance living motion even herb dies winter spring manifests self anew death things esteemed natural return new life knowledge supernatural we accustomed things least part us consider worthy meditation case letting natural supernatural go away together people overpass natural custom yet supernatural monstrous births bring signs marks world may natural manifest supernaturally imagination caused supernatural forms customs mother child caused intervening thoughts unexpectedly happened accident even we often see find many men naturally born gestures he never leave though he endevour might natural gestures men natural conception womb caused imagination things supernatural subject heaven imprints conclude i say none defend supernatural true good grounds reasons except he learn know natural original gained shape supernatural he learned he may evidence sure proofs he conquerour believe supernatural he convince opinions dispute natural things yet know grounds saving bare pretence much talk tedious unprofitable debates chap ii first tincture roots now come intent gods permission accomplish i undertake certifie first tincture root generation metals minerals know first tincture root metals likewise supernatural flying fiery spirit preserves self air seeking habitation naturally earth water wherein rest operate spirit found metals abundant metals gold gold reason well digested ripened fixt body tight close compact therefore enter body just requisite metals fixt bodies pores open far extenuated therefore tincture spirit abundantly pass thorough possess bodies metals inconstant tincture remain inconstant bodies must depart whereas tincture gold found none plentiful man wife bodies therefore destroyed tinging spirit taken makes gold sanguin first opened prepared food drink becomes volatile wherefore volatile gold satisfied food drink assumes bloud self dries internal heat help assistance vaporous fire conquest quite fix makes highest constancy gold becomes medicine reason abundance bloud yields body except another superfluous body put wherein abounding fix bloud may disperse additional metallick body reason great heat fix lions bloud penetrated fire purged impurity forthwith throughly digested perfect ripeness fixedness first servant brings matter riches master spare cloaths give away seeing nature lent endowed noble suit side king he received aides contributions subjects distribute possessions permanent liveries lord servant may remain together think strange king needs borrow subjects bodies unfix inconstant they receive much yet keep little credit king participate thereof he better overcome heat frost leprous metals henceforth receipt he becomes particularly dominator conquerour great victory triumph riches health long life i hope you beginning sufficiently understood concerning natural supernatural advice first tinging root metals minerals whereon placed true rock grounded kind wherein nature placed buried secret deeply concealed gifts wit fiery tinged spirits colours they gained starry heaven operation elements they moreover tinge fix tinged unfix seeing wants robe golden crown together fixedness likewise although need rayment communicate five yet i say they perform nothing attain thing wealth without lion they sufficiently accomodated fixedness gentleness salt except lion overcome they triumphed parts gained remarkable melioration altogether melioration lies concealed signate star magnet metals received gifts now i proceed particularly step birth generation manifests power pouring forth daily reveales whereby metallick mineral forms visibly proposed made formal tangible corporal mineral intangible flying fiery spirits understand therefore observe diligence care forgetfulness you let weighty pass away yet neglect overlook profitable contrary observe bare words length passing truth i write herein undoubtedly held esteemed highest undoubtedly many esteemed lowest lowest highest mystery reputed now you must first know metals minerals earth matter mother whereby general they received conception gaining compleat corporal birth matter comes center first divides self three parts procure corporal certain form metal three parts fed earth elements bodies nourish till they perfect matter comes center imagined stars operated elements formed earth matter known true mother metals minerals matter mother whereof man conceived born nourish made corporal may compared middle world great world little world little world greater jointly great little world likewise found middle world unites conjoins great little world soul unites copulates spirit body soul compared water right true water wets water doth celestial water dry found metallick liquorish substance soulish water loves spirits unites bodies conducting compleat life therefore reasonably found evidently proved water mocker metals heated warm aerial fire spirit digestion makes earthly body lively wherein salt evidently found preserves putrefaction nothing might consumed corruption beginning birth first operated stands yet open subtile coagulation little salt imparted whereby he manifests spiritual corporal body metals follow essence salt whereby they become corporal follow i now begin first spirit chap iii spirit mercury though i peculiar stile writing seem strange many causing strange thoughts fancies brains yet reason enough i say enough i may remain experience esteeming much others prating concealed knowledge seeing alwaies preheminence hearing reason praise folly wherefore i now say visible tangible things made spirit excels earthly things whole world things made found therein perform whatsoever artist desires find beginning operate metals become spiritual essence meer air flying fro without wings moving wind expelled dwelling driven enters resolves self elements elevated attracted sydereal stars magnetical manner love whence he proceeded operated affects like attracts spirit caught made corporal resolves body becomes pure clear transparent water true spiritual water first root minerals metals spiritual intangible incombustible without mixture earthly aquosity celestial water whereof much written spirit metals may need require broken opened resolved first matter without corrosive renews age man beast even eagles consumes evil conducts long age long life spirit second key whereof i wrote beginning wherefore i call ye blessed lord anointed refreshed water embalm bodies they may putrefie celestial water beginning oyl means seeing burns made spiritual sulphur salt balsam corporal united water oyl whereof i afterwards treat large i shall write mention i may declare essence matter form spirit i say essence blessed matter spiritual form earthly yet must understood incomprehensible way indeed harsh expressions many think proposals vain strange effusions raising wonderful imaginations true they strange require strange people understand sayings written peasants they grease written knowledge art though they never learned think i account learned next gods word learn know earthly things must pondered judged understanding founded true knowledge distinguish light darkness chuse good reject evil needless you know beginning spirit requires wise help advantage you take notice beginning supernatural celestial sydereal elementary bestowed beginning first creation may enter earthly substance necessary declared you leave celestial soul apprehend faith let sydereal likewise alone sydereal impressions invisible intangible elements already brought forth spirit perfect world nutriment therefore let alone likewise man make elements creator remain made spirit already formal unformal tangible intangible yet presented visibly you enough first matter metals minerals grow thing matter unites self following chapter enters coagulation fifth chapter may body perfect medicine metals bring forth earth beginning great world help vaporous body transmute change together augmentation lesser world let seem strange you seeing high permitted nature undertaken many believe esteeming impossible despise vilifie mysteries they understand least they may remain fools idiots till illumination follows without gods remains till time predestinate wise discreet men truly shed sweat brows sufficient witnesses confirm truth indeed believe hold truth i write case true heaven hell preordained proposed rewards good evil elect reprobate now i write hands mind heart constrain highly conceited illuminated hate envy scandalize defame persecute mystery utmost rind innermost kernel beginning center i know assuredly come time marrow wasted bones dried take part heartily i pit god permit they willingly raise dead wherefore i left writings faith hope may seal certainty truth testifie last testament i ordained poor lovers mysteries though behove wrote much yet i refrain without prejudice soul drive light flash cloud day might observed dark night thick gloomy rainy weather expelled now operates spirit earth veins earth take advice spiritual seed formed impression stars fed elements seed turns self water first great world made nothing spirit moved water celestial heat must needs raise life cold watrish earthly creatures great world gods power operation celestial lights little world likewise gods power operation work earth divine holy breath moreover almighty gave ordained means accomplish creature obtained power operate help assist perform fulfil works lord influence permitted earth bring forth lights heaven internal heat warm digest cold earth reason humidity every creature peculiar fashion according kind subtile sulphurous vapour stired starry heaven common another clarified pure vapour distinct others unites self substance whose warm property process time superfluous moisture dryed foulish property comes gives preservation body balsam operating first earth spiritual sydereal influence metals generated pleaseth mixture three principles body formed according assumes greatest part three spirit intended qualified animals becomes animal substance goes vegetables order becomes vegetable work reason infused nature fall minerals becomes minerals metals yet distinction they wrought animals vegetables another manner form likewise minerals several way whereof write particularly tedious yield large various narrations many may demand without cause spirit may procured made manner prepared expel diseases change kinds meaner baser metals they born little world transmutation augmentation seed many expect impatience i answer without concealing thing truly discover much permitted gods command manner form following name take red ore like best gold ore you get grind like quantity together they partake fire poure oyl made common purified sublimed quicksilver set month digest you extract rather celestial terrestrial distil extract gently flegme ascends oyl remaining bottom heavy moment receives metals poure thrice much spirit wine circulate pellican till red bloud become sweet nothing may compare decant spirit wine liquidness poure fresh spirit wine reiterate often till matter exceeding sweet transparent red ruby put together poure ascended white calcined distil strongly ashes spirit wine remains behind spirit ascends spirit mixt spirit together salt brought jointly together they never separated you work come get ferment gold solution according just measure time appointed brought perfect ripeness perfection nothing may compare therewith prevention diseases poverty rich excessive recreation body goods way obtain spirit i revealed far permitted supremest emperour manual operations found work i revealed you must wisely observe you may endure bath hell true admonition forasmuch true opening door leads royal palace performed key cures diseases howsoever called general medicine likewise cures kinds old sores long standing corroding hollow sores i declared concealed nothing last observe you discover much art original source spirit refreshed raised life spiritual becomes celestial salt they made corporal formal beginning soul spirit body let remain magnet even acknowledged nothing else summe brief without spirit true key you never make corporal gold potable philosophers stone let remain conclusion silent i self present say silence enjoyned orderly judge recommending execution search thereof another yet reduced matter right order chap iv spirit copper star difficult well calculated bear witness course found otherwise six planets therefore birth otherwise birth possesses first table concerns generation metals makes active provokes giving lust desire together beauty gave occasion thereunto though i accounted i give self knows calculate course heavens i spend time cell prayer spare hours devotion ended may spent vain i ordered proposed aim intent exercise self spend hours knowledge natural things likewise well reckoned arises grows proceeds whence she arose grew proceeded she superfluously cloathed she needs yet must want she needs constancy you must advertised cloathed celestial far surpasses brightness sun abundant gold requires knowledge matter gold may rules plentifully copper whereof i make great cry know likewise flying hot spirit pass penetrate ripen digest things imperfect metals perfect inexpert believe question presents self hand spirit copper make imperfect metals perfect make ripe whereas body imperfect inconstant answer i say i often spirit possess inhabit permanent body copper habitation burnt fire spirit goes away must impatience leave lodging dwells therein sojourner protection permanent fix body gold whence man expel without warrant especial judge put inheritance heir taken root permanent body she easily expelled tincture obtained like manner found powerful high noble man woman i speak seeing i write tincture delivered likewise found mineral whereof peculiar book might wrote things combustible found yet incombustible strange thing white sulphur red operative generation true sulphur incombustible pure true spirit whereof incombustible oil prepared sulphur made root i open many mysteries i conceal answerable measure good things you may observe last advice protestation forget desire therein sulphur may well called wisdom found therein spirit excels together salt must put together spiritual conjunction three may come understanding advanced equal operations spiritual sulphur proceeds manner form upper region doth spirit another manner kind whereby stars manifest separation fix unfix colour uncolour things tincture consists meer vapour stinking beginning mist must dissolved manner liquor stinking incombustible oil may prepared thereof yet must take beginning oil unites freely spirit assuming metallick bodies speedily they first prepared points i advised keys i observe order planets without just grounds i observe order birth i directed much sulphur she sooner digested ripened together metals unconstant shewed little assistance therefore room left work harder reason superfluous sulphur they obtain melioration unfixt bodies now i reveal secret gold copper iron sulphur tincture matter colour matter tincture spirit mist fume aforesaid penetrate pass bodies you take acuate spirit salt conjoin spirit therewith just weight purging impurity they pleasant well sented without corrosives you medicine whereunto none world may compare fermented bright shining sun you made entrance penetrating work transmute metals eternal wisdom beginning shall we thank great mysteries children men wayes regard despised greater number know concealed nature they see eyes know they hands comprehend they deal know they they internal concealed i yet reveal truth love god root philosophical sulphur celestial spirit found root spiritual supernatural beginning spiritual salt found matter stone made many things though philosophers speak part distinct found another third yet i tell you understood superfluity found abound may used prepared divers ways particularly profit physick transmutation metals universal supreamest treasure earthly wisdom three principles thing founded extracted thing make metals true spirit soul together spiritual salt united together inclosed heaven dwelling body dragon eagle king lion spirit body must tinge body gold medicine may gain power plentifully tinge companions blessed medicine given god creator celestial magnet great attractive love valid substance metals great power uninventive virtue durable constancy happy man earth knows light truth world takes notice he shall see poverty disease shall touch sickness hurt till appointed time death till last hour predestinated heavenly king impossible tongues men utter wisdom laid treasure fountain orators must silent ashamed yea terrified able speak word they shall behold discern supernatural glory i self afraid i consider i discovered much i hope prevail god prayer he charge deadly sin i began work fear obtained grace revealed glory holy everlasting trinity i praise honour magnifie heart mouth revealed great wisdom earthly world next divine word whereby i known almighty power supernatural wonders man discern i heartily beseech give understanding wisdom i may bestow use profit thereof continual sacrifice praise love neighbour welfare spiritual corporal power virtue name may made glorious honoured praised works heaven earth enemies may know art lord full eternal wonders they may repent converted drowned falshood darkness god father son holy ghost help us heavenly throne exalted glory might majesty whose wisdom neither beginning end celestial earthly hellish creatures must tremble fear glory forever great wonders actions look graciously servant entreated pacified he manifested reader must moreover know concerning generation copper observe generated much salt equality found less seeing quantity excels salt thence arises great coloured redness possesses metal perform fixation fixt body generated thereof observe understand copper form body stated tree abounds rosen larch tree firr pine deal tree sorts trees rosen tree evacuates sometimes reason superfluity bear tree tinged abundance fatness digestion nature elements burns quickly freely ponderous durable oak hard wood close compact whose pores open sorts light wood wherein sulphur doth predominate oak therefore better salt pine firr deal trees wood doth float well water deal bound closed compactly air easily prevented bearing observed metals especially gold reason abundant fixt digested ripe close fast compact fixt invincible body neither fire water air corruption earth prejudice consuming power elements harm fixedness close compacted conjunction gives evidence natural ponderosity evidenced metals observed weighing scales likewise you find you lay scruple pure gold hundred weight quicksilver immediately sinks bottom whereas metals laid quicksilver like manner float top sink bottom they open air wind penetrate bear now concerns spirit copper physick you must last take notice observe throughout virtue power discerned wholsom beneficial spirit lies first spirit found last matter virtue power operation preferred medicines rising like yet found particularly spirit received especial gift dry preserves bloud putrefaction digests adverse stomach breaks stone kind soever externally wounds spirit lays ground heal sores defend ill qualities spirit doth assault prepares good ground cure externally mundifies searches whereby medicine may operate fasten make beginning cure internally spirit penetrates searching evil body even doth noblest vulnerary potion imposthume withstand spirit reformed i say briefly observe spirit well manifest self admiration internally externally many esteem incredible supernatural last you must understand spirit fiery spirit penetrating searching consuming evil humours superfluous flegme man metals may reason accounted crown medicines fiery sharp incombustible spiritual unformal therefore spirit particularly help make unformal things fiery digest ripen you true naturalist i recommend spirit fail least necessity health wealth case you observe rightly execute according justice i hope call request last take place hearing regard nature earnest longing desire search learn whereby they may whet wits open eyes let ears hear learn thing advice never taken notice learn found spirit copper internal external he doth observe truly understand writings fathom many secrets search purpose truth learn advantage without therefore man direct concerning spirit copper except he beforehand inverted turned copper inside outwards truly learned mysteries internal virtues i done he find thing better i know i earnestly desire conceal thing shall instruction well rewarded advantage recommend you herewith highest creator reason alwayes matter venus bring end man find presently sence reason banns far away thence spirit things speed mercury joyn chap spirit tincture mars spirit tincture well gold metals spirit metal never mean little undeniable known many men many minds though men originally first matter born produced seed yet they divers different minds stars operated without cause influences great world operates next little world opinions natures thoughts together whole complection man proceed alone influence stars manifesting according course planets stars nothing prevent influences hinder birth attained end perfection man naturally inclined study delights divinity another study laws third physick fourth philosopher moreover many wits naturally inclined mechanicks painter another goldsmith shoomaker taylor carver forth divers innumerable happens stars influence whereby imagination supernaturally founded fortified whereupon resolved rest found man conceived mind framed foundation thereof none divert constant resolution relying thereon except death last concludes understood set search natures secrets they intend cease till they discover nature absolved quite brought end well done even understood metals according influence imagination form although metals called metals general yet you understood various minds men yet proceed matter may manifold divers metals hot dry another cold moist third assuming mixt nature complection self therefore metal ordained degree gross salt others greatest quantity found hardest ungentle strongest grossest body nature appropriated granted least portion hence mixture composition corporal essence descended born world help elements spirit like spirits operation you know right true spirit i tell you truly true wisdom grain spirit quintessence drunk spirit wine strengthens heart courage senses you shall fear foes raises courage lion provokes desire hunt fight sports conjunction rightly placed certain constellation they bring fortune victory love affection battel joy remaining unity though whole world i ecclesiastick church government dedicated soul god without provocation humane desires lusts flesh they lead direct way hell without leave gods commands fear rejection mans tollerated commands prepare way heaven they continue true calling true right faith throne grace mediator patron saviour martial diseases expell cured healed admirable manner spirit disease menstruous women white red belly open legs part body together diseases internal external howsoever they called bloody caused i omit nominate particularly well known discreet physician diseases subject jurisdiction spirit iron truly known secret affinity spirit may conjoined becoming matter like operation form substance healing expelling diseases bring particulars metals change profit praise excess properly must observed virtues corporal form he earthly body may used many things stanch bloud externally wounds graduate internally stop bind body yet good times may used internally externally mans body likewise metallick affairs without true known means nature secret closet much profit gotten thing i must present propose magnet true iron perform almost like benefit corporal distempers almost kind nature celestial spiritual elementary intellect body soul chaos soul spirit went body last found composition shall we now gross lads apprehend middle sort wits take notice i write supernatural wits descant much i must find remedy willingly preserve friends still i now teach instruct presently inform you seeing argument self declares pronounces definitive sentence therefore resolution lies open declared resolved reserved directed sentence understanding self last reserve hereupon chapter house kept stand unity married couple turn coach drive east towards west they equal they draw coach together equal weight whereby arises great dissention hinderance obtaining intended true married people carry right subsistance they must spirit mind judgment virtue accomplish whatsoever heart mind operate love truth shall permanent want things three principles truly together banisht little reason firmness constancy little warm body love much extinct likewise right convenient natural kind hard much seeing makes hard coagulation sharp biting doth manifest self truth constancy even goes now world goes astray pregnant vices constancy small love little truth little i hope you take philosophical example good part doth praise dispraise goodness truth wickedness false woman different manner herewith i bid farewell saying man knows distinguish sentence much less things he point taken notice learned experimented nature properties truly known discovered god heavenly father everlasting power proceeding beginning separate us form terrestrial corruptible body may attain contain receive celestial spiritual incorruptible revelation know alone indeed procure pure help need hear i speak say shalt find i chap vi spirit gold clearness heaven now commanded govern pen reveal matter valour permanency sun burning consuming fire hot dry wherein concealed right true virtue natural things virtue sun worketh understanding riches health mind much grieved spirit terrified within self discover publickly publish common make vocal concealed deep great secresie i consider self enter conscience i find alteration catch thing disturb mind bring another resolution might cause many obstructions yet i speak discretion write understanding evil may follow rather i may gain grateful profit i pourtrayed manner occasion philosophers done mark now give mind perfect thoughts refrain strange matters serviceable speculation philosophy rather cause ruine benefit you pursued much diligence know you hearty desire strong affection gain golden magnet first place prayer truly directed god true knowledge sorrow repentance true humility know learn three distinct worlds subject humane reason world wherein right immortal soul seat residence together first coming according gods creation first moveable sense first moving sensible soul operated natural life supernatural essence soul spirit first root fountain first creature arose life first mover whereof much disputing among learned now take notice second celestial world observe diligently therein planets rule stars heaven course virtue power heaven performing service therein whereunto they god ordained service they operate minerals metals spirit go now distinct worlds third wherein contained found two wrought wit celestial worlds arises fountain life soul celestial world light spirit third elementary world invincible celestial fire yet may felt tangible digested three matters substances produce generate form metals among gold sidereal elementary operation digested ripened metal perfectly sufficient ripeness even injected womb touches earth seed goes male female operated sydereal elementary they united nourished earth birth even understand likewise soul metals formed conceived intangible invisible incomprehensible concealed supernatural celestial composition water air afterwards concocted celestial elementary light fire sun whereby stars move powers heat perceived inward parts earth womb earth opened warm operating property upper stars infused spirit yield nourishment earth may bring forth somewhat metals herbs trees animals particular brings seed farther augmentation encrease mentioned even man begotten spiritually heavenly soul spirit nourishment earth body mother formally brought perfection even like manner observed understood metals minerals points true mystery gold i make good you example parable certifie you whereby possibility nature mystery found manner evident celestial light sun fiery quality essence given celestial fixt permanent sulphurous spirit high god creator heaven earth preserve substance form body creature swift motion course enflamed kindled air swiftness continued manifestation inflammation never extinct decay power long course last whole created visible world shall remain continue combustible matter hand given whose consumption great light heaven fall decay even gold digested ripened made fixt invincible nature superiours essence nothing hurt least superiour stars past inferiour inferiour fix stars influence donation superiour least give place like inferiour obtained fixedness permanency superiour you may well retain observe take notice concerning first matter gold i must yet produce comparison according philosophical custom great light heaven little terrestrial fire daily kindled made burn eyes great light magnetick simulation attractive living power small fire earth yet unformal incomprehensible found spiritual invisible insensible intangible observed remembred experience manifests proved great light heaven bears especial sympathy affection inclination little earthly fire means spiritual air whereby they promoted preserved mortality behold air receives coruption great humidity attracted clouds generated mists farther coagulations hinder they reflection get right penetrating power likewise small terrestrial fire doth burn lively dusky dark rainy weather manifests self joy operation doth fair pure serene unfalsified heavenly air reason sympathy bound hindered obstruction accidents waterish air attractive power grieved accomplish compleat love operation hinderance brings aquosity contrary element now even sun great light heaven peculiar community sympathy small terrestrial fire attract magnetical manner sun gold peculiar understanding attractive power sympathy together sun wrought gold three principles magnets nearest related sun gained next degree three principles found mighty powerful therein gold immediately succeeds corporal form composed three principles beginning celestial golden magnet supremest wisdom world wisdom wisdom yea wisdom natural reason understanding wisdom comprehended first gods creation heavenly essence firmamentary workings spiritual imagination corporal essence contains qualities properties whatsoever sustaines preserves mankind golden magnet sticks lies buried resolution opening metals minerals domination first matter generation power health coagulation fixation metals together operation expelling diseases take notice key celestial sydereal elementary terrestrial generated supernatural natural generated celestially spirit spiritually spirit corporally spirit way whole essence beginning end spirit body bound together soul they never separated produce perfect durable body nothing hurt spiritual essence spiritual matter first gold made body became corporal made true compleat gold self must first made spiritual potable gold prepared spirit cures heales mercurial essence dries consumes running open sores raged long season strengthens heart brain makes good memory generates good blood brings lust delight desires humane incitation natural affections quintessence pearl mixt tincture coral administred addition equal quantity spiritual essence gold dose two grains taken just observation you may bold confident truth disaster natural distemper harm you happen you prejudice health nature resides spirit gold alter remove amend weaknesses body shall adjudged perfect free disease quintessence pearl corroborates heart make perfect memory five senses tincture coral expels poison evil spirits fly good soul gold water turn spiritual essence pearl sulphur coral united perform thing otherwise nature intrusted seeing experience manifested confirmed undeniable truth therefore cordial temporal life reason precede cordials admiration admirable effects they called name soever i ecclesiastical person obedient ecclesiastical degree related order spiritual divine oath order internal prayer i obtain comfort promises gods word refreshment soul corporal temptation weaknesses brethren i found used better corroboration gods blessing three compounds united god give bless increase virtue power end temporal world man must change together death golden power soul golden intellect spirit golden operation body god creator keep grant earthly creatures love honour true understanding gifts may done heaven earth enough revealed present concerning spirit gold coming i add short process take spirit salt therewith extract sulphur gold separate oil salt rectifie sulphur gold spirit wine pleasant without corrosive take true oil made therein dissolve thereof make dissolve oil spirit rectifie like manner spirit wine conjoin abstract spirit wine resolve matter remaines dry spirit according just weight circulate coagulate fix permanent without ascention you medicine tinge man metals fermented prepared gold chap vii spirit silver transcriber note original heading gold handwritten correction silver tincture spirit silver manifests colour watchet otherwise waterish spirit cold moist hot degree found phlegmatick fiery though brought fire waterish substance coagulation even metals gain tinging spirits coagulation like manner stones get fixedness colour influence fix coagulated found therefore fixeder harder stones broken tincture sulphur iron found sulphur soul tin tincture found appropriated common found sulphur tincture according peculiar understanding according kind metals according form gender blew colour taken extracted rayment gone body white wanting hardness even gold lost soul yields fix white gold body searching students young artists called fix wherefore you must now understand observe even i declared you concerning apprehension even side you must learn purpose speech intended instruction concerning metals blew spirit sulphur soul whence silver receiveth life earth art white tincture silver white stands magnetick form everlasting thing creature wherein likewise found first gold ye high qualified orators voice case explain mystery you conceited naturalists writings advice reason you physicians whither opinion flown fetch somewhat afar seas cure distempers you say speech dark you kindle terrestrial light seek ashamed make acquaintance let nothing irksome you you find assistance eternal god spirit contains cure expel quite alone spirit expel radically root even center diseases found veins earth furnished hot substance quality degree subjected waterish nature fault lies great light heaven reason waterish influence implanted qualities creatures planets earth albeit contains fix generated yet wants hot fix truly dry consume phlegme whereby obtained compact body unless done afterwards art little world seeing body compact reason abounding watery substance pores therefore rightly defended closed undergo weight endure battel enemies virtues found shall overcome enemies endure trials without defect things difficult beginning they brought end they easie understood apprehended you truly observe spirit soul learn know truly you may quickly compass midst work shall afford end profit wherefore i now propose you example instruct you you may apprehend consider childrens play high weighty matter you may search advantage followeth common peasant casts forth sows seed field well dunged prepared seed putrefaction sprouts forth earth operation furtherance elements sets eyes matter flax together seed brings augmented flax pluck separated seed flax used prepared work profitably except first putrefied rotted water whereby body opened gains ingress good putrefaction opening dried air sun coagulation brought formal may future service prepared flax afterwards buck beaten broken peel last dress pure may separated impure clean filth fine course otherwise done brought pass without preceding preparation done they spin yarn they boil water fire else ashes set warm place whereby purified afresh whereby filth superfluities fully separated due washing yarn dried delivered workmen cloth weaved cloth purified whitened frequent casting water cut pieces taylors people converted future services houshold affairs linnen quite worn torn old rags gathered together sent whereof they make paper put divers uses you lay paper metal glass kindle burn vegetable comes forth flies away air salt remaines ashes combustible quickly consumed burning dissolves oil good medicine dim defective eyes oil great fatness matter paper contained originally seed flax last matter flax paper must dissolved first matter fat sulphurous oyliness together separation first may made last revealed virtues operations known first though discourse gross subtil yet you may learn thereby know subtile secret subtile must infused ignorant course examples thereby they may taught reject gross embrace subtile like manner understand first matter metals must observed known found revelation last matter last matter perfect metals must separated divided asunder may plainly appear singly eyes men separation may judged learnt first matter beginning last made accept advice concerning present i i must desist time another opportunity intreat you heartily admonishing you conscience you observe i revealed you letters contained middle you keep speeches writings you may undergo denial pardon sins continued perpetual vengeance eternity i last reveal you take sulphur extracted rectified spirit wine dissolve according quantity white spirit spirit coagulate together fixation fire you white tincture hands medicines you get needless you perfect work chap viii soul tincture tin good possesses almost mean middle place metals hot cold warm moist excess salt least sulphur found white colour yet exceeds three principles evidently found dissection right true discovery nature generated composition mixture three first principles operated coagulated metal brought ripeness perfection god peace lord goodness ruler possessor middle region concerning state essence function virtue form substance holds mean special disease happen cause remarkable damage medicine used little much quantity likewise thought needless medicines required they administred strange cases just call we rather abide body disease equal temper superiour stars assistance vertue power operation accord together juncture found least contrariety operation operative nature spirit found wanting least generation metals likewise spirit metals set backwards necessity they accord together lowest highest degree must agree together metal perfect great earth transmutation augmentation succeed little world understand manner degrees meanest highest metal must passed perfection even metals must finish course concerning permanency colour body notwithstanding possesses highest place highest region wherein stars reign perform course generation tin earth brought light even man animals originally nourished fed mothers milk diet found earth fit nourishment men milk best part chiefly animal yields nourishment even like manner nourished metallick likewise feeds greatest acceptation assumes heat therefore digested broiled whereby body likewise fixt permanent degree salt he causes dominion reign good rule observed justice done men court spirit tin preserver distempers accidents whereby liver consumed put malady spirit naturally compared honey taste made volatile gains venomous quality purges violently penetrates force therefore alwayes advised opened used alone simply correction precede may excellent benefit succeed used distempers diseases immediately subject influence venomous volatility taken away set better fixeder state resists poison vulgar physician understand description art knowledge proceeds bare talking experience common physician foundation egress speaking preparation rise speaking foundation first certain trial manifests experience firmed hard rocks manual operations stands moving reeds sand wherefore reason strong immoveable made natures hand prefer bare speeches proceed inconstant phantastical speculation work alwayes praise master present i indeed speak according poetical manner way i directed stile i treated wonderful generation seven planets occult philosophy magical cabalistical manner custom much less i observe method teaches diligently marks mystical secret supernatural arts wit like present purpose intent directed reveal natures secrets lovers art children seek desire wisdom may gods grace blessing permission easily understand observe mark likewise diligent observation learn retain something beneficial concerns generation metals two parts great little world likewise true medicine contained inward part metallick mineral forms must apprehended made moveable dissection first beginning may made notoriously visible three distinct things nature stript secret parts discovered laying temporal cloathing secret virtues powers operations revealed mans health persecutors indiscreet physicians now tell talkest much geese knowest duck knows whether writest true i stick i remain i tried bears sway among associates physitians shall i deceived assured i shall need take paines learn new matter he resolution may remain ducks he worthy roasted goose learn concealed nature truth i acknowledge confess supreme trinity speaking hazzard noble ecclesiastical jewel i wrote yet shall write point true shall found otherwise truth every ignorant vulgar person haters persecutors mystery well fully clearly understand writings first alas i help pray god grace ye persecutors pardon labour without repining read understanding mystery withheld you easie you find i moreover admonish finder gift god things give thanks god day night without ceasing reverence due obedience bottom heart creature yield sufficient praise may recompense great benefit diligence known right true industry according capacity i done part i hope justifie god world eyes seen hands felt apprehended undeceived judgment shall man take life death determiner things speech indeed force poure forth written herein i done curiosity desire vain transitory glory i induced thereunto command christ lord glory goodness eternal temporal matters concealed man praise honour glory holy everlasting name might exalted acknowledged revealed majesty reason highness almightiness confirmation wonderful deeds secondly i led thereunto love charity towards neighbour good heap burning coals enemies heads last opposers may know erroneous waies others gone whether i condemned they adjudged just written truly concealments nature likewise supremest mystery may quite suffocated darkness drowned overflowing waters delivered deep filthy mire ideotish crew right appearance true light obtain many witnesses spreading abroad sure true right confession may follow writings truth nativity twelve signes zodiack allotted i born i waterishness life set arrow heart whereby i lost waterishness heat i became worthy dry earth although first earth turned water soft substance yet you must understand water consumed heat drying air soft matter earth went away drying dignified hardness whereby learner much understander carefully observe take good notice tin subject four elements principal planets elements received center generated others conclude i let you know give you understand extract benevolent salt sulphur lettest flux well assumes fixt body purges self becomes clear thereby full change real transmutation lead good tin may found height durable infallible proof though you may think false yet you must take notice seeing salt sulphur made corporal yet likewise obtained efficacy power penetrate basest volatile metal bring melioration equals you find reality chap ix spirit saturn tincture lead generate metal lead placed upper heaven stars he possesses lowest vilest degree earth even supreme light mounted aloft highest supremacy celestial planets children lower region succeeded kind nature permitted conduct like content upper light gives occasion thereunto generated unfixt body penetrated open pores air pass body air keep aloft fire quickly assault body compact reason unfixedness must decay must points observed attain search great difference fix unfix bodies causes constancy inconstancy though especial ponderosity metals yet observe they poured forth together union flux metals alwaies settle bottom even likewise comes pass pouring metals whereby evident metals fall equally compact must give place preheminence metals leaving victory must vanish quite consumed unfixt inconstant metals three properties three principles course salt fluxible metals planets body fluxible inconstant unfixt volatile metallick body steps regeneration know like manner common water forced natural coldness change heavens whereby becomes coagulated ice like manner made evident reason great coldness found salt salts coagulated made corporal ice dissolves water heat likewise coagulated made fluxible fire inconstant volatile least sulphur therefore according small quantity cold body made warm little salt fluxible otherwise iron fluxible malleable lead salt alone cause malleableness fluxibleness iron contains salt metal seeing difference found point you must therefore observe remember difference distinguish metals philosophers wrote well i salt gives coagulation body every metal true prove example manner relation understood plume allom esteemed meer salt approved particular may compared iron salt plume allom found thing unfluxible iron side likewise salt manifesting self small quantity fluxible open therefore salt yield hard congelation appropriated metal although salts metals grew certain root seed yet nevertheless you must observe difference three principles you must observe remember difference found herb likewise man differs creatures animals qualities original three principles herb indued another kind like manner understood concerning man animals soul lead consists sweet quality doth soul tin sweeter yet nothing almost may compared first purified highest separation pure well separated impure perfect accomplishment may succeed operation otherwise spirit lead nature cold dry wherefore i advise much used men women cools nature seed perform natural function doth much good spleen bladder cases attracts flegmatick humours raise much melancholy men ruler whereby man confirm melancholy wherefore spirit used melancholy spirit attracts another whereby mans body freed delivered infused melancholy externally soul healing sores old new cuts thrusts accidents means nature metal like cooling hot tumified members noble mundifie cauterize putrid sores lay ground cure access within essence she hot dry contrary found cold essence celestial light sun much hotter light moon moon much lesser sun according dimension division contains eighth part greatness circle moon magnitude eighth part excel sun sun excels moon fruits productions earth must perish perpetual winter summer found time eternal creator case well ordained certain order law creatures sun give light day moon night creatures served children subject influence melancholy churlish continually murmuring old covetous people good bodies yet never enough they put bodies much labour torment thoughts whimsies seldom recreate merry people they greatly regard natural love fair women brief i tell generated little sulphur little salt much unripe gross esteemed froth floates water comparison found much hot degree therefore reason great coldness quick running life made gold wherein heat found whence running life original therefore inferiour world we must take notice little augmentation transmutation metals i described three principles concerning descent nature complection every must know transmutation metal follow reason great coldness except coagulate common cold sulphur lead qualifie take away hot running spirit quicksilver process rightly ordered wherefore amiss observe detained theory agree practick meet together certain measure concordance you must therefore quite reject points scornfully neglect natures virtues known yet stone wise first beginning celestial colour metal influence planet key constancy delivered putrefaction red made yellow except white made beginning black i yet treat variously large many wonderful works natural supernatural things labours prevent therein making longer narration i therefore put conclusion treatise present referring concerning concealed secrets minerals i purpose write particular treatise especial endowed others depend gold silver beginning middle end together true transmutation particularly virtues power they received thing wherein lie generated invisibly concealed together metals matter publick eyes men vertues powers deeply buried unknown part therefore matter likewise esteemed nothing value unprofitable ignorance even disciples lord going eyes opened breaking bread they knew wonder wonder rich creator placed vile creature name carries flying serpent shield wife whose name know hearts men yet thing essence common places known every every grasps hands uses vile matters small value he values vile high rate high he casts away nothing else water fire earth generated help air yet preserved praise high gifts present enough revealed intent shew treatise i depart hence separation found medicine tincture well preserve mans body health divert desperate incurable diseases cure leprosie metals purifie transmute best noble learned roger bacon philosophers say composed noble mineral sulphur they accounted black secret lead wise call alchymists retain name call others call called calls seventh book secrets calls even jacob renders books secrets far different book chap gives preparation book chap they call call rather calls black others twofold masculine feminine lead us consideration higher mysteries we behold discern nature wherein gold exalted even found mineral god ordained constellation first celestial sign wherein sun takes exaltation though regarded vulgar yet discreet people know better observe even place mysteries perpetuity may part considered great benefit part discovered ignorant indiscreet people think they they deal well enough calcination others sublimation reverberation thereby obtain great mystery perfect medicine i tell you place availes least either calcination sublimation reverberation whereby afterwards perfect extraction might done effected profit transmute meaner better metallick virtue impossible you deluded philosophers wrote things many others observe say made glass bad volatile sulphur gone oil may prepared glass fixt oil really give ingress medicine perfection imperfect metals words opinion good true appear indeed i tell you truly without concealed speeches you lose aforesaid preparation burning small fire may easily prejudice you lost true penetrating spirit make whole body perfect red oyl ascend helm delightful sent curious colours observe likewise whole body mineral members oyl ascend helm without loss weight excepting body brought oil yield pleasant oil brought last degree glass things utmost last you shall likewise know you shall obtain perfect noble oil least extracted corrected vinegar poured yet reverberation although various colours may appear yet right way you may indeed get oil you must know part tincture power transmutation we come manual take name god eternal trinity fine pure mineral fair white massie inwardly full yellow streaks veins likewise red blew colours small veins best pound fine powder dissolve little little water may conquer solution take immediately may prejudice quickly dissolve tincture water nature like heat digest iron consume nothing water consume turn mud shall remain yellow earth quite spoiled take example hereof silver dissolved fair pure fine waters stand night therein water strong full spirits i tell you good silver corroded nothing waters though you reduce massie body you remain pale yellow earth sometimes run together form horn white horse hoof you art reduce body wherefore you must remember take presently solution precipitate adulterate according custom may corroded perfect oil water burnt nothing water wherein we dissolve pound half pound pound pound half pound half pound ingredients belong making water solution take mix well together first distil slowly spirits ascend greater violence common beware spirits fumes subtile hurtful penetration you adulterated well purely corrosive water put clean vial poure good distilled vinegar set forty dayes nights putrefie take see much yet dissolved decant gently pure clear red poure vinegar thing yet remain therein might dissolved must done four times fourty days nights good dissolved time cast dregs away unprofitable dirt cast dunghill put solutions distil tart vinegar pour else pour fresh weak quickly dissolve vinegar distil matter quite dry take common distilled water wash tartness vinegar imparted matter dry matter sun deep red else dry well gentle fire philosophers find secretly prepared they say external nature virtue inverted internally internal cast forth externally henceforth becoming oil concealed innermost profoundest part till well prepared brought first essence untill last judgment true soon feels force fire flies away vapour parts volatile common laborators prepared they take part consumption they may better operate they mix part part others part others wherewith bodies cleansed mixture they cast pure eight ounces they found ten drams good gold separation sometimes work they gained wherewithal bear charges better attend attain great work ignorant called induction silver false gold brought spirits every kind silver ounce gold less mark ounces gold united nature silver separated either common know aforesaid composition cast flux happens separation doth freely let go gold implanted therein separated letting precipitate sink bottom otherwise done therefore induction bringing we return proposed work we oil known wise ignorant you rubified well according former directions you must readiness spirit wine well rectified pour red powder set four daies nights gentle may dissolve well remain undissolved pour fresh spirit wine set bath aforesaid well dissolved perhaps remain they cast away they good nothing put solution head luted set receiver take spirits distil slowly slack heat till spirit wine come pour dry matter draw pouring abstracting continue often till you see spirit wine ascend helm various colours time you follow strong fire spirit wine ascend red helm drop receiver like bloody oil tender body ascends like red oil dropping receiver truly secret way wise much applauded oil noble well sented virtuous powerful oil you shall hear afterwards i teach instruct you poor operators another way you means attend great work ancients separation gold silver wherefore take part oil half ounce four ounces calcined according art pour oil mixing set ten daies nights heat secret furnace every two days augment fire degree according capacity furnace four days nights set third degree fire therein let rest three days nights open door vent fourth degree must likewise continue three days nights afterwards take black like charcole dust black dust you find colours throughout pure red yellow flux you find converted good gold power oil you means set forward great work we return purpose we left you heard instructed abstract spirit wine oil helm receiver use work convert gold we now hasten work tincture give advice concerning therefore necessary separate spirit wine oil followeth take mixture spirit wine oil set distil spirit wine oil slack heat you may assured spirit found precious oil you may easily try you see drops ascend spirit wine sign spirit wine separated oil remove fire bath little soever may cool sooner take away receiver spirit wine stop close full spirits retained oil you hear afterwards you find blessed oil red bloud take wash lute gentle mollification nothing impure may fall curious red oil you take head reserve carefully means may receive prejudice you celestial oil dark night shines like glowing cole reason internal power soul cast forth externally hidden soul now revealed shining pure body candle lanthorn even last day invisible internal souls shall revealed seen body shining clear sun keep apart well spirit wine full power wonderful curing humane distempers blessed red noble celestial oil transmutes diseases imperfect metals perfection gold power spiritual wine extends far rightly used i tell you you obtained celestial medicine cure diseases distempers mans body use followeth give three drops cup wine fasting party just time he feels beginning misery anguish pain come second third use like manner allaies pain first day great soever prevents swelling second day causes sweat nasty tough thick soure taste evil sent parts members united joined together joints you give none third day yet purgation veins excrements without molestation pain great power nature first time take six drops fasting cause impure party alone free sound people place far distant commodious body begin send forth fumes steams like stinking fog vapours abundantly next scales much uncleanness fall body let three drops medicine let take fourth day afterwards eighth ninth day assistance gods grace blessing he quite clean let drop fall tongue patient attract forth immediately like mist fume restore party he taken body members limbs give three drops good wine you taught gout give drop baulm water valerian water six days together seventh day give three drops good wine sufficient falling sickness kinds epilepsie catalepsie beginning fit give patient two drops three hours give three drops sufficient case thing stir give two drops give party two drops first day water violets second day two drops good wine give party three drops beginning fit early morning good distilled water wort succory next day two drops fasting give patient seven drops good wine let infected party alone let sweat well divine assistance poison prejudice life prolongation healthful take give two drops beginning entrance spring beginning entrance autumn likewise two drops every takes freed well preserved unhealthful infectious air except disease almighty god ordained death party we now step oil power shew diseases impure bodies metals may cured name god take pure fine refined gold much you think sufficient dissolve rectified wine usual make solution gold set moneth digestion distil bath slow gently distil spirit wine divers times long till you see gold lie bottom like juice true way meaning ancients prepare gold i shew teach you way much readier better beneficial stead prepared gold you take part gold i taught making another place abstract water airiness may subtle dust take two parts blessed oil poure oil slowly dust gold till set vial well sealed heat first degree secret furnace therein let stand ten dayes nights powder oil quite dry black gray colour ten days give heat second degree gray black colour little little become white till last heavenly white end ten days begin pure red let trouble you colours proceed gold swallowed blessed oil now conceals innermost part body oil conquer gold power fire cast forth within oil predominate hot red colour continually outwards therefore time expiration twenty days you open window third degree wherein external white colour power little little enter inward part internal red colour turn outward force fire keep degree heat ten days without diminution augmentation you see powder white now red let redness trouble you yet unfix volatile ten days ended thirty days expired open last window last degree fire keep ten days degree high red pouder begin flux let stand flux ten days take you find bottom high red transparent stone ruby colour flux according form glass taught treatise wherewith you may make projection praise god high revelation thank ever ancient wise found stone prepared perfect power mutation imperfect metals gold long time enquired whether thing found augment power stone they found two kinds augmentation power stone may brought much higher multiplication you find direction treatise gold augmentation augmentation quantity stone former power receives loses thing power though increase weight augment ounce many ounces arise increase augmentation multiplication done followeth take stone gods name grind subtile powder add much gold taught put together fine round vial seal hermetically set fiery furnace proceeding you instructed time shorter whereas you ten thirty days now you need four ten days otherwise work praise give thanks almighty god high revelation continue prayer grace divine blessing art operation likewise continuance health prosperity withal let poor recommended help charity almighty work saturn john isaac holland preface courteous reader philosophers written much lead prepared antimony basilius taught i opinion saturnine work philosopher john isaac holland understood common matter stone much thereby philosophers whether saturn matter philosophers stone thereof you receive sufficient satisfaction subsequent considerations documents published benefit lovers art expounds declares stone vale work saturn name amen child shall know stone called comes therefore perfected makes projection well mans body diseases may assault either within without they they called name soever imperfect metals know child truth whole vegetable work higher greater secret we find perfection gold internally good gold herein philosophers agree wants nothing else first you remove superfluous impurity make clean you turn inside outwards redness good gold gold made easily you easily dissolved congealed may easily extracted extracted purified sublimed usually sublimed i tell child good extracted gold operations gold internally truth must good gold therefore i tell you better work gold you extract gold require years space open body gold you extract gold you may extract days alike good you make work gold alone you must labour two whole years shall well done you may finish work weeks well made they alike good costs nothing little requires short time small labour i tell you truth child lock heart understanding symbol saturn stone philosophers name whose name concealed day name known many operate art common work short without charge small mean work therefore doth name remain concealed evils sake might thence proceed strange parables philosophers spoken mystically stone moon furnace vessel you must put strange thing comes therefore none poor world operate promote work may easily made short time little longer time may made though man poor yet may he well attain may employed make wherefore child concealed we need perfect colours world may discovered true black white red colours weight eye man endure thing imperfect little soever though least atome dust cause much pain he rest you take quantity bean shave smooth round put eye cause pain reason internally perfect even gold precious stones speeches you may observe stone extracted small labour little art expence short time wherefore i admonish you child know name you conceal people reason evil might thence arise you shall call stone call vinegar water wherein stone wash stone water whereof philosophers wrote many great volumes many different works mineral stone especially stone god given us whereof many strange parables written mineral book true stone philosophers sought makes projection imperfect metals especially quick moreover makes projection diseases whatsoever may come mans body likewise wounds whatsoever come externally mans body therefore stone mineral work vegetable beginning vegetable book principal stone called mineral stone called third stone called stone true true quinessence we seek thing else world stone therefore philosophers say whosoever knows stone prepare needs wherefore they sought thing child shall take pound wherein mixture metal laminate thin readiness great stone jugg half full vinegar stop jugg close set lukewarm bath every three four days scrape calcin plates reserve apart long till you calcin grind well stone good distilled you may paint therewith take two three great therein put you ground poure good distilled two parts pot full stir well together stop pot close polished glass set pots bath stir four five times day wooden ladle lay glass stone stopple make bath hotter you may well endure hand therein lukewarm let stand fourteen days nights decant clear another poure distilled vinegar well dissolved mix well together set days bath decant poure vinegar decantation pouring continue long till dissolved take dissolved set bath evaporate vinegar small fire become powder lump stir dry you mass powder dark yellow honey colour grind powder finely stone distilled vinegar put stir mix well together set bath lukewarm let stand five six dayes stir every day top bottom wooden ladle cover let cool poure dissolved great stone pot poure vinegar mix stir well together set bath reiterate decantation pouring often till dissolve try tongue sweet enough dissolved put let evaporate thing remain yet dissolved gold remaines pot sweet tongue you find thing gourd yet dissolved may you poure fresh vinegar till dissolved coagulate poure vinegar stir set bath reiterate operation solution coagulation long till you find bottom dissolved pure clear water freed leprousness melancholy blackness pure white snow cleansed uncleanness coldness stands outwards doth heat internal fluxible wax sweet sugar candy white snow purified impurities coldness stands external doth heat internal sweet four elements pure separated sulphurous stink blackness received mine almost medicinal like nature pure affords internal virtue outwardly sweetness heat covered cold put forth power externally reason cold external heat lies internal even doth taste spirit tasting subtile things taught large book vegetables air doth dilate self herbs flowers externally spirit air lies inward part things god created nothing world peculiar taste air air taste spirit taste goes air smoke fire comes pass thing sweet air bitter taste cause thing putrid stinking elements choler heat whatsoever unnaturally hot bitter taste air taste spirit spirit air presses outwards hot thing doth air embrace taste descends subtile taste burnt vehement burning choler herbal large express cause sweet taste almost pure clean scarce unnatural heat burn subtile tast therefore taste externally taste spirit air lock child know i thing wherein much burning heat air locks taste therein taste shall corrupted unnatural heat taste includes air issues forth thing externally cold subtil spirits air sent thing endure cold we see daily herbs flowers they yield sent winter they summer they hide winter spirit sent inclosed spirit sent air behold man taken cold immediately he loses sent tasting diminished even quite cold taste manifests self spirit sent spirit taste smell look sugar well clarified sweet taste yet yields sent yet extraordinary sweetness sugar reason sugar cold externally therefore white snow sweet taste yet sugar internally hot moist temper gold great virtue called philosophers stone approved prevalent cure distempers mans body appears operation reason i say child you altogether understand internal external spirits things whereof we discourse thereby you know gods wonderful works wonders he works inferiour things made use god us whose sake he created wonders things wherefore child believe god love follow he loves you he makes appear manifests things well internals externals wonderful lord god wonders proceed child saturn wax reason abounding therein i find fluxibleness fusibleness thing saving three quickly fluxible three cleansed uncleanness you know philosophers call stone white thing they say incombustible they call likewise red thing principally generated white plainly taught book internally red bloud inward part brought outwards demonstrated book colours stands almost degree fix red sulphur you see internal placed outwards red ruby colours spirits red yellow sulphur may seen extracted short time little labour three they fix therein they clean pure incombustible fluxible wax things philosophers mentioned they say stone made stinking menstruous thing think you digg stinking earth divers killed ill sents vapours digg they live long labour stinking black mine whence digg philosophers say stone little value unprepared they say poor well rich they say true poorer miserable people found dig work mine they say found towns places wheresoever you come they say black thing think you black they say dry water gold refined test must done they must wash tried foul garment made clean sope they say stone four elements they say true four elements may separated they say stone consists soul spirit body three become they say true made fix white sulphur earth three whereby observed philosophers true they concealed name ignorants sake children keep still ignorance child ancients took care conceal name stone now let us return purpose you now wash cleansed impurity made white snow fusible wax fix yet we make fix sulphur earth take put half purified reserve half till you occasion use lay polish glass mouth glass set cuple sifted ashes furnace set secrets furnace wherein you calcine spirits give fire hot heat sun hotter either little hotter little cooler you best hit you give greater heat you may keep lead flux matter melt oil stood ten twelve days sulphur fly away matter spoiled sulphur matter yet fix external wherefore matter melts presently though clean yet fix wherefore give gentle fire may flux keep six weeks take little lay glowing hot plate immediately melts fumes yet fixed matter remain unmelted sulphur fix therein strengthen fire notably till matter glass begins look yellow continually yellow like powdered saffron augment fire yet stronger till matter begin red prosecute fire degree another even powder becomes redder redder degrees hold fire till matter red ruby augment fire yet matter may glowing hot fixt ready pour curious water paradise child must know two ways pouring water paradise i teach you make prepare may you take you half good child you may remember i ordered you reserve half purified take put pour bottle distilled set head distil vinegar bath head must hole top pour fresh vinegar matter abstract vinegar pour fresh vinegar abstract pouring abstracting distilling must continue long till vinegar drawn strong put enough matter much spirit vinegar contain take pot bath take head take matter put thick glass endure fire set head put cuple ashes set furnace first make small fire continually little stronger till matter come red bloud thick oil sweet sugar celestial sent keep heat long distils begins slack increase fire till glass begin glow continu heat till distil let cool self take receiver stop close wax take matter glass beat powder iron mortar steel pestle grind stone good distilled vinegar put matter ground pot poure good distilled vinegar two parts full set pot bath head distil vinegar poure fresh vinegar distil long vinegar strong first poured let cool take matter bath take head take matter pot put stronger round glass endure fire you set furnace cuple sifted ashes set head receiver luted distil first small fire augment degrees till matter come red bloud thick oyl aforesaid give fire till distil let cool self take head break take matter powder grind stone distilled vinegar put stone pot poure fresh vinegar set bath head distil vinegar poure taught till vinegar remain strong reiterate distillation bath matter spirit vinegar take set distil distil forth ashes till matter become red oil you noble water paradise pour fix stones perfect stone way water paradise distilled ancients called sharp clear vinegar they conceal name child i now teach you ways make water paradise easie way good doth high projection humane medicines yet cures diseases within without cures miraculously short time second way preparing water child you make manner you must take half prepared i ordered you keep poure half fix prepared water paradise take half put poure weak wine vinegar mix well together take two pounds calcined well clarified solution coagulation leave behind pound likewise clearly sublimed remain sublimation pound together powder put speedily pot stop close immediately else run soon come vinegar they lift immediately run mouth pot wherefore stop pot presently set pot vessel water they cool speedily otherwise cold hot matter come together suddenly they contest together rise become hot pot break heat set cold water therefore take heed you put powders you stop immediately set cold water you put powder they unite let stand day night vessel take set lukewarm bath two days nights let cool self take stopple pot set head set pot sifted ashes furnace distil small fire continually greater till vinegar augment fire notably till you see quick drop pipe ceases drop augment fire little little drive long drops you may observe leave dropping space two drop doth fall augment fire till pot glow bottom twelve hours sublime head remain body bottom pot take put linnen bag hang moist cellar dissolve receive glass body remains bag take calcine reverberating furnace three days nights great heat taught elsewhere extract salt taught mineral book you may make projection salt coagulate good better likewise take head good you take three pound calcined likewise clarified leave behind you need therewith may you likewise extract wherewith you may wonders taught miner book spoken quintessence metals now child must know quintessence good works they alike good herein philosophers agree child take drawn receiver put glass box i now taught you make two sorts water paradise know child first way best though made danger longer time charge vinegar good yet red oil best time alike end though tedious you obtain red oil yet fixes self short time come matter fix stone simple essence greater redness comes fix stone holds long time ascending descending die quite dead makes red fix stone fixt colour covering red stone coldness red stone becomes white must you boil gently small fire till begin yellow prosecuting fire degree another colour higher stronger long till attain perfect redness requires long time done requisite red oil red oil dies coagulates forthwith stone fixing self simple essence short time therefore i tell child time oyl alike long end though appear shorter time equally long end work therefore i tell you art works you may better understand art make oyl innermost nature stone found afterwards oyl unknown ancients grandfather companions found great labour length time two ways dissolve stone poure clear water paradise ancestors called oyl sharp vinegar therefore child keep name private i teach you first you shall join stone you extracted dissolve afterwards i teach you bring helm red oil you extracted prepared fixt stone dissolve stone child weigh fixt stone take half much poure stone glass cover glass polish glass may just fit set cuple sifted ashes make small fire like suns heat give fire water paradise become dead powder know child red fixt stone darkned drunk water paradise you call powder black gray augment fire degree another till matter perfect white white strengthen fire yet degree another till dark yellow colour make yet stronger till perfect red rejoice stone perfect fluxible wax praise god gives us part miracles good poor you may see fleshly eyes use gods goodness miraculously corrupt life i tell you good charity principally attain stone given afforded lent god whosoever stone may live healthful state last term life appointed god may whatsoever he desires earth he shall loved esteemed people he cure internally externally diseases may befall stone doth false deserves name vegetable stone philosophers stone therefore child god give you stone look diligently you keep self offending god you make stone earth heaven govern rule self gods glory comfort poor people gods praise may augmented defence christian religion relief poor exiled christians i tell you child you use otherwise god leave you little afterwards he speedily send punishment either you shall struck dead die fall die sudden death go body soul hell damned eternally ingratitude god graciously vouchsafed you precious great gift therefore child look carefully govern self gods glory salvation soul eternal curse may fall you therefore i left you writing testament enough wise therefore look self multiplication stone now now child you may take half powder put glass melt readiness mould made hollow great small you please must made smooth even within instrument anoint oil olive red powder flux poure mould precious stone red ruby clear transparent take mould make projection imperfect metals body man take ten times much prepared i taught you coagulation solution till leave behind take precious red powder glass two parts full set warm bath let dissolve thing dissolved decant clear top another glass poure vinegar let dissolve decant poure fresh vinegar often till dissolved clear water done usually ten twelve days set dissolved bath head distil vinegar coagulate matter long till dry shine put another glass set furnace cuple sifted ashes laying polish glass mouth glass child know matter become fixt stone solution make indifferent hot fire furnace hot heat sun somewhat hotter till matter begin yellow go fire degree another till you perfect yellow increase fire degree another till you perfect redness quickly done half time colour come multiplication operate beginning poure paradise water stone taught you work boil mortifie every point perfect redness taught may you take half make projection therewith multiply half points abovesaid may you always continue working now i teach you way best water red fixt stone powder red oil fusible you must know much red powder weighs take half weight red oil full weight stone poure red powder oil poured glass you may set small head furnace sifted ashes joining receiver nose head make small fire heat sun hotter yet moisture vinegar oil may abstracted continue heat perceive moisture head augment fire little heat sun yet moisture you perceive head you perceive days take head lay polish glass mouth glass increase fire you scarce endure hand finger ashes continue fire heat till red oil fixt powder glass you may know take little powder glass lay glowing silver plate powder melts wax penetrates plate oil doth dry leather makes gold throughout far powder went stone finish you must let stand heat till without fuming now child stone finish take half glass put glass melt powder gently done presently melts wax melted poure mould aforesaid red stone clear transparent crystal red ruby make projection therewith set half multiply take gods name twenty parts prepared solution coagulation till leave behind beginning dissolve twenty parts dissolve glass distilled vinegar likewise dissolve powder stone alone self glass distilled vinegar dissolved clear water poure solutions together great glass set bath head receiver distil vinegar boiling bath till matter dry let cool put glass lay polish glass mouth glass set furnace cuple sifted ashes make fire like suns heat till powder perfect white quickly done augment fire degree another till matter become yellower yellower perfect yellow increase yet stronger degree another till redder redder perfect redness poure water red powder red oil water paradise clear sharp vinegar call you points taught till red powder flux like wax silver plate without fuming penetrating oil doth dry leather become good gold within without render thanks god obedient gifts graces you may take half glass make projection setting half taught may you work poor perform duties gods glory salvation soul i enough wise know child manner you must use stone makes projection imperfect metals bodies whereof make plates glowing hot whereon straw stone lay coals season stone may penetrate stones must made quick gold laborious taught projection you must project need made quick flux cast part thousand parts medicine cast part thousand parts ten parts best gold ever seen earth use stone cures leprous people plague diseases may reign earth befal mankind true true quintessence ancients sought thing whereof whole troop philosophers speak wondrously using possible skill conceal name operation aforesaid take stone quantity lay little good wine small glass half full quarter full make wine warm stone melt like butter wine red bloud sweet mouth ever you tasted speak comparatively sweet taste honey sugar may compared gall give patient drink lay bed lay many cloaths stone hastens forthwith heart expelling thence ill humors thence dilating self arteries veins whole body rousing humours party sweat stone opens pores body drives forth humours thereby patient seem water yet sweating make sicker stone expels adverse nature preserving consonant therefore patient sicker weaker he sweats stronger lustier he veins lighter sweat continues till evil humours driven body ceases next day you shall take quantity warm wine you go stool immediately cease long you thing body contrary nature stools patient stronger lighter heart he stone drives nothing forth adverse prejudicial nature third day give like quantity warm wine aforesaid fortifie veins heart party think man rather spirit members light lively party take like quantity every day space nine days i tell you body spiritual he nine days terrestrial paradise eating every day fruit making fair lusty young therefore use stone weekly quantity warm wine shall you live health last hour time appointed you god say you child true true quintessence thing we seek spiritual thing gift god bestows friends therefore child undertake divine work you find self deadly sins intent otherwise gods glory perform things i taught you i tell you truly you may see work begin i certain you shall never accomplish see stone god order break fall disaster happen you shall never see stone accomplish therefore you find otherwise begin work i know assuredly you lose labour wherefore deceive enough wise use external child people external distempers bodies fistulaes cancers wolf evil biles holes they they give weight drink warm wine two days taught whole body within without shall freed adverse nature you shall deal open sores take drachm stone seeth pottle wine glass space two three stone may melt wine red bloud therewith wash sores morning evening laying thin plate lead short time ten twelve days sores whole give every day quantity warm wine till he well they fistulaes concave holes you come wash take silver syringe inject wine heal home aforesaid pound rankest poison world body immediately drink drachme thereof warm wine poison shall forthwith evacuate siege together evil humors body child ends noble precious work vegetable book whomsoever god bestows stone needs thing world therefore keep close well you gods glory grant we may walk obedience blessed finis note project gutenberg html version file includes original illustrations see story alchemy beginnings chemistry pattison muir fellow formerly prælector chemistry gonville caius college cambridge eighteen illustrations new enlarged edition hodder stoughton london new york toronto illustration alchemical laboratory neither religious wise judge you know nothing brief guide celestial philalethes century useful knowledge series cloth shilling net list first volumes issued new style pictorial wrappers telegraphy alfred story piece coal martin architecture waterhouse cotton plant wilkinson plant life grant allen wild flowers rev henslow solar system chambers eclipses chambers stars weather chambers animal life lindsay geographical discovery joseph jacobs atmosphere douglas archibald alpine climbing francis gribble forest stream james rodway fish life pycraft bird life pycraft primitive man edward clodd ancient egypt robinson souttar story locomotion beckles willson earth past ages seeley empire salmon king alfred sir walter besant lost england beckles willson alchemy beginnings chemistry pattison muir chemical elements pattison muir wanderings atoms pattison muir germ life bacteria life seas sidney hickson life mechanism conn reptile life pycraft grain wheat william edgar potter binns preface story alchemy beginnings chemistry interesting pregnant example contrast scientific emotional methods regarding nature admirably illustrates differences suggestive hypotheses baseless speculations i tried tell story may intelligible ordinary reader pattison muir cambridge november note new edition small changes made last chapter considerably enlarged farnham september contents chapter i explanation material changes given greek thinkers ii sketch alchemical theory iii alchemical notion unity simplicity nature iv alchemical elements principles alchemical essence vi alchemy experimental art vii language alchemy viii degeneracy alchemy ix paracelsus alchemists summary alchemical doctrine replacement three principles alchemists single principle phlogiston xi examination phenomena combustion xii recognition chemical changes interactions definite substances xiii chemical elements contrasted alchemical principles xiv modern form alchemical quest thing index list illustrations fig alchemical laboratory frontispiece mortification metals presented image king devouring son mortification metals presented images death burial two must conjoined produce hermetically sealing neck glass vessel sealing means mercury trap alchemical common cold still alchemical distilling apparatus pelican alchemist retort alchemist preparing oil vitriol alchemical apparatus rectifying spirits purifying gold presented image salamander fire priestley apparatus working gases apparatus used lavoisier experiments burning mercury air chapter i explanation material changes given greek thinkers thousands years men accurate exact knowledge changes material things they thought changes regarded revelations spiritual truths built theories things heaven earth good many things neither used manufactures arts handicrafts especially curious manufacture wherein thousandth fragment grain finished article ever produced accurate systematic study changes material things undergo called chemistry we may perhaps describe alchemy superficial may called subjective examination changes speculative systems imaginary arts manufactures founded examination we assured many old writers adam first alchemist we told initiated adam created sixth day march first year world certainly alchemy long life chemistry begin middle century branch science long period incubation chemistry must extraordinary difficulty way disentangling steps changes wherein substances kind produced substances totally unlike inquire acute intellects much learning regarded occurrences times man outlook world different now interesting results inquiry must surely instructive reader turns modern book chemistry instance story chemical series he find first superficial descriptions special instances occurrences subject chemist study he learn certain parts events dealt chemistry accurate descriptions given changes occur nature produced altering ordinary conditions reader taught see certain points likeness changes he shown disentangle chemical occurrences find similarities differences gradually he feel way general statements less rigorous accurate expressions holds good large number chemical processes finally he discover generalisations made exact completely accurate descriptions applicable every case chemical change we turn writings alchemists we different world nothing even remotely resembling finds modern book chemistry quotations alchemical writings quotations alchemical writings book taken series translations published supervision mr waite necessary deprive matter qualities order draw soul copper like man soul body soul subtile part say tinctorial spirit body ponderable material terrestrial thing endowed shadow series suitable treatments copper becomes without shadow better gold elements grow transmuted qualities substances contrary stephanus alexandria we elicit medecine precious metals we must destroy particular metalic form without impairing specific properties specific properties metal abode spiritual part resides homogeneous water we must destroy particular form gold change generic homogeneous water spirit gold preserved spirit afterwards restores consistency water brings forth new form necessary putrefaction thousand times perfect form gold lost reincrudated philalethes century bodily nature things concealing outward vesture michael sendivogius century nothing true value located body substance virtue less body proportion virtue paracelsus century four elements centre another element makes four pillars world contrary action keeps harmony equilibrium mundane machinery michael sendivogius nature work till supplied material first matter furnished god second matter sage michael sendivogius corruptible elements united certain substance strife must sooner later bring decomposition course followed putrefaction putrefaction impure separated pure pure elements joined together action natural heat much nobler higher form life produced hidden central fire life state passivity obtain mastery attracts pure elements separated impure form nucleus far purer form life michael sendivogius cause visible invisible palpable become impalpable let become let invisible become visible impalpable become palpable you see perfection art without defect diminution basil valentine century think diligently often bear mind observe comprehend minerals metals together time fashion principal matter produced generated matter mere vapour extracted elementary earth superior stars sidereal distillation macrocosm sidereal hot infusion airy sulphurous property descending inferiors acts operates implanted spiritually invisibly certain power virtue metals minerals fume moreover resolves earth certain water wherefrom metals thenceforth generated ripened perfection thence proceeds metal mineral according three principles acquires dominion they much little sulphur salt unequal mixture whence metals fixed constant stable volatile easily changeable seen gold silver copper iron tin lead basil valentine grasp invisible elements attract material correspondences control purify transform living power spirit true alchemy paracelsus destruction perfects good good appear account conceals visible metals concealment six metals paracelsus sayings read like sentences forgotten tongue humboldt tells parrot lived tribe american indians learnt scraps language tribe totally disappeared parrot alone remained babbled words language living human understand words i quoted unintelligible like parrot prating perhaps language may reconstructed perhaps may found embody something worth hearing success likely come considering growth alchemy trying find ideas expressed strange tongue endeavouring look surroundings alchemists looked we we always less construct universe history science may described history attempts failures men see things they nothing harder latin poet lucretius separate manifest facts doubtful straightway mind adds observations changes constantly happening sky earth must prompted men long ago ask whether limits changes things around question must become urgent working metals making colours dyes preparing new kinds food drink producing substances smells tastes unlike familiar objects pursuits like made men acquainted transformations seemed penetrate foundations things thing changed thing classes things within change possible passage class another possible varied substances seen tasted handled smelt composed limited number essentially different things fundamentally different every substance questions must pressed answers long ago greek philosophers lived four five hundred years christ formed theory transformations matter essentially theory held naturalists philosophers taught understand nature we must get beneath superficial qualities things according convention democritus born sweet bitter hot cold according convention colour truth atoms void investigators attempted connect differences observed qualities things differences size shape position movement atoms they things formed coalescence certain unchangeable indestructible impenetrable particles they named atoms total number atoms constant destroyed created substance ceases exist another formed process destruction matter atoms fragments writings founders atomic theory come us views philosophers preserved doubtless amplified modified latin poem nature written lucretius born century beginning era let us consider picture given poem material universe method whereby picture produced quotations lucretius taken munro translation edition knowledge lucretius based aspect law nature true knowledge obtained use senses method senses first proceeded knowledge true senses refuted shall reason founded false sense able contradict senses wholly founded senses they true reason well rendered false first principle nature asserted lucretius nothing ever gotten nothing thing never returns nothing things disruption go back first bodies matter imperishable seeds things atoms solid singleness lucretius urges infinite time gone lapse days must eaten things mortal body atoms things thought lucretius always moving lowest point sum universe they rest they meet clash rebound sometimes join together groups atoms move wholes change growth decay formation disruption marks things war waged eternity carried dubious issue now now elements things get mastery turn funeral wail blends cry babies raise they enter borders light night ever followed day morning night heard mingling sickly infant cries attendants wailings death black funeral lucretius pictured atoms things like things perceived senses he atoms different kinds different shapes number shapes finite limit number different things we see smell taste handle he implies although i think he definitely asserts atoms kind identical every respect we now know many compounds exist formed union quantities weight elements nevertheless differ properties modern chemistry explains fact saying properties substance depend kind atoms compose minute particles compound number atoms kind mode arrangement atoms doctrine taught lucretius two thousand years ago often makes great difference he things positions held union motions they mutually impart receive instance certain atoms may arranged time produce fire another time arrangement atoms may result differences colours things lucretius due differences arrangements motions atoms colour sea wind lashes foam different colour waters rest colours things change atoms whereof things composed change arrangement another sluggish movements rapid tumultuous motions see chapter chemical lucretius pictured solid substance vast number atoms squeezed closely together liquid composed many atoms less tightly packed gas comparatively small number atoms considerable freedom motion essentially picture presented molecular theory meet objection atoms invisible therefore exist lucretius enumerates many things we see although we know they exist doubts existence winds heat cold smells yet seen wind heat cold smell clothes become moist hung near sea dry spread sunshine seen moisture entering leaving clothes pavement trodden many feet worn away minute particles removed without eyes able see another objector urges you say atoms always moving yet things we look you assert vast numbers moving atoms often motionless lucretius answers analogy herein you need wonder though things motion yet sum seen rest supreme repose unless thing exhibits motions individual body nature first things lies far away senses beneath ken therefore since they beyond you see they must withdraw sight motion well things we see yet often conceal motions great distance often woolly flocks they crop glad pastures hill creep whither grass jewelled fresh dew summons invites lambs fed full gambol playfully butt objects appear us distance blended together rest like white spot green hill mighty legions fill movements parts plains waging mimicry war glitter lifts sky whole earth round gleams brass beneath noise raised mighty tramplings men mountains stricken shouting echo voices stars heaven horsemen fly suddenly wheeling scour across middle plains shaking vehemence charge yet spot high hills seen they appear stand still rest plains bright spot atomic theory greek thinkers constructed reasoning natural phenomena lucretius constantly appeals observed facts confirmation theoretical teachings refutation opinions he thought erroneous besides giving general mental presentation material universe theory applied many specific transmutations minute descriptions now called chemical changes given terms theory searching examination much change made i think may say made conditions greek life two thousand years passed investigators began make accurate measurements quantities substances take part changes wherein certain things seem destroyed totally different things produced accurate knowledge obtained quantities definite substances interact transformations matter atomic theory draw outlines picture material changes scientific theory described likening imaginings we actually observe long we observe rough broad general way imaginings must rough broad general great glory greek thinkers natural events observations accurate whole far they went theory they formed based trivial accidental features facts proved essence phenomena they sought bring point view advances made times clear knowledge transformations matter made using guide experimental inquiries conception differences qualities substances connected differences weights movements minute particles central idea atomic theory greek philosophers atomic theory used great physicists later renaissance galileo gassendi newton others countryman john dalton trying early years century form mental presentation atmosphere terms theory atoms rediscovered possibility differences sizes atoms applied idea facts concerning quantitative compositions compounds established others developed method determining relative weights atoms different kinds started chemistry course followed successfully instead blaming greek philosophers lack quantitatively accurate experimental inquiry we rather full admiring wonder extraordinary acuteness mental vision soundness scientific spirit ancient atomists distinguished essential properties things accidental features former removed lucretius without utter destruction accompanying severance latter may altered nature thing remains unharmed examples essential properties lucretius mentions weight stone heat fire fluidity water things liberty war slavery riches poverty like accounted accidents time accident exists simply things happen sense apprehends done time past well present follow story proceeds we shall see chemists middle ages alchemists founded theory material changes difference supposed essential substratum things qualities taken they put clothes removed replaced different clear harmonious orderly greek scheme picture we form quotations i given writings alchemists conception world greeks likened imaginings nature natural facts they observed alchemists created imaginary world likeness christianity superseding old religions theological system christian church replacing cosmogonies heathen contrast power evil power good fully realised days greeks sharper division drawn world another world world divided two irreconcilable absolutely opposite parts man came regarded centre tremendous battle urged powers good powers evil sights sounds nature regarded vestments voices unseen combatants life real mere shadow dream conditions favourable growth magic man regarded measure universe central figure awful tragedy magic attempt thinking speculating we consider must order nature discover means penetrating secret life natural things realising hidden powers virtues things grasping concealed thread unity supposed run phenomena however seemingly diverse entering sympathy supposed inner oneness life death present past future magic grows gathers strength men sure theory universe must true theory they see glasses theory supplies he knows thoroughly knows god mysteries nature says modern writer magic saying expresses fundamental hypothesis method systems magic mysticism systems alchemy chapter ii sketch alchemical theory system began called centuries era special name time known sacred art divine science occult science art commentator aristotle writing century calls certain instruments used fusion calcination instruments melting pouring hence probably came adjective somewhat later time word name art deals calcinations fusions meltings like writer treatise astrology century speaking influences stars dispositions man says man born mercury he give astronomy mars he follow profession arms saturn he devote science alchemy word appears treatise formed prefixing arabic meaning word we seen greek origin growth development transformation chemistry we consider alchemy art melting pouring transforming must necessarily pay much attention working crucibles furnaces alembics vessels wherein things fused distilled calcined dissolved old drawings alchemical operations show us men busy calcining cohobating distilling dissolving digesting performing processes like character alchemists accused laziness aversion work laboratories paracelsus century says they given idleness go proud habit plush velvet garments often showing rings fingers wearing swords silver hilts sides fine gay gloves hands diligently follow labours sweating whole days nights furnaces they spend time abroad recreation take delight laboratories they put fingers among coals clay filth gold rings they sooty black like smiths miners pride clean beautiful faces respects chemist faithfully follows practice alchemists predecessors you nose chemist crowd smell laboratory hangs you pick stains hands clothes he takes delight laboratory he always pride clean beautiful face he sweats whole days nights furnace chemist toil eagerly alchemists untiringly pursue quest i think unfair say chemist experiments order he may liken imaginings facts he observes alchemist toiled he might liken facts he observed imaginings difference may put another way saying chemist object discover changes happen combinations unchanging alchemist endeavour prove truth fundamental assertion every substance contains undeveloped resources potentialities brought outward forward perfection looking around observing changes things alchemist deeply impressed growth modification plants animals he argued minerals metals grow change develop he effect nature must unity diversity i see grain corn falls earth dies dying first step towards new life dead seed changed living plant must things nature mineral metal seems dead buried earth reality growing changing becoming perfect perfection seed plant perfection common metals evidently alchemist replied perfect metal gold common metals trying become gold gold intention nature regard metals alchemical writer plants preserved preservation seed like manner alchemist argument proceeded must seed metals essence i separate seed bring proper conditions i cause grow perfect metal animal life human life we may suppose alchemist saying continued method whereby life plants continued life springs seed seed fructified union male female metals must two characters union needed production new metals conjoining metals must go birth perfect metal now we may suppose argument proceed now passage imperfect perfect easy harder practise virtue acquiesce vice virtue comes naturally man he may gain higher life he must helped grace therefore task exalting purer metals perfect gold developing lower order higher easy nature she slowly painfully exaltation common metals higher plane effected rapidly done help man far i judge writings argument alchemists may rendered form foregoing careful examination alchemical argument shows rests supposed intimate knowledge nature plan working certainty simplicity essential mark plan alchemists satisfied great simplicity nature knowledge ways nature work apparent writings author new chemical century says simplicity seal truth nature wonderfully simple characteristic mark childlike simplicity stamped true noble nature another place author says nature true simple created god informed certain universal spirit author michael sendivogius remarks may asked i come knowledge heavenly things far removed beyond human ken answer sages taught god natural world image material copy heavenly spiritual pattern existence world based reality heavenly archetype sage sees heaven reflected nature mirror he pursues art sake gold silver love knowledge reveals true advises wish become true alchemists leave circuitous paths pretended philosophers follow nature simple complicated processes described books traps laid cunning sophists catch unwary catechism paracelsus asks road philosopher follow he answers exactly followed great architect universe creation world might suppose easier perhaps profitable examine observe experiment turn eyes inwards hope discovering exactly road followed great architect universe creation world alchemical method found easier begin introspection alchemist spun universe ideas order symmetry simplicity spider spins web substance favourite saying alchemists aspects saying meant processes happen within earth like occur earth minerals metals live animals plants live pass corruption towards perfection another aspect saying meant human world miniature microcosm macrocosm know oneself know world every man knows he try rise better things many men endeavour they know they therefore he feels sure nature fashioned image man projects ideas progress development virtue matter spirit nature outside matter course kind naturalist uses language he speaking changes material things he employs express changes mental states hopes fears aspirations struggles language alchemists therefore rich expressions elements conjoined nobler fuller life may produced arcanum gold exalted highest degree perfection combined action nature art develop commingling ethical physical ideas application moral conceptions material phenomena characteristic alchemical method regarding nature necessary results great confusion thought much mystification ideas superabundance natural events author metamorphosis seeking argument favour view water source primal element things he found he sought biblical text beginning spirit god moved face waters similarly author sodic clenches argument favour existence philosopher stone quotation therefore saith lord behold i lay zion foundation stone tried stone precious corner stone sure foundation he shall confounded author works detail analogy functions virtues story man fall redemption set forth old new testaments author speaks satan grim attribution alchemists moral virtues vices natural things keeping tendency human nature shown persistence methods stating properties substances we still speak perfect imperfect gases noble base metals good bad conductors electricity laws governing natural phenomena convinced simplicity nature certain natural events follow course sure course known represented growth plants animals alchemists set task firstly proving observations experiments view natural occurrences correct secondly discovering gaining possession instrument whereby nature effects transmutations perfects operations mastery instrument give power change metal gold cure diseases happiness must come practical knowledge supreme secret nature central quest alchemy quest undefined undefinable something wherein supposed contained powers potencies life whatever makes life worth living names given mystical something many properties assigned called thing essence philosopher stone stone wisdom heavenly balm divine water virgin water carbuncle sun old dragon lion basilisk many names given we may come near expressing alchemist view essential character object search naming soul alchemy modern writer says science soul things essence supposed material form ethereal middle nature immaterial spiritual life might hope make essence substance alchemists says attribute god alone make you must produce thing two natural generation alchemists pretend create gold produce things author brief guide celestial says we sometimes profess create gold silver find agent capable entering intimate maturing union mercury base metals art arrogates power developing removal defects superfluities golden nature baser metals possess bonus tract new pearl great century says art alchemy create metals even develop metallic takes unfinished handicraft nature completes nature left comparatively small thing artist completion she already begun essence ever attained following course nature follows producing perfect plant imperfect seed discovering separating seed metals bringing seed conditions alone suitable growth metals must seed alchemists absurd suppose they none prerogative vegetables metals exclaims god give seed withhold metals much sight trees metals possess seed evident seed made active seed plant quickened descending earth therefore seed metals must destroyed becomes processes art must begin dissolution gold they must terminate restoration essential quality gold gold easily give nature fight life agent strong enough overcome kill power restore life change lifeless remains new pure body application doctrine existence seed metals led performance many experiments hence accumulation considerable body facts established experimental inquiries belief alchemists natural events connected hidden thread everything influence things constrained place stress supposed connexion planets metals metallic transformations performing times certain planets conjunction seven principal planets seven principal metals called names gold silver lead tin iron copper mercury author new chemical taught metal propagated another order superiority planets he placed seven planets following descending order saturn jupiter mars sol venus mercury luna virtues planets descend he ascend easy change mars iron venus copper instance venus transformed mars although alchemists regarded everything influencing influenced things they persuaded greatest effects produced substance substances like nature hence taught seed metals obtained operations metals action metals things animal vegetable origin class substances they life spirit essential character we might say life sulphur paracelsus combustible fatness life gems corals mere colour life water flowing life fire air grant attraction like like reason becomes apparent directions nothing heterogeneous must introduced magistery everything made act like nature perform duty although class substances alchemists particular character life nevertheless they taught likeness things inasmuch power great influence different things produced origin different things caused pass become thing new chemical seed things made generate great variety things easy now easy time give clear exact meanings doctrines alchemists directions they gave performing operations necessary production object search difficulty much increased we told sage jealously conceals knowledge sinner scornful lest mysteries heaven laid bare vulgar gaze we almost despair alchemical writer assures us sages set pen paper express purpose concealing meaning sense whole passage often hopelessly obscured addition omission little word instance addition word wrong place another writer says sages habit using words may convey either true false impression former disciples children latter ignorant foolish unworthy sometimes descriptions processes couched strange mystical language writer add you perceive you understand herein you devote study philosophy philalethes guide celestial seems feel pity readers describing he calls generic homogeneous water gold he says you wish particular description water i impelled motives charity tell you living flexible clear nitid white snow hot humid airy vaporous digestive alchemy began asserting nature must simple assumed knowledge plan method natural occurrences obtained thinking used analogy guide applying knowledge nature design particular events especially analogy assumed alchemy exist material phenomena human emotions chapter iii alchemical conception unity simplicity nature preceding chapter i referred frequent use made alchemists supposition nature follows plan rate similar plan processes supposition accepted primary business investigator nature trace likenesses analogies seem surface dissimilar unconnected events idea practice foundations whereon superstructure alchemy raised i think important amplify fully i done already mention made many alchemical writings mythical personage named lived little later time moses representations hermes trismegistus found ancient egyptian monuments we told alexander great found tomb near hebron tomb contained slab emerald whereon thirteen sentences written eighth sentence rendered many alchemical books follows ascend greatest sagacity earth heaven descend earth unite together powers things superior things inferior you obtain glory whole world obscurity fly away you sentence evidently teaches unity things heaven things earth asserts possibility gaining merely theoretical practical knowledge essential characters things moreover sentence implies fruitful knowledge obtained examining nature using guide fundamental similarity supposed exist things things beneath alchemical writers constantly harp theme follow nature provided you never lose clue simplicity similarity author beseeches readers enlist standard method proceeds strict obedience teaching nature short method nature pursues bowels earth alchemists tell us expect much help books written directions he say he adds question whether even book convey information writings sages open book nature exhibited vain another tells readers thing beseech god give you real philosophical temper open eyes facts nature alone you reach coveted goal follow nature sound advice nature followed eyes closed save vision vision seen following began alchemists general conception nature led assign every substance condition state natural wherein alone designed substance they taught caused leave natural state violent means substance driven natural condition violence ready even eager return condition consonant nature norton says metals generated earth ground they subject rust hence ground place corruption metals gradual destruction cause we assign fact ground they proper element unnatural position destructive natural objects we see instance fishes die they taken water natural men beasts birds live air stones metals naturally generated earth pearl great century bonus says object nature things introduce substance form properly belongs design art view assumed knowledge natural conditions substances wherewith experiments performed supposed man act guide bring back natural condition substance removed condition either violent processes nature man device alchemist regarded arbiter questions concerning natural condition substance he dealt he thought he say substance substance constrained thwarted hindered becoming nature meant ben jonson play called subtle alchemist play says metals gold they time alchemist attributed ethical qualities material things he became guardian guide moral practices things he thought able recall erring metal path metalline virtue lead extravagant mineral back moral seduced show doubting vacillating salt ignorantly seeking help find unrealised object search alchemist acted sort conscience metals minerals salts substances he submitted processes laboratory he treated wise physician might treat ignorant somewhat refractory patient i know you want better you he seems often saying metals he calcining separating joining subliming ignorant alchemist always thanked treatment sometimes patient rebelled instance michael sendivogius tract new chemical light drawn fountain nature manual century recounts dialogue mercury alchemist certain bright morning number alchemists met together meadow consulted best way preparing philosopher stone agreed mercury first substance others sulphur something else just dispute began run high arose violent wind dispersed alchemists different countries world they arrived conclusion went seeking philosopher stone old way expecting find substance another search continued without intermission even day however least got idea head mercury substance stone determined concentrate efforts chemical preparation mercury he took common mercury began work he placed glass vessel fire course evaporated ignorance he struck wife you entered laboratory you must taken mercury vessel woman tears protested innocence alchemist put mercury vessel mercury rose top vessel vaporous steam alchemist full joy he remembered first substance stone described sages volatile he thought now last he right track he now began subject mercury sorts chemical processes sublime calcine manner things salts sulphur metals minerals blood hair aqua fortis herbs urine vinegar everything he think tried without producing desired effect alchemist despaired dream wherein old man came talked mercury sages alchemist thought he charm mercury he used form incantation mercury suddenly began speak asked alchemist he troubled much alchemist replied questioned mercury mercury makes fun philosopher alchemist torments mercury heating manner horrible things last mercury calls aid nature soundly rates philosopher tells he grossly ignorant ends saying best thing you give king officers quickly put end you philosophy long men fully persuaded they knew plan whereon world framed possible follow exactly road followed great architect universe creation world real knowledge natural events impossible every attempt penetrate nature secrets presupposed knowledge essential characteristics investigated genuine knowledge begins investigator admits he must learn nature nature might truly held alchemical conception nature foible omniscience omniscience negatives attainment knowledge alchemical notion natural state proper substance vigorously combated honourable robert boyle born died man singularly clear penetrative intellect paradox natural supernatural states bodies especially boyle says i know living even inanimate bodies alone i discourse men universally admitted famous distinction natural preternatural violent state bodies daily without least scruple found hypotheses ratiocinations certain they call nature purposely formed bodies determinate state always watchful they external violence put notwithstanding general consent men point i confess i yet satisfied sense wherein wont taken i believe sense account body may he natural state i think common distinction natural violent state bodies clearly explained considerately settled well grounded oftentimes ill applied i consider whatever state body put kept obtains retains state assenting catholic laws nature i think fit deny sense body proposed natural state ground he hard deny bodies violent state may natural since violence they presumed suffer outward agents likewise exercised otherwise according established laws universal nature must something fascinating comforting alchemical view nature harmony constructed simple plan grasped whole details introspective processes human intellect conception prevails among investigated natural occurrences alchemical view nature still forms foundation systems ethics philosophy art appeals innate desire man make measure things easy authoritative apparently satisfactory amount thinking reasoning ever demonstrate falsity conquered patient unbiassed searching examination limited portion natural events chapter iv alchemical elements principles alchemists sure intention nature regarding metals they become gold gold considered perfect metal nature they evidently strains perfection alchemist found metals worn away eaten broken finally caused disappear many acid acrid liquids he prepared mineral substances gold resisted attacks liquids changed heat affected sulphur substance changed limpid running mercury inert black solid hence gold perfect alchemical scale metal since gold considered perfect metal alchemical mind nature must form gold slowly earth must transmute gradually inferior metals gold thing distinguishes metal another writes alchemist went name philalethes degree maturity course greatest precious metals difference gold lead substance digestion baser metal coction purge metallic impurities means superfluous impure matter organically removed baser metals they become gold silver miners tell us lead many cases developed silver bowels earth we contend effect produced much shorter time means art stories told finding gold deserted mines worked long stories supposed prove gold bred earth facts pieces silver found tin lead mines gold found silver mines adduced proofs author new pearl great says nature continually work changing metals gold though certain sense they complete they yet reached highest perfection they capable nature destined nature earth man accomplish workshop man crown world masterpiece nature flower universe he given dominion things world created asserting baser metals transmuted gold attempting effect transmutation alchemist acting vague haphazard surmise he pursuing policy dictated conception order nature he following method he conceived used nature transmutation metals part parcel system natural philosophy transmutation impossible alchemical scheme things destroyed believer transmutation left without sense order material universe moreover alchemist conception orderly material universe intimately connected ideas morality religion disprove possibility great transmutation remove basis system material things foundations system ethics take away belief possibility changing metals gold convert alchemist atheist transmutation accomplished evidently method whereby nature brings perfection living things alchemist belief simplicity unity nature compelled regard metals living things plants improved appropriate culture digging enriching soil judicious selection seed animals improved careful breeding similar processes metals encouraged helped towards perfection perfect state gold reached bound gained gradually many partial purifications needed says absurd think nature earth bred gold perfect instant something went must remote matter nature doth first beget imperfect proceeds she perfect stage alchemical argument becomes may perhaps rendered somewhat follows perfect animals man union three parts body soul spirit metals may body soul spirit specific bodily material form belonging metal metalline soul characteristic class metals spirit inner immaterial potency essence metals soul spirit man clogged body spiritual nature become dominating partner body must mortified alchemists course used kind imagery real like manner spirit metals laid bare enabled exercise transforming influences material form individual metal destroyed first thing strip cast aside properties metals appeal senses necessary deprive matter qualities order draw soul stephanus alexandria century century paracelsus nothing true value located body substance virtue less body proportion virtue possession soul metals final stage mastery soul may mean power transmuting metal another like suffice great transmutation process metal becomes gold perfect metal hence soul must removed order spirit essence kernel may obtained metals alchemists argued things may thought conditioning specific bodily material forms things beneath certain common many things whose principles hidden wrappings elements principles spirit mystic uniting bond final goal philosopher i propose chapter try analyse alchemical conceptions elements principles next chapter attempt kind description essence concerning great stone ancient basil valentine speaks three principles salt sulphur mercury source elements four elements centre another element makes four pillars earth element he says element three especially fire latent gross porous specifically heavy naturally light receives three project conscientiously conceals hide brings light manifest outwardly visible fixed inwardly invisible volatile element basil valentine says outwardly volatile inwardly fixed cold humid solvent world exists three degrees excellence pure purer purest purest substance heavens created less pure atmospheric air formed simply pure remains proper sphere guardian subtle substances concerning element he writes noble element air volatile may fixed fixed renders bodies penetrable nobler earth water nourishes impregnates conserves elements finally element fire purest noblest elements full adhesive unctuous corrosiveness penetrant digestive inwardly fixed hot dry outwardly visible tempered earth element passive resembles chariot drawn moves drawn stands still basil valentine tells readers adam compounded four pure elements expulsion paradise he became subject various impurities animal creation pure elements creation gradually mingled infected corruptible elements outer world body became gross liable grossness natural decay death process degeneration slow first time went seed men generated became infected perishable elements continued use corruptible food rendered bodies gross human life soon reduced brief span basil valentine deals formation three things mutual action four elements fire acting air produced air acting water produced water acting earth produced earth nothing act produced nothing became nurse three principles three principles he says necessary they immediate substance metals remoter substance metals four elements produce anything god even god makes nothing three principles endeavour obtain four pure elements hopeless task sage three principles hand artist determine three principles he seeking assist may overcome contrary art consists even mingling virtues elements natural equilibrium hot dry cold moist account elements given philalethes differs basil valentine philalethes enumerates three elements air water earth things formed mixture elements dissimilar things never really unite analysing properties three elements philalethes reduced finally namely water water he says first principle things earth fundamental element bodies grow preserved air medium they grow means celestial virtues communicated according philalethes important three principles although gold formed aid mercury mercury matured developed perfected able transmute inferior metals gold essential thing therefore find agent bring maturing perfecting mercury agent philalethes calls divine arcanum although appears impossible translate sayings alchemists concerning elements principles expressions shall definite exact meanings us still we may perhaps get inkling meaning sentences i quoted basil valentine philalethes take terms former times liquid substances supposed liquid they possessed something common hypothetical something called similarly view prevailed comparatively recent times burning substances burn presence hypothetical imponderable fluid called alchemists preferred call indefinable something element name we accustomed use words different meanings according ideas we wish express we say touch fire put hand water we regarding fire water material things we say house fire speak diamond first water we thinking condition state burning body substance transparent water we say put fire heart became water we referring act burning using image likens thing spoken substance act liquefying we alchemists us they used words express different ideas terms hardness softness coldness toughness like employed purpose bringing together point view different things alike least respect hard things may differ size weight shape colour texture soft thing may weigh hard thing may colour size temperature classing together various things hard soft smooth rough we eliminate time properties wherein things differ regard property common words hardness softness useful similarly alchemical elements principles useful we must suppose alchemists spoke certain things formed union elements principles they meant things contained common substance elements principles thought substances least modern meaning expression they qualities we think alchemical elements earth air fire water general expressions seemed alchemists important properties substances we may able attach kind meaning sayings basil valentine i quoted instance alchemist tells us fire passive elements resembles chariot drawn moves drawn stands still we may suppose he meant express fact vast number substances burnt combustion begin requires external agency start unfortunately terms alchemists used designate elements principles terms now employed designate specific substances word still employed rather quality many things special conditions specific substance names applied certain groups properties different groups properties therefore called ordinary speech definite kind matter knowledge became accurate concentrated words began applied distinct substances terms still employed alchemical sense compendious expressions certain qualities common great classes substances much confusion arose kunckel discoverer phosphorus lived complained alchemists habit giving different names substance name different substances sulphur he says sulphur another great injury science replies everyone perfectly free baptise infant he pleases granted you may you like call ass ox you never make anyone believe ox ass boyle severe vague loose use words practised many writers time sceptical published he says judicious men skilled chymical affairs shall agree write clearly plainly thereby keep men stunned imposed dark empty words hoped men finding they longer write impertinently absurdly without laughed reduced either write nothing books may teach us something rob men formerly invaluable time ceasing trouble world riddles impertinences we shall either books receive advantage silence escape inconvenience alchemists taught elements produced they called mutual reactions principles matured seed brought perfection they supposed class kind things seed obtain seed power producing things sprung seed however asserted things come common seed nature products seed conditioned circumstances caused develop michael sendivogius writes follows new chemical light drawn fountain nature manual century wherever seed nature work whether good bad four elements continued action project constant supply seed centre earth digested whence proceeds generative motions now centre earth certain void place nothing rest margin circumference centre four elements project qualities magnetic force attracts much needed cognate seminal substance used vital generation thrust forth shape stones rubbish things terrestrial let us illustrate matter supposing glass water set middle table round margin placed little heaps salt powders different colours water poured run table divergent rivulets become salt touches salt red touches red powder water change several differentiate water way seed product four elements projected directions produces different things according quality different places seed things made generate great variety things long nature seed remains centre indifferently produce tree metal herb stone like manner according purity place produce less pure author i quoting nature divided four she brings forth things appear shade according good bad quality she brings forth good bad things important us know order we may join things together according nature chapter alchemical essence last chapter i tried describe alchemical view interdependence different substances taking granted tripartite nature man body soul spirit defined alchemists concluded things formed man formed everything specific bodily form portion soul dash spirit i considered term alchemical name properties common class substances term mean property thought alchemists common things alchemists considered possible arrange substances four general classes marks whereof expressed terms hot cold moist dry they thought properties typified they called four elements fire air water earth everything they taught produced four elements immediately mediation three principles mercury sulphur salt principles regarded tools put hands desired effect transmutation substance another principles thought definite substances properties specified substance they considered characteristic properties large classes substances chemist places many compounds class acids react similarly similar conditions used every acid possesses less principle lavoisier changed language whereby certain facts concerning acids expressed he thought experiments proved acids compounds element oxygen many years lavoisier alchemical expression principle superseded word although lavoisier recognised every compound oxygen acid he taught every acid compound oxygen we know now many acids compounds oxygen we yet sufficient knowledge frame complete definition term nevertheless convenient indeed necessary place together many compounds react similarly certain defined conditions give common name alchemists classified substances classification necessarily vague they necessarily expressed reasons putting different substances class language arose general conceptions natural phenomena prevailed time primary classification substances made alchemists expressed saying substances rich principle contain much principle class marked preponderance principle secondary classification alchemists expressed saying class characterised dryness moisture another coldness fourth hotness dry substances contain much element moist substances rich element cold substances element preponderates hot substances contain element elements alchemists went step classification things they asserted thing present things everything vehicle less perfect exhibition properties thing primal element common substances final aim alchemy obtain thing primal element soul things purified specific substances admixture four elements three principles make possible accomplishment transmutation use person ignorant powers obtain essence he might work vast havoc cause enormous confusion necessary therefore know conditions potencies essence became active hence need prolonged study mutual actions seemingly diverse substances minute patient examination conditions nature performs marvellous transmutations quest thing fraught peril attempted served long laborious apprenticeship chemical treatise thomas norton englishman called ordinal century adept warned disclose secrets ordinary people you carefully test examine life character mental aptitudes person initiated art you bind sacred oath let magistery commonly vulgarly known he begins grow old feeble he may reveal person man must virtuous wicked man learn practise art event fraught great danger christendom man overstep bounds moderation remove hereditary thrones legitimate princes rule peoples christendom results experimental examination compositions properties substances made since time alchemists led modern conception chemical element isolation seventy eighty different elements substance now called element produced laboratory uniting two distinct substances separated two unlike portions decided change chemical element caused undergo combination element elements compound compounds possible chemical elements may combinations different quantities primal element certain facts make supposition tenable chemists expect supposition proved correct hypothetical primal element isolated we fulfilled aim alchemy gained thing fulfilment whereof alchemists dreamed inasmuch alchemical essence thought universal spirit whose presence due whatever degree perfection specific substance exhibits followed perfect substance greater quantity essence even perfect substance found nature substance alchemists gold essence hidden wrappings specific properties prevent ordinary man recognising remove wrappings special substance you perfect form thing you portion universal spirit joined general property class things whereof particular substance member remove often spoken alchemists substance you essence alchemists thought every thing rate every class things corresponds perfect form we see handle they spoke gold mercury sulphur sulphur whose eyes remove outer wrappings ordinary properties present untrained senses regarded alchemists difficult task tear away soul substance yet retain essence made substance dwelling place possible vast labour use proper agent working proper conditions exceedingly powerful delicate refined agent needed mastery agent acquired bitter experience probably many disappointments gold alchemist tells us easily give nature fight life agent strong enough overcome kill power restore life change lifeless remains new pure body thomas norton author ordinal writing century says worker transmutations often tempted hurry despair he often deceived servants either stupid faithful false he may robbed everything work almost finished remedies infinite patience sense virtue sound reason pursuit art he says you take care time time unbend mind sterner employments convenient recreation choice workmen aid mechanical parts quest great trouble alchemists subject norton says you free fear gross work follow counsel never engage married men they soon give pretend they tired hire workmen certain stipulated wages longer periods hours time give higher wages they receive elsewhere prompt ready payments many accounts given alchemical writers agent many names bestowed author brief guide celestial speaks agent doorkeeper balm honey oil urine maydew mother egg secret furnace oven true fire venomous dragon theriac ardent wine green lion bird hermes goose hermogenes sword hand cherub guards tree life true secret vessel garden sages sun rises sets royal mineral triumphant vegetable saturnia magic rod hermes means he assumes shape he likes sometimes we told agent mercury sometimes gold common mercury common gold supplement common mercury inward fire needs you soon get rid superfluous dross agent gold highly matured natural artificial digestion make thousand times perfect common metal name gold exalted radically penetrates tinges fixes metals alchemists generally likened work performed agent killing living thing they constantly use allegory death followed resurrection describing steps whereby essence obtained processes whereby baser metals partially purified they speak mortification metals dissolution putrefaction substances preliminaries appearance true life things whose outward properties destroyed instance paracelsus says destruction perfects good good appear account conceals alchemist speaks rusting mortification metals he says mortification metals removal bodily structure mortification woods turned charcoal ashes paracelsus distinguishes natural artificial mortification whatever nature consumes he says man restore whatever man destroys man restore break restored things mortified man device considered paracelsus really dead he gives extraordinary illustration meaning you see case lions born dead first vitalised horrible noise parents just sleeping person awakened shout mortification metals represented alchemical books various images allegories fig reduced cut century work book lambspring noble ancient philosopher concerning philosophical illustration father devours son soul spirit flow forth body fig i image used set forth mortification metals king swallowing son figs ii iii reduced basil valentine figures represent process mortification images connected death burial illustration fig ii explanation figures basil valentine says neither human animal bodies multiplied propagated without decomposition grain vegetable seed cast ground must decay spring moreover putrefaction imparts life many worms animalculæ bread placed honey suffered decay ants generated maggots developed decay nuts apples pears thing may observed regard vegetable life nettles weeds spring seed ever sown occurs putrefaction reason soil places disposed impregnated produces fruits result properties sidereal influences consequently seed spiritually produced earth putrefies earth operation elements generates corporeal matter according species nature stars elements may generate new spiritual ultimately new vegetable seed means putrefaction know like manner metallic seed develop multiply unless seed alone without introduction foreign substance reduced perfect putrefaction illustration fig iii action mineral agent perfecting substances often likened alchemists conjoining male female followed production offspring they insist need union two things order produce something perfect either agent they say must work something alone nothing methods whereby agent perfected processes wherein agent effects perfecting less perfect things divided stages alchemists they generally spoke stages enumerated ten sometimes twelve examples alchemical description gates i give extracts brief guide celestial first gate drying humours process substance concocted black powder yet unctuous retains radical humour gold passes gate we observe two natures fixed volatile we liken two serpents fixed nature likened serpent without wings volatile serpent wings calcination unites two second gate likened death burial true essence appear glorious beautiful gate passed worker told discouraged apparent death mercury spoken author queen gold king king dies love queen he revived spouse made fruitful brings forth royal son figs iv reduced book they express need conjunction two produce illustration you behold great lions joined spirit soul must united body fig iv dissolution came wherein separated elements combined followed necessary germination seed produced calcination dissolution conjunction putrefaction followed passage next gate called caused body become spiritual spiritual made corporal followed whereby substance became soft flowed like wax finally stone perfected illustration two birds great strong body spirit devours let body placed warm bath spirit extracted body become white process spirit red art exists tends towards perfection philosopher stone prepared fig author open speaks various stages perfecting agent beginning heating gold mercury likened king stripping golden garments descending fountain heating continued becomes black noticed play many colours heat regulated properly young ones crow go back nest end fourth month you see sign waxing moon becomes white white colour gives place purple green you now appear colours rainbow peacock tail finally colour becomes orange golden reader may wish description essence alchemists describe contraries bodily form method working spiritual sodic hydrolith water stone we told stone conceived earth born earth quickened heaven dies time obtains eternal glory green flows like water yet makes wet great weight small philalethes says brief guide celestial philosopher stone certain heavenly spiritual penetrative fixed substance brings metals perfection gold silver according quality medicine natural methods yet effects transcend nature know called stone like stone virtue fixed nature resists action fire successfully stone species gold pure purest fixed incombustible like stone appearance fine powder impalpable touch sweet taste fragrant smell potency penetrative spirit apparently dry yet unctuous easily capable tinging plate metal we say nature spiritual truth we described corporeal expression equally correct author says substance metalline species looks cloudy universe nothing visible form vile defiles metalline bodies readily imagine pearly drink bright phoebus spring thence components pure tender mercury dry incarcerate sulphur binds restrains fluxation know subject sure basis secrets deal plainly child saturn mean price great venom malleable though metalline colour sable intermixed argent mark sable fields veins glittering argent trying attach definite meanings alchemical accounts principles elements thing directions alchemists give changing substance others we apt misled use expression transmutation chemist phrase means change element another element element definite substance able produce combination two substances unlike separate two substances unlike whatever may alchemical meaning word certainly given word word mean alchemist means chemist facts known present concerning elements make unthinkable change lead silver new facts discovered make possible separation lead things unlike production silver combination constituents lead alchemist supposed he knew facts enabled form mental picture change lead silver tin gold assert changes must necessarily happen accomplish although we quite sure alchemist facts imaginings we blame reasoning he took facts every metal now element modern meaning word alchemist regarded metals composite substances he thought simple many things hence he able transmute metal another he strong evidence support general conception unity things transmutation meant alchemist bringing substance condition greatest perfection possible substance view unity nature might proved he succeeded changing metals comparatively simple substances perfect metals gold transmutation baser metals gold came practical test justness alchemical scheme things alchemists assert they performed great transmutation others tell people accomplished work following story example accounts given making gold taken frederick helvetius golden calf world worships century december forenoon came house certain man complete stranger honest grave countenance authoritative mien clothed simple garb he middle height face long slightly hair black straight chin age native province far i make north holland we exchanged salutations he asked whether he might conversation he wished say something pyrotechnic art he read tracts directed sympathetic powder dr digby i hinted suspicion whether grand arcanum sages gigantic hoax he therefore took opportunity asking whether i believe grand mystery might exist nature things means physician restore patient whose vitals irreparably destroyed i answered medicine desirable acquisition physician man tell many secrets may hidden nature yet though i read much truth art never good fortune meet real master alchemical science conversation artist elias he addressed you read much works alchemists stone substance colour wonderful effects may i allowed question whether you prepared answering question negative he took bag ivory box three large pieces substance resembling glass pale sulphur informed enough tincture production twenty tons gold i held precious treasure hand quarter hour time i listened recital wonderful curative properties i compelled restore owner i help certain degree reluctance request he give piece stone though larger coriander seed he somewhat brusquely refused adding milder tone he give wealth i possessed account great preciousness reason lawful divulge he inquired whether i show room back house we less liable observation conducting state parlour he entered without wiping dirty boots he demanded gold coin i looking he produced breast pocket green silk handkerchief folded five medals gold infinitely superior gold piece follows inscriptions medals i filled admiration asked visitor whence he obtained wonderful knowledge whole world he replied gift freely bestowed friend stayed days house follows stranger account friend experiments strange visitor concluded narrative i besought give proof assertion performing transmutatory operation metals presence he answered evasively he he return three weeks he liberty he show something make open eyes he appeared punctually promised day invited take walk course we discoursed profoundly secrets nature fire though i noticed companion chary imparting information grand arcanum last i asked point blank show transmutation metals i besought come dine spend night house i entreated i expostulated vain he remained firm i reminded promise he retorted promise conditional permitted reveal secret last however i prevailed give piece precious stone piece larger grain rape seed he bid take half ounce lead melt crucible medicine certainly tinge base metal sufficient he promised return nine next morning stated hour following day he make appearance stead however came hours later stranger told friend artist unavoidably detained he call three afternoon afternoon came i waited till seven he appear thereupon wife came tempted try transmutation i determined however wait till morrow morrow i asked wife put tincture wax i prepared six drachms lead i cast tincture enveloped wax lead soon melted hissing sound slight effervescence quarter hour i found whole mass lead turned finest gold we immediately took goldsmith declared finest gold he ever seen offered pay fifty florins ounce he describes various tests made prove purity gold i unfolded you whole story beginning end gold i still retain possession i tell you become artist elias chapter vi alchemy experimental art modern writer mr waite alchemystical says physical theory transmutation based composite character metals generation bowels earth existence nature pure penetrating matter applied substance exalts perfects kind must he admitted alchemists cite many instances transmutations seemed lead conclusion difference kind metals substances water acids oils resins wood we able effect vast number transformations wherein substance exchanged another made take place another we give fairly satisfactory descriptions changes comparing another we able express essential features general terms applied particular instance alchemists searching knowledge may called mechanism changes they gave explanation we must call incorrect present state knowledge hoefer says de la jeer alchemical theory commit anachronism injustice unless world finish pretension suppose contemporaries last word science nothing remain descendants discover errors correct theories set straight illustration fig vi illustration fig vii illustration fig viii kind experimental evidence alchemist furnish support theory transmutation answering question i better give condensed rendering certain pages hoefer de la reader supposed present experiments conducted laboratory grand master sacred art century ordinary water boiled open vessel water changed vapour disappears white powdery earth remains vessel water changed air earth we know ordinary water holds certain substances solution boiling water acts vessel wherein boiled we objection urge conclusion remained transmute fire transmutation four elements might completed piece iron placed filled water held basin containing water volume water decreases air takes fire lighted taper brought water changed fire interpretation perfectly reasonable time fact unknown water composed two gaseous substances oxygen absorbed iron hydrogen collects ignites brought contact flame lead metal except gold silver calcined air metal loses characteristic properties changed powdery substance kind cinder calx cinder result heated crucible grains wheat sees metal revive resume original form properties metal destroyed revivified grains wheat action fire perform miracle resurrection objection he raised interpretation long we ignorant phenomena oxidation reduction oxides means carbon organic substances rich carbon sugar flour seeds etc grains wheat symbol life extension resurrection eternal life illustration fig ix ordinary lead calcined cupel made cinders powdered bones lead changed cinder disappears cupel button silver remains lead vanished natural conclusion transformed silver known specimens lead contain less silver illustration fig vapour arsenic bleaches copper fact gave rise many allegories enigmas concerning means transforming copper silver sulphur acts metals changes many black substances looked mysterious thing sulphur coagulation solidification mercury effected mercury allowed fall fine rain melted sulphur black substance produced black substance heated closed vessel volatilised transformed beautiful red solid scarcely suppose black red substances identical know they composed quantities elements sulphur mercury greatly must phenomenon affected imagination chemists ancient times always ready affected everything seemed supernatural black red symbols darkness light evil good principle union two principles represented moral order later time idea helped establish alchemical doctrine sulphur mercury principles things various organic substances analysed heating products case solid residue liquids distil certain spirits disengaged results supported ancient theory asserted four elements world solid residue represented liquid products distillation spirituous substances regarded sometimes means purification sometimes soul invisible part substances strong acid poured copper metal attacked last disappears giving place green liquid transparent water thin sheet iron plunged liquid copper iron vanishes simple conclude iron transformed copper lead silver gold used place copper iron transformed lead silver gold search pure penetrating matter applied substance exalts perfects kind alchemists necessarily made many inventions laid foundation many arts manufactures discovered many facts importance science chemistry practitioners egypt must acquainted many operations we now class belonging applied chemistry witness jewellery pottery dyes pigments bleaching working metals alloys use spices essential oils soda embalming purposes centuries alchemy flourished gunpowder invented art printing established compass brought use art painting staining glass begun carried perfection paper made rags practical metallurgy advanced leaps bounds many new alloys metals came use glass mirrors manufactured considerable advances made practical medicine sanitation illustration fig xi basil valentine greatest alchemists century discovered many properties metal antimony prepared examined many compounds metal he made green vitriol pyrites brandy fermented fulminating gold sulphide potash spirits salt he made used baths artificial mineral waters he prepared various metals now called instance copper immersing plates iron solutions bluestone he examined air mines suggested practical methods determining whether air mine respirable hoefer draws attention remarkable observation recorded alchemist speaking spirit mercury basil valentine says origin metals spirit nothing else air flying without wings moving wind chased home vulcan fire returns chaos expands passes region air whence come hoefer remarks perhaps earliest accounts gas discovered priestley studied lavoisier gas we now call oxygen recognise paramount importance chemical reactions illustration fig xii besides discovering recording many facts become part parcel science chemistry alchemists invented used various pieces apparatus conducted many operations still employed chemical laboratories i shall reproduce illustrations processes pieces apparatus quote directions given book published called art john french physick method recommended french hermetically sealing neck glass vessel shown fig vi neck vessel surrounded tray containing burning coals glass melts cut shears closed tongs made hot use fig vii represents method covering open vessel receptacle substance may sublimed lower vessel lettering explains method using apparatus french gives practical directions much sound advice conducting distillations various kinds following specimens directions advice you put water seething balneum wherein glasses let hot else wilt endanger breaking glasses takest earthen glass vessel fire expose cold aire suddenly fear break operations diligently observe processes you read vary little sometimes small mistake neglect spoils whole operation frustrates expectations try first experiments great cost great difficulty great discouragement wilt apt mistake enter practices chymistry let apply expert artist instructed manual operation things means he learn two months he practice study seven years avoid much pains cost redeem much time else necessity he lose fig viii represents common cold still fig ix sketch apparatus distilling aid boiling water bath wherein vessels placed fig ix called alchemists mary jewess mentioned older alchemical writings supposed invented apparatus character nothing definite known mary jewess writer century says she initiated sacred art temple memphis legend prevailed among alchemists she sister moses fig represents methods distilling apparatus cooling volatile products lower vessel long neck upper part passes vessel containing cold water illustration fig xiii fig xi shows vessel wherein liquid might heated long time volatile products constantly returned original vessel fig xii represents retort receiver pieces apparatus distilling described french shown following figures besides describing apparatus distilling subliming processes laboratory french gives directions making tinctures essences essential oils spirits salt pure saltpetre oil vitriol butter antimony calces we now say oxides metals many substances he describes processes making fresh water salt artificial mineral water medicated hot baths invalids figures represents apparatus like advertised turkish baths home artificial precious stones he tells test minerals make alloys describes preparation many substances made gold silver he gives many curious receipts instance make appear turpentine make plant grow two three hours make representation whole world glass extract white milkie substance raies moon illustration fig xiv process making oil vitriol burning sulphur hood fitted side tube outflow oil vitriol represented fig xiii fig xiv interesting apparatus rectifying spirits distilling liquefying volatile portions distillate spirituous liquor heated vapours caused traverse long zigzag tube wherein less volatile portions condensed liquid flowed back vessel vapour passed another vessel second zigzag tube finally cooled water condensed liquid collected apparatus forerunner used effecting separation liquids boil different temperatures process called we never forget alchemists patient laborious workers theories vitally connected practice constant action reaction general scheme things many branches we now call chemical manufactures we may laugh many theories regret much useless material accumulated we may agree boyle end century he likens hermetick philosophers search truth navigators solomon tarshish fleet brought home long tedious voyages gold silver ivory apes peacocks writings several hermetick philosophers present us together divers substantial noble experiments theories either like peacocks feathers make great show neither solid useful else like apes they appearance rational blemished absurdity they attentively considered make appear ridiculous however we may condemn method rested conception order nature must we praise assiduity conducting experiments gathering facts bacon says augmentis alchemy may compared man told sons he left gold buried somewhere vineyard they digging found gold turning mould roots vines procured plentiful vintage search endeavours make gold brought many useful inventions instructive experiments light chapter vii language alchemy vagueness general conceptions alchemy attribution ethical qualities material things alchemists necessarily led employment language inexact undescriptive unsuggestive modern ears name given different things thing went many names chapter iv i endeavoured analyse two terms constantly used alchemists convey ideas great importance terms attempt sufficed rate show vagueness ideas terms intended express make evident inconsistencies meanings given words different alchemical writers story quoted chapter michael sendivogius illustrates difficulty alchemists understanding they meant term yet perhaps word often used evidently took mean substance now called mercury results literal interpretation disastrous others thought mercury substance obtained rate might obtained repeatedly distilling ordinary mercury alone mixed substances others used word mean hypothetical something liquid wet things limpid yet capable becoming solid volatile yet able prevent volatilisation things white yet ready cause white things change colour they thought something soul mercury properties without tangible substance substance bodily spirit spiritual body impossible express alchemical ideas language save allegory alchemical writings abound allegories two first allegory taken twelve basilius valentinus benedictine eleventh key knowledge augmentation stone i put you form parable lived east gilded knight named orpheus possessed immense wealth everything heart wish he taken wife sister euridice however bear children he regarded punishment sin wedded sister instant prayer god day night curse might taken night he buried deep sleep came certain winged messenger named phoebus touched feet hot noble knight since wandered many cities kingdoms suffered many things sea battle lists heavenly father bidden make known following means obtaining prayer take blood right side left side spouse blood heart blood parents though may seem two kinds yet reality mix two kinds blood keep mixture tightly enclosed globe seven wise masters generated nourished flesh blood complete course development moon changed eighth time repeat process shalt see children children offspring body shall fill world phoebus spoken he winged flight heavenward morning knight arose bidding celestial messenger god gave wife many children inherited father glory wealth knightly honours generation generation dedicatory epistle chariot basil valentine addresses brother alchemists follows mercury appeared dream brought back devious courses way clad garb vulgar philosopher mantle he straightway began leap along road headlong bounds he tired he sat turning followed spirit bade mark he longer possessed youthful vigour he first overcome every obstacle he allowed free course encouraged friendly salutation i addressed following terms eloquent scion atlas father alchemists since guided hitherto shew i pray way blessed isles promised reveal thine elect children remember he replied i quitted laboratory i left behind garment thoroughly saturated blood neither wind efface time destroy indelible essence fetch hither i may catch chill state perspiration i now let clothe warmly closely incited thereto i may safely reach bride sick love she meekly borne many wrongs driven water fire compelled ascend descend times without number yet she carried hope entering bridal chamber wherein we expect beget son adorned birth royal crown he may share others yet may he bring friends palace sits enthroned king kings communicates dignity readily liberally approach i brought garment fitted closely looked like iron skin securing assaults vulcan us proceed he straightway sped across open field i boldly strove keep guide we reached bride whose virtue constancy equal i beheld marvellous conjugal union nuptial consummation whence born son crowned royal diadem i salute king kings lord lords genius stood warned deceived since king forerunner king i sought i heard admonition i know whether sad joyful mercury bridal gift you come disciples seen lord show sign therewith he gave gold ring son finger know golden branch must consecrated proserpina you enter palace pluto he sees ring perhaps open you word door chamber sits enthroned magnificence desire nations known sages he spoken vision vanished bridal gift i still held hand shewed mere dream gold precious prized metals you i shew i permitted see faces converse you freely till earnestly time i bid you farewell result alchemical modes expression he tried follow directions given alchemical books got dire confusion he know substances use operations he told employ homogeneous water gold example expression might mean anything despair he distilled calcined cohobated tried decompose everything he lay hands pretended know abused vilified differed demonstration john mehung century nature addresses alchemical worker following words you break vials consume coals soften brains still vapours you digest alum salt orpiment altrament you melt metals build small large furnaces use many vessels nevertheless i sick folly you suffocate sulphurous smoke you better mind business dissolve distil many absurd substances pass alembics cucurbits stills pelicans henry madathanas writing says i understood purgations sublimations cementations distillations rectifications circulations putrefactions conjunctions calcinations incinerations mortifications revivifications tripods athanors reverberatory alembics excrements horses ashes sand stills retorts fixations mere plausible impostures frauds author says surely every true artist must look elaborate tissue baseless operations merest folly wonder eyes silly dupes last opened they may see something besides absurd sophisms read something besides stupid deceitful books i speak bitter experience i toiled many years endeavoured reach coveted goal sublimation distillation calcination circulation forth fashion stone substances urine salt atrament alum etc i tried hard evolve hairs wine eggs bones manner herbs arsenic mercury sulphur minerals metals i spent nights days dissolving coagulating amalgamating precipitating yet things i derived neither profit joy another writer speaks many alchemists floundering sea specious alchemists speak processes materials authors spoke i quoted we must expect alchemical language appear mere jargon uninitiated ben jonson play sceptic piece says subtle alchemy pretty kind game somewhat like tricks cards cheat man charming else terms whereon writers elixir stone chrysosperme sal sulphur mercury oil height tree life blood marchesite tutie magnesia toad crow dragon panther sun moon firmament adrop lato azoch zernich chibrit heutarit red man white woman broths menstrues materials lye women terms man blood hair head burnt clout chalk merds clay powder bones scalings iron glass moulds strange ingredients burst man name answers named intending thing art writers used obscure art knowledge egyptians writ mystic symbols speak scriptures oft parables choicest fables poets fountains first springs wisdom wrapp perplexed allegories alchemists fond using names animals symbols certain mineral substances representing operations laboratory may called animal allegories alchemical symbol yellow sulphides synonymous cinnabar meant salts iron copper black sulphides called sometimes black sulphide mercury strongly heated red sublimate obtained composition black compound temperature kept high little red sulphide produced alchemists directed urge fire else black crows go back nest illustration salamander lives fire imparts glorious hue reiteration gradation amelioration tincture philosopher stone whole called augmentation fig xv salamander called king animals supposed he lived delighted fire keeping strong fire alight salamander sometimes compared purification gold heating fig reduced book represents process alchemists employed many signs shorthand expressions place writing names substances following signs used frequently symbol saturn saturn lead symbol jupiter jupiter tin symbol symbol mars iron symbol sun sol gold symbol venus venus copper symbol symbol symbol mercury symbol moon luna silver symbol sulphur sulphur symbol vitriol vitriol symbol fire fire symbol air air symbol water symbol aquarius water symbol earth earth symbol aqua fortis aqua fortis symbol aqua regis aqua regis symbol aqua vitæ aqua vitæ symbol day day symbol night night symbol amalgam amalgam symbol alembic alembic chapter viii degeneracy alchemy i tried show alchemy aimed giving experimental proof certain theory whole system nature including humanity practical culmination alchemical quest presented threefold aspect alchemists sought stone wisdom gaining they gained control wealth they sought universal panacea give power enjoying wealth life they sought soul world thereby they hold communion spiritual existences enjoy fruition spiritual life object search satisfy material needs intellectual capacities spiritual yearnings alchemists nobler sort always made first objects subsidiary two they gave reason desiring make gold hope gold might become common cease sought mankind author open says god men might become adepts art gold common idol mankind lose value we prize scientific teaching desire make gold must always powerful incentive determining men attempt laborious discipline alchemy men love money root much evil man became student alchemy merely purpose making gold failed make he always easy pretend he succeeded order he might really make gold cheating people man rapidly degenerated charlatan he used language alchemy cover frauds hope deluding dupes phrases must admitted alchemy lent admirably imposture promised unlimited wealth encouraged wildest dreams seeker pleasure dreams cast glamour great ideas idea unity nature idea communion spheres life calling help unfulfilled renown seemed touch fine issues sordidness unblushing avarice moreover working strange ingredients instruments employment phrases scraps occult learning seemed imply unutterable things gave just pleasing dash wickedness process consulting alchemist acts fascination many people earnest person felt using skill knowledge alchemists he deemed good purpose he compelling powers evil work objects impossible system alchemy appear plain man middle ages whole scheme life universe rested magical basis kind magic hovered black magic sorcerer white magic church wondered system lends imposture easily alchemy thought plain man modern times nothing machinery fraud evident yeoman chaucer many professed turn base metals gold held bad repute early century false chanoun persuaded priest dupe send servant quicksilver he promised make good silver fyn ther youre purse myn he gave priest crosselet bid put fire blow coals priest busy fire false chanoun foulè feend hym fecche bosom took bechen cole ful subtilly maad hole therinne put silver lemaille ounce stoppéd withouten faille hole wex kepe lemaille false chanoun pretended sorry priest busily blowing fire right hoot i se wel ye swete heer clooth wipe awey whylès preest wipèd face chanoun took cole hardè grace leyde middèward crosselet blew wel afterward til colès gonnè fastè brenne coal burned silver fell crosselet canon they go together fetch chalk pail water he pour silver he made form ingot they locked door took key returning canon formed chalk mould poured contents crucible he bade priest look ther put thin hand grope thow fyndè shalt ther silver i hope devel hellè sholde ellis shavyng silver silver he putte hand took teyne silver fyn glad every veyne preest he saugh conclusion yeoman shows century general belief possibility finding philosopher stone effecting transmutation although common practitioners art regarded deceivers disciple plato supposed ask master tell namè privee stoon plato gives certain directions tells he must use disciple magnasia good sire i yow preye water maad i seye elementés fourè quod plato rootè good sire quod he tho water yourè wille nay quod plato i nylle philosophres sworn everychoon they sholden discovers noon ne book write manere crist lief deere he wol nat discovered bee liketh deitee man tenspire eek deffende hym liketh lo ende belief possibility alchemy seems general sometime chaucer wrote belief accompanied conviction alchemy impious pursuit transmutation baser metals gold regarded trenching prerogative creator alone power rightfully belonged probably written year dante places alchemists eighth circle hell apparently they fraudulent impostors says i aped creative nature subtle art later times pretended secret perform great wonders use became rich celebrated much sought distinguished he passed name cagliostro life bears witness eagerness human beings deceived joseph balsamo born palermo parents tradespeople good way business memoir he wrote prison balsamo seeks surround birth parentage mystery he says i ignorant birthplace even parents bore earliest infancy passed town medina arabia i brought name acharat account life cagliostro much condensed mr waite alchemystical he thirteen years age balsamo parents determined he trained priesthood he ran away school he confined benedictine monastery he showed remarkable taste natural history acquired considerable knowledge use drugs he soon tired discipline escaped years he wandered different parts italy living wits cheating goldsmith consulted hidden treasure he pretended invoke aid spirits frightened goldsmith got sixty ounces gold carry incantations left lurch fled messina town he discovered aged aunt sick aunt died left money church balsamo assumed family name added title nobility known henceforward count alessandro cagliostro messina he met mysterious person he calls altotas he says memoir he learnt much following account meeting balsamo stranger taken waite book he promenading day near jetty extremity port he encountered individual singularly habited possessed remarkable countenance person aged apparently fifty years seemed armenian though according accounts he spaniard greek he wore species caftan silk bonnet extremities breeches concealed pair wide boots left hand he held parasol right end cord attached graceful albanian greyhound cagliostro saluted grotesque bowed slightly satisfied dignity reside messina signor he sicilian marked foreign accent cagliostro replied he tarrying days they began converse beauty town advantageous situation kind oriental imagery individualising eloquence stranger whose remarks moreover adroitly adorned appropriate compliments although stranger he received house he allowed cagliostro visit various mysterious doings two went egypt afterwards malta they performed many wonderful deeds grand master much impressed malta altotas died anyrate vanished cagliostro travelled time well received noblemen ambassadors others high position rome he fell love young beautiful lady lorenza feliciani married cagliostro used young wife decoy attract rich foolish men he wife thrived time accumulated money jewels confederate betrayed they fled venice wandered several years italy france england they seem made living sale lotions skin practising skilful deceptions year cagliostro began pose alchemist another period wandering he paid second visit london founded secret society based supposed egyptian rites mingled freemasonry suggestion society come curious book he picked stall london society attracted people strangeness initiatory rites promises happiness wellbeing made founder joined lodges established many countries many disciples obtained great riches amassed cagliostro flourished exceedingly du merveilleux dans les temps figuier speaking cagliostro period career says he proclaimed bearer mysteries isis anubis far east he obtained numerous distinguished followers occasion assembled great force hear joseph balsamo expound doctrines egyptian freemasonry solemn convention he spoken overpowering eloquence audience departed amazement completely converted regenerated purified masonry none doubted he initiate arcana nature preserved temple apis era cambyses belaboured capricious divinity moment initiations new masonry numerous albeit they limited aristocracy society reasons believe grandees deemed worthy admission paid exceedingly extravagantly honour cagliostro posed physician claimed power curing diseases simply laying hands he went far assert he restored life dead child nobleman paris discovery miracle effected substituting living child dead caused flee laden spoil warsaw strassburg cagliostro entered strassburg state amid admiring crowd regarded human rumour he amassed vast riches transmutation base metals gold people crowd he wandering jew others he present marriage feast cana asserted he born deluge supposed he might devil goldsmith he cheated sixty ounces gold many years crowd recognising tried stop carriage shouting joseph balsamo joseph rogue sixty ounces gold cagliostro scarcely deigned glance furious goldsmith middle profound silence incident occasioned among crowd voice apparently clouds uttered great distinctness following words lunatic possessed infernal spirits spectators fell knees others seized unfortunate goldsmith brilliant cortege passed waite strassburg cagliostro went paris he lived great splendour curing diseases making gold diamonds mystifying duping people ranks splendid ritual gorgeous feasting secret society amassing riches he got entangled affair diamond necklace left paris trying advance society italy he arrested agents inquisition imprisoned tried condemned death sentence commuted perpetual imprisonment two years prison san angelo he died age fifty transcriber note original cagliosto chapter ix paracelsus alchemists accounts come us men followed pursuit vague scrappy confusing alchemical books abound quotations writings five hundred treatises attributed man middle ages yet we certain knowledge name time place birth hoefer says he probably lived middle century native mesopotamia named waite calls moussah djafar mediæval adepts spoke king india others called prince persia arabian writers alchemy medicine century refer geber master mss writings attributed geber examined latin library leyden possess works written arabic mss contain directions preparing many metals salts acids oils performing operations distillation cupellation dissolution calcination like arabian alchemists celebrated middle ages supposed lived centuries following story alfarabi powers taken waite alchemystical alfarabi returning pilgrimage mecca passing syria he stopped court sultan entered presence he surrounded numerous sage persons discoursing monarch sciences alfarabi presented travelling attire sultan desired he seated astonishing philosophical freedom he planted end royal sofa prince aghast boldness called officers tongue generally unknown commanded eject intruder philosopher however promptly made answer tongue lord he acts hastily liable hasty repentance prince equally astounded find understood stranger manner reply given anxious know guest he began question soon discovered he acquainted seventy languages problems discussion propounded philosophers witnessed discourteous intrusion considerable indignation disgust alfarabi disputed much eloquence vivacity he reduced doctors silence they began writing discourse sultan ordered musicians perform diversion company they struck philosopher accompanied lute infinite grace tenderness he elicited unmeasured admiration whole distinguished assembly request sultan he produced piece composing sang accompanied great force spirit delight hearers air sprightly even gravest philosopher resist dancing another tune he easily melted tears soft unobtrusive melody he lulled whole company sleep remarkable alchemists he generally known he born died probable place birth einsiedeln near zurich he claimed relationship noble family bombast von hohenheim biographers doubt whether he really connected family name rate name he known aureolus philippus theophrastus bombast von hohenheim father alchemy trimethius abbot spannheim wurzburg theologian poet astronomer necromancer named name taken kind paraphrase von hohenheim high lineage mean belonging lofty place others say signifies greater celsus celebrated latin writer medicine century paracelsus studied university basle getting trouble authorities he left university years wandered europe supporting according account astrological productions chiromantic soothsaying necromantic practices he may got far constantinople rumour floated he received stone wisdom adept city he returned basle delivered lectures sanction rector university he made enemies physicians abusing custom seeking knowledge ancient writers nature he annoyed apothecaries calling tinctures decoctions extracts mere he roused ire learned people delivering lectures german he attacked publicly anonymously pamphlets published he vile ribaldries raise ire paracelsus following extract translation preface book concerning tinctures philosophers written sophists born since shews style writing abusive opinion say least humble middle age monarchy arts length derived conferred theophrastus paracelsus prince philosophy medicine purpose i chosen god extinguish blot phantasies elaborate false works delusive presumptuous words they words aristotle galen avicenna mesva dogmas among followers theory proceeding light nature never consistency pass away changed year millennium half begin flourish practice time following theory proved wonderful incredible signs open mechanics common people they thoroughly understand firm immovable paracelsic art triflings sophists though meanwhile sophistical science ineptitude propped fortified papal imperial privileges you wormy lousy sophist since you deem monarch arcana mere ignorant fatuous prodigal quack now mid age i determine present treatise disclose honourable course procedure matters virtues preparation celebrated tincture philosophers use honour love truth order despise true arts may reduced poverty turbulent restless spirit paracelsus brought open conflict authorities basle he fled town many wanderings he found rest salzburg protection archbishop he died salzburg year character abilities paracelsus vastly praised inordinately abused others author says he lived like pig looked like drover found greatest enjoyment company dissolute lowest rabble throughout glorious life he generally drunk another author says probably physician grasped life task purer enthusiasm devoted faithfully fully maintained moral worthiness calling reformer einsiedeln he certainly seems loved respected pupils followers he referred noble beloved monarch german hemes dear preceptor king arts seems doubt paracelsus discovered many facts became great importance chemistry he prepared inflammable gas we now call hydrogen reaction iron filings oil vitriol he distinguished metals substances classed metals lacked essential metalline character ductility he made medicinal preparations mercury lead iron introduced many new powerful drugs notably laudanum paracelsus insisted medicine branch chemistry restoration body patient condition chemical equilibrium restoration health paracelsus trusted method he endeavouring substitute direct appeal nature appeal authority writers nature he cries you avicenna galen rhasis montagnana others you i you you paris you montpellier you swabia meissen vienna you come countries along danube rhine you islands ocean follow follow you mine monarchy work arduous struggle unequal appliances accurate knowledge help work others without polished sharpened weapons without skill comes long handling instruments precision paracelsus effect struggle wrest secrets nature necessity he grew weary task tried construct universe simpler complex order refused yield analysis he came back universe man constructs man wisdom power world he possesses kind knowledge much another he find truly say he possess he capable successfully seeking we leave great genius words ears care misery reader let bear burden i two failings poverty piety poverty thrown face burgomaster perhaps seen doctors attired silken robes never basking tattered rags sunshine decreed i doctor piety i arraigned parsons i love teach they practise chapter summary alchemical replacement three principles alchemists single principle phlogiston origin home egypt definitely associated religious rites theological teaching recognised state egyptian priests initiated mysteries divine art initiated claimed imitate work deity priest regarded ordinary people something representative mirror divinity sacred art egypt transmuted alchemy contact european thought handicrafts tenets mysticism catholic church conception nature result blending prevailed towards end century like predecessor alchemy postulated orderly universe alchemy richer fantastic details picturesquely embroidered prodigal strange fancies sacred art egypt alchemist constructed ordered scheme nature basis supposed universality life everything lived life things threefold alchemist thought he recognised manifestation life form body thing soul spirit things might differ much appearance size taste smell outward properties yet intimately related according alchemist they produced principles they animated soul things might resemble another closely outward properties yet differ widely essential features according alchemist they formed different elements spiritual properties they unlike alchemists taught true transformation alchemical language transmutation thing another effected spiritual means acting spirit thing transmutation consisted essentially raising substance highest perfection whereof capable result spiritual action might become apparent material form substance attempting apply vague conceptions alchemy obliged use language developed expression human emotions desires explanation facts observed bare recital facts outlook alchemy world outside human beings essentially anthropomorphic image man alchemist created universe times alchemy dominant divine scheme creation place given man scheme supposed thoroughly understood everything place designed beginning place remained unless forced violent means great part business experimental alchemy discover natural position condition substance discovery made interpreting facts brought light observation experiment aid hypotheses deduced general scheme things formed independently observation experiment alchemy part magic magic interprets corrects knowledge gained senses touchstone generalisations supplied partly emotions partly authority accepted necessarily true conception natural order regulates life savage closely related guided alchemists essential features notion everything alive persuasion things radically acted using life factor intimate connexion alchemy witchcraft witches people supposed make unlawful use powers life alchemists often thought pass beyond permitted creature encroach prerogative creator long duration alchemy shows appealed want human beings want necessity realisation order universe men unwilling wait patient examination facts nature facts nature outside might lead realisation interdependence things they found easier evolve scheme things superficial glance surroundings naturally they adopted easier plan alchemy part plan nature produced method extraordinary dominancy scheme testified continued belief alchemy although experiment seems us crucial experiment system never accomplished remembered alchemists acquainted practised many processes we now describe operations manufacturing technical chemistry practical usefulness processes bore testimony kind convinces plain man justness theories i always regarded two facts interesting instructive doctrine essential unity things simplicity natural order accepted centuries many i think may say men undoubtedly true presentation divine scheme things secondly recent times people quite certain necessary truth doctrine exact opposite alchemical creator divided creation portions independent others schemes formed method introspection preceding observation overthrown method observation experiment proceeding hand hand reasoning case humility science vanquished conceit ignorance change alchemy chemistry admirable example change theory formed looking inwards projected external facts theory formed studying facts thinking change proceeded slowly possible name time may alchemy finishes chemistry begins adapt saying alchemists quoted former chapter alchemy easily give nature fought life agent found strong enough overcome kill agent power change lifeless remains new pure body agent accurate imaginative investigation facts first great step taken path led alchemy chemistry substitution principle principle phlogiston three principles salt sulphur mercury step taken concentrating attention investigation replacing superficial examination many diverse phenomena searching study class occurrences field study widened necessary first narrowed lead tin iron copper calcined prominent striking feature events disappearance metal formation something unlike original metal restored second process like first calcination seems differ first operation burnt metal calcined another substance grains wheat powdered charcoal led thereto theory destruction must precede death must come resurrection alchemists confined attention feature common calcinations metals gave superficial description occurrences classing together processes mortification sulphur wood wax oil many things easily burned alchemists things undergo mortification they killed man restore man destroyed must possible restore life thing mortified burnt sulphur wood wax oil really dead alchemists argued use allegory paracelsus they like young lions born dead brought life roaring parents we make sufficiently loud noise we use proper means we shall bring life seems dead material roaring parents young lions alone cause cubs live spiritual agency life proceeded alchemical argument life brought mortified sulphur wood wax oil alchemical explanation superficial theoretical wrong meaning word unworkable superficial overlooked fact primary calcination mortification metals substances effected air say contact something different thing calcined explanation kind people call theoretical they wish condemn explanation put court merely facts language theory deduced facts facts like explained supposed facts without proper investigation facts totally different kind explanation applied lastly explanation unworkable suggested method whereby accuracy tested definite line investigation might pursued great naturalist honourable robert boyle born died perseveringly besought examined processes calcination pay heed action everything might take part processes he especially desirous they consider part air might play calcinations he spoke air menstruum additament operations calcination we may well take freedom examine whether intervene coalition parts body wrought menstruum whereby produced concrete may judged result union examining part played air processes calcination burning men last became able give approximately complete descriptions processes boyle recognised air simple elementary substance he spoke confused aggregate effluviums differing bodies though they agree constituting minuteness various motions great mass fluid matter yet perhaps scarce heterogeneous body world clement alexandria lived end early part century seems regarded air playing important part combustions he airs divided two categories air divine flame soul material air nourisher sensible fire basis combustible matter sentences like i just quoted found writings earlier later alchemists now we find statements may interpreted light fuller knowledge we now indicating least suspicions atmosphere mixture different kinds air take part calcining burning operations suspicions confirmed experiments calcination metals substances conducted century jean rey french physician john mayow oxford observations conclusions founded bear much fruit time lavoisier towards close century they overshadowed put aside work stahl alchemists centuries taught combustion calcination processes wherein igneous destroyed using word destroyed alchemical meaning description processes burning much keeping ideas time given boyle rey mayow adopted stahl made basis general theory changes wherein substance disappears another others unlike produced he might bring point view compare various changes effected agency fire stahl invented new principle he named constructed hypothesis generally known phlogistic theory he explained applied hypothesis various books especially published halle stahl observed many substances differed much another various respects alike respect they combustible combustible substances he argued must contain common principle he named supposed principle greek word burnt set fire stahl phlogiston combustible thing escapes substance burns becoming apparent senses named fire flame phlogiston combustible substance supposed intimately associated something else senses perceive nevertheless theory we see escaping phlogiston we perceive phlogiston set free combination things theory thought phlogiston imprisoned thing burnt forming part prison prisoner set free walls prison removed freeing prisoner destroyed prison escaping free phlogiston called fire flame phlogiston combustible substance sometimes called combined fire flame state combination peculiarity strange thing called phlogiston preferred concealed something hidden imprisoned combined free phlogiston supposed always ready become combined phlogiston transcriber note original phlogstion phlogistic theory remains substance burnt original substance deprived phlogiston therefore restore phlogiston product burning combustible substance restoration phlogiston accomplished evidently heating burnt thing something ready burn according theory everything burnt contains phlogiston ready substance burn richer phlogiston burning outrush phlogiston phlogiston prefers combined something therefore you mix remains burning something combustible heat mixture you bringing burnt matter conditions favourable reception phlogiston you bringing intimate contact something phlogiston forced escape charcoal sulphur phosphorus oils fats easily burnt substances therefore chosen purpose changing things burnt things burnt substances like classed together called many substances dealt experimenters last quarter first half century either substances burned produced burning hence phlogistic theory brought point view compared emphasised similarities great many things thought connected theory promulgated moreover theory asserted combustible incinerable things composed phlogiston another principle often another element different different kinds combustible substances metals instance composed phlogiston earthy principle element somewhat different different metals phlogisteans taught earthy principle metal remains form ash cinders calx metal calcined they expressed metal deprived phlogiston phlogistic theory savoured alchemy postulated undefined undefinable intangible principle combustible substances formed union principle another sometimes earthy character sometimes fatty nature sometimes highly volatile habit nevertheless theory stahl step away purely alchemical conceptions towards accurate description important class changes principle phlogiston recognised senses act escaping substance principle combustible things scarcely principle alchemical sense case metals rate remained things contained burnt seen handled weighed say metals composed phlogiston earthy substance express facts language expression might made basis experimental inquiry different assertion metals produced spiritual actions three principles salt mercury sulphur first salt second mercury third sulphur followers stahl often spoke metals composed phlogiston earthy character expression advance hazy notion purely alchemical writings towards accuracy fulness description element now something he seen experimented longer existence grasped senses phlogistic theory regarded calcination metal separation two things unlike metal unlike things phlogiston residue theory thought metal calx earthy substance remains combustion combination two things produce apparently homogeneous substance metals appeared phlogisteans they appeared alchemists composite substances processes burning regarded alchemists phlogisteans alike processes simplification fact noticed recorded middle ages matter remains metal calcined heavier metal fact modern investigators natural phenomena draw conclusion calcination metal addition something metal separation metal different things seems impossible us substance separated portions parts weigh much whole exact investigation material changes called chemistry rests statement mass practically measured property we call matter determination whereof enables us decide whether change combination coalescence different things separation thing parts part material system removed without weight portion remains less original weight whole system unthinkable present state knowledge material changes century throughout examined changes properties substances paid heed changes weight they realised importance property mass measured weight convinced upholder phlogistic theory two answers argument product calcination metal weighs metal therefore metal lost something process portion taken away weighs metal separated evident weight two portions metal divided must considerably greater weight undivided metal upholders theory sometimes met argument saying course calx weighs metal phlogiston tends lighten body contains therefore body weighs lost phlogiston phlogiston formed part sometimes often answer loss gain weight accident essential thing change qualities argument separation metal two constituents calcination answered answered upholders phlogistic theory middle century answers justly considered inconsequent ridiculous follow statements either absurd time they made they expressed phraseology time phraseology true sadly lacking consistency clearness appropriateness language available description changes happen metals calcined might suppose must always sounded ridiculous say weight thing decreased adding something part thing weighs whole absurdity disappears admitted mass measured weight may property like colour taste smell colour taste smell thing may certainly made less adding something else colour taste smell thing may increased adding something else we know we call measured property named we might well accept proposition entrance phlogiston substance decreases quantity hence mass therefore weight substance although stahl followers emerging trammels alchemy they still bound many conceptions scheme nature we learned previous chapters central idea alchemy expressed saying matter must deprived properties order draw soul properties substances everything modern chemist indeed words iron copper water gold merely convenient expressions certain definable groups properties phlogisteans regarded properties things including mass secondary importance they still trying get beneath properties thing hypothetical essence substance looking back we think phlogiston substance thing modern meanings terms they used natural science nowadays we think we obliged think sum quantities things universe unchanging unchangeable agency whereof we definite knowledge meaning we give word rests acceptance hypothesis terms used vaguely couple centuries ago truly absurd carry back time meanings we give terms brand ridiculous attempts men studied problems we study now express results study generalisations employed terms question seems us loose vague inexact manner asserting extent experimentally proving existence principle many apparently different substances property common many substances phlogistic theory acted useful means collecting placing favourable position closer inspection many substances probably remained scattered detached another theory constructed single assumption made combustible substances alike respect namely containing combined fire phlogiston help assumption theory phlogiston emphasised fundamental similarity processes combustion theory phlogiston extraordinarily simple compared alchemical vagaries preceded hoefer says de la true simplicity distinctive character verity never theory true stahl phlogistic theory serve means bringing together many apparently disconnected facts concentrating attention students material changes class events giving descriptions events without using either four alchemical elements three principles stahl followed immense service advancement clear thinking natural occurrences principle phlogiston tangible readily used salt sulphur mercury alchemists accustom people speak material substance remained metal combustible substance calcined burnt thing changed prepared way chemical conception element definite substance certain definite properties addition advantages phlogistic theory based experiments led experiments results proved capacity undergo combustion might conveyed incombustible substance causing react substance combustible definite conditions theory prepared way representation chemical change interaction definite kinds substances marked precise alterations properties composition great fault theory phlogiston considered general conception brings many facts point view leads way new exact knowledge looseness flexibility easy make use theory broad general way stretching modifying seemed cover facts concerning combustion calcination discovered two generations publication stahl books many subsidiary hypotheses required make theory cover new facts contradictory rate seemed contradictory primary assumptions theory addition ancillary machinery burdened mechanism theory threw order finally made unworkable phlogistic theory destroyed cumbersomeness scientific theory never lasts long fundamental assumptions stated loosely they may easily modified expanded contracted adjusted meet requirements newly discovered facts true theories greatest service science summaries relations established facts suggestions lines investigation stated terms whose full meaning gradually unfolded foundations theories rigidly defined clearly stated incapable essential modification full meaning widely applicable cover large classes facts unknown theories constructed founders lasting expansible theories natural science may thoughts beyond thoughts high bards given chapter xi examination phenomena combustion alchemists thought effectual method separating complex substance simple substances subject action heat they constantly distilling incinerating subliming heating order spirit inner kernel things might obtained they took granted action fire simplify simplification proceeded whatever might nature substance subjected action boyle insisted effect heating substance may often essentially different effect heating another substance behaviour substance heated sometimes varies conditions changed he takes example heating sulphur brimstone exposed moderate fire subliming pots rises dry almost tasteless flowers whereas exposed naked fire affords store saline fretting liquor boyle thought action fire necessarily separate thing principles elements cases either rearrange parts thing new might complex things produced form less simple things union substance he called matter fire product heating substance example tin lead weighed substance boyle supposed gain weight often caused matter fire adding substance heated he commended investigation philosophers subtil fluid able pierce compact solid bodies metals add something despicable weight balance able considerable time continue fixed fire boyle drew attention possibility action taking place substance heated substance wherewith original thing may mixed word boyle showed alchemical assumption fire simplifies simple he taught precept example way discovering action fire substance make accurate experiments i consider he says generally speaking render reason effect phenomenon deduce something else nature known consequently may divers kinds degrees explication thing boyle published experiments opinions concerning action fire different substances seventies century stahl books laid foundation phlogistic theory confirmed alchemical opinion action fire essentially simplifying action published forty years later fifty years boyle french physician named jean rey noticed calcination metal production complex less complex substance assigned increase weight accompanies operation attachment particles air metal years publication boyle work i quoted john mayow student oxford recounted experiments led conclusion air contains two substances supports combustion breathing animals extinguishes fire mayow called active component atmosphere he unable say definitely becomes fiery air substance burnt although he thought cases probably attaches burning substances therefore may fixed mayow proved air wherein substance burnt animal breathes diminishes volume burning breathing he tried without much success restore air part disappears combustion respiration proceeds happens substance burnt air alchemists answered question asserting substance separated analysed things simpler boyle process necessarily simplification may certainly sometimes formation something complicated original substance happens process often consists fixation matter fire burning substance rey calcination metal anyrate probably consists fixation particles air substance calcined mayow answered question asserting ground results experiments substance calcined lays hold particular constituent air air whole now evident mayow answer true description process calcination combustion possible separate calcined substance two different things thing calcined constituent air united burning calcining substance seems clear us method proving accuracy mayow supposition must weigh definite combustible substance say metal calcine measured quantity air weigh product measure quantity air remains separate product calcination original metal kind air gas prove metal obtained weight metal calcined prove air gas obtained calcined metal quality quantity air disappeared process calcination proof forthcoming century publication mayow work experiments furnished proof rendered possible notable discovery made august celebrated joseph priestley priestley prepared many airs different kinds actions acids metals allowing vegetables decay heating beef mutton animal substances methods he says procured lens twelve inches diameter twenty inches focal distance i proceeded great alacrity examine help kind air great variety substances natural factitious yield apparatus variety experiments august i endeavoured extract air calcinatus per i presently found means lens air expelled readily got three four times much bulk materials i admitted water found imbibed surprised i well express candle burned air remarkably vigorous flame i utterly loss account illustration fig xvi apparatus used priestley experiments different kinds air represented fig reduced illustration priestley book priestley made discovery destined change alchemy chemistry he know discovery meant reserved greatest chemists antoine lavoisier use fact stumbled priestley months priestley began think possible new air he obtained calcined mercury might fit respiration surprise he found mouse lived air much longer common air new air evidently better purer ordinary air priestley measured he called goodness new air process devising concluded four five times good common air priestley phlogistean he seems able describe results experiments language phlogistic theory just results experiments made changes compounds element carbon described chemists except making use conceptions language atomic molecular theory i given numerous illustrations truth statement book series entitled story wanderings upholder phlogistic theory think burning possible unless suitable receptacle phlogiston burning substance burning occurred air part played air according phlogistic chemist receive expelled phlogiston sense air acted nourishment burning substance inasmuch substances burned vigorously brilliantly new air common air priestley argued new air ready eager ordinary air receive phlogiston therefore new air contained less phlogiston ordinary air perhaps phlogiston arguing priestley course named new aeriform substance thought ordinary air deprived might phlogiston breathing animals burning substances supposed load atmosphere phlogiston priestley spoke atmosphere constantly vitiated rendered noxious depraved corrupted processes respiration combustion he called processes whereby atmosphere restored original condition depurated he dephlogisticating processes he obtained heating calx mercury powder produced calcining mercury air priestley forced suppose calcination mercury air must complex occurrence merely expulsion phlogiston mercury process consisted expulsion phlogiston heating remained produce exceedingly pure ordinary air seemed necessary suppose phlogiston expelled mercury calcination mercury imbibed portion purest portion surrounding air priestley however go far he content suppose way he explain process calcination resulted loss phlogiston mercury gain dephlogisticated mercury property yielding exceedingly pure dephlogisticated air heated strongly priestley thought properties much way alchemists thought wrappings coverings essential something they removed around they placed protean principle phlogiston always hand skilful management ready adapt facts phenomena combustion described accurately necessary two things ignore theory phlogiston weigh measure substances take part selected processes burning looking back attempts made past describe natural events we often inclined exclaim investigators bind cords absurd theories they always wear blinkers they look nature distorting mists rising imaginations we ready forget tremendous difficulties beset path seeking accurate knowledge climb steep hills requires slow pace first forgetting statements wherein men science time describe relations natural events must expressed terms general conception theory relations forgetting simplest natural occurrence complicated powers description incapable expressing completely accurately forgetting uselessness disconnected facts we inclined overestimate importance views nature ways underestimate usefulness views predecessors moreover naturalists obliged recent times make complete renunciation comprehensive theory wherein they lived moved many years we forget difficulties breaking loose way looking natural events become almost real events abandoning language expressed vividly realised conceptions generations investigators forming completely new mental picture natural occurrences developing completely new language expression conceptions occurrences younger students natural science beginning forget fathers told fierce battle fought upholders darwinian theory origin species able convince older view species always absolutely distinct become matter supreme scientific even ethical importance theory prevailed generations natural science accepted used everyone replaced accurate description relations natural facts determination labour genius man supreme power service science humanity rendered darwin like service done century darwin lavoisier antoine laurent lavoisier born paris father merchant good position gave son best education possible physical astronomical botanical chemical science age lavoisier gained prize offered government devising effective economical method lighting public streets time may government revolution declared republic need men science guillotine ended life lavoisier continued researches chemistry geology physics branches natural science investigations suitable methods using knowledge gained naturalists advancing welfare community chapter i alchemist boiled water open vessel obtained white earthy solid place water disappeared he producing sort experimental proof justness assertion water changed earth lavoisier began work transformations matter demonstrating alleged transmutation happen he weighing water vessel earthy solid lavoisier constructed pelican white glass see fig stopper glass he cleaned dried weighed vessel he put he distilled eight times he heated vessel removing stopper time time allow expanding air escape put stopper allowed vessel cool weighed carefully difference second first weighing weight water vessel he fastened stopper securely cement kept apparatus temperature boiling water hundred days end time fine white solid collected bottom vessel lavoisier removed cement stopper weighed apparatus weight heating began he removed stopper air rushed hissing noise lavoisier concluded air penetrated apparatus process heating he poured water solid formed vessel set aside dried weighed pelican lost grains lavoisier concluded solid formed water produced solvent action water glass vessel he argued conclusion correct weight solid must equal loss weight suffered vessel he therefore separated solid water suspended dried weighed solid weighed grains lavoisier conclusion seemed incorrect weight solid supposed produced action water vessel grains less weight material removed vessel material removed vessel might remained dissolved water lavoisier distilled water he separated solid glass vessel little remained distilling apparatus he poured small quantity glass basin boiled whole water disappeared steam remained white earthy solid weight grains lavoisier obtained grains solid pelican lost grains difference weights namely grains accounted lavoisier due solvent action water glass apparatus wherein distilled glass basin wherein evaporated dryness lavoisier experiments proved distilled water heated glass vessel dissolves material vessel white earthy solid obtained boiling water merely material removed glass vessel experiments proved water undergo change process end operation beginning water nothing water investigation lavoisier destroyed part experimental basis alchemy established method chemical changes investigated method wherein constant use made balance lavoisier now turned attention calcination metals particularly calcination tin boyle supposed increase weight accompanies calcination metal due fixation matter fire calcining metal rey regarded increase weight result combination air metal mayow thought atmosphere contains two different kinds airs unites heated metal lavoisier proposed test suppositions calcining weighed quantity tin closed glass vessel weighed weighed calcination boyle view correct weight vessel tin greater end beginning operation matter fire pass vessel unite metal change total weight apparatus contents air rushed vessel opened calcination total weight greater beginning process necessary adopt either supposition rey mayow lavoisier made series experiments results change total weight apparatus contents vessel opened calcination finished air rushed whole apparatus now weighed vessel opened weight air rushed exactly equal increase weight tin produced calcination words weight inrushing air exactly equal difference weights tin calx formed calcining tin lavoisier concluded calcine tin cause combine portion air wherein calcined weighings he made showed whole weight air closed flask wherein he calcined tin disappeared operation experiments led lavoisier suspect portion air united tin different portion combined metal he therefore set discover whether different kinds airs atmosphere kind air nature air combines metal process calcination he proposed cause metallic calx substance formed calcining metal air give air absorbed formation compare air atmospheric air time priestley visited paris saw lavoisier told new air he obtained heating calcined mercury lavoisier saw great importance priestley discovery he repeated priestley experiment concluded air gas he refers laboratory journal dephlogistique de priestley nothing else purest portion air we breathe he prepared air burned various substances finding many products combustions properties acids he gave new air name means later time lavoisier devised conducted experiment laid bare change composition happens mercury calcined air he calcined weighed quantity mercury many days measured volume air apparatus arranged he able determine much air disappeared process he collected weighed red solid formed surface heated mercury finally he heated red solid high temperature collected measured gas given weighed mercury produced sum weights mercury gas produced heating calcined mercury equal weight calcined mercury weight gas produced heating calcined mercury equal weight portion air disappeared formation calcined mercury experiment proved calcination mercury air consists combination constituent air mercury fig xvii reduced illustration lavoisier memoir represents apparatus used lavoisier mayow supposition confirmed illustration fig xvii lavoisier made many experiments combustion proved every case component atmosphere he named oxygen combined substance part substance burned experiments theory phlogiston destroyed destruction whole alchemical apparatus principles elements essences qualities souls spirits disappeared chapter xii recognition chemical changes interactions definite substances experimental study combustion made lavoisier proved correctness part stahl phlogistic theory asserted processes combustion similar proved likeness consists combination distinct gaseous substance material undergoing combustion escape therefrom asserted theory stahl year necessary think combustions air combinations particular gas burning substances portions description processes burning necessarily led comparison gaseous constituent atmosphere played important part processes substances burned led examination compositions many substances made necessary devise language whereby compositions stated clearly consistently we seen former chapters extreme haziness alchemical views composition connexions composition properties although boyle stated lucidly he meant composition definite substance century lavoisier work combustion nevertheless views chemists concerning composition remained vague incapable definite expression experimental investigations lavoisier enabled form clear mental picture chemical changes interactions definite quantities distinct substances boyle i mean elements certain primitive simple perfectly unmixed bodies made bodies another ingredients called perfectly mixt bodies immediately compounded they ultimately resolved let us consider work lavoisier direction i select experimental examination interactions metals acids many experimenters noticed gases airs they called till near end century generally produced metals dissolving acids noticed gases came dissolving metals lavoisier they produced decomposition acids order study interaction nitric acid mercury lavoisier caused weighed quantity metal react weighed quantity acid collected gas produced metal dissolved he evaporated liquid white solid obtained he heated solid changed red substance called time collected gas produced finally lavoisier strongly heated red precipitate changed gas he collected mercury he weighed weight mercury obtained lavoisier end series changes less grains weight mercury he caused react nitric acid gas obtained solution metal acid decomposition white solid heat gas prepared priestley called gas obtained heating red precipitate found oxygen lavoisier mixed measured volumes oxygen nitrous air standing water red gas formed dissolved water lavoisier proved water now contained nitric acid conclusions regarding composition nitric acid drawn lavoisier experiments nitric acid nothing else combined almost volume purest part atmospheric air considerable quantity water lavoisier supposed stages complete reaction mercury nitric acid withdrawal oxygen acid mercury union compound mercury oxygen formed constituents acid remained part oxygen taken away removal oxygen nitric acid mercury produced product union oxide mercury nitric acid deprived part oxygen heated nitrous air given oxide mercury remained decomposed higher temperature mercury oxygen lavoisier thought reactions tearing asunder mercury nitric acid definite quantities three components distinct substances nitrous air water oxygen combination mercury certain measurable quantity components namely oxygen followed union compound mercury oxygen remained components nitric acid lavoisier formed clear consistent suggestive mental picture chemical changes he thought chemical reaction always conditions action fixed measurable quantity substance definite definable properties fixed measurable quantities substances properties definite definable lavoisier recognised certain definite substances divided things simpler substances refused undergo simplification division two unlike portions he spoke object chemistry follows submitting experiments different substances found nature chemistry seeks decompose substances get conditions various components may examined separately chemistry advances end dividing we know limits operations we certain we regard simple indeed simple we say substance actual term whereat chemical analysis arrived present knowledge we i given free rendering lavoisier words words lavoisier defines chemical conception since time element actual term whereat chemical analysis arrived present knowledge we working hypothesis notion wider meaning i already quoted boyle statement he meant certain primitive simple bodies made bodies another boyle still slightly restrained alchemical atmosphere around he still inclined say way nature works she begin certain substances absolutely simple lavoisier thrown trammels hindered alchemists making rigorous experimental investigations may judge writings he struggled free trammels he slowly emerged quagmires alchemy painfully gained firmer ground extraordinary clearness directness mental vision led straight heart problems chemistry enabled calmly ignore machinery elements principles essences like alchemists constructed laboriously construct place mechanism hindered inquiry genuine scientific hypotheses directed inquiry altered results experiments they suggested lavoisier made great advances applying minute exhaustive examination cases chemical change endeavouring account everything took part processes he studied weighing measuring distinct substance present change began present change finished he make haphazard experiments he method system he used hypotheses he used rightly systems physics lavoisier writes proper instruments helping feebleness senses properly speaking they methods approximation put us track solving problems they hypotheses successively modified corrected changed experience conduct us day method exclusions eliminations knowledge true laws nature memoir wherein he considering production carbonic acid alcohol fermentation lavoisier says evident we must know nature composition substances fermented products fermentation nothing created either operations art nature may laid quantity material present beginning every operation quantity present end quality quantity principles nothing happens save certain changes certain modifications principle based whole art experimenting chemistry chemical experiments we must suppose true equality principles substances examined obtained analysis lavoisier uses word elsewhere mean definite homogeneous substance he uses synonymous modern terms element compound lavoisier memoirs examined closely seen beginning chemical inquiries he assumed accuracy universal application generalisation nothing created either operations art nature naturalists feeling way centuries towards generalisation air many generations sometimes almost realised investigator escaped long periods lavoisier seems realised we call intuition however great astonishing may changes properties substances mutually react change total quantity material lavoisier realise act principle he measured quantities substances practical method namely weighing he showed chemists road along they advance towards genuine knowledge material changes generalisation expressed lavoisier words i quoted now known conservation generally stated form sum masses homogeneous substances take part chemical physical change change science chemistry rests law every quantitative analysis assumes accuracy proof validity i considered law conservation mass detail chapter iv story chemical accepting accuracy generalisation using every experiment lavoisier able form clear mental picture chemical change separation combination homogeneous substances using balance he able follow substance maze changes determine united substances separated substances simpler chapter xiii chemical elements contrasted alchemical principles known many observers later years century product calcination metal weighs metal still possible time assert fact importance seeking give accurate description process calcination weight measures mass quantity substance thought days property like colour taste smell property sometimes decreased sometimes increased adding substance another students natural occurrences however feeling way towards recognition property substances change haphazard way wherein properties seemed alter lavoisier reached property bound experimental investigations he taught however greatly properties substance may masked altered adding another substance yet property we call mass measure weight affected changes lavoisier showed mass product union two substances always exactly sum masses two substances sum masses substances whereinto substance divided always exactly equal mass substance divided undefined protean essence soul thing alchemists thought hidden wrappings properties exact investigations lavoisier others worked lines he substituted definite fixed unmodifiable property mass lavoisier followed footsteps away alchemical notion existence essential substratum independent changes properties substance observed senses experimental researches men obliged naturalists recognise change properties definite homogeneous substance pure water pure chalk pure sulphur accompanied we generally say caused formation new substance substances formation apparent creation new material effected either addition something original substance separation portions unlike unlike another change combination coalescence two things mass hence weight product equal sum masses hence weights things united form change separation distinct substance several substances sum masses hence weights products equal mass hence weight substance separated consider word substance represented word chapter i gave illustrations different meanings given word sometimes used represent material substance sometimes quality less characteristic substance sometimes process substance many others like may subjected word used definite exact meaning succinct expression certain group collocation measurable properties always found together therefore thought distinct substance substance separated two substances unlike formed causing unite hundred parts weight pure water always formed union parts hydrogen parts oxygen separated quantities substances water formed union hydrogen oxygen ratio parts weight former latter properties two substances coalesce form disappear except masses customary say water hydrogen oxygen expression scarcely accurate description facts we call known us properties ways wherein they act senses hydrogen certain definite properties oxygen definite properties properties water perfectly distinct either substances contain therefore somewhat misleading say water substances properties whereof except masses disappeared moment they united water produced nevertheless we forced think water sense containing hydrogen oxygen properties hydrogen power coalesce combine oxygen form water properties oxygen ability unite hydrogen form water properties substances recognised even suspected unless certain definite quantities two substances brought together certain definite conditions properties characterise hydrogen characterise oxygen things separated substances determined measured terms similar properties substance taken standard two distinct substances disappear they brought contact proper conditions something water obtained whose properties unlike hydrogen oxygen new thing caused disappear hydrogen oxygen produced cycle changes repeated often we please quantities hydrogen oxygen obtained we choose stop process exactly quantities substances disappeared first operation whereby water produced hence water intimate union hydrogen oxygen sense water may contain hydrogen oxygen alchemist properties hydrogen oxygen destroyed things unite form water essence substratum remains chemist says you discover properties hydrogen oxygen examining substances apart another important properties either manifested two mutually react formation water destruction properties hydrogen oxygen revelation essential substrata rather manifestation property discovered except causing union certain degree accuracy alchemical description processes we now call chemical changes removal outer properties things react manifestation essential substance vast difference description chemical presentment processes reactions definite measurable quantities elements compounds resulting elements separation compounds elements formation new compounds elements let us contrast two descriptions somewhat fully alchemist wished effect transmutation substance another he despaired possibility separating elements whereof substance might formed he thought he manipulate he called elements judicious use three principles he named sulphur salt mercury he state definite language he meant principles they states conditions qualities classes substances defined directions alchemist able give sought effect change thing another firstly remove properties characterised thing changed leave properties shared things like secondly destroy properties thing changed possessed common certain things thirdly commingle essence thing essence something else due proportion proper conditions finally hope best keep clear head maintain sense virtue he attempt transmutation inquired he destroy specific properties class properties thing he proposed change methods he obtain essence cause essence produce new thing he told travel along road followed great architect universe creation world he demanded detailed directions he informed substance wherewith experiments began must first mortified dissolved conjoined putrefied congealed cibated sublimed fermented finally exalted he moreover warned operations he must use things he touch handle weigh things student chemistry desires effect transformation definite substance another he told determine quantitative experiments elements quantities elements compose compound he proposes change compound he proposes change he given working definitions words compound he desires produce found composed elements different form compound wherewith operations begin he directed bring reaction series reactions compound changed collocation elements composition known supply new elements needed production new compound since lavoisier realised come meaning terms we may say chemists able form mental picture change definite substance another clear suggestive consistent approximately accurate description facts discovered careful penetrative investigations presentment change substituted alchemical conception attempt express introspection reasoning results superficial investigations guided specious analogies suggested facts lavoisier man made possible accurate description changes result production substances unlike changed he experimentally analysing conceptions element compound giving definite workable meanings conceptions establishing experimental foundation generalisation sum quantities substances take part change unchanged chemical element thought lavoisier actual term whereat analysis arrived definite substance we subdivide present knowledge necessarily substance never divided compound thought definite substance always produced union quantities elements separated quantities elements conceptions amplified made full meaning work many came lavoisier notably john dalton born died chapter i gave sketch atomic theory greek thinkers founder theory flourished every substance collocation vast number minute particles unchangeable indestructible impenetrable therefore properly called differences observed qualities things due differences numbers sizes shapes positions movements atoms process occurs substance apparently destroyed another produced place nothing rearrangement atoms supposition changes properties substances connected changes numbers movements arrangements different kinds minute particles used general way many naturalists centuries dalton first show data obtained analyses compounds make possible determine relative weights atoms elements dalton used word denote smallest particle element compound exhibits properties characteristic element compound he supposed atoms element never divided reactions element atoms compound often separated atoms elements whereof compound composed apparently without knowing supposition made two thousand years time dalton led study composition properties atmosphere assume atoms different substances whether elements compounds different sizes different weights he assumed two elements unite form compound atom compound simplest possible composition formed union single atom element dalton knew compound hydrogen nitrogen namely ammonia analyses compound show composed part weight hydrogen parts weight nitrogen dalton atom hydrogen combines atom nitrogen form atom ammonia hence atom nitrogen times heavier atom hydrogen words hydrogen taken unity nitrogen expressed number dalton referred atomic weights elements atomic weight hydrogen unity hydrogen lighter substance hence numbers tell much heavier atoms elements atom hydrogen always greater always positive numbers two elements unite different proportions weight form compound dalton supposed cases rate compounds formed union single atom element next compound formed union atom element present smaller quantity two three atoms element next compound formed union atom first element larger number always necessarily whole number atoms element contained second compound assumption daltonian conception atom follows quantities weight element found unite weight another element must always expressible whole multiples number two elements form compound compound formed supposition atom atom added least atom must added however much added quantity must whole number atoms every atom respects every atom weights added constant weight must whole multiples atomic weight facts available dalton time confirmed deduction atomic theory within limits experimental errors facts established since dalton time completely keeping deduction take instance three compounds elements nitrogen oxygen three contains least oxygen composed nitrogen oxygen atomic weight nitrogen taken weight nitrogen combines part weight hydrogen weight oxygen combined nitrogen weights oxygen combine parts weight nitrogen form second third compounds respectively must whole multiples weights now hence quantities weight oxygen combine weight nitrogen two quantities whole multiples third quantity dalton application greek atomic theory facts established analyses compounds enabled attach element number he called atomic weight element summarise facts concerning compositions compounds statement elements combine ratios atomic weights ratios whole multiples atomic weights investigations made compositions compounds since dalton time confirmed generalisation followed dalton application atomic theory even theory atoms abandoned generalisation remain accurate exact statement facts hold good every chemical change number attached element weights elements combine ratios numbers whole multiples numbers since chemists realised meaning dalton book published entitled new system chemical elements regarded distinct definite substances divided parts different unite definite quantities weight accurately expressed whole multiples certain fixed quantities compounds regarded distinct definite substances formed union separated quantities various elements expressible certain fixed numbers whole multiples thereof descriptions elements compounds expressions actual facts they enable chemists state compositions compounds formed union elements example let represent four elements certain definite weights elements compositions compounds formed union elements expressed scheme whole numbers descriptions elements compounds enable chemists form clear picture chemical change they think chemical change union weights two elements expressed numbers attached elements whole multiples numbers union weights two compounds expressed certain numbers whole multiples numbers reaction elements compounds compounds compounds resulting redistribution elements concerned way complete change composition expressed using numbers whole multiples numbers attached elements different conception change wherein substances formed entirely unlike things react form alchemical presentment process alchemist spoke stripping outer properties thing changed operating spiritually soul laid bare inducing essential virtue substance exhibit powers transmutation he unable give definite meanings expressions he used he unable think clearly transformations he tried accomplish chemist discards machinery virtues souls powers true he substitutes machinery minute particles machinery merely means thinking clearly consistently changes he studies alchemist thought vaguely substance something underlying independent properties chemist uses expression substance convenient way presenting reasoning certain groups properties seems we think something properties recognised senses we going back road leads confusion alchemical times alchemists expressed conceptions seems us crude inconsistent undescriptive language chemists use language certainly symbolical intelligible whole fairly descriptive facts name given elementary substance substance decomposed name generally expresses characteristic property substance tells something origin place discovery names compounds formed putting together names elements combine produce relative quantities elements indicated either use latin greek prefixes variations terminal syllables names elements chapter xiv modern form alchemical quest thing study properties elements shows substances fall groups members like another form compounds similar examination properties compositions compounds shown similarity properties always accompanied similarity composition hence fact certain elements closely allied properties suggests elements may allied composition now speak composition element think element formed union least two different substances implies supposition elements rate really compounds fact definite connexion values atomic weights properties elements lends support hypothesis substances we call obliged present call elements may formed distinct substances process progressive change elements considered order increasing atomic weights hydrogen whose atomic weight taken unity lightest substance known uranium atom times heavier atom hydrogen found elements fall periods properties period vary element element way broadly whole like variation properties periods fact suggests supposition might accurate say speculation elements mark stable points process change proceeded continuously simple substance complex repeated certain variations process occurred we might reasonably expect find substances exhibiting minute differences properties differences slight make impossible assign substances definitely certainly either class elements compounds we find exactly substances among called substances exhibit differences chemical properties yet show minute differences characters light they emit they raised high temperature results analysis spectroscope light emitted certain elements different temperatures may reasonably interpreted supposing elements separated simpler substances action large quantities thermal energy spectrum light emitted glowing iron heated bunsen flame say shows lines flutings iron heated electric arc say spectrum shows two thousand lines higher temperature produced electric spectrum shows lines guide investigation we may provisionally infer facts iron changed high temperatures substances simpler sir norman lockyer study spectra light stars shown light stars presumably hottest judging general character spectra reveals presence small number chemical elements number spectral lines therefore number elements increases we pass hottest cooler stars stage change hottest cooler stars certain substances disappear certain substances take places may supposed suggestive hypothesis lowering stellar temperature accompanied formation simpler forms matter elements iron calcium manganese metals year french chemist becquerel discovered fact salts metal uranium atomic weight greater element emit rays cause electrified bodies lose electric charges act photographic plates wrapped sheets black paper thin sheets substances stop rays light salts uranium proved increased diminished salts shielded five years action light keeping leaden boxes shortly becquerel discovery experiments proved salts rare metal thorium discovery followed madame curie demonstration fact certain specimens mineral contains compounds uranium many metals extremely separation pitchblende monsieur madame curie new substances much compounds uranium thorium new substances proved compounds chemically similar salts barium compositions determined supposition they salts unknown metal closely allied barium great compounds hypothetical metal named later time radium isolated madame curie described white hard solid reacts water ordinary temperature barium since discovery radium compounds many substances isolated exceedingly minute quantities obtained quantities substances used experiments small they escape ordinary methods measurement scarcely amenable ordinary processes chemical laboratory fortunately detected measured electrical methods extraordinary fineness methods delicacy much exceeds spectroscopic methods sensitiveness surpasses ordinary chemical analysis time discovery substances called elements words different substances known chemists none separated unlike parts none made coalescence unlike substances compounds two substances uranium thorium remarkable phenomenon far we know present property substances form almost whole rocks waters atmosphere earth property materials constitute living organisms property thirty substances course number may increased found widely distributed rocks waters none found anywhere except extraordinarily minute quantity radium abundant substances grains radium chloride obtained couple tons pitchblende chapter story chemical i given short account outstanding phenomena present purpose suffice state facts fundamental importance substances stores energy constantly escaping they constantly changing without external compulsion constantly radiating energy explosives storehouses energy part obtained liberation energy must started kind external shock explosive substance exploded existence explosive finished products explosion substances energy obtained substance exploded explodes time comes sooner later changed substances useless sources energy disintegration explosive started external force generally completed fraction second change condition changes rate explosion period substance constant characteristic gram radium kept years half changed substances conditions may arranged explosive remains unchanged wet exploded shock start explosion dry words explosion explosive regulated explosive changes substance accompanied radiation energy regulated they proceed spontaneously regular definable manner influenced external conditions great change temperature presence absence substances far conditions made subject experiment amount activity substance increased diminished process substance subjected explosives manufactured articles explosiveness property certain arrangements certain quantities certain elements far experiments gone found possible add property inactive substance remove property active substance cessation active substance accompanied disappearance substance production inactive bodies altogether unlike original active body substances constantly giving energy form heat sending forth definite remarkable properties producing gaseous unstable change rapidly less rapidly substances emit generally rays emitted parent substance briefly considering three phenomena i shall choose radium compounds representative class substances radium compounds spontaneously give energy form heat quantity radium chloride contains gram radium continuously gives per hour quantity heat sufficient raise temperature gram water grams water heat given gram radium hours raise temperature grams water year temperature grams water raised years approximately period radium temperature water raised results may expressed saying gram grains radium kept half changed inactive substances heat spontaneously produced changes occurred caused act water quantity heat raise temperature tons water freezingto radium compounds send forth three kinds rays distinguished rays experiments made extremely probable alpha streams minute particles somewhat heavier atoms hydrogen moving rate miles per second beta streams much minute particles mass mass atom hydrogen moving ten times rapidly alpha moving rate miles per second gamma probably pulsations ether medium supposed fill space emission alpha radium accompanied production inert elementary gas helium therefore alpha quickly change rapidly moving particles helium particles constitute beta carry electric charges electrified particles approximately thousand times lighter atom hydrogen moving nearly rapidly pulsations ether we call light named rays radium compounds discharge electrified bodies ionise gases cause conduct electricity act photographic plates produce profound changes living organisms radium emanation gas times heavier hydrogen gas sir william ramsay given name gas condensed colourless liquid frozen opaque solid glows like minute radium emanation gives alpha rapidly moving atoms helium deposits exceedingly minute quantities solid substance known radium change emanation helium radium proceeds fairly rapidly period emanation little less four days change attended liberation much energy satisfactory mental picture facts allow us form present emission beta radium compounds represents rays streams electrons particles thousand times lighter atom hydrogen carrying electric charge moving rate miles per second nearly rapidly light electric discharge passed plate metal arranged kathode metallic wire arranged anode sealed walls glass tube bulb almost whole air extracted rays proceed kathode direction right angles thereto striking glass neighbourhood anode produce green phosphorescence facts gradually accumulated force us think streams rapidly moving electrons streams extraordinarily minute electrically charged particles identical particles form beta emitted compounds radium phenomena phenomena kathode rays obliged us refine machinery minute particles including therein particles least thousand times lighter atoms hydrogen term suggested good many years ago dr johnstone stoney unit charge electricity carried atom hydrogen hydrogen atoms move liquid gas directing influence electric current chemists speak electrons beta radium kathode rays produced almost vacuous tubes particles electricity means devoid mass method approximate determinations made charges electrons consists measuring ratio charges masses particles results determinations accepted electrons devoid mass electrons must thought material particles differing minute material particles extraordinary smallness masses identity properties including mass always carrying electric charges vast velocity motion we must think electron either unit charge electricity property minute mass material particle extremely small mass carrying unit charge electricity two mental pictures almost quite identical electrons produced sending electric discharge glass bulb containing minute quantity air gas using metallic plates wires kathode anode experiments shown electrons identical properties whatever metal used form kathode anode whatever gas minute quantity bulb conclusion must drawn identical electrons constituents produced different kinds chemical elements facts kathode rays facts present inexplicable except supposition phenomena exhibited particles extraordinary minuteness smallest particles chemists concerned everyday work atoms elements we seem obliged think many kinds atoms structures homogeneous bodies we seem obliged think atoms minute material particles either normally definite conditions may associated electrically charged particles much lighter identical whatever atoms they associated they produced study different kinds matter chemists found helpful place class substances they able separate unlike parts they distinguished class substances substances named expression merely summary certain observed facts many centuries chemists worked conceptual machinery based notion matter grained structure hundred years they accustomed think atoms ultimate particles they deal working instrument they regarded properties elements properties atoms groups atoms substances they might think clearly suggestively properties elements connect chemical facts they translated language language thought substances used fertile expression chemist thinks atom he thinks minutest particle substances chemist call substances elements he forced regard minute particles undivided much less he thinks particles indivisible mental picture structure atomic structure formed fact they decomposed formation class followed necessarily observed facts justified usefulness instrument forwarding accurate knowledge conception elementary atom particle decomposed followed many observed facts besides concerning elements justified usefulness instrument forwarding accurate knowledge investigations proved property minute particles certain substances substance characteristic properties among certain belong elements extent characteristic elements evidently simplest way chemist think think atomic property hence atomic properties always regarded last analysis properties elements natural place substances class provided forgot time substances facts led conclusion minute particles substances constantly disintegrating substances labelled seemed probable least possible bodies chemists long called elements true elements merely stable collocations particles substances classed compounds compounds changed certain compounds although compounds way seemed opening might lead transformation elements elements probability element might changed another increased demonstration connexions uranium radium metal uranium classed elements since isolated becquerel found compounds uranium metal light now known necessary suppose minute particles uranium emit particles lighter change substance substances different uranium words necessary suppose particles uranium spontaneously disintegrating supposition confirmed fact experimentally proved uranium emits alpha atoms helium produces substance known uranium uranium emits beta gives electrons inasmuch minerals contain compounds uranium contain compounds radium probable radium uranium rate decay radium may roughly expressed saying quantity radium kept ten thousand years per cent original quantity remain unchanged even assumed remote time earth crust contained considerable quantities radium compounds certain they completely disappeared long ago compounds radium reproduced materials likely hypothesis compounds radium produced compounds uranium uranium substance rightly classed elements half century separated unlike parts must now classed substances disintegrate spontaneously although differs substances rate change almost infinitively slower except thorium thorium rare metal second eighty elements known discovered found undergo spontaneous disintegration emission rays rate change thorium considerably slower uranium none substances placed class elements uranium probably eight thousand million years thorium possibly forty thousand million years i substances labelled facts led chemists conclusion bodies long called rate bodies perhaps true elements merely stable collocations particles substances called compounds seems reasoning rests unscientific use term rests giving meaning asserted line demarcation drawn meaning thereby forms matter undecomposable probably capable separation unlike parts meaning thereby groups identical undecomposable particles names substances placing class substances specially characterised property direct opposite possession substances reason formation class may ingenious certainly scientific since time lavoisier since last decade eighteenth century careful chemists meant element substance separated unlike parts they meant term used accurate thinkers useful connotes property property decomposed common substances placed class differentiating substances whenever chemists thought elements ultimate kinds matter physical world constructed they occasionally thought written they fallen quagmires confusion course elements may day separated unlike parts facts certainly suggest kind inorganic evolution whether elements decomposed determined experimental inquiry remembering always number failures simplify justify assertion they simplified chemistry neither asserts denies decomposability elements present we recognise existence extremely small quantities widely distributed rocks waters thirty substances minute particles constantly emitting streams minute identical particles carry large quantities energy thirty substances characterised differentiated classes substances wherewith chemistry concerned spontaneous mutability characterised special rate change nature products mutations we now think minute particles two eighty substances day decomposed therefore justly called elements slowly emitting streams minuter particles producing characteristic products disintegration we think eighty substances particular kinds matter present properly called elements they characterised differentiated substances fact none separated unlike parts study introduced chemistry physics new order minute particles dalton made atom revealed chemists paths led wider accurate knowledge avogadro illuminated chemical physical ways conception molecule stable although separable group atoms particular properties different atoms constituted work many investigators made old paths clearer shown chemists physicists ways they seen forcing think make use third kind material particles endowed extraordinary property dalton often knowest canst cut atom fact he applied term small particles compounds proves he escaped danger logically defining atom danger thinking particle never cut molecule avogadro always decomposable particle peculiarity new kind particles particles bodies they separated unlike parts action external forces they constantly separating accord unlike parts spontaneous disintegration accompanied production energy quantity enormous comparison minuteness material specks carriers continued study properties minute particles substances new name needed mutable material grains must lead discoveries great moment chemistry physics study already thrown much light phenomena electric conductivity given us electron particle least thousand times lighter atom hydrogen shown us identical electrons given separated different kinds elementary atoms definable conditions revealed sources energy opened begun elucidation new department physical science suggested new way attacking old problem alchemists problem transmutation elements minute particles two substances many years classed elements give electrons uranium thorium electrons produced sending electric discharge small traces different gases using electrodes different metals electrons produced exposing various metals action light raising temperature various metals incandescence electrons always identical whatever source three questions suggest atoms elements caused give electrons electrons normal constituents elementary atoms elementary atoms collocations electrons questions included demand possible imagine model potentiality explaining allied phenomena well chemical physical properties elements compounds questions answerable experimental investigation experimental investigation experimental inquiry leads affirmative answers questions we shall think atoms structures particles much lighter we shall think atoms kinds substances however much substances differ chemically physically collocations identical particles we shall think properties atoms conditioned final analysis number arrangement constitutive electrons now large probability established favour view different atoms collocations different numbers identical particles equal numbers differently arranged identical particles we guide might lead methods whereby collocation particles formed another collocation particles guide might lead methods whereby element transformed another element attempt imagine model potentiality explaining production kathode rays chemical physical properties elements compounds might indeed seem hopeless undertaking beginning made mental construction model professor sir thomson attempt description reasoning results beyond scope book subject discussed sir thomson facts emanation radium compounds spontaneously gives large quantities energy emanation easily brought contact substances desired work suggested sir william ramsay transformation compounds element compounds another element might possibly effected enclosing solution compound along radium emanation sealed tube leaving arrangement conditions molecules compound constantly bombarded vast number electrons shot forth enormous velocities emanation notion molecules compound break bombardment atoms produced might knocked simpler groups particles words changed atoms terrific silent shocks electrons fired incessantly disintegrating emanation sir william ramsay regards experimental results establishing large probability favour assertion compounds copper transformed compounds lithium sodium compounds thorium cerium certain rare metals compounds carbon experimental evidence favour statement accepted chemists conclusive way however opened may lead discoveries great moment let us suppose transformation element another element elements accomplished let us suppose conception elementary atoms stable arrangements many identical particles thousand quarter million times lighter atoms justified crucial experiments let us suppose conception minute grains substances particular constantly changing arrangements identical particles stable groups atoms elements firmly established result establishment electronic conception atomic structure increase wonder complexity nature ways increase wonder possible substitute simple almost rigid mechanical machinery flow experience use mental mechanism explain many phenomena vast complexity predict occurrences similar entanglement verify predictions results obtained examination kathode rays spectra different temperatures phenomena allied bring prominence ancient problem structure we call matter matter fundamentally homogeneous heterogeneous chemistry studies relations changes composition changes properties happen simultaneously material systems burning fire wood coal gas preparation food excite satisfy appetite change minerals iron steel copper brass lead tin lighting burning lubricating oils drugs commerce change skins wool hair animals seeds fibres plants clothing human beings manufacture rags grass wood material fitted receive preserve symbols human hopes fears aspirations love hate pity aversion strange delicate processes happening without cessation plants animals men maintain balanced equilibrium we call life silver cord loosed bowl broken cistern awful changes herald approach death growing grass midsummer meadows coming autumn dyed garments travelling glory apparel opening buds pleasant scents tender colours stir hearts spring time pretty ring time birds sing thousand changes aspects business chemist investigate confronted vast multitude changes bidden find order he bidden rather compelled imperious command forces human mind seek unity variety need create cosmos chaos wonder early chemists jumped notion must binds orderly whole perplexing phenomena nature healing disorder well world end draught whereof shall bring peace calm security alchemists set forth quest quest barren they made great mistake fashioning thing essence water imaginings nature likeness they created goal road we understand nature they cried ways must simple therefore ways simple chemists people humbler heart reward greater alchemists dreamed selecting instances material changes studying painful care they gradually elaborated general conception transformations wherein substances produced unlike interaction they formed general conception now widening becoming definite chemists see way opening they reasonably hope lead finer suggestive complex simpler conception material changes guided past index air ancient views regarding mayow rey regarding alchemical account changes contrasted chemical account examples body soul spirit things transmutation thing modern form general sketch alchemists character according paracelsus many discoveries lives use fanciful analogies alchemy beginnings chemistry chemistry remarks imposture origin word illustrate aims methods alembic apparatus operations alchemists art sacred atom meaning given word dalton atomic theory greeks made dalton described lucretius atomic weight atoms electrons bacon remarks alchemy balsamo joseph basil valentine description three principles description four elements discoveries becquerel discovery radiation uranium body soul spirit things alchemical doctrine boyle calcination combustion elements hermetick philosophers language alchemists natural state bodies cagliostro calcination chaucer yeoman chemical conception material changes chemistry aim alchemy origin word classification alchemical methods colours lucretius explanation differences combustion compounds chemical conception conservation mass curie discovery radium dalton additions greek atomic theory democritus saying atoms dephlogisticated air destruction thought alchemists precede restoration electrons elements alchemical contrasted chemical substances contrasted alchemical chemical word phlogisteans essence alchemical fire different meanings word gates alchemical gold considered alchemists perfect metal greek thinkers atomic theory hermes trismegistus kathode rays language alchemy made misleading lavoisier calcination use word use word object chemistry oxygen systems science principle acidity reactions metals acids transmutation water earth lockyer spectra elements lucretius theory nature magic characteristics material changes greek theory metals alchemical connexion plants alchemists vegetables desire become gold natural state bodies oxygen paracelsus description alchemists distinction natural artificial mortification life pelican perfection alchemical teaching regarding phlogistic theory phlogiston priestley discovery oxygen principles alchemical use word substances they elements properties characteristics radium thorium uranium radium emanation heat rays ramsay transmutation elements regimens alchemical sacred art scientific theories general characters seed alchemical doctrine seeds metals simplicity asserted alchemists mark nature necessarily mark verity solids liquids gases atomic explanation stahl phlogistic theory stone philosopher thorium transmutation alchemical doctrine attempt metals metals gold alchemical account water earth transmutations apparent examples uranium relation radium vegetables compared metals alchemists water contains hydrogen oxygen examination phrase water different meanings word bygone beliefs series excursions byways thought stanley redgrove erfahrung ist magic und nur magisch novalis friedrich von hardenberg everything possible believ image truth william blake wife transcriber note coordinate covalent bond subscripted superscripted mark characters emphasis mark marks reference internal page numbers comments guessed characters braces need footnotes however moved eoparagraph footnotes duplicate numbers across pages protected indentations space tab eol converted soft hyphen greek letters encoded gr brackets letters based adobe symbol font hebrew letters encoded hb brackets preface excursions byways thought undertaken different times different occasions consequently reader may able detect inequalities treatment he may feel i lingered long byways hurried rapidly others taking general view road latter case whilst examining everything seen former perhaps undue care matter fact ever excursions undertaken object view namely understanding aright appreciating true worth curious byways along human thought travelled easy superficial thinker dismiss much thought past indeed present superstition worth trouble investigation scientific reason every belief even fantastic object discover reason far reason case justifies us holding similar belief course another question beliefs i dealt i treated greater length others seems truths they images vague distorted many cases though they truths we either forgotten nowadays danger forgetting we moderns may indeed learn something thought past even fantastic aspects excursion least namely essay cambridge platonists i ventured deal higher phase perhaps i say highest phase thought bygone age modern world may completely debtor characteristics mediaeval thought two essays alchemy appeared journal alchemical others i utilised material i contributed occult editor journal thanks due permission i express gratitude rev collins others referred due course permission reproduce illustrations they copyright holders i offer hearty thanks mr rowbottom wife valuable assistance reading proofs bletchley bucks contents page preface ix list illustrations xiii characteristics mediaeval thought pythagoras philosophy medicine magic superstitions concerning birds powder sympathy curious medical superstition belief talismans ceremonial magic theory practice architectural symbolism quest philosopher stone phallic element alchemical doctrine roger bacon appreciation cambridge platonists list illustrations incomplete raw ocr output page symbolic alchemical design mutus liber plate face symbolic alchemical design illustrating work woman maier atalanta fugiens symbolic alchemica design hermaphrodite maier atalanta fugiens roger bacon presenting book king fifteenth century miniature bodleian library oxford roger bacon portrait knole castle benjamin whichcote engraved portrait robert white henry portrait david loggan engraved ad vivum ralph cudworth engraved portrait vertue loggan forming frontispiece cudworth treatise concerning morality bygone beliefs i characteristics medaeval thought earliest days upward evolution man satisfied crude explanation natural phenomena name animism given stage mental development various forces nature personified rushing torrent devastating fire wind rustling forest leaves mind animistic savage personalities spirits like animated motives less antagonistic i suppose possible exception taken statement modern science renders animism impossible let us inquire exactly sense true true science robs natural phenomena spiritual significance mistake often made supposing science explains endeavours explain phenomena business philosophy task science attempts simpler correlation natural phenomena effort leaves ultimate problems metaphysics untouched universe however whose phenomena capable degree correlation present extraordinary degree harmony unity science makes manifest nature animism product vast number antagonistic wills must either product product latter alternative means cosmos inexplicable man growing experience fact man universe form essentially unity forbid us believe term anthropomorphic easily applied philosophical systems constituted criticism validity true must admit unknown explained terms known universe must either explained terms man terms desire remain incomprehensible say philosophy must either anthropomorphic philosophy metaphysical scrutiny results modern science leads us belief god man felt need unity crude animism though step right direction failed satisfy thought long days modern science spirits animism however discarded modified worked system servants high polytheism may mark stage process perhaps result mental degeneracy i may term systematised distinguished crude animism persisted throughout middle ages work systematisation already accomplished large extent whoever responsible kabala true main sources magical animistic philosophy remained hidden greater part middle ages close youthful enthusiastic cornelius agrippa slaked thirst thereat produced attempt systematisation magical belief famous books occult waters magical philosophy reached mediaeval mind various devious channels traditional hand literary latter works whose immense influence mediaeval thought sometimes neglected must certainly noted story life admirably told henry morley writings first heard early part sixth century probably work syrian monk date fathered dionysius areopagite pious fraud see dean inge pp vaughan vol pp books translated english rev john parker believes genuineness alleged authorship obvious example mediaeval animistic belief elementals spirits personify primordial forces nature symbolised four elements immanent they supposed exist they held manifest powers astrology must remembered essentially systematised animism stars ancients material bodies like earth spiritual beings plato speaks gods mediaeval thought regard quite way believed astrology i think stars still symbols spiritual forces operative man evidences wide extent astrological belief days abundant many instances we shall doubtless encounter excursions theological philosophical atmosphere middle ages scholastic mystical doubt mysticism mode life aiming realisation presence god distinct scholasticism empiricism rationalism philosophy use james happy phrase philosophy absolutely purely deductive must start certain empirically determined facts man might extreme empiricist religion mystic yet might attempt deduce forms knowledge results religious experiences never caring gather experience realm hence breach mysticism scholasticism really wide may appear first sight indeed scholasticism officially recognised three branches theology mystical i think mysticism scholasticism profound influence mediaeval mind sometimes acting opposing forces sometimes operating harmoniously another professor windelband puts we longer onesidedly characterise philosophy middle ages scholasticism rather place mysticism beside equal rank even fruitful promising movement professor wilhelm windelband mysticism vol iv alchemy four aristotelian scholastic elements three mystical principles sulphur mercury salt must cited outstanding product combined influence mysticism scholasticism mysticism postulated unity cosmos hence taught everything natural expressive image type supernatural reality scholasticism taught men rely deduction restrict experimentation smallest possible limits mind naturally proceeds known supposed known unknown indeed i already indicated must proceed truth gained now men middle ages regard falling category known surely truths revealed religion whether accepted authority evidence experience realm spiritual moral reality they felt they firm ground nature realm unknown they analogy guide rather misguide nevertheless we know misguided i think mystical doctrine correspondence spiritual natural unsound ancient seekers nature secrets knew little frequently misapplied they know alchemical philosophy arose became systematised wonderful endeavour perfect base metals philosopher stone concentrated essence nature man soul perfected power jesus christ i want conclusion brief introductory remarks say words concerning phallicism connection topic thought obscure reason subject tabooed even british museum include works phallicism catalogue special permission obtained consult yet subject vast importance concerns origin development religion philosophy extent phallic worship may gathered widespread occurrence obelisks similar objects amongst ancient relics maypole dances may instanced survival ancient worship male generative principle i use term extended meaning mr wells given see new easy understand man first questioned creation earth he suppose generated process analogous he saw held case man else he account origin knowledge must proceed known unknown questions worship human generative organs symbols dual generative principle nature degenerated orgies frightful character view nature degenerated i think altogether unsound interesting remnants found mediaeval philosophy remnants marked alchemy metals i suggested regarded types man hence they produced seed combination male female principles mercury sulphur spiritual plane intelligence love true stone perfect man bernard trevisan wrote fifteenth century stone compounded body spirit volatile fixed substance therefore done nothing world generated brought light without two substances wit male female whence appeareth although two substances species yet stone doth thence arise although they appear two substances yet truth wit doubt sounds fantastic seeming intellectual follies old thinkers fools fact sex fundamental fact universe spiritual physical well physiological fact i shall deal subject concerns speculations alchemists detail later excursion bernard earl trevisan treatise philosopher see chymica collection ten several treatises ii pythagoras philosophy matter enduring regret little known us concerning pythagoras little we know serves enhance us interest man philosophy make many ways attractive greek thinkers basing estimate extent influence thought succeeding ages we recognise world pythagoras born samos grecian isles youth he came contact thales father geometry he well called though he become member thales school contact latter doubt helped turn mind towards study geometry interest found right ground development egypt he visited still young egypt generally regarded birthplace geometry subject supposed forced minds egyptians necessity fixing boundaries lands annual overflowing nile egyptians called essentially practical people geometrical knowledge extend beyond empirical rules useful fixing boundaries constructing temples striking evidence fact supplied ahmes papyrus compiled little time older work dating papyrus almost certainly represents highest mathematical knowledge reached egyptians day geometry treated superficially subsidiary interest arithmetic ordered series reasoned geometrical propositions given nothing indeed beyond isolated rules wanting accuracy see august eisenlohr mathematisches handbuch der alten gow short history greek johnson science monuments ancient geometrical fact known egyptians triangle constructed sides units long respectively angle opposite longest side exactly right angle egyptian builders used rule constructing walls perpendicular employing cord graduated required manner greek mind however satisfied bald statement mere facts cared little practical applications sought underlying reason everything nowadays we beginning realise results achieved type mind general laws nature behaviour formulated endeavours frequently immense practical importance far importance mere beyond practical minds never advance classic example utility seemingly useless knowledge afforded sir william hamilton discovery rather invention quarternions better example utilitarian triumph theoretical practical mind adduced afforded pythagoras given rule constructing right angle whose reason egyptian used never bothered mind pythagoras searching full significance made gigantic geometrical discovery day known theorem pythagoras law every triangle square side opposite right angle equal area sum squares two sides importance discovery hardly overestimated fundamental importance branches geometry basis whole trigonometry special branch geometry deals practical mensuration triangles euclid devoted whole first book establishing truth theorem pythagoras demonstrated we unfortunately know fig affords interesting practical demonstration truth theorem reader copy figure cut squares two shorter sides triangle divide along lines ad ef he find five pieces obtained made exactly fit square longest side shown dotted lines size shape triangle abc long right angle immaterial lines ad obtained continuing sides square side ab side opposite right angle ef drawn right angles absorbing knowledge gained egypt pythagoras journeyed babylon he probably came contact even greater traditions potent influences sources knowledge egypt reason believing ancient chaldeans builders pyramids many ways intellectual superiors egyptians last travelled still east probably far india pythagoras returned birthplace teach men native land knowledge he gained croesus tyrant samos oppressive rule none leisure learn student came pythagoras despair story runs he offered pay artisan he learn geometry man accepted later pythagoras pretended inability longer continue payments he offered fascinating he find subject pay teacher instead lessons might continued pythagoras doubt much gratified motto he adopted great brotherhood we shall make acquaintance moment likelihood based event ran honour figure step figure tribolus freer translation renders figure step onward figure florin events mr frankland remarks motto lasting witness singular devotion knowledge sake frankland story pythagoras needed greater audience man however enthusiastic pupil he might he left samos southern italy rich inhabitants whose cities leisure inclination study delphi oracles visited pythagoras sojourn tarentum settled croton he gathered great band pupils mainly young people aristocratic class consent senate croton he formed great philosophical brotherhood whose members lived apart ordinary people forming separate community they bound pythagoras closest ties admiration reverence years death discoveries made pythagoreans invariably attributed master fact makes difficult exactly gauge extent pythagoras knowledge achievements regime brotherhood pythagorean order strict entailing high thinking low living times restricted diet exact nature dispute observed members long periods silence conducive deep thinking imposed novices women admitted order pythagoras asceticism prohibit romance we read fair pupils won way heart declaring affection found reciprocated became wife schure writes marriage theano pythagoras affixed seal work union fusion two lives complete day master wife asked length time elapsed woman become pure intercourse man she replied husband she pure time another man she never pure many women adds writer smilingly remark give reply must wife pythagoras love theano they right marriage sanctifies love love justifies marriage edouard schure delphic trans rothwell pp pythagoras merely mathematician he first foremost philosopher whose philosophy found number basis things number alone possessed stability relationship i remarked former occasion theory cosmos origin explanation number difficult account we take consideration nature times formulated greek period looking nature beheld picture harmony uniformity fundamental unity outer world appeared rather discordant chaos mere sport plaything gods theory uniformity nature nature ever like essence modern scientific spirit yet born years unwearied labour unceasing delving nature innermost secrets mathematics properties geometrical figures numbers reign law principle harmony perceivable even present day marvellous become commonplace property triangles already discussed comes mind remarkable notable fact must seemed stupendous marvel discoverer appears regular alternation odd even numbers fact obvious us we inclined attach importance seemed something wonderful geometry arithmetic order harmony unsurpassed unsurpassable wonder pythagoras concluded solution mighty riddle universe contained mysteries geometry wonder he read mystic meanings laws arithmetic believed number explanation origin mathematical theory pp doubt pythagorean theory suffers defect similar kabalistic doctrine starting fact words composed letters representing primary sounds language maintained things represented words created god means letters hebrew alphabet time pythagorean theory certainly embodies considerable element truth modern science demonstrates nothing clearly importance numerical relationships indeed history science shows us gradual transformation crude facts experience increasingly exact generalisations application mathematics enormous advances made recent years physics chemistry largely due mathematical methods interpreting facts experimentally revealed whereby experiments suggested results mathematically interpreted physics chemistry especially former now highly mathematical biological sciences especially psychology true mathematical methods yet largely employed sciences far less highly developed far less exact systematic say far less scientific present either physics chemistry however application statistical methods promises good results wanting generalisations already arrived expressible mathematically weber law psychology law concerning arrangement leaves stems plants biology may instanced cases point quoted lecture present writer law correspondences mathematically considered delivered theological philosophical society april published vol xxxv pythagorean doctrine cosmos reasonable form however confronted great difficulty seems incapable overcoming namely continuity modern science atomic theories matter electricity indeed show us apparent continuity material things spurious material things consist discrete particles hence measurable numerical terms modern science obliged postulate ether behind atoms ether wholly continuous hence transcends domain number true quite recent times certain school thought argued ether atomic constitution things indeed grained structure even forces made large number quantums indivisible units force view gained general acceptance seems necessitate postulation ether beyond ether filling interspaces atoms obviate difficulty conceiving action distance cf chap nature embodiment number mathematical theory reference already made according bergson life reality lived understood absolutely continuous amenable numerical treatment life absolutely continuous we he says understand reason acts discontinuously grasping speak cinematographic view life made immense number instantaneous glimpses passes glimpses lost true whole reason never synthesise possesses hand might argue extending way teaching physical sciences period postulation dalton atomic theory discovery significance ether space reality essentially discontinuous idea continuous mere illusion arising coarseness senses might provide complete vindication pythagorean view better vindication theory rate pythagoras philosophical attitude forthcoming i think fact modern mathematics transcended shackles number enlarged kingdom include quantities numerical pythagoras he born latter centuries surely rejoiced enlargement whereby continuous well discontinuous brought rule number rule mathematics indeed pythagoras foremost achievement mathematics i already mentioned another notable piece work department discovery method constructing parallelogram side equal given line angle equal given angle area equal given triangle pythagoras celebrated discovery sacrifice whole ox problem appears first book euclid proposition fact many propositions euclid first second fourth sixth books worked pythagoras pythagoreans curiously enough they seem greatly neglected geometry circle symmetrical solids regarded pythagoras greek thinkers greatest importance perfectly symmetrical regular solid must equal number faces meeting angles faces must equal regular polygons figures whose sides angles equal pythagoras perhaps may credited great discovery five solids follows tetrahedron four equilateral triangles faces cube six squares faces octahedron eight equilateral triangles faces dodecahedron twelve regular pentagons figures faces icosahedron twenty equilateral triangles faces reader copy figs cardboard stiff paper bend along dotted lines form solid fastening together free edges gummed paper he possession models five solids question now greeks believed world composed four elements earth air fire water greek mind conclusion inevitable shapes particles elements regular solids cubical cube regular solid possessed greatest stability tetrahedral tetrahedron simplest hence lightest solid icosahedral exactly reverse reason whilst intermediate two latter octahedral dodecahedron ancient mathematicians mysterious solids far difficult construct accurate drawing regular pentagon necessitating rather elaborate application pythagoras great theorem hence conclusion plato put regular dodecahedron deity employed tracing plan universe hence high esteem pentagon held pythagoreans producing side latter figure star fig known pentagram obtained adopted pythagoreans badge society many ages held symbol possessed magic powers mediaeval magicians made use evocations talisman held highest esteem plato timaeus sese xxviii xxx reference matter frankland remarks early days innermost secrets nature lay lap geometry extraordinary inference follows euclid devoted investigation regular solids therefore reality bottom attempt universe euclid fact made goal pythagoreans aim se xxix music played important part curriculum pythagorean brotherhood important discovery relations notes musical scales expressed means numbers pythagorean must seemed discoverer sense indeed striking confirmation numerical theory cosmos pythagoreans held positions heavenly bodies governed similar numerical relations consequence motion productive celestial music concept harmony spheres among celebrated pythagorean doctrines found ready acceptance many minds look floor heaven says lorenzo shakespeare merchant look floor heaven thick inlaid patines bright gold smallest orb behold motion like angel sings still quiring cherubins harmony immortal souls whilst muddy vesture decay doth grossly close we hear act scene i kingsley writes letters i walk fields i oppressed every now innate feeling everything i see meaning i understand feeling surrounded truths i grasp amounts indescribable awe sometimes everything seems full god reflex we see oh i prayed mystery unfolded least hereafter see moment whole harmony great system hear music whole universe makes performs bidding connection may mentioned significant fact pythagoreans consider earth accordance current opinion stationary body believed planets revolved central point fire they called charles kingsley letters memories edited wife concerns pythagoras ethical teaching judging attributed doubt written disciples appear respects similar stoics came later free materialism stoic doctrines due regard oneself blended regard gods men atmosphere whole rational austere verse shalt likewise know according justice nature universe things alike particular interest showing pythagoras belief principle analogy held dominant sway minds ancient mediaeval philosophers leading spite i suggest fundamental truth many fantastic errors we shall see future excursions metempsychosis another pythagorean tenets fact interesting view modern revival doctrine pythagoras doubt derived east apparently introducing first time western thought seems probable though certain pythagoras wrote nothing taught always oral method cf remarks hierocles verse brief outstanding doctrines pythagorean brotherhood teachings included we seen may justly called scientific discoveries first importance well doctrines though we may feel compelled perhaps rightly regard fantastic now immense influence thought succeeding ages especially greek philosophy represented plato speculative minds occult philosophers shall i say latter mediaeval period succeeding centuries brotherhood however destined continue days peace i indicated philosophical political association naturally pythagoras philosophy included political doctrines rate brotherhood acquired considerable share government croton fact greatly resented members democratic party feared loss rights urged thereto rejected applicant membership order mob made onslaught brotherhood place assembly burnt ground account pythagoras died conflagration sacrifice mad fury mob according another account we like believe true he escaped tarentum he banished find asylum metapontum he lived last years peace pythagorean order broken bonds brotherhood still existed members fallen sickness poverty kindly taken innkeeper dying he traced mysterious signs pentagram doubt door inn host uneasy brothers pay debts year afterwards stranger passing inn he saw signs host i pythagorean brothers died tell i owe you account edouard schure endeavouring estimate worth pythagoras discoveries teaching mr frankland writes reference achievements geometry even making considerable allowance pupils share master geometrical work calls much admiration far wrong suppose pythagoras wont insist proofs secure rigour gives mathematics honourable position amongst sciences work arithmetic music astronomy author writes everywhere he appears inaugurated genuinely scientific methods laid foundations high liberal education adding nearly score centuries close middle ages four pythagorean subjects study arithmetic geometry astronomy music staple educational course bound together fourfold way knowledge quadrivium words due praise present excursion may fittingly close pp iii medicine magic tasks instructive fascinating tracing development human mind manifested evolution scientific philosophical theories perhaps especially true case medicine evolution followed paths tortuous intersected many fantastic byways infrequently doubtful true road history medicine history human wisdom history human credulity folly romantic element use expression popular acceptation introduced whilst making subject entertaining means detracts importance considered psychologically honour first invented medicines due unknown origins pharmacy lost twilight myth osiris isis bacchus apollo father famous physician aesculapius chiron centaur tutor latter among many mythological personages accredited invention physic certain art compounding medicines extraordinarily ancient papyrus british museum containing medical prescriptions written famous ebers papyrus devoted medical matters reckoned date year interesting note prescriptions given latter papyrus seems case throughout history medicine principle efficacy medicine proportion nastiness appears main idea indeed many old medicines contained ingredients disgusting nature imaginable mediaeval remedy known oil puppies made cutting two puppies boiling pound live earthworms may cited comparatively pleasant example remedies used days sorts excreta prescribed medicines see late mr wootton excellent work vols i gladly acknowledge indebtedness presumably oldest theory concerning causation disease attributes ills mankind malignant operations evil spirits theory someone rather fancifully suggested erroneous we may allowed apply term evil spirits microbes modern bacteriology remnants theory shall i say conceal transcendental truth original form still survive present day various superstitious customs whose absurdity need emphasising example use red flannel folk tie sore throats red supposed colour angatonistic evil spirits much time red cloth hung patient room much employed cure smallpox medicine magic always closely associated indeed greatest name history pharmacy probably greatest name history magic reference course paracelsus paracelsus partly vigorous invective partly remarkable cures various diseases demolished old school medicine dared contest authority galen avicenna galen theory disease largely based four humours man bile blood phlegm black bile regarded related identical four elements fire air water earth supposed characters similar bile fire attributed properties hotness dryness blood air hotness moistness phlegm water coldness moistness finally black bile like earth cold dry galen supposed alteration due proportion humours gives rise disease though he consider cause cancer thought might result excess black bile rheumatism excess phlegm drugs galen argued efficiency curing disease according they possess fundamental properties hotness dryness coldness moistness whereby considered excess humour might counteracted moreover assumed four degrees property exist drugs use curing disease contain necessary property properties degree proportionate opposite humour humours excess patient system paracelsus views based theory undoubtedly true sense man microcosm world miniature now things material taught paracelsus contain three principles termed alchemistic phraseology salt sulphur mercury true therefore man healthy body he argued sort chemical compound three principles harmoniously blended macrocosm due proportion whilst disease due preponderance principle fevers example result excess sulphur fiery principle paracelsus although theory different galen whose views he denounced led seek chemical remedies containing principles varying proportions he content medicinal herbs minerals crude state attempted extract effective essences indeed he maintained preparation new better drugs chief business chemistry see note paracelsian doctrine microcosm theory disease efficacy drugs complicated many fantastic additions archaeus sort benevolent demon supposed paracelsus look unconscious functions bodily organism taken account paracelsus held doctrine signatures according medicinal value plants minerals indicated external form sign impressed operation stars old example belief found use mandrake whose roots resemble human form hebrews greeks cure sterility give instance still accredited use plant black spot corolla complaints eyes allied doctrine beliefs held lungs foxes good bronchial troubles heart lion endow courage cornelius agrippa put well known amongst physicians brain helps brain lungs lungs question paracelsus pharmacy complicated fact eccentric genius coined many new words without regard principles etymology names medicines often used term stand quite different bodies disciples maintained he must always understood literal sense probably element truth see instance golden blessed casket nature benedictus figulus trans waite see dr alfred haddon henry cornelius agrippa bk chap xv whitehead edition chicago modern times homoeopathy according drug cure administered small doses disease whose symptoms produces given large doses healthy person bear resemblance old medical theories concerning curing like like system hahnemann founder homoeopathy free error scarcely maintained certain recent discoveries connection appear indicate last word yet subject formula like cures like may still another lease life run return paracelsus however may thought views great advance galen whether case union chemistry medicine immense benefit science marked new era pharmacy even theories highly fantastic he freed medicine shackles traditionalism rendered progress medical science possible i must conclude brief notes without reference medical theory medicinal efficacy words ebers papyrus already mentioned gives various formulas must pronounced preparing administering drug draught used eastern jews cure bronchial complaints prepared writing certain words plate washing wine adding three grains citron used tabernacle festival enough present excursion we must hie us back modern world alkaloids serums another day we perhaps wander medicinal magic note paracelsian doctrine microcosm man nature writes cornelius agrippa complete image whole theory especially connected name paracelsus worthy passing reference consideration leads us medicine metaphysics i thought preferable deal subject note agrippa bk chap xxxiii whitehead edition man taught old mystical philosophers threefold nature consisting spirit soul body paracelsian mercury sulphur salt mineral analogues spirit writes valentine weigel disciple paracelsus we god move god live god nourished god hence god us we god god put placed us we put placed god soul we firmament stars we live move therein nourished thereof hence firmament astralic virtues operations us we firmament put placed us we put placed firmament body we elements we move live therein nourished hence elements us we elements slime put placed us we put placed quote paracelsus he writes god took body he built man things he created nothingness something hence man now microcosm little world he extract stars planets whole firmament earth elements he quintessence macrocosm microcosm difference occurs form image species substance man diverse therefrom man earth flesh water blood fire heat thereof air balsam properties changed substance body man man world yet made world made likeness world god yet man comprises qualities world body world therefore must fed nourished world he sprung he taken earth elements therefore must nourished now man flesh blood within intellect like complexion come elements stars condition stars wisdom intelligence industry animal arts peculiar man contained stars man things called light nature fact whatever man found light nature condition man great universe he needs elements stars seeing he constituted way valentine weigel theologised spiritual hermeneutics astrology holy ed anna bonus kingsford hermetic alchemical writings paracelsus ed waite vol ii pp difficult discern certain truth making allowances modes thought present day swedish philosopher swedenborg reaffirmed theory later years he points reason man microcosm lies deeper facts body elements earth nourished thereby according profound thinker form spiritually understood expression use uses things indicated forms now human form highest forms subserves highest uses hence world matter world spirit human form correspondence use man cosmos we may therefore call man body microcosm little world soul little heaven we may speak macrocosm great world grand man we may say soul grand man substantial efficient cause things immanent within yet transcending things god see especially love sese iv superstitions concerning birds amongst remarkable natural occurrences must included many phenomena connected behaviour birds undoubtedly numerous species birds susceptible atmospheric changes electrical barometric nature slight observed man unaided senses explained phenomenon migration many peculiarities behaviour birds whereby approaching changes weather may foretold probably fact much extraordinary homing instinct pigeons course days meteorological science yet born explanation known ancients observed birds migrations peculiarities behaviour prognosticated coming changes seasons year changes connected weather storms they saw homing instincts pigeons apparent exhibition intelligence exceeding man natural attribute foresight birds suppose sorts coming events atmospheric nature might foretold careful observation flight song augury art divination observing behaviour birds extensively cultivated etrurians romans still used i believe natives samoa romans official college augurs members originally three patricians number patrician augurs increased five plebeian augurs added later number increased fifteen object augury much foretell future indicate line action followed given circumstances nation augurs consulted matters importance position augur great consequence appears oldest method augur arrayed special costume carrying staff mark visible heavens houses proceeded elevated piece ground sacrifice made prayer repeated gazing towards sky he waited bird appeared point heavens first made appearance carefully noted manner direction flight point lost sight particulars augury derived order effect confirmed quite accurate definition auguries obtained animals celestial phenomena lightning auguries drawn notes birds birds divided augurs two classes i give omens note ii afford presages flight another method augury performed feeding chickens specially kept purpose done just sunrise feeder strict silence observed birds manifested desire food omen direful nature hand greediness chickens grain fell beaks rebounded ground augury favourable latter augury known fraud practiced writes rev edward smedley reverted head we memorable instance great battle papirius cursor samnites year rome anxious troops battle dared announce consul solistimum although chickens refused eat papirius unhesitatingly gave signal fight son discovered false augury hastened communicate father part well reply let deceit augur fall tripudium announced omen better roman army people troops advanced javelin thrown random struck dead hand heaven battle cried papirius guilty punished he advanced conquered coincidence sort really occurred greatly strengthen popular belief auguries pliny bk chap xxii bostock riley vol rev edward smedley occult ed elihu rich always reckoned bird possessed magic power crowing we told unquiet spirits roam earth depart dismal abodes orgies witches sabbath terminate cock favourite sacrifice offered evil spirits ceylon elsewhere alectromancy ancient peculiarly senseless method divination called cock employed bird young quite white feet cut crammed throat piece parchment written certain hebrew words cock repetition prayer operator placed circle divided parts corresponding letters alphabet grain wheat placed certain psalm recited letters noted cock picked grains fresh grain put picked letters properly arranged give answer inquiry divination made i sure supposed seems likely cock refused act required manner cf arthur edward waite occult pp reckoned bird evil omen romans derived opinion etrurians along much else science augury particularly dreaded seen city indeed anywhere day pliny caius plinius secundus informs us occasion horned owl entered sanctuary capitol consequence rome purified nones march year pliny bk chap xvi bostock riley vol british isles abounds quaint beliefs stories concerning birds charming welsh legend concerning rev dyer quotes far far away land woe darkness spirits evil fire day day little bird bear bill drop water quench flame near burning stream he fly dear little feathers scorched hence he named serve little children robin dares approach infernal pit good child hurt devoted benefactor man robin returns land fire therefore he feels cold winter far brother birds he shivers brumal blast hungry he chirps door thiselton dyer pp another legend accounts robin red breast supposing bird tried pluck thorn crown encircling brow crucified christ order alleviate sufferings doubt account legends considered crime punished great misfortune kill robin places prohibition extends popularly believed wife robin parts however wren least cruelly hunted certain days isle man took place christmas eve st stephen day accounted legend concerning evil fairy lured many men destruction assume form wren escape punishment hands ingenious several centuries prevalent whole civilised europe extraordinary superstition concerning small arctic bird resembling large common wild goose known max mueller suggested word really derived name referring ireland birds caught common opinion associated barnacle goose known barnacle found timber exposed sea supposing former generated latter old medical writer we find founde north parts scotland ilands adjacent called orchades orkney islands certain trees whereon doe growe certaine shell fishes white colour tending russet wherein conteined little liuing creatures shells time maturitie doe open grow little living things falling water doe become foules we call barnakles fall vpon land perish come nothing much writings others mouths people parts see max mueller science full account tradition concerning origin barnacle goose found john gerarde herball generall historie writer however surgeon botanist day adds he personally examined certain lancashire opening shells observed within birds various stages development doubt he deceived purely superficial resemblances example feet barnacle fish resemble somewhat feathers bird he gives imaginative illustration barnacle fowl escaping shell reproduced fig turning now superstitions concerning actual birds legends purely mythical passing reference must made bird existing arabian legend we meet chiefly remarkable size strength perhaps interest famous bird arabia pliny writes follows prefixing description cautious remark i quite sure existence fable existence whole world seen often we told bird size eagle brilliant golden plumage around neck rest body purple colour except tail azure long feathers intermingled roseate hue throat adorned crest head tuft feathers first roman described bird senator manilius he tells us person ever seen bird eat arabia looked sacred sun lives five hundred forty years becomes old builds nest cassia sprigs incense fills perfumes lays body die bones marrow springs first sort small worm time changes little bird first thing perform obsequies predecessor carry nest entire city sun near panchaia deposit altar divinity manilius states revolution great year completed life bird new cycle comes round characteristics former seasons appearance stars bird brought rome censorship emperor claudius exposed public view fact attested public annals doubts fictitious phoenix pliny bk chap ii bostock riley vol pp description plumage bird applies fairly well cuvier pointed golden pheasant specimen latter may fictitious phoenix referred bird credited extraordinary wholly fabulous properties related pliny others however easy understand phoenix frequently used illustrate doctrine immortality soul clement epistle impossible originally nothing symbol immortality time became believed really existing bird fact however supposed phoenix length lives coincided ancients termed great year may indicate phoenix symbol cosmological periodicity hand ancient writers tacitus explicitly refer phoenix symbol sun minds ancients sun closely connected idea immortality certainly accounts gorgeous colours plumage phoenix might well descriptions rising sun appears moreover egyptian hieroglyphic glyph figure heron crane akin phoenix employed designate rising sun see cuvier animal griffith vol viii curious jewish legends account supposed immortality phoenix according sole animal refused eat forbidden tree tempted eve according another immortality conferred noah considerate behaviour ark phoenix clamouring food like animals existence fables shows grossly real meanings sacred writings misunderstood celebrated bird chinese tradition sinologues identify phoenix west according commentator felicitous perfect bird cock head snake neck swallow beak tortoise back five different colours six feet high mr chas gould whose book i largely indebted account bird i culled extracts chinese opinion certainly fact we read fung hwangs plural whilst tradition asserts phoenix seems point difference origin another account yu tseh shwai tells us head resembles heaven eye sun back moon wings wind foot ground tail woof furthermore mouth contains commands heart conformable regulations ear thoroughly acute hearing tongue utters sincerity colour luminous comb resembles uprightness spur sharp curved voice sonorous belly treasure literature like dragon tortoise unicorn considered spiritual creature unlike western phoenix fung hwang i pointed believed exist birds always seen according chinese records they made appearance reigns certain sovereigns fung hwang regarded chinese omen great happiness prosperity likeness embroidered robes empresses ensure success probably bird regarded purely mythological symbolic origin we stories exaggerated accounts species pheasant japanese literature contains similar stories fabulous mention may made former creature half eagle half lion popularly supposed progeny union two latter described travaile john maundeville following terms sum men seyn thei ben body upward egle benethe lyoun treuly thei seyn sothe thei ben schapp griffoun hathe body gret strong thanne lyouns suche lyouns ben half gret strongere egles suche we ben amonges us griffoun bere fleynge nest gret hors oxen zoked gidere thei gon plowghe he hathe talouns longe large grete feet thoughe thei weren hornes grete oxen bugles kyzn men maken cuppes hem drynken hire ribbes pennes hire wenges men maken bowes fulle strong schote arwes quarelle special characteristic griffin watchfulness chief function thought guarding secret treasure characteristic doubt accounts frequent use heraldry supporter arms sacred apollo whose chariot according early sculptures drawn griffins pliny speaks bird long ears hooked beak regarded fabulous voiage travaile john maundeville treateth way hierusalem marvayles inde ilands countryes now publish entire original cotton london cap xxvi pp work mainly compilation writings william boldensele friar odoric pordenone hetoum armenia vincent de beauvais geographers probable name john de mandeville regarded pseudonym concealing identity jean de bourgogne physician liege mentioned name joannes ad barbam vulgate latin version travels note british museum catalogue work first published french latter part fourteenth century achieved immense popularity marvels relates readily received credulous folk many succeeding day harpies snatchers greek mythology creatures like vultures bodies faces women armed sharp claws monsters monstrous greater wrath god sends men comes depth pitchy hell virgin face womb like gulf unsatiate hands griping claws colour pale fell quoted vergil john guillim display sixth edition we meet harpies story phineus son agenor king thrace bidding jealous wife idaea daughter dardanus phineus put sight children former wife cleopatra daughter boreas punish cruelty gods caused become blind harpies sent continually harass affright snatch away food defile presence they afterwards driven away zetes calais suggested originally harpies nothing personifications swift old naturalists credulous they regarded real creatures though fabulous met greek arabian mythologies they particular interest time us conclude present excursion seek byways powder sympathy curious medical superstition superstitions past science present gradually evolved middle ages courtesy we may term medical science we seen little better heterogeneous collection superstitions although various reforms instituted passing time superstition still continued long play prominent part medical practice curious old medical perhaps i say surgical superstitions relating powder sympathy remedy chiefly remembered connection name sir kenelm digby though he probably first employ powder used cure wounds fact nothing else common vitriol though improved elegant form may describe composed vitriol desiccated sun rays mixed application powder remedy peculiar might expect applied wound article might blood wound either sprinkled powder else placed basin water powder dissolved maintained temperate heat meanwhile wound kept clean cool green vitriol ferrous sulphate heptahydrate compound iron sulphur oxygen crystallised seven molecules water represented formula exposure air loses water gradually converted basic ferric sulphate long green vitriol confused blue vitriol generally occurs impurity crude green vitriol blue vitriol copper sulphate pentahydrate sir kenelm digby appears delivered discourse dealing famous powder learned assembly montpellier france least work purporting translation discourse published editions appeared kenelm son sir everard digby executed share gunpowder plot spite fact however james appears regarded favour he man romantic temperament possessed charming manners considerable learning even greater credulity contemporaries seem differed opinions concerning evelyn diarist inspecting chemical laboratory rather harshly speaks errant mountebank elsewhere he well refers teller strange things occasion digby relating story lady aversion roses laid cheek produced blister late discourse kenelm digby touching cure wounds powder sympathy rendered french english white gent entitled second edition appears first return preliminary remarks sir kenelm records cure he claims effected means powder appears james howell afterwards historiographer royal charles ii attempt separate two friends engaged duel received two serious wounds hand proceed writer words chance lodged hard four five days i making ready he mr howell came house prayed view wounds i understand he you extraordinary remedies occasions surgeons apprehend fear may grow gangrene hand must cut i asked thing blood he presently sent garter wherewith hand first bound called bason water i wash hands i took handfull powder vitrol i study presently dissolved soon bloody garter brought i put within bason observing interim mr stood talking gentleman corner chamber regarding i he started suddenly he found strange alteration i asked he ailed i know ailes i find i feel pain methinks pleasing kind freshnesse wet cold napkin spread hand taken away inflammation tormented i replied since you feel already good effect medicament i advise you cast away plaisters onely keep wound clean moderate temper heat cold presently reported duke little king james i curious know issue businesse dinner i took garter water put dry great fire scarce dry mr servant came running told master felt much burning ever he done heat hand betwixt coales fire i answered although happened present yet he find ease short time i knew reason new accident i provide accordingly master free inflammation may he possibly return case he found ease i wished come presently back he might forbear coming thereupon he went instant i put garter water thereupon he found master without pain brief sense pain afterward within five six dayes wounds cicatrized entirely healed pp sir kenelm proceeds discourse relate he obtained secret powder carmelite learnt east sir kenelm says he told king james celebrated physician sir theodore mayerne latter disclosed duke mayerne whose surgeon sold secret various persons ultimately sir kenelm remarks became known every country barber however digby real connection powder questioned appendix dr nathanael highmore history published entitled discourse cure wounds powder referred sir gilbert talbot powder appear digby brought claims sympathetic powder notice royal society although he means inactive member society highmore however appendix work referred refer digby reputed cure howell wounds already mentioned publication digby powder became generally known sir kenelm digby sympathetic powder referred advertisement appended bookseller nathanael brook advertisement follows give notice sir sympathetical powder prepar promethean fire curing green wounds come within compass remedy likewise infallibly short time mr angel belief cure sympathy however much older digby talbot sympathetic powder paracelsus described ointment consisting essentially moss skull man died violent death combined boar bear fat burnt worms dried boar brain red mummy used cure wounds similar manner applied weapon hurt inflicted reference ointment readers probably recall passage scott last canto stanza respecting magical cure william deloraine wound ladye branksome she drew splinter wound charm she stanch blood she bade gash cleans bound longer couch she stood she broken lance washed clotted gore salved splinter william deloraine trance she turned round round twisted she gall wound maidens she say he whole man sound within course night day full long she toil she rue mishap friend stout true francis bacon writes sympathetic cures follows constantly received avouched maketh wil heale selfe relation though selfe yet fully inclined beleeve you shal note following first made divers whereof strangest hardest come mosse man killed two last i easily suspect prescribed starting hole proved mought pretended killed due time certain great quantity laid seeme secondly applied hurt selfe worketh onely applied fourthly may applied though party hurt great distance fifthly seemeth party needfull concurre may done without knowledge much tried sake wiped without knowledge presently great till sixthly affirmed you get yet you put resembling whereby bleedeth serve work i doubt device keep strange request use many times you come selve seventhly first bound close renewed till francis bacon sylvarum natural history published authors death sixt owing demand making ointment quite considerable trade done skulls ireland moss grown owing exposure atmosphere high prices obtained fine specimens idea underlying belief efficacy sympathetic remedies namely acting part thing symbol thereby acts magically whole thing symbolised magic extreme antiquity digby others however tried give natural explanation supposed efficacy powder they argued particles blood ascend bloody cloth weapon coming rest they reached natural home wound they originally issued particles carry volatile part vitriol effect cure readily combined grosser part vitriol days hardly knowledge chemistry physics theory doubt bore every semblance truth passing however interesting note digby called forth reply helvetius schwettzer physician prince orange afterwards became celebrated alchemist achieved magnum opus see ancient sese writing sympathetic powder professor de morgan wittily argues must quite efficacious he says directions keep wound clean cool take care diet rubbing salve knife sword we remember dreadful notions drugs prevailed quantity quality we shall readily see way dressing wound useful physicians taken hint careful diet poured little barrels medicine throat practicable doll they magical cures well surgeons dr pettigrew pointed nature exhibits remarkable powers effecting healing wounds adhesion processes impeded fact many cases recorded noses ears fingers severed body rejoined thereto merely washing parts placing close continuity allowing natural powers body effect healing moreover spite bacon remarks point effect imagination patient usually ignorant sympathetic cure attempted must taken account without going excesses christian science respect fact must recognised state mind exercises powerful effect natural forces body firm faith undoubtedly helpful effecting cure sort professor augustus de morgan budget thomas joseph pettigrew superstitions connected history practice medicine pp vi belief talismans word talisman derived arabic tilsam magical image plural form tilsamen arabic word probably derived greek telesma late meaning religious mystery consecrated object term often employed designate amulets general correctly speaking restricted special significance talisman may defined briefly astrological symbol expressive influence power planets engraved sympathetic stone metal inscribed specially prepared parchment auspices planet proceeding account preparation talismans proper place notice interesting curious amulets sorts substances employed charms sometimes unpleasant nature dried toads generally however amulets consist stones herbs passages sacred writings written paper latter class sometimes called characts example may mentioned jewish phylacteries every precious stone supposed exercise peculiar virtue instance amber regarded good remedy throat troubles agate thought preserve elihu rich gives full list stones supposed virtues sign zodiac supposed particular stone shown annexed table hence superstitious though inartistic custom wearing birthmonth comastrological mencing sign zodiac preceding symbol month stone aries ram april sardonyx taurus bull may cornelian gemini twins june topaz cancer crab july chalcedony leo lion august jasper virgo virgin september emerald libra balance october beryl scorpio scorpion november amethyst sagittarius archer december hyacinth capricorn goat january chrysoprase aquarius water february crystal bearer pisces fishes march sapphire lazuli stone luck belief occult powers certain stones means present day even enlightened times wanting fear beautiful opal put faith virtues new zealand elihu rich occult sciences encyclopaedia pp regard stones however much confusion difference opinion arrangement adopted table given cornelius agrippa bk ii comparatively recent work esteemed modern occultists namely light egypt science soul gives following scheme chalcedony skyblue common superstitious opinion regarding reflected example lucky birth charms exhibited windows jewellers shops considerably diverges matter views authorities usual scheme follows may bloodstone frequently assigned either aries scorpio owing symbolical connection mars opal cancer astrology constellation moon confusion rendered still worse fact ancients whilst cases using names applied different stones hyacinth sapphire whilst sapphire lapis lazuli certain herbs culled favourable conjunctions planets worn amulets held efficacious various diseases precious stones metals taken internally purpose remedies certain cases must proved exceedingly harmful theory put forward supposed medical value amulets doctrine effluvia theory supposes amulets give vapours effluvia penetrate body effect cure course true certain herbs might heat body give effluvia theory whole manifestly absurd doctrine signatures we already encountered excursions may mentioned connection complementary equally untenable hypothesis according elihu rich following commonest egyptian amulets inscribed figure used preserve evils inflicted earth figure evil water figure evil air figure evil fire paracelsus believed much occult virtue alloy seven chief metals he called certain definite proportions metals taken added favourable conjunction planets electrum he supposed valuable amulets magic mirrors prepared see medicine magic curious ancient amulet cure various diseases particularly ague triangle formed letters word abracadabra usual form shown fig shown fig known origin magical word lost obscurity belief horn powerful amulet especially prevalent italy custom common people make sign avoid consequence dreaded evil eye traced fact horn symbol goddess moon probably belief powers similar origin indeed seems likely amulets like talismans proper appear originally designed appeals gods powerful spiritual beings abracadabra abracadabra abracadabr bracadabra abracadab racadabra abracada acadabra abracad cadabra abraca adabra abrac dabra abra abra abr bra ab ra see frederick elworthy especially pp turn attention however art preparing talismans proper i may remark outset necessary talisman prepared self task means easy rule indeed right mental attitude occultist insisted essential operation various signs engraver talismans various authorities differ though certain points connected art talismanic magic they agree happened ancients acquainted seven metals seven planets including sun moon planets days week seven concluded therefore occult connection planets metals days week seven days week supposed auspices spirits planets generation womb nature seven chief metals following table shown particulars detail symbol day metal colour sun sunday gold gold yellow moon monday silver silver white mars tuesday iron red mercury wednesday mercury mixed colours purple jupiter thursday tin violet blue venus friday copper turquoise green saturn saturday lead black used form solid amalgam talismans consequently metal talisman made time preparation chosen due regard planet prepared power talisman thought due genie planet talisman fact silent evocation astral spirit examples belief genie bound amulet way afforded story aladdin lamp ring stories sometimes talismanic signs engraved precious stones sometimes they inscribed parchment cases principle held good nature stone chosen colour ink employed correspondence planet whose auspices talisman prepared connection rather surprising discovery made mr gornold see manual pp must mentioned ancient chaldeans appear invariably enumerated planets following order saturn jupiter mars sun venus mercury moon order adopted mediaeval astrologers let us commence sun sequence write every third planet we sunday moon monday mars tuesday mercury wednesday jupiter thursday venus friday saturn saturday say we planets order they supposed rule days week perhaps surprising seems probable day first divided hours assumed planets ruled hour turn order first mentioned day named planet ruled first hour found we start sun write every planet result exactly we write every third mr old points means diagram seems rather cumbersome we start saturn first place write every fifth planet planet substitute metal supposed rule we metals arranged descending order atomic weights lead mercury mercury sun gold jupiter tin moon silver venus copper mars iron similarly we starting orders pass two fact surprising ancients possibly acquainted atomic weights metals important note order densities metals might possibly known means order atomic weights whether fact indicates real relationship planets metals whether explanation i prepared say certainly explanation needed say fact mere coincidence unsatisfactory seeing odds merely regularity occurring chance calculated mathematical theory probability instruments employed art specially prepared consecrated special robes worn perfumes incense burnt invocations conjurations recited depended planet ruling operation description typical talismans detail place key solomon translated mathers described five six seven talismans planet supposed peculiar virtues many stated use evocation spirits majority consist central design encircled verse hebrew scripture central designs varied character generally geometrical figures hebrew letters words magical characters five talismans portrayed first three described differing translations hebrew verses given due mr mathers solomon consists mainly elaborate ritual evocation various planetary spirits process use talismans pentacles plays prominent part claimed work white magic inasmuch like old books making claim gives descriptions pentacle causing ruin destruction death another causing earthquakes give two examples distinction black white magic we shall doubt encounter later excursions appears somewhat arbitrary regarding authorship work mr mathers translator editor first printed copy book says i see reason doubt tradition assigns authorship king solomon view accepted however abundantly evident stands present we find john quoted mention made ss peter paul must received considerable alterations additions hands later editors even we compelled assign present form fourteenth fifteenth century we must i think allow based traditions past course possibility remains might based earlier work regard antiquity planetary sigils mr mathers notes among gnostic talismans british museum ring copper sigils venus exactly given mediaeval writers magic spite absurdity claims viewed light modern knowledge exercised considerable influence past regarded chief sources mediaeval ceremonial magic historically speaking therefore book little importance first pentacle countenance shaddai almighty whose aspect creatures obey angelic spirits reverence bended knees face name el shaddai around written latin behold face form things made creatures obey see fig fifth pentacle write pentacle virgin parchment paper terrible demons sight aspect they obey they resist presence design scorpion around word hvl repeated hebrew versicle xci shalt go lion adder young lion dragon shalt tread feet see fig astrology zodiacal sign scorpion night house planet mars third pentacle duly borne journey properly made serveth attacks night every kind danger peril water design consists hand sleeved forearm occurs three moon talismans together hebrew names aub vevaphel versicle xl pleased ihvh deliver ihvh make haste help see fig third pentacle shown person serveth attract love angel monachiel invoked day hour venus eight design consists two triangles joined apices following names ihvh adonai ruach achides aegalmiel monachiel degaliel versicle i elohim blessed elohim ye fruitful multiply replenish earth subdue see fig third pentacle serves invoke spirits subject mercury especially written pentacle design consists crossed lines magical characters mercury around names angels kokaviel ghedoriah savaniah chokmahiel see fig cornelius agrippa books occult describes another interesting system talismans francis barrett celestial occult work published first year nineteenth century i may mention copies agrippa system talismans without acknowledgment almost word word planets assigned magic square table square composed numbers arranged sum row column always example table mars follows noticed every number highest possible occurs number occurs twice seen sum row column always similar squares constructed containing square number figures indeed means surprising remarkable properties magic squares explained mathematically gave rise belief they occult significance virtue magic squares obtained certain numbers numbers planets orderliness we told reflects order heavens consideration magical properties planets they represent arrived example table number rows numbers total number numbers table square number namely greatest number table sum row column finally sum numbers product number rows namely sum row namely numbers namely numbers mars sets numbers planets obtained exactly manner readers acquainted mathematics notice number rows magic square numbers derived readily proved laws arithmetical progressions rather similar complicated less uniform magic squares attributed paracelsus now planet assigned intelligence good spirit evil spirit demon names spirits related certain numbers planets numbers connected holy magical hebrew names agrippa barrett copying gives following table names answering numbers mars he letter holy name hb hb adonai hb graphiel intelligence mars hb barzabel spirit mars hb similar tables given planets numbers derived names regarding hebrew letters they composed numbers case hb aleph hb teth represent units order hb jod hb tzade tens order hb koph hb tau hundreds whilst hundreds represented special terminal forms certain hebrew letters evident little wasted ingenuity must employed working may noticed makes hb equal unit much possibly alelph omitted planet seal signature well signature intelligence signature demon signatures supposed represent characters planets intelligences demons respectively signature mars shown fig intelligence fig demon fig various details inscribed talismans supposed confer peculiar benefits follows side must engraved proper magic table astrological sign planet together highest planetary number sacred names corresponding planet name intelligence planet name demon side must engraved seals planet intelligence astrological sign barrett says regarding demons understood intelligences presiding good angels set planets spirits daemons names seals characters never inscribed talisman except execute evil effect they subject intelligences good spirits spirits characters used conducive effect add divine name appropriate effect we desire evil talismans prepared we informed using metal antagonistic signs engraved thereon complete talisman mars shown fig francis barrett magus celestial bk alphonse louis constant famous french occultist nineteenth century wrote name eliphas levi describes yet another system talismans he says pentagram must always engraved side talisman circle sun crescent moon winged caduceus mercury sword mars venus crown jupiter scythe saturn side talisman bear sign solomon star formed two interlaced triangles centre placed human figure sun talismans cup moon dog head jupiter lion mars dove venus bull goat saturn names seven angels added either hebrew arabic magic characters similar alphabets trimethius two triangles solomon may replaced double cross ezekiel wheels found great number ancient pentacles objects nature whether metals precious stones carefully wrapped silk satchels colour analogous spirit planet perfumed perfumes corresponding day preserved impure looks touches biographical critical account extraordinary personage views see mr waite mysteries magic digest writings eliphas levi eliphas levi following pythagoras many mediaeval magicians regarded pentagram star extremely powerful pentacle according horn ascendant sign microcosm man two horns ascendant however sign devil accursed goat mendes instrument black magic we indeed trace faint likeness pentagram outline form man goat head according whether two horns ascendant respectively resemblances may account idea fig shows pentagram embellished symbols according eliphas levi whilst fig shows embellished form star seal solomon he says sign macrocosmos less powerful pentagram microcosmic sign contradicting pythagoras we seen regarded pentagram sign macrocosm eliphas levi asserts he attempted evocation spirit apollonius tyana london july aid pentagram magical apparatus ritual apparently success we may believe word he sensibly suggests probably apparition appeared due effect ceremonies imagination comes conclusion magical experiments injurious health pp magical rings prepared principle talismans says cornelius agrippa manner making kinds magical rings viz star ascends fortunately fortunate aspect conjunction moon we must take stone herb star make ring metal suitable star fasten stone putting herb root omitting inscriptions images names characters proper suffumigations solomon ring supposed possessed remarkable occult virtue says josephus god enabled solomon learn skill expels demons science useful sanative men he composed incantations distempers alleviated he left behind manner using exorcisms they drive away demons they never return method cure great force day i seen certain man country whose name eleazar releasing people demoniacal presence vespasian sons captains whole multitude soldiers manner cure he put ring seal root sorts mentioned solomon nostrils demoniac he drew demon nostrils man fell immediately he abjured return making still mention solomon reciting incantations he composed agrippa bk chap xlvii whitehead edition pp flavius josephus antiquities trans whiston bk viii chap se enough already indicate general nature talismanic magic maintain otherwise much pure nonsense subject therefore dismissed valueless lacking significance past belief amulets talismans believed long unless they appeared productive desired results though may due forces quite supposed operative indeed may widely held superstition embody truth like small specks gold hidden uninviting mass quartz poet blake put everything possible believ image truth attempt may made extract gold truth quartz superstition concerning talismanic magic purpose various theories regarding supposed efficacy talismans must examined proverbs hell marriage heaven two theories already noted doctrine effluvia admittedly applied certain class amulets i think need seriously considered theory may called ancient form rate equally untenable discoveries new planets new metals seem destructive belief occult connection planets metals days week although curious fact discovered mr old i referred footnote assuredly demands explanation certain validity may perhaps allowed astrological symbolism concerns belief existence may called although term happy discarnate spirits however matter view modern investigation spiritistic abnormal psychical phenomena stands different position indeed little doubt many phenomena observed spiritistic seances come category deliberate fraud even larger number perhaps explained theory subconscious self i think however evidence goes show residuum phenomena explained operation way discarnate intelligences psychical research may supplied modern world evidence existence discarnate personalities operation material plane ancient world lacked far present subject concerned evidence obtainable goes show phenomena question take place presence called medium person peculiar nervous psychical organisation case moreover appears general belief spiritists subject sense talisman connotes material object nature aid powers discarnate intelligences may become operative material things we might apply term talisman nervous system medium talisman consequently even prepared admit whole modern spiritistic theory nothing thereby gained towards belief talismans light shed subject publications society psychical research frederick myers monumental work personality survival bodily specially consulted i attempted brief discussion modern spiritualism psychical research spirit chap ii another theory concerning talismans commended many old occult philosophers paracelsus instance may called occult force theory theory assumes existence occult mental force force capable exerted human apart usual mode operation means body believed possible concentrate mental energy infuse suitable medium production talisman regarded sort accumulator mental energy theory seems fantastic modern thought though view many startling phenomena brought light psychical research advisable positive regarding limitations powers human mind however i think we shall find element truth otherwise absurd belief talismans means may called altogether fancifully perhaps transcendental interpretation occult force theory i suggest believer makes talisman transference occult energy ideal actual power believed reside talisman power due reflex action believer mind power transcendentalists call imagination denied example deny man firm conviction success achieved danger avoided far likely gain desire conditions equal pessimistic turn mind mere conviction factor success factor failure according nature seems likely herein found true explanation effects believed due power talisman hand however we must beware exaggerations certain schools thought fallen estimates powers imagination exaggerations particularly marked views held many nowadays regard although christian scientists get difficulty least satisfaction ascribing alleged cures power divine mind power individual mind course real question involved transcendental theory talismans i may perhaps call operation incarnate spirit plane matter operation takes place medium nervous system suggested avoid violation law conservation energy effected transference sometimes supposed energy spiritual material plane merely means directive control expenditure energy derived body purely physical sources latent chemical energy bound food eaten oxygen breathed sir oliver lodge especially chap ix hibbert i sure theory really avoids difficulty intended obviate least interesting rate may modes body directive control spirit may expend energy derived material plane we know little nothing we testimony many eminent authorities phenomenon movement physical objects without contact spiritistic seances seems introduction discarnate intelligences explain phenomenon somewhat gratuitous psychic phenomena yield evidence survival human personality bodily death different character we suppose particular phenomenon due discarnate spirits we must view concerning mediums conclude movements question produced spirits directly means nervous system medium present evidently therefore means production phenomenon reside human nervous system rate peculiar nervous system mediums lacking intelligence initiative use means intelligence initiative surely well supplied discarnate intelligence consequently seem unreasonable suppose equally remarkable phenomena may produced aid talismans days believed may produced sufficient faith say produced man peculiar condition mind brought intense belief power talisman noted term talisman may applied object doctrine believed possess peculiar power efficacy fact i think found peculiar danger erroneous doctrines promise extraordinary benefits now material plane believe remarkable results may follow intense belief doctrines whilst connection whatever accuracy proportional intensity they held otherwise confirm believer validity beliefs though may every way highly fantastic erroneous roman catholic therefore buddhist may admit many marvels attributed relics saints though denying marvels prove accuracy religious doctrines remember true subject rather technical deal i discussed elsewhere see objections mechanical theory life chemical vol cxii pp december instance physicist sir barrett late professor experimental physics royal college science ireland see threshold new world se illustration real power imagination i may instance maori superstition taboo according maories anyone touches tabooed object assuredly die tabooed object sort professor frazer says cases known maories dying sheer fright learning they unwittingly eaten remains chief dinner handled something belonged since objects tabooed he gives following case good authority woman partaken fine peaches basket told they come tabooed place immediately basket dropped hands she cried agony atua godhead chief whose divinity profaned kill happened afternoon next day twelve she dead us power taboo exist maori implicitly believes potent reality power taboo resides external objects mind professor frazer dr haddon quotes similar still remarkable story young congo negro strikingly shows power imagination young negro journey lodged friend house latter got wild hen breakfast young man asked wild hen host answered he fell heartily afterwards proceeded journey four years two met together old friend asked he eat wild hen he answered tabooed hereat host began immediately laugh inquiring made refuse now he eaten table four years ago hearing negro immediately fell suffered far possessed effects imagination he died less hours alfred haddon course many stories amulets explained example elihu rich gives following we told transl salverte prince orange condemned spanish prisoner shot juliers soldiers tied tree fired he invulnerable they stripped see armour he wore they found amulet bearing figure lamb we presume taken he killed first shot de baros relates portuguese like manner vainly attempted destroy malay long he wore bracelet containing bone set gold rendered proof swords similar marvel related travels veracious marco polo attempt kublai khan make conquest island zipangu jealousy arose two commanders expedition led order putting whole garrison sword obedience order heads cut excepting eight persons efficacy diabolical charm consisting jewel amulet introduced right arm skin flesh rendered secure effects iron either kill wound discovery made they beaten heavy wooden club presently died i think however many similar stories must taken grano conclusion mention must made interesting suggestive philosophical doctrine law correspondences due explicit form swedish philosopher scientist mystic emanuel swedenborg deal way adequately important topic totally impossible within confines present discussion put matter briefly possible may swedenborg maintains conclusion i think valid causation spiritual world physical causation secondary apparent say mere reflection true process he argues thereby supplying philosophical basis unanimous belief every natural object symbol creation idea spiritual verity widest sense symbols inherent nature things symbols former genuine latter merely artificial writing transcendental point view eliphas levi says ceremonies vestments perfumes characters figures necessary enlist imagination education success magical works depends faithful observance rites sense fantastic arbitrary transmitted us antiquity permanently subsisting essential laws analogical realisation correspondence inevitably connects ideas forms scepticism perhaps may permitted validity latter part statement former may qualified proviso things value right education they indeed genuine merely artificial symbols writer i think admitted grasped essential point conclude excursion we began definition i say power talisman power mind imagination brought activity means suitable elihu rich occult i may refer reader mathematical theory chap adequate statement eliphas levi magic doctrine trans waite vii ceremonial magic theory practice word magic may permitted say almost magical magical power conjure visions human mind bloody rites pacts powers darkness lascivious orgies saturnalia witches sabbath minds pleasanter associations serving transport world fact fairyland fancy purse fortunatus lamp ring aladdin fairies gnomes jinn innumerable strange beings flit across scene marvellous kaleidoscope wonders study magical beliefs past denied interest fascination marvellous wonderful ever many minds many perhaps resist temptation thinking may element truth wonderful stories study greater claim attention i intimated already magic represents phase development human thought magic past womb sprang science present unlike parent though magic according dictionary definition serve us present pretended art producing marvellous results aid spiritual beings arcane spiritual forces magic therefore practical complement animism wherever man really believed existence spiritual world we find attempts enter communication world inhabitants utilise leuba others distinguish propitiative behaviour towards beings spiritual world marking religious attitude coercive behaviour towards beings characteristic magical attitude form behaviour merges insensible degrees distinction though useful may present purpose neglected james leuba psychological origin nature chap ii animism conception spirit everywhere mr edward clodd neatly calls perhaps man earliest view natural phenomena persisted modified form i pointed characteristics mediaeval thought throughout middle ages belief magic persisted likewise writings greek philosophers school curious body esoteric jewish lore known kabala works later occult philosophers agrippa paracelsus we find magic rather theory magic art based presented philosophical form anything value modern thought theory magic found i think indeed found absurd fantastic though practices based philosophy philosophy thought substantiate certainly i shall endeavour give sketch certain outstanding doctrines magical philosophy details concerning art magic especially practiced middle ages europe finally attempt extract former i consider real worth we already wandered many byways magical belief indeed word magic may made cover almost every superstition past we already gained previous excursions present i hope add we need order take synthetic view whole subject edward clodd seed first place something must concerning called doctrine emanations theory prime importance kabalistic ontology according theory everything universe owes existence virtue emanation god divine emanation supposed descend step step speak hierarchies angels stars things earth nearer source containing divine nature relatively distant cornelius agrippa expresses god first place end beginning virtues he gives seal servants intelligences faithful officers sign things intrusted ideal virtue heavens stars instruments disposing matter mean receiving forms reside divine majesty saith plato timeus conveyed stars giver forms distributes ministry intelligences he set rulers controllers works power intrusted things committed virtues stones herbs metals things may come intelligences governors form therefore virtue things comes first ruling governing intelligences aspects heavens disposing lastly tempers elements disposed answering influences heavens elements ordered disposed kinds operations therefore performed inferior things express forms heavens disposing virtues intelligences mediating rules original cause exemplary forms must necessity agree execution effect virtue every thing therefore wonderful virtue operation every herb stone greater star beyond even governing intelligences everything receiveth obtains many things especially supreme cause things mutually exactly correspond agreeing harmonious consent hymns always praising highest maker things therefore cause necessity effects connection things first cause correspondency divine patterns eternal whence every thing determinate particular place exemplary world whence lives receives original every virtue herbs stones metals animals words speeches things god placed compared creationism orthodox theology theory light darkness course much cornelius agrippa statement inacceptable modern thought matters form merely affect doctrine fundamentally instance nexus spirit matter agrippa places stars modern thought prefers ether theory emanations may matter fact made justification superstitious practices grossest absurdity hand may made basis lofty system transcendental philosophy instance emanuel swedenborg whose ontology resembles respects agrippa uses theory explain marvels age accredited marvels we know part existence outside man imagination i suggest contrary theory really needed explain commonplace since last analysis every bit experience every phenomenon ever ordinary indeed fact experience truly marvellous magical explicable terms spirit eliphas levi well says flashes insight supernatural natural extraordinary grade exalted natural miracle phenomenon strikes multitude unexpected astonishing astonishes miracles effects surprise ignorant causes assign causes hich proportion effects i anticipating sequel agrippa bk chap xiii whitehead edition pp eliphas levi magic doctrine trans waite doctrine emanations makes universe vast harmonious whole whose various parts exact analogy correspondence sympathetic relation nature productive principle says iamblichos century peculiar way makes likeness invisible principles symbols visible forms belief seemingly similar things sympathetically affect another similar relation holds good different things intimately connected another parts within whole ancient primitive peoples careful destroy since they believe witch gaining possession might work harm similar reason they refuse reveal real names they regard part adopt nicknames common use belief witch torment enemy making image person clay wax correctly naming mutilating pins case waxen image melting fire ancient held throughout beyond middle ages sympathetic powder sir kenelm digby we already noticed well instances belief sympathy examples similar superstitions might multiplied almost indefinitely generally grouped term sympathetic magic inasmuch magical practices assume acting part thing symbolic representation acts magically whole thing symbolised expression may broadest sense involve whole magic iamblichos egyptian trans dr alex wilder new york names divine angels devils planets solar system including sun moon days week birds beasts colours herbs precious stones according occult philosophy connected sympathetic relation believed run creation knowledge essential magician well chief portions human body man we seen believed microcosm universe miniature i dealt matter exhibited supposed correspondences belief talismans particulars shown annexed table i mainly indebted agrippa case zodiacal gems already dealt old authorities means agree majority planetary correspondences table occult correspondences archpart precious angel angel planet human animal bird stone body raphael michael sun heart lion swan carbuncle gabriel gabriel moon left foot cat owl crystal camael zamael mars right hand wolf vulture diamond michael raphael mercury left hand ape stork agate zadikel sachiel jupiter head hart eagle sapphire lazuli haniel anael venus generative goat dove emerald organs zaphhiel cassiel saturn right foot mole hoopoe onyx names angels mr mather translation correspondences second book agrippa chap many cases supposed correspondences based obvious reader purely trivial resemblances case whatever may i think great deal may favour theory symbology little may adduced support old occultists application essential part use symbols play magical operations we may i think modify definition magic adopted outset define magic attempt employ powers spiritual world production marvellous results aid symbols hand questioned whether appeal essential element magic close examination magical practices always reveals root belief spiritual powers operating causes belief talismans first sight seems little supernatural realm we seen talisman always silent invocation powers spiritual symbolically connected whose sign engraved thereon dr witton davies well remarks regard sympathetic magic even start anything symbolic prayer spirit spirits authority matters far spirit thought mere survival magic dr witton davies divination demonology among hebrews i regard two essentials magical practices namely use symbols appeal supernatural realm obvious called ceremonial magic mediaeval ceremonial magic subdivided three chief branches white magic black magic necromancy white magic concerned evocations angels spiritual beings supposed essentially superior mankind concerning i shall give details later spirits elements i mentioned characteristics mediaeval thought personifications primeval forces nature supposed four elements fire air water earth supposed four classes elementals spirits elements namely salamanders sylphs undines gnomes inhabiting elements respectively deriving characters therefrom concerning curious beings inquisitive reader may gain information quaint little book abbe de montfaucon de villars entitled count gabalis conferences secret translated english published recently reprinted elementals we learn therefrom unlike supernatural beings thought mortal they however rendered immortal means sexual intercourse men women case might we told noble end endowing great gift sages devoted goety black magic concerned evocation demons devils spirits supposed superior man certain powers utterly depraved sorcery may distinguished witchcraft inasmuch sorcerer attempted command evil spirits aid charms whereas witch wizard supposed made pact evil though terms rather loosely used sorcery sometimes employed synonym necromancy necromancy concerned evocation spirits dead etymologically term stands art foretelling events means evocations though frequently employed wider sense unnecessary tedious give detailed account methods employed magical arts beyond general remarks mr waite gives full particulars various rituals ceremonial curious reader may referred following brief terms convey general idea magical evocation time favourable conjunction planets magician armed implements magical art much prayer fasting betakes suitable spot alone perhaps accompanied two trusty companions articles he intends employ vestments magic sword lamp talismans book spirits specially prepared consecrated he invoke martial spirit magician vestment red colour talismans virtue he may power spirit iron day chosen tuesday incense perfumes employed nature analogous mars similar manner articles employed rites performed must way symbolical spirit converse desired arrived spot magician first traces magic circle within we told evil spirit enter he commences magic rite involving various prayers conjurations medley meaningless words case black art sacrifice spirit summoned appears least we told granting magician request licensed depart matter we admonished great importance question naturally arises results obtained magical arts far magician rewarded attainment desires we asked similar question regarding belief talismans reply we gained undoubtedly applies present case well modern psychical research i already pointed supplying us evidence survival human personality bodily death innate conviction humanity general seems belief many reasons idealistic philosophy advances favour question reality phenomenon materialisation bodily appearance discarnate spirit vouched spiritists appears aimed necromancy though discarnate better informed future incarnate i suppose must regarded many cases fraud connection alleged production phenomenon detected recent times inasmuch last word yet subject we must allow possibility necromancy past may sometimes successful existence angels devils magical belief well might add orthodox faith nothing adduced evidence either results psychical research grounds late sir william crookes researches phenomena contains evidence favour reality phenomenon difficult gainsay classified angels three hierarchies subdivided three orders seraphim cherubim thrones dominions powers authorities virtues principalities archangels angels classification adopted agrippa others explains names orders follows holy designation seraphim denotes either they kindling burning cherubim fulness knowledge stream wisdom appellation exalted thrones denotes manifest exaltation every grovelling inferiority tendency towards higher things invariable settlement around veritable highest whole force powers explanatory name holy lordships dominions denotes certain unslavish elevation superior every kind cringing slavery indomitable every subserviency elevated every dissimularity ever aspiring true lordship source lordship appellation holy powers denotes certain courageous unflinching virility vigorously conducted divine imitation forsaking godlike movement unmanliness unflinchingly looking power becoming powerlike image far attainable appellation holy authorities denotes beautiful unconfused good order regard divine receptions discipline intellectual authority conducted indomitably good order towards divine things appellation heavenly principalities manifests princely leading function divine example certain grandeur views we may permitted understand orders hierarchy discrete degrees use swedenborg term spiritual reality stages spiritual involution we may see certain truth well i virtue power knowledge man god believed descend way angelical hierarchies step step thought lowest hierarchy alone sent heaven man beings white magic pretended evoke practical occultists they make altogether fatuous attributed angels characters distinguishable devils description angels falsely may taken fairly characteristic michael spirits sunday he writes nature procure gold gemmes carbuncles riches cause obtain favour benevolence dissolve enmities men raise men honors carry take away infirmities gabriel spirits monday he says nature give silver convey things place place make horses swift disclose secrets persons present future samael spirits tuesday he says nature cause wars mortality death combustions give two thousand souldiers time bring death infirmities health raphael sachiel anael cassiel colleagues heavenly see rev john parker translation works dionysius vol ii pp book first saw light three centuries alleged author death translated english robert turner published volume containing spurious book occult attributed cornelius agrippa magical works edition i quote pp concerning evil planetary spirits spurious book occult attributed cornelius agrippa informs us spirits saturn appear part tall lean slender body angry countenance four faces hinder part head former part head side nosed beaked likewise appeareth face knee black shining colour motion moving wince kinde earthquake signe white earth whiter snow writer adds particular forms king beard riding dragon old man beard old woman leaning staffe hog dragon owl black garment hooke sickle concerning spirits jupiter he says they appear body sanguine cholerick middle stature horrible fearful motion milde countenance gentle speech colour iron motion flashings lightning thunder signe appear men circle shall seem devoured lions particular forms king sword drawn riding stag man wearing mitre long rayment maid adorned flowers bull stag peacock azure garment sword martian spirits we learn they appear tall body cholerick filthy countenance colour brown swarthy red horns like harts horns griphins claws bellowing like wilde bulls motion like fire burning signe thunder lightning circle particular shapes king armed riding wolf man armed woman holding buckler thigh horse stag red garment wool cheeslip pp rest described equally fantastic terms i think i shall accused unduly sceptical i say beings evoked magical rites beings exist save magician imagination proviso however important inasmuch fantastic beings exist imagination credulous therein they may indeed evoked whole magic ritual well devised produce hallucination firm faith ritual employed strong effort bring desired result usually insisted essential success operation period fasting prior experiment frequently prescribed necessary weakening body must conducive hallucination furthermore abstention gratification sexual appetite stipulated certain cases doubt similar effect especially concerns magical evocations directed satisfaction sexual impulse add factors details ritual nocturnal conditions carried particularly suffumigations employed frequently narcotic nature difficult believe almost type hallucination may occurred we seen eliphas levi view ceremonial magic whatever may concerns experiment therein thought essential element faith lacking case undoubtedly true view concerns ceremonial magic past author well says witchcraft properly ceremonial operation intent bewitch acts operator serves fix confirm formulating persistence labour two conditions make volition efficacious magical axiom circle action every word creates affirms direct consequence he affirms devil creates makes devil success infernal invincible obstinacy conscience hardened crime subject remorse fear affected natural ignorance blind faith incredible completely false idea god eliphas levi pp eliphas levi pp emanuel swedenborg place writes magic nothing perversion order especially abuse correspondences study ceremonial magic middle ages following century two certainly justifies swedenborg writing magic something evil distinction rigid enough theory white black legitimate illegitimate magic i indicated extremely indefinite practice mr waite justly remarks much passed current west white permissible magic disguised goeticism many resplendent angels invoked divine rites reveal cloven hoofs much say large majority past psychological experiments conducted establish communication demons unlawful purposes popular conceptions concerning diabolical spheres accredited magic may gross exaggerations fact concerning rudimentary perverse intelligences wilful viciousness communicants substantially untouched thereby emanuel swedenborg se arthur edward waite occult psychological experiments save perhaps rare cases carried spirit modern psychical research high aim man science indeed far otherwise selfish motives root apart may termed medicinal magic satisfaction greed lust revenge men women recourse magical arts history goeticism witchcraft horrible histories grimoires witnesses superstitious folly past full disgusting absurd even criminal rites satisfaction unlawful desires passions church certainly justified attempting put practice magic means adopted design results they led even abominable witchcraft methods detecting witches tortures suspected persons subjected force confess imaginary crimes employed civilised england scotland america say nothing countries holy inquisition held undisputed sway almost horrible describe details reader may referred sir walter scott demonology concerns america cotton mather invisible credulous church credulous people terribly afraid power witchcraft always fear destroyed mental balance made totally disregard demands justice result may well illustrated almost inevitably happens country goes war war hon bertrand russell well shown fear offspring fear enemy causes military party persecute insensate manner without least regard justice they consider heart soul cause similarly church relentlessly persecuted supposed enemies afraid doubt poor wretches tortured killed charge witchcraft really believed made pact devil morally depraved though generally speaking they responsible actions madmen majority persons persecuted witches wizards innocent even however i think unwise disregard existence another side question validity ethical value magic use word stand something essentially evil swedenborg we may note course long passage work i already quoted says magic signified science spiritual things position appears genuine magic science spiritual things false magic science perverted view matter i propose adopt word magic derived greek magos wise man east hence strict etymological meaning term wisdom science magi i think significant we told i see reason doubt truth magi among first worship christ se see gospel according matthew chap verses abuse correspondences symbols surely must use word magic inapplicable religious ritual especially sacraments christian church doubt occur minds regard symbols efficacious though they probably hesitate apply term magical using term applying thereto i wish suggest rites ceremonies possess possess causal efficacy moral evolution soul alone virtue power vouchsafed source power achieve i think soul may assisted ritual harmoniously related states mind desired induce doubt danger religious ritual especially meaning lost engaged sake mere superstition view danger degeneracy many robust minds members society friends prefer dispense aid altogether ritual associated erroneous doctrines results even disastrous i indicated belief talismans ritual allied based adequately symbolising high teaching genuine religion may fact found helpful many people efficacy seems altogether magical best sense word eliphas levi well says superstition sign surviving thought dead body religious rite indeed i think still wider application word magic possible experience magic says novalis magically explicable feebleness perceptions activity we perceive fairy world doubt objected common experiences daily life natural whereas magic postulates supernatural frequently done we use term natural relating exclusively physical realm indeed we may well speak magic supernatural aims psychical hand term natural sometimes employed referring whole realm order sense use word magic descriptive nature viewed light idealistic philosophy swedenborg causation seen essentially spiritual things world envisaged symbols ideas spiritual verities physical causation regarded appearance produced virtue magical efficacy symbols says cornelius agrippa every day natural thing drawn art divine thing drawn nature egyptians seeing called nature magicianess magical power attracting like like suitable things suitable novalis ed ludwig tieck fr schlegel vol ii discussion essentially magical character inductive reasoning see magic bk chap xxxvii i suggest conclusion nothing really opposed spirit modern science thesis experience magic magically explicable science pretend reveal fundamental underlying cause phenomena pretend answer final rather business philosophy though distinguishing science philosophy i far insinuating philosophy otherwise scientific we often hear religious men complain scientific perhaps equally religious men books ascribe production natural phenomena divine power they they transcending business scientists every science certain simple facts experience taken granted business scientist reduce complex facts experience terms data explain data physicist attempts reduce related phenomena greater complexity terms simple force motion force motion force produce result motion questions lie beyond scope physics order answer questions indeed possible we must first inquire ideas force motion arise minds problems land us psychical spiritual world term magic becomes significant says thomas carlyle we led true land dreams lookest even moments region wonderful seest feelest daily life girt wonder based wonder blankets breeches miracles art profited beyond money worth thomas carlyle bk iii chap ix viii architectural symbolism i rash enough suggest essay symbolism art true work art realistic imaginative symbolical aim make manifest spiritual significance natural objects dealt i trust artists doubt many disagree forgive man science ventured express opinion whatever subject rate suggestions question accepted criterion distinguishing art craft available we may say whilst craft aims producing works physically useful art aims producing works spiritually useful architecture point view combination craft art may indeed modern architecture creates factories even large extent places worship pure craft unmixed art hand might argued works architecture always devoid decoration decorative art even though decorative artist unconscious fact based rules employs symbols deep significance truly artistic element architecture however clearly manifest we turn gaze past thinks course pyramids sphinx egypt rich varied symbolism design decoration antique structures found persia elsewhere east highly probable egyptian pyramids employed astronomical purposes subserved physical utility seems less likely shape suggested belief system geometrical symbolism intended embody certain philosophical religious doctrines published occult august vol xvi pp mediaeval cathedrals churches europe admirably exhibit combination art craft craft needed design construct permanent buildings protect worshippers inclemency weather art employed decorate buildings dictated craft many points connection design builders mediaeval churches endeavoured construct works might whole various parts embody truths they believed christian religion cruciform shape churches orientation etc practical value symbolism church architecture obvious mr hulme remarks sculptured fonts windows churches middle ages full teaching congregation greater part read therefore great avenue knowledge closed ignorant especially impressed pictorial teaching grasp meaning far readily they follow written description spoken discourse edward hulme history principles practice symbolism christian subject symbolism church architecture extensive involving many side issues excursions we shall consider aspect namely symbolic use animal forms english church architecture mr collins written recent years interesting work topic much use archaeologists book data points great sources animal symbolism famous natural history books middle ages generally called bestiaries bible mystically understood modern tendency somewhat unsympathetic towards attempt interpret bible symbolically certainly interpretations forced name symbolism crude fantastic enough belief mystics culminating elaborate system correspondences swedenborg every natural object every event history human race every word bible symbolic spiritual significance i think fundamental truth we must however i suggested already distinguish true forced symbolism early christians employed fish symbol christ greek word fish icqus obtained phrase gr cristos qeou uios swthr jesus christ son god saviour course obvious use symbol entire unintelligibility yet instructed mysteries christian faith since days persecution degree secrecy necessary symbol significance greek language entirely arbitrary nature nothing nature fish apart name greek renders suitable used symbol christ contrast however good shepherd lamb god fig lion judah we may regarded true symbols something whose meanings clear smallest degree spiritual sight even though second frequently badly misinterpreted arthur collins animals birds represented english church kabalistic process word formed taking initial letters sentence phrase belief spiritual moral significance nature similar mystical expositors bible inspired mediaeval naturalists bestiaries almost invariably conclude account animal moral might drawn behaviour interpretations frequently writers interested morals facts natural history supposed facts they drew morals frequently far nature facts sometimes product inaccuracy grotesque shown following quotation elephants absurd way typical adam eve ate forbidden fruit dragon enemy supposed elephant used sleep leaning tree hunters come night cut trunk he come roaring helplessly none friends able help small elephant come lever trunk small elephant symbolic jesus christ came great humility rescue human race fallen tree collins animals pp cases though symbolism based quite erroneous notions concerning natural history far fantastic devoid charm use pelican symbolise saviour case point legend tells us food unobtainable pelican thrusts bill breast whence red colour bill feeds young fact symbol appropriate another far less charming form legend though accord current perversions christian doctrine according pelican uses blood revive young slain anger aroused great provocation they supposed give example use pelican church architecture see fig mention must made purely fabulous animals bestiaries basilisk centaur dragon griffin hydra mantichora unicorn phoenix centaur fig beast half man half horse typified flesh carnal mind man legend perpetual war centaur certain tribe simple savages live trees india symbolised combat flesh spirit collins animals pp bow arrow hands centaur forms astrological sign sagittarius archer interesting example sign occurring church architecture found western doorway portchester church beautiful piece norman architecture sign zodiac writes rev canon vaughan former vicar portchester badge king stephen presence west front portchester church seems indicate often case elsewhere elaborate norman carving carried completion building facts however sagittarius accompanied side doorway couple fishes form astrological sign pisces fishes two signs termed astrological phraseology houses planet jupiter major fortune suggest architect responsible design influenced astrological notions day may put signs order attract jupiter beneficent influence he may sagittarius carved reason canon vaughan suggests remembering good sign astrologically pisces added complete effect rev canon vaughan short history portchester castle two possible explanations pisces suggested rev headley book written he vicar portchester he writes i discovered interesting proof church finished stephen reign namely figure sagittarius western doorway stephen adopted badge double reason formed part arms city blois sun sagittarius december he came throne i therefore conclude badge placed mark completion church another sign zodiac archway apparently pisces may chosen mark month church finished simply account nearness sea time i fancied might refer march month lady day occurred referring patron saint st mary sun leaves pisces just lady day explain possibly old calendar might matter research i thank rev lawrence fry present vicar portchester quotation rev headley permission utilise phoenix griffin we encountered already excursions latter we told inhabits desert places india find nothing young eat flies away regions seek food sufficiently strong carry ox symbolises devil ever anxious carry away souls deserts hell fig illustrates example use symbolic beast church architecture mantichora described pliny whose statements unquestioningly accepted mediaeval naturalists authority ctesias triple row teeth fit like comb face ears man azure eyes colour blood body lion tail ending sting like scorpion voice resembles union sound flute trumpet excessive swiftness particularly fond human flesh pliny bk viii chap xxx bostock riley vol concerning unicorn work natural history we read beast though doubted many writers yet others described he horn exceedingly rich growing middle forehead head resembles hart feet elephant tail boar rest body horse horn foot half length voice like lowing ox mane hair yellowish colour horn hard iron rough file twisted curled like flaming sword straight sharp every black excepting point great virtues attributed expelling poison curing several diseases he beast prey method capturing animal believed mediaeval writers curious following literal translation philippe de thaun century thomas boreman description three hundred monosceros animal horn head therefore named form goat caught means virgin now hear manner man intends hunt take ensnare he goes forest repair he places virgin breast uncovered smell monosceros perceives comes virgin kisses breast falls asleep lap comes death man arrives immediately kills sleep takes alive he likes signifies much i omit tell you monosceros greek means french beast description signifies jesus christ god he shall continue he placed virgin took flesh man sake virginity show chastity virgin he appeared virgin conceived virgin she remain always now hear briefly signification animal truth signifies god know virgin signifies st mary breast we understand similarly holy church kiss signify man he sleeps semblance death god slept man suffered death cross destruction redemption labour repose god deceived devil proper semblance soul body god man signification animal description treatises science written middle ages ed thomas wright historical society science pp current belief concerning symbolism unicorn middle ages surprising find animal utilised church architecture example see fig belief existence fabulous beasts may probably due materialising originally nothing mere arbitrary symbols i already suggested phoenix account mantichora may bostock suggested well description certain hieroglyphic figures examples still found ruins assyrian persian cities explanation seems whole likely alternative hypothesis beliefs due though doubt helped formation superstitions concerning birds may questioned however whether architects preachers middle ages altogether believed strange fables bestiaries mr collins says reply question probably they credulous enough whole we may say truth story just they trouble clergymen particular absolute truth stories they tell children pulpit application lesson thing desire interpret nature spiritually we i think sympathise truth they yet learn namely order interpret nature spiritually necessary first understand aright literal sense ix quest philosopher stone need unity primary need human thought behind varied multiplicity world phenomena primitive man i indicated preceding excursion begins seek less consciously unity alone real statement applies first dim gropings primitive human mind sums almost whole science philosophy almost science philosophy explicitly implicitly search unity law love matter spirit aim search may indeed expressed widely different terms always conceived unity multiplicity resolved whether thought final law necessity things obey various laws nature many special limited applications final love things created things aspire matter bodies varying forms spirit life things things many manifestations every scientist philosopher merchant seeking goodly pearls willing sell every pearl he he may secure pearl beyond price he knows pearl others included search unity multiplicity however confined acknowledged scientist philosopher less unconsciously everyone engaged quest harmony unity fundamental laws human mind sense mental activity endeavour bring state harmony unity mind two ideas contradictory another perceived nature permanently exist sane man mind true many people try keep certain portions mental life compartments try keep religious convictions business ideas religious faith scientific knowledge separate another seems often succeed remarkably well ultimately arbitrary mental walls they erected break force ideas contradictory ideas different compartments present consciousness moment time result perception contradictory nature mental anguish turmoil persisting set ideas conquered overcome harmony unity restored true us we seek unity unity mind life seek science life knowledge seek religion life faith seek human love find life service fellows seek pleasure gratification senses demands seek harmonious development facets many methods right wrong many terms conceived true false sense use phraseology bygone system philosophy we consciously unconsciously following paths lead thither paths lead away seekers quest philosopher stone let us excursions byways thought consider form quest fundamental unity took hands curious mediaeval philosophers half mystics half experimentalists natural things known name alchemists common opinion concerning alchemy flourishing dark ages aim conversion common metals silver gold means marvellous wholly fabulous agent called philosopher stone devotees half knaves half fools whose views concerning nature entirely erroneous whose objects entirely mercenary opinion absolutely destitute truth science alchemy involved many fantastic errors course history certainly proved attractive knaves fools opinion involves element truth involves far greater proportion error amongst alchemists numbered greatest intellects middle ages roger bacon example might almost called father experimental science whether desire material wealth secondary object true aim genuine alchemist much nobler exclaims true scientific fervour god men might become adepts art gold great idol mankind lose value we prize scientific teaching moreover recent developments physical chemical science seem indicate alchemists utterly wrong concept nature formerly supposed whilst they certainly erred methods interpretations individual phenomena they intuitively grasp certain fundamental facts concerning universe ofthe greatest importance eirenaeus philalethes open entrance closed palace see hermetic museum restored ed waite vol ii suppose however theories alchemists entirely erroneous beginning end nowhere relieved merest glimmer truth still they believed true belief important influence human thought many men science i afraid prone regard mystical views alchemists unintelligible whatever theories may us theories certainly real preposterous maintain writings alchemists without meaning even though views altogether false false views believed necessary become explain they gained universal credit we problems scientific inquiry legitimate i think desirable apart altogether question truth falsity alchemy science utility art exactly system beliefs grouped term alchemy aim beliefs held precise influence human thought culture order elucidate problems sort well determine elements truth theories alchemists alchemical society founded mainly efforts confreres first time something like justice done memory alchemists society activities stayed greatest calamity history european war students writings alchemists advanced curious interesting theory aims alchemists may termed transcendental theory according theory alchemists concerned mystical processes affecting soul man chemical references understood symbolically opinion however view subject rendered untenable lives alchemists mr waite fully pointed alchemystical lives alchemists show mainly concerned chemical physical processes indeed labours we owe many valuable discoveries chemical nature fact theory ever formulated altogether lacking consistency may serve direct attention close connection alchemy mysticism we wish understand origin aims alchemy we must endeavour recreate atmosphere middle ages look subject point view alchemists now atmosphere i indicated previous essay surcharged mystical theology mystical philosophy alchemy speak generated throve dim religious light we open book better sort alchemists without noticing closely theology chemistry interwoven remarkably religious view they take subject alchemist writes first place let every devout chemist student art consider arcanum regarded truly great holy art seeing typifies shadows highest heavenly good therefore man desire reach great unspeakable mystery he must remember obtained might man grace god desire mercy high bestow us reason you must first cleanse heart lift alone ask gift true earnest undoubting prayer he alone give bestow whilst another alchemist declares i firmly persuaded unbeliever got truly know art straightway confess truth blessed religion believe trinity lord jesus christ sophic hydrolith water stone see hermetic vol pp peter bonus new pearl great trans waite now i suggest alchemists constructed chemical theories main part means reasoning premises they started i truth mystical theology especially doctrine soul regeneration ii truth mystical philosophy asserts objects nature symbols spiritual verities i think abundant evidence show alchemy less deliberate attempt apply according principles analogy doctrines religious mysticism chemical physical phenomena evidence i shall attempt put forward essay first place however i propose say words description theological philosophical doctrines greatly influenced alchemists i believe they borrowed attempted explanations chemical physical phenomena system doctrine i termed mysticism word unfortunately equivocal used denote various systems religious philosophical thought noblest degraded i therefore define usage term mystical theology i mean system religious thought emphasises unity creator creature though necessarily extent becoming pantheistic man mystical theology asserts sprung god fallen away within man however seed divine grace whereby he follow narrow road he may regenerated born anew becoming transformed likeness god ultimately indissolubly united god love god creator restorer man soul he origin well end existence he way end christian mysticism christ pattern towards mystic strives christ means towards attainment end mystical philosophy i mean system philosophical thought emphasises unity cosmos asserting god spiritual may perceived immanent things world things natural symbols emblems spiritual verities attributed pythagoras i quoted previous essay puts nature universe things alike commenting hierocles writing fifth sixth century remarks nature forming universe divine measure proportion made things conformable like analogically different manners different species diffused throughout whole made image divine beauty imparting variously copy perfections original we however already encountered many instances belief need concerning hierocles golden verses pythagoras trans rowe pp fine dean inge well says religious mysticism may defined attempt realise presence living god soul nature generally attempt realise thought feeling immanence temporal eternal eternal william ralph inge bampton lectures now doctrines prevalent middle ages alchemy greatly flourished great antiquity undoubtedly believed learned class egypt elsewhere east remote days think alchemy originated though evidence i hope become plain we proceed points later origin central theorem alchemy far we judge writings important alchemists convinced truth doctrines beliefs mind they commenced investigations physical chemical phenomena indeed we may judge esteem hermetic maxim accomplish miracles thing held every alchemist we justified asserting mystical theory spiritual significance nature theory we seen closely connected neoplatonic kabalistic doctrine things emanate series divine source heart alchemy writes alchemist sages taught god natural world image material copy heavenly spiritual pattern existence world based reality celestial archetype god created imitation spiritual invisible universe order men might better enabled comprehend heavenly teaching wonders absolute ineffable power wisdom sage sees heaven reflected nature mirror he pursues art sake gold silver love knowledge reveals he jealously conceals sinner scornful lest mysteries heaven laid bare vulgar gaze michael sendivogius new chemical light pt concerning see hermetic vol ii alchemists i hold convinced truth view nature principles true plane true planes adopted analogy guide dealing facts chemistry physics known they endeavoured explain facts application principles mystical theology chief aim prove truth principles applied facts natural realm studying natural phenomena become instructed spiritual truth they proceed sure slow method modern science method induction questions experience every step construction theory they boldly allowed imaginations leap ahead formulate complete theory cosmos strength facts led many fantastic errors i venture deny intuitive perception certain fundamental truths concerning constitution cosmos even they distorted truths dressed fantastic garb now i hope make plain course excursion alchemists regarded discovery philosopher stone transmutation base metals gold consummation proof doctrines mystical theology applied chemical phenomena they ardently sought achieve transmutation called course useless deny many accepting truth great alchemical theorem sought philosopher stone claimed way material benefits i already indicated nobler alchemists case desire wealth present merely secondary object idea expressed dalton atomic hypothesis universally held nineteenth century material world made certain limited number elements unalterable quantity subject change development inconvertible another quite alien views alchemists alchemists conceived universe unity they believed material bodies developed seed elements merely different forms matter therefore convertible another they thoroughgoing evolutionists regard things material world theory concerning evolution metals i believe direct outcome metallurgical application mystical doctrine soul development regeneration metals they taught spring seed nature womb equally matured perfect they say although nature always intends produce gold various impurities impede process metals alchemists saw symbols man various stages spiritual development gold beautiful well untarnishable metal keeping beauty permanently unaffected sulphur acids fire indeed purified treatment gold alchemist symbol regenerate man therefore he called noble metal silver termed noble regarded less mature gold although undoubtedly beautiful withstands action fire corroded nitric acid blackened sulphur therefore considered analogous regenerate man lower stage development possibly we shall far wrong using swedenborg terms celestial describe man gold spiritual designate silver lead hand alchemists regarded immature impure metal heavy dull corroded sulphur nitric acid converted calx action fire lead alchemists symbol man sinful unregenerate condition alchemists assumed existence three principles metals obvious reason mystical threefold division man body soul affections spirit intelligence though principle corresponding body comparatively late introduction alchemical philosophy latter fact however argument thesis course i maintain alchemists started chemical philosophy ready made gradually worked incorporating doctrines drawn mystical theology three principles just referred called mercury sulphur salt they must distinguished common bodies designated though alchemists seem often guilty confusing mercury metallic principle conferring metals brightness fusibility corresponding spirit intelligence man sulphur principle combustion colour analogue soul many alchemists postulated two sulphurs metals inward outward outward sulphur thought chief cause metallic impurity reason known metals save gold silver acted fire inward sulphur hand regarded essential development metals pure mercury we told matured pure inward sulphur yields pure gold evident alchemists borrowed theories mystical theology clearly inward sulphur nothing else equivalent love god outward sulphur love self intelligence mercury matured love god inward sulphur exactly expresses spiritual state regenerate man according mystical theology reason belief analogy alchemists held views concerning metals salt principle solidity resistance fire corresponding body man plays comparatively unimportant part alchemical theory prototype mystical theology identification god mercury thoth egyptian god learning worth noticing connection whose writings highly esteemed instance see russel translation works now i pointed already central theorem mystical theology christian terminology regeneration soul spirit christ corresponding process alchemy transmutation base metals silver gold agency philosopher stone merely remove evil sulphur base metals thought alchemists though necessary sufficient transmute noble metals maturing process essential similar they supposed effected nature womb mystical theology teaches powers life soul inherent given free grace god neither according alchemists powers life nature immanent spirit soul world animates writes famous alchemist adopted pleasing pseudonym basil valentine power growth imparted earth spirit earth deserted spirit dead longer able afford nourishment anything sulphur richness lack quickening spirit without neither life growth perfect metals therefore alchemists argued analogy mystical theology teaches men regenerated power christ within soul necessary subject action essence underlying varied powers nature thing things produced adaption cause perfection throughout whole world writes alchemist spirit truth world comprehend without interposition holy ghost without instruction know mysterious nature wondrous strength boundless power avicenna spirit named soul world soul moves limbs body spirit move bodies soul limbs body spirit elementary created things sought many found beheld afar found near exists every thing every place times powers creatures action found elements qualities things therein even highest perfection heals dead living bodies without medicine converts metallic bodies gold nothing like heaven spirit concentrated potency suitable material form alchemists sought name philosopher stone now mystical theology teaches spirit christ alone soul man tinctured transmuted likeness god goodness consequently alchemists argued philosopher stone must speak gold essence gold christ soul perfection pattern means metallic perfection philosopher stone declares eirenaeus philalethes certain heavenly spiritual penetrative fixed substance brings metals perfection gold silver according quality medicine natural methods yet effects transcend nature know called stone like stone virtue fixed nature resists action fire successfully stone species gold pure purest fixed incombustible like stone contains outward sulphur inward fixed sulphur appearance fine powder impalpable touch sweet taste fragrant smell potency penetrative spirit apparently dry yet unctuous easily capable tingeing plate metal we say nature spiritual truth we described corporeal expression equally correct subtle penetrative glorified spiritual gold noblest created things rational soul virtue repair defects animal metallic bodies restoring exact perfect temper wherefore spirit basil valentine twelve see hermetic vol pp smaragdine table attributed hermes trismegistos mercury thoth book revelation hermes theophrastus paracelsus supreme secret see benedictus figulus golden blessed casket nature trans waite pp eirenaeus philalethes brief guide celestial see hermetic vol ii pp accounts philosopher stone least compounded spoken despised substance reckoned value according curious alchemistic work matter precious excellent gifts wherewith nature enriched truly mean regard substances whence derives original price ability poor ten pence sufficient purchase matter stone matter therefore mean considering foundation art costs little less mean considers exteriourly gives perfection since regard costs nothing much world constant truth stone thing mean sense another precious none fools despise just judgment god jacob boehme writes dark disesteemed stone grey colour therein lieth highest tincture passages probably reference ubiquity spirit world already referred former quotation fact sufficient account i suggest origin found religious doctrine god grace spirit christ means transmutation man soul spiritual gold free meanest precious thing whole universe indeed i think quite probable alchemists penned passages mind words isaiah he despised we esteemed evidence required alchemists believed correspondence christ stone builders rejected philosopher stone reference may made alchemical work called sophic hydrolith water stone tract included hermetic supposed correspondence explicitly asserted dealt detail discourse eudoxus pyrophilus ancient war see hermetical triumph victorious philosophical pp jacob boehme trans reprinted ep se iii apart alchemists belief analogy natural spiritual things i think incredible theories metals possibility transmutation regeneration extraordinary agent philosopher stone occurred ancient investigators nature secrets they started formulate theories facts discovered appeared support i suggest practically impossible suppose facts sufficient give rise wonderfully fantastic theories standpoint theory alchemy direct offspring mysticism origin seems capable explanation facts amongst many others appeared confirm alchemical doctrines ease iron apparently transmuted copper early observed iron vessels placed contact solution blue vitriol became converted least far surfaces concerned copper we now know due fact copper originally contained vitriol thrown solution whilst iron takes place we know copper obtained way blue vitriol actually used preparing iron apparently converted copper got residual solution appropriate methods desired facts really support dalton theory rather alchemical doctrines alchemist looked like real transmutation iron copper confirmation fond belief iron base metals transmuted silver gold aid great arcanum nature alchemical doctrines mystical connections evident mystical origins generally traced i shall content giving couple examples consider first place alchemical doctrine purification putrefaction metals must die they resurrected truly live death alone they purified prosaic language modern chemistry death becomes oxidation rebirth becomes reduction many alchemical books found pictorial symbols putrefaction death metals new birth state silver gold stone together descriptions processes alchemists sought kill destroy body outward form metals hope they might get utilise living essence they believed immanent within paracelsus put nothing true value located body substance virtue less body proportion virtue seems quite obvious ideas we application metallurgy mystic doctrine soul must die self live god body must sacrificed spirit individual bowed utterly divine become therewith second place consider directions colours must obtained preparation philosopher stone successful issue great work desired directions frequently given considerable detail alchemical works without asserting exact uniformity i think i may state practically alchemists agree three great necessary i inky blackness termed crow head indicative putrefaction ii white colour indicating stone now capable converting base metals silver passes orange iii red colour shows stone now perfect transmute base metals gold now reason belief three occurrence order i suggest alchemist actually obtained colours order chemical experiments we must look speculative origin belief we i think turn religious mysticism origin exponents religious mysticism unanimously agree threefold division life mystic first stage called dark night soul wherein seems soul deserted god although he near time trial self sacrificed duty delight afterwards however comes morning light new intelligence marks commencement stage soul upward progress called illuminative life mental powers now concentrated god struggle transferred without inner man good works now done spontaneously disciple stage unselfish deeds unselfish motives guided light divine truth third stage consummation process termed contemplative life barely describable disciple wrapped divine love united thereby divine source life love illuminative life wisdom i suggest alchemists believing threefold division regenerative process argued must three similar stages preparation stone pattern metallic perfection they derived beliefs concerning colours peculiarities stage supposed chemical process characteristics stage psychological process according mystical theology moreover course latter process many flitting thoughts affections arise deeds done soul true character entire agreement we read alchemical process highly esteemed canons besides decretory signs black white orange red colours firmly inhere matter shew essential mutations almost infinite colours appear shew vapours rainbow clouds quickly pass away expelled succeed affecting air earth operator must gentle care they permanent proceed intrinsic disposition matter fire painting fashioning everything pleasure casually heat slight moisture arguing much actual chemical experiments analogy psychological processes man i think evident jean canon see ed wynn westcott vol pp well metallic alchemists believed physiological application fundamental doctrines mysticism physiology analogically connected metallurgy principles holding good case paracelsus we seen taught man microcosm world miniature spirit divine spark within god soul stars extracted spirit world body earth extracted elements things material made view man shared many alchemists philosopher stone therefore rather solution alcohol regarded elixir life thought alchemists endow man physical immortality sometimes supposed restore flower youth regenerating physiologically failing course they regarded gold potable form next powerful medicine belief probably led injurious effects cases facts i think we justified concluding i alchemists constructed chemical theories main part means reasoning premises they started i truth mystical theology especially doctrine soul regeneration ii truth mystical philosophy asserts objects nature symbols spiritual verities following excursion we wander alchemical bypaths thought certain objections view origin nature alchemy dealt i hope satisfactorily answered seems follow every alchemical work permit two interpretations physical transcendental i venture assert i think many lesser alchemists knew little origin theories realised significance they concerned merely theories strictly metallurgical applications transcendental meaning we extract works intended writers however many alchemists i conceive especially better sort realised less clearly dual nature subject books extent intended permit double interpretation although emphasis laid physical chemical application mystical doctrine writers adopted alchemical terminology principle language theology competent describe chemical processes conversely language alchemy must competent describe psychological processes certainly entirely true jacob boehme extent i think henry khunrath thomas vaughan may easily understood many alchemists led romantic lives often running risk torture death hands avaricious princes believed possession philosopher stone adopted pleasant methods extorting least trying extort secrets brief sketch i quote ancient se lives alexander sethon michael sendivogius serve example date birthplace alexander sethon scottish alchemist appear recorded michael sendivogius probably born moravia sethon we told possession alchemy he visited holland proceeded time italy passed basle germany meanwhile he performed many transmutations ultimately arriving dresden however he fell clutches young elector christian order extort secret cast prison put torture without avail now happened sendivogius quest philosopher stone staying dresden hearing sethon imprisonment obtained permission visit sendivogius offered effect sethon escape return assistance alchemistic pursuits arrangement scottish alchemist willingly agreed considerable outlay money bribery sendivogius plan escape successfully carried sethon found free man he refused betray high secrets hermetic philosophy rescuer however death occurred shortly afterwards he presented ounce transmutative powder sendivogius soon used powder we told effecting transmutations cures fond expensive living he married sethon widow hope she possession transmutative secret however he disappointed she knew nothing matter she manuscript alchemistic work written late husband shortly afterwards sendivogius printed prague book entitled new chemical name work sethon sendivogius claimed insertion name title page form anagram tract printed end book later editions however genuine work moravian whilst powder lasted sendivogius travelled performing we told many transmutations he twice imprisoned order extort secrets alchemy occasion escaping occasion obtaining release emperor rudolph afterwards he appears degenerated impostor hide true character alchemistic adept he died however alchemists apparent character sendivogius many leading holy serviceable lives van helmont man extraordinary benevolence going treating sick poor freely may particularly mentioned he claimed performed transmutation base metal gold helvetius we already met physician prince orange wonderful preparation given stranger testimony two latter men difficult either explain explain away i deal question must refer reader paper subject mr gaston de mengel discussion thereon published vol journal alchemical conclusion i venture remark dealing matter outside present inquiry alchemy ended days failure fraud charlatans fools attracted purely mercenary objects knew nothing high aims genuine alchemists scientific men looked elsewhere solutions nature problems alchemy fail fundamental theorems erroneous i think i consider failure alchemical theory nature due rather misapplication fundamental concepts erroneous use methods reasoning lack sufficiently wide knowledge natural phenomena apply concepts lack adequate apparatus investigate phenomena experimentally lack mathematical organons thought interpret experimental results they obtained basic concepts alchemy fundamental unity cosmos evolution elements word applicability principles mysticism natural phenomena seem contain valuable element truth statement i think modern scientific research justifies making though alchemists distorted truth expressed fantastic form i think indeed modern theories energy ether etheric electrical origin nature matter evolution elements we may witness triumphs mysticism applied interpretation nature whether we shall ever transmute lead gold i believe true sense we may say alchemy purified death proved true whilst materialistic view nature proved false phallic element alchemical doctrine problem alchemy presents many aspects view mind fundamental psychological perhaps i say epistemological proper study mankind man study man we must study beliefs man now long we neglect great tracts beliefs they appear superseded long study incomplete ineffectual let add mere excuse study alchemy mere afterthought put forward justification predilection plain statement fact renders study imperative need questions interest great interest concerning alchemy questions instance scope validity doctrines we allow fascination promise distract attention fundamental problem whose solution essential elucidation preceding essay quest philosopher stone written standpoint i sketched foregoing words thesis alchemists constructed chemical theories main part means reasoning premises they started i truth mystical theology especially doctrine soul regeneration ii truth mystical philosophy asserts objects nature symbols spiritual verities now i wish treat present thesis concerned source alchemists derived certain views modes expression means reasoning connection sense complementary former thesis i propose first place therefore briefly deal certain possible objections view alchemy instance maintained assimilation alchemical doctrines concerning metals mysticism concerning soul event late history alchemy undertaken interests latter doctrines now we know certain mystics sixteenth seventeenth centuries borrow alchemists much terminology discourse spiritual mysteries jacob boehme henry khunrath perhaps thomas vaughan may mentioned prominent cases point possible i suggested repayment sense sort philological debt transmutation admirable vehicle language describing soul regeneration just doctrine transmutation result attempt apply doctrine regeneration sphere metallurgy similar remarks hold prominent doctrines alchemy see example mr waite paper canon criticism respect alchemical literature journal alchemical vol i pp wonderful fabric alchemical doctrine woven day passed loom loom byzantium syria syria arabia arabia spain latin europe pattern changed always woven belief final form i think distinctly christian oldest known work latin alchemy work claiming greek origin whilst certainly greek spirit we frequently come across statements decidedly mystical character regimen we read greater perceived reason except divine inspiration copper insisted soul well body art we told defined liquefaction body separation soul body seeing copper like man soul body moreover doctrines propounded although obviously mystical character traced mystical sources preceding excursion instance doctrine purification means putrefaction process likened resurrection man things done we read god restore matter operated soul spirit thereof weakness taken away matter made strong corruption improved even man becomes stronger resurrection younger he world three stages alchemical work black white red corresponding i maintain based three stages life mystic mentioned cook king wife therefore they become black white afterwards red finally tingeing venom produced turba philosophorum assembly trans waite pp turba philosophorum assembly trans waite pp view quotations alliance shall i say alchemy mysticism asserted late origin we shall find similar statements we go back time give example among earliest authorities writes mr waite says copper like man spirit soul body term copper symbolical applying stage alchemical work nowhere we meet concept philosopher stone medicine metals concept characteristic latin alchemy quote mr waite appear conception philosopher stone medicine metals men familiar greek alchemy seems strongly support view origin alchemy requires specifically christian mysticism specific concept philosopher stone form rate development alchemical doctrine seen proceeded concomitantly development mystical philosophy theology prepared see effect cause may asked formulate hypothesis explanation origin alchemy explain fact concomitant development standpoint transcendental theory alchemy urged language mystical theology seemed hardly suitable exposition i maintain concealment chemical theories language definite generally credited branch science suited expression veiled symbolical process regeneration man statement possible respect latest days alchemy science chemistry definite generally credited science chemistry must remembered growth separate alchemy evolved therefrom days evolution accomplished closer accord facts say theology including doctrine man regeneration position definite generally credited branch science whereas chemical phenomena veiled deepest mystery tinged dangers appertaining magic concerns origin alchemy therefore argument suitability language appears support theory open assume formulation alchemy latter days chemical nomenclature theories employed certain writers veil heterodox religious doctrine philip wellby journal alchemical vol ii another recent writer subject friend late mr remarked he thought mind alchemist least something analogy metallic psychic transformations whole subject might well assigned doctrinal category ineffable transcendent oneness oneness comprehended soul body spirit matter mystic visions waking life sharp metaphysical distinction mental realms prominent history philosophy regarded early investigators sphere nature sentiment perhaps dimly experienced law substance universe mind everywhere contact kindred metallic transmutation somehow speak signalise seal hidden transmutation soul sijil journal alchemical vol ii i large extent agreement view mr quarrels term analogy held imply merely superficial resemblance certainly adequate needs though i know word use swedenborg term correspondence better purpose standing essential connection spirit matter arising causal relationship swedenborg believed matter spirit intimately related he nevertheless precise idea distinctness he formulated doctrine degrees exact metaphysical doctrine indeed alchemists hand clear ideas subject even absurd attribute cartesian dualism ways thinking means impossible grasp spiritual essences things we now call chemical manipulations gas still ghost air spirit quote pages support i content words antiquity book makes value anyway near hand permanent water whatever may pounded body we told god turns body spirit another place we read philosophers except ye turn bodies incorporeal things bodies ye yet discovered rule operation write like believe hold matter spirit altogether distinct equally obvious injunction convert body spirit meaningless spirit body held identical i criticised crediting alchemists philosophic acumen hegel just i think avoid time however extremely difficult give precise account views far precise i think may without fear error alchemist say recognised close connection spirit matter distinction moreover division implied corresponded whole realms known thought known unknown church whether christian precise comparatively speaking doctrine concerning soul origin duties destiny backed tremendous authority speculative philosophy advanced far time plato began concern problems nature hand mysterious world magical happenings nothing deserving name natural science alchemy becoming decadent surprising therefore alchemists men wished probe nature hidden mysteries reason indeed unless they started babes knowing nothing course open they adopt obvious course former thesis amounts passing interesting note alchemist exceptional opportunities leisure study works old masters alchemy seems come similar conclusion nature reasoning he writes sages conceived minds divine idea relations whole universe selected among rest certain substance they sought elicit elements separate purify put together manner suggested keen profound observation nature pp rather frivolous review ancient january edward kelly humid see alchemical edward kelly edited waite pp describing realm spirit known nature unknown alchemists i made important omission i may use name science denominate complex crude facts realm physiology falling within nature must yet classed known elucidate point considerations necessary touching general nature knowledge now facts may roughly classed according obviousness frequency occurrence four groups first facts obvious put paradoxically they escape notice facts commonest frequent occurrence i think mr chesterton looking forest see trees forest innocence father he good story invisible man illustrating point man renders invisible dressing postman uniform rate we know phenomenon becomes persistent tends escape observation continuous motion appreciated reference stationary body noise continually repeated becomes last inaudible tendency actions become habitual last automatic say carried without consciousness closely related phenomenon we understand therefore knowledge existence atmosphere distinct wind came late history primitive man many curious gaps knowledge second group we may put facts common frequent occurrence classed obvious facts accepted primitive mind used basis explanation facts two remaining groups namely facts though common apt escape attention owing inconspicuousness infrequent occurrence mind takes trouble observe fact third group confronted fourth feels sense surprise facts wear air strangeness mind rest satisfied shown way cases second group facts least brought relation therewith mind least primitive mind means explanation obvious we say commencing argument thereby proclaiming intention bring first category category obvious remains sceptical type mind later product human evolution question obvious facts explain either science establishing deeper correlations phenomena philosophy seeking source purpose facts better still methods second class facts common obvious facts primitive mind accepts uses basis explanations things seem stand need explanation hardly find better instance sex universality sex intermittent character phenomena responsible indeed attitude mind i referred restricted primitive man many people instance just accept sex fact pleasant unpleasant according predilections never querying feeling need query wherefore means surprising man first felt need satisfying origin universe he done theory founded he knew generation indeed i queried former occasion source explanation open form origin he aware seeing nature springing life kiss sun natural she regarded divine mother bears fruits impregnated difficult understand therefore primitive man paid divine honours organs sex man woman things he considered symbolical say understand extensiveness religions grouped term phallicism mind symbol sex wholly inadequate conceive origin things i phallicism usually appears degenerated immorality pronounced type deplored immoral view human relations means necessary corollary sexual theory universe reverence well worship paid phallus early primitive days nothing partook indecency ideas connected reverential religious kind indecent ideas attached representation phallus though seems paradox say results advanced civilization verging towards decline we evidence rome pompeii primitive man reproductive force pervades nature mysterious manifestations visible physical powers nature sun sky storm naturally claimed reverence generative power mysterious powers vegetable world live seed placed ground hence germinating sprouting becoming beautiful umbrageous tree mystery animal world cause life beings came existence power mystery view primitive man generation action deity mode he brought things existence sun moon stars world man generated productive power man deeply indebted he owed harvests flocks supported life hence naturally became object reverence worship primitive man wants object worship abstract idea beyond comprehension hence visible representation generative deity made organs contributing generation prominent hence organ became symbol power westropp symbolism illustrated phallic worship reproductive pp end long footnote aruntas australia i believe discovered europeans yet observed connection sexual intercourse birth they believed conception occasioned woman passing near peculiarly shaped piece wood stone concealed entered archaeological research established fact phallicism time another common nearly races seems probable arunta tribe represents deviation normal line mental evolution rate isolated phenomenon held controvert view regards phallicism normal line attitude mind accepts sex obvious fact uses concept explain facts merely transitory we may indeed difficultly trace throughout history alchemy giving rise i may term phallic element alchemical doctrine aiming establish i may thought endeavouring establish preceding essay alchemy virtue alchemists belief mystical unity things analogical correspondential relationship parts universe mystical phallic views origin alchemy complementary antagonistic indeed assumption metals symbols man almost necessitates working physiological well mystical analogies two series analogies connected principle held true man we might therefore expect find less complete harmony two series symbols though matter fact contradictions encountered we come consider points detail undoubtable antiquity phallic element alchemical doctrine precludes idea element adventitious sense afterthought notwithstanding however evidence i hope become apparent we proceed indicates mystical ideas played much fundamental part genesis alchemical doctrine purely phallic ones mystical interpretations fit alchemical processes theories far better sexual interpretations fact sex interpreted somewhat mystically order work analogies fully satisfactorily concerns greek alchemy i shall content passage work sacred attributed olympiodorus sixth century followed quotations references former work stated authority horus proper end whole art obtain semen male secretly seeing things male female hence we read horus says certain place join male female you find sought fact without process nothing succeed nature charms nature insistently commands succeed art conjoin male female place male lead female orpiment we find alchemical work symbolised growth embryo womb know we told elect things nothing becomes useful without conjunction regimen sperma generated blood desire man mingling woman sperm nourished humour womb moistening blood heat forty nights elapsed sperm formed god constituted heat blood nourishment sperm foetus brought forth long little nourished milk proportion vital heat maintained bones strengthened behoves you act art pp elsewhere mr waite translation pp second recension pp use mystical symbols death putrefaction resurrection rebirth represent consummation alchemical work phallic symbols conjunction sexes development foetus we found current throughout course latin alchemy chymical marriage christian extraordinary document called rosicrucianism symbolic romance considerable ability whoever author attempt made weld two sets symbols marriage death resurrection glory allegorical narrative fusion seemingly disparate concepts much fantasticality due yet concepts really disparate second birth like first resurrection glory described bridal feast lamb marriage manner form death rebirth justify crude sense i might say male standpoint least giving beloved life may born anew increase deeper sense rather ideal mutual sacrifice self good death self may arise enriched personality see mr waite real history translation discussion origin significance work first published german strassburg we come examination ideas root associated alchemical concept principles we find difficulty harmonising two series symbols mystical phallic place we directed take quicksilver male potency strength concept mercury male quite accord mystical origin i assigned preceding excursion doctrine alchemical principles i shown i think salt sulphur mercury analogues body soul affection volition spirit intelligence understanding man affections invariably regarded especially feminine understanding especially masculine seems common opinion amongst latin alchemists rate sulphur male mercury female writes bernard trevisan matter suffereth form acteth assimulating matter according manner matter naturally thirsteth form woman desireth husband vile thing precious impure pure coveteth sulphur make perfect imperfect body freely desireth spirit whereby may length arrive perfection time however mercury regarded containing male female potencies product male female seed metals nothing world generated repeat quotation bernard without two substances wit male female whence appeareth although two substances species yet stone doth thence arise although they appear two substances yet truth wit certain part fixed digested masculine hot dry secretly informing female volatile crude cold moyst edward kelly valuable he summarises authoritative opinion says somewhat thing though clearer words active elements water fire may called male passive elements earth air represent female principle two elements water earth visible earth called fire water abode air two elements we broad law limitation divides male female first matter minerals kind viscous water mingled pure impure earth viscous water fusible earth sulphur composed called quicksilver first matter metals metals nothing mercury digested different degrees heat difference however two writers inasmuch bernard says male female abide together closed natures female truly earth water male air fire mercury arises two former elements sulphur two latter difference important showing beyond question nature alchemical reasoning idea back alchemists minds undoubtedly ardour male act coition alleged perhaps i say apparent passivity female consequently sulphur fiery principle combustion elements reckoned active denominated male whilst mercury principle acted sulphur elements reckoned passive denominated female question origin i think palm denied mystical distinguished phallic theory final form doctrine principles incapable sexual interpretation mystically understood man capable analysis two principles since body may neglected unimportant false view i think way soul spirit may united head three whereas postulation three principles sexual basis impossible joannes isaacus hollandus fifteenth century earliest author whose works i observed explicit mention three principles though he refers manner seeming indicate doctrine new day i read little tract nothing sexual author mental character may judged remarks concerning three flying spirits taste smell colour he writes life soule quintessence every thing neither three spirits without father son holy ghost yet three persons without mr waite translation bernard earl trevisan treatise philosopher see chymica collection ten several treatises edward kelly stone see alchemical writings edward kelly edited waite pp answer bernardus trevisanus epistle thomas bononira physician charles see john frederick houpreght hundred fourteen experiments cures famous theophrastus paracelsus added certain secrets isaac hollandus vegetall animall pp alchemists described element principle male female they meant they i already intimated extent least firmly believing seed produced two metallic sexes union metals thought produced womb earth mines shut order birth growth new metal impoverished veins might replenished way generation philosopher stone species gold purer purest accomplished conjoin nature supplied foster growth development thereby produced task alchemist vegetables says bernard trevisan thomas sensitives especially part beget like seeds male female part concurring conmixt copulation work nature philosophick art imitates generation gold mercury i commonly regarded seed metals especially female seed two seeds male according bernard ripe perfect active female immature sort passive philosophick art he says another place following description generation man like procreation man gold nature generated mineral vessels natural conjunction made seeds male female artifice artificial like conjunction made agents patients teaching says kelly changes mercury false vain original sperm metals moisture must dried otherwise dissolve quotes arnold similar effect wonders far fact human animal seed fluid influenced alchemists choice mercury metal liquid ordinary temperatures seed metals indeed good reasons choice idea played part least present back alchemists minds i little doubt philosophic account metallic seed perhaps mysterious adept eirenaeus philalethes distinguishes mercury rather interesting manner he writes seed means generic propagation given perfect things perfection body anybody seed must regarded imperfect hence doubt thing metallic seed metallic seed seed gold gold intention nature regard metals base metals gold accidental hindrance they potentially gold course seed gold easily obtainable gold remember i now speaking metallic seed mercury seed metals hidden sight still completely animals nevertheless within compass art extract seed animals vegetables something separate may cut otherwise separately exhibited metallic seed diffused throughout metal contained smallest parts neither discerned body extraction therefore task may well tax ingenuity experienced philosopher virtues whole metal intensified convert sperm seed circulation receives virtues superiors inferiors next becomes wholly form heavenly virtue communicate others related homogeneity matter place seed resides approximately speaking water speak properly exactly seed smallest part metal invisible invisible presence diffused throughout water kind exerts virtue therein nothing visible eye water we left conclude rational induction inward agent properly speaking seed really hence we call whole water seed just we call whole grain seed though germ life smallest particle grain answer bernardus trevisanus eirenaeus philalethes metamorphosis see hermetic vol ii pp say philalethes seed resembles modern electron perhaps draw rather fanciful analogy since electron precise idea result mathematical interpretation results exact experimentation though absurd speak concept seed metals anticipation electron apply expression metallic seed electron now concept reached seem absurd according philalethes extraction seed difficult process accomplishable however aid mercury water homogeneous therewith mercury form seed thereby obtained he writes sperm hidden body gold brought means art appears form mercury whence exalted quintessence first white means continuous coction becomes red womb gold placed therein accord emit seed debilitated dies death renewed glorious king thenceforward receives power deliver brethren fear death eirenaeus philalethes metamorphosis see hermetic vol ii pp alchemist thomas norton peculiar views inasmuch he denied metals seed he writes nature never multiplies anything except either two ways either decay we call putrefaction case animate creatures propagation case metals propagation though stone exhibits something like nothing multiplied inward action unless belong vegetable kingdom family sensitive creatures metals elementary objects possess neither seed sensation thomas norton ordinal see hermetic vol ii pp theory origin metals astral rather phallic efficient cause metals he says mineral virtue found every kind earth certain places chosen mines celestial sphere pours rays straight direction year year according arrangement metallic substance places metal gradually formed pp view astrological symbolism metals gold masculine silver feminine surprise us idea masculinity sun femininity moon bit phallicism still remains us marriage gold silver many alchemists considered achieved writes bernard trevisan subject admired science alchemy rather male female male hot dry female cold moyst aim work he tells us extraction spirit gold alone enter bodies tinge absolutely necessary whoever shall think tincture made without two bodyes he proceedeth practice like blind bernard earl trevisan treatise op pp kelly teaching effect mercury philosophers menstruum medium wherein copulation gold silver accomplished mercury fact seems everything capable effecting everything eyes alchemists concerning gold silver kelly writes metal viz gold absolutely perfect mature hence called perfect male body silver less bounded aqueous immaturity rest metals though may indeed regarded certain extent impure still water already covered congealing vesture earth tends perfection condition reason silver everywhere called sages perfect female body later he writes short whole magistery consists union male female active passive elements mediation metallic water proper degree heat now male female two metallic bodies i prove irrefragable quotations sages quotations given avicenna husband wife separately order they may unite intimately you purify they love conjunction two natures you get clear lucid nature ascends becomes bright serviceable senior i sun hot dry moon cold moist we wedded together closed chamber i gently steal away soul rosinus sun brother love silver pours sperm solar fatness chamber lunar body namely we become strong complete complexion union child wedded love born ferment sun sperm man ferment moon sperm woman we get chaste union true generation aristotle beloved son wed sister white sister equal marriage give cup love food prompts union kelly course accepts traditional authorship works he quotes though many cases authorship doubtful say least alchemical works ascribed aristotle instance beyond question forgeries indeed symbol union brother sister quoted hardly held acceptable greek thought incest abominable unforgiveable sin seems likelier originated egyptians unions tolerable fact symbol often met latin alchemy michael maier says fratrem cum sorore et propina illis poculum words forming motto picture man woman clasped arms older man offers goblet symbolic picture occurs fugiens hoc est emblemata nova de secretis naturae chymica oppenheim work exceedingly curious consists number carefully executed pictures accompanied motto verse poetry set music prose text many pictures phallic conception practically anthropomorphic primary function sex especially secondary lactation made use curious emblematic pictures perhaps symbolising conjunction gold silver shows right man woman representing sun moon act coition standing thighs lake left hill lake woman moon halo gives birth child boy coming water towards verse informs us bath glows red conception boy air birth we learn stone yet noble gift god god grants fortunate he shall receive edward kelly stone philosophers op pp concerning nature gold discussion answer bernardus trevisanus epistle thomas i shall close consideration present aspect subject interest us lies arguments used held valid besides you say gold think nothing else coagulated naturally force yet nothing generated gold doth remain substance gold humane conceived womb remains nothing father seed according opinion seed man doth coagulate blood woman manner you say coagulated form gold perfected virtue heavenly bodies especially sun bernard however decides view holding gold contains mercury sulphur we must imagine according mistake say male agent approaches female coagulation departs afterwards known every generation conception active passive active passive four elements must always abide together otherwise mixture hope generating extinguished pp pp conclusion i wish say something role sex spiritual alchemy i venturing outside original field inquiry essay making means necessary addition thesis i anxious follows understood confusion issues may arise great alchemical collection manget curious work originally published entitled consists entirely plates without letterpress interest us present concern alchemist commencement work achievement shown working conjunction woman we reminded nicolas flamel reputed achieved together wife pernelle well many women workers art we read interest connection know exactly association ideas present mind michael maier he commanded alchemist perform work women molten white lead cook illustrated behest picture pregnant woman watching fire suspended cauldron three jars cat background tub containing two fish foreground whole forming curious collection emblems mr waite dealt matters luminously though briefly says evidences we dealing concern solely physical work alchemy nothing mystical aspects undoubtedly literal side metallic transmutation memorials nicholas flamel side he adds however record unknown master testified possession mystery he added he proceeded work he failed meet elect woman necessary thereto proceeds say i suppose statement awaken minds vague sense wonder i merely indicate general words i see behind hermetic texts bear spiritual interpretation record spiritual experience present like literature physical alchemy following aspects symbolism marriage sun moon mystical king queen union natures root diverse manifestation transmutation follows union abiding glory therein ever conjunction male female mystical sense ever bringing together art things separated imperfect order things ever perfection natures means conjunction mystical work alchemy inward work consciousness union male female union consciousness we remember traditions state male female yet divided may dawn us higher alchemy practice return ineffable mode traditional doctrine set forth found writers like jacob boehme intimated early chapters genesis according apocryphal saying christ kingdom heaven manifested two shall state attained light construction we understand mystical adept went search wise woman work performed find he confessed failure part woman physical practice alchemy like reflection distance exalted process evidence worked metals sought material elixir knew greater aspects hermetic mystery michael mater waite woman hermetic mystery occult june vol xv pp far mr waite whose impressive words i quoted length he given us fuller account theory found valuable work secret doctrine regards marriage performance sexual function marriage supreme importance merely marriage symbolises divine union unless expression held include logically follows fact seems sexual act marriage may fact become ritual transcendental magic least three varieties opinion traced view sex we consideration nature perfect man hence adequate symbol transmutation according appears jacob boehme view perfect man conceived male female elements united neutralised according another he pictured hermaphroditic concept we frequently come across alchemical literature plays prominent part maier book reference already made maier hermaphrodite two heads male female body pair arms pair legs two sexual organs placed side side delineated illustrations considerable care showing importance maier attached idea concept seems crude unnatural repellent may opinions i mentioned they confuse union identity old mistake respect lesser goal hope absorption divine nature consequent loss personality seems forgotten certain degree distinction necessary joy union distinction separation remembered different connotations supreme joy self must continually sacrificed else joy purely transitory rather destroyed moment consummation hence though sacrificed self must still remain third view perfection remarks naturally lead sees typified marriage swedenborg exceedingly suggestive things say matter extraordinary work curiously enough seem largely escaped notice students high mysteries swedenborg heaven sexual heaven sex primarily spiritual fact secondarily primarily physical fact salvation hardly possible according apart genuine marriage whether achieved hereafter man woman considered complementary beings union man woman perfect angel results altruistic tendency theory contrasted egotism perfection regarded obtainable personality alone point worth emphasising nature union use swedenborg terms conjunction wife understanding man reciprocally understanding man wife manifestation fundamental marriage good true root existence fundamental marriage men women born desire complete conjunction symbol sexual intercourse legitimate use speaking heavenly union indeed we may describe highest bliss attainable soul conceivable mind spiritual orgasm conjugal love collected says swedenborg blessednesses blissfulnesses delightsomenesses pleasantnesses pleasures possibly conferred man lord creator another place he writes married partners heaven enjoy similar intercourse world delightful blessed yet without prolification place they spiritual prolification love wisdom reason he adds intercourse delightful blessed conjugial love becomes spirit becomes interior pure consequently perceptible every delightsomeness grows according perception grows even blessedness discernible delightsomeness love however he says rarely found earth emanuel swedenborg delights wisdom relating conjugial trans searle se emanuel swedenborg se learned japanese speaks approval idealism dream sensuousness spirituality find blood brothers sisters statement involves either grossest dangerous error profoundest truth according understanding woman road whereby man travels either god devil problem sex far deeper problem appears first sight involving mysteries direst holy means fantastic hypothesis inmost mystery certain school mystics calls secret tradition sexual rate fact least alchemy connoted mystical process alive profound spiritual significance sex renders double interest they intimate achievement man yone noguchi spirit japanese xi roger bacon appreciation prophet without honour save country thereto might added time whilst continuity time evolution england instance country england middle ages day roger bacon accounted magician whose heretical views called suppression church many long day afterwards he mainly remembered black art friar bungay together constructed aid devil diabolical rites brazen head possess power speech experiment failing negligence assistant roger bacon memory later middle ages many succeeding years he typical alchemist term carries depth disrepute though indeed alchemy greatest many interests story course entirely fictitious particulars see sir sandys essay roger bacon english literature bacon referred ilchester somerset claims honour place roger bacon birth interesting important event occurred probably young bacon studied theology philosophy passed name science first oxford centre liberal thought afterwards paris rigid orthodoxy whose professors he found criticise admire whilst oxford he joined franciscan order paris he though probably error graduated doctor theology we find back england doubt engaged study teaching latter year however he banished charge holding heterodox views indulging magical practices paris he kept close confinement forbidden write mr little however believes error based misreading passage bacon works roger imprisoned stricken sickness rate improbable restrictions writing placed superiors franciscan order bacon received letter pope clement asking send holiness works writing without delay letter came pleasant surprise bacon he nothing importance written great haste excitement therefore he composed three works explicating philosophy completed dispatched pope end following year mr rowbottom remarks surely literary feats history perhaps surpassed swedenborg he wrote six theological philosophical treatises year see contribution roger bacon life works bacon rowbottom roger bacon journal alchemical vol ii works appear well received we next find bacon oxford writing studii work he indulged means unjust criticisms clergy he fell condemnation order imprisoned charge teaching suspected novelties days knowledge natural phenomena beyond times regarded magic doubt roger bacon suspected novelties nature recognition value writings moralists doubt another suspected novelty appeals release directed pope proved fruitless frustrated jerome general franciscan order shortly afterwards succeeded holy see title nicholas iv latter died whereupon raymond gaufredi elected general franciscan order thought well disposed towards bacon certain alchemical secrets latter revealed ordered release bacon returned oxford he wrote last work studii he died either year details concerning bacon life emile charles bacon sa vie ses ouvrages ses bridges life work roger bacon introduction opus edited jones mr little essay bacon may consulted publication dr samuel jebb greater part bacon nearly four half centuries death anything like rightful position history philosophy began assigned let spirit longer troubled ever troubled neglect slander world first foremost country paid due honour septcentenary duly celebrated oxford statue raised memorial greatness savants meted praise grudging tones indeed voice heard depreciating namesake francis later luminary standing way obscure light earlier though part i suggest need fail see lights see bacon essays contributed various writers occasion commemoration seventh centenary collected edited little sir sandys proceedings british vol example ernst duhring see article entitled two bacons translated geschichte der open august like observe coincidences may interest septcentenary discoverer gunpowder coincided outbreak greatest war world yet groaned even though gunpowder longer employed military propellant bacon reference gunpowder occurs de secretis operibus artis et naturae et de nullitate hamburg little tract written magic he endeavours show succeeds well first eight chapters nature art perform far extraordinary feats claimed workers black art last three chapters written alchemical jargon even versed symbolic language alchemy make sense they evidently cryptogramic probably deal preparation purification saltpetre recently discovered distinct body chapter xi reference explosive body gunpowder means says bacon you may you know trick produce bright flash thundering noise he mentions two ingredients saltpetre sulphur conceals third charcoal anagram claims indeed put forth greek arab hindu chinese origins gunpowder close examination original ancient accounts purporting contain references gunpowder shows incendiary explosive bodies really dealt whilst roger bacon knew explosive property mixture right proportions sulphur charcoal pure saltpetre he doubt accidentally hit whilst experimenting body he unaware projective power discovery detrimental happiness man ever since probability due berthold schwarz attempted explanation cryptogram evidence bacon discoverer gunpowder see hime ammunition origin roger bacon credited many discoveries work already referred he allows imagination freely speculate wonders might accomplished scientific utilisation nature forces marvellous things lenses bringing distant objects near forth carriages propelled mechanical means flying machines case word discovery sense applicable even case telescope bacon describe means speculations might realised instance mr muir see contribution roger bacon relations alchemy chemistry bacon hand roger bacon often maligned beliefs astrology alchemy late dr bridges quite sceptical claims pointed believed bacon day rather evidence mental weakness otherwise relevant facts known supported alchemical astrological hypotheses astrology dr bridges writes conformed first law comte best hypothesis ascertained phenomena admitted alchemical speculations bacon much advance contemporaries stated problems amongst modern chemistry roger bacon greatness lie fact he discovered gunpowder fact speculations validated men greatness lies secure grip scientific method combination mathematical reasoning experiment men experimented none seemed realised importance experimental method he course means first mathematician long line greek arabian mathematicians behind men whose knowledge science many cases much greater learned mathematician day none realised importance mathematics organon scientific research he he assuredly priest joined mathematics experiment bonds sacred matrimony we must indeed look precise rules inductive reasoning works pioneer writer scientific method we find really satisfactory rules induction even works francis bacon moreover latter despised mathematics quite recent years scientific world came realise roger method fruitful witness modern revolution chemistry produced adoption mathematical methods roger bacon may many centuries advance time equally true he child time may account defects judged modern standards he owed little contemporaries knowledge high estimate philosophy he largely indebted oxford master grosseteste whilst peter peregrinus friend paris fostered love experiment arab mathematicians whose works he knew inclined mind mathematical studies he violently opposed scholastic views current paris time attacked great thinkers like thomas aquinas albertus magnus well obscurantists alexander hales he scholastic philosopher though servile type taking part scholastic arguments he declared he works aristotle burned he hated peripatetic philosophy though he criticise well appreciate times rottenness translations used seems commonplace now truly wonderful thing roger bacon believed accuracy means destitute literary ethics he believed correct translation correct quotation acknowledgment sources quotations things almost days even he free vices age spite insistence experimental verification conclusions deductive reasoning place least he adopts view concerning lenses another writer simplest attempt verification revealed falsity lapses however we make allowances another undeniable claim greatness rests roger bacon he actually value true worth moral philosophies writers seneca al ghazzali instance he catholic original meaning term he catholic restricted sense he heretic pope vicar christ he wished see reign whole world force arms assimilation worthy world mind he certainly child age best sense perhaps sciences handmaidens theology queen subservient aims church he called catholic embrace arms worthy works profane writers true prophets god he held far writing worthily they unconsciously bore testimony truth christianity nature might yield patient experiment speculation guided mathematics minds see defect system limited aims outlook others see unifying principle giving coherence whole rate church we seen regarded views dangerous restrained pen least considerable portion life roger bacon may seem egotistic argument mind humble learn he superstitious he listen common folk worked hands astrologers even magicians denying nothing seemed evidence experience he denied much magical belief he found lacking evidence he often went astray views he sometimes failed apply method method case primitive crude right method embryo least roger bacon spite tremendous opposition greater man science may now suffer persisted method end calling contemporaries adopt results right knowledge across centuries rather across gulf divides world next let us salute great noble spirit xii cambridge platonists opinion unfortunately common religious mysticism product emotional temperament diametrically opposed spirit rationalism doubt opinion without element justification quote works religious mystics effect god implies merely giving reason teaching essential element mysticism indeed rather perversion adequate evidence demonstrate swedenborg i suppose outstanding instance intellectual mystic essential unity mysticism rationalism almost forcibly made evident case cambridge platonists little band latitude men contemporaries called constitutes finest schools philosophy england produced yet works rarely read i afraid save specialists possibly however commonly known wealth sound philosophy true spiritual teaching they contain case otherwise cambridge platonists benjamin whichcote john smith nathanael culverwel ralph cudworth henry outstanding names educated puritans they clearly realised fundamental error puritanism tended make man eternal salvation depend accuracy extent beliefs they approve exaggerated import given high church party matters church polity term cambridge platonists perhaps less appropriate latitudinarians latter name emphasises even carries something disapproval although they owed much ptato perhaps plotinus they christians first platonists afterwards exception perhaps they took nothing philosophers conformable scriptures benjamin whichcote born whichcote hall parish stoke shropshire he entered emmanuel college cambridge regarded chief puritan college university college tutor anthony tuckney man rare character combining learning wit piety whichcote tuckney grew firm friendship founded mutual affection esteem tuckney unable agree whichcote views concerning reason authority later years gave rise controversy tuckney sought controvert whichcote opinions however carried without acrimony destroy friendship whichcote became elected fellow college obtained four years previously he ordained john williams received important appointment sunday afternoon lecturer trinity church lectures he gave object turning men minds polemics great moral spiritual realities basis christian religion mere formal discussions true searching reason things well attended highly appreciated he held appointment twenty years he became college tutor emmanuel he possessed characteristics go make efficient tutor personal influence inspire pupils amongst john smith nathanael culverwel considerably amplified philosophical religious doctrines he became nine years created college living north cadbury somerset presented shortly afterwards he married next year however he recalled cambridge installed provost king college place ejected dr samuel collins greatly wish he received appointment he consented condition part stipend paid collins act gives us good insight character man he resigned north cadbury living presented cudworth see towards end year he elected university succession tuckney he preached sermon gave rise controversy latter time he presented living milton cambridgeshire restoration he ejected provostship complied act uniformity he appointed cure st anne blackfriars church destroyed great fire whichcote retired milton he showed great kindness poor years later he returned london received vicarage st lawrence jewry friends cambridge however still saw occasional visits visit cudworth he caught cold caused death john smith born achurch near oundle he entered emmanuel college became proceeded year he appointed fellow queen college he lectured arithmetic considerable success he noted great learning especially theology oriental languages well justness uprightness humility he died consumption nathanael culverwel probably born year smith he entered emmanuel college gained became soon afterwards he elected fellow college he died beyond scant details nothing known life he man great erudition posthumous treatise light makes evident henry born grantham earliest days he interested theological problems precociousness respect appears brought wrath uncle early education conducted eton he entered christ college cambridge graduated received latter year he elected fellow christ received holy orders he lived retired life refusing preferment though many valuable honourable appointments offered indeed he rarely left christ except visit heroine pupil lady conway whose country seat ragley warwickshire lady conway appears remembered fact dying whilst husband away physician van helmont son famous alchemist van helmont we met already excursions preserved body spirits wine he pleasure beholding return she seems woman considerable learning though free fantastic ideas ultimate conversion quakerism severe blow whilst admiring holy lives friends regarded enthusiasts died earliest works verse exhibit fine feeling following lines quoted poem charitie humilitie full charm well exhibit character farre i clambred mind nought great love i find wit might nought compar great spright life delight soul blisse sure source lasting happinesse higher heaven lower hell tent maist dwell mansion highs humilitie heaven vastest capabilitie doth downward tend higher doth ascend go utmost nought shall return sought see life learned pious dr henry richard ward annexed divers philosophical poems edited howard pp later he took prose must confessed he wrote much frequently descended polemics example controversy alchemist thomas vaughan combatants freely used abuse although main views thoroughly characteristic school he belonged many less important opinions less peculiar relation descartes theories nature spirit interesting first read descartes works he favourably impressed views though without entirely agreeing points later difference became accentuated descartes regarded extension chief characteristic matter asserted spirit seemed like denying existence spirit he regarded extended he postulated divisibility impenetrability chief characteristics matter order however get inherent difficulties view he put forward suggestion spirit extended four dimensions apparent extension change whilst true extension remains constant just surface piece metal increased hammering without increasing volume metal i think we wholly inadequate symbol truth remained berkeley show position demonstrating since space extension perceptions mind exist mind ideas space exists spirit spirit space keen believer witchcraft eagerly investigated cases like marvels came notice he largely influenced joseph glanvil whose book witchcraft largely contributed probably edited wholly unsuited psychical research free guile he inclined judge others nature common sense critical attitude towards enthusiasm saved doubt many falls mire fantasy principal tulloch pointed whilst interesting personality amongst cambridge platonists works least interesting school they dull scholastic retired existence prevented grasping fulness acute problems life attempt harmonise catastrophes providence ground evil certain parts may necessary good whole just dark colours well bright essential beauty picture theory practically modern absolutism case point doubt harmony may accomplished another key cf bernard bosanquet principle individuality ralph cudworth born aller somersetshire he entered emmanuel college three years afterwards gained became latter year he elected fellow college later he obtained degree he appointed master clare hall place ejected dr pashe elected regius professor hebrew march he preached sermon remarkable eloquence power house commons admirably expresses attitude school concerns nature true religion i shall refer later cudworth presented college living north cadbury whichcote resigned made following year he elected master christ college improvement financial position difficulty obtaining stipend clare hall year he married bishop sheldon presented rectory ashwell hertfordshire he died he pious man fine intellect character marred certain suspiciousness caused wrongfully accuse attempting forestall writing work ethics demonstrate principles christian morality based arbitrary decrees god inherent nature reason things cudworth great work least first part alone completed intellectual system appeared cudworth deals atheism ground reason demonstrating irrationality book remarkable fairness fulness cudworth states arguments favour atheism much lives individual characteristics cambridge platonists great principles animated lives philosophy i think two first essential unity religion morality second essential unity revelation reason clearer perception ethical truth either puritan high churchman cambridge platonists saw true christianity neither matter mere belief consists mere performance good works rather matter character christianity connoted regeneration religion says whichcote frame temper minds rule lives heaven first temper place man heavenly temper they taught performance good works irksome matter imposed merely sense duty done spontaneously delight drudge religion may well necessary initial stage perfection quotations whichcote smith taken selection discourses edited campagnac sermon house commons cudworth well exposes error made mere holding certain beliefs essential element christianity many passages i like quote eloquent discourse following must suffice we must judge knowing christ skill books papers keeping commandments he best christian whose heart beats truest pulse towards heaven he whose head spinneth finest cobwebs he endeavours really mortifie lusts comply truth life conscience convinced neerer christian though he never heard christ he believes vulgar articles christian faith plainly denyeth christ life great mysterie gospel doth lie christ without us though we must know he done us pith kernel consists christ inwardly hearts nothing truly lives spirits salvation self save us long onely without us health cure us make us sound within us somewhere distance us whilst they lie onely books papers without us make us learned ralph cudworth sermon preached honourable house commons westminster edn pp cambridge platonists ascetics moral doctrine temperance sound wisdom point well evident following passage whichcote alledged intemperance since nature content things kind man better health strength he temperate we enjoy sober temperate use benjamin whichcote venerable nature transcendant benefit christian religion op great principle animating philosophy i essential unity reason revelation argued implied giving reason they replied go reason go god self thing reason case doth require god doth appoint reason divine governor man life voice god reason conscience scriptures taught cambridge platonists testify another true guides alone man follow authority they repudiated true reason merely sensuous way whereby may gained purification self desires draw away source reason god writes reserves choicest secrets purest minds adding conviction true holiness safe entrance divine knowledge smith speaks good life prolepsis fundamental principle divine science puts knowledge attended humility deep sense we may easily fall short true knowledge god we seem aspire right reason however they taught product sight soul true mystic vision benjamin whichcote religious aphorisms op john smith discourse concerning true way method attaining divine knowledge op pp respects may asked conclusion philosophy cambridge platonists open criticism they lacked perhaps sufficiently clear concept church unity although they clearly realised nature symbol function reason interpret spiritually they failed i think appreciate value symbols they little teach respect sacraments church though indeed highest view perhaps regards every act potentially sacrament whilst admiring morality they criticised boehme enthusiast although he spoke different language spiritually he much common compared positive value philosophy however defects cambridge platonists comparatively slight i commend works lovers spiritual wisdom memoirs extraordinary popular delusions charles mackay author thames tributaries hope world etc il est bon de connaitre les delires de humain chaque people ses folies plus ou moins grossieres millot vol london richard bentley new burlington street publisher ordinary majesty contents first volume mississippi scheme south sea bubble tulipomania relics modern prophecies popular admiration great thieves influence politics religion hair beard duels ordeals love marvelous disbelief true popular follies great cities mania thugs phansigars national delusions deplaise ces fous nommes sages de grece en ce monde il point de parfaite sagesse tous les hommes sont fous et malgre tous leurs soins ne different entre eux que du plus ou du moins boileau reading history nations we find like individuals they whims peculiarities seasons excitement recklessness they care they we find whole communities suddenly fix minds object go mad pursuit millions people become simultaneously impressed delusion run till attention caught new folly captivating first we see nation suddenly seized highest lowest members fierce desire military glory another suddenly becoming crazed religious scruple neither recovering senses shed rivers blood sowed harvest groans tears reaped posterity early age annals europe population lost wits sepulchre jesus crowded frenzied multitudes holy land another age went mad fear devil offered hundreds thousands victims delusion witchcraft another time many became crazed subject philosopher stone committed follies till unheard pursuit thought venial offence many countries europe destroy enemy slow poison persons revolted idea stabbing man heart drugged pottage without scruple ladies gentle birth manners caught contagion murder poisoning auspices became quite fashionable delusions though notorious world subsisted ages flourishing widely among civilized polished nations among early barbarians they originated duelling instance belief omens divination future seem defy progress knowledge eradicate entirely popular mind money often cause delusion multitudes sober nations become desperate gamblers risked almost existence turn piece paper trace history prominent delusions object present pages men well think herds seen they go mad herds they recover senses slowly present state civilization society often shown prone run career folly cases infatuation seized whole nations extraordinary manner france mississippi madness set first great example soon imitated england south sea bubble earlier period holland made still ridiculous eyes world frenzy came people love tulips melancholy delusions ultimate results history amusing ludicrous yet painful spectacle holland presented years france hardly imagined taking order importance we shall commence history john law famous mississippi scheme years mentioned mississippi scheme clandestine companies combine erect new stocks trade beyond line air empty names beguile town raise new credits first cry divide empty nothing shares set crowd together ears defoe personal character career man intimately connected great scheme years history mississippi madness fitter introduction sketch life great author john law historians divided opinion whether they designate knave madman epithets unsparingly applied lifetime unhappy consequences projects still deeply felt posterity however found reason doubt justice accusation confess john law neither knave madman deceived deceiving sinned sinning he thoroughly acquainted philosophy true principles credit he understood monetary question better man day system fell crash tremendous much fault people amongst he erected he calculate avaricious frenzy whole nation he see confidence like mistrust increased almost ad infinitum hope extravagant fear he foretell french people like man fable kill frantic eagerness fine goose he brought lay many golden eggs fate like may supposed overtaken first adventurous boatman rowed erie ontario broad smooth river he embarked rapid pleasant progress stay career alas cataract nigh he saw late tide wafted joyously along tide destruction he endeavoured retrace way he found current strong weak efforts stem he drew nearer every instant tremendous falls he went sharp rocks waters he dashed pieces bark waters maddened turned foam rough descent boiled bubbled time flowed smoothly ever just law french people he boatman they waters john law born edinburgh year father younger son ancient family fife carried business goldsmith banker he amassed considerable wealth trade sufficient enable gratify wish common among countrymen adding territorial designation name he purchased view estates lauriston randleston frith forth borders west mid lothian thenceforth known law lauriston subject memoir eldest son received father age fourteen three years laboured hard acquire insight principles banking carried scotland he always manifested great love study numbers proficiency mathematics considered extraordinary tender years age seventeen he tall strong well made face although deeply scarred agreeable expression full intelligence time he began neglect business becoming vain person indulged considerable extravagance attire he great favourite ladies he called beau law sex despising foppery nicknamed jessamy john death father happened he withdrew entirely desk become irksome possessed revenues paternal estate lauriston he proceeded london see world he now young vain tolerably rich quite uncontrolled wonder arrival capital he launch extravagance he soon became regular frequenter pursuing certain plan based abstruse calculation chances he contrived gain considerable sums gamblers envied luck many made point watch play stake money chances affairs gallantry he equally fortunate ladies first rank smiled graciously handsome scotchman young rich witty obliging successes paved way reverses he nine years exposed dangerous attractions gay life he leading he became irrecoverable gambler love play increased violence diminished prudence great losses repaired still greater ventures unhappy day he lost he repay without mortgaging family estate step he driven last time gallantry brought trouble love affair slight flirtation lady name villiers miss elizabeth villiers afterwards countess orkney exposed resentment wilson he challenged fight duel law accepted ill fortune shoot antagonist dead spot he arrested day brought trial murder relatives wilson he afterwards found guilty sentenced death sentence commuted fine ground offence amounted manslaughter appeal lodged brother deceased law detained king bench whence means he never explained he contrived escape action instituted sheriffs he advertised gazette reward offered apprehension he described captain john law scotchman aged tall black lean man well shaped six feet high large pockholes face big nosed speaking broad loud rather caricature description supposed drawn view favour escape he succeeded reaching continent he travelled three years devoted much attention monetary banking affairs countries he passed he stayed months amsterdam speculated extent funds mornings devoted study finance principles trade evenings generally believed he returned edinburgh year certain he published city proposals reasons constituting council trade pamphlet excite much attention short time afterwards he published project establishing he called wits day called wreck vessel state notes issued never exceed value entire lands state ordinary interest equal value land right enter possession certain time project excited good deal discussion scottish parliament motion establishment bank brought forward neutral party called squadrone law interested favour parliament ultimately passed resolution effect establish kind paper credit force pass improper expedient nation failure project efforts procure pardon murder wilson law withdrew continent resumed old habits gaming fourteen years he continued roam flanders holland germany hungary italy france he soon became intimately acquainted extent trade resources daily confirmed opinion country prosper without paper currency whole time he appears chiefly supported successful play every note capitals europe he known appreciated better skilled intricacies chance man day stated biographie universelle he expelled first venice afterwards genoa magistrates thought visitor dangerous youth cities residence paris he rendered obnoxious police he ordered quit capital take place however he made acquaintance saloons duke de vendome prince de conti gay duke orleans latter destined afterwards exercise much influence fate duke orleans pleased vivacity good sense scottish adventurer latter less pleased wit amiability prince promised become patron they often thrown society law seized every opportunity instil financial doctrines mind whose proximity throne pointed destined distant date play important part government shortly death louis xiv say law proposed scheme finance desmarets comptroller louis reported inquired whether projector catholic answered negative declined anything anecdote related correspondence madame de baviere duchess orleans mother regent discredited lord john russell history principal states europe peace utrecht reason he inform us doubt law proposed scheme desmarets louis refused hear reason given refusal quite consistent character bigoted tyrannical monarch repulse he visited italy mind still occupied schemes finance he proposed victor amadeus duke savoy establish country duke replied dominions circumscribed execution great project he far poor potentate ruined he advised however try king france he sure he knew anything french character people delighted plan new plausible louis xiv died heir throne infant seven years age duke orleans assumed reins government regent minority law now found favourable position tide affairs come taken flood waft fortune regent friend already acquainted theory pretensions inclined moreover aid efforts restore wounded credit france bowed earth extravagance long reign louis xiv hardly monarch laid grave ere popular hatred suppressed long burst forth memory he life flattered excess adulation history scarcely offers parallel now cursed tyrant bigot plunderer statues pelted disfigured effigies torn amid execrations populace name rendered synonymous selfishness oppression glory arms forgotten nothing remembered reverses extravagance cruelty finances country state utmost disorder profuse corrupt monarch whose profuseness corruption imitated almost every functionary highest lowest grade brought france verge ruin national debt amounted millions livres revenue millions expenditure millions per annum leaving three millions pay interest millions first care regent discover remedy evil magnitude council early summoned take matter consideration duke de simon opinion nothing save country revolution remedy bold dangerous he advised regent convoke declare national bankruptcy duke de noailles man accommodating principles accomplished courtier totally averse giving trouble annoyance ingenuity escape opposed project simon influence he represented expedient alike dishonest ruinous regent opinion desperate remedy fell ground measures ultimately adopted though they promised fair aggravated evil first dishonest measure advantage state recoinage ordered currency depreciated took thousand pieces gold silver mint received back amount coin nominal value weight metal contrivance treasury gained millions livres commercial operations country disordered trifling diminution taxes silenced clamours people slight present advantage great prospective evil forgotten chamber justice next instituted inquire malversations farmers revenues tax collectors never popular country france period deserved odium they loaded soon hosts subordinate agents called maltotiers maltote oppressive tax called account misdeeds extravagant joy took possession nation chamber justice instituted chiefly purpose endowed extensive powers composed presidents councils parliament judges courts aid requests officers chamber account general presidence minister finance informers encouraged give evidence offenders promise part fines confiscations tenth concealed effects belonging guilty promised furnish means discovering promulgation edict constituting court caused degree consternation among principally concerned accounted supposition peculation enormous they met sympathy proceedings justified terror bastile soon unable contain prisoners sent gaols country teemed guilty suspected persons order issued innkeepers postmasters refuse horses endeavoured seek safety flight persons forbidden heavy fines harbour favour evasion condemned pillory others gallies least guilty fine imprisonment samuel bernard rich banker province remote capital sentenced death great illegal profits man looked tyrant oppressor district he offered six millions livres pounds sterling allowed escape bribe refused he suffered penalty death others perhaps guilty fortunate confiscation owing concealment treasures delinquents often produced less money fine severity government relaxed fines denomination taxes indiscriminately levied offenders corrupt every department administration country benefited little sums flowed treasury courtiers courtiers wives mistresses came chief share spoils contractor taxed proportion wealth guilt sum twelve millions livres count man weight government called offered procure remission fine he give hundred thousand crowns vous etes trop tard mon ami replied financier i already made bargain wife fifty thousand anecdote related de la hode life philippe orleans looked authentic he given names dishonest contractor still dishonest minister de la hode book liable objection french memoirs subsequent periods sufficient anecdote ben trovato veto matter secondary consideration hundred eighty millions livres levied manner eighty applied payment debts contracted government remainder found way pockets courtiers madame de maintenon writing subject says we hear every day new grant regent people murmur much mode employing money taken peculators people first burst resentment generally express sympathy weak indignant much severity used little purpose they see justice robbing set rogues fatten another months guilty brought punishment chamber justice looked victims humbler walks life charges fraud extortion brought tradesmen good character consequence great inducements held common informers they compelled lay open affairs tribunal order establish innocence voice complaint resounded every side expiration year government found advisable discontinue proceedings chamber justice suppressed general amnesty granted charges yet preferred midst financial confusion law appeared scene man felt deeply regent deplorable state country man averse putting shoulders manfully wheel he disliked business he signed official documents without proper examination trusted others he undertaken cares inseparable high office burdensome he saw something necessary done he lacked energy virtue enough sacrifice case pleasures attempt wonder character he listened favourably mighty projects easy execution clever adventurer he formerly known whose talents he appreciated law presented court he cordially received he offered two memorials regent he set forth evils befallen france owing insufficient currency different times depreciated he asserted metallic currency unaided paper money wholly inadequate wants commercial country particularly cited examples great britain holland show advantages paper he used many sound arguments subject credit proposed means restoring france low ebb among nations he allowed set bank management royal revenues issue notes landed security he proposed bank administered king name subject control commissioners named memorials consideration law translated french essay money trade used every means extend nation renown financier he soon became talked confidants regent spread abroad praise every expected great things monsieur lass french pronounced name manner avoid ungallic sound aw failure scheme wags nation lasse de lui proposed he future known name monsieur helas may royal edict published law authorised conjunction brother establish bank name law company notes received payment taxes capital fixed six millions livres twelve thousand shares five hundred livres purchasable specie remainder billets thought expedient grant whole privileges prayed memorials experience shown safety advantage law now high road fortune study thirty years brought guide management bank he made notes payable sight coin current time they issued last policy immediately rendered notes valuable precious metals latter constantly liable depreciation unwise tampering government thousand livres silver might worth nominal value day reduced next note law bank retained original value he publicly declared time banker deserved death he made issues without sufficient security answer demands consequence notes advanced rapidly public estimation received per cent specie long trade country felt benefit languishing commerce began lift head taxes paid greater regularity less murmuring degree confidence established fail continued become still advantageous course year law notes rose fifteen per cent premium billets notes issued government security debts contracted extravagant louis xiv discount less half per cent comparison great favour law attract attention whole kingdom credit extended day day branches bank almost simultaneously established lyons rochelle tours amiens orleans regent appears utterly astonished success gradually conceived idea paper aid metallic currency entirely supersede fundamental error he afterwards acted mean time law commenced famous project handed name posterity he proposed regent refuse nothing establish company exclusive privilege trading great river mississippi province louisiana western bank country supposed abound precious metals company supported profits exclusive commerce sole farmers taxes sole coiners money letters patent issued incorporating company august capital divided two hundred thousand shares five hundred livres whole might paid billets nominal value although worth livres market now frenzy speculating began seize nation law bank effected much good promises future he thought proper make readily believed regent every day conferred new privileges fortunate projector bank obtained monopoly sale tobacco sole right refinage gold silver finally erected royal bank france amid intoxication success law regent forgot maxim loudly proclaimed former banker deserved death made issues paper without necessary funds provide soon bank private became public institution regent caused fabrication notes amount thousand millions livres first departure sound principles law justly blameable affairs bank control issues never exceeded sixty millions whether law opposed inordinate increase known took place soon bank made royal establishment fair lay blame change system regent law found he lived despotic government he yet aware pernicious influence government exercise delicate framework credit he discovered afterwards cost mean time suffered impelled regent courses reason must disapproved weakness culpable he lent aid inundating country paper money based solid foundation sure fall sooner later extraordinary present fortune dazzled eyes prevented seeing evil day burst head cause alarm sounded parliament first jealous influence foreigner besides misgivings safety projects influence extended animosity increased chancellor unceremoniously dismissed regent opposition vast increase paper money constant depreciation gold silver coin realm served augment enmity parliament man devoted interests regent appointed vacant chancellorship made time minister finance they became violent ever first measure new minister caused depreciation coin order extinguish billets ordered persons bringing mint four thousand livres specie thousand livres billets receive back coin amount five thousand livres plumed mightily creating five thousand new smaller livres four thousand old larger ones ignorant true principles trade credit aware immense injury he inflicting parliament saw impolicy danger system made repeated remonstrances regent latter refused entertain petitions parliament bold unusual stretch authority commanded money received payment old standard regent summoned lit de justice annulled decree parliament resisted issued another regent exercised privilege annulled till parliament stung fiercer opposition passed another decree dated august they forbade bank law concern either direct indirect administration revenue prohibited foreigners heavy penalties interfering either names others management finances state parliament considered law author evil counsellors virulence enmity proposed he brought trial found guilty hung gates palais de justice law great alarm fled palais royal threw protection regent praying measures might taken reduce parliament obedience regent nothing much heart account disputes arisen relative legitimation duke maine count thoulouse sons late king parliament ultimately overawed arrest president two counsellors sent distant prisons first cloud law prospects blew freed apprehension personal danger he devoted attention famous mississippi project shares rapidly rising spite parliament commencement year edict published granting mississippi company exclusive privilege trading east indies china south seas possessions french east india company established colbert company consequence great increase business assumed appropriate title company indies created fifty thousand new shares prospects now held law magnificent he promised yearly dividend two hundred livres share five hundred shares paid billets nominal value worth livres rate per cent profit public enthusiasm long rising resist vision splendid least three hundred thousand applications made fifty thousand new shares law house rue de quincampoix beset morning night eager applicants impossible satisfy several weeks list fortunate new stockholders made time public impatience rose pitch frenzy dukes marquises counts duchesses marchionesses countesses waited streets hours every day law door know result last avoid jostling plebeian crowd number thousands filled whole thoroughfare they took apartments adjoining houses they might continually near temple whence new plutus diffusing wealth every day value old shares increased fresh applications induced golden dreams whole nation became numerous deemed advisable create less three hundred thousand new shares five thousand livres order regent might take advantage popular enthusiasm pay national debt purpose sum fifteen hundred millions livres necessary eagerness nation thrice sum subscribed government authorised law now zenith prosperity people rapidly approaching zenith infatuation highest lowest classes alike filled vision boundless wealth person note among aristocracy exception duke simon marshal villars engaged buying selling stock people every age sex condition life speculated rise fall mississippi bonds rue de quincampoix grand resort jobbers narrow inconvenient street accidents continually occurred tremendous pressure crowd houses worth ordinary times thousand livres yearly rent yielded much twelve sixteen thousand cobbler stall gained two hundred livres day letting furnishing writing materials brokers clients story goes man stood street gained considerable sums lending hump eager speculators great concourse persons assembled business brought still greater concourse spectators drew thieves immoral characters paris spot constant riots disturbances took place nightfall often found necessary send troop soldiers clear street law finding inconvenience residence removed place vendome whither crowd agioteurs followed spacious square soon became thronged rue de quincampoix morning night presented appearance fair booths tents erected transaction business sale refreshments gamblers roulette tables stationed middle place reaped golden rather paper harvest throng boulevards public gardens forsaken parties pleasure took walks preference place vendome became fashionable lounge idle well general rendezvous busy noise great day chancellor whose court situated square complained regent municipality he hear advocates law applied expressed willingness aid removal nuisance purpose entered treaty prince de carignan hotel de soissons garden several acres rear bargain concluded law became purchaser hotel enormous price prince reserving magnificent gardens new source profit they contained fine statues several fountains altogether laid much taste soon law installed new abode edict published forbidding persons buy sell stock anywhere gardens hotel de soissons midst among trees five hundred small tents pavilions erected convenience various colours gay ribands banners floated busy crowds passed continually incessant hum voices noise music strange mixture business pleasure countenances throng combined give place air enchantment quite enraptured parisians prince de carignan made enormous profits delusion lasted tent let rate five hundred livres month least five hundred monthly revenue source alone must amounted livres upwards pounds sterling honest old soldier marshal villars vexed see folly smitten countrymen he never speak temper subject passing day place vendome carriage choleric gentleman annoyed infatuation people he abruptly ordered coachman stop putting head carriage window harangued full half hour disgusting avarice wise proceeding part hisses shouts laughter resounded every side jokes without number aimed last strong symptoms something tangible flying air direction head marshal glad drive he never repeated experiment two sober quiet philosophic men letters de la motte abbe terrason congratulated they least free strange infatuation days afterwards worthy abbe coming hotel de soissons whither he gone buy shares mississippi he see friend la motte entering purpose ha abbe smiling you yes la motte pushing past fast he able you next time two scholars met they talked philosophy science religion neither courage long time breathe syllable mississippi last mentioned they agreed man never swear thing sort extravagance even wise man capable time law new plutus become important personage state regent forsaken courtiers peers judges bishops thronged hotel de soissons officers army navy ladies title fashion every hereditary rank public employ gave claim precedence found waiting beg portion india stock law pestered he unable see part applicants every manoeuvre ingenuity suggest employed gain access peers whose dignity outraged regent made wait half hour interview content wait six hours chance seeing monsieur law enormous fees paid servants they merely announce names ladies rank employed blandishments smiles object many came day day fortnight they obtain audience law accepted invitation he sometimes surrounded ladies asking names put lists shareholders new stock spite habitual gallantry he obliged tear away par force ludicrous stratagems employed opportunity speaking lady striven vain several days gave despair attempts see house ordered coachman keep strict watch whenever she carriage he saw law coming drive post upset coachman promised obedience three days lady driven incessantly town praying inwardly opportunity overturned last she espied law pulling string called coachman upset us now god sake upset us now coachman drove post lady screamed coach overturned law seen accident hastened spot render assistance cunning dame led hotel de soissons she soon thought advisable recover fright apologizing law confessed stratagem law smiled entered lady books purchaser quantity india stock another story told madame de boucha knowing law dinner certain house proceeded thither carriage gave alarm fire company started table law among rest seeing lady making haste house towards everybody else scampering away he suspected trick ran another direction many anecdotes related even though they may little exaggerated nevertheless worth preserving showing spirit singular period curious reader may find anecdote eagerness french ladies retain law company make blush smile according he happens modest reverse related letters madame charlotte elizabeth de baviere duchess orleans vol ii regent day mentioning presence abbe dubois persons he desirous deputing lady rank least duchess attend daughter modena added he i exactly know find replied affected surprise i tell you find every duchess france you go law you see every de chirac celebrated physician bought stock unlucky period anxious sell stock however continued fall two three days much alarm mind filled subject he suddenly called attend lady imagined unwell he arrived shown stairs felt lady pulse falls falls good god falls continually he musingly lady looked face anxiety opinion oh de chirac she starting feet ringing bell assistance i dying i dying falls falls falls falls inquired doctor amazement pulse pulse lady i must dying calm apprehensions dear madam de chirac i speaking stocks truth i great loser mind disturbed i hardly know i saying price shares sometimes rose ten twenty per cent course hours many persons humbler walks life risen poor morning went bed affluence extensive holder stock taken ill sent servant sell two hundred fifty shares eight thousand livres price they quoted servant went arrival jardin de soissons found interval price risen ten thousand livres difference two thousand livres two hundred fifty shares amounting livres pounds sterling he coolly transferred use giving remainder master set evening another country law coachman short time made money enough set carriage requested permission leave service law esteemed man begged favour he endeavour he went find substitute good coachman consented evening brought two former comrades telling law choose he take cookmaids footmen now lucky pride wealth made ridiculous mistakes preserving language manners old finery new station they afforded continual subjects pity sensible contempt sober laughter everybody folly meanness higher ranks society still disgusting instance alone related duke de simon show unworthy avarice infected whole society man name andre without character education series speculations mississippi bonds gained enormous wealth incredibly short space time simon expresses he amassed mountains gold he became rich he grew ashamed lowness birth anxious things allied nobility he daughter infant three years age he opened negotiation aristocratic needy family child certain conditions marry member house marquis shame consented promised marry attaining age twelve father pay sum hundred thousand crowns twenty thousand livres every year celebration marriage marquis year scandalous bargain duly signed sealed stockjobber furthermore agreeing settle daughter fortune several millions duke brancas head family present throughout negotiation shared profits simon treats matter levity becoming he thought good joke adds people spare animadversions beautiful marriage informs us project fell ground months afterwards overthrow law ruin ambitious monsieur andre appear however noble family never honesty return hundred thousand crowns amid events like humiliating though they partake largely ludicrous others occurred serious nature robberies streets daily occurrence consequence immense sums paper people carried assassinations frequent case particular fixed attention whole france account enormity offence rank high connexions criminal count younger brother prince related noble families de ligne de montmorency young man dissipated character extravagant degree unprincipled he extravagant connexion two young men reckless named mille piedmontese captain destampes lestang fleming he formed design rob rich broker known unfortunately carry great sums person count pretended desire purchase number shares company indies purpose appointed meet cabaret low neighbourhood place vendome unsuspecting broker punctual appointment count two associates he introduced particular friends moments conversation count suddenly sprang victim stabbed three times breast poniard man fell heavily ground count employed rifling portfolio bonds mississippi indian schemes amount hundred thousand crowns mille piedmontese stabbed unfortunate broker make sure death broker fall without struggle cries brought people cabaret assistance lestang assassin set keep watch staircase sprang window escaped mille count seized act crime committed open day public place cabaret filled paris consternation trial assassins commenced following day evidence clear they found guilty condemned broken alive wheel noble relatives count absolutely blocked regent praying mercy misguided youth alleging he insane regent avoided long possible determined case atrocious justice take course importunity influential suitors overcome silently they last forced presence regent prayed save house shame public execution they hinted princes allied illustrious family orleans added regent disgraced kinsman die hands common executioner regent credit proof solicitations replied last argument words corneille le crime fait la honte et non pas adding whatever shame might punishment he willingly share relatives day day they renewed entreaties always result last they thought they interest duke de simon layout man regent felt sincere esteem they might succeed object duke thorough aristocrat shocked they noble assassin die death plebeian felon represented regent impolicy making enemies numerous wealthy powerful family he urged germany family large possessions law relative person broken wheel succeed public office employ whole generation passed away reason he thought punishment guilty count might transmuted beheading considered europe much less infamous regent moved argument consent law felt peculiarly interested fate murdered man confirmed former resolution let law take course relatives now reduced last extremity prince de robec montmorency despairing methods found means penetrate dungeon criminal offering cup poison implored save disgrace count turned away head refused take montmorency pressed losing patience continued refusal turned heel exclaiming die wilt wretch art fit perish hands hangman left fate petitioned regent he might beheaded law exercised influence mind person exception notorious abbe dubois tutor insisted he justice succumb views regent first opinion within six days commission crime mille broken wheel place de greve assassin lestang never apprehended prompt severe justice highly pleasing populace paris even de quincampoix they called law came share approbation induced regent show favour patrician number robberies assassinations diminish sympathy shown rich jobbers they plundered general laxity public morals conspicuous enough rendered still rapid pervasion middle classes hitherto remained comparatively pure open vices class hidden crimes class pernicious love gambling diffused society bore public nearly private virtue time confidence lasted impetus given trade fail beneficial paris especially good results felt strangers flocked capital every part bent making money spending duchess orleans mother regent computes increase population time great influx strangers parts world souls housekeepers obliged make beds garrets kitchens even stables accommodation lodgers town full carriages vehicles every description they obliged principal streets drive fear accidents looms country worked unusual activity supply rich laces silks velvets paid abundant paper increased price provisions shared general advance bread meat vegetables sold prices greater ever known wages labour rose exactly proportion artisan formerly gained fifteen sous per diem now gained sixty new houses built every direction illusory prosperity shone land dazzled eyes whole nation none see dark cloud horizon announcing storm rapidly approaching law magician whose wand wrought surprising change shared course general prosperity wife daughter courted highest nobility alliance sought heirs ducal princely houses he bought two splendid estates different parts france entered negotiation family duke de sully purchase marquisate rosny religion obstacle advancement regent promised he publicly conform catholic faith make finances law real religion professed gambler readily agreed confirmed abbe de tencin cathedral melun presence great crowd spectators following squib circulated occasion foin de ton zele seraphique malheureux abbe de tencin depuis que law est catholique tout le royaume est capucin somewhat weakly paraphrastically rendered justansond translation memoirs louis xv tencin curse seraphic zeal persuasion contrived means make scotchman altars kneel since we poor capucines following day he elected honorary churchwarden parish roch occasion he made present sum five hundred thousand livres charities always magnificent always ostentatious he gave away great sums privately tale real distress ever reached ears vain time he far influential person state duke orleans much confidence sagacity success plans he always consulted every matter moment he means unduly elevated prosperity remained simple affable sensible man he shown adversity gallantry always delightful fair objects nature kind gentlemanly respectful even lover taken offence occasion he showed symptoms haughtiness cringing nobles lavished adulation till became fulsome he often took pleasure seeing long he make dance attendance single favour countrymen chance visited paris sought interview he contrary politeness attention archibald campbell earl islay afterwards duke argyle called place vendome he pass crowded persons first distinction anxious see great financier names put first list new subscription law quietly sitting library writing letter gardener paternal estate lauriston planting cabbages earl stayed considerable time played game piquet countryman left charmed ease good sense good breeding among nobles means public credulity time gained sums sufficient repair ruined fortunes may mentioned names dukes de bourbon de guiche de la force duke de la force gained considerable sums jobbing stocks dealing porcelain spices debated length time parliament paris whether he quality forfeited rank peerage decided negative caricature made dressed street porter carrying large bale spices back inscription admirez la force de chaulnes marechal princes de rohan de poix de leon duke de bourbon son louis xiv madame de montespan peculiarly fortunate speculations mississippi paper he rebuilt royal residence chantilly style unwonted magnificence passionately fond horses he erected range stables long renowned throughout europe imported hundred fifty finest racers england improve breed france he bought large extent country picardy became possessed nearly valuable lands lying oise somme fortunes gained wonder law almost worshipped mercurial population never monarch flattered he small poets litterateurs day poured floods adulation according he saviour country tutelary divinity france wit words goodness looks wisdom actions great crowd followed carriage whenever he went abroad regent sent troop horse permanent escort clear streets remarked time paris never full objects elegance luxury statues pictures tapestries imported great quantities foreign countries found ready market pretty trifles way furniture ornament french excel manufacturing longer exclusive aristocracy found abundance houses traders middle classes general jewellery costly description brought paris favourable mart among rest famous diamond bought regent called name long adorned crown france purchased sum two millions livres circumstances show regent great gainer subjects impetus trade received diamond first offered he refused buy although he desired things possess alleging reason duty country he governed allow spend large sum public money mere jewel valid honourable excuse threw ladies court alarm nothing heard days expressions regret rare gem allowed go france private individual rich enough buy regent continually importuned vain duke de simon ability something twaddler undertook weighty business entreaties seconded law regent gave consent leaving law ingenuity find means pay owner took security payment sum two millions livres within stated period receiving mean time interest five per cent amount allowed besides valuable clippings gem simon memoirs relates little complacency share transaction describing diamond large greengage form nearly round perfectly white without flaw weighing five hundred grains he concludes chuckle telling world he takes great credit induced regent make illustrious purchase words he proud he induced sacrifice duty buy bauble extravagant price public money system continued flourish till commencement year warnings parliament great creation paper money sooner later bring country bankruptcy disregarded regent knew nothing whatever philosophy finance thought system produced good effects never carried excess five hundred millions paper advantage five hundred millions additional still greater advantage grand error regent law attempt dispel extraordinary avidity people kept delusion higher price indian mississippi stock billets de banque issued keep pace edifice reared might unaptly compared gorgeous palace erected potemkin princely barbarian russia surprise please imperial mistress huge blocks ice piled another ionic pillars chastest workmanship ice formed noble portico dome material shone sun just strength enough gild melt glittered afar like palace crystals diamonds came warm breeze south stately building dissolved away till none able even gather fragments law paper system sooner breath popular mistrust blow steadily fell ruins none raise first slight alarm occasioned early prince de conti offended law denied fresh shares india stock price sent bank demand payment specie enormous quantity notes three waggons required transport law complained regent urged attention mischief done example found many imitators regent well aware sending prince de conti ordered penalty high displeasure refund bank specie he withdrawn prince forced obey despotic mandate happily law credit de conti unpopular man everybody condemned meanness cupidity agreed law hardly treated strange however narrow escape made law regent anxious restrict issues others soon found imitated motives distrust example set de conti revenge acute stockjobbers imagined justly prices continue rise ever bourdon la richardiere renowned extensive operations funds quietly small quantities time converted notes specie sent away foreign countries they bought much they conveniently carry plate expensive jewellery sent secretly away england holland vermalet jobber sniffed coming storm procured gold silver coin amount nearly million livres he packed farmer cart covered hay he disguised dirty blouse peasant drove precious load safety belgium thence he soon found means transport amsterdam hitherto difficulty experienced class procuring specie wants system long carried without causing scarcity voice complaint heard every side inquiries instituted cause soon discovered council debated long remedies taken law called advice opinion edict published depreciating value coin five per cent paper edict published accordingly failing intended effect followed another depreciation increased ten per cent payments bank time restricted hundred livres gold ten silver measures nugatory restore confidence paper though restriction cash payments within limits extremely narrow kept credit bank notwithstanding every effort contrary precious metals continued conveyed england holland little coin left country carefully treasured hidden scarcity became great operations trade longer carried emergency law hazarded bold experiment forbidding use specie altogether february edict published instead restoring credit paper intended destroyed irrecoverably drove country brink revolution famous edict forbidden person whatever five hundred livres pounds sterling coin possession pain heavy fine confiscation sums found forbidden buy jewellery plate precious stones informers encouraged make search offenders promise amount they might discover whole country sent cry distress tyranny odious persecution daily took place privacy families violated intrusion informers agents virtuous honest denounced crime seen louis possession servants betrayed masters citizen became spy neighbour arrests confiscations multiplied courts found difficulty getting immense increase business occasioned sufficient informer say he suspected person concealing money house immediately granted lord stair english ambassador now impossible doubt sincerity law conversion catholic religion he established inquisition given abundant evidence faith transubstantiation turning much gold paper every epithet popular hatred suggest showered regent unhappy law coin amount five hundred livres illegal tender nobody take paper he help knew notes worth never says duclos secret memoirs regency seen capricious frantic tyranny exercised hands less firm inconceivable witnesses horrors times look back now dream sudden revolution break law regent perish tragical death they held horror people confined complaints sombre timid despair stupid consternation seized men minds vile even capable courageous crime appear time movement people organised seditious writings posted walls sent houses conspicuous people given memoires de la regence following effect sir madam give you notice bartholomew day enacted saturday sunday affairs alter you desired stir you servants god preserve you flames give notice neighbours dated saturday may immense number spies city infested rendered people mistrustful another beyond trifling disturbances made evening insignificant group soon dispersed peace capital compromised value shares louisiana mississippi stock fallen rapidly indeed found believe tales told immense wealth region last effort therefore tried restore public confidence mississippi project purpose general conscription poor wretches paris made order government upwards six thousand refuse population impressed time war provided clothes tools embarked new orleans work gold mines alleged abound they paraded day day streets pikes shovels sent small detachments shipped america never reached destination dispersed country sold tools they get returned old course life less three weeks afterwards found paris manoeuvre however caused trifling advance mississippi stock many persons superabundant gullibility believed operations begun earnest new golconda gold silver ingots found france constitutional monarchy surer means found restoration public credit england subsequent period similar delusion brought similar distress different measures taken repair evil france unfortunately remedy left authors mischief arbitrary regent endeavoured extricate country plunged deeper mire payments ordered made paper february end may notes fabricated amount upwards millions livres pounds sterling alarm sounded art make people feel slightest confidence paper exchangeable metal lambert president parliament paris told regent face he rather hundred thousand livres gold silver five millions notes bank general feeling superabundant issues paper increased evil rendering still enormous disparity amount specie notes circulation coin object regent depreciate rose value every fresh attempt diminish february judged advisable royal bank incorporated company indies edict effect published registered parliament state remained guarantee notes bank issued without order council profits bank since time taken law hands made national institution given regent company indies measure effect raising short time value louisiana shares company failed placing public credit permanent basis council state held beginning may law colleague administration finances ministers present computed total amount notes circulation millions livres coin country quite equal half amount evident majority council plan must adopted equalise currency proposed notes reduced value specie others proposed nominal value specie raised till equality paper law opposed projects failing suggesting agreed notes depreciated may edict accordingly issued decreed shares company indies notes bank gradually diminish value till end year they pass current half nominal worth parliament refused register edict greatest outcry excited state country became alarming means preserving tranquillity council regency obliged stultify proceedings publishing within seven days another edict restoring notes original value day may bank stopped payment specie law dismissed ministry weak vacillating cowardly regent threw blame mischief law presenting palais royal refused admitance nightfall however he sent admitted palace secret door duclos memoires secrets de la regence regent endeavoured console made manner excuses severity public he compelled treat capricious conduct two days afterwards he took publicly opera he sat royal box alongside regent treated marked consideration face people hatred law experiment well nigh proved fatal mob assailed carriage stones just he entering door coachman made sudden jerk domestics closed gate immediately he probability dragged torn pieces following day wife daughter assailed mob they returning carriage races regent informed occurrences he sent law strong detachment swiss guards stationed night day court residence public indignation last increased much law finding house even guard insecure took refuge palais royal apartments regent chancellor dismissed opposition projects law now recalled aid restoration credit regent acknowledged late he treated unjustifiable harshness mistrust ablest perhaps sole honest public man corrupt period he retired ever since disgrace fresnes midst severe delightful philosophic studies he forgotten intrigues unworthy court law chevalier de conflans gentleman regent household despatched orders bring paris along consented render assistance he contrary advice friends approve he accept recall office law bearer arrival paris five counsellors parliament admitted confer commissary finance june order published abolishing law made criminal amass coin amount five hundred livres every permitted much specie he pleased order might withdrawn millions new notes created security revenues city paris per cent withdrawn publicly burned front hotel de ville new notes principally value ten livres june bank sufficiency silver coin give change measures productive considerable advantage population paris hastened bank get coin small notes silver becoming scarce they paid copper complained heavy although poor fellows might continually seen toiling sweating along streets laden they comfortably carry shape change fifty livres crowds around bank great hardly day passed pressed death july multitude dense clamorous guards stationed entrance mazarin gardens closed gate refused admit crowd became incensed flung stones railings soldiers latter incensed turn threatened fire people instant hit stone taking piece he fired crowd man fell dead immediately another severely wounded every instant expected general attack commenced bank gates mazarin gardens opened crowd saw whole troop soldiers bayonets fixed ready receive they contented giving vent indignation groans hisses eight days afterwards concourse people tremendous fifteen persons squeezed death doors bank people indignant they took three bodies stretchers proceeded number seven eight thousand gardens palais royal they might show regent misfortunes he law brought country law coachman sitting box master carriage palace happened zeal discretion liking mob abuse master he loud enough overheard several persons they blackguards deserved hanged mob immediately set thinking law carriage broke pieces imprudent coachman narrowly escaped life mischief done body troops making appearance crowd quietly dispersed assurance given regent three bodies they brought show decently buried expense parliament sitting time uproar president took go see matter return he informed councillors law carriage broken mob members rose simultaneously expressed joy loud shout man zealous hatred rest exclaimed law he torn pieces duchess orleans gives different version story whichever true manifestation feeling legislative assembly creditable she says president transported joy he seized rhyming fit returning hall exclaimed members messieurs messieurs bonne nouvelle le carfosse de lass est reduit en canelle much undoubtedly depended credit company indies answerable great sum nation therefore suggested council ministry privileges granted enable fulfil engagements productive best results end view proposed exclusive privilege maritime commerce secured edict effect published unfortunately forgotten measure merchants country ruined idea immense privilege generally scouted nation petition petition presented parliament they refuse register decree they refused accordingly regent remarking they nothing fan flame sedition exiled blois intercession place banishment changed pontoise thither accordingly councillors repaired determined set regent defiance they made every arrangement rendering temporary exile agreeable possible president gave elegant suppers he invited gayest wittiest company paris every night concert ball ladies usually grave solemn judges councillors joined cards diversions leading several weeks life extravagant pleasure purpose show regent little consequence they deemed banishment they willed they make pontoise pleasanter residence paris nations world french renowned singing grievances country remarked truth whole history may traced songs law utter failure plans rendered obnoxious satire course seized hold caricatures person appeared shops streets resounded songs neither he regent spared many songs far decent particular counselled application notes ignoble use paper applied following preserved letters duchess orleans best popular heard months carrefours paris application chorus happy enough que lass arriva dans notre bonne ville monsieur le regent publia que lass serait utile pour retablir la nation la faridondaine la faridondon mais il nous tous enrich biribi la facon de barbari mort ami ce parpaillot pour attirer tout de la france songea de notre confiance il fit son abjuration la faridondaine la faridondon mais le fourbe converti biribi la facon de barbari mon ami lass le fils aine de satan nous met tous il nous pris tout notre argent et rend personne mais le regent humain et bon la faridondaine la faridondon nous rendra ce nous pris biribi la facon de barbari mon ami following smart epigram date des actions mardi je gagnai des millions mercredi mon menage jeudi je pris un equipage vendredi je fus au bal et samedi among caricatures abundantly published showed plainly graver matters nation awakened sense folly preserved memoires de la regence described author shares triumphal car driven goddess folly drawing car impersonations mississippi wooden leg south sea bank england company west senegal various assurances lest car roll fast enough agents companies known long cunning looks turn round spokes wheels marked names several stocks value sometimes high sometimes low according turns wheel ground merchandise ledgers legitimate commerce crushed chariot folly behind immense crowd persons ages sexes conditions clamoring fortune fighting get portion shares she distributes bountifully among clouds sits demon blowing bubbles soap objects admiration cupidity crowd jump another backs reach ere they burst right pathway car blocking passage stands large building three doors must pass proceeds crowd along first door words hopital des foux second hopital des malades third hopital des gueux another caricature represented law sitting large cauldron boiling flames popular madness surrounded impetuous multitude pouring gold silver receiving gladly exchange bits paper he distributed among handsfull excitement lasted law took good care expose unguarded streets shut apartments regent he secure attack whenever he ventured abroad either incognito royal carriages powerful escort amusing anecdote recorded detestation he held people ill treatment he met he fallen hands gentleman name boursel passing carriage rue antoine progress stayed hackneycoach blocked road boursel servant called impatiently hackneycoachman get way refusal struck blow face crowd soon drawn together disturbance boursel got carriage restore order imagining he now another assailant bethought expedient rid called loudly he able help help murder murder law servant going kill help help cry people came shops armed sticks weapons mob gathered stones inflict summary vengeance supposed financier happily boursel servant door church jesuits stood wide open seeing fearful odds they rushed towards speed they reached altar pursued people ill treated even finding door open leading sacristy they sprang closed mob persuaded leave church alarmed indignant priests finding boursel carriage still streets they vented considerable damage millions secured municipal revenues city paris bearing low interest two half per popular among large holders mississippi stock conversion securities therefore work considerable difficulty many preferred retain falling paper law company hope favourable turn might take place august view hasten conversion edict passed declaring notes sums thousand ten thousand livres pass current except purchase annuities bank accounts payment instalments still due shares company october following another edict passed depriving notes value whatever month november next ensuing management mint farming revenue advantages privileges india mississippi company taken they reduced mere private company deathblow whole system now got hands enemies law lost influence council finance company despoiled immunities longer hold shadow prospect able fulfil engagements suspected illegal profits time public delusion height sought amerced heavy fines previously ordered list original proprietors made persons still retained shares place deposit company neglected complete shares they put names now purchase company rate livres share livres rather submit pay enormous sum stock actually discount shareholders packed portable effects endeavoured find refuge foreign countries orders immediately issued authorities ports frontiers apprehend travellers sought leave kingdom keep custody ascertained whether they plate jewellery concerned late escaped punishment death recorded arbitrary proceedings instituted remained law moment despair determined leave country life longer secure he first demanded permission retire paris permission regent cheerfully granted latter much affected unhappy turn affairs taken faith continued unmoved truth efficacy law financial system eyes opened errors remaining years life he constantly longed opportunity establishing system securer basis law last interview prince he reported i confess i committed many faults i committed i man men liable error i declare you solemnly none proceeded wicked dishonest motives nothing kind found whole course conduct two three days departure regent sent kind letter permitting leave kingdom whenever he pleased stating he ordered passports made ready he time offered sum money he might require law respectfully declined money set brussels postchaise belonging madame de prie mistress duke bourbon escorted six thence he proceeded venice he remained months object greatest curiosity people believed possessor enormous wealth opinion however erroneous generosity expected man greatest part life professed gambler he refused enrich expense ruined nation height popular frenzy mississippi stock he never doubted final success projects making france richest powerful nation europe he invested gains purchase landed property france sure proof belief stability schemes he hoarded plate jewellery sent money like dishonest jobbers foreign countries exception diamond worth five six thousand pounds sterling invested french soil he left country he left almost beggar fact alone rescue memory charge knavery often unjustly brought soon departure known estates valuable library confiscated among rest annuity livres pounds sterling lives wife children purchased five millions livres forfeited notwithstanding special edict drawn purpose days prosperity expressly declared never confiscated cause whatever great discontent existed among people law suffered escape mob parliament pleased seen hanged suffered commercial revolution rejoiced quack left country they far numerous class whose fortunes implicated regretted intimate knowledge distress country causes led rendered available discovering remedy meeting council finance general council regency documents laid table appeared amount notes circulation millions regent called explain happened discrepancy dates issues made edicts they authorised he might safely taken whole blame he preferred absent man bear share he therefore stated law authority issued millions notes different times he regent seeing thing irrevocably done screened law antedating decrees council authorised augmentation credit he told whole truth he acknowledged mainly extravagance impatience law induced overstep bounds safe speculation ascertained national debt january amounted upwards millions livres pounds sterling interest pounds commission visa forthwith appointed examine securities state creditors divided five classes first four comprising purchased securities real effects latter comprising give proofs transactions they entered real bona fide securities latter ordered destroyed first four classes subjected rigid jealous scrutiny result labours visa report they counselled reduction interest securities millions livres they justified advice statement various acts peculation extortion they discovered edict effect accordingly published duly registered parliaments kingdom another tribunal afterwards established title chambre de took cognizance malversations committed financial departments government late unhappy period master requests named falhonet together abbe clement two clerks employ concerned divers acts peculation amount upwards million livres first two sentenced beheaded latter hanged punishment afterwards commuted imprisonment life bastile numerous acts dishonesty discovered punished fine imprisonment shared law regent unpopularity alighted concerned mississippi madness he dismissed post chancellor make room he retained title keeper seals allowed attend councils whenever he pleased he thought better however withdraw paris live time life seclusion he formed retirement becoming moody discontented he aggravated disease he long laboured died less twelvemonth populace paris detested they carried hatred even grave funeral procession passed church nicholas du chardonneret family beset riotous mob two sons following obliged drive fast they able escape personal violence regards law he time entertained hope he recalled france aid establishing credit firmer basis death regent expired suddenly he sitting fireside conversing mistress duchess de phalaris deprived hope he reduced lead former life gambling he obliged pawn diamond sole remnant vast wealth successful play generally enabled redeem persecuted creditors rome he proceeded copenhagen he received permission english ministry reside native country pardon murder wilson sent he brought admiral ship circumstance gave occasion short debate house lords earl coningsby complained man renounced country religion treated honour expressed belief presence england time people bewildered nefarious practices south sea directors attended little danger he gave notice motion subject allowed drop member house slightest participation lordship fears law remained four years england proceeded venice he died embarrassed circumstances following epitaph written time ci git cet ecossais celebre ce calculateur sans egal qui par les regles de mis la france brother william law concerned administration bank louisiana company imprisoned bastile alleged malversation guilt ever proved he liberated fifteen months became founder family still known france title marquises lauriston next chapter found account madness infected people england time similar circumstances thanks energies good sense constitutional government attended results far less disastrous seen france south sea bubble length corruption like general flood deluge avarice creeping spread like mist hid sun statesmen patriots plied alike stocks peeress butler shared alike box judges jobbed bishops bit town mighty dukes packed cards britain sunk lucre sordid charms pope south sea company originated celebrated harley earl oxford year view restoring public credit suffered dismissal whig ministry providing discharge army navy debentures parts floating debt amounting nearly ten millions sterling company merchants time without name took debt government agreed secure certain period interest six per cent provide interest amounting pounds per annum duties wines vinegar india goods wrought silks tobacco articles rendered permanent monopoly trade south seas granted company incorporated act parliament assumed title ever since known minister took great credit share transaction scheme always called flatterers earl oxford masterpiece even early period history visionary ideas formed company public immense riches eastern coast south america everybody heard gold silver mines peru mexico every believed inexhaustible necessary send manufactures england coast repaid hundredfold gold silver ingots natives report industriously spread spain willing concede four ports coasts chili peru purposes traffic increased general confidence many years south sea company stock high favour philip spain however never intention admitting english free trade ports spanish america negotiations set foot result assiento contract privilege supplying colonies negroes thirty years sending year vessel limited tonnage value cargo trade mexico peru chili latter permission granted hard condition king spain enjoy profits tax five per cent remainder great disappointment earl oxford party reminded much oftener they found agreeable parturiunt montes nascitur ridiculus mus public confidence south sea company shaken earl oxford declared spain permit two ships addition annual ship carry merchandise first year list published ports harbours coasts pompously set forth open trade great britain first voyage annual ship made till year following year trade suppressed rupture spain king speech opening session made pointed allusion state public credit recommended proper measures taken reduce national debt two great monetary corporations south sea company bank england made proposals parliament may ensuing south sea company prayed capital stock ten millions might increased twelve subscription otherwise offered accept five per cent instead six whole amount bank made proposals equally advantageous house debated time finally three acts passed called south sea act bank act general fund act first proposals south sea company accepted body held ready advance sum two millions towards discharging principal interest debt due state four lottery funds ninth tenth years queen anne second act bank received lower rate interest sum pounds shillings due state agreed deliver cancelled many exchequer bills amounted two millions sterling accept annuity hundred thousand pounds rate five per cent whole redeemable year notice they required ready advance case need sum exceeding pounds terms five per cent interest redeemable parliament general fund act recited various deficiencies made good aids derived foregoing sources name south sea company continually public though trade south american states produced little augmentation revenues they continued flourish monetary corporation stock high request directors buoyed success began think new means extending influence mississippi scheme john law dazzled captivated french people inspired idea they carry game england anticipated failure plans divert intention wise conceit they imagined they avoid faults carry schemes ever stretch cord credit extremest tension without causing snap asunder law plan greatest height popularity people crowding thousands rue quincampoix ruining frantic eagerness south sea directors laid parliament famous plan paying national debt visions boundless wealth floated fascinated eyes people two celebrated countries europe english commenced career extravagance somewhat later french soon delirium seized they determined outdone january house commons resolved committee whole house take consideration part king speech opening session related public debts proposal south sea company towards redemption sinking proposal set forth great length several heads debts state amounting pounds company anxious take consideration five per cent per annum secured midsummer time whole become redeemable pleasure legislature interest reduced four per cent proposal received great favour bank england many friends house commons desirous body share advantages likely accrue behalf corporation represented they performed great eminent services state difficult times deserved least advantage made public bargains nature they preferred company never done thing nation consideration matter accordingly postponed five days mean time plan drawn governors bank south sea company afraid bank might offer still advantageous terms government reconsidered former proposal made alterations they hoped render acceptable principal change stipulation government might redeem debts expiration four years instead seven first suggested bank resolved outbidden singular auction governors reconsidered first proposal sent new corporation made two proposals house began deliberate robert walpole chief speaker favour bank aislabie chancellor exchequer principal advocate behalf south sea company resolved february proposals latter advantageous country they accordingly received leave given bring bill effect exchange alley fever excitement company stock hundred thirty previous day gradually rose three hundred continued rise astonishing rapidity whole time bill several stages discussion walpole almost statesman house spoke boldly he warned eloquent solemn language evils ensue countenanced he dangerous practice stockjobbing divert genius nation trade industry hold dangerous lure decoy unwary ruin making part earnings labour prospect imaginary wealth great principle project evil magnitude raise artificially value stock exciting keeping general infatuation promising dividends funds never adequate purpose prophetic spirit he added plan succeeded directors become masters government form new absolute aristocracy kingdom control resolutions legislature failed he convinced result bring general discontent ruin country delusion evil day came come people start dream ask things true eloquence vain he looked false prophet compared hoarse raven croaking omens evil friends however compared cassandra predicting evils believed they came home men hearths stared face boards although former times house listened utmost attention every word fell lips benches became deserted known he speak south sea question bill two months progress house commons time every exertion made directors friends especially chairman noted sir john blunt raise price stock extravagant rumours circulation treaties england spain spoken whereby latter grant free trade colonies rich produce mines brought england silver become almost plentiful iron cotton woollen goods we supply abundance dwellers mexico empty golden mines company merchants trading south seas richest world ever saw every hundred pounds invested produce hundreds per annum stockholder last stock raised means near four hundred fluctuating good deal settled three hundred thirty price remained bill passed commons majority house lords bill hurried stages unexampled rapidity april read first time read second time committed read third time passed several peers spoke warmly scheme warnings fell dull cold ears speculating frenzy seized well plebeians lord north grey bill unjust nature might prove fatal consequences calculated enrich impoverish many duke wharton followed he retailed arguments eloquently stated walpole lower house he listened even attention bestowed lord north grey earl cowper followed side compared bill famous horse siege troy like ushered received great pomp acclamations joy bore within treachery destruction earl sunderland endeavoured answer objections question put appeared seventeen peers favour project day passed lords received royal assent became law land seemed time whole nation turned stockjobbers exchange alley every day blocked crowds cornhill impassable number carriages everybody came purchase stock every fool aspired knave words ballad published time sung streets south sea ballad merry remarks exchange alley bubbles new tune called grand elixir philosopher stone discovered stars garters appear among meaner rabble buy sell see hear jews gentiles squabble greatest ladies thither came plied chariots daily pawned jewels sum venture alley inordinate thirst gain afflicted ranks society slaked even south sea schemes extravagant kind started speedily filled enormous traffic carried shares course every means resorted raise artificial value market contrary expectation south sea stock fell bill received royal assent april shares quoted three hundred ten following day two hundred ninety already directors tasted profits scheme likely they quietly allow stock find natural level without effort raise immediately busy emissaries set work every person interested success project endeavoured draw knot listeners around he expatiated treasures south american seas exchange alley crowded attentive groups rumour alone asserted utmost confidence immediate effect stock earl stanhope received overtures france spanish government exchange gibraltar port mahon places coast peru security enlargement trade south seas instead annual ship trading ports allowing king spain per cent profits company might build charter many ships they pleased pay per centage whatever foreign potentate visions ingots danced eyes stock rose rapidly april five days bill become law directors opened books subscription million rate pounds every pounds capital concourse persons ranks first subscription found amount two millions original stock paid five payments pounds every pounds days stock advanced three hundred forty subscriptions sold double price first payment raise stock still higher declared general court directors april midsummer dividend ten per subscriptions entitled resolutions answering end designed directors improve infatuation monied men opened books second subscription million four hundred per cent frantic eagerness people every class speculate funds course hours less million half subscribed rate mean time innumerable companies started everywhere they soon received name bubbles appropriate imagination devise populace often happy nicknames they employ none apt bubbles lasted week fortnight heard others even live short span existence every evening produced new schemes every morning new projects highest aristocracy eager hot pursuit gain plodding jobber cornhill prince wales became governor company cleared pounds speculations coxe walpole correspondence secretary craggs earl stanhope duke bridgewater started scheme improvement london westminster duke chandos another nearly hundred different projects extravagant deceptive use words political state they set foot promoted crafty knaves pursued multitudes covetous fools last appeared effect vulgar appellation denoted bubbles mere cheats computed near million half sterling won lost unwarrantable practices impoverishment many fool enriching many rogue schemes plausible enough they undertaken time public mind unexcited might pursued advantage concerned they established merely view raising shares market projectors took first opportunity rise sell next morning scheme end maitland history london gravely informs us projects received great encouragement establishment company make doubt intended joke abundance evidence show dozens schemes hardly whir reasonable lived little day ruining hundreds ere they fell wheel perpetual motion capital million another encouraging breed horses england improving glebe church lands repairing rebuilding parsonage vicarage houses clergy mainly interested latter clause taken much interest first explained supposition scheme projected knot foxhunting parsons common england shares company rapidly subscribed absurd preposterous showed completely utter madness people started unknown adventurer entitled company carrying undertaking great advantage nobody know fact stated scores credible witnesses impossible believe person duped project man genius essayed bold successful inroad public credulity merely stated prospectus required capital half million five thousand shares pounds deposit pounds per share subscriber paying deposit entitled pounds per annum per share immense profit obtained he condescend inform time promised month full particulars duly announced call made remaining pounds subscription next morning nine great man opened office cornhill crowds people beset door he shut three he found less thousand shares subscribed deposits paid he five hours winner pounds he philosopher enough contented venture set evening continent he never heard well might swift exclaim comparing change alley gulf south sea thousands float jostle another paddling leaky boat they fish gold drown now buried depths now mounted heaven they reel stagger fro wit end like drunken men meantime secure garraway cliffs savage race shipwrecks fed lie waiting foundered skiffs strip bodies dead another fraud successful globe permits they called they nothing square pieces playing cards impression seal wax bearing sign globe tavern neighbourhood exchange alley inscription sail cloth permits possessors enjoyed advantage permission subscribe future time new manufactory projected known man fortune afterwards involved peculation punishment south sea directors permits sold much sixty guineas alley persons distinction sexes deeply engaged bubbles male sex going taverns meet brokers ladies resorting purpose shops milliners haberdashers follow people believed feasibility schemes they subscribed enough purpose shares arts soon raised premium they got rid expedition really credulous great confusion crowd alley shares bubble known sold instant ten per cent higher end alley sensible men beheld extraordinary infatuation people sorrow alarm parliament foresaw clearly ruin impending walpole cease gloomy forebodings fears shared thinking impressed forcibly government june day parliament rose king published proclamation declaring unlawful projects deemed public nuisances prosecuted accordingly forbidding broker penalty five hundred pounds buying selling shares notwithstanding proclamation roguish speculators still carried deluded people still encouraged july order lords justices assembled privy council published dismissing petitions presented patents charters dissolving bubble companies following copy lordships order containing list nefarious projects deemed uninteresting present day much tendency public mind indulge similar practices council chamber whitehall day july present excellencies lords justices council excellencies lords justices council taking consideration many inconveniences arising public several projects set foot raising joint stock various purposes great many majesty subjects drawn part money pretence assurances petitions patents charters enable carry granted prevent impositions excellencies day ordered several petitions together reports board trade majesty attorney solicitor general obtained thereon laid mature consideration thereof pleased advice majesty privy council order petitions dismissed follow petition several persons praying letters patent carrying fishing trade name grand fishery great britain petition company royal fishery england praying letters patent powers effectually contribute carry fishery petition george james behalf divers persons distinction concerned national fishery praying letters patent incorporation enable carry petition several merchants traders others whose names thereunto subscribed praying incorporated reviving carrying whale fishery greenland elsewhere petition sir john lambert others thereto subscribing behalf great number merchants praying incorporated carrying greenland trade particularly whale fishery davis straits another petition greenland trade petition several merchants gentlemen citizens praying incorporated buying building ships let freight petition samuel antrim others praying letters patent sowing hemp flax petition several merchants masters ships manufacturers praying charter incorporation enable carry promote manufactory joint stock petition thomas boyd several hundred merchants owners masters ships sailmakers weavers traders praying charter incorporation empowering borrow money purchasing lands order manufacturing fine holland petition behalf several persons interested patent granted late king william queen mary making linen praying charter may granted persons whatsoever making privilege now enjoyed may confirmed likewise additional power carry cotton manufactures petition several citizens merchants traders london others subscribers british stock general insurance fire part england praying incorporated carrying undertaking petition several majesty loyal subjects city london parts great britain praying incorporated carrying general insurance losses fire within kingdom england petition thomas burges others majesty subjects thereto subscribing behalf others subscribers fund pounds carrying trade majesty german dominions praying incorporated name harburg company petition edward jones dealer timber behalf others praying incorporated importation timber germany petition several merchants london praying charter incorporation carrying petition captain macphedris london merchant behalf several merchants clothiers hatters dyers traders praying charter incorporation empowering raise sufficient sum money purchase lands planting rearing wood called madder use dyers petition joseph galendo london praying patent invention prepare cure virginia tobacco snuff virginia making majesty dominions list bubbles following bubble companies order declared illegal abolished accordingly importation swedish iron supplying london capital three millions building rebuilding houses throughout england capital three millions making muslin carrying improving british alum works effectually settling island blanco sal tartagus supplying town deal fresh water importation flanders lace improvement lands great britain capital four millions encouraging breed horses england improving glebe church lands repairing rebuilding parsonage vicarage houses making iron steel great britain improving land county flint capital million purchasing lands build capital two millions trading hair erecting holy island capital two millions buying selling estates lending money mortgage carrying undertaking great advantage nobody know paving streets london capital two millions furnishing funerals part great britain buying selling lands lending money interest capital five millions carrying royal fishery great britain capital ten millions assuring seamen wages erecting assistance encouragement industrious capital two millions purchasing improving leasable lands capital four millions importing pitch tar naval stores north britain america clothing felt pantile trade purchasing improving manor royalty essex insuring horses capital two millions exporting woollen manufacture importing copper brass iron capital four millions grand dispensary capital three millions erecting mills purchasing lead mines capital two millions improving art making soap settlement island santa cruz sinking pits smelting lead ore derbyshire making glass bottles glass wheel perpetual motion capital million improving gardens insuring increasing children fortunes entering loading goods negotiating business merchants carrying woollen manufacture north england importing virginia capital two millions making manchester stuffs thread cotton making joppa castile soap improving steel manufactures kingdom capital four millions dealing lace hollands cambrics lawns capital two millions trading improving certain commodities produce kingdom capital three millions supplying london markets cattle making coach glasses capital two millions working tin lead mines cornwall derbyshire making importing beaver fur capital two millions making pasteboard importing oils materials used woollen manufacture improving increasing silk manufactures lending money stock annuities tallies paying pensions widows others small discount capital two millions improving malt liquors capital four millions grand american fishery purchasing improving fenny lands lincolnshire capital two millions improving paper manufacture great britain bottomry company drying malt hot air carrying trade river oronooko effectual making baize colchester parts great britain buying naval stores supplying victualling paying wages workmen employing poor artificers furnishing merchants others watches improvement tillage breed cattle another improvement breed horses another carrying corn trade great britain insuring masters mistresses losses they may sustain servants capital three millions erecting houses hospitals taking maintaining illegitimate children capital two millions bleaching coarse sugars without use fire loss substance building turnpikes wharfs great britain insuring thefts robberies extracting silver lead making china delft ware capital million importing tobacco exporting sweden north europe capital four millions making iron pit coal furnishing cities london westminster hay straw capital three millions sail packing cloth manufactory ireland taking ballast buying fitting ships suppress pirates importation timber wales capital two millions transmutation quicksilver malleable fine metal besides bubbles many others sprang daily spite condemnation government ridicule still sane portion public teemed caricatures newspapers epigrams satires prevalent folly ingenious published pack south sea now extremely rare card containing besides usual figures small size corner caricature bubble company appropriate verses underneath famous bubbles puckle machine company discharging round square bullets making total revolution art war pretensions public favour summed eight spades rare invention destroy crowd fools home instead fools abroad fear friends terrible machine they wounded shares therein nine hearts caricature english copper brass company following epigram headlong fool wants swopper gold silver coin english copper may change alley prove ass give rich metal adulterate brass eight diamonds celebrated company colonization acadia doggrel rich wants fool away good round sum north america let subscribe headlong sharer asses ears shall honour bearer similar style every card pack exposed knavish scheme ridiculed persons dupes computed total amount sums proposed carrying projects upwards three hundred millions sterling sum immense exceeded value lands england twenty years purchase time however return great south sea gulf swallowed fortunes many thousands avaricious credulous may stock risen high five hundred government annuitants exchanged securities state south sea company whole month may stock continued rise quoted five hundred fifty four days took prodigious leap rising suddenly five hundred fifty eight hundred ninety now general opinion stock rise higher many persons took opportunity selling view realising profits many noblemen persons train king accompany hanover anxious sell many sellers buyers appeared alley june stock fell eight hundred ninety six hundred forty directors alarmed gave agents orders buy efforts succeeded towards evening confidence restored stock advanced seven hundred fifty continued price slight fluctuation company closed books june needless uninteresting detail various arts employed directors keep price stock sufficient state finally rose thousand per cent quoted price commencement august bubble began quiver shake preparatory bursting many government annuitants expressed dissatisfaction directors they accused partiality making lists shares subscription uneasiness occasioned generally known sir john blunt chairman others sold whole month august stock fell september quoted seven hundred state things now became alarming prevent possible utter extinction public confidence proceedings directors summoned general court whole corporation meet merchant tailors hall september nine morning room filled suffocation cheapside blocked crowd unable gain admittance greatest excitement prevailed directors friends mustered great numbers sir john fellowes called chair he acquainted assembly cause meeting read several resolutions court directors gave account proceedings taking redeemable unredeemable funds subscriptions money secretary craggs made short speech wherein he commended conduct directors urged nothing effectually contribute bringing scheme perfection union among he concluded motion thanking court directors prudent skilful management desiring proceed manner they think proper interest advantage corporation hungerford rendered conspicuous house commons zeal behalf south sea company shrewdly suspected considerable gainer knowing right time sell magniloquent occasion he he seen rise fall decay resurrection many communities nature opinion none ever performed wonderful things short time south sea company they done crown pulpit bench they reconciled parties common interest they laid asleep wholly extinguished domestic jars animosities nation rise stock monied men vastly increased fortunes seen value lands doubled trebled hands they time done good church reverend clergy got great sums project short they enriched whole nation he hoped they forgotten hissing latter part speech extravagance eulogy far removed satire directors friends winners room applauded vehemently duke portland spoke similar strain expressed great wonder anybody dissatisfied course he winner speculations condition similar fat alderman joe miller jests whenever he eaten good dinner folded hands paunch expressed doubts whether hungry man world several resolutions passed meeting they effect public evening stock fell six hundred forty morrow five hundred forty day day continued fall low four hundred letter dated september broderick lord chancellor middleton published coxo walpole former says various conjectures south sea directors suffered cloud break early i made doubt they they found advantage they stretched credit far beyond bear specie proves insufficient support considerable men drawn securing losses deluded thoughtless numbers whose understandings overruled avarice hope making mountains thousands families reduced beggary consternation inexpressible rage beyond description case altogether desperate i see plan scheme much thought averting blow i pretend guess next done ten days afterwards stock still falling he writes company yet come determination they wood they know way turn several gentlemen lately come town i perceive name grows abominable every country great many goldsmiths already run daily i question whether nay stand beginning i founded judgment whole affair unquestionable maxim ten millions running cash circulate two hundred millions beyond paper credit extended therefore whenever become doubtful cause noble state machine must inevitably fall ground september earnest solicitation secretary craggs several conferences held directors south sea directors bank report circulated latter agreed circulate six millions south sea company bonds caused stock rise six hundred seventy afternoon soon report known groundless stock fell five hundred eighty next day five hundred seventy gradually four hundred gay poet disastrous year present young craggs south sea stock supposed master twenty thousand pounds friends persuaded sell share he dreamed dignity splendour bear obstruct fortune he importuned sell much purchase hundred year life says fenton make you sure clean shirt shoulder mutton every day counsel rejected profit principal lost gay sunk calamity low life became johnson lives poets ministry seriously alarmed aspect affairs directors appear streets without insulted dangerous riots every moment apprehended despatches sent king hanover praying immediate return walpole staying sent he might employ known influence directors bank england induce accept proposal made south sea company circulating number bonds bank unwilling mix affairs company dreaded involved calamities relieve received overtures visible reluctance universal voice nation called come rescue every person note commercial politics called advise emergency rough draft contract drawn walpole ultimately adopted basis negotiations public alarm abated little following day september general court south sea company held merchant tailors hall resolutions carried empowering directors agree bank england persons circulate company bonds make agreement bank they think proper speakers pulteney surprising see extraordinary panic seized people men running fro alarm terror imaginations filled great calamity form dimensions nobody knew black stood ten furies terrible hell general court bank england held two days afterwards governor informed several meetings held affairs south sea company adding directors yet thought fit come decision matter resolution proposed carried without dissentient voice empowering directors agree south sea circulate bonds sum terms time they might think proper parties liberty act they might judge best public interest books opened bank subscription three millions support public credit usual terms pounds per cent deposit per cent premium pounds per cent interest great concourse people early part morning eagerly bringing money thought subscription filled day noon tide turned spite done prevent south sea company stock fell rapidly bonds discredit run commenced eminent goldsmiths bankers lent great sums south sea stock obliged shut shops abscond company hitherto chief cashiers south sea company stopped payment looked beginning evil occasioned great run bank now obliged pay money much faster they received subscription morning day succeeding holiday september bank little breathing time they bore storm former rivals south sea company wrecked stock fell hundred fifty gradually various fluctuations hundred bank finding they able restore public confidence stem tide ruin without running risk swept away they intended save declined carry agreement they partially entered they obligation whatever continue called bank contract nothing rough draught agreement blanks left several important particulars contained penalty secession use words parliamentary history seen space eight months rise progress fall mighty fabric wound mysterious springs wonderful height fixed eyes expectations europe whose foundation fraud illusion credulity infatuation fell ground soon artful management directors discovered blood progress dangerous delusion manners nation became sensibly corrupted parliamentary inquiry set foot discover delinquents disclosed scenes infamy disgraceful alike morals offenders intellects people among they arisen deeply interesting study investigate evils result nations like individuals become desperate gamblers impunity punishment sure overtake sooner later celebrated writer smollett quite wrong he says era unfavourable historian reader sentiment imagination entertained interested detail transactions admit warmth colouring embellishment detail serves exhibit inanimate picture tasteless vice mean degeneracy contrary smollett might discovered he humour subject capable inspiring much interest even novelist desire warmth despair plundered people life animation picture might drawn woes hundreds impoverished ruined families wealthy yesterday become beggars powerful influential changed exiles outcasts voice imprecation resounding every corner land dull uninstructive picture see whole people shaking suddenly trammels reason running wild golden vision refusing obstinately believe real till like deluded hind running ignis fatuus they plunged quagmire false spirit history often written intrigues unworthy courtiers gain favour still unworthy kings records murderous battles sieges dilated told eloquence style charms fancy circumstances deeply affected morals welfare people passed slight notice dry dull capable neither warmth colouring progress famous bubble england presented singular spectacle public mind state unwholesome fermentation men longer satisfied slow sure profits cautious industry hope boundless wealth morrow made heedless extravagant luxury till introduced bringing train corresponding laxity morals overbearing insolence ignorant men arisen sudden wealth successful gambling made men true gentility mind manners blush gold power raise unworthy scale society haughtiness cyphering cits they termed sir richard steele remembered day adversity parliamentary inquiry many directors suffered insolence peculation pride ignorant rich man he feed horse gold reduced almost bread water every haughty look every overbearing speech set repaid hundredfold poverty humiliation state matters country alarming george i shortened intended stay hanover returned haste england he arrived november parliament summoned meet december mean time public meetings held every considerable town empire petitions adopted praying vengeance legislature south sea directors fraudulent practices brought nation brink ruin nobody seemed imagine nation culpable south sea company nobody blamed credulity avarice people degrading lust gain swallowed every nobler quality national character infatuation made multitude run heads frantic eagerness net held scheming projectors things never mentioned people simple honest people ruined gang robbers hanged drawn quartered without mercy almost unanimous feeling country two houses parliament reasonable guilt south sea directors known punishment cry king speech throne expressed hope they remember prudence temper resolution necessary find apply proper remedy misfortunes debate answer address several speakers indulged violent invectives directors south sea project lord molesworth particularly vehement law punish directors south sea company justly looked authors present misfortunes state opinion they occasion follow example ancient romans law parricide legislators supposed son unnaturally wicked embrue hands father blood made law punish heinous crime soon committed they adjudged guilty wretch sown sack thrown alive tyber he looked contrivers executors villanous south sea scheme parricides country satisfied see tied like manner sacks thrown thames members spoke much want temper discretion walpole moderate he recommended first care restore public credit city london fire wise men aid extinguishing flames preventing spread conflagration they inquired incendiaries public credit received dangerous wound lay bleeding they apply speedy remedy time enough punish assassin afterwards december address answer majesty speech agreed amendment carried without division words added expressive determination house seek remedy national distresses punish authors inquiry proceeded rapidly directors ordered lay house full account proceedings resolutions passed effect calamity mainly owing vile arts stockjobbers nothing tend public credit law prevent infamous practice walpole rose he previously hinted he spent time scheme restoring public credit execution depending position laid fundamental he thought proper he opened scheme informed whether he might rely foundation whether subscription public debts encumbrances money subscriptions contracts made south sea company remain present state question occasioned animated debate finally agreed majority contracts remain present state unless altered relief proprietors general court south sea company set aside due course law following day walpole laid committee whole house scheme restoration public credit substance ingraft nine millions south sea stock bank england sum east india company certain conditions plan favourably received house objections ordered proposals received two great corporations they unwilling lend aid plan met warm fruitless opposition general courts summoned purpose deliberating they however ultimately agreed terms they consent circulate south sea bonds report presented committee bill brought superintendence walpole safely carried houses parliament bill time brought restraining south sea directors governor treasurer cashier clerks leaving kingdom twelvemonth discovering estates effects preventing transporting alienating influential members house supported bill shippen seeing secretary craggs place believing injurious rumours afloat minister conduct south sea business determined touch quick he he glad see british house commons resuming pristine vigour spirit acting much unanimity public good necessary secure persons estates south sea directors officers he added looking fixedly craggs he spoke men high station time he afraid name less guilty directors craggs arose great wrath innuendo directed he ready give satisfaction man questioned either house loud cries order immediately arose every side midst uproar lord molesworth got expressed wonder boldness craggs challenging whole house commons he lord molesworth though somewhat old past sixty answer craggs whatever he say house he trusted plenty young men beside afraid look craggs face house cries order resounded every side members arose simultaneously everybody seemed vociferating speaker vain called order confusion lasted several minutes lord molesworth craggs almost members kept seats last call craggs became violent he thought proper submit universal feeling house explain unparliamentary expression he giving satisfaction impugners conduct house he mean he fight he explain conduct matter ended house proceeded debate manner they conduct inquiry affairs south sea company whether grand select committee ultimately secret committee thirteen appointed power send persons papers records lords zealous hasty commons bishop rochester scheme like pestilence duke wharton house show respect persons part he give dearest friend he he engaged project nation plundered shameful flagrant manner he go far anybody punishment offenders lord stanhope every farthing possessed criminals whether directors directors confiscated make good public losses time public excitement extreme we learn front coxe walpole name south sea director thought synonymous every species fraud villany petitions counties cities boroughs parts kingdom presented crying justice due injured nation punishment villanous peculators moderate men go extreme lengths even punishment guilty accused accomplices exposed repeated insults virulent invectives devoted anonymous letters public writings speedy vengeance injured people accusations aislabie chancellor exchequer craggs another member ministry loud house lords resolved proceed investigation concerning ordered january brokers concerned south sea scheme lay house account stock subscriptions bought sold officers treasury exchequer trust since michaelmas account delivered appeared large quantities stock transferred use aislabie five south sea directors including edward gibbon grandfather celebrated historian ordered custody black rod motion made earl stanhope unanimously resolved taking giving credit stock without valuable consideration actually paid sufficiently secured purchasing stock director agent south sea company use benefit member administration member either house parliament time south sea bill yet pending parliament notorious dangerous corruption another resolution passed days afterwards effect several directors officers company clandestine manner sold stock company guilty notorious fraud breach trust thereby mainly caused unhappy turn affairs much affected public credit aislabie resigned office chancellor exchequer absented parliament formal inquiry individual guilt brought consideration legislature mean time knight treasurer company intrusted dangerous secrets dishonest directors packed books documents made escape country he embarked disguise small boat river proceeding vessel hired purpose safely conveyed calais committee secrecy informed house circumstance resolved unanimously two addresses presented king first praying he issue proclamation offering reward apprehension knight second he give immediate orders stop ports take effectual care coasts prevent knight officers south sea company escaping kingdom ink hardly dry addresses they carried king methuen deputed house purpose evening royal proclamation issued offering reward two thousand pounds apprehension knight commons ordered doors house locked keys placed table general ross members committee secrecy acquainted they already discovered train deepest villany fraud hell ever contrived ruin nation due time they lay house mean time order discovery committee thought highly necessary secure persons directors principal south sea officers seize papers motion effect made carried unanimously sir robert chaplin sir theodore janssen sawbridge eyles members house directors south sea company summoned appear places answer corrupt practices sir theodore janssen sawbridge answered names endeavoured exculpate house heard patiently ordered withdraw motion made carried nemine contradicente they guilty notorious breach trust occasioned much loss great numbers majesty subjects highly prejudiced public credit ordered offence they expelled house taken custody sir robert chaplin eyles attending places four days afterwards expelled house resolved time address king give directions ministers foreign courts make application knight he might delivered english authorities ease he took refuge dominions king agreed messengers despatched parts continent night among directors taken custody sir john blunt man popular opinion generally accused original author father scheme man we informed pope epistle allen lord bathurst dissenter religious deportment professed great believer he constantly declaimed luxury corruption age partiality parliaments misery party spirit he particularly eloquent avarice great noble persons he originally scrivener afterwards became director active manager south sea company whether career capacity he first began declaim avarice great we informed he certainly must seen enough justify severest anathema preacher free vice he condemned declamations better effect he brought custody bar house lords underwent long examination he refused answer several important questions he he examined already committee house commons he remember answers might contradict he refused answer another tribunal declaration indirect proof guilt occasioned commotion house he asked peremptorily whether he ever sold portion stock member administration member either house parliament facilitate passing hill he declined answer he anxious he treat house possible respect he thought hard compelled accuse several ineffectual attempts refresh memory he directed withdraw violent discussion ensued friends opponents ministry asserted administration strangers convenient taciturnity sir john blunt duke wharton made reflection earl stanhope latter warmly resented he spoke great excitement vehemence cause sudden determination blood head he felt ill he obliged leave house retire chamber he cupped immediately let blood following morning slight relief fatal result anticipated towards evening he became drowsy turning face expired sudden death statesman caused great grief nation george i exceedingly affected shut hours closet inconsolable loss knight treasurer company apprehended tirlemont near liege secretaries leathes british resident brussels lodged citadel antwerp repeated applications made court austria deliver vain knight threw protection states brabant demanded tried country privilege granted states brabant articles joyeuse entree every criminal apprehended country tried country states insisted privilege refused deliver knight british authorities latter cease solicitations mean time knight escaped citadel february committee secrecy made first report house they stated inquiry attended numerous difficulties embarrassments every they examined endeavoured far lay defeat ends justice books produced false fictitious entries made others entries money blanks name stockholders frequent erasures alterations books leaves torn they found books great importance destroyed altogether taken away secreted entrance inquiry they observed matters referred great variety extent many persons intrusted various parts execution law colour thereof acted unwarrantable manner disposing properties many thousands persons amounting many millions money they discovered south sea act passed entry company books sum pounds account stock stated sold amount pounds stock fictitious disposed view promote passing bill noted sold various days various prices per cent surprised see large account disposed time company empowered increase capital committee determined investigate carefully whole transaction governor several directors brought examined rigidly they found time entries made company possession quantity stock right small quantity exceeding thirty thousand pounds utmost pursuing inquiry they found amount stock esteemed taken holden company benefit pretended purchasers although mutual agreement made delivery acceptance certain time money paid deposit security whatever given company supposed purchasers stock fallen might expected act passed they sustained loss contrary price stock advanced actually success scheme difference advanced price made good accordingly passing act account stock made adjusted knight pretended purchasers paid difference company cash fictitious stock chiefly disposal sir john blunt gibbon knight distributed among several members government connexions way bribe facilitate passing bill earl sunderland assigned pounds stock duchess kendal pounds countess platen pounds two nieces pounds secretary craggs pounds charles stanhope secretaries treasury pounds swordblade company pounds appeared stanhope received enormous sum pounds difference price stock hands turner caswall name partly erased books altered stangape aislabie chancellor exchequer made profits still abominable he account firm south sea directors amount pounds he besides advised company make second subscription million half instead million authority without warrant third subscription conducted manner disgraceful aislabie name pounds craggs senior pounds earl sunderland pounds stanhope pounds report succeeded six others less important end last committee declared absence knight principally intrusted prevented carrying inquiries first report ordered printed taken consideration next day succeeding angry animated debate series resolutions agreed condemnatory conduct directors members parliament administration concerned declaring they make satisfaction estates injury they done public practices declared corrupt infamous dangerous bill ordered brought relief unhappy sufferers charles stanhope first person brought account share transactions he urged defence years past he lodged money he possessed knight hands whatever stock knight taken he paid valuable consideration stock bought turner caswall he knew nothing whatever done matter done without authority he responsible turner took latter charge notorious every unbiased unprejudiced person stanhope gainer pounds lay hands firm credit he however acquitted majority three greatest exertions made screen lord stanhope son earl chesterfield went round wavering members using eloquence he possessed induce either vote acquittal absent house many led astray persuasions result already stated acquittal caused greatest discontent throughout country mobs menacing character assembled different parts london fears riots generally entertained especially examination still greater delinquent expected many similar termination aislabie whose high office deep responsibilities kept honest even native principle insufficient justly regarded perhaps greatest criminal case entered day succeeding acquittal starthope great excitement prevailed lobbies avenues house beset crowds impatient know result debate lasted whole day aislabie found friends guilt apparent heinous nobody courage stand favour finally resolved without dissentient voice aislabie encouraged promoted destructive execution south sea scheme view exorbitant profit combined directors pernicious practices ruin public trade credit kingdom he offences ignominiously expelled house commons committed close prisoner tower london he restrained going kingdom whole year till end next session parliament he make correct account estate order might applied relief suffered malpractices verdict caused greatest joy though delivered twelve night soon spread city several persons illuminated houses token joy following day aislabie conveyed tower mob assembled intention hooting pelting succeeding they kindled large bonfire danced around exuberance delight several bonfires made places london presented appearance holiday people congratulated another they just escaped great calamity rage acquittal stanhope grown height none tell ended aislabie met like indulgence increase public satisfaction sir george caswall firm turner caswall expelled house following day ordered refund sum pounds part report committee secrecy related earl sunderland next taken consideration every effort made clear lordship imputation case rested chiefly evidence extorted sir john blunt great pains taken make appear sir john word believed especially matter affecting honour peer privy councillor friends ministry rallied around earl generally reported verdict guilty bring tory ministry power he eventually acquitted majority country convinced guilt greatest indignation everywhere expressed menacing mobs assembled london happily disturbances took place day craggs elder expired morrow appointed consideration case generally believed he poisoned appeared however grief loss son secretaries treasury died five weeks previously preyed much mind son dearly beloved he amassing vast heaps riches he getting money honestly he whose sake he bartered honour sullied fame now dread exposure increased trouble mind ultimately brought apoplectic fit he expired he left fortune million half afterwards confiscated benefit sufferers unhappy delusion he mainly instrumental raising case every director company taken consideration sum amounting two millions fourteen thousand pounds confiscated estates towards repairing mischief they done man allowed certain residue proportion conduct circumstances he might begin world anew sir john blunt allowed pounds fortune upwards pounds sir john fellows allowed pounds pounds sir theodore janssen pounds pounds edward gibbon pounds pounds sir john lambert pounds pounds others less deeply involved treated greater liberality gibbon historian whose grandfather edward gibbon severely mulcted given memoirs life writings interesting account proceedings parliament time he owns he unprejudiced witness writers possible extract notice proceedings disastrous years prejudiced side statements great historian become additional value principle audi alteram partem opinion entitled consideration year he says grandfather elected directors south sea company books exhibited proof acceptance fatal office he acquired independent fortune pounds fortune overwhelmed shipwreck year twenty labours thirty years blasted single day use abuse south sea scheme guilt innocence grandfather brother directors i neither competent disinterested judge yet equity modern times must condemn violent arbitrary proceedings disgraced cause justice rendered injustice still odious sooner nation awakened golden dream popular even parliamentary clamour demanded victims acknowledged sides directors however guilty touched known laws land intemperate notions lord molesworth literally acted bill pains penalties introduced statute punish offences exist time they committed legislature restrained persons directors imposed exorbitant security appearance marked character previous note ignominy they compelled deliver oath strict value estates disabled making transfer alienation part property bill pains penalties common right every subject heard counsel bar they prayed heard prayer refused oppressors required evidence listen defence first proposed eighth respective estates allowed future support directors speciously urged various shades opulence guilt proportion light many might possibly heavy character conduct man separately weighed instead calm solemnity judicial inquiry fortune honour englishmen made topics hasty conversation sport lawless majority basest member committee malicious word silent vote might indulge general spleen personal animosity injury aggravated insult insult embittered pleasantry allowances pounds shilling facetiously moved vague report director formerly concerned another project unknown persons lost money admitted proof actual guilt man ruined he dropped foolish speech horses feed gold another he grown proud day treasury he refused civil answer persons much condemned absent unheard arbitrary fines forfeitures swept away greatest part substance bold oppression scarcely shielded omnipotence parliament grandfather expect treated lenity companions tory principles connexions rendered obnoxious ruling powers name reported suspicious secret abilities plead excuse ignorance error first proceedings south sea directors gibbon first taken custody final sentence measure fine proclaimed eminently guilty total estimate he delivered oath house commons amounted pounds shillings pence exclusive antecedent settlements two different allowances pounds pounds moved gibbon question put carried without division smaller sum ruins skill credit parliament able despoil grandfather mature age erected edifice new fortune labours sixteen years amply rewarded i reason believe second structure much inferior first next consideration legislature punishment directors restore public credit scheme walpole found insufficient fallen disrepute computation made whole capital stock south sea company end year found amount millions eight hundred thousand pounds stock allotted proprietors amounted millions five hundred thousand pounds remainder thirteen millions three hundred thousand pounds belonged company corporate capacity profit they made national delusion upwards eight millions taken company divided among proprietors subscribers generally making dividend pounds shillings pence per cent great relief ordered persons borrowed money south sea company stock actually transferred pledged time borrowing use company free demands payment ten per cent sums borrowed they lent eleven millions manner time prices unnaturally raised they now received back million hundred thousand prices sunk ordinary level long time public credit thoroughly restored enterprise like icarus soared high melted wax wings like icarus she fallen sea learned floundering waves proper element solid ground she never since attempted high flight times great commercial prosperity tendency several occasions since success project generally produces others similar kind popular imitativeness always trading nation seize hold successes drag community anxious profits abyss extrication difficult bubble companies kind similar engendered south sea project lived little day famous year panic occasion knavery gathered rich harvest cupidity suffered day reckoning came schemes year threatened time results disastrous they happily averted late south sea project remains hoped always remain greatest example british history infatuation people commercial gambling bitter experience period posterity may learn dangerous let speculation riot unrestrained hope enormous profits inadequate causes degrading circumstances wisdom gained lesson they teach tulipomania quis furor cives lucan tulip named turkish word signifying turban introduced western europe middle sixteenth century conrad gesner claims merit brought repute little dreaming extraordinary commotion make world says he first saw year garden augsburg belonging learned counsellor herwart man famous day collection rare exotics bulbs sent gentleman friend constantinople flower long favourite course ten eleven years period tulips much sought wealthy especially holland germany rich people amsterdam sent bulbs direct constantinople paid extravagant prices first roots planted england brought vienna year tulip annually increased reputation deemed proof bad taste man fortune without collection many learned men including pompeius de angelis celebrated lipsius leyden author treatise de constantia passionately fond tulips rage possessing soon caught middle classes society merchants shopkeepers even moderate means began vie rarity flowers preposterous prices they paid trader harlaem known pay fortune single root design selling profit keep conservatory admiration acquaintance suppose must great virtue flower made valuable eyes prudent people dutch neither beauty perfume rose hardly beauty sweet neither enduring either cowley true loud praise he tulip next appeared gay wanton full pride full play world ca show dye place nay new mixtures she change face purple gold beneath richest needlework she loves wear study please eye outshine rest finery though poetical description poet beckmann history inventions paints fidelity prose pleasing cowley poetry he says plants acquire accident weakness disease many variegations tulip uncultivated natural state almost colour large leaves extraordinarily long stem weakened cultivation becomes agreeable eyes florist petals paler smaller diversified hue leaves acquire softer green colour masterpiece culture beautiful turns grows much weaker greatest skill careful attention scarcely transplanted even kept alive many persons grow insensibly attached gives great deal trouble mother often loves sick child better healthy offspring principle we must account unmerited encomia lavished fragile blossoms rage among dutch possess great ordinary industry country neglected population even lowest dregs embarked tulip trade mania increased prices augmented year many persons known invest fortune florins purchase forty roots became necessary sell weight perits small weight less grain tulip species called admiral liefken weighing perits worth florins admiral von der eyk weighing perits worth florins shilder perits worth florins viceroy perits florins precious semper augustus weighing perits thought cheap florins latter much sought even inferior bulb might command price florins related time early two roots description holland best possession dealer amsterdam harlaem anxious speculators obtain person offered twelve acres building ground harlaem tulip amsterdam bought florins new carriage two grey horses complete suit harness munting industrious author day wrote folio volume thousand pages tulipomania preserved following list various articles value delivered single root rare species called viceroy two lasts wheat four lasts rye four fat oxen eight fat swine twelve fat sheep two hogsheads wine four tuns beer two tons butter thousand lbs cheese complete bed suit clothes silver drinking cup people absent holland whose chance return folly maximum sometimes led awkward dilemmas ignorance amusing instance kind related blainville travels wealthy merchant prided little rare tulips received occasion valuable consignment merchandise levant intelligence arrival brought sailor presented purpose among bales goods every description merchant reward news munificently made present fine red herring breakfast sailor appears great partiality onions seeing bulb like onion lying counter liberal trader thinking doubt much place among silks velvets he slily seized opportunity slipped pocket relish herring he got clear prize proceeded quay eat breakfast hardly back turned merchant missed valuable semper augustus worth three thousand florins pounds sterling whole establishment instantly uproar search everywhere made precious root found great merchant distress mind search renewed without success last thought sailor unhappy merchant sprang street bare suggestion alarmed household followed sailor simple soul thought concealment he found quietly sitting coil ropes masticating last morsel onion little he dream he eating breakfast whose cost might regaled whole ship crew twelvemonth plundered merchant expressed might sumptuously feasted prince orange whole court stadtholder anthony caused pearls dissolved wine drink health cleopatra sir richard whittington foolishly magnificent entertainment king henry sir thomas gresham drank diamond dissolved wine health queen elizabeth she opened royal exchange breakfast roguish dutchman splendid either he advantage wasteful predecessors gems improve taste wholesomeness wine tulip quite delicious red herring unfortunate part business he remained prison months charge felony preferred merchant another story told english traveller scarcely less ludicrous gentleman amateur botanist happened see lying conservatory wealthy dutchman ignorant quality he took penknife peeled coats view making experiments means reduced half original size he cut two equal sections making time many learned remarks singular appearances unknown bulb suddenly owner pounced fury eyes asked he knew he peeling extraordinary onion replied philosopher hundert tausend duyvel dutchman admiral van der yck thank you replied traveller taking make memorandum admirals common country death devil dutchman seizing astonished man science collar come syndic you shall see spite remonstrances traveller led streets followed mob persons brought presence magistrate he learned consternation root he experimentalizing worth four thousand florins notwithstanding he urge extenuation he lodged prison he found securities payment sum demand tulips rare species increased much year regular marts sale established stock exchange amsterdam rotterdam harlaem leyden alkmar hoorn towns symptoms gambling now became first time apparent stockjobbers ever alert new speculation dealt largely tulips making use means they well knew employ cause fluctuations prices first gambling mania confidence height everybody gained speculated rise fall tulip stocks made large profits buying prices fell selling they rose many individuals grew suddenly rich golden bait hung temptingly people they rushed tulip marts like flies around honeypot every imagined passion tulips last ever wealthy every part world send holland pay whatever prices asked riches europe concentrated shores zuyder zee poverty banished favoured clime holland nobles citizens farmers mechanics seamen footmen maidservants even old clotheswomen dabbled tulips people grades converted property cash invested flowers houses lands offered sale ruinously low prices assigned payment bargains made foreigners became smitten frenzy money poured holland directions prices necessaries life rose degrees houses lands horses carriages luxuries every sort rose value months holland seemed antechamber plutus operations trade became extensive intricate found necessary draw code laws guidance dealers notaries clerks appointed devoted exclusively interests trade designation public notary hardly known towns tulip notary usurping place smaller towns exchange principal tavern usually selected showplace high low traded tulips confirmed bargains sumptuous entertainments dinners sometimes attended two three hundred persons large vases tulips full bloom placed regular intervals tables sideboards gratification repast last however prudent began see folly last ever rich people longer bought flowers keep gardens sell cent per cent profit seen somebody must lose fearfully end conviction spread prices fell never rose confidence destroyed universal panic seized dealers agreed purchase ten sempers augustines four thousand florins six weeks signing contract ready flowers appointed time price fallen three four hundred florins refused either pay difference receive tulips defaulters announced day day towns holland hundreds months previously begun doubt thing poverty land suddenly found possessors bulbs nobody buy even though they offered quarter sums they paid cry distress resounded everywhere man accused neighbour contrived enrich hid wealth knowledge invested english funds many brief season emerged humbler walks life cast back original obscurity substantial merchants reduced almost beggary many representative noble line saw fortunes house ruined beyond redemption first alarm subsided several towns held public meetings devise measures best taken restore public credit generally agreed deputies sent parts amsterdam consult government remedy evil government first refused interfere advised agree plan among several meetings held purpose measure devised likely give satisfaction deluded people repair even slight portion mischief done language complaint reproach everybody mouth meetings stormy character last however much bickering agreed amsterdam assembled deputies contracts made height mania prior month november declared null void made date purchasers freed engagements paying ten per cent vendor decision gave satisfaction vendors tulips hand course discontented pledged purchase thought hardly treated tulips time worth six thousand florins now procured five hundred composition ten per cent hundred florins actual value actions breach contract threatened courts country latter refused take cognizance gambling transactions matter finally referred provincial council hague confidently expected wisdom body invent measure credit restored expectation stretch decision never came members continued deliberate week week last thinking three months declared they offer final decision they information they advised however mean time every vendor presence witnesses offer tulips natura purchaser sums agreed latter refused take they might put sale public auction original contractor held responsible difference actual stipulated price exactly plan recommended deputies already shown avail court holland enforce payment question raised amsterdam judges unanimously refused interfere ground debts contracted gambling debts law matter rested find remedy beyond power government unlucky enough stores tulips hand time sudden reaction left bear ruin philosophically they made profits allowed keep commerce country suffered severe shock many years ere recovered example dutch imitated extent england year tulips publicly sold exchange london jobbers exerted utmost raise fictitious value they acquired amsterdam paris jobbers strove create tulipomania cities they partially succeeded however force example brought flowers great favour amongst certain class people tulips ever since prized highly flowers field dutch still notorious partiality continue pay higher prices people rich englishman boasts fine old pictures wealthy dutchman vaunt tulips england day strange may appear tulip produce money oak found rara tetris black black swan alluded juvenal price equal dozen acres standing corn scotland towards close seventeenth century highest price tulips according authority writer supplement third edition encyclopedia britannica ten guineas value appears diminished time till year two valuable species england don quevedo valentinier former worth two guineas latter two guineas half prices appear minimum year common price fifteen guineas single bulb foolish fanciers bulb species called miss fanny kemble sold public auction london pounds still astonishing price tulip possession gardener king road chelsea catalogues labelled two hundred guineas flower beauty perfume surpassed abundant roses garden nosegay might purchased penny priced sum provided industrious labourer family food clothes lodging six years chickweed groundsel ever come fashion wealthy doubt vie adorning gardens paying extravagant prices they hardly foolish admirers tulips common prices flowers present time vary five fifteen guineas according rarity species relics fouth auld rusty airn caps jinglin jackets wad haud lothians three tackets towmond guid parritch pats auld saut backets afore flood burns love relics never eradicated long feeling affection denizens heart love easily excited best kindliest natures callous enough scoff treasure lock hair adorned brow faithful wife now cold death hung neck beloved infant now sleeping sward they whose sacred worth intelligible spoils rescued devouring grave affectionate beyond price dear forlorn survivor book whose pages he pored departed much greater value hand now cold written thought opinion name leaf besides sweet domestic relics others condemn relics sanctified admiration greatness goodness akin love copy montaigne florio name shakspeare leaf written poet time chair preserved antwerp rubens sat he painted immortal descent cross telescope preserved museum florence aided galileo sublime discoveries look veneration undoubted arrow william tell swords wallace hampden bible whose leaves turned stern old father faith principle reliquism hallowed enshrined love germ purity numerous progeny errors superstitions men admiration great appertained forgotten goodness component part true greatness made fools saint apostle handkerchief king blew nose rope hanged criminal desiring rescue slight token graves predecessors they confounded famous infamous renowned notorious great saints great sinners great philosophers great quacks great conquerors great murderers great ministers great thieves admirers ready ransack earth equator either pole find relic reliquism modern times dates origin centuries immediately preceding crusades first pilgrims holy land brought back europe thousands apocryphal relics purchase they expended store greatest favourite wood true cross like oil widow never diminished generally asserted traditions romish church empress helen mother constantine great first discovered veritable true cross pilgrimage jerusalem emperor theodosius made present greater part ambrose bishop milan studded precious stones deposited principal church city carried away huns burnt they extracted valuable jewels contained fragments purporting cut eleventh twelfth centuries found almost every church europe collected together place almost sufficient built cathedral happy sinner get sight happier he possessed obtain greatest dangers cheerfully braved they thought preserve evils cure inveterate diseases annual pilgrimages made shrines contained considerable revenues collected devotees next renown precious relics tears saviour manner they preserved pilgrims often inquire genuineness vouched christians holy land sufficient tears virgin mary tears peter carefully enclosed little caskets pious might wear bosoms tears next precious relics drops blood jesus martyrs hair great repute sold extravagant prices thousands pilgrims annually visited palestine eleventh twelfth centuries purchase pretended relics home market majority means subsistence profits obtained many nail cut filthy foot unscrupulous ecclesiastic sold diamond price within six months severance parent toe supposition belonged saint peter toes uncommonly prolific nails enough europe time council clermont filled sack devoutly believed grown sacred feet great apostle still shown cathedral pious come distance hundred german miles feast eyes port royal paris kept great care thorn priests seminary assert identical thorns bound holy head son god came preserved never explained famous thorn celebrated long dissensions jansenists molenists worked miraculous cure mademoiselle perrier merely kissing she cured disease eyes long standing voltaire siecle de louis xiv traveller unacquainted santa scala holy stairs rome they brought jerusalem along true cross empress helen taken house according popular tradition inhabited pontius pilate they steps jesus ascended descended brought presence roman governor they held greatest veneration rome sacrilegious walk knees faithful must alone touch ascending descending they reverentially kissed europe still swarms religious relics hardly roman catholic church spain portugal italy france belgium without even poorly endowed churches villages boast possession miraculous innumerable saints romish calendar proud veritable chasse charlemagne cures lameness halle thighbone virgin mary spain seven eight undoubted relics brussels time preserved perhaps now teeth gudule faithful suffered pray look cured holy bones buried different parts continent certain lapse time water ooze soon forms spring cures diseases faithful church halle famous cures barrenness women bone special superintendence virgin pleasant story related incredulous resided ghent couple blessed riches world whose happiness sore troubled want children great grief lady beautiful loving many lamentations husband latter annoyed unceasing sorrow advised make pilgrimage celebrated chasse virgin she went absent week returned face radiant joy pleasure lamentations ceased nine months afterwards she brought forth son oh instability human joys babe long desired greatly beloved survived months two years passed heads disconsolate couple second child appeared cheer third year passed away result lady began weep cheer love husband go holy chasse halle perhaps virgin listen prayers lady took courage thought wiped away tears proceeded morrow towards halle she absent three days returned home sad weeping matter husband virgin unwilling listen prayers virgin willing enough disconsolate wife she i shall never children priest priest he gone halle nobody knows find curious remark avidity manifested ages countries obtain possession relic persons much spoken even crimes william longbeard leader populace london reign richard i hanged smithfield utmost eagerness shown obtain hair head shred garments women came essex kent suffolk sussex surrounding counties collect mould foot gallows hair beard believed preserve evil spirits piece clothes aches pains modern days similar avidity shown obtain relic luckless masaniello fisherman naples he raised mob favour height power despotic monarch ever wielded he shot populace streets he mad dog headless trunk dragged mire several hours cast city ditch morrow tide popular feeling turned favour corpse sought arrayed royal robes buried magnificently cathedral ten thousand armed men many mourners attending ceremony fisherman dress he worn rent shreds crowd preserved relics door hut pulled hinges mob women eagerly cut small pieces made images caskets mementos scanty furniture poor abode became value adornments palace ground he walked considered sacred collected small phials sold weight gold worn bosom amulet almost extraordinary frenzy manifested populace paris execution atrocious marchioness de brinvilliers grounds popular wonder case masaniello unstained personal crimes career madame de brinvilliers nature excite feelings disgust abhorrence she convicted poisoning several persons sentenced burned place de greve ashes scattered winds day execution populace struck gracefulness beauty inveighed severity sentence pity soon increased admiration ere evening she considered saint ashes industriously collected even charred wood aided consume eagerly purchased populace ashes thought preserve witchcraft england many persons singular love relics thieves murderers great criminals ropes they hanged often bought collectors guinea per foot great sums paid rope hanged dodd recently justice fauntleroy forgery thurtell murder weare murder maria marten corder year excited greatest interest country people came wales scotland even ireland visit barn body murdered woman buried every anxious carry away memorial visit pieces tiles roof clothes poor victim eagerly sought lock hair sold two guineas purchaser thought fortunate getting cheaply great concourse people visit house camberwell lane greenacre murdered hannah brown found necessary station strong detachment police spot crowd eager obtain relic house atrocious criminal police obliged employ force prevent tables chairs even doors carried away earlier times singular superstition attached hand criminal suffered execution thought merely rubbing dead hand body patient afflicted king evil instantly cured executioner newgate sixty seventy years ago derived inconsiderable revenue foolish practice possession hand thought still greater efficacy cure diseases prevention misfortunes time charles ii much ten guineas thought small price disgusting relics maniac thom courtenay shot spring immediately motion obtain memento extraordinary individual long black beard hair cut surgeons fell hands disciples they treasured utmost reverence lock hair commands great price amongst followers among wealthy inhabitants canterbury neighbourhood tree he fell he shot already stripped bark curious bids fair entirely demolished within twelvemonth letter signature paid gold coins favourite horse promises become celebrated master parties ladies gentlemen come boughton distance hundred fifty miles visit scene fatal affray stroke back horse mad knight malta strict watch kept grave months body disinterred bones carried away memorials among chinese relics valued boots worn upright magistrate davis interesting description empire china we informed whenever judge unusual integrity resigns situation people congregate honour he leaves city he presided crowd accompany residence gates boots drawn great ceremony preserved hall justice place immediately supplied new pair turn drawn make room others he worn five minutes considered sufficient consecrate he merely drawn among favourite relics modern times europe shakspeare napoleon willow table waterloo emperor wrote despatches snuffboxes shakspeare comparatively rare though doubtless market ever made wood planted great bard many piece alien wood passes name may napoleon table waterloo original long since destroyed round dozen counterfeits along many preserve simple stick wood others cut brooches every variety ornament far greater number prefer france they made bonbonnieres much esteemed many thousands whose cheeks still glow whose eyes still sparkle name napoleon bullets field waterloo buttons coats soldiers fell fight still favourite relics europe ingenuity found new tables old destroyed cast new bullets curious many thinks possessor bullet aided giving peace world memorable day owner dump first extracted ore dozen years afterwards let lovers genuine relics look well money they part ciceroni swarm village waterloo travellers stop lonely isle helena without cutting twig willow droops grave napoleon many since planted different parts europe grown trees large parent unable procure twig original content several growing neighbourhood london prized cultivators tree gardens relics everything else use abuse undoubted relics great men great events always possess attractions thinking refined join cowley extravagant wish introduced lines written sitting chair made remains ship sir francis drake sailed round world i now love quiet almost much chair yet journey take old wheel chariot see phaeton rashly brake modern prophecies epidemic terror end world several times spread nations remarkable seized christendom middle tenth century numbers fanatics appeared france germany italy time preaching thousand years prophesied apocalypse term world duration expire son man appear clouds judge godly ungodly delusion appears discouraged church nevertheless spread rapidly among people see gibbon voltaire notice subject scene last judgment expected jerusalem year number pilgrims proceeding eastward await coming lord city great they compared desolating army sold goods possessions they quitted europe lived proceeds holy land buildings every sort suffered fall ruins thought useless repair end world near many noble edifices deliberately pulled even churches usually well maintained shared general neglect knights citizens serfs travelled eastwards company taking wives children singing psalms they went looking fearful eyes sky they expected minute open let son god descend glory thousandth year number pilgrims increased smitten terror plague every phenomenon nature filled alarm sent knees opinion thunder voice god announcing day judgment numbers expected earth open give dead sound every meteor sky seen jerusalem brought whole christian population streets weep pray pilgrims road alarm pendant la nuit un globe de lumiere quelquefois de la voute des cieux et traca dans sa chute un long sillon de feux la troupe suspendit sa marche solitaire charlemagne pomme epique par lucien buonaparte fanatic preachers kept flame terror every shooting star furnished occasion sermon sublimity approaching judgment principal topic appearance comets often thought foretell speedy dissolution world part belief still exists comet longer looked sign agent destruction lately year greatest alarm spread continent europe especially germany lest comet whose appearance foretold astronomers destroy earth danger globe gravely discussed many persons refrained undertaking concluding business year consequence solely apprehension terrible comet dash us world atoms seasons great pestilence men often believed prophecies crazed fanatics end world come credulity always greatest times calamity prophecies sorts rife occasions readily believed whether good evil great plague ravaged europe years generally considered end world hand pretended prophets found principal cities germany france italy predicting within ten years trump archangel sound saviour appear clouds call earth judgment little consternation created london prophecy famous whiston world destroyed year october crowds people went appointed day islington hampstead fields intervening see destruction london beginning end satirical account folly given swift miscellanies vol iii entitled true faithful narrative passed london rumour day judgment authentic narrative delusion interesting solemn witticism pope gay depended year citizens london frightened wits two shocks earthquake prophecy third destroy altogether first shock felt february threw several chimneys neighbourhood limehouse poplar second happened march chiefly felt north london towards hampstead highgate soon became subject general remark exactly interval month shocks fellow named bell soldier life guards impressed idea third another month he lost senses altogether ran streets predicting destruction london april people thought first appropriate day wanting thousands confidently believed prediction took measures transport families scene impending calamity awful day approached excitement became intense great numbers credulous people resorted villages within circuit twenty miles awaiting doom london islington highgate hampstead harrow blackheath crowded fugitives paid exorbitant prices accommodation housekeepers secure retreats afford pay lodgings places remained london two three days time encamped surrounding fields awaiting tremendous shock lay high city level dust happened similar panic time henry viii fear became contagious hundreds laughed prediction week packed goods they saw others hastened away river thought place great security merchant vessels port filled people passed night board expecting every instant see paul totter towers westminster abbey rock wind fall amid cloud dust greater part fugitives returned following day convinced prophet false many judged prudent allow week elapse they trusted dear limbs london bell lost credit short time looked even credulous mere madman he tried prophecies nobody deceived months afterwards he confined lunatic asylum panic terror end world seized good people leeds neighbourhood year arose following circumstances hen village close laid eggs inscribed legible characters words christ coming great numbers visited spot examined wondrous eggs convinced day judgment near hand like sailors storm expecting every instant go bottom believers suddenly became religious prayed violently flattered they repented evil courses plain tale soon put quenched religion entirely gentlemen hearing matter went fine morning caught poor hen act laying miraculous eggs they soon ascertained beyond doubt egg inscribed corrosive ink cruelly forced bird body explanation prayed now laughed world wagged merrily yore time plague milan affecting description left us ripamonte interesting work de peste mediolani people distress listened avidity predictions astrologers impostors singular enough plague foretold year broke large comet appearing opinions astrologers divided regard insisted forerunner bloody war others maintained predicted great famine greater number founding judgment pale colour thought portended pestilence fulfilment prediction brought great repute plague raging prophecies current asserted delivered hundreds years previously they pernicious effect mind vulgar they induced belief fatalism taking away hope recovery greatest balm every malady they increased threefold ravages disease singular prediction almost drove unhappy people mad ancient couplet preserved ages tradition foretold year devil poison milan early morning april pestilence reached height passengers surprised see doors principal streets city marked curious daub spot sponge filled purulent matter pressed whole population speedily movement remark strange appearance greatest alarm spread rapidly every means taken discover perpetrators vain last ancient prophecy remembered prayers offered churches machinations evil might defeated many persons opinion emissaries foreign powers employed spread infectious poison city far greater number convinced powers hell conspired infection spread supernatural agencies mean time plague increased fearfully distrust alarm took possession every mind everything believed poisoned devil waters wells standing corn fields fruit trees believed objects touch poisoned walls houses pavement streets handles doors populace raised pitch ungovernable fury strict watch kept devil emissaries man wanted rid enemy say he seen besmearing door ointment fate certain death hands mob old man upwards eighty years age daily frequenter church antonio seen rising knees wipe skirt cloak stool he sit cry raised immediately he besmearing seat poison mob women church crowded seized hold feeble old man dragged hair head horrid oaths imprecations he trailed manner mire house municipal judge he might put rack forced discover accomplices he expired way many victims sacrificed popular fury mora appears half chemist half barber accused league devil poison milan house surrounded number chemical preparations found poor man asserted they intended preservatives infection physicians they submitted declared they poison mora put rack he long time asserted innocence he confessed last courage worn torture he league devil foreign powers poison whole city he anointed doors infected fountains water he named several persons accomplices apprehended put similar torture they found guilty executed mora house rased ground column erected spot inscription commemorate guilt public mind filled marvellous occurrences plague continued increase crowds brought together witness executions spread infection among another fury passions extent credulity kept pace violence plague every wonderful preposterous story believed particular occupied exclusion long time every devil seen he taken house milan he prepared poisonous unguents furnished emissaries distribution man brooded tales till he became firmly convinced wild flights fancy realities he stationed milan related following story crowds gathered round he standing he door cathedral late evening nobody nigh he saw chariot drawn six horses stop close beside chariot followed numerous train domestics dark liveries mounted steeds chariot sat tall stranger majestic aspect long black hair floated wind fire flashed large black eyes curl ineffable scorn dwelt lips look stranger sublime he awed trembled fear he gazed complexion much darker man he ever seen atmosphere around hot suffocating he perceived immediately he another world stranger seeing trepidation asked blandly yet majestically mount beside he power refuse he well aware he moved he found chariot onwards they went rapidity wind stranger speaking word they stopped door milan crowd people street great surprise seemed notice extraordinary equipage numerous train he concluded they invisible house they stopped appeared shop interior like vast palace he went mysterious guide several large rooms surrounded huge pillars marble senate ghosts assembled debating progress plague parts building enveloped thickest darkness illumined intervals flashes lightning allowed distinguish number gibing chattering skeletons running pursuing playing another backs rear mansion wild uncultivated plot ground midst arose black rock sides rushed fearful noise torrent poisonous water insinuating soil penetrated springs city rendered unfit use he shown stranger led another large chamber filled gold precious stones he offered he kneel worship consent smear doors houses milan pestiferous salve he held he now knew devil moment temptation prayed god give strength resist prayer heard he refused bribe stranger scowled horribly loud clap thunder burst head vivid lightning flashed eyes next moment he found standing alone porch cathedral he repeated strange tale day day without variation populace firm believers truth repeated search made discover mysterious house vain man pointed several resembling searched police demon pestilence found hall ghosts poisonous fountain minds people impressed idea scores witnesses half crazed disease came forward swear they seen diabolical stranger heard chariot drawn steeds rumbling streets midnight sound louder thunder number persons confessed they employed devil distribute poison almost incredible epidemic frenzy abroad seemed contagious plague imagination disordered body day day persons came voluntarily forward accuse they generally marks disease died act confession great plague london people listened similar avidity predictions quacks fanatics defoe says time people addicted prophecies astronomical conjurations dreams old wives tales ever they since almanacs predictions frightened terribly even year plague broke they greatly alarmed comet appeared anticipated famine pestilence fire follow enthusiasts yet disease made little progress ran streets predicting days london destroyed still singular instance faith predictions occurred london year city swarmed time astrologers consulted daily people every class society secrets futurity early month june several concurred predicting day february waters thames swell height overflow whole city london wash away ten thousand houses prophecy met implicit belief reiterated utmost confidence month month much alarm excited many families packed goods removed kent essex time drew nigh number emigrants increased january droves workmen might seen followed wives children trudging foot villages within fifteen twenty miles await catastrophe people higher class seen waggons vehicles bound similar errand middle january least twenty thousand persons quitted doomed city leaving nothing bare walls homes swept away impending floods many richer sort took abode heights highgate hampstead blackheath erected tents far away waltham abbey north croydon south thames bolton prior bartholomew alarmed he erected great expense sort fortress he stocked provisions two months january week awful day see destruction london he removed thither brethren officers priory household number boats conveyed waggons fortress furnished abundantly expert rowers case flood reaching high harrow force go many wealthy citizens prayed share retreat prior prudent forethought admitted personal friends brought stores eatables blockade last morn big fate london appeared east wondering crowds astir early hour watch rising waters inundation predicted gradual sudden they expected plenty time escape soon they saw bosom old thames heave beyond usual mark majority much alarmed trust thought safer ten twenty miles thames unmindful foolish crowds banks flowed quietly yore tide ebbed usual hour flowed usual height ebbed just twenty astrologers pledged words contrary blank faces evening approached blank grew faces citizens think they made fools last night set obstinate river lift waters sweep away even house ten thousand still however people afraid go sleep many hundreds remained till dawn next day lest deluge come like thief night morrow seriously discussed whether advisable duck false prophets river luckily they thought expedient allayed popular fury they asserted error slight little figure they fixed date awful inundation whole century early stars right they erring mortals wrong present generation cockneys safe london washed away announcement bolton prior dismantled fortress weary emigrants came back great fire london account preserved among harleian mss british museum recently published transactions royal society antiquaries relates another instance credulity londoners writer accompanied duke york day day district included thames states efforts check progress flames they much impeded superstition people mother shipton prophecies london reduced ashes they refused make efforts prevent prophecy seems set forth length popular life mother shipton fate england shall restore king reign heretofore great death london shall though many houses laid low son noted sir kenelm digby pretender gifts prophecy persuaded power earth prevent fulfilment prediction written great book fate london destroyed hundreds persons might rendered valuable assistance saved whole parishes devastation folded arms looked many gave less compunction plunder city they save prophecies mother shipton still believed many rural districts england cottages servants halls reputation great she rules popular british prophets among uneducated portions community she generally supposed born knaresborough reign henry vii sold soul devil power foretelling future events though lifetime she looked witch she yet escaped witch fate died peaceably bed extreme old age near clifton yorkshire stone erected memory place following epitaph lies she never lied whose skill often tried prophecies shall still survive ever keep name alive never day passed says traditionary biography wherein she relate something remarkable required serious consideration people flocked far near fame great they went sorts old young rich poor especially young maidens resolved doubts relating things come returned wonderfully satisfied explanations she gave questions among rest went abbot beverley she foretold suppression monasteries henry viii marriage anne boleyn fires heretics smithfield execution mary queen scots she foretold accession james i adding cold north every evil come forth subsequent visit she uttered another prophecy opinion believers still remains unfulfilled may expected realised present century time shall come seas blood shall mingle greater flood great noise shall heard great shouts cries seas shall thunder louder skies shall three lions fight three bring joy people honour king fiery year soon peace shall plenty shall everywhere found men swords shall plough ground famous prophecies relating london thousands persons still shudder think woes burst unhappy realm london highgate joined continuous line houses junction rage building lasts much longer proportion heretofore bids fair soon accomplished predicted shortly death revolutions fall mighty monarchs shedding much blood signalise event angels afflicted woes turn aside heads weep hapless britain great fame mother shipton she ranks second list british prophets merlin mighty merlin stands alone high first greatest old drayton sings merlin skill region doth hear world shall still full merlin every year thousand lingering years prophecies run scarcely shall end till time done spenser divine poem given us powerful description renowned magic insight ever living wight he words call sky sun moon make obey land sea sea mainland dry darksome night he eke turn hosts men he alone dismay hosts men meanest things frame whenso list enemies fray day terror name fiends quake name soothe men say he sonne mortal sire living wighte wondrously begotten begoune false illusion guileful sprite faire ladye nun verses poet preserved popular belief regard merlin generally supposed contemporary vortigern opinion divided whether he real personage mere impersonation formed poetic fancy credulous people seems probable man exist possessing knowledge much comprehension age possessed friar bacon beyond reach he endowed wondering crowd supernatural attributes spenser enumerated geoffrey monmouth translated merlin poetical odes prophecies latin prose he much reverenced geoffrey old annalists life merlin prophecies predictions interpreted made good english annals thomas heywood published reign charles i we find several pretended prophecies they seem however written heywood they terms plain positive allow doubt moment composed ex post facto speaking richard i he says lion heart saracen rise purchase many glorious prize rose lily shall first unite parting prey prove opposite abroad great acts shall done things home shall disorder run cooped caged shall lion sufferance ransomed set free sapient thomas heywood gravely goes inform us things actually came pass richard iii he equally luminous he says monster teeth born mockery art nature scorn womb preposterously hurled feet forward thrust world shall lower earth he stood wade every step he mounts blood he shall th height hopes aspire clothed state ugly shape admire he thinks safe stand foreign parts native whelp shall land another prophecies event tells us henry viii take power rome bring home british bower he root land razored skulls he neither spare man rage woman lust time next successor come fagot stake master heywood closes merlin prophecies day give even glimpse befall england decease many prophecies besides quoted he says dispersed abroad day name merlin he gives readers taste following hempe ripe ready pull englishman beware skull prophecy think put mind gallows unusual fate false prophets perchance he explains word hempe five letters now reckoning five successive princes henry viii prophecy easily explained signifieth king henry named edward son sixth name mary succeeded philip spain marrying queen mary participated english diadem lastly signifieth queen elizabeth whose death great feare troubles might arisen crown happen heywood sly rogue small way gets scrape saying yet proved augury true though according former expectation peaceful inauguration king james great mortality london whole kingdom nation quite clean seven years unlike subterfuge peter pontefract prophesied death deposition king john hanged monarch pains graphic amusing account pretended prophet given grafton chronicles england much homely vigour style old annalist pity give story words chronicles england richard grafton london meanwhile says he priestes within england provided false counterfeated prophet called peter wakefielde yorkshire man hermite idle gadder pratlyng marchant now bring peter credite kyng credite people diverse vaine persons bruted dayly among commons realme christe twice appered shape childe betwene prieste handes yorke another tyme pomfret he breathed thrice saying peace peace teachyng many things he anon declared bishops bid people amend naughtie living rapt spirite they sayde he behelde joyes heaven sorowes hell scant three realme sayde he lived christainly counterfeated soothsayer prophecied king john he reigne longer next followyng yere lord thirteenth yere coronation he he revelation demanded whether he slaine deposed voluntarily give crowne he aunswered he tell he sure he sayd neither he stock lineage reigne day king hering laughed much made scoff thereat saith he ideot knave lacketh right wittes foolish prophet escaped daunger kinge displeasure he made he gate abroad prated thereof large he idle vagabond used trattle talke ynough they loved king caused anon apprehended malefactor throwen prison king yet knowing thereof anone fame phantasticall prophet went realme name knowen everywhere foolishnesse much regarded people wisdome place specially he imprisoned matter rumour larger wonderynges wantoner practises foolisher busye talkes idle doinges greater continually thence rude manner people olde gossyps tales went abroade new tales invented fables added fables lyes grew lyes every daye newe slanders laide king true rumors arose blasphemyes sprede enemyes rejoyced treasons priestes mainteyned lykewise surmised subtiltye practised lathered foolish prophet saith peter wakefield he prophecied shall come pass yea many times he thought nothing lesse come prophecyed king john commanded royal tent spread open fielde passing day noble counseyle men honour greatest solemnitie ever he solacing musickale instrumentes songs sight among trustie friendes day paste prosperitie myrth enemyes confused turned allegorical understanding make prophecie good sayde longer king pope reigneth he king john labouring sentence excommunication time king council perswaded false prophet troubled realme perverted heartes people raysed commons wordes went sea help prelates came french king care gave great encouragement invade lande he else done sodeinely he lowly deceived they shall put trust dark drowsye dreames hipocrites king therefore commanded he hanged sonne lest false prophets arise race heywood great stickler truth sorts prophecies gives much favourable account peter pomfret pontefract whose fate he probability shared he misfortune flourished age he says peter prophet bard predicted divers king john disasters fell accordingly taxed lying prophet predicted king deposed he entered fifteenth year reign he answered boldly he justifiable true given crown pope paying annual tribute pope reigned he heywood thought explanation perfectly satisfactory prophet faith ever established return merlin even day may words burns applied another notorious personage great power great fame far kenned noted name reputation means confined land birth extends nations europe curious volume life prophecies miracles written supposed robert de bosron printed paris states devil father he spoke instant he born assured mother virtuous young woman she die neighbours predicted judge district hearing marvellous occurrence summoned mother child appear they went accordingly day put wisdom young prophet effectually test judge asked he knew father infant merlin replied clear sonorous voice yes father devil i power know things past present come worship clapped hands astonishment took prudent resolution molesting awful child mother either early tradition attributes building stonehenge power merlin believed mighty stones whirled air command ireland salisbury plain he arranged form they now stand commemorate ever unhappy fate three hundred british chiefs massacred spot saxons abergwylly near caermarthen still shown cave prophet scene incantations beautiful description given spenser faerie queene lines need apology repetition sketch great prophet britain incomplete without wise merlin whilom wont they say make wonne low underneath ground deep delve far view day living wight he mote found whenso he counselled sprites encompassed round ever happen way travel go see dreadful place hideous hollow cave they say rock lies little space swift barry tumbling apace amongst woody hills dynevoure dare i charge case enter baleful bower fear cruel fiendes unwares devour standing high aloft low lay thine care ghastly noise iron chaines brazen caudrons shalt rombling heare thousand sprites paines doe tosse stun feeble braines often times great groans grievous stownds huge toile labour constraines often times loud strokes ringing sounds deep rock horribly rebounds cause they say little merlin died he intend brazen wall compass compile cayr merdin commend sprites bring perfect end work lady lake long he loved haste send thereby forced workmen forsake bound till return labour slake mean time false ladie traine he surprised buried biere ne ever work returned natheless fiendes may work forbeare greatly commandement they fear doe toile travaile day night brazen wall they doe reare faerie queene amongst english prophets belief whose power entirely effaced light advancing knowledge robert nixon cheshire idiot contemporary mother shipton popular accounts man say he born poor parents far vale royal edge forest delamere he brought plough ignorant stupid nothing made everybody thought irretrievably insane paid attention strange unconnected discourses he held many prophecies believed lost manner they always destined wasted dull inattentive ears incident occurred brought notice established fame prophet first calibre he ploughing field he suddenly stopped labour wild look strange gestures exclaimed now dick now harry ill done dick well done harry harry gained day fellow labourers field know make rhapsody next day cleared mystery news brought messenger hot haste instant nixon ejaculated richard iii slain battle bosworth henry vii proclaimed king england long fame new prophet reached ears king expressed wish see converse messenger accordingly despatched bring court long he reached cheshire nixon knew dreaded honours awaited indeed instant king expressed wish nixon supernatural means made acquainted he ran town great distress mind calling like madman henry sent he must go court clammed starved death expressions excited little wonder third day messenger arrived carried court leaving minds good people cheshire impression prophet greatest ever born arrival king henry appeared troubled exceedingly loss valuable diamond asked nixon he inform found henry hidden diamond view test prophet skill great therefore surprise nixon answered words old proverb hide find time forth king implicitly believed he gift prophecy ordered words taken time residence court he constant fear starved death repeatedly told king fate he allowed depart return country henry suffer gave strict orders officers cooks give much eat he wanted he lived well time he seemed thriving like nobleman steward growing fat alderman day king went hunting nixon ran palace gate entreated knees he might left behind starved king laughed calling officer told take especial care prophet absence rode away forest departure servants palace began jeer insult nixon they imagined much better treated he deserved nixon complained officer prevent molested locked king closet brought regularly four meals day happened messenger arrived king officer requiring immediate presence winchester matter life death great haste obey king command he mounted horse behind messenger rode without bestowing thought poor nixon he return till three days afterwards remembering prophet first time he went king closet found lying floor starved death he predicted among prophecies believed fulfilled following relate times pretender great man shall come england son king shall take victory crows shall drink blood many nobles north shall rise south cock north shall made flee feather plucked pride he shall almost curse day he born say admirers clear sun first denotes defeat prince charles edward battle culloden duke cumberland second execution lords derwentwater balmerino lovat third retreat pretender shores britain among prophecies still remain accomplished following seven eight nine england wonders shall seen nine thirteen sorrow shall done money men shall dreadful war begin sickle suck england shall pluck foreign nations shall invade england snow helmets shall bring plague famine murder skirts garments town nantwich shall swept away flood two first explanation yet attempted event doubtless twisted shape fit third relative invasion england nation snow helmets supposed old women foretell clearly coming war russia last town mentioned devoutly believe fate happily peace mind prophet nothing year witness awful calamity they think likely two centuries hence now popular biographers nixon conclude account saying prophecies persons thought fables yet come pass now thought plainly appears proved prove true we occasions exert utmost might repel force enemies refrain abandoned wicked course life make continual prayer god protection safety though non sequitur every cry amen besides prophets almanack makers lilly poor robin partridge francis moore physician england matthew laensbergh france belgium great pretensions they modesty comparison merlin shipton nixon fixed minds higher things weather restrained flights fancy prophesy year time prophets they almanack makers hardly deserve mentioned even renowned partridge whose wonderful prognostications set england agog whose death time he still alive kicking pleasantly satisfactorily proved isaac bickerstaff palpable they doings must left uncommemorated popular admiration great thieves jack shall we find another set practical philosophers man fear death wat sound men true robin tried courage indefatigable industry ned die friend harry betray interest mat show gang courtiers say much dialogue thieves beggars opera whether multitude feeling pangs poverty sympathise daring ingenious depredators take away rich man superfluity whether interest mankind general feel records perilous adventures certain populace countries look admiration great successful thieves perhaps causes combine invest career charms popular eye almost every country europe traditional thief whose exploits recorded graces poetry whose cited rhymes sung children succeeding times shakspeare rape lucretia travellers made national manners characteristics peculiar study often observed remarked feeling learned abbe le blanc resided time england commencement eighteenth century says amusing letters english french nations he continually met englishmen less vain boasting success highwaymen bravery troops tales address cunning generosity mouths everybody noted thief kind hero high repute he adds mob countries easily moved look general concern criminals going gallows english mob looked scenes interest they delighted see go last trials resolution applauded insensible enough die they lived braving justice god men he might added noted robber macpherson old ballad sae rantingly sae wantonly sae dauntingly gaed he he played spring danced round beneath gallows tree among traditional thieves noted england perhaps country robin hood name popular affection encircled peculiar halo he robbed rich give poor reward immortality fame tithe thought sufficient recompense benefactor species romance poetry emulous make forest sherwood he roamed merry men armed long bows clad lincoln green become resort pilgrims classic spot sacred memory virtues he ensured praise he honest man blazoned forth popular renown seven successive centuries never forgotten english tongue endures charity poor gallantry respect women made thief world among english thieves later date heard claude duval dick turpin jonathan wild jack sheppard knights road town whose peculiar chivalry formed dread delight england eighteenth century turpin fame unknown portion male population england they attained age ten wondrous ride london york endeared imagination millions cruelty placing old woman fire force tell she hidden money regarded good joke proud bearing scaffold looked virtuous action abbe le blanc writing says he continually entertained stories turpin he robbed gentlemen he generously leave enough continue journey exact pledge never inform scrupulous gentlemen keeping word he day told story relator he highest degree delighted turpin noted robber stopped man he knew rich usual salutation money life finding five six guineas he took liberty entreating affable manner never come ill provided adding he fell he paltry sum he give good licking another story told turpin admirers robbery he committed near cambridge he took gentleman watch money two shillings he left required word honour he cause pursued brought justice promise given they parted courteously they afterwards met newmarket renewed acquaintance kept word religiously he refrained giving turpin custody made boast he fairly won money back honest way turpin offered bet favourite horse accepted wager good grace he done best gentleman england turpin lost bet paid immediately smitten generous behaviour he told deeply he regretted trifling affair happened permit drink together narrator anecdote quite proud england birthplace highwayman abbe second volume letter dressed monsieur de buffon gives following curious particulars robbers without interest day show vast improvement taken place since period usual travelling put ten dozen guineas separate pocket tribute first comes demand right passport custom established favour robbers almost highway surveyors england made necessary accordingly english call fellows road government letting exercise jurisdiction travellers without giving great molestation say truth they content taking money obey without disputing notwithstanding boasted humanity lives endeavour get away always safe they strict severe levying impost man wherewithal pay he may run chance getting knocked head poverty fifteen years ago robbers view maintaining rights fixed papers doors rich people london expressly forbidding persons whatsoever quality condition going town without ten guineas watch pain death bad times little nothing got roads fellows assemble gangs raise contributions even london watchmen seldom trouble interfere vocation less familiar people england career jack sheppard brutal ruffian ever disgraced country claims popular admiration generally acknowledged he like robin hood plunder rich relieve poor rob uncouth sort courtesy like turpin he escaped newgate fetters limbs achievement repeated encircled felon brow wreath immortality made quite pattern thief among populace he years age time execution he died much pitied crowd adventures sole topics conversation months filled effigies fine painting made sir richard thornhill following complimentary verses artist appeared british journal november thornhill thine gild fame th obscure raise humble name make form elude grave sheppard oblivion save apelles alexander aurelius due cromwell lilly works doth shine sheppard thornhill lives thine high jack fame pantomime entertainment called harlequin jack sheppard devised thurmond brought great success drury lane theatre scenes painted nature including robber frequented claremarket condemned cell he made escape newgate rev villette editor annals newgate published relates curious sermon he says friend heard delivered time jack execution orator animadverting great care men took bodies little care they bestowed souls continued follows way exemplifying position we remarkable instance notorious malefactor well known name jack sheppard amazing difficulties he overcome astonishing things he performed sake stinking miserable carcass hardly worth hanging dexterously he pick chain padlock crooked nail manfully he burst fetters asunder climb chimney wrench iron bar break way stone wall make strong door dark entry fly till he got leads prison fixing blanket wall spike he stole chapel intrepidly he descend top turner house cautiously pass stair make escape street door oh ye like jack sheppard mistake brethren i mean carnal spiritual sense i propose spiritualise things shame we think worth take much pains employ many deep thoughts save souls he done preserve body let exhort ye open locks hearts nail repentance burst asunder fetters beloved lusts mount chimney hope take thence bar good resolution break stone wall despair strongholds dark entry valley shadow death raise leads divine meditation fix blanket faith spike church let turner house resignation descend stairs humility shall you come door deliverance prison iniquity escape clutches old executioner devil popular name jack sheppard immediately he suffered last penalty crimes nothing compared vast renown he acquired latter days lapse century quarter poets often fully appreciated till they dead hundred years thieves appear share disadvantage posterity grateful contemporaries jack sheppard faintly praised day shines hero heroes preeminent fellows thornhill made picture illustrious robber cruikshank made dozens art engraver multiplied thousands tens thousands populace england become familiar jack features they jack romantic hero three goodly volumes delight circulating libraries theatres smitten universal enthusiasm managers set playmongers work jack story reproduced shape drama melodrama farce half dozen places entertainment never display popular regard hero exhibited london renowned jack sheppard robbery acquired additional lustre popular eye englishmen foreigners caught contagion latter fired example robbed murdered venerable unoffending confiding nobleman especial duty obeyed protected he coward wretch solitary crime he made daring escape dungeon walls ridden london york he died amid execrations people affording melancholy exemplification trite remark every man great desirous jonathan wild whose name immortalised fielding favourite people he none virtues combined crimes make character great thief he pitiful fellow informed comrades afraid death meanness forgiven crowd they pelted dirt stones way tyburn expressed contempt every possible means different conduct turpin jack sheppard died neatest attire nosegays courage crowd expects anticipated body turpin delivered surgeons dissection people seeing men busily employed removing suddenly set rescued body bore town triumph buried deep grave filled hasten progress decomposition they suffer corpse hero man ridden london york hours mangled rude hands unmannerly surgeons death claude duval appear less triumphant claude gentlemanly thief according butler famous ode memory he taught wild arabs road rob gentle mode take prizes obligingly never breen bred filous hang graceful fashion known dull english nation fact he pink politeness gallantry fair sex proverbial he caught last pent stone walls chains iron grates grief proportion rare merits great fame butler says dungeon came ladies parts offer close prisoners hearts he received tribute never bold knight relieve distressed dames dreadful feats achieve feeble damsels sake proud undertake bravely ambitious redeem world loss strove honour lay change life among noted thieves france none compare famous aimerigot tetenoire flourished reign charles vi fellow head four five hundred men possessed two strong castles limousin auvergne good deal feudal baron although he possessed revenues road afforded death he left singular i give bequeath robber thousand five hundred francs george chapel repairs may need sweet girl tenderly loved i give two thousand five hundred surplus i give companions i hope they live brothers divide amicably among they agree devil contention gets among fault mine i advise get good strong sharp axe break open strong box let scramble contains devil seize hindmost people auvergne still recount admiration daring feats brigand later years french thieves unmitigated scoundrels left little room popular admiration famous cartouche whose name become synonymous ruffian language none generosity courtesy devoted bravery requisite make he born paris towards end seventeenth century broken alive wheel november he however sufficiently popular pitied death afterwards formed subject much admired drama bore name played great success theatres france years day french fortunate robber vidocq bids fair rival fame turpin jack sheppard already he become hero many apocryphal tale already compatriots boast manifold achievements express doubts whether country europe produce thief clever accomplished gentlemanly vidocq germany schinderhannes hungary schubry italy spain whole host brigands whose names exploits familiar household words mouths children populace countries italian banditti renowned world many religious fashion charitable charity source unexpected people dote he fell hands police exclaimed they led away ho fatto pitt carita i given away charity three convents provinces fellow spoke truth lombardy people cherish memory two notorious robbers flourished two centuries ago spanish government story according macfarlane contained little book well known children province read much gusto bibles schinderhannes robber rhine great favourite banks river he long kept awe many amusing stories related peasantry scurvy tricks he played rich jews officers justice princely generosity undaunted courage short they proud consent memory achievements dissociated river they rock ehrenbreitstein blown atoms gunpowder another whose character exploits people germany speak admiringly mausch nadel captain considerable band infested rhine switzerland alsatia lorraine years like jack sheppard he endeared populace hazardous escape prison confined bremen dungeon third story prison town he contrived let without exciting vigilance sentinels swim across weser though heavily laden irons half way he espied sentinel fired shot calf leg undaunted robber struck manfully reached shore sight officers justice get ready boats follow he captured tried mayence sentenced death he tall strong handsome man fate villain he excited much sympathy germany ladies especially loud regret nothing done save hero adventures romantic knife headsman macfarlane speaking italian banditti remarks abuses catholic religion confessions absolutions tended promote crime description he adds truly priests monks done half mischief perpetrated he list complete fact theatre expect prosper pecuniary sense pandering tastes people continually recurs annals thieves banditti favourite heroes theatrical robbers picturesque attire wild haunts jolly reckless manners take wonderful hold imagination whatever advocates may say contrary exercise pernicious influence public morals memoirs duke guise revolution naples stated manners dress mode life neapolitan banditti rendered captivating stage authorities found absolutely necessary forbid representation dramas they figured even prohibit costume masquerades numerous banditti time duke found difficulty raising army aid endeavours seize throne naples he describes see foreign quarterly review vol iv they three thousand five hundred men oldest came short five forty years youngest twenty they tall well made long black hair part curled coats black spanish leather sleeves velvet cloth gold cloth breeches gold lace scarlet girdles velvet laced gold two pistols side cutlass hanging belt suitably trimmed three fingers broad two feet long girdle hung neck great silk riband carried firelocks others they good shoes silk stockings every cap cloth gold cloth silver different colours head delightful eye beggars opera country another instance admiration thieves excite stage extraordinary success piece first produced following account given notes dunciad quoted johnson lives poets piece received greater applause ever known besides acted london days without interruption renewed next season equal applause spread great towns england played many places thirtieth fortieth time bath bristol fifty made progress wales scotland ireland performed days successively ladies carried favourite songs fans houses furnished screens fame confined author person acted polly till obscure became favourite town lavinia fenton afterwards duchess bolton pictures engraved sold great numbers life written books letters verses published pamphlets made even sayings jests furthermore drove england season italian opera carried ten years johnson life author says herring afterwards archbishop canterbury censured opera giving encouragement vice crimes making highwayman hero dismissing last unpunished adds even exhibition gangs robbers evidently multiplied doctor doubts assertion giving reason highwaymen housebreakers seldom frequent playhouse possible imagine he might rob safety he saw macheath reprieved stage johnson wished convinced he might easily discovered highwaymen housebreakers frequent theatre nothing probable laughable representation successful villany induce young already vicious imitate besides weighty authority sir john fielding chief magistrate bow street asserted positively proved assertion records office number thieves greatly increased time opera popular we another instance result much nearer times schiller rauber wonderful play written green youth perverted taste imagination young men germany accomplished critic country hazlitt speaking play says first he ever read effect produced stunned like blow lapse years he forget still use words old dweller chambers brain he even recovered enough describe metaphysical thief hero warmly admired several raw students longing imitate character they thought noble actually abandoned homes colleges betook forests wilds levy contributions travellers they thought they like moor plunder rich deliver eloquent soliloquies setting sun rising moon relieve poor they met drink flasks rhenish free companions rugged mountain passes tents thicknesses forests little experience wonderfully cooled courage they found real robbers unlike conventional banditti stage three months prison bread water fare damp straw lie well read fire sides agreeable undergo proper persons lord byron soliloquising thieves slight degree perverted taste greenhorns incipient rhymesters country yet however they shown good sense fellows germany taken woods highways much they admire conrad corsair they go sea hoist black flag emulation words deeds they testify admiration deluge periodicals music shops hand verses describing pirates bandits brides robber adventures every kind harm byron fewer sins nature answer gay schiller modern dramatizers jack sheppard aid scenery fine dresses music false notions they convey they vitiate public taste knowing rimeurs quelle force ont les arts pour demolir les moeurs penny theatres abound poor populous districts london chiefly frequented striplings idle dissolute habits tales thieves murderers admired draw crowded audiences species representation footpad burglar highwayman portrayed unnatural colours give pleasant lessons crime delighted listeners deepest tragedy broadest farce represented career murderer thief applauded proportion depth breadth whenever crime unusual atrocity committed brought afresh disgusting incidents copied life amusement day become imitators mere reader case widely different people partiality knowing adventures noted rogues even fiction they delightful witness eventful story gil blas de santillane great rascal don guzman fear imitation poets without mischief may sing heroes they please wakening sympathies sad fate gilderoy macpherson dauntless celebrating undying verse wrongs revenge great thief scotland rob roy music sweet rhymes they convince world heroes mistaken philosophers born ages late theoretical practical love good old rule simple plan they take power they keep world may perhaps become wiser consent better distribution good things means thieves may become reconciled age age probability however seems charmers charm vain charm they ever wisely influence politics religion hair beard speak respect honour beard beard owner hudibras famous declaration paul long hair shame man made pretext many singular enactments civil ecclesiastical governments fashion hair cut beard state questions france england establishment christianity fifteenth century we find much earlier times men permitted they liked hair alexander great thought beards soldiery afforded convenient handles enemy lay hold preparatory cutting heads view depriving advantage he ordered whole army closely shaven notions courtesy towards enemy quite different entertained north american indians amongst held point honour allow chivalrous lock grow foe taking scalp may something catch hold time long hair symbol sovereignty europe we learn gregory tours among successors clovis exclusive privilege royal family hair long curled nobles equal kings power show inferiority respect wore hair beards enormous length fashion lasted slight changes till time louis debonnaire successors hugh capet wore hair short way distinction even serfs set regulation defiance allowed locks beards grow time invasion england william conqueror normans wore hair short harold progress towards hastings sent forward spies view strength number enemy they reported amongst things return host almost seem priests they face lips shaven fashion among english time wear hair long head upper lip shave chin haughty victors divided broad lands saxon thanes franklins among tyranny every kind employed make english feel they indeed subdued broken nation latter encouraged growth hair they might resemble little possible cropped shaven masters fashion exceedingly displeasing clergy prevailed considerable extent france germany towards end eleventh century decreed pope zealously supported ecclesiastical authorities europe persons wore long hair excommunicated living prayed dead william malmesbury relates famous wulstan bishop worcester peculiarly indignant whenever he saw man long hair he declaimed practice highly immoral criminal beastly he continually carried small knife pocket whenever anybody offending respect knelt receive blessing he whip slily cut handful throwing face tell cut rest he go hell fashion times possible move wisp stands firm lever men preferred run risk damnation parting superfluity hair time henry i anselm archbishop canterbury found necessary republish famous decree excommunication outlawry offenders court begun patronize curls fulminations church unavailing henry i nobles wore hair long ringlets backs shoulders became scandalum magnatum eyes godly serlo king chaplain grieved spirit impiety master he preached sermon text paul assembled court he drew dreadful picture torments awaited world several burst tears wrung hair they pulled roots henry observed weep priest seeing impression he made determined strike iron hot pulling pair scissors pocket cut king hair presence several principal courtiers consented like short time long hair appeared going fashion courtiers thought first glow penitence cooled reflection clerical dalilah shorn strength less six months they great sinners ever anselm archbishop canterbury monk bec normandy signalized rouen fierce opposition long hair still anxious work reformation matter pertinacity far pleasing king finally made mind wear ringlets disputes serious nature archbishop died king glad rid he allowed see remain vacant five years still cause advocates every pulpit land resounded anathemas disobedient generation avail stowe writing period asserts authority ancient chronicler men forgetting birth transformed length haires semblance woman kind hair decayed age causes they knit heads certain rolls braidings false hair last accident turned tide fashion knight court exceedingly proud beauteous locks dreamed night he lay bed devil sprang endeavoured choke hair he started affright actually found he great quantity hair mouth sorely stricken conscience looking dream warning heaven he set work reformation cut luxuriant tresses night story soon bruited abroad course made clergy knight man influence consideration acknowledged leader fashion example aided priestly exhortations generally imitated men appeared almost decent wulstan wished dream dandy proved efficacious entreaties saint stowe informs us scarcely year past thought courtiers fell former vice contended women long haires henry king appears quite uninfluenced dreams others even induce second time undergo cropping priestly shears he much troubled time disagreeable visions offended church respects he get sound refreshing sleep used imagine he saw bishops abbots monks every degree standing around threatening belabour pastoral staves sight we told frightened he often started naked bed attacked phantoms sword hand grimbalde physician like fraternity day ecclesiastic never hinted dreams result bad digestion told shave head reconciled church reform alms prayer he take good advice he nearly drowned year afterwards violent storm sea he repented evil ways cut hair short paid proper deference wishes clergy france thunders vatican regard long curly hair hardly respected england louis vii however obedient cropped closely monk great sorrow gallants court queen gay haughty eleanor guienne never admired trim continually reproached imitating headdress asceticism monks cause coldness arose lady proving last unfaithful shaven indifferent lord they divorced kings france lost rich provinces guienne poitou dowry she soon bestowed hand possessions henry duke normandy afterwards henry ii england gave english sovereigns strong footing france many centuries cause long bloody wars nations crusades drawn smart young fellows palestine clergy find difficult convince staid burghers remained europe enormity long hair absence richard coeur de lion english subjects cut hair close shaved faces william fitzosbert great demagogue day reintroduced among people claimed saxon origin fashion long hair he view making unlike possible citizens normans he wore beard hanging waist whence name he best known posterity church never showed great enemy beard long hair head generally allowed fashion take course regard chin upper lip fashion varied continually we find little century time richard i beards short they become long mentioned famous epigram made scots visited london david son robert bruce married joan sister king edward epigram stuck peter stangate ran long beards heartlesse painted hoods witlesse gray coats gracelesse make england thriftlesse emperor charles ascended throne spain he beard expected obsequious parasites always surround monarch presume look virile master immediately courtiers appeared beardless exception grave old men outgrown influence fashion determined die bearded they lived sober people general saw revolution sorrow alarm thought every manly virtue banished beard became time common saying desde que hay barba hay mas alma we longer souls since we lost beards france beard fell disrepute death henry iv mere reason successor young immediate friends great bearnais minister sully among rest refused part beards notwithstanding jeers new generation remember division england two great parties roundheads cavaliers days every species vice iniquity thought puritans lurk long curly tresses monarchists latter imagined opponents destitute wit wisdom virtue they hair man locks symbol creed politics religion abundant hair scant faith balder head sincere piety among instances interference governments men hair extraordinary daring success peter great time fashion condemned beard every country europe voice potent popes emperors banished civilized society made russians cling fondly ancient ornament mark distinguish foreigners they hated peter however resolved they shaven he man deeply read history he might hesitated he attempted despotic attack customs prejudices countrymen he he know consider danger innovation he listened promptings indomitable fiat went forth army ranks citizens nobles serfs shave beards certain time given people might get first throes repugnance every man chose retain beard pay tax hundred roubles priests serfs put lower footing allowed retain payment copeck every time they passed gate city great discontent existed consequence dreadful fate strelitzes recent forgotten thousands courage revolt well remarked writer encyclopedia britannica they thought wiser cut beards run risk incensing man make scruple cutting heads wiser popes bishops former age he threaten eternal damnation made pay hard cash penalty disobedience many years considerable revenue collected source collectors gave receipt payment small copper coin struck expressly purpose called borodovaia bearded side bore figure nose mouth moustachios long bushy beard surmounted words deuyee vyeatee money received whole encircled wreath stamped black eagle russia reverse bore date year every man chose wear beard obliged produce receipt entry town refractory refused pay tax thrown prison since day rulers modern europe endeavoured persuade rather force matters pertaining fashion vatican troubles beards ringlets men may become hairy bears fancy without fear excommunication deprivation political rights folly taken new start cultivates moustachio even point governments let men alone religion yet meddled perhaps politics already influence considerably revolution neither french belgian citizens remarkable moustachios event hardly shopkeeper either paris brussels whose upper lip suddenly become hairy real mock moustachios temporary triumph gained dutch soldiers citizens louvain october became standing joke patriots they shaved faces clean immediately wits dutch army asserted they gathered moustachios enough denuded lips belgians stuff mattresses sick wounded hospital last folly kind still recent german newspapers august appeared ordonnance signed king bavaria forbidding civilians pretence whatever wear moustachios commanding police authorities arrest cause shaved offending parties strange say adds le droit journal account taken moustachios disappeared immediately like leaves trees autumn everybody made haste obey royal order person arrested king bavaria rhymester celebrity taken good many poetical licences time licence matter appears neither poetical reasonable hoped he take royal head make subjects shave nothing wanting complete degradation duels ordeals ancient sage philosopher swore world he prove mad fighting hudibras writers accounting origin duelling derive warlike habits barbarous nations overran europe early centuries christian era knew mode effectual settling differences point sword fact duelling taken primitive broadest sense means nothing combatting universal resort wild animals including man gain defend possessions avenge insults two dogs tear bone two bantams fighting dunghill love beautiful hen two fools wimbledon common shooting satisfy laws offended honour stand footing respect mere duellists civilization advanced best informed men naturally grew ashamed mode adjusting disputes promulgation sort laws obtaining redress injuries consequence still many cases allegations accuser rebutted positive proof part accused must exceedingly numerous early stages european society combat resorted decision appeal god supposed nerve arm combatant whose cause just grant victory opponent montesquieu well remarks esprit des loix liv xxviii chap xvii belief unnatural among people just emerging barbarism manners wholly warlike man deficient courage prime virtue fellows unreasonably suspected vices besides cowardice generally found treachery he therefore showed valiant encounter absolved public opinion crime he might charged necessary consequence society reduced original elements men thought distinguished men action devised means taming unruly passions fellows view governments commenced restricting within narrowest possible limits cases lawful prove deny guilt single combat law gondebaldus king burgundians passed year proof combat allowed legal proceedings lieu swearing time charlemagne burgundian practice spread empire francs suitors justice witnesses even judges obliged defend cause evidence decision point sword louis debonnaire successor endeavoured remedy growing evil permitting duel appeals felony civil cases issue joined writ right cases court chivalry attacks man knighthood none exempt trials women sick maimed persons fifteen sixty years age ecclesiastics allowed produce champions stead practice course time extended trials civil criminal cases decided battle clergy whose dominion intellectual never approved system jurisprudence tended much bring things rule strongest arm first they set faces duelling endeavoured far prejudices age allow curb warlike spirit alien principles religion council valentia afterwards council trent they excommunicated persons engaged duelling even assistants spectators declaring custom hellish detestable introduced devil destruction body soul they added princes connived duels deprived temporal power jurisdiction dominion places they permitted fought seen hereafter clause encouraged practice intended prevent blasphemous error early ages expect almighty whenever he called work miracle favour person unjustly accused priesthood condemning duel condemn principle founded they still encouraged popular belief divine interference disputes differences might arise among nations individuals principle regulated ordeals influence they supported duel former power deciding guilt innocence vested wholly hands latter they enjoyed power privilege wondered reason they endeavoured settle differences peaceful mode prevailed they they wished first party state strong arm individual prowess allowed judge doubtful cases power influence became secondary nobility mere hatred bloodshed induced launch thunderbolts excommunication combatants desire retain power justice they times persons best qualified wield germs knowledge civilization lay within bounds order they representatives intellectual nobility physical power man centralize power church make judge last resort appeals civil criminal cases they instituted five modes trial management lay wholly hands oath evangelists ordeal cross fire ordeal persons higher ranks water ordeal humbler classes lastly corsned bread cheese ordeal members body oath evangelists taken following manner accused received proof says paul hay count du chastelet memoirs bertrand du guesclin swore copy new testament relics holy martyrs tombs he innocent crime imputed he obliged find twelve persons acknowledged probity take oath time they believed innocent mode trial led great abuses especially cases disputed inheritance hardest swearer certain victory abuse principal causes led preference given trial battle surprising feudal baron captain early ages preferred chances fair fight opponent mode firm perjury always successful trial judgment cross charlemagne begged sons recourse case disputes arising performed person accused crime declared innocence oath appealed cross judgment favour he brought church altar priests previously prepared two sticks exactly like another carved figure cross they wrapped great care many ceremonies quantity fine wool laid altar relics saints solemn prayer offered god he pleased discover judgment holy cross whether accused person innocent guilty priest approached altar took sticks assistants unswathed reverently marked cross accused person innocent unmarked he guilty unjust assert judgments delivered cases erroneous absurd believe they left altogether chance many true judgments doubtless given probability conscientiously we believe priests endeavoured beforehand convince secret inquiry strict examination circumstances whether appellant innocent guilty they took crossed uncrossed stick accordingly although observers sticks enfolded wool might appear exactly similar enwrapped without difficulty distinguish power deciding just unequivocally left hands generally believed fire burn innocent clergy course took care innocent pleasure interest declare warned undergoing ordeal preserve without difficulty fire mode ordeal place ploughshares ground certain distances blindfolding accused person make walk barefooted he stepped regularly vacant spaces avoiding fire he adjudged innocent he burned he declared guilty none clergy interfered arrangement ploughshares they always calculate beforehand result ordeal find person guilty they place irregular distances accused sure tread emma wife king ethelred mother edward confessor accused guilty familiarity alwyn bishop winchester she cleared character manner reputation order queen stake verdict guilty apprehended ploughshares priests heating ordeal called judicium dei sometimes vulgaris purgatio might tried several methods hold hand unhurt piece iron weight two three pounds we read men hard hands women softer delicate skin impunity we must convinced hands previously rubbed preservative apparently hot iron merely cold iron painted red another mode plunge naked arm caldron boiling water priests enveloped several folds linen flannel kept patient confined within church exclusive care three days end time arm appeared without scar innocence accused person firmly established similar modern hindoos described forbes oriental memoirs vol man accused capital crime chooses undergo ordeal trial he closely confined several days right hand arm covered thick tied sealed presence proper officers prevent deceit english districts covering always sealed company arms prisoner placed european guard time fixed ordeal caldron oil placed fire boils piece money dropped vessel prisoner arm unsealed washed presence judges accusers part ceremony attendant brahmins supplicate deity receiving benediction accused plunges hand boiling fluid takes coin arm afterwards sealed time appointed seal broken blemish appears prisoner declared innocent contrary he suffers punishment due crime trial accused addresses element plunging hand boiling oil fire pervadest things cause purity givest evidence virtue sin declare truth hand juggling practised decisions ordeal way means declared guilty others innocent clear brahmins like christian priests middle ages practise deception saving they wish thought guiltless regards trouble taken trial poor humble whether they sank swam thought little consequence like witches modern times accused thrown pond river they sank drowned surviving friends consolation knowing they innocent they swam they guilty either case society rid ordeals clergy reserved least likely cause member corps declared guilty culpable monster existence came clear tried method called corsned performed piece barley bread piece cheese laid altar accused priest full canonicals surrounded pompous adjuncts roman ceremony pronounced certain conjurations prayed great fervency several minutes burden prayer he guilty crime laid charge god send angel gabriel stop throat he might able swallow bread cheese instance record priest choked manner ordeal like still practised india consecrated rice article chosen instead bread cheese instances rare force imagination guilty persons able swallow single grain conscious crime fearful punishment heaven they feel suffocating sensation throat they attempt they fall knees confess laid charge thing doubt happened bread cheese roman church applied others ecclesiastics latter much wisdom caught trap setting pope gregory vii debated whether gregorian chant introduced castile instead musarabic given isidore seville churches kingdom much ill feeling excited churches refused receive novelty proposed affair decided battle two champions chosen side clergy consent mode settlement they considered impious objection try merits chant fire ordeal great fire accordingly made book gregorian musarabic chant thrown flames might decide agreeable god refusing burn cardinal baronius says he miracle relates book gregorian chant sooner laid fire leaped uninjured visibly great noise every present thought saints decided favour pope gregory slight interval fire extinguished wonderful relate book isidore found covered ashes injured slightest degree flames even warmed resolved alike agreeable god they used turns churches seville histoire de messire bertrand du guesclin par paul hay du chastelet livre chap xix ordeals confined questions like laity little objection they introduced decisive disputes might arise man man opposition whose prime virtue personal bravery necessarily excited fact nobility early period began look jealous eyes they slow perceive true purport make church last court appeal cases civil criminal nobility prefer ancient mode single combat cause sufficient they clung acquittal gained displays courage address battle afforded creditable eyes compeers required little none either accomplish causes may added another perhaps potent either raising credit judicial combat expense ordeal noble institution chivalry beginning take root notwithstanding clamours clergy war made sole business life elegant pursuit aristocracy fine spirit honour introduced attack avenged lists within sight applauding crowds whose verdict approbation far gratifying cold formal acquittal ordeal lothaire son louis i abolished fire trial cross within dominions england they allowed late time henry iii early part whose reign they prohibited order council mean time crusades brought institution chivalry full height perfection chivalric spirit soon achieved downfall ordeal system established judicial combat basis firm shaken true fall chivalry institution fell tournament encounter lists duel offspring survived day defying efforts sages philosophers eradicate among errors bequeathed us barbarous age proved pertinacious put variance men reason honour put man sense level fool made thousands condemn submit practise curious see manner combats regulated may consult learned montesquieu they find copious summary code ancient duelling esprit des loix livre xxviii chap xxv truly he remark speaking clearness excellence arrangements many wise matters conducted foolish manner many foolish matters conducted wisely greater exemplification given wise religious rules absurd blasphemous trial battle ages intervened crusades new era opened invention gunpowder printing rational system legislation took root inhabitants cities engaged pursuits trade industry content acquiesce decisions judges magistrates whenever differences arose among unlike class habits manners lead seek every slight occasion dispute price sack corn bale cow satisfactorily adjusted mayor bailiff district even martial knights nobles quarrelsome they began see trial battle lose dignity splendour frequently resorted governments shared opinion several occasions restricted cases legal proceed extremity france time louis ix duels permitted cases lese majesty rape incendiarism assassination burglary louis ix taking restriction made legal civil eases found work well philip fair judged necessary confine criminal matters state offences rape incendiarism civil cases questions disputed inheritance knighthood allowed best judge honour might defend avenge often occasion arose among earliest duels record singular took place reign louis ii ingelgerius count gastinois morning discovered countess dead bed side gontran relation count accused countess murdered husband he asserted she long unfaithful challenged produce champion battle behalf he might establish guilt killing memoires de brantome touchant les duels friends relatives countess believed innocence gontran stout bold renowned warrior dared meet brantome quaintly says mauvais et poltrons parens estaient unhappy countess began despair champion suddenly appeared person ingelgerius count anjou boy sixteen years age held countess baptismal font received husband name he tenderly loved godmother offered battle cause every opponent king endeavoured persuade generous boy enterprise urging great strength tried skill invincible courage challenger he persisted resolution great sorrow court cruel thing permit brave beautiful child rush butchery death lists prepared countess duly acknowledged champion combatants commenced onset gontran rode fiercely antagonist hit shield impetuosity he lost balance rolled ground young count gontran fell passed lance body dismounting cut head brantome says he presented king received graciously joyful much made present city innocence countess proclaimed great rejoicings she kissed godson wept neck joy presence assembly earl essex accused robert de montfort king henry ii traitorously suffered royal standard england fall hands skirmish welsh coleshill five years previously latter offered prove truth charge single combat earl essex accepted challenge lists prepared near reading immense concourse persons assembled witness battle essex first fought stoutly losing temper he gave advantage opponent soon decided struggle he unhorsed severely wounded present thought he dead solicitation relatives monks abbey reading allowed remove body interment montfort declared victor essex however dead stunned care monks recovered weeks bodily injuries wounds mind easily healed though loyal brave subject whole realm believed traitor coward he vanquished he brook return world deprived good opinion fellows he therefore made monk passed remainder days within walls abbey du chastelet relates singular duel proposed spain histoire de messire bertrand du guesclin livre chap xix christian gentleman seville sent challenge moorish cavalier offering prove whatever weapons he might choose religion jesus christ holy divine mahomet impious damnable spanish prelates choose christianity com promised within jurisdiction result combat they commanded knight pain excommunication withdraw challenge author relates otho i question arose among jurisconsults viz whether grandchildren lost father share equally uncles property grandfather death latter difficulty question found insurmountable none lawyers day resolve last decreed decided single combat two champions accordingly chosen claims little ones long struggle champion uncles unhorsed slain therefore decided right grandchildren established they enjoy portion grandfather possessions father done he alive pretexts just frivolous duels continued fought countries europe whole fourteenth fifteenth centuries memorable instance slightness pretext man forced fight duel death occurs memoirs brave constable du guesclin advantage he obtained skirmish rennes william brembre english captain preyed spirits william troussel chosen friend companion latter nothing satisfy mortal combat constable duke lancaster troussel applied permission fight great frenchman forbade battle warranted circumstances troussel nevertheless burned fierce desire cross weapon du guesclin sought every occasion pick quarrel good course he found way relative taken prisoner constable whose hands he remained till he able pay ransom troussel resolved make quarrel despatched messenger du guesclin demanding release prisoner offering bond distant date payment ransom du guesclin received intimation hostile purposes englishman sent back word he accept bond neither he release prisoner full amount ransom paid soon answer received troussel sent challenge constable demanding reparation injury he done honour refusing bond offering mortal combat fought three strokes lance three sword three dagger du guesclin although ill bed ague accepted challenge gave notice marshal king lower normandy he might fix day place combat marshal made necessary arrangements condition he beaten pay hundred florins gold feast nobles gentlemen witnesses encounter duke lancaster angry captain told shame knighthood nation he forced combat brave du guesclin time he enfeebled disease stretched couch suffering representations troussel ashamed sent notice du guesclin he willing postpone duel time he perfectly recovered du guesclin replied he think postponing combat nobility received notice he sufficient strength left meet conquer opponent he he make appearance lists time appointed he publish everywhere man unworthy called knight wear honourable sword side troussel carried haughty message duke lancaster immediately gave permission battle day appointed two combatants appeared lists presence several thousand spectators du guesclin attended flower french nobility including marshal de beaumanoir olivier de mauny bertrand de saint pern viscount de la belliere englishman appeared customary retinue two seconds two squires two coutilliers daggermen two trumpeters first onset unfavourable constable he received heavy blow he fell forward left horse neck weakened fever nearly thrown ground friends thought he never recover began deplore ill fortune du guesclin collected energies decisive effort second charge aimed blow shoulder enemy felled earth mortally wounded he sprang horse sword hand intention cutting head fallen foe marshal threw golden wand arena signal hostilities cease du guesclin proclaimed victor amid joyous acclamations crowd retiring left field meaner combatants afterwards make sport people four english many french squires fought time pointless lances french gaining advantage sports declared end time charles vi beginning fifteenth century famous duel ordered parliament paris sieur de carrouges absent holy land lady violated sieur legris carrouges return challenged legris mortal combat twofold crime violation slander inasmuch he denied guilt asserting lady willing party lady asseverations innocence held evidence parliament duel commanded ceremonies day appointed says brantome memoires de brantome touchant les duels lady came witness spectacle chariot king made descend judging unworthy she criminal eyes till innocence proved caused stand scaffold await mercy god judgment battle short struggle sieur de carrouges overthrew enemy made confess rape slander he taken gallows hanged presence multitude innocence lady proclaimed heralds recognized husband king spectators numerous battles similar description constantly took place unfortunate issue encounter kind led french king henry ii declare solemnly he never permit encounter whether related civil criminal case honour gentleman memorable combat fought year francois de vivonne lord la chataigneraie guy de chabot lord jarnac friends early youth noted court francis i gallantry bearing magnificence retinue chataigneraie knew friend means ample asked day confidence he contrived well provided jarnac replied father married young beautiful woman loving son far better sire supplied much money he desired la chataigneraie betrayed base secret dauphin dauphin king king courtiers courtiers acquaintance short time reached ears old lord de jarnac immediately sent son demanded know manner report originated whether he vile enough carry connexion boast de jarnac indignantly denied he ever given reason world say requested father accompany court confront accuser he might see manner he confound they went accordingly younger de jarnac entering room dauphin la chataigneraie several courtiers present exclaimed aloud whoever asserted he maintained criminal connexion liar coward every eye turned dauphin la chataigneraie latter stood forward asserted de jarnac avowed fact he extort lips another confession case like met rebutted legal proof royal council ordered decided single combat king however set face duel although francis showed case enemy duelling yet case he objection every reader history must remember answer challenge emperor charles emperor wrote he failed word he sustain quarrel francis replied he lied en avait menti par la gorge he ready meet single combat whenever wherever he pleased forbade pain high displeasure proceed matter francis died following year dauphin now henry ii compromised resolved combat take place lists prepared chateau july appointed encounter cartels combatants preserved memoires de castelnau follow cartel francois de vivonne lord la chataigneraie sire learned guy chabot de jarnac lately compeigne asserted whoever he boasted criminal intercourse wicked wretch i sire pleasure answer he wickedly lied lie many times he denies i affirm he say i repeat he told several times boasted he slept francois de vivonne cartel de jarnac replied sire good permission i say francois de vivonne lied imputation he cast i spoke you compeigne i therefore entreat you sire humbly you pleased grant us fair field we may fight battle death guy chabot preparations conducted scale greatest magnificence king intimated intention present la chataigneraie made sure victory invited king hundred fifty principal personages court sup evening battle splendid tent he prepared extremity lists de jarnac confident though perhaps desperate noon day appointed combatants met took customary oath he bore charms amulets made use magic aid antagonist they attacked sword hand la chataigneraie strong robust man confident de jarnac nimble supple prepared worst combat lasted time doubtful de jarnac overpowered heavy blows opponent covered head shield stooping endeavoured make amends agility deficiency strength crouching posture he aimed two blows left thigh la chataigneraie left uncovered motion leg might impeded blow successful amid astonishment spectators great regret king la chataigneraie rolled sand he seized dagger made last effort strike de jarnac he unable support fell powerless arms assistants officers now interfered de jarnac declared victor fell knees uncovered head clasping hands together exclaimed domine non sum dignus la chataigneraie mortified result encounter he resolutely refused wounds dressed he tore bandages surgeons applied expired two days afterwards ever since time sly unforeseen attack called french coup de jarnac henry grieved loss favourite he made solemn oath already alluded he never long he lived permit due writers asserted among others mezeraie he issued royal edict forbidding doubted others appears registry edict courts seems probable never issued opinion strengthened fact two years afterwards council ordered another duel fought similar forms less magnificence account inferior rank combatants anywhere stated henry interfered prevent notwithstanding solemn oath contrary he encouraged appointed marshal de la marque see conducted according rules chivalry disputants fendille two gentlemen household quarrelling king chamber proceeded words blows council informed matter decreed decided lists marshal de la marque king permission appointed city sedan place combat fendille bad swordsman anxious avoid encounter expert men age council authoritatively commanded he fight degraded honours appeared field attended francois de vendome count de chartres fendille accompanied duke de nevers fendille appears inexpert swordsman thorough coward like cowley might heaped curses man death factor sure brought dire swords peaceful world first encounter he thrown horse confessing ground victor required slunk away ignominiously arena tempted look death henry ii judgment perjury matter duelling grand tournament instituted occasion marriage daughter he broke several lances encounters bravest knights time ambitious still renown he rest satisfied he engaged young count de montgomeri he received wound eye lance antagonist died effects shortly afterwards year age succeeding reigns francis ii charles ix henry iii practice duelling increased alarming extent duels rare countries europe period france they frequent historians speaking age designate de la fureur des duels parliament paris endeavoured far power lay discourage practice decree dated june declared persons present duels aiding abetting rebels king transgressors law disturbers public peace henry iii assassinated st cloud young gentleman named marivaut much beloved took death much heart he resolved survive thinking suicide honourable death wishing he die gloriously revenging king master he publicly expressed readiness fight anybody death assert henry assassination great misfortune community another youth fiery temper tried courage named marolles took word day place combat forthwith appointed hour come ready marolles turned second asked whether opponent casque helmet whether he wore sallade headpiece answered helmet he gaily much better sir second you shall repute wickedest man world i thrust lance right middle head kill truth say he first onset unhappy marivaut expired without groan brantome relates story adds victor might done he pleased body cut head dragged camp exposed ass wise courteous gentleman he left relatives deceased honourably buried contenting glory triumph he gained little renown honour among ladies paris accession henry iv monarch pretended set face duelling influence early education prejudices society he never find heart punish man offence he thought tended foster warlike spirit among people chivalrous crequi demanded permission fight don philippe de savoire he reported go i king i second wonder known king disposition edicts attracted small attention calculation made de lomenie year since accession henry less four thousand french gentlemen lost lives conflicts eighteen years rate four five week eighteen per month sully reports fact memoirs throw slightest doubt exactness adds chiefly owing facility royal master bad example empoisoned court city whole country wise minister devoted much time attention subject rage he says cause thousand pangs king hardly man moving called good society engaged duel either principal second man chief desire free imputation picking quarrel somebody sully constantly wrote letters king he prayed renew edicts barbarous custom aggravate punishment offenders never instance grant pardon even person wounded another duel much less taken away life he advised sort tribunal court honour established take cognizance injurious slanderous language matters usually led duels justice administered court sufficiently prompt severe appease complainant make offender repent aggression henry warmly pressed friend minister called together extraordinary council gallery palace fontainebleau take matter consideration members assembled majesty requested person conversant subject make report origin progress different forms duel sully complacently remarks none counsllors gave king great reason felicitate erudition fact they remained silent sully held peace rest he looked knowing king turned towards great master face i conjecture you know matter you us believe i pray you indeed i command you tell us you think you know coy minister refused he says mere politeness ignorant colleagues pressed king he entered history duelling ancient modern times he preserved history memoirs none ministers counsellors present thought proper world deprived discourse doubt learned remarkable result royal edict issued sully lost time transmitting distant provinces distinct notification parties concerned king earnest exert full rigour law punishment offenders sully inform us provisions new law father matthias explicit we learn marshals france created judges court chivalry hearing causes wherein honour noble gentleman concerned resorted duelling punished death confiscation property seconds assistants lose rank dignity offices banished court sovereign le pere matthias tome ii livre iv strong hold education prejudice age mind king though reason condemned sympathies approved duel notwithstanding threatened severity number duels diminish wise sully still lament prevalence evil menaced society utter disorganization succeeding reign practice prevailed possible still greater extent cardinal de richelieu better able grapple sully made severe examples highest classes lord herbert english ambassador court louis xiii repeats letters observation previously made reign henry iv rare find frenchman moving good society killed man duel abbe millot says period duel madness made terrible ravages men actually frenzy combatting caprice vanity well excitement passion imposed necessity fighting friends obliged enter quarrels friends called refusal revenge became hereditary many families reckoned twenty years eight thousand letters pardon issued persons killed others single combat elemens de de france vol iii writers confirm statement amelot de houssaye memoirs says subject duels common first years reign louis xiii ordinary conversation persons they met morning you know fought yesterday dinner you know fought morning infamous duellist period de bouteville necessary quarrel assassin forced fight duel he heard brave he go say people tell you brave you i must fight together every morning notorious bravos duellists used assemble house take breakfast bread wine practise fencing de valencay afterwards elevated rank cardinal ranked high estimation de bouteville gang hardly day passed he engaged duel either principal second he challenged de bouteville best friend de bouteville fought duel without inviting become second quarrel appeased promise de bouteville next encounter he fail avail services purpose he went day picked quarrel marquis des portes de valencay according agreement pleasure serving second running body de cavois second marquis des portes man never done injury he afterwards acknowledged he never seen cardinal richelieu devoted much attention lamentable state public morals seems concurred great predecessor sully nothing rigorous severity put stop evil subject indeed painfully forced enemies marquis de themines richelieu bishop lucon given offence representations he made mary medicis determined since he challenge ecclesiastic challenge brother opportunity soon found themines accosting marquis de richelieu complained insulting tone bishop lucon broken faith marquis resented manner matter speech readily accepted challenge they met rue unfortunate richelieu stabbed heart instantly expired moment bishop became steady foe practice duelling reason impulse brotherly love alike combined make detest power france firmly established he set vigorously repressing testament politique he collected thoughts subject chapter entitled des moyens les duels spite edicts he published members nobility persisted fighting trivial absurd pretences last richelieu made terrible example infamous de bouteville challenged fought marquis de beuoron although duel fatal either consequences fatal high they richelieu resolved law reach they tried found guilty beheaded society get rid bloodthirsty scoundrels ever polluted two noblemen fought duel they killed officers justice notice breach law arrived scene combat friends parties time remove bodies conformity cardinal severe code subject bodies ignominiously stripped hanged gallows heads downwards several hours within sight people mercure de france vol xiii severity sobered frenzy nation time soon forgotten men minds deeply imbued false notion honour brought right way thinking examples however striking richelieu unable persuade walk right path though he punish choosing wrong he acuteness miscalculated spirit duelling death duellist feared shame contempt fellows addison remarked eighty years afterwards death sufficient deter men made glory despise every fought duel stand pillory quickly diminish number imaginary men honour put end absurd practice richelieu never thought sully says time germans much addicted duelling three places legal fight witzburg franconia uspach halle swabia thither course vast numbers repaired murdered sanction law earlier period germany held highly disgraceful refuse fight surrendered adversary simple wound disable reputed infamous neither cut beard bear arms mount horseback hold office state he fell duel buried great pomp splendour year just louis xiv attained majority desperate duel fought dukes de beaufort de nemours attended four gentlemen although they long enemies constant dissensions introduced much disorganization among troops they severally commanded long sought opportunity combat last arose misunderstanding relative places they occupy council board they fought pistols first discharge duke de nemours shot body almost instantly expired marquis de villars seconded nemours challenged hericourt second duke de beaufort man he never seen challenge accepted they fought even desperately principals combat swords lasted longer first exciting six remaining gentlemen stayed witness result fatal hericourt fell pierced heart sword de villars anything savage hardly imagined voltaire says duels frequent compiler dictionnaire informs us number seconds fixed many ten twelve twenty unfrequent they often fought together principals disabled highest mark friendship man manifest towards another choose second many gentlemen desirous serving capacity they endeavoured raise every slight misunderstanding quarrel they might pleasure engaged count de bussy rabutin relates instance memoirs he says he evening coming theatre gentleman named bruc he known stopped politely drawing aside asked true count de thianges called bruc drunkard bussy replied he really know he saw count seldom oh he uncle replied bruc i satisfaction he lives far country i apply you i see you replied bussy since you wish put uncle place i answer whoever asserted he called you drunkard told lie brother replied bruc he child horsewhip falsehood returned de bussy i brother called liar returned bruc determined quarrel draw defend they drew swords public street separated spectators they agreed however fight future occasion regular forms duello days afterwards gentleman de bussy never seen he know even name called asked he might privilege serving second he added he neither knew bruc except reputation made mind second he decided accompanying de bussy braver man two de bussy thanked sincerely politeness begged excused he already engaged four seconds accompany he afraid he took affair become battle instead duel quarrels looked mere matters course state society must indeed awful louis xiv early saw evil early determined remedy however till year he instituted chambre ardente trial slow poisoners pretenders sorcery he published edict duelling year famous edict promulgated he reiterated confirmed severe enactments predecessors henry iv louis xiii expressed determination never pardon offender celebrated ordinance supreme court honour established composed marshals france they bound taking office give every brought complaint reparation satisfy justice case gentleman complaint made refuse obey mandate court honour he might punished fine imprisonment possible reason absenting kingdom estates might confiscated till return every man sent challenge cause offence might deprived redress court honour suspended three years exercise office state imprisoned two years sentenced pay fine half yearly income he accepted challenge subject punishment servant person knowingly became bearer challenge found guilty sentenced stand pillory publicly whipped first offence second sent three years galleys person actually fought held guilty murder even though death ensue punished accordingly persons higher ranks life beheaded middle class hanged gallows bodies refused christian burial time louis published severe edict he exacted promise principal nobility they never engage duel pretence whatever he never swerved resolution pursue duellists utmost rigour many executed various parts country slight abatement evil consequence course years duel fought twelve fought previously medal struck commemorate circumstance express command king much he object heart he particularly recommended successor care edict duelling warned lenity disobeyed singular law formerly existed malta regard duelling law permitted condition parties fight particular street they presumed settle quarrel elsewhere they held guilty murder punished accordingly singular they bound heavy penalties put swords requested priest knight woman appear however ladies knights exercised mild beneficent privilege great extent former often cause duels latter sympathised much wounded honour combatants attempt separate priests alone great peacemakers brydone says cross always painted wall opposite spot knight killed street duels he counted twenty brydone tour malta england private duel practised scandalous extent towards end sixteenth beginning seventeenth centuries judicial combat now began rare several instances mentioned history instituted reign elizabeth another late time charles i sir henry spelman gives account took place elizabeth reign curious perhaps we consider perfectly legal similar combats remained till year proceeding instituted court common pleas recovery certain manorial rights county kent defendant offered prove single combat right retain possession plaintiff accepted challenge court power stay proceedings agreed champions fight lieu principals queen commanded parties compromise represented majesty they justified law course they pursuing she allowed proceed day appointed justices common pleas council engaged cause appeared umpires combat place lists prepared champions ready encounter plaintiff defendant publicly called come forward acknowledge defendant answered name recognised champion due formalities plaintiff appear without presence authority combat take place absence considered abandonment claim he declared nonsuited barred ever renewing suit tribunal whatever queen appears disapproved personally mode settling disputed claim judges legal advisers made attempt alter barbarous law practice private duelling excited indignation occurrence time james i english infected french madness bacon he lent aid powerful eloquence effect reformation evil informations exhibited star chamber two persons named priest wright engaged principal second duel occasion he delivered charge highly approved lords council they ordered printed circulated country thing meet worthy remembered made known world he began considering nature greatness mischief duelling troubleth peace disfurnisheth war bringeth calamity private men peril state contempt law touching causes he observed first motive doubt false erroneous imagination honour credit seed mischief nourished vain discourses green unripe conceits hereunto may added men almost lost true notion understanding fortitude valour fortitude distinguisheth grounds quarrel whether they just whether they worthy setteth better price men lives bestow idly nay weakness disesteem man self put man life liedger performances man life trifled offered sacrificed honourable services public merits good causes noble adventures expense blood expense money liberality make profusion money every vain occasion neither fortitude make effusion blood except cause worth see life character lord bacon thomas martin remarkable event connected duelling reign lord sanquir scotch nobleman turner trial skill lordship eye accidentally thrust point turner sword turner expressed great regret circumstance lord sanquir bore loss much philosophy he master forgave antagonist three years afterwards lord sanquir paris he constant visitor court henry iv day course conversation affable monarch inquired he lost eye sanquir prided expert swordsman age blushed he replied inflicted sword henry forgetting assumed character antiduellist carelessly mere matter course inquired whether man lived nothing query sank deep proud heart scotch baron returned shortly afterwards england burning revenge first intent challenge single combat consideration he deemed inconsistent dignity meet equal fair open fight he therefore hired two bravos set murdered house whitefriars assassins taken executed reward thousand pounds offered apprehension employer lord sanquir concealed several days surrendered take trial hope happily false justice belie name lenient murderer he nobleman false point honour thought fit take revenge hands powerful intercessions employed favour james credit deaf bacon character prosecuted prisoner conviction he died felon death june gibbet erected front gate westminster hall regard public duel trial battle demanded sanction law terminate quarrel ordinary course justice difficulty decide bacon equally opposed thought case granted he suggested declared constant settled resolution state abolish altogether care taken evil cockered humour fed persons found guilty rigorously punished star chamber eminent quality banished court succeeding reign donald mackay first lord reay accused david ramsay treason concerned marquis hamilton design crown scotland he challenged latter make good assertion single combat see history house clan mackay first intention government try case common law ramsay thought he stand better chance escape recurring old almost exploded custom still right every man appeals treason lord reay readily accepted challenge confined tower they found security they appear certain day appointed court determine question management affair delegated marischal court westminster earl lindsay created lord constable england purpose shortly day appointed ramsay confessed substance lord reay laid charge charles i put stop proceedings england period sterner disputes arose among men mere individual matters generate duels men commonwealth encouraged practice kind subdued aristocracy carried habits prejudices elsewhere fought duels foreign courts cromwell parliament however although evil time crying published order prevention duels punishment con cerned charles ii restoration issued proclamation subject reign infamous duel fought infamous circumstances lenity shown principal offenders worthless duke buckingham debauched countess shrewsbury challenged husband mortal combat january charles ii endeavoured prevent duel regard public morality fear life favourite he gave commands duke albemarle confine buckingham house take measures prevent flora fighting albemarle neglected order thinking king might prevent combat surer means meeting took place barn elms injured shrewsbury attended sir john talbot relative lord bernard howard son earl arundel buckingham accompanied two dependants captain holmes sir john jenkins according barbarous custom age principals seconds engaged jenkins pierced heart left dead field sir john talbot severely wounded arms buckingham escaping slight wounds ran unfortunate antagonist body left field wretched woman cause mischief dress page awaited issue conflict neighbouring wood holding paramour horse avoid suspicion great influence exerted save guilty parties punishment master base favourite made little difficulty granting free pardon concerned royal proclamation issued shortly afterwards charles ii formally pardoned murderers declared intention never extend future mercy offenders hard say infamous king favourite courtezan reign queen anne repeated complaints made prevalence duelling addison swift steele writers employed powerful pens reprobation steele especially tatler guardian exposed impiety absurdity endeavoured argument ridicule bring countrymen right way thinking see spectator nos tatler nos guardian comedy conscious lovers contains admirable exposure abuse word honour led men error lamentable swift writing subject remarked he see harm rogues fools shooting addison steele took higher ground latter guardian summed nearly subject following impressive words christian gentleman made inconsistent appellations person you expect eternal life you forgive injuries mortal life rendered uncomfortable you ready commit murder resentment affront good sense well religion utterly banished world men glory passions pursue trifles utmost vengeance little they know forgive arduous pitch human nature arrive coward often fought coward often conquered coward never forgave steele published pamphlet he gave detailed account edict louis xiv measures taken monarch cure subjects murderous folly may sir cholmely deering county kent slain duel richard thornhill member house commons three days afterwards sir peter king brought subject notice legislature dwelling considerable length alarming increase practice obtained leave bring bill prevention punishment duelling read first time day ordered second reading ensuing week time attention upper house parliament drawn subject painful manner two noted members fought queen anne received notice intention exacted pledge they desist months afterwards two members lost lives remarkable duels record first affair happily terminated without meeting duke marlborough earl pawlet latter fatal encounter duke hamilton lord mohun first arose debate lords conduct duke ormond refusing hazard general engagement enemy earl pawlet remarked nobody doubt courage duke ormond he like certain general led troops slaughter cause great numbers officers knocked head battle stone walls order fill pockets disposing commissions every felt remark aimed duke marlborough he remained silent though evidently suffering mind soon house broke earl pawlet received visit lord mohun told duke marlborough anxious come explanation relative expressions he made use day debate therefore prayed go take little air country earl pawlet affect misunderstand hint asked plain terms whether he brought challenge duke lord mohun message needed explanation he lord mohun accompany duke marlborough he took leave earl pawlet returned home told lady he going fight duel duke marlborough lady alarmed lord safety gave notice intention earl dartmouth immediately queen name sent duke marlborough commanded stir abroad he caused earl pawlet house guarded two sentinels taken precautions informed queen whole affair majesty sent duke expressed abhorrence custom duelling required word honour he proceed duke pledged word accordingly affair terminated lamentable duel duke hamilton lord mohun took place november sprang following circumstances lawsuit pending eleven years two noblemen they looked consequence certain degree coldness they met together november chambers orlebar master chancery course conversation duke hamilton reflected conduct witnesses cause saying he person neither truth justice lord mohun somewhat nettled remark applied witness favourable side made answer hastily whiteworth person alluded quite much truth justice duke hamilton duke made reply present imagined he took offence he went room he made low courteous salute lord mohun evening general macartney called twice duke challenge lord mohun failing seeing sought third time tavern he found delivered message duke accepted challenge day morrow sunday november seven morning appointed meeting hour they assembled hyde park duke attended relative colonel hamilton lord mohun general macartney they jumped ditch place called nursery prepared combat duke hamilton turning general macartney sir you cause let event lord mohun wish seconds engage duke insisted macartney share dance ready two principals took positions fought swords desperately short time they fell mortally wounded lord mohun expired spot duke hamilton arms servants they carrying coach unhappy termination caused greatest excitement metropolis country tories grieved loss duke hamilton charged fatal combat whig party whose leader duke marlborough recently set example political duels they called lord mohun bully whig faction he already killed three men duels twice tried murder asserted openly quarrel concocted general macartney rob country services duke hamilton murdering asserted wound duke died inflicted lord mohun macartney every means used propagate belief colonel hamilton macartney coroner jury returned verdict wilful murder surrendered days afterwards examined privy council sitting house lord dartmouth he deposed seeing lord mohun fall duke he ran duke assistance he might ease help he flung swords he raising duke he saw macartney make push deposition royal proclamation immediately issued offering reward pounds apprehension macartney duchess hamilton afterwards added reward pounds examination colonel hamilton found reliance placed statements he contradicted several important particulars he arraigned old bailey murder lord mohun whole political circles london fever excitement result tory party prayed acquittal tory mob surrounded doors avenues leading court justice many hours trial began examination witnesses lasted seven hours criminal still persisted accusing general macartney murder duke hamilton respects say newspapers day prevaricated foully he found guilty manslaughter favourable verdict received universal applause court gentlemen present common people showed mighty satisfaction they testified loud repeated huzzas post boy december popular delirium subsided men began reason coolly subject they disbelieved assertions colonel hamilton macartney stabbed duke although universally admitted he much busy presuming hamilton shunned former companions life rendered irksome he sold guards retired private life he died four years afterwards general macartney surrendered time tried murder court king bench he however found guilty manslaughter opening session parliament queen made pointed allusion speech frequency duelling recommended legislature devise speedy effectual remedy bill effect brought forward thrown second reading great regret sensible portion community famous duel fought lord byron chaworth dispute arose relative two largest quantity game estates infuriated wine passion they retired instantly adjoining room fought swords across table feeble glimmer chaworth expert swordsman two received mortal wound shortly afterwards expired lord byron brought trial murder house lords appearing clearly duel premeditated fought heat passion he found guilty manslaughter ordered discharged payment fees bad example country duelling course fell disrepute verdict france severity exercised year parliament grenoble took cognizance delinquency sieur duchelas members challenged killed duel captain flemish legion servant duchelas officiated second arraigned master murder captain they found guilty duchelas broken alive wheel servant condemned galleys life barbarous duel fought november two foreign adventurers bath named count rice vicomte du barri dispute arose relative gambling transaction course du barri contradicted assertion saying true count rice immediately asked he knew disagreeable meaning words he employed du barri he perfectly well aware meaning rice might interpret just he pleased challenge immediately given accepted seconds sent arriving little delay whole party though long midnight proceeded place called claverton they remained surgeon daylight they prepared encounter armed two pistols sword ground marked seconds du barri fired first wounded opponent thigh count rice levelled pistol shot du barri mortally breast angry combatants they refused desist stepped back paces rushing forward discharged second pistols neither shot took effect throwing away pistols prepared finish sanguinary struggle sword they took places advancing towards vicomte du barri suddenly staggered grew pale falling ground exclaimed je vous demande ma vie opponent just time answer he granted unfortunate du barri turned grass expired heavy groan survivor savage conflict removed lodgings he lay weeks dangerous state coroner jury mean sat body du barri disgraced returning verdict manslaughter count rice recovery indicted murder notwithstanding verdict trial he entered long defence conduct pleading fairness duel unpremeditated nature time expressing deep regret unfortunate death du barri many years he bound ties strictest friendship considerations appear weighed jury fierce duellist found guilty manslaughter escaped merely nominal punishment duel less remarkable circumstances rank parties took place combatants occasion duke york colonel lenox nephew heir duke richmond cause offence given duke york presence several officers guards words used colonel lenox daubigny gentleman submitted colonel lenox went duke parade asked publicly whether he made assertion duke york without answering question coldly ordered post parade he took opportunity saying publicly orderly room colonel lenox he desired protection rank prince station commanding officer adding he duty he wore plain brown coat like private gentleman ready give satisfaction colonel lenox desired nothing better satisfaction say run chance shooting duke body shot he accordingly challenged royal highness they met wimbledon common colonel lenox fired first ball whizzed past head opponent near graze projecting curl duke refused return fire seconds interfering affair terminated colonel lenox shortly afterwards engaged another duel arising mr swift wrote pamphlet reference dispute duke york expressions he took much offence imagine nothing shot writer atone they met uxbridge road damage done either party irish long time renowned love duelling slightest offence possible imagine man offer another sufficient provoke challenge sir jonah barrington relates memoirs previous union time disputed election dublin unusual thing duels fought day even times less excitement they common deemed unworthy note regular chroniclers events except cases combatants killed days ireland man military every profession work way eminence sword pistol political party regular corps bullies they called qualified pests society spending spare time firing targets they boasted they hit opponent part body they pleased made minds encounter began whether they kill disable disfigure life lay bed suffering merely graze limb evil reached alarming height year opportunity afforded king george iii showing striking manner detestation practice setting example irish murders committed impunity dispute arose month june major campbell captain boyd officers regiment stationed ireland proper manner giving word command parade hot words ensued slight occasion result challenge campbell boyd they retired shortly afterwards stationed corner distance obliquely seven paces without friends seconds present they fired captain boyd fell mortally wounded fourth fifth ribs surgeon came shortly found sitting chair vomiting suffering great agony he led another room major campbell following great distress perturbation mind boyd survived eighteen hours just death reply question opponent duel fair added you hurried campbell you bad man good god replied campbell you mention gentlemen everything fair you say you ready boyd answered faintly oh you know i wanted you wait friends asked whether fair dying man faintly murmured yes minute he you bad man campbell now great agitation wringing hands convulsively he exclaimed oh boyd you happiest man two you forgive boyd replied i forgive you i feel you i know you he shortly afterwards expired major campbell made escape ireland lived months family assumed name neighbourhood chelsea he however apprehended brought trial armagh august he prison found guilty murder he suffer example duellists ireland he endeavoured buoy hope jury convict manslaughter proved evidence trial duel fought immediately offence given major campbell went home drank tea family he sought boyd fatal encounter jury returned verdict wilful murder recommended mercy ground duel fair he condemned die monday following afterwards respited days longer mean time greatest exertions made behalf unfortunate wife went knees prince wales move use influence king favour unhappy husband everything fond wife courageous woman she tried gain royal clemency george iii inflexible consequence representations irish viceroy example necessary law therefore allowed take course victim false spirit honour died death felon inveterate duellists present day students universities germany they fight frivolous pretences settle swords pistols schoolboy disputes countries arranged harmless medium fisticuffs time custom among savage youths prefer sword combat facility gave cutting noses opponents disfigure manner object ambition german duellists reckoned number disgusting trophies they borne away much satisfaction successful general provinces he reduced cities he taken wearisome enter minute detail duels modern times examination made general causes produced found every case they either trivial unworthy nature parliamentary duels time common amongst names soiled great reputation conforming practice may mentioned warren hastings sir philip francis wilkes pitt fox grattan curran tierney canning difficult even superior mind free trammels foolish opinion enswathed celebrated persons secret soul condemn folly he lent bonds reason though easily burst folly though lithe frail rushes stream defy stoutest heart snap asunder colonel thomas officer guards killed duel added following clause night he died first place i commit soul almighty god hope mercy pardon irreligious step i now compliance unwarrantable customs wicked world put necessity taking many state mind wise foolish man he knew error abhorred resist fear opinion prejudiced unthinking blamed refusing fight duel list duels sprung degrading causes might stretched almost indefinite extent sterne father fought duel goose great raleigh tavern bill raleigh period life appeared inveterate duellist he engaged encounters kind man note among contemporaries he deprived life he lived long enough convinced sinfulness conduct made solemn vow never fight another duel following anecdote forbearance well known bear repetition dispute arose young man trivial point latter losing temper impertinently spat face veteran sir walter instead running body many done challenging mortal combat coolly took handkerchief wiped face young man i easily wipe conscience stain killing you i spittle face you live another minute young man immediately begged pardon scores duels many fatal fought disputes cards place theatre hundreds challenges given accepted fit drunkenness fought next morning death antagonists two notorious duels modern times origin causes worthy quarrel dog favour prostitute macnamara montgomery arising former best lord camelford latter dog montgomery attacked dog belonging macnamara master interfering behalf animal high words ensued result giving accepting challenge mortal combat parties met following day montgomery shot dead antagonist severely wounded affair created great sensation time heaviside surgeon attended fatal field render assistance necessary arrested accessory murder committed newgate duel best lord camelford two pistols used considered best england thought slightly superior agreed belligerents toss piece money decide choice weapons best gained first discharge lord camelford fell mortally wounded little sympathy expressed fate he confirmed duellist engaged many meetings kind blood lay door he sowed he reap violent man met appropriate death now remains notice means taken stay prevalence madness false honour various countries civilized world efforts governments france england already mentioned want success well known efforts attended results elsewhere despotic countries monarch strongly expressed vigorously supported diminution evil resulted increased death relaxed iron grasp successor appeared less decided opinions subject case prussia great frederick whose aversion duelling popular anecdote recorded stated he permitted duelling army condition combatants fight presence whole battalion infantry drawn purpose see fair play latter received strict orders belligerents fell shoot immediately added known determination king effectually put stop practice emperor joseph ii austria firm frederick although measures he adopted singular following letter explains views subject general general you immediately arrest count captain count young passionate influenced wrong notions birth false spirit honour captain old soldier adjust every dispute sword pistol received challenge young count unbecoming warmth i suffer duelling army i despise principles attempt justify practice run body cold blood i officers bravely expose every danger facing enemy times exhibit courage valour resolution attack defence i esteem highly coolness they meet death occasions serviceable country time redounds honour men amongst ready sacrifice everything vengeance hatred i despise i consider man better roman gladiator order try two officers investigate subject dispute impartiality i demand every judge he guilty let sacrifice fate laws barbarous custom suits age tamerlanes bajazets often melancholy effects single families i suppressed punished even deprive half officers still men know unite character hero good subject he respects laws joseph august vide letters joseph ii distinguished princes statesmen published first time england pamphleteer they originally published germany years previously throw great light character monarch events reign united states america code varies considerably two still wild simple states far west duel yet fought specific law subject beyond decalogue says shalt murder duelling everywhere follows steps modern civilization time backwoodsman transformed citizen he imbibed false notions honour prevalent europe around ready like progenitors settle differences pistol majority states punishment challenging fighting acting second solitary imprisonment hard labour period less year disqualification serving public office twenty years vermont punishment total disqualification office deprivation rights citizenship fine fatal cases punishment murderers rhode island combatant though death ensue liable carted gallows rope neck sit trim hour exposed peltings mob he may imprisoned year option magistrate connecticut punishment total disqualification office employ fine varying hundred thousand dollars laws illinois require certain officers state make oath previous instalment they never ever concerned duel encyclopedia americana art duelling amongst edicts duelling promulgated various times europe may mentioned augustus king poland decreed punishment death principals seconds minor punishments bearers challenge edict published munich according principals seconds even duels either killed wounded hanged bodies buried foot gallows king naples issued ordinance duelling punishment death decreed concerned fatal duel bodies killed may executed consequence buried unconsecrated ground without religious ceremony monument erected spot punishment duels either wounded damage whatever done varies according case consists fine imprisonment loss rank honours incapacity filling public situation bearers challenges may punished fine imprisonment might imagined enactments severe civilized world finally eradicate custom prevalence every wise good man must deplore frowns law never yet taught never teach men desist practice long felt lawgiver sympathises heart stern judge bench may say unfortunate wight called liar unmannerly opponent you challenge you meditate murder guilty murder judge divested robes state mixing world men say you challenge you run risk making murderer you looked wretch unfit associate fellows deserving nothing scorn contempt society duellist blame female influence powerful leading men either good evil takes case evil part mere animal bravery unfortunately charms female eye successful duellist often regarded sort hero man refuses fight though truer courage thought poltroon may trampled graves member american legislature early killed cilley duel truly eloquently floor house representatives lamenting unfortunate issue encounter society blame he public opinion repentant orator practically paramount law land every law human divine ceases observed yea withers perishes contact paramount law nation house forced penalty dishonour subject code impelled unwillingly tragical affair heads nation doors house rests blood unfortunate hands stained long society mood long thinks man refuses resent insult deserved insult scouted accordingly long feared duelling exist however severe laws may men must redress injuries inflicted injuries nature tribunal take cognizance injured take law hands right opinion fellows hazard lives much sage may affect despise opinion world rather expose lives hundred times condemned live society reproach know history mark scorn point finger practicable means diminishing force custom disgrace civilization seems establishment court honour take cognizance delicate almost intangible offences yet wound deeply court established louis xiv might taken model man now fights duel fit apology offered duty court weigh dispassionately complaint every man injured honour either word deed force offender make public apology he refused apology he breaker second law offender high court well man he injured might punished fine imprisonment latter last he saw error conduct made concession court demanded establishment tribunal men found nature bloodthirsty satisfied peaceful decisions resort old barbarous mode appeal pistol means might found dealing hang murderers avail men death terrors shame alone bring reason following code humbly suggested future legislators subject conjunction establishment court honour much towards eradicating blot society every man fought duel even though he wound opponent tried proof fact sentenced right hand cut world know true character long he lived habits duelling inveterate he learn fire pistol left hand he conviction second offence lose hand law allow commutation punishment circumstances lend strength authority court honour course years duelling ranked amongst exploded follies men begin wonder custom barbarous impious ever existed amongst love marvellous disbelief true well son john old woman wonderful things you meet time you sea oh mother replied john i saw many strange things tell us replied mother i long hear adventures well john we sailing line you think we saw i ca imagine replied well we saw fish rise sea fly ship oh john john liar you mother shaking head smiling incredulously true death john we saw still wonderful things let us hear mother shaking head tell truth john you believe believe you please replied son we sailing red sea captain thought he like fish dinner he told us throw nets catch well inquired mother seeing he paused story well rejoined son we throw first haul we brought made gold inlaid diamonds lord bless us mother captain say he wheels pharaoh chariot lain red sea ever since wicked king drowned host pursuing israelites well well mother lifting hands admiration now possible i think captain sensible man tell stories i believe you never talk things flying fish john stories wo go i assure you old women sailor mother anecdote means rare world every age country produced they found high places sat among learned earth instances must familiar every reader person willing greedy credulity swallow extravagant fiction yet refuse credence philosophical fact greeks believed readily jupiter wooed leda form swan denied stoutly physical causes storms thunder treated impious attempted account true philosophical principles reasons lead mankind believe marvellously false disbelieve marvellously true may easily gathered offspring time error ancient old familiar acquaintance truth discovered comes us like intruder meets intruder welcome we pay involuntary homage antiquity blind homage bacon calls novum organum tends greatly obstruction truth great majority mortal eyes time sanctifies everything he destroy mere fact anything spared great foe makes favourite us sure fall victims call prejudice open way hearts never penetrated peculiar custom may disgrace people amongst flourishes yet men little wisdom refuse aid extirpation merely old human belief we bring shame intellect cause may added another mentioned lord bacon misdirected zeal matters religion induces many decry truth divine records contain allusion first sight appears militate religion obscure passage never fairly interpreted old woman story believe creature bible tell she believed son drawn golden bejewelled wheel red sea bible informed pharaoh drowned similar principle monks inquisition believed devil appeared visibly among men anthony pulled nose pair pincers relics saints worked miracles yet they believe galileo he proved earth turned round sun keppler he asserted fact gain bread little credence he pretended tell fortunes cast nativities whole town flocked paid enormous fees falsehood roger bacon invented telescope believed unaided ingenuity man done wiseacres asserted devil appeared given knowledge he turned account bold enough assert improbable hint saltpetre sulphur charcoal mixed certain proportions produce effects similar thunder lightning disregarded disbelieved legend brazen head delivered oracles credited many ages godwin lives necromancers gives following version legend friar bacon friar bungay entertained project enclosing england wall render inaccessible invader they accordingly raised devil person best able inform done devil advised make brazen head internal structure organs human head construction cost much time they must wait patience till faculty speech descended finally however become oracle question propounded teach solution problem friars spent seven years bringing subject perfection waited day day expectation utter articulate sounds length nature became exhausted they lay sleep first given strictly charge servant clownish nature strict fidelity he awaken moment image began speak period arrived head uttered sounds clown judged unworthy notice time notice taken long pause ensued time similar pause notice time passed moment words uttered tremendous storm ensued thunder lightning head shivered thousand pieces experiment friar bacon friar bungay came nothing solomon de cans time cardinal richelieu conceived idea shut bastille madman idea extraordinary instrument preposterous wise age believed absurdities witchcraft harvey first proved circulation blood every tongue let loose thing obviously imposition attempt deceive public believed king touch power cure scrofula dead criminal hand rubbed wen cure reasonable enough blood flowed veins beyond probability day similar fate awaited beneficent discovery jenner vaccination abate virulence preserve smallpox quite incredible none cheat quack assert introduction vaccine matter human frame endow men qualities cow quite probable many poorer people actually dreaded children grow hairy horned cattle they suffered vaccinated jesuit father labat shrewd learned traveller south america relates experiment he made credulity native peruvians holding powerful lens hand concentrating rays sun naked arm admiring savage he soon made roar pain tribe looked first wonder indignation wonder combined vain philosopher attempted explain cause phenomenon vain he offered convince nothing devilish experiment he thought league infernal gods draw fire heaven looked awful supernatural many attempts made gain possession lens view destroying thereby robbing western stranger means bringing vengeance deities similar conduct inquiring brahmin related forbes oriental memoirs brahmin mind better cultivated fellows he smitten love knowledge europe read english books pored pages encyclopedia profited various philosophical instruments religious questions brahmin firm faith caste doctrine metempsychosis lest he might sacrilegiously devour progenitors he abstained animal food thinking he ate nothing enjoyed life he supported like brethren fruits vegetables knowledge run counter belief he sought avidity bade fair become wisest race evil hour english friend instructor exhibited powerful solar microscope means he showed every drop water he drank teemed life every fruit like world covered innumerable animalculae fitted organization sphere moved wants capability supplying completely visible animals millions times bulk english philosopher expected hindoo friend enraptured vast field knowledge suddenly opened he deceived brahmin time became altered man thoughtful gloomy reserved discontented he applied repeatedly friend he make present microscope kind india owner set value reasons he constantly refused request offered loan period he might require nothing short unconditional gift instrument satisfy brahmin became last importunate patience englishman exhausted he gave gleam joy shot across features hindoo he clutched bounding exulting leap garden he seized large stone dashed instrument thousand pieces called explain extraordinary conduct he friend oh i remained happy state ignorance wherein you first found yet i confess knowledge increased pleasure i beheld last wonders microscope moment i tormented doubt perplexed mystery mind overwhelmed chaotic confusion knows rest extricate maze i miserable must continue i enter another stage existence i solitary individual among fifty millions people educated belief happy ignorance may they ever remain i shall keep secret within bosom corrode peace break rest i shall satisfaction knowing i alone feel pangs i destroyed instrument might extensively communicated rendered thousands miserable forgive valuable friend oh convey implements knowledge destruction many learned man may smile ignorance peruvian hindoo unconscious he just ignorant prejudiced remember outcry science geology hardly yet subsided professors impiously absurdly accused designing hurl creator throne they charged sapping foundations religion propping atheism aid pretended science principle leads rejection true leads encouragement false we may account success attended great impostors times truth though half wondrous impositions disregarded extravagant preposterous man wishes cheat people must needs found operations prejudice belief already exists philosophic pretenders told fortunes stars cured diseases nostrum preserved evil charms amulets ran current popular belief errors consecrated time long familiarity they heightened embellished succeeded hearts content preacher truth foundation make well superstructure difficulty exist preacher error columbus preached new world met distrust incredulity he preached much zeal earnestness discovery valley old diamonds hung trees herb grew cured ills incidental humanity he found warm hearty welcome might sold dried cabbage leaves wonderful herb made fortune fact found history every generation race men whenever choice belief wondrously false wondrously true given ignorance prejudice choice fixed first reason akin nature great majority mankind even wisest among us still condition sailor mother believing disbelieving grounds she protesting flying fish cherishing golden wheels thousands amongst us rather pin faith fish believe wheel gold chariot chariot horses driver popular follies great cities la faridondaine la faridondon vive la faridondaine beranger popular humours great city source amusement man whose sympathies hospitable enough embrace kind refined though he may sneer humble wit grotesque peculiarities boozing mechanic squalid beggar vicious urchin motley group idle reckless imitative swarm alleys broadways metropolis he walks great city find subjects weeping may god knows find plenty every corner wring heart let man walk course enjoy grief alone we accompany miseries us poor gain alleviation sympathy merely hunt pathetic weeping philosopher often impairs eyesight woe becomes unable tears see remedies evils he deplores often found man tears truest philanthropist he best physician wears cheerful face even worst cases many pens employed point miseries many condemn crimes vices serious follies multitude shall increase number least chapter present task shall less ungracious wandering busy haunts great cities we shall seek amusement note we pass harmless follies whimsies poor first walk we we help hearing every side phrase repeated delight received laughter men hard hands dirty faces saucy butcher lads loose women hackney coachmen cabriolet drivers idle fellows loiter corners streets utters phrase without producing laugh within hearing seems applicable every circumstance universal answer every question short favourite slang phrase day phrase brief season popularity lasts throws dash fun frolicsomeness existence squalid poverty labour gives reason laugh well fortunate fellows higher stage society london peculiarly fertile sort phrases spring suddenly knows exactly spot pervade whole population hours knows many years ago favourite phrase though monosyllable phrase quoz odd word took fancy multitude extraordinary degree soon acquired almost boundless meaning vulgar wit wished mark incredulity raise laugh time resource sure popular piece slang man asked favour he choose grant he marked sense suitor unparalleled presumption exclaiming quoz mischievous urchin wished annoy passenger create mirth chums he looked face cried quoz exclamation never failed object disputant desirous throwing doubt veracity opponent getting summarily rid argument he overturn he uttered word quoz contemptuous curl lip impatient shrug shoulders universal monosyllable conveyed meaning told opponent he lied he erred egregiously he thought nincompoop believe every alehouse resounded quoz every street corner noisy every wall miles around chalked like earthly things quoz season passed away suddenly arose never pet idol populace new claimant drove place held undisputed sway till turn hurled successor appointed stead shocking bad hat phrase next vogue sooner become universal thousands idle sharp eyes watch passenger whose hat showed signs however slight ancient service immediately cry arose like indians repeated hundred discordant throats he wise man finding circumstances observed observers bore honours meekly he showed symptoms imputations cast hat brought redoubled notice mob soon perceive whether man irritable class they love make sport man hat passed days crowded neighbourhood he might think fortunate annoyances confined shouts cries populace obnoxious hat often snatched head thrown gutter practical joker raised covered mud end stick admiration spectators held sides laughter exclaimed pauses mirth oh shocking bad hat shocking bad hat many nervous poor man whose purse ill spare outlay doubtless purchased new hat time order avoid exposure manner origin singular saying made fun metropolis months involved obscurity shrouds origin quoz others election borough southwark candidates eminent hatter gentleman canvassing electors adopted somewhat professional mode conciliating bribing without letting perceive they bribed whenever he called met voter whose hat best material seen best days he invariably shocking bad hat you got call warehouse you shall new day election circumstance remembered opponents made inciting crowd keep incessant cry shocking bad hat time honourable candidate addressing southwark phrase spread london reigned time supreme slang season hookey walker derived chorus popular ballad high favour time served like predecessor quoz answer questions course time latter word alone became favourite uttered peculiar drawl first syllable sharp turn last lively servant girl importuned kiss fellow she care she cocked little nose cried walker dustman asked friend loan shilling friend either unable unwilling accommodate probable answer he receive walker drunken man reeling along streets boy pulled man knocked hat eyes make fun joke always accompanied exclamation lasted two three months walker walked stage never revived entertainment future generation next phrase preposterous invented arose first heard alike unknown nothing certain months slang par excellence londoners afforded vast gratification he goes eye she goes eye sex party alluded might mouth everybody knew town sober part community much puzzled unaccountable saying vulgar delighted wise thought foolish many thought funny idle amused chalking walls scribbling monuments bright must fade even slang people grew tired hobby he goes eye heard accustomed haunts another odd phrase came repute brief space afterwards form impertinent universally apposite query mother sold mangle popularity boisterous cordial kind ensures long continuance favour tended impede progress well applied older portions society consequently ran brief career sank oblivion successor enjoyed extended fame laid foundations deep years changing fashions sufficed eradicate phrase flare even now colloquialism common use took rise time reform riots bristol nearly half burned infuriated populace flames flared devoted city whether anything peculiarly captivating sound idea words hard say whatever reason tickled mightily drove slang field nothing heard london flare answered questions settled disputes applied persons things circumstances became suddenly comprehensive phrase english language man overstepped bounds decorum speech flared he paid visits repeated got damaged consequence flared put passion stroll nocturnal frolic alarm neighbourhood create disturbance shape flare lovers quarrel fare two blackguards streets preachers sedition revolution recommended english nation flare like french great favourite word people loved repeat sound they delighted apparently hearing organs articulate labouring men none respond call within hearing often startle aristocratic echoes west slang phrase east even dead hours night ears watched late sleep saluted sound drunkard reeling home showed he still man citizen calling flare pauses hiccough drink deprived power arranging ideas intellect sunk level brute he clung humanity last link popular cry he vociferate sound he rights englishman sleep gutter like dog onwards he went disturbing quiet streets comfortable people whoop till exhausted nature support he rolled powerless road due time afterwards policeman stumbled he lay guardian peace turned full light lantern face exclaimed poor devil flaring came stretcher victim deep potations carried watchhouse pitched dirty cell among score wretches far gone saluted new comrade loud long shout flare universal phrase enduring seemed popularity speculator knew evanescence slang established weekly newspaper name he like man built house sand foundation gave way phrase newspaper washed mighty sea things people grew last weary monotony flare became vulgar even among gradually left little boys know world process time sank altogether neglect now heard piece popular slang words still used signify sudden outburst either fire disturbance next phrase enjoyed favour million less concise seems originally aimed precocious youths gave airs manhood time mother know you provoking query addressed young men reasonable swagger smoked cigars streets wore false whiskers look irresistible we seen many conceited fellow suffer woman pass without staring countenance reduced natural insignificance mere utterance phrase apprentice lads shopmen sunday clothes held words abhorrence looked fierce they applied altogether phrase salutary effect thousand instances showed young vanity half pretty engaging thought rendered provoking doubt implied capability possessed individual addressed mother know you query mock concern solicitude implying regret concern young inexperienced ways great city allowed wander abroad without guidance parent hence great wrath verged manhood reached whenever they made subject even older heads like heir ducal house inheritor warrior name they applied cabriolet driver ignorant rank indignant affront he summoned offender magisterial bench fellow wished impose lordship asking double fare he entitled lordship resisted demand he insultingly asked mother knew he drivers stand joined query lordship fain escape laughter walking away much haste dignity allow man pleaded ignorance customer lord offended justice fined mistake phrase numbered appointed days died away like predecessors you reigned stead new favourite like mushroom seems sprung night like frog cheapside come sudden shower day unheard unknown uninvented next pervaded london every alley resounded every highway musical street street lane lane flung back unvarying cry phrase uttered quickly sharp sound first last words leaving middle little aspiration like compeers extensively popular applicable almost every variety circumstance lovers plain answer plain question like insolence made use give offence ignorance avoid exposing waggery create laughter every new comer alehouse asked unceremoniously you he looked foolish scratched head know reply shouts boisterous merriment resounded every side authoritative disputant unfrequently put presumption every kind checked query popularity height gentleman feeling hand thief pocket turned suddenly round caught act exclaiming you mob gathered round applauded echo thought capital joke they ever heard acme wit essence humour another circumstance similar kind gave additional fillip phrase infused new life vigour just dying away scene occurred chief criminal court kingdom prisoner stood bar offence he charged clearly proved counsel heard defence extenuation insisting previous good life character reasons lenity court witnesses inquired learned judge presided please you lord i knows prisoner bar honester feller never breathed rough voice gallery officers court looked aghast strangers tittered laughter you judge looking suddenly imperturbable gravity court convulsed titter broke laugh several minutes silence decorum restored ushers recovered they made diligent search profane transgressor he found nobody knew nobody seen business court proceeded next prisoner brought trial augured favourably prospects he learned solemn lips representative justice uttered popular phrase he felt appreciated fear judge use undue severity heart people he understood language manners make allowances temptations drove crime thought many prisoners we may infer fact learned judge suddenly acquired immense increase popularity praise wit every mouth you renewed lease remained possession public favour another term consequence must supposed interregni dominion slang phrase another they arise long line unbroken succession shared song possession popular favour people mood music slang advanced claims purpose they inclined slang sweet voice music wooed vain twenty years ago london resounded chorus love everybody seemed smitten girls boys young men old maidens wives widows alike musical absolute mania singing worst like good father philip romance monastery they seemed utterly unable change tune cherry ripe cherry ripe universal cry idle town every unmelodious voice gave utterance every crazy fiddle every cracked flute every wheezy pipe every street organ heard strain studious quiet men stopped ears desperation fled miles away fields woodlands peace plague lasted twelvemonth name cherries became abomination land last excitement wore away tide favour set new direction whether another song slang phrase difficult determine distance time certain shortly afterwards people went mad dramatic subject nothing heard tom jerry verbal wit amused multitude long enough they became practical recreation every youth town seized fierce desire distinguishing knocking charlies locked night watchhouse kicking row among loose women blackguard men low dens giles imitative boys vied elders similar exploits unworthy passion lasted like follies appointed time town became merry another fashion next thought height vulgar wit answer questions placing point thumb tip nose twirling fingers air man wished insult annoy another he make use cabalistic sign face object accomplished every street corner group assembled spectator curious enough observe movements sure see fingers noses either mark incredulity surprise refusal mockery he watched two minutes remnant absurd custom seen day thought low even among vulgar six years ago london became preposterously musical vox populi wore hoarse singing praises sea sea stranger philosopher walked london listened universal chorus he might constructed pretty theory love english acknowledged superiority nations element wonder he might people invincible ocean love mixes daily thoughts they celebrate even excite charity high low young old male female chant io paeans praise love honoured national songs warlike race bacchus god they men sterner mould think sea sea means conquering doubtless impression he taken evidence ears alas days refined ears musical great torture discord thousand diversities tone struck appalling anthem escape migratory minstrels savoy caught strain pealed long vistas quiet streets till innermost snuggest apartments sound men obliged endure crying evil full six months wearied desperation made dry land several songs sprang due succession afterwards none exception entitled round hat enjoyed extraordinary share favour american actor introduced vile song called jim crow singer sang verses appropriate costume grotesque gesticulations sudden whirl body close verse took taste town immediately months ears orderly people stunned senseless turn wheel just wheel jump jim crow blackened faces order give proper effect verses fatherless urchins choose thieving singing livelihood took latter course likely profitable long public taste remained direction uncouth dance accompaniment might seen full perfection market nights great thoroughfare words song might heard piercing din buzz multitude he calm observer popularity doggrel sate beside public way thick strewn summer dust saw stream people hurrying fro numerous gnats evening gleam might exclaimed shelley whose fine lines we quote million fierce song maniac dance rage around philosophic theorist we already supposed soliloquising english character forming opinion exceeding love might he dropped suddenly london formed another plausible theory account unremitting efforts abolition slave trade benevolent people he might unbounded sympathies unhappy brethren africa differing you colour skins dear you you begrudge little twenty millions you paid behalf you love memento continually sight jim crow representative injured race idol populace see they sing praises they imitate peculiarities they repeat name moments leisure relaxation they even carve images adorn hearths cause sufferings may never forgotten oh philanthropic england oh vanguard civilization peculiarities london multitude riot execution murder balloon disturbs even current thoughts whimseys mass harmless follies they unconsciously endeavour lighten load care presses existence wise man even though he smile altogether withhold sympathy say let enjoy slang phrases choruses they they happy least let merry englishman well frenchman beranger sings may comfort small thing song we may au peuple attriste ce qui rendra la gaite la gaudriole gue la gaudriole mania things bred great combustion town wagstaffe apparition mother haggis acrimonious warfare carried length time playgoers london proprietors theatre singular instances record small folly sometimes pervade multitude intelligent men carried first mere obstinacy afterwards mingled obstinacy frolic greater number increased last height sober dwellers provinces held hands astonishment wondered people london fools much firmness perseverance displayed better cause might achieved important triumphs we feel regret recording matter much good wholesome energy thrown away unworthy object we begin beginning trace mania source night september old theatre totally destroyed fire preparations immediately made erection splendid edifice managers harris celebrated john philip kemble announced new theatre without rival europe less three months rubbish old building cleared away new laid due ceremony duke sussex much celerity works carried nine months edifice completed without within opening night announced september within two days twelvemonth since destruction original building undertaking proved expensive committee anticipated render pit entrance commodious deemed advisable remove low stood way turned matter little difficulty proprietor man well skilled driving hard bargain eager committee showed come terms miserable grasping he became demands compensation they ultimately obliged pay exorbitant sum added interior decorations costly scale siddons members kemble family together celebrated italian singer madame catalani engaged high salaries night opening drew near committee found they gone little beyond means they issued notice stating consequence great expense they building theatre large salaries they agreed pay secure services eminent actors they necessity fixing prices admission seven shillings boxes four shillings pit instead six shillings three sixpence heretofore announcement created greatest dissatisfaction boxes might borne oppression dignity pit wounded raised immediately weeks previous opening continual clatter kept clubs considered unconstitutional aggression rights man newspapers assiduously kept excitement represented day day managers impolicy proposed advance bitter politics time disregarded kemble became great sources interest napoleon france public attention fixed proceedings since patent theatre existence theatre destroyed fire month february previous great indignation lovers drama time anticipated extraordinary lengths opposition carried first night september performances announced tragedy macbeth afterpiece quaker house excessively crowded pit especially persons gone purpose make disturbance they soon discovered another grievance add list whole lower upper tier boxes let season paid door seat boxes obliged mount level gallery they stowed boxes size shape received contemptuous inappropriate designation considered light new aggression established rights long curtain drew managers might heard indignant shouts old prices ever amid din curtain rose kemble stood forward deliver poetical address honour occasion riot now began earnest word address audible stamping groaning people pit continued almost without intermission five acts tragedy now sublime acting siddons awful woman hushed noisy multitude silence spite moment recollection fancied wrongs made ashamed admiration they shouted hooted vigorously comedy munden afterpiece met better reception word listened curtain fell amid still increasing uproar shouts old prices magistrates happened present zealously came rescue appeared stage copies riot act proceeding made matter worse men pit exasperated indignity strained lungs express deeply they felt remained war till long midnight belligerents withdrew sheer exhaustion second crowd great gone previous evening listen performances now stayed away rioters nearly latter play thing macheath polly sang beggar opera vain actors public appeared changed sides audience acted actors listened new feature night proceedings introduction placards several displayed pit boxes inscribed large letters words old prices view striking terror constables plentifully introduced house attacked succeeded several severe battles dragging neighbouring bow street confusion now became worse worse confounded pitites screamed hoarse increase uproar mischievous frequenters upper regions squeaked dozens till combined noise enough blister every tympanum house third appearance several gentlemen morning bar bow street police office answer riotous conduct indignantly commented day augured ill quiet night performances announced richard third poor soldier popularity tragedy obtain hearing pitites seemed drawn closer union attacks made act concert previous nights placards numerous pit boxes galleries exhibited among conspicuous inscribed john bull john win another bore king george ever king kemble third levelled madame catalani whose large salary supposed causes increased prices inscribed foreigners tax us we taxed enough already last expressing dramatic political discontent received loud cheers pitites tragedy afterpiece concluded full two hours regular time cries kemble became loud manager thought proper obey summons amid scenes uproar he preserved equanimity never betrayed expression petulance anger difficulty he obtained hearing he entered detail affairs theatre assuring audience time solicitude proprietors accommodate public wish received applause thought first manifest willingness come back old prices pit eagerly waited next sentence confirm hopes sentence never uttered kemble folding arms majestically added deep tragic voice ladies gentlemen i wait know you want immediately uproar renewed became tremendous deafening manager seeing uselessness parley made bow retired gentleman rose boxes requested hearing he obtained without difficulty he began inveighing severe terms pretended ignorance kemble asking offensively they wanted concluded exhorting people never cease opposition they brought prices old level speaker whose name understood leigh requested cheer actors show disrespect intended cheer given immediately barrister name smythe rose crave another hearing kemble manager stood forth calm unmoved severe ladies gentlemen he i wait know wishes leigh took night character popular leader reply he give three words old prices hereat shouts applause rose till building rang still serene amid storm manager endeavoured enter explanations men pit hear nothing sort they wanted entire absolute acquiescence less satisfy kemble wished explain they hear word he finally withdrew amid noise babel must comparatively silent fourth rioters obstinate ever noises increased addition whistles watchmen rattles sniffling snorting clattering parts house human lungs taxed uttermost stamping floor raised dust render objects dimly visible placards greater variety loose wits town day straining ingenuity invent new ones among come forth kemble come forth tremble foolish john kemble we make you tremble cats catalani english actors ever wish oppose mob successfully never lose temper proof weakness masses people perceive never fail take advantage managers unwisely resolved fight mob weapons increased opposition intended allay dozen pugilists commanded notorious boxer day introduced pit use argumentum ad hominem rioters continual scuffles ensued invincible resolution playgoers allow quail rather aroused renewed opposition determination never submit yield strengthened cause affording ground complaint managers performances announced bills opera love village wins bills neither actors public much burthened latter indeed afforded sport title apt occasion escape notice shouts wins wins displaced time accustomed cry old prices fall curtain leigh another gentleman spoke complaining bitterly introduction exhorting public never give kemble called forward he came full tide discord ran strongly totally unable stem he withdrew man seemed shout he stentor lungs wearied took feet stamped till black coats vicinity became grey dust last audience tired theatre closed eleven fifth play coleman amusing comedy john bull diminution uproar every note diapason discord run hitites they called mustered considerable numbers battles pitites fierce many now first time letters came general use abbreviation accustomed watchword old prices several placards inscribed brevity desirable shouting mob adopted emendation usual manager called delay he came forward listened considerable patience he repeated respectful terms great loss occasioned proprietors return old prices offered submit statement accounts eminent lawyers sir vicary gibbs sir thomas plumer eminent merchants sir francis baring angerstein whitmore governor bank england decision possibility carrying theatre old prices he consent governed he hoped public reasonable proposition scouted immediately even high reputable names he mentioned thought afford guarantee impartiality pitites abate iota pretensions they much insulted manager pay show consideration agree terms he might propose they wanted full acquiescence nothing less conference broke manager retired amid storm hisses irish gentleman named stood boxes true irish gallantry he came rescue lady he he disgusted attacks made madame catalani finest singer world lady inestimable private life unjust unmanly make innocent suffer guilty he hoped blot longer allowed stain fair cause quarrel manager he recommended persevere they wronged increased prices insulted boxers he hoped they done they teach lesson he soon forget gallant hibernian soon became favourite sat amid loud cheers sixth signs cessation hostilities side return old prices playgoers seemed grow united managers grew obstinate actors far best time they spared nearly labour parts merely strutted stage see matters went strutted notwithstanding remonstrance previous night numerous placards reflecting madame catalani exhibited inscribed following doggrel seventeen thousand goes pat kemble sister madame cat another displayed large letters compromise old prices native talent stuck front boxes others hoisted pit long poles following specimens suffice show spirit wit they none humour either although they successively exhibited they elicited roars laughter john kemble alone cause riot he lowers prices john bull quiet john kemble damn we cramm squire kemble begins tremble curtain fell early nine loud calls kemble he stood forward he announced madame catalani unjustifiable prejudice excited thrown engagement rather stand way accommodation existing differences announcement received great applause kemble went vindicate charge despising public opinion assertion he assured unjust they sincerely anxious bring unhappy differences close he thought he acted fair reasonable manner offering submit accounts impartial committee whose decision grounds fully promulgated speech received cheering interrupted close individuals objected committee manager nomination led renewal uproar time silence obtained last he able make heard he gave notice decision committee drawn theatre remain closed immediately every person pit stood long shout triumph resounded house heard extremity bow street result anticipated placard moment hoisted inscribed lies body new price ugly brat base born expired september aged six requiescat pace kemble retired pitites flung hats air sprang benches shouting hallooing exuberance joy ended first act popular farce committee ultimately chosen differed first named alderman sir charles price bart silvester recorder london substituted sir francis baring sir vicary gibbs days they examined multitudinous documents theatre agreed report published newspapers otherwise distributed they stated average profits six preceding years per cent per cent beyond legal interest money recompense proprietors care enterprise new prices they receive per cent profit they returned old prices they suffer loss fifteen shillings per cent capital circumstances they recommend proprietors continue new prices report gave satisfaction certainly convinced reasonable they unfortunately minority ten managers disregarding outcry excited advertised recommencement performances wednesday october following they endeavoured pack house friends sturdy men alert congregated pit great numbers play beggar opera former occasions wholly inaudible noises systematically arranged actors seeing useless struggle popular feeling hurried parts quickly they curtain fell shortly nine manager essayed difficult task convincing madness appealing reason soon din rattles permit speak he he throw fairness enlightened metropolis world he sure however strongly they might feel subject they accessory ruin theatre insisting return former prices notwithstanding little sop he thrown feed vanity roaring cerberus answer he received renewal noise intermingled shouts hoax hoax imposition gallant friend madame catalani afterwards addressed pit reliance placed report committee profits theatre evidently great they saved heavy salary madame catalani shutting public boxes they made large sums first second tiers let high rents notorious courtesans several he saw house clear managers preferred large revenue impure source reasonable profits they receive respectable people loud cheers greeted speech every eye turned towards boxes ladies immediately withdrew moment inveterate petite hoisted large placard inscribed we lads pit never submit several others introduced caricature likeness kemble asking you want pitite replying old prices others merely bore drawing large key allusion notorious house neighbourhood denizens great frequenters private boxes appeared give managers annoyance rest made vigorous attacks holders several persons night indeed nearly every night taken custody locked watchhouse appearance following morning they generally held bail considerable sums keep peace proceeding greatly augmented animosity pit useless detail scenes confusion followed night night three weeks war continued unabated fury characteristics nearly always invention racked discover new noises thought happy idea fellow got gallery dustman bell rang furiously dogs brought boxes add sweet voices general uproar animals seemed join con amore night large mastiff growled barked loudly draw exertions three cheers gratified pitites strong popular enthusiasm run favour row ladies appeared boxes letters bonnets hats gentlemen still common zealous cause sport waistcoats embroidered flap toothpicks fashion gentlemen ladies carried handkerchiefs they waved triumphantly whenever row unusually deafening latter suggested idea flags occasionally unfurled gallery length dozen feet sometimes first part night performances listened comparative patience majority manager friends possession house soon commenced row began pristine glory fall curtain soon became customary sing god save king whole joining loyal chorus sometimes followed rule britannia two three occasions parody national anthem excited great laughter verse may uninteresting specimen johnny bull true confound prices new make fall curse kemble politics frustrate knavish tricks hopes we fix upset done they scrambled benches got sham fights pit danced famous dance latter may well described half dozen dozen fellows formed ring stamped alternately right left foot calling regular intervals drawling monotonous sound uniformly lasted till lights put rioters withdrew generally gangs ten twenty defend sudden attacks part constables idea seemed time break notwithstanding annoyance they caused manager they aiding fill coffers hinted newspapers consequence many stayed away punish possible silent system last long love mischief great incentive many enmity new prices accidental circumstances contributed disturb temporary calm westminster october bills indictment preferred persons creating disturbance interrupting performances theatre grand jury ignored bills left two undecided found true bills twelve latter exercised right traverse till ensuing sessions preferment bills effect subsiding excitement another circumstance time gave still greater impetus furnished rioters chief round they eager rally clifford barrister appeared pit night october letters hat man note he pounced constables led bow street police office brandon charged riotous disorderly conduct exactly clifford wanted he told presiding magistrate read he purposely displayed letters hat order question right might determined competent tribunal he denied he committed offence seemed manifest intimate acquaintance law subject magistrate convinced reasoning ordered immediate dismissal stated he taken custody without slightest grounds result made known theatre minutes afterwards clifford appearance victorious received reiterated huzzas leaving house he greeted mob five six hundred persons congregated outside honour he passed night riots may recommenced clifford became rallying cry party officious became time object popular dislike contempt genius fine qualities kemble permit regard fastened underling much directed towards latter time return old prices unaccompanied dismissal made manager peace pitites course succeeding weeks riots continued undiminished fury medals struck worn great numbers theatre even wore streets new fashion came favour hats waistcoats handkerchiefs mark instead separate letters large small middle xxxxxxxxx xxx xxx xxxxxxxxx managers seeing clifford identified rioters determined make responsible action accordingly brought defendants court king bench november moved lord ellenborough rule show cause criminal information filed clifford unlawfully conspiring certain others intimidate proprietors theatre force loss detriment lower prices admission rule granted early day fixed trial mean time proceedings kept acerbity every night fall curtain three groans given john kemble three cheers john bull year national jubilee celebrated honour fiftieth year reign george iii riots reached fiftieth night determined jubilee previous efforts way roaring great they night outdone continued long wee short hour managers wisely put extinguisher lights eleven pending criminal prosecution clifford brought action false imprisonment brandon cause fixed trial court common pleas december lord mansfield early hour morning avenues leading court thronged eager multitude london anxiety resuit dense crowd counsel found greatest difficulty making way court mr sergeant best retained part plaintiff mr sergeant shepherd defence defendant put two pleas record first he guilty secondly he justified sergeant best stating plaintiff case blamed managers disturbances taken place contended client affixing letters hat guilty offence even he joined noises he subject penalties rioting several witnesses called prove capture clifford hearing case magistrate bow street ultimate dismissal sergeant shepherd heard great length side contended client perfectly justified taking custody man inciting others commit breach peace lord summed evident bias favour defendant he undue apprehension rights audience got abroad even supposing object rioters fair legal they authorized carry unfair means order constitute riot necessary personal violence committed seemed defendant acted improper manner giving custody person display symbol encouraging others commit riot jury retired consider verdict crowd without within court awaited result feverish suspense half hour elapsed jury returned verdict plaintiff damages five pounds satisfaction spectators evident countenances judge expressed contrary feeling turning foreman jury lordship asked two points referred namely broad question whether riot committed committed whether plaintiff participated they found verdict foreman stated they opinion generally plaintiff illegally arrested vague answer satisfy lordship he repeated question he however obtain satisfactory reply evidently vexed he deemed obtuseness partiality jury he turned bar spirit mischievous destructive nature abroad repressed threatened awful consequences country lost he government overturned spirit encouraged impossible end good time destroyer fulfiller predictions proved lordship false prophet harmless war productive dire results expected triumph war pit rage redoubled acrimony riot beginning satisfy excited feelings night victory long curtain drew house filled several placards exhibited constables friends managers strove usual tear shreds met fate inscribed success british jury ever soon replaced another similar purport needless detail uproar ensued jumping fighting roaring howling nine nights system continued end hand grand dinner given crown anchor tavern celebrate victory clifford reprobators managerial insolence they called attended considerable numbers clifford voted chair cloth removed speeches made company surprised message solicited honour audience time ere they believe kemble ventured place parley manager admitted conference held treaty ultimately signed sealed put end wars restored peace drama time disturbance proceeded theatre usual spirit now night continuance rioters still untired still determined resist last midst gentleman arrived crown anchor announced pit kemble attended dinner yielded last demand public he stated agreed committee defending persons prosecution boxes remain advanced price pit reduced three shillings sixpence private boxes done away prosecutions sides immediately stayed announcement received deafening cheers soon first burst enthusiasm became anxious confirmation intelligence commenced loud call kemble he returned crown anchor pitites aware nearly half hour they kept excruciating din length great actor made appearance walking dress cane hand he left tavern long time he obtain silence he apologized respectful terms appearing unbecoming costume caused solely ignorance he appear night announcing well occasional interruptions allow terms agreed he added order trace recollection past differences unhappily prevailed long remain he instructed proprietors say they sincerely lamented course pursued engaged parts legal proceedings forthwith put stop cheering greeted speech interrupted close loud cries pit dismiss brandon two exclaimed we want old prices generally six shillings boxes ineffectual attempt address point kemble made respectful repeated obeisances withdrew noises still continued munden stood forward leading hand humbled contrition looks hands written apology he endeavoured read uproar increased threefold presence amid cries we wo hear master he obliged retire harris son kemble afterwards endeavoured propitiate audience favour avail nothing less dismissal satisfy offended majesty pit amid uproar curtain finally fell dance danced last time within walls covent garden following night announced brandon resigned situation turned tide popular performances wheel fortune afterpiece house crowded excess desire pleased manifest every countenance kemble took favourite character penruddock appeared stage he greeted vehement applause noises ceased entirely symbols opposition disappeared audience hushed attention gave vent sounds admiration genius actor course part he repeated words i london aptness expression circumstances night felt present acknowledged round boisterous thrice repeated cheering triumphant scene kemble long annoyances he achieved double victory he manager soothed obstinate opposition actor he forced largest audiences he ever beheld approbation cordial unanimous he ever enjoyed popular favour turned towards embraced everybody connected theatre except poor victim brandon favourite actors called curtain make bow receive acclamations pit close performances individuals implacable stubborn got feeble cry old prices boxes they quickly silenced reiterated cheers majority cries turn placard last race time exhibited front pit bearing large letters words we satisfied ended famous wars period nearly three months kept metropolis uproar grand result whole proceeding parody destructive scarcely sensible wars recorded history commenced injustice carried bitterness spirit ended like labour mountain mouse abatement sixpence price admission pit dismissal unfortunate servant whose fault much zeal service employers grand victories thugs phansigars orribili favelle parole di dante among black deeds superstition imposed duties wretched votaries none horrible practices murderers name thugs phansigars long scourge india ages they pursued dark dreadful calling moulding assassination science extolling virtue worthy practised race favoured heaven late years atrocious delusion excited much attention country india attention hoped speedily lead uprooting doctrine revolting although british government extended hindostan long period appear europeans even suspected existence mysterious sect commencement present century year gang thugs laden plunder murdered travellers accidentally discovered inquiries set foot revealed astonished government system iniquity unparalleled history man subsequent investigation extended knowledge throwing light peculiar habits murderers explained reason crimes remained long undiscovered following pages found epitome information reached europe concerning derived principally sherwood treatise subject published still valuable recent work sleeman entitled ramaseeana vocabulary peculiar language thugs followers sect called thugs profession thuggee south india they called phansigars former word signifying deceiver latter strangler they singularly appropriate profession thuggee hereditary embraces supposed every part india body least ten thousand individuals trained murder childhood carrying secret silence yet glorying holding practice higher earthly honour winter months they usually follow reputable calling elude suspicion summer they set gangs roads india plunder destroy gangs generally contain ten forty thugs sometimes many two hundred strangler provided noose despatch unfortunate victim thugs make point never cause death means gangs large they divide smaller bodies taking different route they arrive general place rendezvous divide spoil they sometimes travel disguise respectable traders sometimes sepoys native soldiers others government officers they chance fall unprotected wayfarer fate certain thug approaches behind throws end sash round neck end seized second instant crossed behind neck drawn tightly hand two thugs thrust head forward expedite strangulation third thug seizes traveller legs moment he thrown ground corpse he reaches solitary travellers prey they anxious seek wealthy caravan forty fifty individuals unfrequently destroyed soul permitted escape indeed hardly instance record escape hands surely measures taken well they calculate beforehand risks difficulties undertaking individual gang peculiar duty allotted town serai two three known soothaes inveiglers sent advance ascertain travellers learn possible amount money merchandize they carry hours starting morning particulars may use they they enter conversation pretend travelling place propose mutual security travel intelligence duly communicated remainder gang place usually chosen murder lonely part road vicinity jungle time just dusk given signals understood scouts party station front rear side guard surprise strangler assistant strangler called bhurtote shamshea place right left victim without exciting suspicion another signal noose twisted drawn tightly strong hand extremity traveller seconds hurried eternity ten twelve twenty instances sixty persons despatched moment victim rare chance escape hands he falls scouts stationed within hearing run soon overpower next care dispose bodies cautious they prevent detection they usually break joints hasten decomposition they cut open body prevent swelling grave causing fissures soil means jackals might attracted spot thereby lead discovery obliged bury body frequented district they kindle fire grave obliterate traces newly turned earth sometimes party whose office like rest hereditary despatched make graves morning distant spot known travellers pass stranglers mean time journey quietly victims conversing friendly manner towards nightfall they approach spot selected murder signal given they fall graves ready since occasion related captain sleeman party people consisting men seven women simultaneously strangled thrown graves prepared morning travellers horseback well armed thugs appear upwards two hundred gang provided risk failure left alive numerous party infant four years old afterwards initiated mysteries thuggee they find convenient opportunity disposing bodies they carry many miles they come spot secure intrusion soil adapted receive fear putrefaction admonishes use despatch they set large screen tent travellers bury body within enclosure pretending inquiries made women within happens they fall victim unexpectedly murders they planned previously finding place sepulture never left hazard travellers misfortune lodge choultry hostelry thugs often murdered night either creed destroy sleeper they find difficulty placing noose round neck person recumbent position case slumberer suddenly aroused alarm snake scorpion he starts feet finds fatal sash around he never escapes addition thugs frequent highways others infest rivers called pungoos they differ creed customs brethren shore they go rivers boats pretending travellers consequence pilgrims proceeding returning benares allahabad sacred places boatmen thugs different appearance ordinary boatmen river artifices used entice victims board precisely similar employed highway thugs they send inveiglers scrape acquaintance travellers find direction they journeying they always pretend bound place vaunt superior accommodation boat they going travellers fall snare led thug captain often allay suspicion demurs take eventually agrees moderate sum boat strikes middle stream victims amused kept conversation hours insidious foes three taps given deck signal thugs coast clear instant fatal noose ready travellers bodies thrown warm palpitating river hole side boat contrived expressly purpose river thug apprehended turned approver save life gave following evidence relative practices fraternity we embarked rajmahul travellers sat side boat thugs we three two stranglers placed stern thugs left travellers right thugs dressed boatmen deck others walking along bank river pulling boat joon rope time we came gentleman pinnace two obliged stop let go travellers seemed anxious quieted told men rope tired must take refreshment they pulled something began eat pinnace got good way they resumed work boat proceeded now afternoon signal given clear five thugs sat opposite travellers sprang aid others strangled done they broke spinal bones threw hole made side river kept course boat time pulled along men bank atrocities carried nearly two centuries without exciting attention british government seems incredible wonder diminished we reflect extreme caution thugs ordinary dangers travelling india thugs never murder man near home they never dispose booty near scene murder they pay common less atrocious robbers portion gains polygars native authorities districts they reside secure protection friends relatives victims perhaps thousand miles never surmise fate till period elapsed inquiry fruitless least extremely difficult they clue assassins often impute wild beasts jungles slaughter committed wilder beast man several gradations every member fraternity must regularly pass he arrives high office bhurtote strangler he first employed scout sexton shumseea holder hands lastly bhurtote man thug lineage brought infancy among wishes become strangler he solicits oldest pious experienced thug take protection make disciple guidance he regularly initiated he acquired sufficient experience lower ranks profession he applies gooroo preceptor give finishing grace education make strangler opportunity found solitary traveller murdered tyro preceptor seen proposed victim asleep safe keeping till return proceed neighbouring field perform several religious ceremonies accompanied three four oldest steadiest members gang gooroo first offers prayer goddess saying oh kalee oh kalee calkutta walee seems fit traveller now lodging die hands slave vouchsafe us good omen they sit watch good omen they receive within half hour conclude goddess favourable claims new candidate admission they bad omen omen thug must put traveller death aspirant must wait favourable opportunity purifying mean time prayer humiliation favour goddess good omen obtained they return quarters gooroo takes handkerchief turning face west ties knot end inserting rupee piece silver knot called goor khat holy knot man properly ordained allowed tie aspirant receives reverently right hand gooroo stands sleeping victim shumseea holder hands side traveller aroused handkerchief passed around neck signal gooroo drawn tight till victim strangled shumseea holding hands prevent making resistance work now completed bhurtote longer aspirant admitted member bows reverently dust gooroo touches feet hands afterwards performs respect relatives friends assembled witness solemn ceremony he waits another favourable omen he unties knot takes rupee he gives gooroo silver he may gooroo adds money he purchases they call goor consecrated sugar solemn sacrifice performed gang invited relationship gooroo disciple accounted holy formed subsists latest period life thug may betray father never gooroo dark forbidding picture already drawn become still darker repulsive we consider motives prompt men systematic murder horrible practices love plunder alone incited infinitely horrible reflect idea duty religion joined hope gain making scourges fellows plunder sole object reason hope member brotherhood grew rich he rest infernal toils dismal superstition he cherishes tells never desist he sent world slayer men he religiously works destiny religiously he educates children pursue career instilling minds earliest age thuggee noblest profession man follow dark goddess they worship always provide rich travellers zealous devotees following wild startling legend thugs found divine origin sect they believe earliest ages world gigantic demon infested earth devoured mankind soon they created he tall stature he strode unfathomable depths great sea waves even tempest reach middle insatiable appetite human flesh almost unpeopled world bhawanee kalee davee goddess thugs determined save mankind destruction monster nerving encounter she armed immense sword meeting demon she ran body blood flowed torrents he fell dead feet every drop sprang another monster rapacious terrible first goddess upraised massive sword hewed hellish brood hundreds she slew numerous they became every drop blood generated demon although goddess endeavoured lap blood ere sprang life they increased rapidly labour killing became great endurance perspiration rolled arms large drops she compelled think mode exterminating emergency she created two men perspiration body she confided holy task delivering earth monsters men she gave handkerchief showed kill without shedding blood they learned tie fatal noose they became tuition expert stranglers short space time race demons became extinct slay two men sought great goddess order return handkerchiefs grateful bhawanee desired they retain memorials heroic deeds order they might never lose dexterity they acquired using she commanded thenceforward they strangle men two first thugs whole race descended early thugs goddess direct favours she successors first she undertook bury bodies men they slew plundered condition they never look back see she command religiously observed many ages thugs relied implicit faith promise bhawanee men became corrupt ungovernable curiosity young thug offended goddess led withdrawal portion favour youth burning desire see she made graves looked back beheld act burying devouring body man just strangled half still palpitating remains dangling lips she highly displeased she condemned thugs time forward bury victims another account states goddess merely tossing body air naked anger aggravated gaze mortal eyes charms taking final leave devotees she presented teeth pickaxe ribs knife hem garment noose she since appeared human eyes original tooth lost lapse ages new pickaxes constructed great care many ceremonies considerable gang thugs used making graves strangled travellers pickaxe looked utmost veneration tribe short account process making rites performed may interesting showing still gloomy superstition first place necessary fix lucky day chief thug instructs smith forge holy instrument eye permitted see operation smith must engage occupation completed chief thug never quits side process instrument formed becomes necessary consecrate especial service bhawnee another lucky day chosen ceremony care mean time shadow earthly thing fall pickaxe efficacy ever destroyed learned thug sits turning face west receives pickaxe brass dish muttering incantation he throws pit already prepared washed clear water taken washed three times first time sugar water second sour milk third spirits dried marked head point seven red spots first part ceremony second consists purification fire pickaxe placed brass dish along sugar cloves white articles fire mango tree mixed dried kindled officiating thug taking pickaxe hands passes seven times flames now remains ascertained whether goddess favourable followers purpose taken dish placed ground officiating thug turning spectators holding axe uplifted asks shall i strike assent given he strikes nut axe exclaiming hail mighty davee great mother us spectators respond hail mighty davee prosper children thugs nut severed first blow goddess favourable she unpropitious labour thrown away ceremony must repeated fitting occasion sign favourable axe tied carefully white cloth turned towards west spectators prostrating buried earth point turned direction gang wishes take approaching expedition goddess desires warn they unsuccessful they chosen right track thugs believe point axe veer round point better way expedition entrusted prudent exemplary thug party care hold fast chance he let fall consternation spreads gang goddess thought offended enterprise abandoned thugs return home humiliation sorrow sacrifice gloomy deity win back estranged favour great reverence they hold sacred axe thug never break oath he taken he fears he perjure neck twisted offended bhawanee make face turn back course days he expire excruciating agonies thugs diligent observers signs omens expedition ever undertaken auspices solemnly taken subject captain sleeman says even sensible approvers many years well hindoos mussulmans believe good ill success depended skill omens discovered interpreted strictness they observed obeyed old sindouse stock told presence twelve others hydrabad behar dooah oude rajpootana bundelcund they attended omens they never thrived they ordinary cases murder men seldom escaped punishment they families ten generations thrived although they murdered hundreds people thug never case we attended omens omens intended us always signs around us guide us rich booty warn us danger we always wise enough discern religious enough attend every thug present concurred soul thug polished manners great eloquence asked native gentleman presence captain sleeman whether he never felt compunction murdering innocent people replied smile he man he feel compunction following trade trades assigned us providence he asked many people he killed hands course life i killed none reply you describing number murders you concerned true you suppose i committed man killed man killing hand god kills we mere instruments hands god another occasion sahib approver asked he never felt pity compunction murdering old men young children persons he sat conversed told perchance private affairs hopes fears wives little ones replied unhesitatingly he never time omens favourable thugs considered travellers they met victims thrown hands divinity killed thugs mere instruments hands bhawanee destroy we kill sahib goddess never propitious us we families involved misery want we see hear bad omen order goddess kill travellers we pursuit we dare disobey soon expedition planned goddess consulted day chosen starting never unlucky months july september december wednesday thursday chief thug party fills brass jug water he carries right hand side left he holds breast sacred pickaxe wrapped carefully white cloth along five knots turmeric two copper silver coin he moves slowly followed whole gang field retired place halting countenance turned direction they wish pursue he lifts eyes heaven saying great goddess universal mother meditated expedition fitting sight vouchsafe help us give us signs approbation thugs present solemnly repeat prayer leader wait silence omen within half hour they see pilhaoo good omen left signifies goddess taken left hand lead they see thibaoo omen right signifies she taken right hand leader places brazen pitcher ground sits beside face turned direction seven hours time followers make necessary preparations journey interval unfavourable signs observed expedition advances slowly arrives bank nearest stream they sit eat goor consecrated sugar evil omens perceived ceremony may averted sacrifices evil omens put end expedition among evil omens following brazen pitcher drops hand jemadar leader threatens great evil either gang sometimes they meet funeral procession blind man lame man carpenter potter expedition dangerous like manner unlucky sneeze meet woman empty pail couple jackals hare crossing path latter considered peculiarly inauspicious cry night left sometimes good omen they hear right bad warning sent bhawanee danger they kill they disregard warning led hope gain strangle traveller they either find booty booty eventually lead ruin dispersion gang bhawanee wroth children causing perish jungle send hares drink water skulls good omens quite numerous evil promises fortunate expedition first day they pass village fair deemed fortunate they hear wailing dead village meet woman pitcher full water head bodes prosperous journey safe return omen still favourable she state pregnancy thugs jumaldehee lodaha tribes they always make youngest thug party kick body first person they strangle five times back thinking bring good luck practice however general they hear ass bray left commencement expedition another soon afterwards right they believe they shall supereminently successful they shall strangle multitude travellers find great booty every murder solemn sacrifice called tuponee performed gang goor consecrated sugar placed large cloth blanket spread grass beside deposited sacred pickaxe piece silver offering jemadar chief party together oldest prudent thugs take places cloth turn faces west inferior thugs find room privileged cloth sit round close possible pit dug jemadar pours small quantity goor praying time goddess always reward followers abundant spoils thugs repeat prayer he sprinkles water pickaxe puts little goor head every obtained seat beside cloth short pause ensues signal strangling given murder actually committed thug eats goor solemn silence powerful impression made imagination ceremony almost drives frantic enthusiasm captain sleeman relates he reproached thug share murder great atrocity asked whether he never felt pity man replied we feel pity sometimes goor tuponee changes nature change nature horse let man taste goor he thug though he know trades wealth world i never want food mother family opulent relations high office i high office became great favourite wherever i went i sure promotion yet i always miserable absent gang obliged return thuggee father made taste fatal goor i yet mere boy i live thousand years i never able follow trade possession wealth station society esteem fellows keep man murder extraordinary confession we may judge extreme difficulty exterminating sect impelled horrid practises motives govern mankind general fanaticism fills measure whole existence even severity seems thrown away followers brutalizing creed punishment example they sympathy brother thug hung door british government they dread fate invariable idea goddess suffers thugs fall hands law contravened peculiar observances thuggee neglected omens she sent guidance neglect warnings goddess they attribute reverses late years befallen sect expressly forbidden creed old thugs murder women cripples modern thugs become unscrupulous point murdering women even children unrelenting barbarity captain sleeman reports several conversations subject he held different times thugs taken prisoners turned approvers named zolfukar reply captain accused murdering women yes greater part feringeea gang seized we murdered two women little girl manora we seized soon we survive things like ancestors never things lalmun another thug reply similar question misfortunes come us murder women we knew they come us day great sins we often admonished we take warning we deserve fates speaking supposed protection goddess extended former times zolfukar ah we regard religion we lost since kinds men made thugs classes people murdered without distinction little attention paid omens we think escape davee never forsook us till we neglected might imagined men spoke manner anger goddess even custody showed much veneration unhappy calling hesitate they turned informers laid bare secrets exposed haunts fellows among civilized ruffians europe we often find chivalrous trait character makes scorn reward must earned blood accomplices india honour among thieves approvers asked they still believe power terrible goddess davee afraid incur displeasure informing fellows they reply davee done worst abandoning she inflict severer punishment therefore gives concern degenerate children cowardly doctrine however advantage government seeks put end sect thrown light practices never obtained sources another branch thug abomination recently discovered indefatigable captain sleeman followers sect called megpunnas they murder travellers rob wealth children they afterwards sell slavery they entertain religious opinions thugs carried hideous practices entertained dismal superstition dozen years impunity report captain sleeman states crime prevails almost exclusively delhi native principalities rajpootana ulwar bhurtpore first spread extensively siege bhurtpore original thugs never rarely travel wives megpunnas invariably take families women children used inveigle victims poor travellers always chosen megpunnas objects murderous traffic females children sent advance make acquaintance emigrants beggars road travelling families they entice pass night secluded place they afterwards set men strangled women take care children beautiful sold high price brothels delhi large cities boys girls sold servants moderate rate murders perpetrated perhaps five hundred miles homes unfortunate victims children obtained deprived relatives never inquired even kin alive they far poor institute inquiries members questioned megpunnas made money thugs profitable kill poor people sake children rich people wealth megpunnaism supposed votaries like thuggee immediate protection great goddess davee kalee whose favour obtained commencement every expedition whose omens whether good evil diligently sought occasions first apostle she communicated commands formation new sect rules ordinances guided called kheama jemadar he considered holy man thugs megpunnas considered extreme felicity gaze touch moment arrest british authorities fire raging village inhabitants gathered round implored intercede god flames might extinguished megpunna says tradition stretched forth hand heaven prayed fire ceased immediately now remain considered exertions made remove face india purulent disgusting sore year proceedings thuggee carried extraordinary degree vigour latter year government seems begun act settled determination destroy altogether included committed prison various presidencies persons accused crime hanged transported imprisoned life imprisoned shorter periods held bail acquitted remainder died prison they brought trial escaped turned approvers feringeea thug leader great notoriety delivered justice year consequence reward five hundred rupees offered apprehension government he brought captain sleeman sangir december year offered life spared give information lead arrest several extensive gangs carried murderous practices undetected several years he mentioned place rendezvous following february well organized gangs proceed guzerat candeish captain sleeman appeared doubt information accompanied thug mango grove two stages sangir road seronage they reached place evening morning feringeea pointed three places he gang different intervals buried bodies three parties travellers they murdered sward grown spots slightest traces seen ever disturbed sod captain sleeman tent found bodies first party consisting pundit six attendants murdered another party five murdered ground place captain horses tied night four brahmin carriers ganges water woman buried sleeping tent ground moved captain sleeman expressed doubts feringeea looking position neighbouring trees he risk life accuracy remembrance workmen dug five feet without discovering bodies they length found little beyond depth exactly thug described proof knowledge haunts brethren feringeea promised liberty pardon he aid bringing justice many large gangs he belonged still prowling country they arrested february following place rendezvous pointed approver condemned executed far we learn captain sleeman brought tables close year writer foreign quarterly review furnishes additional list persons committed prison concerned murder robbery individuals criminals sentenced death imprisonment life leaving sentenced transportation life shorter periods imprisonment turned approvers died gaol whole number acquitted great amount criminals brought justice feared many years must elapse evil deeply rooted eradicated difficulty increased utter hopelessness reformation regards survivors numbers still calculated amount ten thousand persons taking average three murders annually calculated captain sleeman writers murder every year thirty thousand fellow creatures average mark even we take third calculation frightful list religion teaches men go astray they go far astray indeed end first volume memoirs extraordinary popular delusions volume iii charles mackay author thames tributaries hope world etc il est bon de connaitre les delires de humain chaque peuple ses folies plus ou moins grossieres millot detailed contents third volume book i introduction alchymists searchers philosopher stone water life part history alchymy earliest periods fifteenth pretended antiquity albertus thomas alain de arnold de pietro raymond roger pope john jean de nicholas george basil bernard marechal de jacques inferior adepts part progress infatuation sixteenth seventeenth cornelius george denys dr dee edward michael robert jacob john joseph francis alchymical writers seventeenth de albert count de st present state science book ii fortune telling book iii magnetisers philosophical delusions dissatisfaction lot seems characteristic man ages climates far however evil first might supposed great civiliser race tended anything else raise us condition brutes discontent source improvement parent small progeny follies absurdities trace latter object present volume vast subject appears easily reducible within limits make comprehensive without wearisome render study instructive amusing three causes especially excited discontent impelling us seek remedies irremediable bewildered us maze madness error death toil ignorance future doom man sphere he shows antipathy love life longing abundance craving curiosity pierce secrets days come first led many imagine they might find means avoid death failing they might nevertheless prolong existence reckon centuries instead units sprang search long continued still pursued elixir vitae water life led thousands pretend millions believe second sprang absurd search philosopher stone create plenty changing metals gold third false sciences astrology divination divisions necromancy chiromancy augury train signs portents omens tracing career erring philosophers wilful cheats encouraged preyed credulity mankind simplify elucidate subject we divide three classes first comprising alchymists general devoted discovering philosopher stone water life second comprising astrologers necromancers sorcerers geomancers pretended discover futurity third consisting dealers charms amulets philters mongers touchers evil seventh sons seventh son sympathetic powder compounders homeopathists animal magnetizers motley tribe quacks empirics charlatans narrating career men found many united several functions just mentioned alchymist necromancer he pretended cure maladies touch charm work miracles every kind dark early ages european history especially case even we advance recent periods we shall find great difficulty separating characters alchymist seldom confined strictly pretended science sorcerer necromancer medical charlatan beginning alchymy confusion classes unavoidable ground clear us we advance let us pride superior knowledge turn contempt follies predecessors study errors great minds fallen pursuit truth never uninstructive man looks back days childhood youth recalls mind strange notions false opinions swayed actions time he may wonder society edification look back opinions governed ages fled he superficial thinker despise refuse hear merely they absurd man wise he may learn wisdom past errors either thought action society made advances capable improvement retrospect past folly credulity study instructive he reads amusement find chapter annals human mind amusing opens whole realm fiction wild fantastic wonderful immense variety things imagined believed book alchymists searchers philosopher stone water life mercury loquitur mischief secret know consuming coals drawing usquebaugh howsoever they may pretend specious names geber arnold lulli bombast hohenheim commit miracles art treason nature title philosopher creature glory fetched furnace i crude sublimate precipitate unctions male female sometimes hermaphrodite they list style they calcine you grave matron might mother maids spring young virgin ashes fresh phoenix lay you old courtier coals like sausage they broiled enough blow soul pair bellows see they begin muster draw forces genius place defend ben jonson masque mercury vindicated alchymists alchymists part history alchymy earliest periods fifteenth century pretended antiquity albertus thomas alain de arnold de pietro raymond roger pope john jean de nicholas george basil bernard marechal de jacques inferior adepts thousand years art alchymy captivated many noble spirits believed millions origin involved obscurity devotees claimed antiquity coeval creation man others trace back time noah vincent de beauvais argues indeed antediluvians must possessed knowledge alchymy particularly cites noah acquainted elixir vitae he lived prodigious age begotten children upwards five hundred lenglet du fresnoy history hermetic philosophy says pretended shem chem son noah adept art thought highly probable words chemistry alchymy derived name others say art derived egyptians amongst first founded hermes trismegistus moses looked alchymist gained knowledge egypt he kept instruct children israel mysteries writers alchymy triumphantly cite story golden calf chapter exodus prove great lawgiver adept make unmake gold pleasure recorded moses wroth israelites idolatry he took calf they made burned fire ground powder strewed water made children israel drink say alchymists he never done he possession philosopher stone means he made powder gold float water we must leave knotty point consideration adepts art come modern periods history jesuit father martini historia sinica says practised chinese two thousand five hundred years birth christ assertion unsupported worth nothing appear however pretenders art making gold silver existed rome first centuries christian era discovered they liable punishment knaves impostors constantinople fourth century transmutation metals generally believed many greek ecclesiastics wrote treatises subject names preserved notice works given third volume lenglet du fresnoy history hermetic philosophy notion appears metals composed two substances metallic earth red inflammable matter they called sulphur pure union substances formed gold metals mixed contaminated various foreign ingredients object philosopher stone dissolve neutralize ingredients iron lead copper metals transmuted original gold many learned clever men wasted time health energies vain pursuit several centuries took great hold imagination people history delusion appears manner lost time till eighth century appeared amongst arabians period becomes easier trace progress master appeared long looked father science whose name indissolubly connected geber philosopher devoted life study alchymy particulars known he thought lived year true name abou moussah djafar added al soft wise he born hauran mesopotamia biographie universelle thought he greek others spaniard others prince hindostan mistakes made respecting ludicrous made french translator sprenger history medicine thought sound name he german rendered donnateur giver details life known asserted he wrote five hundred works philosopher stone water life he great enthusiast art compared incredulous little children shut narrow room without windows aperture they saw nothing beyond denied existence great globe he thought preparation gold cure maladies man inferior animals plants he imagined metals laboured disease exception gold perfect health he affirmed secret philosopher stone discovered ancient wise men hit never word writing communicate men unworthiness incredulity sum perfection instructions students aid laborious search stone elixir translated languages europe english translation great enthusiast alchymy richard russell published london preface dated eight years previously house alchymist star newmarket wapping near dock design undertaking translation he informs us expose false pretences many ignorant pretenders science abounded day life geber though spent pursuit vain chimera altogether useless he stumbled discoveries he seek science indebted first mention corrosive sublimate red oxide mercury nitric acid nitrate silver article geber biographie universelle two hundred years death geber arabian philosophers devoted study alchymy joining astrology celebrated alfarabi alfarabi flourished commencement tenth century enjoyed reputation learned men age he spent life travelling country country he might gather opinions philosophers great secrets nature danger dismayed toil wearied pursuit many sovereigns endeavoured retain courts he refused rest he discovered great object life art preserving centuries making gold much he needed wandering mode life last proved fatal he visit mecca much religious philosophical purposes returning syria he stopped court sultan seifeddoulet renowned patron learning he presented travelling attire presence monarch courtiers without invitation coolly sat sofa beside prince courtiers wise men indignant sultan know intruder first inclined follow example he turned officers ordered eject presumptuous stranger room alfarabi without moving dared lay hands turning calmly prince remarked he know guest he treat honour violence sultan instead still incensed many potentates admired coolness requesting sit still closer sofa entered long conversation science divine philosophy court charmed stranger questions discussion propounded he showed superior knowledge he convinced every ventured dispute spoke eloquently science alchymy he recognised second great geber doctors present inquired whether man knew many sciences acquainted music alfarabi made reply merely requested lute brought lute brought he played ravishing tender melodies court melted tears he changed theme played airs sprightly he set grave philosophers sultan dancing fast legs carry he sobered mournful strain made sob sigh sultan highly delighted powers entreated stay offering every inducement wealth power dignity supply alchymist resolutely refused decreed he he never repose till he discovered philosopher stone he set accordingly evening murdered thieves deserts syria biographers give particulars life beyond mentioning he wrote several valuable treatises art however lost death happened year avicenna avicenna whose real name ebn cinna another great alchymist born bokhara reputation physician man skilled sciences great sultan magdal douleth resolved try powers great science government he accordingly made grand vizier prince ruled state advantage science still difficult he failed completely he rule passions gave wine women led life shameless debauchery amid multifarious pursuits business pleasure he nevertheless found time write seven treatises philosopher stone many ages looked great value pretenders art rare eminent physician avicenna appears abandons sensual gratification completely he become enthralled course years he dismissed high office died shortly afterwards premature old age complication maladies brought debauchery death took place year time philosophers note arabia heard devoting study alchymy began shortly afterwards attract greater attention europe learned men france england spain italy expressed belief science many devoted whole energies twelfth thirteenth centuries especially extensively pursued brightest names age connected among eminent albertus magnus thomas aquina first philosophers born year noble family lawingen duchy neuburg danube first thirty years life he appeared remarkably dull stupid feared every good come he entered dominican monastery early age made little progress studies he point abandoning despair he endowed extraordinary perseverance he advanced middle age mind expanded he learned whatever he applied extreme facility remarkable change age accounted miracle asserted believed holy virgin touched great desire become learned famous took pity incapacity appeared cloister he sat almost despairing asked whether he wished excel philosophy divinity he chose philosophy chagrin virgin reproached mild sorrowful accents he made better choice she however granted request he become excellent philosopher age set drawback pleasure he relapse height fame former incapacity stupidity albertus never took trouble contradict story prosecuted studies unremitting zeal reputation speedily spread europe year celebrated thomas aquinas placed tuition many extraordinary stories told master pupil they paid due attention branches science they never neglected pursuit philosopher stone elixir vitae although they discovered neither believed albert seized portion secret life found means animate brazen statue formation proper conjunctions planets he occupied many years life he thomas aquinas completed together endowed faculty speech made perform functions domestic servant capacity exceedingly useful defect machinery chattered much agreeable either philosopher various remedies tried cure garrulity vain day thomas aquinas enraged noise made he midst mathematical problem he seized ponderous hammer smashed pieces naude apologie des grands hommes accuses de magie chap xviii he sorry afterwards he done reproved master giving way anger unbecoming philosopher they made attempt statue stories show spirit age every great man attempted study secrets nature thought magician wondered philosophers pretended discover elixir conferring immortality red stone create boundless wealth popular opinion enhanced pretensions endowed powers still miraculous believed albertus magnus he even change course seasons feat many thought less difficult discovery grand elixir albertus desirous obtaining piece ground build monastery neighbourhood cologne ground belonged william count holland king romans reason wish part albertus reported gained following extraordinary method he invited prince he passing cologne magnificent entertainment prepared court prince accepted repaired lordly retinue residence sage midst winter rhine frozen cold bitter knights sit horseback without running risk losing toes frost great therefore surprise arriving albert house find repast spread garden snow drifted depth several feet earl high dudgeon remounted steed albert last prevailed take seat table he sooner done dark clouds rolled away sky warm sun shone forth cold north wind veered suddenly round blew mild breeze south snows melted away ice unbound streams trees put forth green leaves fruit flowers sprang beneath feet larks nightingales blackbirds cuckoos thrushes every sweet sang hymns every tree earl attendants wondered greatly they ate dinner recompence albert got piece ground build convent he however shown power immediately repast he gave word dark clouds obscured sun snow fell large flakes fell dead leaves dropped trees winds blew cold howled mournfully guests wrapped thick cloaks retreated house warm blazing fire albert kitchen lenglet histoire de la philosophie hermetique see godwin lives necromancers thomas aquinas work wonders well master related he lodged street cologne he much annoyed incessant clatter made horses hoofs they led daily exercise grooms he entreated latter select spot they might disturb philosopher grooms turned deaf ear solicitations emergency he recourse aid magic he constructed small horse bronze he inscribed certain cabalistic characters buried midnight midst highway next morning troop grooms came riding along usual horses they arrived spot magic horse buried reared plunged violently nostrils distended terror manes grew erect perspiration ran sides streams vain riders applied spur vain they coaxed threatened animals pass spot following day success better they length compelled seek another spot exercise thomas aquinas left peace naude apologie des grands hommes accuses de magie chap xvii albertus magnus made bishop ratisbon he occupied see four years he resigned ground duties occupied much time he anxious devote philosophy he died cologne advanced age dominican writers deny he ever sought philosopher stone treatise minerals sufficiently proves he artephius artephius name noted annals alchymy born early part twelfth century he wrote two famous treatises philosopher stone art prolonging human life latter he vaunts great qualifications instructing mankind matter he time thousand year age he many disciples believed extreme age attempted prove he apollonius tyana lived soon advent jesus christ particulars whose life pretended miracles fully described philostratus he took good care never contradict story much increased power he desirous wielding convenient occasions he boasted excellent memory fertile imagination thorough knowledge existing history he never loss answer questioned personal appearance manners character great men antiquity he pretended found philosopher stone search he descended hell seen devil sitting throne gold legion imps fiends around works alchymy translated french published paris alain de lisle contemporary albertus magnus alain de lisle flanders named great learning universal doctor he thought possess knowledge sciences like artephius discovered elixir vitae he became friars abbey citeaux died aged hundred ten years he point death fiftieth year fortunate discovery elixir enabled add sixty years existence he wrote commentary prophecies merlin arnold de villeneuve philosopher left much greater reputation he born year studied medicine great success university paris he afterwards travelled twenty years italy germany he made acquaintance pietro man character akin addicted pursuits physician he thought lifetime able world ever seen like learned men day he dabbled astrology alchymy thought made immense quantities gold lead copper pietro arrested italy brought trial sorcerer similar accusation made arnold he managed leave country time escape fate unfortunate friend he lost credit predicting end world afterwards regained time death exactly known must prior year pope clement wrote circular letter clergy europe lived obedience praying use utmost efforts discover famous treatise arnold practice medicine author promised lifetime make present work holy see died without fulfilling curious work monsieur longeville harcouet entitled history persons lived several centuries grown young receipt given arnold de villeneuve means might prolong life hundred years first place say arnold monsieur harcouet person intending prolong life must rub well two three times week juice marrow cassia moelle de la casse every night going bed he must put heart plaster composed certain quantity oriental saffron red aloes amber liquified oil roses best white wax morning he must take enclose carefully leaden box till next night must applied he sanguine temperament he shall take sixteen chickens phlegmatic melancholy thirty he shall put yard air water pure he feed eating day previously chickens fattened peculiar method impregnate flesh qualities produce longevity eater deprived nourishment till they almost dying hunger they fed broth made serpents vinegar broth thickened wheat bran various ceremonies performed cooking mess may see book harcouet interested matter chickens fed two months they fit table washed moderate quantities good white wine claret regimen followed regularly every seven years may live old methuselah right state harcouet little authority attributing precious composition arnold villeneuve found collected works philosopher first brought light poirier commencement sixteenth century asserted he discovered undoubted writing arnold pietro unlucky sage born apone near padua year like friend arnold de villeneuve he eminent physician pretender arts astrology alchymy he practised many years paris made great wealth killing curing telling fortunes evil day he returned country reputation magician first order universally believed he drawn seven evil spirits infernal regions he kept enclosed seven crystal vases he required services he sent forth ends earth execute pleasure spirit excelled philosophy second alchymy third astrology fourth physic fifth poetry sixth music seventh painting whenever pietro wished information instruction arts he go crystal vase liberate presiding spirit immediately secrets art revealed he might pleased excel homer poetry apelles painting pythagoras philosophy although he make gold brass he sparing powers respect kept constantly supplied money less creditable means whenever he disbursed gold he muttered certain charm known next morning gold safe possession trader he gave might lock strong box guarded troop soldiers charmed metal flew back old master even buried earth thrown sea dawn next morning behold pockets pietro people consequence liked dealings personage especially gold bolder rest thought power extend silver they made experiment they found mistaken bolts bars restrain sometimes became invisible hands whisked air purse magician he necessarily acquired bad character given utterance sentiments regarding religion reverse orthodox he summoned tribunals inquisition answer crimes heretic sorcerer he loudly protested innocence even rack he suffered torture nature support he died prison ere trial concluded afterwards found guilty bones ordered dug publicly burned he burned effigy streets padua raymond lulli arnold de villeneuve pietro flourished france italy celebrated adept either appeared spain raymond lulli name stands first rank among alchymists unlike many predecessors he made pretensions astrology necromancy taking geber model studied intently nature composition metals without reference charms incantations foolish ceremonies however till late life he commenced study art early middle age spent different manner whole history romantic extreme he born illustrious family majorca year island taken saracens james i king aragon father raymond originally catalonia settled received considerable appointment crown raymond married early age fond pleasure he left solitudes native isle passed bride spain he made grand seneschal court king james led gay life several years faithless wife he always pursuit new beauty till heart fixed last lovely unkind ambrosia de castello lady like admirer married unlike faithful vows treated solicitations disdain raymond enamoured repulse increased flame he lingered night windows wrote passionate verses praise neglected affairs made butt courtiers day watching lattice he chance caught sight bosom neckerchief blown aside wind fit inspiration came he sat composed tender stanzas subject sent lady fair ambrosia never condescended answer letters she replied she told she never listen suit unbecoming wise man fix thoughts he done god entreated devote religious life conquer unworthy passion he suffered consume she however offered he wished show fair bosom captivated raymond delighted he thought latter part epistle ill corresponded former ambrosia spite good advice she gave last relented make happy he desired he followed place place entreating fulfil promise still ambrosia cold implored tears importune longer she never never she free means letter despairing lover i show you replied ambrosia immediately uncovered bosom exposed eyes admirer large cancer extended breasts she saw he shocked extending hand she prayed lead religious life set heart creator creature he went home altered man he threw morrow valuable appointment court separated wife took farewell children dividing ample fortune among half he shared among poor he threw foot crucifix devoted service god vowing acceptable atonement errors he employ remainder days task converting mussulmans christian religion dreams he saw jesus christ raymond raymond follow vision three times repeated raymond convinced intimation direct heaven put affairs order he set pilgrimage shrine james compostello afterwards lived ten years solitude amid mountains aranda he learned arabic qualify mission converting mahometans he studied various sciences taught works learned men east first made acquaintance writings geber destined exercise much influence future life end probation he entered fortieth year he emerged solitude active life remains fortune accumulated retirement he founded college study arabic approved pope many commendations zeal piety time he narrowly escaped assassination arabian youth he taken service raymond prayed god accesses fanaticism he might suffer martyrdom holy cause servant overheard great fanatic master he resolved gratify wish punish time curses he incessantly launched mahomet believed stabbing heart he therefore aimed blow master he sat day table instinct stronger desire martyrdom raymond grappled antagonist overthrew he scorned take life handed authorities town he afterwards found dead prison adventure raymond travelled paris he resided time made acquaintance arnold de villeneuve he probably received encouragement search philosopher stone he began time forth devote less attention religious matters study alchymy still he never lost sight great object he lived conversion mahometans proceeded rome communicate personally pope john xxi best measures adopted end pope gave encouragement words failed associate persons enterprise he meditated raymond therefore set tunis alone kindly received many arabian philosophers heard fame professor alchymy he stuck alchymy country well he began cursing mahomet got trouble preaching doctrines christianity great bazaar tunis he arrested thrown prison he shortly afterwards brought trial sentenced death philosophic friends interceded hard he pardoned condition he left africa immediately never set foot he found matter object might whatever length time might intervene original sentence carried execution raymond solicitous martyrdom came point whatever he might danger he gladly accepted life conditions left tunis intention proceeding rome he afterwards changed plan established milan length time he practised alchymy say astrology great success writers believed secrets alchymy noticed life raymond lulli assert milan he received letters edward king england inviting settle states they add lulli gladly accepted invitation apartments assigned use tower london he refined much gold superintended coinage made gold iron quicksilver lead pewter amount six millions writers biographie universelle excellent authority general deny raymond ever england say stories wondrous powers alchymist he mistaken another raymond jew tarragona naude apologie says simply six millions given raymond lulli king edward make war turks infidels he transmuted much metal gold he afterwards adds he advised edward lay tax wool produced amount show raymond went england admirers quote work attributed de transmutatione animae metallorum he expressly says he england intercession king vidimus omnia ista dum ad angliam transiimus propter intercessionem domini regis edoardi illustrissimi hermetic writers agreed whether edward i edward ii invited fixing date journey they make appear edward ii edmond dickenson work quintessences philosophers says raymond worked westminster abbey long time departure found cell he occupied great quantity golden dust architects made great profit biographical sketch john cremer abbot westminster given lenglet chiefly instrumentality raymond came england cremer thirty years occupied vain search philosopher stone he accidentally met raymond italy endeavoured induce communicate grand secret raymond told he must find great alchymists done cremer return england spoke king edward high terms wonderful attainments philosopher letter invitation forthwith sent robert constantinus nomenclatore scriptorum medicorum published says great deal research found raymond lulli resided time london he actually made gold means philosopher stone tower he seen golden pieces coinage still named england nobles raymond lulli appears boasted he made gold testamentum he states he converted less fifty thousand pounds weight quicksilver lead pewter metal converti una vice aurum ad millia pondo argenti vivi plumbi et lullii testamentum seems highly probable english king believing extraordinary powers alchymist invited england make test he employed refining gold coining camden credulous matters like affords countenance story coinage nobles nothing wonderful fact man famous knowledge metals employed capacity raymond time old man year somewhat dotage he willing enough believed he discovered grand secret supported rumour rather contradicted he long remain england returned rome carry projects nearer heart profession alchymy he proposed several successive popes little success first plan introduction oriental languages monasteries europe second reduction military orders united they might move efficaciously saracens third sovereign pontiff forbid works averroes read schools favourable mahometanism christianity pope receive old man much cordiality remaining two years rome he proceeded africa alone unprotected preach gospel jesus he landed bona irritated mahometans cursing prophet they stoned left dead he found hours afterwards party genoese merchants conveyed board vessel sailed towards majorca unfortunate man still breathed articulate he lingered state days expired just vessel arrived within sight native shores body conveyed great pomp church eulalia palma public funeral instituted honour miracles afterwards worked tomb ended career raymond lulli extraordinary men age exception last boast six millions gold least inclined quackery professors alchymy writings numerous include nearly five hundred volumes grammar rhetoric morals theology politics civil canon law physics metaphysics astronomy medicine chemistry roger bacon powerful delusion alchymy seized mind still greater raymond lulli roger bacon firmly believed philosopher stone spent much time search example helped render learned men time convinced practicability eager pursuit he born ilchester county somerset year he studied time university oxford afterwards paris he received degree doctor divinity returning england he became monk order francis he far learned man age acquirements much comprehension contemporaries they account supposing he indebted devil voltaire inaptly designated de encroute de toutes les ordures de son siecle crust superstition enveloped powerful mind though may dimmed obscure brightness genius apparently among inquiring spirits time known properties concave convex lens he invented pretty plaything modern days acquired reputation embittered life history alchymy name great man omitted although unlike many others we shall occasion speak he made secondary pursuits love universal knowledge filled mind allow neglect branch science neither he world yet see absurdity he made ample amends time lost pursuit knowledge physics acquaintance astronomy telescope gunpowder discoveries may well carry fame remotest time make world blind spot folly diagnosis age he lived circumstances he surrounded treatise admirable power art nature production philosopher stone translated french girard de tormes published lyons mirror alchymy published french year paris additions works raymond lulli complete list published treatises subject may seen lenglet du fresnoy pope john xxii prelate friend pupil arnold de villeneuve he instructed secrets alchymy tradition asserts he made great quantities gold died rich croesus he born cahors province guienne year he eloquent preacher soon reached high dignity church he wrote work transmutation metals famous laboratory avignon he issued two bulls numerous pretenders art sprung every part christendom might inferred he free delusion alchymists claim however distinguished successful professors art say bulls directed real adepts false pretenders they lay particular stress words bull spondent quas non exhibent divitias pauperes alchymistae clear they say relate poor alchymists therefore false ones he died year leaving coffers sum eighteen millions florins popular belief alleged he made amassed treasure alchymists complacently cite proof philosopher stone chimera incredulous pretended they take granted john really left money ask possible means he accumulated replying question they say triumphantly book shows alchymy secrets he learned arnold de villeneuve raymond lulli he prudent hermetic philosophers whoever read book find secret employ labour vain pope took good care divulge unluckily credit predicament great secret loses worth wonderfully telling therefore they keep snugly perhaps they thought everybody transmute metals gold plentiful longer valuable new art requisite transmute back steel iron society much indebted forbearance jean de meung classes men dabbled art time last mentioned pope we now speak poet jean de meung celebrated author roman de la rose born year great personage courts louis philip long charles iv philip de valois famous poem roman de la rose treats every subject vogue day necessarily makes great mention alchymy jean firm believer art wrote besides roman two shorter poems entitled remonstrance nature wandering alchymist reply alchymist nature poetry alchymy delight priests women abomination pleasant story related ladies court charles iv he written following libellous couplet fair sex toutes etes serez ou futes de fait ou de volonte putains et qui tres bien vous chercherait toutes putains vous trouverait verses coarser expression slanderous line pope every woman heart rake naturally gave great offence perceived day king antechamber ladies waiting audience they resolved punish number ten twelve they armed canes rods surrounding unlucky poet called gentlemen present strip naked they might wreak just vengeance lash streets town lords present wise loth promised great sport punishment jean de meung unmoved threats stood calmly midst begging hear first satisfied they might they liked silence restored he stood chair entered defence he acknowledged he author obnoxious verses denied they bore reference womankind he meant speak vicious abandoned whereas he saw around patterns virtue loveliness modesty however lady present thought aggrieved he consent stripped she might lash till arms wearied added means jean escaped flogging wrath fair ones immediately subsided gentlemen present however opinion every lady room whose character corresponded verses taken word poet probability beaten death life long he evinced great animosity towards priesthood famous poem abounds passages reflecting avarice cruelty immorality death he left large box filled weighty material he bequeathed cordeliers abuse he lavished practice alchymy thought box filled gold silver cordeliers congratulated rich acquisition came opened they found horror filled slates scratched hieroglyphic cabalistic characters indignant insult they determined refuse christian burial pretence he sorcerer he however honourably buried paris whole court attending funeral nicholas flamel story alchymist handed tradition enshrined pages lenglet du fresnoy little marvellous he born pontoise poor respectable family end thirteenth beginning fourteenth century patrimony he set paris early age try fortune public scribe he received good education well skilled learned languages excellent penman he soon procured occupation copyist used sit corner rue de marivaux practise calling he hardly made profits enough keep body soul together mend fortunes he tried poetry wretched occupation still transcriber he least gained bread cheese rhymes worth crust he tried painting little success last resource began search philosopher stone tell fortunes happier idea he soon increased substance wherewithal live comfortably he therefore took wife petronella began save money continued outward appearance poor miserable course years he became desperately addicted study alchymy thought nothing philosopher stone elixir life universal alkahest year he bought chance old book two florins soon became sole study object life written steel instrument bark trees contained he always expressed three times seven leaves writing elegant latin language seventh leaf contained picture writing first serpent swallowing rods second cross serpent crucified third representation desert midst fountain serpents crawling side side purported written less personage abraham patriarch jew prince philosopher priest levite astrologer invoked curses cast eyes without sacrificer scribe nicholas flamel never thought extraordinary abraham known latin convinced characters book traced hands great patriarch he first afraid read he became aware curse contained he got difficulty recollecting although he sacrificer he practised scribe he read he filled admiration found perfect treatise transmutation metals process clearly explained vessels retorts mixtures proper times seasons experiment possession philosopher stone prime agent work presupposed difficulty got like telling starving man cook beefsteak instead giving money buy nicholas despair set studying hieroglyphics allegorical representations book abounded he soon convinced sacred books jews taken temple jerusalem destruction titus process reasoning he arrived conclusion stated expression treatise he learned allegorical drawings fourth fifth leaves enshrined secret philosopher stone without fine latin directions utterly unavailing he invited alchymists learned men paris come examine they departed wise they came nobody make anything either nicholas pictures even went far say invaluable book worth farthing borne nicholas resolved discover great secret without troubling philosophers he found first page fourth leaf picture mercury attacked old man resembling saturn time latter hourglass head hand scythe he aimed blow mercury feet reverse leaf represented flower growing mountain top shaken rudely wind blue stalk red white blossoms leaves pure gold around great number dragons griffins first page fifth leaf fine garden midst rose tree full bloom supported trunk gigantic oak foot bubbled fountain water forming small stream flowed garden afterwards lost sands second page king sword hand superintending number soldiers execution orders killing great multitude young children spurning prayers tears mothers tried save destruction blood children carefully collected another party soldiers put large vessel two allegorical figures sun moon bathing years poor nicholas wearied study pictures still he make nothing wife petronella last persuaded find learned rabbi rabbi paris learned enough service jews met small encouragement fix abode france chiefs people located spain spain accordingly nicholas flamel repaired he left book paris fear perhaps he might robbed road telling neighbours he going pilgrimage shrine james compostello he trudged foot towards madrid search rabbi he absent two years country made known great number jews descendants expelled france reign philip augustus believers philosopher stone give following account adventures they say leon he made acquaintance converted jew named cauches learned physician he explained title nature little book doctor transported joy soon he heard named immediately resolved accompany nicholas paris he might sight two set together doctor way entertaining companion history book genuine book he thought description he heard handwriting abraham possession personages less distinguished moses joshua solomon esdras contained secrets alchymy many sciences valuable book ever existed world doctor mean adept nicholas profited greatly discourse garb poor pilgrims they wended way paris convinced power turn every old shovel capital pure gold unfortunately they reached orleans doctor taken dangerously nicholas watched bedside acted double part physician nurse he died days lamenting last breath he lived long enough see precious volume nicholas rendered last honours body sorrowful heart sous pocket proceeded home wife petronella he immediately recommenced study pictures two whole years he far understanding ever last third year glimmer light stole understanding he recalled expression friend doctor hitherto escaped memory he found previous experiments conducted wrong basis he recommenced now renewed energy end year satisfaction see toils rewarded january says lenglet he made projection mercury excellent silver april following he converted large quantity mercury gold great secret nicholas now eighty years age still hale stout old man friends say simultaneous discovery elixir life he found means keep death distance another quarter century he died age interval he made immense quantities gold though outward appearance he poor mouse early period changed fortune he like worthy man taken counsel old wife petronella best use he make wealth petronella replied unfortunately they children best thing he build hospitals endow churches nicholas thought especially he began find elixir keep death grim foe making rapid advances he richly endowed church jacques de la boucherie near rue de marivaux he life resided besides seven others different parts kingdom he endowed fourteen hospitals built three chapels fame great wealth munificent benefactions soon spread country he visited among others celebrated doctors day jean gerson jean de courtecuisse pierre they found humble apartment meanly clad eating porridge earthen vessel regard secret impenetrable predecessors alchymy fame reached ears king charles vi sent de cramoisi master requests find whether nicholas indeed discovered philosopher stone de cramoisi took nothing visit attempts sound alchymist unavailing he returned royal master wiser he came year he lost faithful petronella he long survive died following year buried great pomp grateful priests jacques de la boucherie great wealth nicholas flamel undoubted records several churches hospitals france testify he practised alchymy equally certain he left behind several works subject knew well incredulous philosopher stone give satisfactory solution secret wealth they say he always miser usurer journey spain undertaken different motives pretended alchymists fact he went collect debts due jews country brethren paris he charged commission fully cent per cent consideration difficulty collecting dangers road he possessed thousands he lived almost nothing general enormous profits dissipated young men french court among works written nicholas flamel subject alchymy philosophic summary poem reprinted appendix third volume roman de la rose he wrote three treatises natural philosophy alchymic allegory entitled le desir desire specimens writing drawings book abraham may seen salmon bibliotheque des philosophes chimiques writer article flamel biographie universelle says hundred years death flamel many adepts believed he still alive he live upwards six hundred years house he formerly occupied corner rue de marivaux often taken credulous speculators ransacked top bottom hopes gold might found report current paris long previous year lodgers found cellars several jars filled ponderous matter strength rumour believer wondrous tales told nicholas flamel bought house nearly pulled pieces ransacking walls wainscotting hidden gold he got nothing pains however heavy bill pay restore dilapidations george ripley alchymy cultivated continent europe neglected isles britain since time roger bacon fascinated imagination many ardent men england year act parliament passed declaring making gold silver felony great alarm felt time lest alchymist succeed projects perhaps bring ruin state furnishing boundless wealth designing tyrant make use enslave country alarm appears soon subsided year king henry vi advice council parliament granted four successive patents commissions several knights citizens london chemists monks others find philosopher stone elixir great benefit patent realm enabling king pay debts crown real gold silver prinn aurum reginae observes note passage king reason granting patent ecclesiastics they good artists transubstantiating bread wine eucharist therefore likely able effect transmutation baser metals better gold course ever made next year king doubting much practicability thing took advice appointed commission ten learned men persons eminence judge certify whether transmutation metals thing practicable appear whether commission ever made report subject succeeding reign alchymist appeared pretended discovered secret george ripley canon bridlington yorkshire he studied twenty years universities italy great favourite pope innocent viii made domestic chaplains master ceremonies household returning england he dedicated king edward iv famous work compound alchymy twelve gates leading discovery philosopher stone gates he described calcination solution separation conjunction putrefaction congelation cibation sublimation fermentation exaltation multiplication projection he might added botheration important process he rich allowed believed he make gold iron fuller worthies england says english gentleman good credit reported travels abroad he saw record island malta declared ripley gave yearly knights island rhodes enormous sum hundred thousand pounds sterling enable carry war turks old age he became anchorite near boston wrote volumes subject alchymy important duodecim portarum already mentioned he died he seems acknowledged he misspent life vain study requested men they met books burn afford credit they written merely opinion proof subsequent trial made manifest they false vain fuller worthies england basil valentine germany produced many famous alchymists fifteenth century chief basil valentine bernard treves abbot trithemius basil valentine born mayence made prior peter erfurt year known life he diligently sought philosopher stone he written works process transmutation they thought many years lost death discovered enclosed stone work pillars abbey they number fully set forth third volume lenglet history hermetic philosophy alchymists asserted heaven conspired bring light extraordinary works pillar they enclosed miraculously shattered thunderbolt soon manuscripts liberated pillar closed accord bernard treves life philosopher remarkable instance talent perseverance misapplied search chimera nothing daunt repeated disappointment never diminished hopes age fourteen he incessantly employed among drugs furnaces laboratory wasting life view prolonging reducing beggary hopes growing rich he born either treves padua year father physician latter city others count marches treves wealthy nobles country events whether noble physician he rich man left son magnificent estate age fourteen he first became enamoured science alchymy read arabian authors language he left interesting record labours wanderings following particulars chiefly extracted first book fell hands arabian philosopher rhazes reading he imagined he discovered means augmenting gold hundred fold four years he worked laboratory book rhazes continually end time he found he spent less eight hundred crowns experiment got nothing fire smoke pains he now began lose confidence rhazes turned works geber he studied assiduously two years young rich credulous beset chymists town kindly assisted spending money he lose faith geber patience hungry assistants he lost two thousand crowns considerable sum days among crowd pretended men science surrounded enthusiastic disinterested man monk order francis he contracted intimate friendship spent nearly time obscure treatises rupecissa sacrobosco fallen hands they persuaded reading highly rectified spirits wine universal alkahest dissolvent aid greatly process transmutation they rectified alcohol thirty times till they made strong burst vessels contained they worked three years spent three hundred crowns liquor they discovered they wrong track they next tried alum copperas great secret still escaped they afterwards imagined marvellous virtue excrement especially human actually employed two years experimentalizing mercury salt molten lead adepts flocked around far near aid counsels he received hospitably divided wealth among generously unhesitatingly they gave name good trevisan he still often mentioned works treat alchymy twelve years he led life making experiments every day new substance praying god night morning he might discover secret transmutation interval he lost friend monk joined magistrate city treves ardent search new acquaintance imagined ocean mother gold change lead iron precious metals bernard resolved try transporting laboratory house coast baltic he worked salt year melting sublimating crystalizing occasionally drinking sake experiments still strange enthusiast wholly discouraged failure trial made anxious attempt another he now approaching age fifty yet seen nothing world he therefore determined travel germany italy france spain wherever he stopped he made inquiries whether alchymists neighbourhood he invariably sought they poor relieved affluent encouraged citeaux he became acquainted geoffrey leuvier monk place persuaded essence valuable ingredient he tried therefore done prevented wasting year two experiment opinions attorney berghem flanders great secret resided vinegar copperas he convinced absurdity idea he nearly poisoned he resided france five years hearing accidentally master henry confessor emperor frederic iii discovered philosopher stone he set germany pay visit he usual surrounded set hungry dependants several determined accompany he heart refuse he arrived vienna five bernard sent polite invitation confessor gave sumptuous entertainment present nearly alchymists vienna master henry frankly confessed he discovered philosopher stone he life employed searching continue till he found died man bernard heart they vowed eternal friendship resolved supper alchymist present contribute certain sum towards raising marks gold five days confidently asserted master henry increase furnace five fold bernard richest man contributed lion share ten marks gold master henry five others two piece except dependants bernard obliged borrow quota patron grand experiment duly made golden marks put crucible quantity salt copperas aquafortis mercury lead dung alchymists watched precious mess intense interest expecting agglomerate lump pure gold end three weeks they gave trial excuse crucible strong enough necessary ingredient wanting whether thief put hands crucible known certain gold found therein close experiment worth sixteen marks instead put beginning bernard though he made gold vienna made away considerable quantity he felt loss acutely he vowed think philosopher stone wise resolution he kept two months he miserable he condition gambler resist fascination game he coin remaining plays hope retrieving former losses till hope forsakes he live longer he returned beloved crucibles resolved prosecute journey search philosopher discovered secret communicate zealous persevering adept vienna he travelled rome rome madrid taking ship gibraltar he proceeded messina messina cyprus cyprus greece greece constantinople thence egypt palestine persia wanderings occupied eight years persia he made way back messina thence france he afterwards passed england still search great chimera occupied four years life he now growing old poor he years age obliged sell great portion patrimony provide expenses journey persia cost upwards thirteen thousand crowns fairly melted furnaces half lavished sycophants he made business search every town he stopped return treves he found sorrow actual beggar he much better relatives looked madman refused even see proud ask favours still confident day he possessor unbounded wealth he made mind retire island rhodes he might mean time hide poverty eyes world he might lived unknown happy ill luck he fell monk mad subject transmutation they however poor they afford buy proper materials work they kept spirits learned discourses hermetic philosophy reading great authors written subject they nurse folly good wife tam wrath keep warm bernard resided year rhodes merchant knew family advanced sum eight thousand florins security acres formerly large estate provided funds he recommenced labours zeal enthusiasm young man three years he hardly stepped laboratory he ate slept even give time wash hands clean beard intense application melancholy think wonderful perseverance wasted vain pursuit energies unconquerable worthier field strive even he fumed away last coin nothing left prospective keep old age starvation hope never forsook he still dreamed ultimate success sat greyheaded man eighty read authors hermetic mysteries geber day lest he misunderstood process yet late recommence alchymists say he succeeded last discovered secret transmutation year they add he lived three years afterwards enjoy wealth he lived true great age made valuable discovery valuable gold gems he learned he informs us just he attained year great secret philosophy contentment lot happy he discovered sooner he became decrepit beggar exile he died rhodes year alchymists europe sang elegies sounded praise good trevisan he wrote several treatises chimera chief book chemistry verbum dimissum essay de natura ovi trithemius name eminent man become famous annals alchymy although he little gain questionable honour he born year village trittheim electorate treves father john heidenberg easy circumstances dying son seven years old left care mother latter married shortly afterwards neglected poor boy offspring first marriage age fifteen he even know letters besides half starved otherwise love knowledge germinated breast unfortunate youth he learned read house neighbour set work vineyards occupied days nights he often stole unheeded household fast asleep poring studies fields light moon taught latin rudiments greek he subjected much home consequence love study he determined leave demanding patrimony father left he proceeded treves assuming name trithemius native village trittheim lived months tuition eminent masters he prepared university age twenty he took head he like see mother he set foot distant university purpose arrival near spannheim late evening gloomy winter day came snow thickly he proceed onwards town he therefore took refuge night neighbouring monastery storm continued several days roads became impassable hospitable monks hear departure he pleased manner life he suddenly resolved fix abode among renounce world they less pleased gladly received brother course two years although still young he unanimously elected abbot financial affairs establishment greatly neglected walls building falling ruin everything disorder trithemius good management regularity introduced reform every branch expenditure monastery repaired yearly surplus instead deficiency rewarded pains he like see monks idle occupied solely prayers business chess relaxation he therefore set work copy writings eminent authors they laboured assiduously course years library contained forty volumes enriched several hundred valuable manuscripts comprising many classical latin authors besides works early fathers principal historians philosophers modern date he retained dignity abbot spannheim years monks tired severe discipline he maintained revolted chose another abbot place he afterwards made abbot james wurtzburg he died learned leisure spannheim he wrote several works occult sciences chief essay geomancy divination means lines circles ground another sorcery third alchymy fourth government world presiding angels translated english published famous william lilly alleged believers possibility transmutation prosperity abbey spannheim superintendence owing philosopher stone wise economy trithemius common many learned men accused magic marvellous story told raised grave form mary burgundy intercession widowed husband emperor maximilian work steganographia cabalistic writing denounced count palatine frederic ii magical devilish taken shelves library thrown fire trithemius first writer makes mention wonderful story devil faustus truth he firmly believed he recounts freaks spirit named hudekin he times tormented biographie universelle marechal de rays greatest encouragers alchymy fifteenth century gilles de laval lord rays marshal france name deeds little known annals crime folly they might claim highest worst fiction never invented anything wilder horrible career details well authenticated legal documents admit doubt lover romance might easily imagine they drawn please stores prolific brain page history he born year noblest families brittany father dying gilles attained twentieth year he came uncontrolled possession early age fortune monarchs france might envied he near kinsman montmorencys roncys craons possessed fifteen princely domains annual revenue three hundred thousand livres besides he handsome learned brave he distinguished greatly wars charles vii rewarded monarch dignity marshal france he extravagant magnificent style living accustomed earliest years gratification every wish passion last led vice vice crime crime till blacker name found record human iniquity castle champtoce he lived splendour eastern caliph he kept troop two hundred horsemen accompany wherever he went excursions purposes hawking hunting wonder country around magnificent caparisons steeds dresses retainers day night castle open year round comers every degree he made rule regale even poorest beggar wine hippocrass every day ox roasted whole spacious kitchens besides sheep pigs poultry sufficient feed five hundred persons he equally magnificent devotions private chapel champtoce beautiful france far surpassed cathedrals notre dame paris amiens beauvais rouen hung cloth gold rich velvet chandeliers pure gold curiously inlaid silver great crucifix altar solid silver chalices pure gold he besides fine organ he caused carried castle another shoulders six men whenever he changed residence he kept choir young children sexes instructed singing first musicians day master chapel he called bishop deans archdeacons vicars receiving great salaries bishop four hundred crowns year rest proportion he maintained whole troop players including ten many besides jugglers mountebanks every description theatre they performed fitted without regard expense they played mysteries danced every evening amusement household strangers sharing prodigal hospitality age he married catherine wealthy heiress house touars he refurnished castle expense hundred thousand crowns marriage signal new extravagance he launched madly ever he done sending fine singers celebrated dancers foreign countries amuse spouse instituting tilts tournaments great almost every week knights nobles province brittany duke brittany court half splendid marechal de rays utter disregard wealth well known he made pay three times value everything he purchased castle filled needy parasites panderers pleasures amongst he lavished rewards unsparing hand ordinary round sensual gratification ceased last afford delight he observed abstemious pleasures table neglect beauteous used formerly occupy much attention he sometimes gloomy reserved unnatural wildness eye gave indications incipient madness still discourse reasonable ever urbanity guests flocked far near champtoce suffered diminution learned priests they conversed thought nobles france gilles de laval dark rumours spread gradually country murder possible still atrocious deeds hinted remarked many young children sexes suddenly disappeared never afterwards heard two traced castle champtoce never seen leave dared accuse openly powerful man marechal de rays whenever subject lost children mentioned presence he manifested greatest astonishment mystery involved fate indignation might guilty kidnapping still world wholly deceived name became formidable young children devouring ogre fairy tales they taught go miles round rather pass turrets champtoce course years reckless extravagance marshal drained funds he obliged put estates sale duke brittany entered treaty valuable seignory ingrande heirs gilles implored interference charles vii stay sale charles immediately issued edict confirmed provincial parliament brittany forbidding alienate paternal estates gilles alternative submit he nothing support extravagance allowance marshal france cover expenses man habits character retrench wasteful expenditure live reasonably he dismiss without pang horsemen jesters choristers parasites confine hospitality really needed notwithstanding diminished resources he resolved live he lived turn alchymist he might make gold iron still wealthiest magnificent among nobles brittany pursuance determination he sent paris italy germany spain inviting adepts science visit champtoce messengers he despatched mission two needy unprincipled dependants gilles de sille roger de bricqueville latter obsequious panderer secret abominable pleasures he intrusted education motherless daughter child five years age permission he might marry proper time person he chose he liked better man entered new plans master great zeal introduced prelati alchymist padua physician poitou addicted pursuits marshal caused splendid laboratory fitted three commenced search philosopher stone they soon afterwards joined another pretended philosopher named anthony palermo aided operations upwards year they fared sumptuously marshal expense draining ready money he possessed leading day day hope they succeed object search time time new aspirants remotest parts europe arrived castle months he upwards twenty alchymists work trying transmute copper gold wasting gold still drugs elixirs lord rays man abide patiently lingering processes pleased comfortable quarters they jogged day day done years they permitted he suddenly dismissed exception italian prelati physician poitou he retained aid discover secret philosopher stone bolder method poitousan persuaded devil great depositary secrets he raise gilles might enter contract he pleased gilles expressed readiness promised give devil anything soul deed might impose attended solely physician he proceeded midnight place neighbouring forest physician drew magic circle around sward muttered half hour invocation evil spirit arise bidding disclose secrets alchymy gilles looked intense interest expected every moment see earth open deliver gaze great enemy mankind last eyes physician became fixed hair stood end he spoke addressing fiend gilles saw nothing except companion last physician fell sward insensible gilles looked calmly see end minutes physician arose asked he seen angry devil looked gilles replied he seen nothing companion informed beelzebub appeared form wild leopard growled savagely nothing reason marshal neither seen heard he hesitated mind devoting entirely service de rays owned he indeed misgivings inquired done make devil speak unfold secret physician replied person must go spain africa collect certain herbs grew countries offered go de rays provide necessary funds de rays consented physician set following day gold dupe spare marshal never saw face eager lord champtoce rest gold necessary pleasures unless supernatural aid he means procuring many supplies physician hardly twenty leagues journey gilles resolved make another effort force devil divulge art gold making he went alone purpose conjurations effect beelzebub obstinate appear determined conquer he he unbosomed italian alchymist prelati latter offered undertake business condition de rays interfere conjurations consented besides furnish charms talismans might required he open vein arm sign blood contract he work devil things offer sacrifice heart lungs hands eyes blood young child grasping monomaniac made hesitation agreed disgusting terms proposed following night prelati went alone absent three four hours returned gilles sat anxiously awaiting prelati informed he seen devil shape handsome youth twenty he devil desired called barron future invocations shown great number ingots pure gold buried large oak neighbouring forest many he desired become property marechal de rays he remained firm broke condition contract prelati showed small casket black dust turn iron gold process troublesome he advised they contented ingots they found oak tree supply wants extravagant imagination desire they however attempt look gold till period seven times seven weeks they find nothing slates stones pains gilles expressed utmost chagrin disappointment he wait long period devil prompt prelati might tell marechal de rays trifled decline communication prelati last persuaded wait seven times seven days they went midnight picks shovels dig ground oak they found nothing reward great quantity slates marked hieroglyphics now prelati turn angry he loudly swore devil nothing liar cheat marshal joined cordially opinion easily persuaded cunning italian make trial he promised time he endeavour following night discover reason devil broken word he went alone accordingly return informed patron he seen barron exceedingly angry they waited proper time ere they looked ingots barron marechal de rays hardly expect favours time he must know he meditating pilgrimage holy land make atonement sins italian doubtless surmised incautious expression patron de rays frankly confessed times sick world pomps vanities he thought devoting service god manner italian lured month month credulous guilty patron extracting valuables he possessed waiting favourable opportunity decamp plunder day retribution hand young girls boys continued disappear mysterious manner rumours owner champtoce grew loud distinct church compelled interfere representations made bishop nantes duke brittany public scandal accusations marechal de rays inquired he arrested accordingly castle along accomplice prelati thrown dungeon nantes await trial judges appointed try bishop nantes chancellor brittany vicar inquisition france celebrated pierre president provincial parliament offences laid charge sorcery sodomy murder gilles first day trial conducted utmost insolence he braved judges judgment seat calling simoniacs persons impure life he rather hanged neck like dog without trial plead either guilty guilty contemptible miscreants confidence forsook trial proceeded he found guilty clearest evidence crimes laid charge proved he took insane pleasure stabbing victims lust observing quivering flesh fading lustre eyes they expired confession prelati first made judges acquainted horrid madness gilles confirmed death nearly hundred children villagers around two castles champtoce machecoue missed within three years greater part immolated lust cupidity monster he imagined he made devil friend recompence secret philosopher stone gilles prelati condemned burned alive place execution they assumed air penitence religion gilles tenderly embraced prelati saying farewell friend francis world we shall never meet let us place hopes god we shall see paradise consideration high rank connections punishment marshal far mitigated he burned alive like prelati he first strangled thrown flames body half consumed given relatives interment italian burned ashes scattered winds full details extraordinary trial see lobineau nouvelle histoire de bretagne work subject jacques coeur remarkable pretender secret philosopher stone contemporary last mentioned he great personage court charles vii events reign played prominent part humble origin he rose highest honours state amassed enormous wealth peculation plunder country he served hide delinquencies respect divert attention real source riches he boasted discovered art transmuting inferior metals gold silver father goldsmith city bourges reduced circumstances towards latter years life he unable pay necessary fees procure son admission guild young jacques became however workman royal mint bourges behaved well showed much knowledge metallurgy he attained rapid promotion establishment he good fortune make acquaintance fair agnes sorel he patronized much esteemed jacques now three things favour ability perseverance countenance king mistress many man succeeds help forward strange indeed jacques coeur languished obscurity still young man he made master mint he journeyman installed time vacant office grand treasurer royal household he possessed extensive knowledge finance turned wonderfully advantage soon he became intrusted extensive funds he speculated articles first necessity made unpopular buying grain honey wines produce till scarcity he sold enormous profit strong royal favour he hesitate oppress poor continual acts forestalling monopoly enemy bitter estranged friend tyrants tramplers poor none fierce reckless upstart sprang ranks offensive pride jacques coeur inferiors theme indignant reproach city cringing humility much object contempt aristocrats whose society he thrust jacques care former latter he blind he continued career till he became richest man france useful king important enterprise set foot he consulted he sent embassy genoa following year pope nicholas missions he acquitted satisfaction sovereign rewarded lucrative appointment addition he already held year english normandy deprived great general duke bedford broke truce french king took possession small town belonging duke brittany signal recommencemerit war french regained possession nearly whole province money war advanced part jacques coeur rouen yielded french charles made triumphal entry city accompanied dunois famous generals jacques among brilliant cortege chariot horses vied king magnificence trappings enemies he publicly boasted he alone driven english valour troops nothing without gold dunois appears partly opinion without disparaging courage army he acknowledged utility able financier whose means they fed paid constantly afforded powerful protection peace returned jacques devoted commerce fitted several galleys trade genoese he bought large estates various parts france chief baronies fargeau meneton salone maubranche meaune gerant de vaux aon de boissy earldoms counties la palisse champignelle beaumont villeneuve la genet marquisate toucy he procured son jean coeur chosen church profession post less distinguished archbishop bourges everybody much wealth honestly acquired rich poor longed day humble pride man class regarded upstart oppressor jacques somewhat alarmed rumours afloat respecting dark hints he debased coin realm forged king seal important document he defrauded state considerable sums silence rumours he invited many alchymists foreign countries reside circulated he discovered secret philosopher stone he built magnificent house native city entrance he caused sculptured emblems science time afterwards he built another less splendid montpellier he inscribed similar manner he wrote treatise hermetic philosophy he pretended he knew secret transmuting metals attempts disguise numerous acts peculation proved unavailing he arrested brought trial several charges malice enemies invented ruin he acquitted he accessory death poison kind patroness agnes sorel others he found guilty sentenced banished kingdom pay enormous fine four hundred thousand crowns proved he forged king seal capacity master mint bourges he debased great extent gold silver coin realm he hesitated supply turks arms money enable carry war christian neighbours service he received munificent recompences charles vii deeply grieved condemnation believed last he innocent means fine reduced within sum jacques coeur pay remaining time prison he liberated left france large sum money part alleged secretly paid charles produce confiscated estates he retired cyprus he died richest conspicuous personage island writers alchymy claim jacques coeur member fraternity treat false libellous rational explanation wealth records trial afford pierre borel antiquites gauloises maintains opinion jacques honest man he made gold lead copper means philosopher stone alchymic adepts general opinion they found difficult persuade even contemporaries fact posterity still less likely believe inferior adepts fourteenth fifteenth centuries many pretenders secrets philosopher stone appeared every country europe fourteenth fifteenth centuries possibility transmutation generally admitted every chemist less alchymist germany holland italy spain poland france england produced thousands obscure adepts supported pursuit chimera profitable resources astrology divination monarchs europe less persuaded subjects possibility discovering philosopher stone henry vi edward iv england encouraged alchymy germany emperors maximilian rodolph frederic ii devoted much attention every inferior potentate within dominions imitated example common practice germany among nobles petty sovereigns invite alchymist take residence among they might confine dungeon till he made gold enough pay millions ransom many poor wretches suffered perpetual imprisonment consequence similar fate appears intended edward ii raymond lulli pretence he thereby honoured accommodated apartments tower london he found time trick played managed make escape biographers say jumping thames swimming vessel lay waiting receive sixteenth century system pursued shown fully life seton cosmopolite succeeding chapter following catalogue chief authors alchymy flourished epoch whose lives adventures either unknown unworthy detailed notice john dowston englishman lived wrote two treatises philosopher stone richard call robert englishman lived wrote work entitled correctorium alchymiae much esteemed till time paracelsus year lived peter lombardy wrote he called complete treatise hermetic science abridgement afterwards published lacini monk calabria famous alchymist paris odomare whose work de practica magistri long time among brethren science john de rupecissa french monk order francis flourished pretended prophet well alchymist prophecies disagreeable pope innocent vi pontiff determined put stop locking prophet dungeons vatican generally believed he died though evidence fact chief works book light five essences heaven philosophers grand work de confectione lapidis he thought shining light among adepts ortholani another pretender nothing known he exercised arts alchymy astrology paris shortly time nicholas flamel work practice alchymy written city isaac holland wrote supposed time son devoted science nothing worth repeating known lives boerhaave speaks commendation many passages works paracelsus esteemed highly chief de triplici ordine elixiris et lapidis theoria printed berne mineralia opera seu de lapide philosophico printed middleburg they wrote eight works subject koffstky pole wrote alchymical treatise entitled tincture minerals year list authors royal name must forgotten charles vi france credulous princes day whose court absolutely swarmed alchymists conjurers astrologers quacks every description made several attempts discover philosopher stone thought he knew much he determined enlighten world treatise called royal work charles vi france treasure philosophy original nicholas flamel took idea desir desire lenglet du fresnoy says allegorical utterly incomprehensible complete list hermetic philosophers fourteenth fifteenth centuries reader referred third volume lenglet history already quoted part progress infatuation sixteenth seventeenth centuries cornelius george denys dr dee edward michael robert jacob john joseph francis alchymical writers seventeenth de albert count de st present state science sixteenth seventeenth centuries search philosopher stone continued thousands enthusiastic credulous great change introduced period eminent men devoted study totally changed aspect referred possession wondrous stone elixir conversion base precious metals solution difficulties sciences they pretended means man brought closer communion maker disease sorrow banished world millions spiritual beings walk earth unseen rendered visible become friends companions instructors mankind seventeenth century especially poetical fantastic doctrines excited notice europe germany they first disseminated rosencreutz spread france england ran away sound judgment many clever enthusiastic searchers truth paracelsus dee many others less note captivated grace beauty new mythology arising adorn literature europe alchymists sixteenth century although ignorant rosicrucians sect degree tinctured fanciful tenets we speak fully poetical visionaries necessary resume history hermetic folly we left former chapter trace gradual change stole dreams adepts seen infatuation increased rather diminished world grew older augurello among alchymists born fifteenth distinguished sixteenth century first point date john aurelio augurello he born rimini became professor belles lettres venice trevisa he early convinced truth hermetic science used pray god he might happy enough discover philosopher stone he continually surrounded paraphernalia chemistry expended wealth purchase drugs metals he poet less merit pretensions chrysopeia lie pretended teach art making gold he dedicated pope leo hope pontiff reward handsomely compliment pope good judge poetry pleased worse mediocrity poem good philosopher approve strange doctrines inculcated he therefore far gratified dedication augurello applied reward pope great ceremony much apparent kindness cordiality drew empty purse pocket presented alchymist saying since he able make gold appropriate present made purse put scurvy reward poor alchymist ever got either poetry alchymy he died state extreme poverty year age cornelius agrippa alchymist left distinguished reputation extraordinary tales told believed powers he turn iron gold mere word spirits air demons earth command bound obey everything he raise dead forms great men days make appear habit they lived gaze curious courage enough abide presence he born cologne began early age study chemistry philosophy means never clearly explained he managed impress contemporaries great idea wonderful attainments early age twenty great reputation alchymist principal adepts paris wrote cologne inviting settle france aid experience discovering philosopher stone honours poured thick succession he highly esteemed learned men time melancthon speaks respect commendation erasmus bears testimony favour general voice age proclaimed light literature ornament philosophy men dint excessive egotism manage persuade contemporaries they great men indeed they publish acquirements loudly people ears keep praises incessantly world applause actually taken storm seems case agrippa he called sublime theologian excellent jurisconsult able physician great philosopher successful alchymist world last took word thought man talked big must merit recommend indeed great trumpet sounded obstreperous blast he made secretary emperor maximilian conferred title chevalier gave honorary command regiment he afterwards became professor hebrew belles lettres university dole france quarrelling franciscan monks knotty point divinity he obliged quit town he took refuge london he taught hebrew cast nativities year london he proceeded pavia gave lectures writings real supposed hermes trismegistus might lived peace honour he quarrelled clergy means position became disagreeable he glad accept offer made magistracy metz become syndic love disputation made enemies theological wiseacres city asserted anne three husbands opinion they confirmed popular belief day agrippa needlessly ran foul opinion prejudice he called thereby lost much influence another dispute creditable character occurred soon sank ever estimation metzians humanely taking part young girl accused witchcraft enemies asserted he sorcerer raised storm head he forced fly city he became physician louisa de savoy mother king francis i lady curious know future required physician cast nativity agrippa replied he encourage idle curiosity result he lost confidence forthwith dismissed belief worthlessness astrology he made answer we might admire honest fearless independence known time he constant habit divination fortunetelling he predicting splendid success undertakings constable bourbon we wonder estranging powerful friend mere petulance perversity he time invited henry viii england margaret austria governess low countries fix residence dominions he chose service latter whose influence he made historiographer emperor charles unfortunately agrippa he never stability enough remain long position offended patrons restlessness presumption death margaret he imprisoned brussels charge sorcery he released year quitting country experienced many vicissitudes he died great poverty aged years service margaret austria he resided principally louvain city he wrote famous work vanity nothingness human knowledge he wrote please royal mistress treatise superiority female sex he dedicated token gratitude favours she heaped reputation he left behind provinces anything favourable great number marvellous tales told relate period life gold he paid traders he dealt always looked remarkably bright invariably turned pieces slate stone course hours spurious gold he believed made large quantities aid devil appear superficial knowledge alchymy much less marechal de rays gave credit jesuit delrio book magic sorcery relates still extraordinary story day agrippa left house louvain intending absent time gave key study wife strict orders enter absence lady strange may appear curiosity pry husband secrets never thought entering forbidden room young student accommodated attic philosopher house burned fierce desire examine study hoping perchance he might purloin book implement instruct art transmuting metals youth handsome eloquent highly complimentary charms lady she persuaded without much difficulty lend key gave strict orders remove anything student promised implicit obedience entered agrippa study first object caught attention large grimoire book spells lay open philosopher desk he sat immediately began read first word he uttered he fancied he heard knock door he listened silent thinking imagination deceived he read immediately louder knock heard terrified he started feet he tried say come tongue refused office he articulate sound he fixed eyes door slowly opening disclosed stranger majestic form scowling features demanded sternly he summoned i summon you trembling student you stranger advancing angrily demons invoked vain student make reply demon enraged uninitiated summoned mere presumption seized throat strangled agrippa returned days afterwards he found house beset devils sitting chimneypots kicking legs air others playing leapfrog edge parapet study filled he found difficult make way desk last he elbowed way he found book open student lying dead floor he saw immediately mischief done dismissing inferior imps asked principal demon he rash kill young man demon replied he needlessly invoked insulting youth less kill presumption agrippa reprimanded severely ordered immediately reanimate dead body walk whole afternoon demon student revived putting arm unearthly murderer walked lovingly sight people sunset body fell cold lifeless carried crowd hospital general opinion he expired fit apoplexy conductor immediately disappeared body examined marks strangulation found neck prints long claws demon various parts appearances together story soon obtained currency companion young man vanished cloud flame smoke opened people eyes truth magistrates louvain instituted inquiries result agrippa obliged quit town authors besides delrio relate similar stories philosopher world days always willing enough believe tales magic sorcery agrippa case alleged magician gave claimed credit wonders he worked surprising age allowed pretensions dangerous boasting sometimes led stake gallows therefore thought without foundation paulus jovius eulogia doctorum virorum says devil shape large black dog attended agrippa wherever he went thomas nash adventures jack wilton relates request lord surrey erasmus learned men agrippa called grave many great philosophers antiquity among others tully he caused celebrated oration roscius he showed lord surrey germany exact resemblance glass mistress fair geraldine she represented couch weeping absence lover lord surrey made note exact time he saw vision ascertained afterwards mistress actually employed minute thomas lord cromwell agrippa represented king henry viii hunting windsor park principal lords court please emperor charles he summoned king david king solomon tomb naude apology great men falsely suspected magic takes great deal pains clear agrippa imputations cast delrio paulus jovius ignorant prejudiced scribblers stories demanded refutation days naude they may now safely left decay absurdity they attached however memory man claimed power making iron obey he told become gold wrote work magic goes name surprising paracelsus philosopher called naude zenith rising sun alchymists born einsiedeln near zurich year true name hohenheim he informs us prefixed baptismal names aureolus theophrastus bombastes paracelsus last he chose common designation he yet boy rendered he died famous annals time father physician educated son pursuit latter apt scholar made great progress chance work isaac hollandus fell hands time he became smitten mania philosopher stone thoughts henceforth devoted metallurgy he travelled sweden he might visit mines country examine ores they yet lay bowels earth he visited trithemius monastery spannheim obtained instructions science alchymy continuing travels he proceeded prussia austria turkey egypt tatary thence returning constantinople learned he boasted art transmutation became possessed elixir vitae he established physician native switzerland zurich commenced writing works alchymy medicine immediately fixed attention europe great obscurity impediment fame less author understood demonologists fanatics seemed appreciate fame physician kept pace he enjoyed alchymist owing effected happy cures means mercury opium drugs unceremoniously condemned professional brethren year he chosen professor physics natural philosophy university basle lectures attracted vast numbers students he denounced writings former physicians tending mislead publicly burned works galen avicenna quacks impostors he exclaimed presence admiring crowd assembled witness ceremony knowledge shoestrings writings physicians continuing strain he universities world full ignorant quacks he paracelsus flowed wisdom you follow new system he furious gesticulations avicenna galen rhazis montagnana meme you follow ye professors paris montpellier germany cologne vienna ye dwell rhine danube ye inhabit isles sea ye italians dalmatians athenians arabians jews ye follow doctrines i monarch medicine he long enjoy esteem good citizens basle he indulged wine freely unfrequently seen streets state intoxication ruinous physician good fame decreased rapidly ill fame increased still greater proportion especially he assumed airs sorcerer he boasted legions spirits command especially he kept imprisoned hilt sword wetterus lived months service relates he often threatened invoke whole army demons show great authority he exercise he let believed spirit sword custody elixir life means he make live old antediluvians he boasted he spirit command called azoth he kept imprisoned jewel many old portraits he represented jewel inscribed word azoth hand sober prophet little honour country drunken still less paracelsus found last convenient quit basle establish strasbourg immediate cause change residence follows citizen lay point death given physicians town last resource paracelsus called sick man promised magnificent recompence means he cured paracelsus gave two small pills man took rapidly recovered he quite well paracelsus sent fee citizen great opinion value cure speedily effected he notion paying handful gold two pills although they saved life he refused pay usual fee single visit paracelsus brought action lost result exasperated he left basle high dudgeon he resumed wandering life travelled germany hungary supporting he went credulity infatuation classes society he cast nativities told fortunes aided money throw away experiment find philosopher stone prescribed remedies cows pigs aided recovery stolen goods residing successively nuremburg augsburg vienna mindelheim he retired year saltzbourg died state abject poverty hospital town strange charlatan found hundreds admirers life he found thousands death sect paracelsists sprang france germany perpetuate extravagant doctrines founder sciences alchymy particular chief leaders bodenstein dorneus following summary doctrine founded supposed existence philosopher stone worth preserving absurdity altogether unparalleled history philosophy he maintained contemplation perfection deity sufficed procure wisdom knowledge bible key theory diseases necessary search apocalypse know signification magic medicine man blindly obeyed god succeeded identifying celestial intelligences possessed philosopher stone he cure diseases prolong life many centuries he pleased means adam antediluvian patriarchs prolonged life emanation stars sun governed heart moon brain jupiter governed liver saturn gall mercury lungs mars bile venus loins stomach every human dwelt demon intelligence sort alchymist way mixed due proportions crucible various aliments sent grand laboratory belly see article paracelsus learned renaudin biographie universelle he proud title magician boasted he kept regular correspondence galen hell he often summoned avicenna regions dispute false notions he promulgated respecting alchymy especially regarding potable gold elixir life he imagined gold cure ossification heart fact diseases gold transmuted inferior metal means philosopher stone applied certain conjunctions planets mere list works he advances frantic imaginings he called doctrine occupy several pages george agricola alchymist born province misnia real name bauer meaning husbandman accordance common fashion age he latinized agricola early youth he delighted visions hermetic science ere he sixteen he longed great elixir make live seven hundred years stone procure wealth cheer multiplicity days he published small treatise subject cologne obtained patronage celebrated maurice duke saxony practising years physician joachimsthal bohemia he employed maurice superintendent silver mines chemnitz he led happy life among miners making various experiments alchymy deep bowels earth he acquired great knowledge metals gradually got rid extravagant notions philosopher stone miners faith alchymy they converted way thinking respects legends he became firmly convinced bowels earth inhabited good evil spirits firedamp explosions sprang causes mischievous propensities latter he died year leaving behind reputation able intelligent man denis zachaire autobiography written wise man fool instructive delightful reading denis zachaire alchymist sixteenth century performed task left record folly infatuation pursuit philosopher stone well repays perusal he born year ancient family guienne early sent university bordeaux care tutor direct studies unfortunately tutor searcher grand elixir soon rendered pupil mad subject introduction we allow denis zachaire speak continue narrative words i received home says he sum two hundred crowns expenses master end year money went away smoke furnaces master time died fever brought parching heat laboratory he seldom never stirred scarcely less hot arsenal venice death unfortunate parents took opportunity reducing allowance sending sufficient board lodging instead sum i required continue operations alchymy meet difficulty get i returned home age mortgaged part property four hundred crowns sum necessary perform operation science communicated italian toulouse he proved efficacy i retained man service we might see end experiment i means strong distillations tried calcinate gold silver labour vain weight gold i drew furnace diminished since i put four hundred crowns soon reduced two hundred thirty i gave twenty italian order he might travel milan author receipt resided ask explanation passages we thought obscure i remained toulouse winter hope return i might remained till day i waited i never saw face succeeding summer great plague forced quit town i however lose sight work i went cahors i remained six months made acquaintance old man commonly known people philosopher name country places often bestowed people whose merit they less ignorant neighbours i showed collection alchymical receipts asked opinion he picked ten twelve merely saying they better others plague ceased i returned toulouse recommenced experiments search stone i worked effect four hundred crowns reduced hundred seventy i might continue work safer method i made acquaintance certain abbe resided neighbourhood he smitten mania told friends followed rome retinue cardinal sent city new receipt fail transmute iron copper cost two hundred crowns i provided half money abbe rest we began operate joint expense we required spirits wine experiment i bought tun excellent vin de gaillac i extracted spirit rectified several times we took quantity we put four marks silver gold undergoing process calcination month we put mixture cleverly sort vessel another serve retort placed whole apparatus furnace produce congelation experiment lasted year remain idle we amused many less important operations we drew quite much profit great work whole year passed without producing change whatever fact we might waited till doomsday congelation spirits wine however we made projection heated quicksilver vain judge chagrin especially abbe already boasted monks monastery they bring large pump stood corner cloister he convert gold ill luck prevent us persevering i mortgaged paternal lands four hundred crowns whole i determined devote renewal search great secret abbe contributed sum eight hundred crowns i proceeded paris city abounding alchymists world resolved never leave i either found philosopher stone spent money journey gave greatest offence relations friends imagining i fitted great lawyer anxious i establish profession sake quietness i pretended last object travelling fifteen days i arrived paris january i remained month almost unknown i sooner begun frequent amateurs science visited shops i acquaintance hundred operative alchymists different theory different mode working preferred cementation others sought universal alkahest dissolvent boasted great efficacy essence emery endeavoured extract mercury metals fix afterwards order us thoroughly acquainted proceedings others we agreed meet somewhere every night report progress we met sometimes house sometimes garret another week days sundays great festivals church used say i means recommencing experiment i something another crucible cracked i succeeded now third exclaimed sigh i round copper vessel sufficient strength i fixed mercury silver among excuse failure i deaf speeches i want part money remembering often i dupe promises greek last presented i worked long time uselessly nails made cinabar vermilion i acquainted foreign gentleman newly arrived paris often accompanied shops goldsmiths sell pieces gold silver produce he experiments i stuck closely long time hope he impart secret he refused long time acceded last earnest entreaty i found nothing ingenious trick i fail inform friend abbe i left toulouse adventures sent among matters relation trick gentleman pretended turn lead gold abbe still imagined i succeed last advised remain another year paris i made good beginning i remained three years notwithstanding efforts i success i elsewhere i just got end money i received letter abbe telling leave everything join immediately toulouse i went accordingly found he received letters king navarre grandfather henry iv prince great lover philosophy full curiosity written abbe i visit pau he give three four thousand crowns i communicate secret i learned foreign gentleman abbe ears tickled four thousand crowns he let peace night day he fairly seen road pau i arrived place month may i worked away succeeded according receipt i obtained i finished satisfaction king he gave reward i expected although he willing enough service he dissuaded lords court even many anxious i come he sent business many thanks saying anything kingdom he give produce confiscations like he happy i thought i might stay long enough prospective confiscations never get last i therefore determined go back friend abbe i learned road pau toulouse resided monk skilful matters natural philosophy return i paid visit he pitied much advised much warmth kindness expression amuse longer experiments false sophistical i read good books old philosophers i might find true matter science alchymy learn exact order operations followed i much approved wise advice i acted i went back abbe toulouse give account eight hundred crowns we common time share reward i received king navarre he little satisfied relation adventures since first separation he appeared still less satisfied i told i formed resolution renounce search philosopher stone reason he thought good artist eight hundred crowns remained hundred i quitted abbe i went house intention remaining till i read old philosophers proceeding paris i arrived paris day saints year devoted another year assiduous study great authors among others philosophorum trevisan remonstance nature wandering alchymist jean de meung several others best books i right principles i well know course follow last i left solitude see former acquaintances adepts operators frequent society true philosophers among i fell still greater uncertainties fact completely bewildered variety operations they showed spurred nevertheless sort frenzy inspiration i threw works raymond lulli arnold de villeneuve reading reflections i made occupied another year i finally determined course i adopt i obliged wait however i mortgaged another considerable portion patrimony business settled beginning lent i commenced operations i laid stock necessary began work day easter however without disquietude opposition friends came asking i going whether i already spent money enough follies another assured i bought much charcoal i strengthen suspicion already existing i coiner base money another advised purchase place magistracy i already doctor laws relations spoke terms still annoying even threatened i continued make fool they send posse house break furnaces crucibles atoms i wearied almost death continued persecution i found comfort work progress experiment i attentive went bravely day day time dreadful plague paris interrupted intercourse man man left much i desire i soon satisfaction remark progress succession three colours according philosophers always prognosticate approaching perfection work i observed distinctly next year easter sunday i made great trial common quicksilver i put small crucible fire less hour converted good gold you may judge great joy i took care boast i returned thanks god favour he shown prayed i might permitted make use redound glory following day i went towards toulouse find abbe accordance mutual promise we communicate discoveries way i called see sage monk assisted counsels i sorrow learn they dead i return home retired another place await relations i left charge estate i gave orders sell belonged well movable immovable pay debts proceeds divide rest among way related might stand need order they might enjoy share good fortune befallen great deal talk neighbourhood precipitate retreat wisest acquaintance imagining broken ruined mad expenses i sold little remaining property i might go hide shame distant countries relative already spoken rejoined july performed business i intrusted we took departure together seek land liberty we first retired lausanne switzerland remaining time we resolved pass remainder days celebrated cities germany living quietly without splendour ends story denis zachaire written he candid conclusion commencement left world doubt real motives pretending he discovered philosopher stone seems probable sentence he puts months wisest acquaintances true reason retreat he fact reduced poverty hid shame foreign countries nothing known life real name never yet discovered he wrote work alchymy entitled true natural philosophy metals dee edward kelly john dee edward kelly claim mentioned together long associated pursuits undergone many strange vicissitudes society dee altogether wonderful man he lived age folly superstition less rife he powers he enjoyed left behind bright enduring reputation he born london year early manifested love study age fifteen he sent cambridge delighted much books he passed regularly eighteen hours every day among six he devoted four sleep two refreshment intense application injure health fail make first scholars time unfortunately however he quitted mathematics pursuits true philosophy indulge unprofitable reveries occult sciences he studied alchymy astrology magic thereby rendered obnoxious authorities cambridge avoid persecution he last obliged retire university louvain rumours sorcery current respecting rendering longer stay england altogether without danger he found louvain many kindred spirits known cornelius agrippa he resided among he constantly entertained wondrous deeds great master hermetic mysteries conversation he received much encouragement continue search philosopher stone soon began occupy nearly thoughts he long remain continent returned england time year age influence friend sir john cheek he kindly received court king edward vi rewarded difficult say pension hundred crowns he continued several years practise london astrologer casting nativities telling fortunes pointing lucky unlucky days reign queen mary he got trouble suspected heresy charged attempting mary life means enchantments he tried latter offence acquitted retained prison former charge left tender mercies bishop bonner he narrow escape burned smithfield he somehow contrived persuade fierce bigot orthodoxy unimpeachable set liberty accession elizabeth brighter day dawned retirement woodstock servants appear consulted time mary death circumstance doubt first gave rise serious charge he brought trial they now came consult openly fortunes mistress robert dudley celebrated earl leicester sent command queen know auspicious day coronation great favour he enjoyed years afterwards elizabeth condescended pay visit house mortlake view museum curiosities he ill sent physician attend astrology means whereby he lived he continued practise great assiduity heart alchymy philosopher stone elixir life haunted daily thoughts nightly dreams talmudic mysteries he deeply studied impressed belief he might hold converse spirits angels learn mysteries universe holding idea obscure sect rosicrucians he perhaps encountered travels germany he imagined means philosopher stone he summon kindly spirits dint continually brooding subject imagination became diseased he last persuaded angel appeared promised friend companion long he lived he relates day november he engaged fervent prayer window museum looking towards west suddenly glowed dazzling light midst glory stood great angel uriel awe wonder rendered speechless angel smiling graciously gave crystal convex form told whenever he wished hold converse beings another sphere he gaze intently they appear crystal unveil secrets futurity crystal alluded appears black stone piece polished coal following account given supplement granger biographical history black stone dee used call spirits collection earls peterborough whence came lady elizabeth germaine next property late duke argyle now walpole appears examination nothing polished piece cannel coal butler means he says feats devil stone saying angel disappeared dee found experience crystal necessary faculties soul concentrated otherwise spirits appear he found he never recollect conversations he angels he therefore determined communicate secret another person might converse spirits he dee sat another part room took writing revelations they made he time service assistant edward kelly like crazy subject philosopher stone difference however dee enthusiast impostor kelly impostor enthusiast early life he notary misfortune lose ears forgery mutilation degrading enough man destructive philosopher kelly therefore lest wisdom suffer world opinion wore black fitting close head descending cheeks concealed loss gave solemn oracular appearance well he keep secret even dee he lived many years appears never discovered kelly character just man carry piece roguery advantage nurture delusions master purpose sooner dee inform visit he received glorious uriel kelly expressed fervour belief dee heart glowed delight he set consulting crystal forthwith december spirits appeared held extraordinary discourse kelly dee took writing curious reader may see farrago nonsense among harleian mss british museum later consultations published folio volume meric casaubon title true faithful relation passed john dee spirits tending succeeded general alteration states kingdoms world lilly astrologer life written frequently tells prophecies delivered angels manner similar angels dee he says prophecies given vocally angels inspection crystal types figures apparition circular way distance angels appear representing forms shapes creatures demanded rare yea even days quoth wiseacre operator master hear angels speak articulately they speak like irish much throat fame wondrous colloquies soon spread country even reached continent dee time pretended possession elixir vitae he stated he found among ruins glastonbury abbey somersetshire people flocked far near house mortlake nativities cast preference visiting astrologers less renown they longed see man according account never die altogether he carried profitable trade spent much drugs metals work peculiar process transmutation he never became rich time came england wealthy polish nobleman named albert laski count palatine siradz object principally he visit court queen elizabeth fame whose glory magnificence reached distant poland elizabeth received flattering stranger splendid hospitality appointed favourite leicester show worth seeing england he visited curiosities london westminster thence proceeded oxford cambridge he might converse great scholars whose writings shed lustre land birth he much disappointed finding dee among told earl leicester he gone oxford he known dee earl promised introduce great alchymist return london pole satisfied days afterwards earl laski antechamber queen awaiting audience majesty dee arrived errand introduced pole albert laski son jaroslav palatine siradz afterwards sendomir chiefly contributed election henry valois third france throne poland delegates went france order announce new monarch elevation sovereignty poland deposition henry albert laski voted maximilian austria he visited england queen elizabeth received great distinction honours shown visit oxford especial command queen equal rendered sovereign princes extraordinary prodigality rendered enormous wealth insufficient defray expenses he therefore became zealous adept alchymy took england poland two known count valerian krasinski historical sketch reformation poland interesting conversation ensued ended stranger inviting dine astrologer house mortlake dee returned home tribulation he found he money enough without pawning plate entertain count laski retinue manner becoming dignity emergency he sent express earl leicester stating frankly embarrassment he laboured praying good offices representing matter majesty elizabeth immediately sent present twenty pounds appointed day count laski came attended numerous retinue expressed open warm admiration wonderful attainments host dee turned mind he bind irretrievably interests man seemed well inclined become friend long acquaintance kelly imbued roguery personage he resolved make pole pay dearly dinner he found many days he possessed great estates country well great influence extravagant disposition reduced temporary embarrassment he discovered he firm believer philosopher stone water life he therefore just man adventurer might fasten kelly thought set work weave web meshes they might firmly entangle rich credulous stranger they went cautiously first throwing obscure hints stone elixir finally spirits means they turn pages book futurity read awful secrets inscribed therein laski eagerly implored he might admitted mysterious interviews uriel angels they knew human nature well accede request count entreaties they replied hints difficulty impropriety summoning spirits presence stranger might perchance motive gratification vain curiosity they meant whet edge appetite delay sorry indeed count discouraged show exclusively thoughts dee kelly fixed dupe time necessary read introduction first interview spirits related volume casaubon entry made dee date may says spirit appeared i john dee edward kelly sat together conversing noble polonian albertus laski great honour us obtained great liking among sorts people doubt they discussing they might make noble polonian concocting fine story they afterwards excited curiosity drew firmly within toils suddenly says dee they employed seemed come oratory spiritual creature like pretty girl seven nine years age attired head hair rolled hanging behind gown silk changeable red green train she seemed play seemed go behind books she seemed go books displaced made way tales they lured pole day day last persuaded witness mysteries whether they played optical delusions whether force strong imagination he deluded appear certain he became complete tool hands consented whatever they wished kelly interviews placed certain distance wondrous crystal gazed intently dee took place corner ready set prophecies they uttered spirits manner they prophesied pole he become fortunate possessor philosopher stone he live centuries chosen king poland capacity he gain many great victories saracens make name illustrious earth pose necessary however laski leave england take together wives families he treat sumptuously allow want nothing laski consented shortly afterwards they road poland took upwards four months reach count estates neighbourhood cracow mean time they led pleasant life spent money unsparing hand established count palace they commenced great hermetic operation transmuting iron gold laski provided necessary materials aided knowledge alchymy somehow experiment always failed moment succeeded they obliged recommence operations grander scale hopes laski easily extinguished already idea possessor countless millions he cast fear present expenses he continued day day month month till he last obliged sell portion estates find aliment hungry crucibles dee kelly less hungry stomachs wives families till ruin stared face he awoke dream infatuation happy even find he escaped utter beggary restored senses first thought rid expensive visiters wishing quarrel he proposed they proceed prague well furnished letters recommendation emperor rudolph alchymists plainly saw nothing made almost destitute count laski without hesitation therefore they accepted proposal set forthwith imperial residence they difficulty arrival prague obtaining audience emperor they found willing enough believe thing philosopher stone existed flattered they made favourable impression cause perhaps look low cunning quackery face kelly emperor conceived high opinion abilities he allowed however remain months prague feeding hope he employ he saw less he liked pope nuncio represented he countenance heretic magicians he gave orders they quit dominions within hours fortunate little time given they remained six hours longer nuncio received orders procure perpetual dungeon stake knowing well direct steps they resolved return cracow they still friends time funds they drawn laski almost exhausted they many days obliged go dinnerless supperless they great difficulty keep poverty secret world they managed bear privation without murmuring conviction fact known militate much pretensions nobody believe they possessors philosopher stone suspected they know procure bread subsistence they still gained little casting nativities kept starvation arm length till new dupe rich enough purposes dropped toils shape royal personage procured introduction stephen king poland they predicted emperor rudolph shortly assassinated germans look poland successor prediction precise enough satisfy king they tried crystal spirit appeared told new sovereign germany stephen poland stephen credulous enough believe present kelly held mystic conversations shadows crystal he appears furnished money carry experiments alchymy he grew tired last broken promises constant drains pocket point discarding disgrace they met another dupe they eagerly transferred services count rosenberg nobleman large estates trebona bohemia comfortable they find palace munificent patron they remained nearly four years faring sumptuously almost unlimited command money count ambitious avaricious he wealth enough care philosopher stone account gold length days bring they predictions accordingly ready framed suit character they prophesied he chosen king poland promised moreover he live five hundred years enjoy dignity provided always he found sufficient money carry experiments now fortune smiled they revelled rewards successful villany retributive justice came shape they anticipated jealousy mistrust sprang two confederates led violent frequent quarrels dee constant fear exposure kelly imagined much greater personage dee measuring likely standard impudent roguery displeased occasions persons dee received greater share honour consideration he often threatened leave dee shift latter degenerated mere tool daring associate distressed beyond measure prospect desertion mind deeply imbued superstition he believed rhapsodies kelly great measure derived intercourse angels he knew whole world look man depth wisdom enough succeed quarrels every day became frequent dee wrote letters queen elizabeth secure favourable reception return england whither he intended proceed kelly forsook he sent round piece silver he pretended he made portion brass cut he afterwards sent she might convince piece silver corresponded exactly hole cut brass preparing worst chief desire remain bohemia count rosenberg treated well reposed much confidence neither kelly great objection remain new passion taken possession breast he laying deep schemes gratify wife dee comely agreeable he longed make exchange partners without exciting jealousy shocking morality dee difficult matter man like kelly deficient rectitude right feeling he full impudence ingenuity difficulty insurmountable he deeply studied character foibles dee he took measures accordingly next time they consulted spirits kelly pretended shocked language refused tell dee they dee insisted informed they henceforth wives common dee little startled inquired whether spirits might mean they live common harmony kelly tried apparent reluctance spirits insisted literal interpretation poor fanatic dee resigned suited kelly purpose appear coy little longer he declared spirits must spirits good evil refused consult he thereupon took departure saying he never return dee left sore trouble distress mind he knew fix successor kelly consulting spirits last chose son arthur boy eight years age he consecrated service great ceremony impressed child mind dignified awful nature duties he called perform poor boy neither imagination faith artifice kelly he looked intently crystal he told see nothing hear nothing last eyes ached he he see vague indistinct shadow nothing dee despair deception carried long he never happy he fancied he holding converse superior beings he cursed day put estrangement dear friend kelly exactly kelly foreseen he thought doctor grieved sufficiently absence he returned unexpectedly entered room little arthur vain endeavouring distinguish something crystal dee entering circumstance journal ascribes sudden return miraculous fortune divine fate goes record kelly immediately saw spirits remained invisible little arthur spirits reiterated previous command they wives common kelly bowed head submitted dee humility consented arrangement extreme depth wretched man degradation manner they continued live three four months new quarrels breaking they separated time separation final kelly taking elixir he found glastonbury abbey proceeded prague forgetful abrupt mode he previously expelled city almost immediately arrival he seized order emperor rudolph thrown prison he released months confinement continued five years lead vagabond life germany telling fortunes place pretending make gold another he second time thrown prison charge heresy sorcery he resolved ever he obtained liberty return england he soon discovered prospect imprisonment likely life he twisted rope stormy night february let window dungeon situated top high tower corpulent man rope gave way he precipitated ground he broke two ribs legs otherwise much injured he expired days afterwards dee prosperous fortune he sent queen elizabeth without effect he rewarded soon kelly left invitation return england pride sorely humbled sprang pristine dimensions he set bohemia train attendants becoming ambassador he procured money appear unless liberality rich bohemian rosenberg perhaps plunder he travelled three coaches family three waggons carry baggage coach four horses whole train protected guard four twenty soldiers statement may doubted authority dee made oath commissioners appointed elizabeth inquire circumstances arrival england he audience queen received kindly far words went gave orders he molested pursuits chemistry philosophy man boasted power turn baser metals gold thought elizabeth want money she therefore gave substantial marks approbation countenance protection thrown unexpectedly resources dee began earnest search philosopher stone he worked incessantly among furnaces retorts crucibles almost poisoned deleterious fumes he consulted miraculous crystal spirits appeared he tried bartholomew supply place invaluable kelly he man little probity imagination spirits hold communication dee tried another pretender philosophy name hickman better fortune crystal lost power since departure great quarter dee get information stone elixir alchymists efforts discover means fruitless expensive he soon reduced great distress wrote piteous letters queen praying relief he represented he left england count laski mob pillaged house mortlake accusing necromancer wizard broken furniture burned library consisting four thousand rare volumes destroyed philosophical instruments curiosities museum damage he claimed compensation furthermore stated he come england queen command she pay expenses journey elizabeth sent small sums money various times dee still continuing complaints commission appointed inquire circumstances he finally obtained small appointment chancellor paul cathedral he exchanged wardenship college manchester he remained capacity till strength intellect beginning fail he compelled resign he retired old dwelling mortlake state far removed actual want supporting common often obliged sell pawn books procure dinner james often applied behalf he refused anything may discredit king reward he grant indefatigable stowe days old age want royal permission beg blame neglecting quack john dee he died year age buried mortlake cosmopolite many disputes arisen real name alchymist wrote several works designation general opinion he scotsman named seton fate common alchymists boasted loudly powers transmutation he ended days miserably dungeon he thrown german potentate he made million gold pay ransom he confounded michael sendivog sendivogius pole professor art made great noise europe commencement seventeenth century lenglet du fresnoy general respect alchymists inclines belief personages distinct gives following particulars cosmopolite extracted george morhoff epistola ad langelottum writers year jacob haussen dutch pilot shipwrecked coast scotland gentleman named alexander seton put boat saved drowning afterwards entertained hospitably many weeks house shore haussen saw he addicted pursuits chemistry conversation subject passed time year half afterwards haussen home enkhuysen holland received visit former host he endeavoured repay kindness shown great friendship arose seton departure offered make acquainted great secret philosopher stone presence scotsman transmuted great quantity base metal pure gold gave mark esteem seton took leave friend travelled germany dresden he made secret wonderful powers performed transmutation successfully great assemblage learned men city circumstance coming ears duke elector saxony he gave orders arrest alchymist he caused imprisoned high tower set guard forty men watch he escape strangers admitted presence unfortunate seton received several visits elector used every art persuasion make divulge secret seton obstinately refused either communicate secret make gold tyrant he stretched rack see argument torture render tractable result still neither hope reward fear anguish shake several months he remained prison subjected alternately sedative violent regimen till health broke he wasted away almost skeleton happened time dresden learned pole named michael sendivogius wasted good deal time substance unprofitable pursuits alchymy he touched pity hard fate admiration intrepidity seton determined possible aid escaping clutch oppressor he requested elector permission see alchymist obtained difficulty he found state great wretchedness shut light day noisome dungeon better couch fare allotted worst criminals seton listened eagerly proposal escape promised generous pole he make richer eastern monarch means he liberated sendivogius immediately commenced operations he sold property he possessed near cracow proceeds led merry life dresden he gave elegant suppers he regularly invited officers guard especially duty prison alchymist he insinuated last confidence obtained free ingress friend often he pleased pretending he using utmost endeavours conquer obstinacy worm secret project ripe day fixed grand attempt sendivogius ready postchariot convey speed poland drugging wine he presented guards prison he rendered drowsy he easily found means scale wall unobserved seton effect escape seton wife chariot awaiting safely possession small packet black powder fact philosopher stone ingredient transmutation iron copper gold they arrived safety cracow frame seton wasted torture body starvation say nothing anguish mind he endured he long survive he died cracow buried cathedral church city story related author various works bear name cosmopolite list may found third volume history hermetic philosophy sendivogius death seton sendivogius married widow hoping learn secrets deceased lord art transmutation ounce black powder stood however better service alchymists say means he converted great quantities quicksilver purest gold he performed experiment successfully emperor rudolph ii prague emperor commemorate circumstance caused marble tablet affixed wall room performed bearing inscription faciat hoc quispiam alius quod fecit sendivogius polonus desnoyers secretary princess mary gonzaga queen poland writing warsaw says he saw tablet existed time often visited curious sendivogius related latin memoir brodowski steward inserted pierre borel treasure gaulish antiquities emperor rudolph according authority well pleased success he made counsellors state invited fill station royal household inhabit palace sendivogius loved liberty refused become courtier he preferred reside patrimonial estate gravarna many years he exercised princely hospitality philosophic powder steward says red black he kept little box gold grain he make five hundred ducats thousand he generally made projection quicksilver he travelled he gave box steward hung round neck gold chain next skin greatest part powder he used hide secret place cut step chariot he thought attacked time robbers they search place he anticipated danger he dress valet clothes mounting put valet inside he induced take precautions secret he possessed philosopher stone many unprincipled adventurers watch opportunity plunder german prince whose name brodowski thought fit chronicle served scurvy trick ever afterwards put guard prince went knees sendivogius entreated pressing terms satisfy curiosity converting quicksilver gold sendivogius wearied importunity consented promise inviolable secrecy departure prince called german alchymist named muhlenfels resided house told done muhlenfels entreated he might dozen mounted horsemen command he might instantly ride philosopher either rob powder force secret making prince desired nothing better muhlenfels provided twelve men well mounted armed pursued sendivogius hot haste he came lonely inn just he sitting dinner he first endeavoured persuade divulge secret finding avail he caused accomplices strip unfortunate sendivogius tie naked pillars house he took golden box containing small quantity powder manuscript book philosopher stone golden medal chain presented emperor rudolph rich cap ornamented diamonds value hundred thousand booty he decamped leaving sendivogius still naked firmly bound pillar servants treated similar manner people inn released soon robbers sight sendivogius proceeded prague made complaint emperor express instantly sent prince orders he deliver muhlenfels plunder prince fearful emperor wrath caused three large gallows erected highest he hanged muhlenfels another thief side he propitiated emperor got rid ugly witness he sent back time bejewelled hat medal chain treatise philosopher stone stolen sendivogius regarded powder he he seen knew nothing adventure made sendivogius prudent he longer perform process transmutation strangers however highly recommended he pretended poor sometimes lay bed weeks together people might believe he suffering dangerous malady therefore possibility owner philosopher stone he occasionally coin false money pass gold preferring esteemed cheat rather successful alchymist many extraordinary tales told personage steward brodowski they worth repeating he died aged upwards eighty buried chapel gravarna several works alchymy published name rosicrucians time author sect rosicrucians first began create sensation europe influence they exercised opinion brief career permanent impression they left european literature claim especial notice time alchymy grovelling delusion merit spiritualised refined they enlarged sphere supposed possession philosopher stone means wealth health happiness instrument man command services superior beings control elements defy obstructions time space acquire intimate knowledge secrets universe wild visionary they they without uses purged superstitions europe dark disgusting forms monks peopled substituted stead race mild graceful beneficent beings they derived name christian rosencreutz german philosopher travelled holy land towards close fourteenth century dangerously ill place called damcar he visited learned arabs claimed brother science unfolded inspiration secrets past life thought action they restored health means philosopher stone afterwards instructed mysteries he returned europe years age drew chosen number friends around he initiated new science bound solemn oaths keep secret century he lived years period died many denied existence personage rosencreutz fixed origin sect much later epoch first dawning they say found theories paracelsus dreams dee without intending became actual though never recognised founders rosicrucian philosophy now difficult indeed impossible determine whether dee paracelsus obtained ideas obscure unknown rosicrucians whether rosicrucians follow improve certain existence never suspected till year they began excite attention germany sooner doctrines promulgated visionaries paracelsists alchymists flocked around standard vaunted rosencreutz new regenerator human race michael mayer celebrated physician day impaired health wasted fortune searching philosopher stone drew report tenets ordinances new fraternity published cologne year they asserted first place meditations founders surpassed everything ever imagined since creation world without even excepting revelations deity they destined accomplish general peace regeneration man end world arrived they possessed wisdom piety supreme degree they possessed graces nature distribute among rest mankind according pleasure they subject neither hunger thirst disease old age inconvenience nature they knew inspiration first glance every worthy admitted society they knowledge they possessed they lived beginning world always acquiring they volume they read ever ever written books till end time they force retain service powerful spirits demons virtue songs they attract pearls precious stones depths sea bowels earth god covered thick cloud means they shelter malignity enemies they render invisible eyes eight first brethren power cure maladies means fraternity triple diadem pope reduced dust they admitted two sacraments ceremonies primitive church renewed they recognised fourth monarchy emperor romans chief chief christians they provide gold treasures inexhaustible king spain ever drawn golden regions eastern western ind confession faith rules conduct six number follow travels they gratuitously cure diseases secondly they always dress conformity fashion country they resided thirdly they every year meet together place appointed fraternity send writing available excuse fourthly every brother whenever he felt inclined die choose person worthy succeed fifthly words marks they recognise sixthly fraternity kept secret six times twenty years they asserted laws found inscribed golden book tomb rosencreutz six times twenty years death expired they consequently called time forth promulgate doctrine welfare mankind following legend tomb rosencreutz written eustace budgell appears spectator certain person occasion dig somewhat deep ground philosopher lay interred met small door wall side curiosity hope finding hidden treasure soon prompted force open door he immediately surprised sudden blaze light discovered fair vault upper end statue man armour sitting table leaning left arm he held truncheon right hand lamp burning man sooner set foot within vault statue erecting leaning posture stood bolt upright fellow advancing another step lifted truncheon right hand man still ventured third step statue furious blow broke lamp thousand pieces left guest sudden darkness report adventure country people came lights sepulchre discovered statue made brass nothing piece floor vault loose underlaid several springs man entering naturally produced happened rosicreucius say disciples made use method show world he lamps ancients though he resolved reap advantage discovery eight years enthusiasts made converts germany they excited little attention parts europe last they made appearance paris threw learned credulous lovers marvellous commotion beginning march good folks city they arose morning surprised find walls placarded following singular manifesto we deputies principal college brethren taken abode visible invisible city grace high towards turned hearts just we show teach without books signs speak sorts languages countries we dwell draw mankind fellows error death long time strange placard sole topic conversation public places wondered greater number laughed course weeks two books published raised first alarm respecting mysterious society whose knew members ever seen first called history frightful compacts entered devil pretended damnable instructions deplorable ruin disciples miserable end called examination new unknown cabala brethren lately inhabited city paris history manners wonders worked many particulars books sold rapidly every anxious know something dreadful secret brotherhood badauds paris alarmed they daily expected see walking propria persona among volumes rosicrucian society consisted persons renounced baptism hope resurrection means good angels they pretended they worked prodigies devil gave power transport end world rapidity thought speak languages purses always full money however much they might spend invisible penetrate secret places spite fastenings bolts bars able tell past future brethren divided bands companies sent mission paris six italy six spain six germany four sweden two switzerland two flanders two lorraine two franche comte generally believed missionaries france resided somewhere marais du temple quarter paris soon acquired bad name people afraid take houses lest they turned six invisibles believed populace many others whose education taught better persons mysterious aspect used visit inns hotels paris eat best meats drink best wines suddenly melt away thin air landlord came reckoning gentle maidens went bed alone often awoke night found men bed shape beautiful grecian apollo immediately became invisible alarm raised many persons found large heaps pure gold houses without knowing whence they came paris alarm man thought secure goods maiden virginity wife chastity rosicrucians abroad midst commotion second placard issued following effect desires see brethren curiosity he never communicate us really induces inscribe name register brotherhood we judge thoughts men convince truth promises reason we publish world place abode thought alone unison sincere desire know us sufficient make us known us though existence society problematical quite evident somebody concerned promulgation placards stuck every wall paris police endeavoured vain find offenders want success served increase perplexity public church soon took question abbe gaultier jesuit wrote book prove enmity pope they disciples luther sent promulgate heresy name he added proved they heretics cross surmounted rose heraldic device luther garasse they confraternity drunken impostors name derived garland roses form cross hung tables taverns germany emblem secrecy whence derived common saying man communicated secret another rose others interpreted letters mean brethren fratres roris cocti brothers boiled dew explained appellation alleging they collected large quantities morning dew boiled order extract valuable ingredient composition philosopher stone water life fraternity attacked defended well they able they denied they used magic kind they consulted devil they they happy they lived century expected live many centuries intimate knowledge they possessed nature communicated god reward piety utter devotion service error derived name cross roses called drunkards set world right first point they reiterated they derived name christian rosencreutz founder answer latter charge they repeated they knew thirst higher pleasures palate they desire meddle politics religion man set men although they help denying supremacy pope looking tyrant many slanders they repeated respecting unjust they indulged carnal appetites cloak invisibility crept chambers beautiful maidens they asserted contrary first vow they took entering society vow chastity among transgressed particular immediately lose advantages he enjoyed exposed hunger woe disease death like men strongly they feel subject chastity they attributed fall adam solely want virtue besides defending manner they entered confession faith they discarded ever old tales sorcery witchcraft communion devil they horrid unnatural disgusting beings incubi succubi innumerable grotesque imps men believed many ages man surrounded enemies like myriads beautiful beneficent beings anxious service air peopled sylphs water undines naiads bowels earth gnomes fire salamanders beings friends man desired nothing much men purge uncleanness enabled see converse they possessed great power unrestrained barriers space obstructions matter man particular superior he immortal soul they they might however become sharers man immortality they inspire race passion love towards hence constant endeavour female spirits captivate admiration men male gnomes sylphs salamanders undines beloved woman object passion returning love imparted portion celestial fire soul time forth beloved became equal lover allotted course run entered together mansions felicity spirits they watched constantly mankind night day dreams omens presentiments works means they gave warning approach danger though well inclined befriend man sakes want soul rendered times capricious revengeful they took offence slight causes heaped injuries instead benefits heads extinguished light reason gluttony debauchery appetites body excitement produced paris placards brotherhood attacks clergy wore away months stories circulated became last absurd even age absurdity men began laugh invisible gentlemen fantastic doctrines gabriel naude conjuncture brought avis la france sur les freres de la he successfully exposed folly new sect work though well written well timed quite extinguished rosicrucians france year little heard swindlers different parts country assumed name times cloak depredations now caught hanged great ingenuity enticing pearls precious stones pockets people passing lumps gilded brass pure gold made agency philosopher stone exceptions oblivion shrouded doctrine confined sphere narrow france alone still flourished germany drew many converts england latter countries produced two great masters persons jacob bohmen robert fludd pretended philosophers difficult say absurd extravagant appear sect divided two classes brothers roseae crucis devoted wonders sublunary sphere brothers aureae crucis wholly occupied contemplation things divine fludd belonged first class bohmen second fludd may called father english rosicrucians merits conspicuous niche temple folly he born year milgate kent son sir thomas fludd treasurer war queen elizabeth he originally intended army he fond study disposition quiet retiring shine sphere father therefore press adopt course life he unsuited encouraged study medicine he early manifested partiality age he proceeded continent fond abstruse marvellous incomprehensible he became ardent disciple school paracelsus he looked regenerator medicine philosophy he remained six years italy france germany storing mind fantastic notions seeking society enthusiasts visionaries return england he received degree doctor medicine university oxford began practice physician london he soon made conspicuous he latinized name robert fludd robertus fluctibus began promulgation many strange doctrines he avowed belief philosopher stone water life universal alkahest maintained two principles things condensation boreal northern virtue rarefaction southern austral virtue number demons he ruled human frame he arranged places rhomboid every disease peculiar demon produced demon combated aid demon whose place directly opposite rhomboidal figure medical notions we shall occasion speak another part book we consider character first founders magnetic delusion offshoot animal magnetism created much sensation day doctrines already mentioned wild enough he joined rosicrucians soon they began make sensation europe succeeded raising high consideration among fraternity violently attacked several german authors among others libavius fludd volunteered reply published defence rosicrucian philosophy title apologia compendiaria fraternitatem de suspicionis et infamiae maculis aspersam abluens work immediately procured great renown continent he henceforth looked sect much importance he considered keppler gassendi thought necessary refute latter wrote complete examination doctrine mersenne friend descartes defended philosopher accused joined rosicrucians attacked fluctibus he preferred called showed absurdity brothers general fluctibus particular fluctibus wrote long reply he called mersenne ignorant calumniator reiterated alchymy profitable science rosicrucians worthy regenerators world book published frankfort entitled summum bonum quod est magiae cabalae alchimiae fratrum verorum et adversus mersenium calumniatorem besides he wrote several works alchymy second answer libavius rosicrucians many medical works he died london time diminution sect england they excited little attention made effort bring notice occasionally obscure almost incomprehensible work made appearance show world folly extinguished eugenius philalethes noted alchymist veiled real name assumed translated fame confession brethren rosie cross published london years afterwards another enthusiast named john heydon wrote two works subject entitled wise man crown glory rosie cross holy guide leading way unite art nature rosie crosse uncovered neither attracted much notice third book somewhat successful called new method rosicrucian physic john heydon servant god secretary nature extracts show ideas english rosicrucians period author attorney practising use words westminster hall term times long he lived vacations devoting alchymical rosicrucian meditation preface called apologue epilogue he enlightens public true history tenets sect moses elias ezekiel he says ancient masters rosicrucian philosophy existing england rest europe eyes ears great king universe seeing hearing things seraphically illuminated companions holy company unbodied souls immortal angels turning shape power working miracles pious abstracted brethren slack plague cities silence violent winds tempests calm rage sea rivers walk air frustrate malicious aspect witches cure diseases turn metals gold he known time two famous brethren rosie cross named walfourd williams worked miracles sight taught many excellent predictions astrology earthquakes i desired tell says he whether complexion capable society good genius i see you he he pleased come i knew go i tell you i saw afterwards he pray god good holy man offer greater acceptable service god oblation soul he good genii benign eyes god running fro world love pity beholding innocent endeavours harmless men ever ready good help heydon held devoutly true dogma rosicrucians neither eating drinking necessary men he maintained might exist manner singular people dwelling near source ganges mention made travels namesake sir christopher heydon mouths therefore eat lived breath nostrils except they took far journey they mended diet smell flowers he really pure air fine foreign fatness sprinkled sunbeams quite sufficient nourishment generality mankind enormous appetites he objection see take animal food since they without he obstinately insisted necessity they eat they put plaster meat epigastrium sufficient wants robust voracious they means let diseases they broad common gate mouth might see example drink man sat water he never athirst he known he many rosicrucians applying wine manner fasted years together fact quoth heydon we may easily fast life though three hundred years without kind meat cut danger disease sage philosopher informed wondering contemporaries chiefs doctrine always carried place meeting symbol called ebony cross flourished decked roses gold cross typifying christ sufferings cross sins roses gold glory beauty resurrection symbol carried alternately mecca mount calvary mount sinai haran three places must called cascle apamia chaulateau virissa caunuch rosicrucian brethren met they pleased made resolution actions they always took pleasures places they resolved questions whatsoever done done done world beginning end thereof he concludes men called rosicrucians towards end seventeenth century rational ideas took possession sect still continued boast members they appear considered contentment true philosopher stone abandoned insane search mere phantom imagination addison spectator friday july gives account conversation rosicrucian may inferred sect grown wiser deeds though talk they foolish ever i says he engaged discourse rosicrucian great secret he talked secret spirit lived within emerald converted everything near highest perfection capable gives lustre says he sun water diamond irradiates every metal enriches lead properties gold heightens smoke flame flame light light glory he added single ray dissipates pain care melancholy person falls short says he presence naturally changes every place kind heaven he gone time unintelligible cant i found he jumbled natural moral ideas together discourse great secret nothing else content jacob bohmen now time speak jacob bohmen thought he discover secret transmutation metals bible invented strange heterogeneous doctrine mingled alchymy religion founded sect he born gorlitz upper lusatia followed till thirtieth year occupation shoemaker obscurity he remained character visionary man unsettled mind promulgation rosicrucian philosophy part germany toward year time he began neglect leather buried brain rubbish metaphysics works paracelsus fell hands reveries rosicrucians completely engrossed attention abandoned trade altogether sinking time state comparative independence poverty destitution he nothing daunted miseries privations flesh mind fixed beings another sphere thought he already new apostle human race year meditation four years he published first work entitled aurora rising sun embodying ridiculous notions paracelsus worse confounding confusion writer philosopher stone might he contended discovered diligent search old new testaments especially apocalypse alone contained secrets alchymy he contended divine grace operated rules followed methods divine providence observed natural world minds men purged vices corruptions manner metals purified dross namely fire besides sylphs gnomes undines salamanders he acknowledged various ranks orders demons he pretended invisibility absolute chastity he pleased he abstain years meat drink necessities body needless however pursue follies he reprimanded writing work magistrates gorlitz commanded leave pen alone stick wax family might become chargeable parish he neglected good advice continued studies burning minerals purifying metals day mystifying word god next he afterwards wrote three works sublimely ridiculous first entitled metallurgia slight merit least obscure compositions another called temporal mirror eternity last theosophy revealed full allegories metaphors strange geason devoid sense ordinary reason bohmen died leaving behind considerable number admiring disciples many became seventeenth century distinguished absurdity master amongst may mentioned gifftheil wendenhagen john jacob zimmermann abraham frankenberg heresy rendered obnoxious church rome many suffered long imprisonment torture faith named kuhlmann burned alive moscow charge sorcery bohmen works translated english published many years afterwards enthusiast named william law mormius peter mormius notorious alchymist contemporary bohmen endeavoured introduce rosicrucian philosophy holland he applied grant public audience he might explain tenets sect disclose plan rendering holland happiest richest country earth means philosopher stone service elementary spirits wisely resolved nothing he thereupon determined shame printing book he leyden year entitled book hidden secrets nature divided three parts first treating perpetual motion second transmutation metals third universal medicine he published german works rosicrucian philosophy frankfort poetry romance deeply indebted rosicrucians many graceful creation literature england france germany contains hundreds sweet fictions whose machinery borrowed delicate ariel shakspeare stands among number source pope drew airy tenants belinda charming rape lock la motte fouque beautiful capricious undine around he thrown grace loveliness whose imaginary woes he excited sympathy ever bestowed supernatural sir walter scott endowed white lady avenel many attributes undines german romance lyrical poetry teem allusions sylphs gnomes undines salamanders french behind substituting works fiction cumbrous mythology greece rome sylphs especially favourites bards become familiar popular mind manner confounded race ideal beings fairies boast antiquity much venerable annals superstition obligations rosicrucians lover poetry wish however absurd they sect philosophers never existed borri just time michael mayer making known world existence body rosicrucians born italy man afterwards destined become conspicuous member fraternity alchymic mania never called forth ingenuity consummate successful impostor joseph francis borri he born according authorities according others milan father signor branda borri practised physician age sixteen joseph sent finish education jesuits college rome he distinguished extraordinary memory he learned everything he applied utmost ease voluminous works fact minute retention study abstruse he master advantages he might derived facility neutralized ungovernable passions love turmoil debauchery he involved continual difficulty well heads college police rome acquired bad character years remove aid friends he established physician rome obtained situation pope household fits studiousness he grew enamoured alchymy determined devote energies discovery philosopher stone unfortunate propensities he quite sufficient besides bring poverty pleasures expensive studies nature destroy health ruin fair fame age he found he live practice medicine began look employment he became private secretary marquis di mirogli minister archduke innspruk court rome he continued capacity two years leading however abandoned life heretofore frequenting society gamesters debauchees loose women involving disgraceful street quarrels alienating patrons desirous befriend sudden change observed conduct abandoned rake put outward sedateness philosopher scoffing sinner proclaimed he forsaken evil ways live thenceforth model virtue friends reformation pleasing unexpected borri gave obscure hints brought miraculous manifestation superior power he pretended he held converse beneficent spirits secrets god nature revealed he obtained possession philosopher stone like predecessor jacob bohmen he mixed religious questions philosophical jargon took measures declaring founder new sect rome palace pope hazardous proceeding borri just awoke sense time save dungeons castle angelo he fled innspruck he remained year returned native city milan reputation great sanctity gone he found many persons ready attach fortunes desirous entering new communion took oath poverty relinquished possessions general good fraternity borri told he received archangel michael heavenly sword hilt engraven names seven celestial intelligences whoever shall refuse he enter new sheepfold shall destroyed papal armies god predestined chief follow joy shall granted i shall soon bring chemical studies happy conclusion discovery philosopher stone means we shall much gold we desire i assured aid angelic hosts especially archangel michael i began walk way spirit i vision night assured angelic voice i become prophet sign i saw surrounded glory paradise angels come whenever i call reveal secrets universe sylphs elementary spirits obey fly uttermost ends world serve i delight honour force continually repeating stories borri soon found head considerable number adherents he figures pages alchymist religious sectarian unnecessary repeat doctrines he taught regard dogmas church rome exposed fierce resentment papal authority they full ridiculous philosophical pretensions number followers increased he appears cherished idea becoming day new mahomet founding native city milan monarchy religion he king prophet he taken measures year seizing guards gates city formally declaring monarch milanese just he thought plan ripe execution discovered twenty followers arrested he managed utmost difficulty escape neutral territory switzerland papal displeasure reach trial followers commenced forthwith whole sentenced various terms imprisonment borri trial proceeded absence lasted upwards two years he condemned death heretic sorcerer burned effigy rome common hangman borri mean time lived quietly switzerland indulging railing inquisition proceedings he afterwards went strasbourg intending fix residence town he received great cordiality man persecuted religious opinions withal great alchymist he found sphere narrow aspiring genius retired year wealthy city amsterdam he hired magnificent house established equipage eclipsed brilliancy richest merchants assumed title excellency he got money live expensive style long secret adepts alchymy easily explained fashion sensible people opinion he come less wonderful manner remembered among unfortunate disciples milan many rich men conformity fundamental rules sect given earthly wealth hands founder whatever manner money obtained borri spent holland unsparing hand looked people little respect veneration he performed several able cures increased reputation much he vaunted prodigy he continued diligently operations alchymy daily expectation he succeed turning inferior metals gold hope never abandoned even worst extremity fortunes prosperity led foolish expenses he long continue live magnificently funds he brought italy philosopher stone though promised wants morrow never brought anything necessities he obliged months retrench giving large house gilded coach valuable liveried domestics luxurious entertainments diminution splendour came diminution renown cures appear miraculous he went foot perform they seemed excellency driven poor man door carriage six horses he sank prodigy ordinary man great friends showed cold shoulder humble flatterers carried incense shrine borri now thought high time change quarters view he borrowed money wherever he get succeeded obtaining two hundred thousand florins merchant named de meer aid he discovering water life he obtained six diamonds great value pretence he remove flaws without diminishing weight booty he stole away secretly night proceeded hamburgh arrival city he found celebrated christina sweden he procured introduction requested patronage endeavour discover philosopher stone she gave encouragement borri fearing merchants amsterdam connexions hamburgh might expose delinquencies he remained latter city passed copenhagen sought protection frederic iii king denmark prince firm believer transmutation metals want money he readily listened plans adventurer eloquence ability recommend he provided borri means make experiments took great interest progress operations he expected every month possess riches buy peru he disappointed accepted patiently excuses borri every failure always ready plausible explanation he became time much attached defended jealous attacks courtiers indignation grieved see monarch easy dupe charlatan borri endeavoured every means power find aliment good opinion knowledge medicine useful respect often stood disgrace he lived six years manner court frederic monarch dying he left without protector he made enemies friends copenhagen nothing hope succeeding sovereign he sought asylum another country he went first saxony met little encouragement encountered much danger emissaries inquisition he remain many months anticipating nothing persecution every country acknowledged spiritual authority pope he appears taken resolution dwell turkey turn mussulman arrival hungarian frontier way constantinople he arrested suspicion concerned conspiracy counts nadasdi frangipani just discovered vain he protested innocence divulged real name profession he detained prison letter despatched emperor leopold know done star fortunes decline letter reached leopold unlucky moment pope nuncio closeted majesty he sooner heard name joseph francis borri he demanded prisoner holy see request complied borri closely manacled sent escort soldiers prison inquisition rome he much impostor deeply tinged fanaticism unwilling make public recantation heresies he thereby save life proposition made he accepted eagerness punishment commuted hardly less severe perpetual imprisonment he happy escape clutch executioner price he made amende honorable face assembled multitudes rome october he transferred prisons castle angelo he remained till death years afterwards towards close life considerable indulgence granted he allowed laboratory cheer solitude dungeon searching philosopher stone queen christina residence rome frequently visited old man converse chemistry doctrines rosicrucians she even obtained permission he leave prison occasionally day two reside palace she responsible return captivity she encouraged search great secret alchymists provided money purpose may well supposed borri benefited acquaintance christina got nothing experience sure she gained even dying day she convinced possibility finding philosopher stone ready assist adventurer either zealous impudent enough pretend borri eleven years confinement small volume published cologne entitled key cabinet chevalier joseph francis borri contained many curious letters chemistry sciences written together memoir life book contained complete exposition rosicrucian philosophy afforded materials abbe de villars interesting count de gabalis excited much attention close seventeenth century borri lingered prison angelo till he died eightieth year besides key cabinet written originally copenhagen edification king frederic iii he published work alchymy secret sciences title mission romulus romans inferior alchymists seventeenth century besides pretenders philosopher stone whose lives already narrated preceding century produced great number writers inundated literature books subject fact learned men age faith van helmont borrichius kirchen boerhaave score others though professed alchymists fond science countenanced professors helvetius grandfather celebrated philosopher name asserts he saw inferior metal turned gold stranger hague he says sitting day study man dressed respectable burgher north holland modest simple appearance called intention dispelling doubts relative philosopher stone he asked helvetius he thought he know rare gem he saw helvetius replied he certainly burgher immediately drew pocket small ivory box containing three pieces metal colour brimstone extremely heavy assured helvetius he make much twenty tons gold helvetius informs us he examined attentively seeing they brittle he took opportunity scrape small portion he returned stranger entreaty he perform process transmutation stranger replied he allowed went away departure helvetius procured crucible portion lead state fusion he threw stolen grain philosopher stone he disappointed find grain evaporated altogether leaving lead original state weeks afterwards he almost forgotten subject he received another visit stranger he entreated explain processes he pretended transmute lead stranger last consented informed grain sufficient necessary envelope ball wax throwing molten metal otherwise extreme volatility cause go vapour they tried experiment succeeded heart content helvetius repeated experiment alone converted six ounces lead pure gold fame event spread hague notable persons town flocked study helvetius convince fact helvetius performed experiment presence prince orange several times afterwards he exhausted whole powder he received stranger necessary state he never received another visit he ever discover name condition following year helvetius published golden calf vitulus aureus quem mundus adorat et orat quo tractatur de naturae miraculo transmutandi metalla hagae he detailed circumstances time celebrated father kircher published subterranean world he called alchymists congregation knaves impostors science delusion he admitted he diligent labourer field come conclusion mature consideration repeated fruitless experiments alchymists arms immediately refute formidable antagonist solomon de blauenstein first grapple attempted convict wilful misrepresentation recalling memory transmutations sendivogius emperor frederic iii elector mayence performed within recent period zwelfer glauber entered dispute attributed enmity father kircher spite jealousy adepts successful pretended gustavus adolphus transmuted quantity quicksilver pure gold learned borrichius relates he saw coins struck gold lenglet du fresnoy deposes circumstance travels monconis story told following manner merchant lubeck carried little trade knew change lead good gold gave king sweden lingot he made weighing least hundred pounds king immediately caused coined ducats he knew positively origin stated he arms graven side emblematical figures mercury venus i continued monconis ducats possession credibly informed death lubeck merchant never appeared rich sum less million seven hundred thousand crowns found coffers voyages de monconis tome ii stories confidently related men high station tended keep infatuation alchymists every country europe astonishing see number works written subject seventeenth century alone number clever men sacrificed delusion gabriel de castaigne monk order francis attracted much notice reign louis xiii monarch secured household made grand almoner he pretended find elixir life louis expected means enjoyed crown century van helmont pretended performed success process transmuting quicksilver consequence invited emperor rudolph ii fix residence court vienna glauber inventor salts still bear name practised physician amsterdam middle seventeenth century established public school city study alchymy gave lectures science john joachim becher spire acquired great reputation period convinced much gold might made flint stones peculiar process aid grand incomprehensible substance philosopher stone he made proposition emperor leopold austria aid experiments hope success remote present expense great tempt monarch he therefore gave becher much praise none money becher afterwards tried holland better success regard innumerable tricks impostors persuaded world they succeeded making gold many stories current period satisfactory report read geoffroy elder sitting royal academy sciences paris april relates principally alchymic cheats sixteenth seventeenth centuries following abridgment may place portion history instances successful transmutation numerous apparently well authenticated nothing short able exposure geoffroy disabuse public mind trick they oftenest recourse use crucible surface iron copper upper wax painted resemble metal two they placed much gold silver dust necessary purpose they put lead quicksilver ingredients placed pot fire course experiment concluded they never failed find lump gold bottom result produced many ways used hollow wand filled gold silver dust stopped ends wax butter they stirred boiling metal crucibles taking care accompany operation many ceremonies divert attention real purpose manoeuvre they drilled holes lumps lead they poured molten gold carefully closed aperture original metal sometimes they washed piece gold quicksilver state they found difficulty palming uninitiated inferior metal easily transmuted fine sonorous gold aid little aquafortis others imposed means nails half iron half gold silver they pretended they really transmuted precious half iron dipping strong alcohol geoffroy produced several nails academy sciences showed nicely two parts soldered together golden silver half painted black resemble iron colour immediately disappeared nail dipped aquafortis nail description long time cabinet grand duke tuscany geoffroy knife presented monk queen elizabeth england blade half gold half steel nothing time common see coins half gold half silver operated alchymists purposes trickery fact says geoffroy concluding long report every reason believe famous histories handed us transmutation metals gold silver means powder projection philosophical elixirs founded successful deception kind narrated pretended philosophers invariably disappeared first second experiment powders elixirs failed produce effect either attention excited they found opportunity renew trick without discovered they sufficient gold dust trial disinterestedness philosopher looked first sight extremely imposing instances rare they generously abandoned profits transmutations even honour discovery apparent disinterestedness cunning manoeuvres served keep popular expectation showed possibility discovering philosopher stone provided means future advantages they never slow lay hold entrances royal households maintenance public expense gifts ambitious potentates greedy gold they easily promised now remains trace progress delusion commencement eighteenth century present day seen recent period slight signs return reason jean delisle year much talk france blacksmith named delisle discovered philosopher stone went country turning lead gold he native provence place fame soon spread capital early life involved obscurity longlet du fresnoy industriously collected particulars later career possess considerable interest he man without education servant youth alchymist he learned many tricks fraternity name master never discovered pretended he rendered manner obnoxious government louis xiv obliged consequence take refuge switzerland delisle accompanied far savoy set solitary murdered robbed he disguised pilgrim returned france lonely inn he stopped night he became acquainted woman named aluys sudden passion enkindled betwixt she consented leave follow share good evil fortune wherever he went they lived together five six years provence without exciting attention apparently possessed decent independence last given he possessor philosopher stone people far near came flocking residence chateau de la palu sylanez near barjaumont witness wealth he make pumps fire shovels following account operations given letter addressed de cerisy prior chateauneuf diocese riez provence vicar jacques du hautpas paris dated november i something relate you dear cousin interesting you friends philosopher stone many persons looked chimera last found man named delisle parish sylanez residing within quarter league discovered great secret he turns lead gold iron silver merely heating metals red hot pouring state oil powder he possessed impossible man make million day he sufficient wondrous mixture pale gold he made manner he sent jewellers lyons opinion quality he sold twenty pounds weight merchant digne named taxis jewellers say they never saw fine gold lives he makes nails part gold part iron part silver he promised give long conversation i day order bishop sends saw operations eyes detailed circumstances baron baroness de rheinwald showed lingot gold made pewter eyes delisle sauveur wasted fifty years life great study brought day nail he seen changed gold delisle fully convinced previous experiments founded erroneous principle excellent workman received short time ago kind letter superintendent royal household i read he offered use influence ministers prevent attempts liberty twice attacked agents government believed oil he makes use gold silver reduced state he leaves long time exposed rays sun he told generally took six months make preparations i told apparently king wanted see he replied he exercise art every place certain climate temperature absolutely necessary success truth man appears ambition he keeps two horses two besides he loves liberty politeness speaks bad french judgment seems solid he formerly blacksmith excelled trade without taught great lords seigneurs far near come visit pay court seems like idolatry anything else happy france man discover secret king superintendent already sent lingots happiness great hoped i fear workman secret expire together doubt discovery make great noise kingdom unless character man i just depicted you prevent events posterity hear another letter person dated january de cerisy says dear cousin i spoke you last letter famous alchymist provence delisle good deal hearsay now i enabled speak experience i possession nail half iron half silver i made great admirable workman bestowed still greater privilege he allowed turn piece lead i brought pure gold means wonderful oil powder country eyes gentleman deny loudly others incredulous seen acknowledge truth i read passport sent court orders he present paris early spring he told he go willingly fixed spring departure he wanted collect materials order immediately introduction king he might make experiment worthy majesty converting large quantity lead finest gold i sincerely hope he allow secret die he communicate king i honour dine thursday last month seated side i told whisper he he liked humble enemies france he deny began smile fact man miracle art sometimes he employs oil powder mixed sometimes powder small quantity lingot i made rubbed show priest means person neighbourhood lost wits hopes boundless wealth held clever impostor another priest named de lions chanter cathedral grenoble writing january says mesnard curate montier written stating man years age named delisle turns lead iron gold silver transmutation veritable true goldsmiths affirm gold silver purest finest they ever saw five years man looked madman cheat public mind now disabused respect he now resides de la palu chateau name de la palu easy circumstances wants money portion daughters remained single till middle age man willing take without dowry delisle promised make richest girls province he goes court sent king he asked little time departure order he may collect powder enough make several quintals gold eyes majesty he intends present principal matter wonderful powder composed simples principally herbs lunaria major minor good deal first planted gardens la palu he gets mountains stretch two leagues montier i tell you now mere story invented diversion mesnard bring forward many witnesses truth among others bishop senes saw surprising operations performed de cerisy you know well delisle transmutes metals public he rubs lead iron powder puts burning charcoal short time changes colour lead becomes yellow found converted excellent gold iron becomes white found pure silver delisle altogether illiterate person de auban endeavoured teach read write he profited little lessons he unpolite fantastic dreamer acts fits starts delisle appear afraid venturing paris he knew sleight hand narrowly watched royal presence pretence he delayed journey two years desmarets minister finance louis xiv thinking philosopher dreaded foul play twice sent safe conduct king seal delisle still refused desmarets wrote bishop sends real opinion famous transmutations following answer prelate copy report addressed desmarets finances majesty louis xiv bishop senes dated march sir twelvemonth ago little i expressed you joy hearing elevation ministry i now honour write you opinion sieur delisle working transmutation metals diocese i last two years spoken several times count de pontchartrain he asked i written you sir de chamillart you neither you requested opinion subject now however you given understand you wish know sentiments matter i unfold you sincerity interests king glory ministry two things sieur delisle opinion examined without prejudice relates secret person say whether transmutations real whether conduct regular regards secret philosopher stone i deemed impossible long time three years i mistrustful pretensions sieur delisle person period i afforded countenance i even aided person highly recommended influential family province prosecute delisle offence alleged he committed person anger told he several times bearer gold silver goldsmiths nice aix avignon transmuted delisle lead iron i began waver little opinions respecting i afterwards met delisle house friends please family asked delisle operate he immediately consented i offered iron nails he changed silver six seven credible witnesses i took nails transmuted sent almoner irabert jeweller aix subjected necessary trial returned saying they good silver still however i quite satisfied de pontchartrain hinted two years previously i thing agreeable majesty i examined business delisle i resolved now i therefore summoned alchymist come castellane he came i escorted eight ten vigilant men i given notice watch hands strictly us he changed two pieces lead gold silver i sent de pontchartrain he afterwards informed letter now lying he shown experienced goldsmiths paris unanimously pronounced gold silver purest quality without alloy former bad opinion delisle now indeed shaken much he performed transmutation five six times senes made perform without putting hand anything you seen sir letter nephew pere berard oratoire paris experiment he performed castellane truth i hereby attest another nephew mine sieur bourget three weeks ago performed experiment presence detail circumstances you personally paris hundred persons diocese witnesses things i confess you sir testimony many spectators many goldsmiths repeatedly successful experiments i saw performed prejudices vanished reason convinced eyes phantoms impossibility i conjured dissipated work hands now remains speak you subject person conduct three suspicions excited first he implicated criminal proceeding cisteron he falsified coin realm second king sent two without effect third he still delays going court operate king you may see sir i hide avoid anything regards business cisteron sieur delisle repeatedly assured nothing reasonably draw within pale justice he never carried calling injurious king service true six seven years ago he cisteron gather herbs necessary powder he lodged house pelouse he thought honest man pelouse accused clipping louis he lodged he suspected accomplice mere suspicion without proof whatever caused condemned contumacy common case enough judges always proceed much rigour absent sojourn aix well known man named andre aluys spread reports injurious character delisle he hoped thereby avoid paying sum forty louis he owed permit sir go add even suspicions delisle we look little indulgence faults man possesses secret useful state regards two sent king i think i answer certainly fault he paid little attention year strictly speaking consists four summer months means he prevented making proper use he loses whole year first became useless irruption duke savoy second hardly obtained end june delisle insulted party armed men pretending act authority count de grignan he wrote several letters complaint without receiving answer promise safety attended i now told you sir removes third objection reason present time he go paris king fulfilment promises made two years ago two even three summers lost owing continual inquietude he laboured he consequence unable work collected sufficient quantity oil powder brought he got necessary degree perfection reason he give sieur de bourget portion he promised inspection day he changed lead gold grains powder they assuredly he he told fact long he knew nephew coming even he preserved small quantity operate king i sure second thoughts he never adventured little slightest obstacles metals hard soft discovered operating caused looked impostor case first powder proved ineffectual he possessed renew experiment surmount difficulty permit sir conclusion repeat artist driven last extremity forced seek asylum offered countries he despised much inclinations advice i given you risk nothing giving little time hurrying you may lose great deal genuineness gold longer doubted testimony many jewellers aix lyons paris favour fault previous sent service necessary send another success i answerable you confide matter trust zeal service majesty i pray you communicate letter i may spared just reproaches he might day heap he remained ignorant facts i now written you assure you please you send i oblige sieur delisle depose precious pledges fidelity shall enable responsible king sentiments i submit superior knowledge honour remain much respect john bishop senes desmarets minister state finances paris delisle ordinary impostor man consummate cunning address evident letter bishop fairly taken clever legerdemain first distrust conquered appeared anxious deceive even delisle wished faith abundant he made case protege suffer breath suspicion directed louis minister appear dazzled brilliant hopes he excited third pass immediately sent alchymist command king he forthwith present versailles make public trial oil powder suit plans delisle provinces he regarded man small importance servile flattery awaited wherever he went grateful mind he willingly relinquish run certain detection court monarch pretext another he delayed journey notwithstanding earnest solicitations good friend bishop latter given word minister pledged honour he induce delisle go he began alarmed he found he subdue obstinacy individual two years he continued remonstrate always met excuse sufficient powder long enough exposed rays sun last patience exhausted fearful he might suffer royal estimation longer delay he wrote king lettre de cachet virtue alchymist seized castle la palu month june carried imprisoned bastille gendarmes aware prisoner supposed lucky possessor philosopher stone road they conspired rob murder pretended touched pity misfortunes philosopher offered give opportunity escape whenever he divert attention companions delisle profuse thanks little dreaming snare laid treacherous friend gave notice success stratagem far agreed delisle allowed struggle overthrow rest distance they pursue shoot heart robbing corpse philosopher stone convey paris cart tell desmarets prisoner attempted escape succeeded they fired shot body convenient place scheme executed given signal friendly gendarme delisle fled another gendarme took aim shot thigh peasants arriving instant they prevented killing they intended he transported paris maimed bleeding he thrown dungeon bastille obstinately tore away bandages surgeons applied wound he never afterwards rose bed bishop senes visited prison promised liberty he transmute certain quantity lead gold king unhappy man longer means carrying deception he gold crucible hollow wand conceal even he he however confess he impostor merely he know make powder projection received quantity italian philosopher used various transmutations provence he lingered seven eight months bastille died effects wound year age albert aluys pretender philosopher stone son former husband woman aluys delisle became acquainted commencement career cabaret road side he afterwards married delisle performed part father towards thought he show stronger proof regard giving necessary instructions carry deception raised pitch greatness young aluys apt scholar soon mastered jargon alchymists he discoursed learnedly projections cimentations sublimations elixir life universal alkahest death delisle gave secret great adept communicated mother aided fraud hope they might fasten true alchymical fashion rich dupe entertain magnificently operation progress fate delisle inducement stop france provencals true entertained high opinion ever skill well inclined believe tales young adept mantle fallen dungeons bastille yawning prey aluys mother decamped convenient expedition they travelled continent several years sponging credulous rich men now performing successful transmutations aid crucibles like year aluys without mother appears died interval vienna he introduced duke de richelieu time ambassador court france he completely deceived nobleman he turned lead gold apparently several occasions even made ambassador turn iron nail silver duke afterwards boasted lenglet du fresnoy achievements alchymist regretted he able discover secret precious powder he performed aluys soon found although he might make dupe duke de richelieu he get money contrary duke expected pokers fire shovels made silver pewter utensils gold thought honour acquaintance reward sufficient roturier want wealth since he possessed invaluable secret aluys seeing much expected bade adieu excellency proceeded bohemia accompanied pupil young girl fallen love vienna noblemen bohemia received kindly entertained houses months time usual practice pretend he possessed grains powder he operate house he intended fix quarters season he make proprietor present piece gold transmuted promise millions he provided leisure gather lunaria major minor mountain tops board lodging loose cash wife pupil interval he exhausted manner patience dozen people thinking less danger france young king louis xv old morose predecessor he returned provence arrival aix he presented le bret president province gentleman much attached pursuits alchymy great hopes able find philosopher stone le bret contrary expectation received coolly consequence rumours spread abroad respecting told call morrow aluys like tone voice expression eye learned president functionary looked suspecting right he left aix secretly evening proceeded marseilles police watch he hours he arrested charge coining thrown prison proofs convincing leave much hope acquittal he planned escape durance happened gaoler pretty daughter aluys soon discovered she he endeavoured gain favour succeeded damsel unaware he married man conceived encouraged passion generously provided means escape he nearly year prison he succeeded getting free leaving poor girl behind learn he already married lament solitude she given heart ungrateful vagabond he left marseilles he shoe foot decent garment back provided money clothes wife neighbouring town they found way brussels dint excessive impudence brought notice he took house fitted splendid laboratory gave he knew secret transmutation vain percel lenglet du fresnoy resided city expose pretensions hold contempt ignorant impostor world believed they took alchymist word besieged doors see wonder clever legerdemain he turned iron nails gold silver rich greffier paid large sum money he might instructed art aluys gave several lessons common principles chemistry greffier studied hard twelvemonth discovered master quack he demanded money back aluys inclined give affair brought civil tribunal province mean time however greffier died suddenly poisoned according popular rumour debtor avoid repayment great outcry arose city aluys may innocent crime nevertheless afraid remain brave he withdrew secretly night retired paris trace lost he never heard lenglet du fresnoy conjectures he ended days obscure dungeon he cast coining malpractices count de germain adventurer higher grade last played distinguished part court louis xv he pretended discovered elixir life means he make live centuries allowed believed age upwards two thousand years he entertained many opinions rosicrucians boasted intercourse sylphs salamanders power drawing diamonds earth pearls sea force incantations he lay claim merit discovered philosopher stone devoted much time operations alchymy generally believed thing philosopher stone ever existed called existence he man succeed finding never yet discovered real name country he born believed jewish cast handsome countenance he wandering jew others asserted he issue arabian princess father salamander others reasonable affirmed son portuguese jew established bourdeaux he first carried imposture germany he made considerable sums selling elixir arrest progress old age marechal de purchased dose captivated wit learning good manners charlatan convinced justice preposterous pretensions he induced fix residence paris marshal patronage he first appeared gay circles capital every delighted mysterious stranger period life appears seventy years age look easy assurance imposed people reading extensive memory extraordinarily tenacious slightest circumstances pretension lived many centuries naturally exposed puzzling questions appearance life conversation great men former days he never loss answer many questioned purpose scoffing refrained perplexity quite bewildered presence mind ready replies astonishing accuracy every point mentioned history increase mystery he surrounded he permitted person know he lived he dressed style greatest magnificence sported valuable diamonds hat fingers sometimes made costly presents ladies court suspected many he spy pay english ministry never tittle evidence support charge king looked marked favour often closeted hours together suffer anybody speak disparagingly voltaire constantly turned ridicule letters king prussia mentions un comte pour fire states he pretended dined holy fathers council trent memoirs madame du hausset madame du pompadour amusing anecdotes personage soon arrival paris he entree favour granted powerful lords court royal lover madame fond conversing presence he thought fit lower pretensions considerably he often allowed believe he lived two three hundred years least day says madame du hausset madame presence personal appearance francis i he king i liked indeed captivating replied germain he proceeded describe face person man he accurately observed pity he ardent i given good advice saved misfortunes he followed seems fatality attended princes forcing shut ears wisest counsel court brilliant inquired madame du pompadour replied count grandsons surpassed time mary stuart margaret valois land enchantment temple sacred pleasures every kind madame laughing seem seen i excellent memory he read history france great care i sometimes amuse making letting believed i lived old times you tell us age madame du pompadour another occasion yet you pretend you old countess de gergy i believe ambassadress vienna fifty years ago says she saw you exactly you now appear true madam replied germain i knew madame de gergy many years ago according account you must hundred years old impossible he laughing much possible good lady dotage gave elixir surprising effects produced she says length time she appeared age she took you give king madam he exclaimed physicians broken wheel i think drugging majesty world begins believe extraordinary things individual telling extravagance stop people they taken start vie shall believe period paris resounded wonderful adventures count de germain company waggish young men tried following experiment credulity clever mimic account amusement he afforded admitted good society taken dressed count de germain several houses rue du marais he imitated count peculiarities admirably found auditors believe absurdity he chose utter fiction monstrous credulity he spoke saviour world terms greatest familiarity he supped marriage canaan galilee water miraculously turned wine fact he he intimate friend often warned less romantic imprudent he finish career miserably infamous blasphemy strange say found believers ere three days elapsed currently reported germain born soon deluge he never die germain much man world assert anything monstrous he took pains contradict story conversations persons rank education he advanced claims modestly mere inadvertency seldom pretended longevity beyond three hundred years except he found he company persons believe anything he often spoke henry viii he known intimately emperor charles monarch delighted society he describe conversations took place apparent truthfulness exceedingly minute particular dress appearance individuals even weather time furniture room three persons four generally inclined credit he constant applications rich old women elixir make young appear gained large sums manner he pleased call friends he mode living plan diet far superior elixir anybody might attain patriarchal age refraining drinking meals sparingly time baron de gleichen followed system took great quantities senna leaves expecting live two hundred years he died however duchess de choiseul desirous following system duke husband much wrath forbade follow system prescribed man equivocal reputation de germain madame du hausset says she saw germain conversed several times he appeared fifty years age middle size fine expressive features dress always simple displayed much taste he usually wore diamond rings great value watch ornamented profusion precious stones day madame du pompadour apartments principal courtiers assembled germain made appearance diamond knee shoe buckles fine water madame she think king equal he entreated pass antechamber undo he brought madame closer inspection de gontant present value less two hundred thousand livres upwards eight thousand pounds sterling baron de gleichen memoirs relates count day showed many diamonds he thought he saw treasures aladdin lamp adds he great experience precious stones convinced possessed count genuine another occasion germain showed madame du pompadour small box containing topazes emeralds diamonds worth half million livres he affected despise wealth make world easily believe he like rosicrucians draw precious stones earth magic song he gave away great number jewels ladies court madame du pompadour charmed generosity she gave token regard lid beautifully painted portrait socrates greek sage she compared he lavish mistresses maids madame du hausset says count came see madame du pompadour ill lay sofa he showed diamonds enough furnish king treasury madame sent see beautiful things i looked air utmost astonishment i made signs i thought false count felt something twice large length drew two three little paper packets he unfolded exhibited superb ruby he threw table contumptuous air little cross green white stones i looked despised i put admired greatly count begged accept i refused he urged take length he pressed warmly madame seeing worth thousand livres made sign accept i took cross much pleased count politeness adventurer obtained wealth remains secret he made sale elixir vitae germany though doubt portion derived source voltaire positively says he pay foreign governments letter king prussia dated april says he initiated secrets choiseul kaunitz pitt use he ministers choiseul especially mystery mysteries appears doubt he possessed secret removing spots diamonds probability he gained considerable sums buying inferior prices flaws afterwards disposing profit cent per cent madame du hausset relates following anecdote particular king says she ordered diamond flaw brought weighed majesty count value diamond flaw six thousand livres without flaw worth least ten thousand you undertake make gainer four thousand livres germain examined attentively possible may done i bring you month time appointed count brought back diamond without spot gave king wrapped cloth amianthos he took king weighed immediately found little diminished majesty sent jeweller de gonrant without telling anything passed jeweller gave nine thousand six hundred livres king however sent diamond back he keep curiosity he overcome surprise de germain must worth millions especially he possessed secret making large diamonds small ones count neither he positively asserted he knew make pearls grow give finest water king paid great attention madame du pompadour du quesnoy germain quack king reprimanded fact majesty appears infatuated sometimes talks descent illustrious germain amusing vagabond servant he often appeal corroboration relating wonderful event happened centuries fellow without ability generally corroborated satisfactory manner occasion master telling party ladies gentlemen dinner conversation he palestine king richard england he described particular friend signs astonishment incredulity visible faces company germain coolly turned servant stood behind chair asked he spoken truth i really say replied man without moving muscle you forget sir i five hundred years service ah true master i remember now little time occasionally men he easily dupe he gave utterance contempt he scarcely avoid regarding gaping credulity fools parisians he baron de gleichen believe five hundred years old since they i confirm idea i really much older i appear many stories related strange impostor enough quoted show character pretensions appears he endeavoured find philosopher stone never boasted possessing prince hesse cassel he known years germany wrote urgent letters entreating quit paris reside germain last consented nothing known career gossipping court hesse cassel chronicle sayings doings he died sleswig roof friend prince year cagliostro famous charlatan friend successor germain ran career still extraordinary he age last great pretenders philosopher stone water life brief season prosperity conspicuous characters europe real name joseph balsamo he born palermo year humble parentage he misfortune lose father infancy education left consequence relatives mother latter poor afford instruction beyond mere reading writing he sent fifteenth year monastery taught elements chemistry physic temper impetuous indolence invincible vicious habits deeply rooted he made progress remaining years he left character uninformed dissipated young man good natural talents bad disposition he became age he abandoned life riot debauchery entered fact celebrated fraternity known france italy knights industry england swell mob he far idle unwilling member corps first way he distinguished forging orders admission theatres he afterwards robbed uncle counterfeited acts like he paid frequent compulsory visits prisons palermo somehow he acquired character sorcerer man failed discovering secrets alchymy sold soul devil gold he able make means transmutation he took pains disabuse popular mind particular rather encouraged belief otherwise he last made use cheat silversmith named marano sixty ounces gold consequence obliged leave palermo he persuaded man he show treasure hidden cave service he receive sixty ounces gold silversmith treasure mere trouble digging they went together midnight excavation vicinity palermo balsamo drew magic circle invoked devil show treasures suddenly appeared half dozen fellows accomplices swindler dressed represent devils horns heads claws fingers vomiting apparently red blue flame they armed pitchforks they belaboured poor marano till he almost dead robbed sixty ounces gold valuables he carried person they made accompanied balsamo leaving unlucky silversmith recover die leisure nature chose former course soon daylight he restored senses smarting body blows spirit deception he victim first impulse denounce balsamo magistrates town reflection he afraid ridicule full exposure circumstances draw he therefore took truly italian resolution revenged balsamo murdering first convenient opportunity given utterance threat hearing friend balsamo reported latter immediately packed valuables quitted europe he chose medina arabia future became acquainted greek named altotas man exceedingly well versed languages east indefatigable student alchymy he possessed invaluable collection arabian manuscripts favourite science studied unremitting industry he found he sufficient time attend crucibles furnaces without neglecting books he looking assistant balsamo opportunely presented made favourable impression he engaged capacity relation master servant long subsist balsamo ambitious clever play secondary part within fifteen days first acquaintance they bound together friends partners altotas course long life devoted alchymy stumbled valuable discoveries chemistry ingredient improving manufacture flax imparting goods material gloss softness almost equal silk balsamo gave good advice leave philosopher stone present undiscovered make gold flax advice taken they proceeded together alexandria trade large stock article they stayed forty days alexandria gained considerable sum venture they afterwards visited cities egypt equally successful they visited turkey they sold drugs amulets return europe they driven stress weather malta hospitably received pinto grand master knights famous alchymist they worked laboratory months tried hard change silver balsamo less faith companions sooner wearied obtaining host many letters introduction rome naples he left altotas find philosopher stone transmute without he long since dropped name balsamo account many ugly associations clung travels assumed least half score others titles annexed he called sometimes chevalier de fischio marquis de melissa baron de belmonte de pelligrini de fenix de harat commonly count de cagliostro latter title he entered rome never afterwards changed city he gave restorer rosicrucian philosophy he transmute metals gold he render invisible cure diseases administer elixir old age decay letters grand master pinto procured introduction best families he made money rapidly sale elixir vitae like quacks performed many remarkable cures inspiring patients complete faith reliance powers advantage impudent charlatans often possess regular practitioner fair way making fortune he became acquainted beautiful lorenza feliciana young lady noble birth without fortune cagliostro soon discovered she possessed accomplishments invaluable besides ravishing beauty she readiest wit engaging manners fertile imagination least principle maidens rome she just wife cagliostro proposed accepted marriage he instructed fair lorenza secrets calling taught pretty lips invoke angels genii sylphs salamanders undines need required devils evil spirits lorenza apt scholar she soon learned jargon alchymists spells enchanters accomplished hopeful pair set travels levy contributions superstitious credulous they first went sleswig visit count de germain great predecessor art making dupes received magnificent manner they doubt fortified minds career they chosen sage discourse worshipful gentleman immediately they left they began operations they travelled three four years russia poland germany transmuting metals telling fortunes raising spirits selling elixir vitae wherever they went record doings whence draw particular detail they made appearance england names count countess di cagliostro began acquire european reputation they arrived london july year possessed property plate jewels specie amount three thousand pounds they hired apartments lived months quietly house lodged portuguese woman named blavary necessitous circumstances engaged count interpreter she constantly admitted laboratory he spent much time search philosopher stone she spread abroad fame entertainer return hospitality laboured hard impress everybody full belief extraordinary powers she felt female interpreter rank appearance madame blavary exactly correspond count notions either dignity decorum he hired person named vitellini teacher languages act capacity vitellini desperate gambler man tried almost every resource repair ruined fortunes including among rest search philosopher stone immediately he saw count operations he convinced great secret golden gates palace fortune open let still enthusiasm madame blavary he held forth acquaintance public places count extraordinary man true adept whose fortune immense transmute pure solid gold much lead iron copper he pleased consequence house cagliostro besieged crowds idle credulous avaricious eager obtain sight philosopher share boundless wealth he call existence unfortunately cagliostro he fallen evil hands instead duping people england he might done he became victim gang swindlers fullest reliance occult powers sought make money vitellini introduced ruined gambler like named scot he represented scottish nobleman attracted london solely desire see converse extraordinary man whose fame spread distant mountains north cagliostro received great kindness cordiality lord scot thereupon introduced woman named fry lady scot act chaperone countess di cagliostro make acquainted noble families britain things went swimmingly lordship whose effects arrived scotland banker london borrowed two hundred pounds count they lent without scruple flattered cagliostro attentions they paid respect nay veneration they pretended feel complete deference they listened every word fell lips superstitious like desperate gamesters scot often tried magical cabalistic numbers hope discovering lucky numbers lottery roulette tables he possession cabalistic manuscript containing various arithmetical combinations kind he submitted cagliostro urgent request he select number cagliostro took manuscript studied he informs us confidence truth he however predicted twenty successful number november following scot ventured small sum number two hundred pounds he borrowed won cagliostro incited success prognosticated number next drawing scot tried won hundred guineas numbers announced equal success month small astonishment delight cagliostro thereupon resolved try fortune others entreaties scot lady he predict numbers he turned deaf ear even he still thought lord man honour he discovered he mere swindler pretended lady scot artful woman town he closed door gang complete faith supernatural powers count they deepest distress lost countenance they tried every means ingenuity suggest propitiate they implored they threatened endeavoured bribe vain cagliostro neither see correspond mean time they lived extravagantly hope future exhausted present gains they reduced last extremity miss fry obtained access countess received guinea representation she starving miss fry contented begged intercede husband last time he point lucky number lottery countess promised exert influence cagliostro entreated named number eight time reiterating determination extraordinary hazard filled cagliostro surprise pleasure number eight greatest prize lottery miss fry associates cleared fifteen hundred guineas adventure became ever convinced occult powers cagliostro strengthened determination never quit they made fortunes proceeds miss fry bought handsome necklace pawnbrokers ninety guineas she ordered richly chased gold box two compartments made jeweller putting necklace filled fine aromatic snuff she sought another interview madame di cagliostro urged accept box small token esteem gratitude without mentioning valuable necklace concealed madame di cagliostro accepted present hour exposed incessant persecution confederates blavary vitellini pretended lord lady scot they flattered they regained lost footing house came day day know lucky numbers lottery sometimes forcing stairs count laboratory spite efforts servants prevent cagliostro exasperated pertinacity threatened call assistance magistrates taking miss fry shoulders pushed street time may dated misfortunes cagliostro miss fry instigation paramour determined vengeance first act swear debt two hundred pounds cagliostro cause arrested sum he custody sponging house scot accompanied low attorney broke laboratory carried small box containing they believed powder transmutation number cabalistic manuscripts treatises alchymy they brought action recovery necklace miss fry accused countess sorcery witchcraft foretelling numbers lottery aid devil latter charge actually heard justice miller action trover necklace tried lord chief justice common pleas recommended parties submit arbitration mean time cagliostro remained prison several weeks till procured bail he liberated he soon waited attorney named reynolds deep plot offered compromise actions certain conditions scot accompanied concealed behind door suddenly rushing presented pistol heart cagliostro swearing he shoot instantly he tell truly art predicting lucky numbers transmuting metals reynolds pretending angry disarmed accomplice entreated count satisfy fair means disclose secrets promising he they discharge actions offer molestation cagliostro replied threats entreaties alike useless he knew secrets powder transmutation they robbed value anybody he offered however they discharge actions return powder manuscripts he forgive money they swindled conditions refused scot reynolds departed swearing vengeance cagliostro appears quite ignorant forms law england without friend advise best course he pursue he conversing countess difficulties beset bail called invited ride hackney coach house person see righted cagliostro consented driven king bench prison friend left he discover several hours he prisoner fact understand process surrendered bail he regained liberty weeks arbitrators miss fry made award he ordered pay two hundred pounds she sworn restore necklace gold box presented countess cagliostro disgusted he determined quit england pretensions besides unmercifully exposed frenchman named morande editor courier de published london add distress he recognised westminster hall joseph balsamo swindler palermo complication disgrace borne he countess packed small effects left england fifty pounds three thousand they brought they first proceeded brussels fortune auspicious they sold considerable quantities elixir life performed many cures recruited finances they took course germany russia always success gold flowed coffers faster they count they quite forgot woes they endured england learned circumspect choice acquaintance year they made appearance strasbourg fame reached city they took magnificent hotel invited principal persons place table wealth appeared boundless hospitality equal count countess acted physicians gave money advice medicine necessitous suffering town many cures they performed astonished regular practitioners make sufficient allowance wonderful influence imagination certain cases countess time radiant grace beauty cheerfulness spoke openly eldest son fine young man years captain dutch service trick succeeded admiration ugly old women strasbourg miles around thronged saloon countess purchase liquid make blooming daughters young women came equal abundance they might preserve charms twice old ninon de captivating she men wanting fools enough imagine they might keep inevitable stroke grim foe drops incomparable elixir countess sooth say looked like incarnation immortal loveliness goddess youth beauty possible crowds young men old convenient seasons haunted perfumed chambers enchantress attracted less belief occult powers admiration languishing bright eyes sparkling conversation amid incense offered shrine madame di cagliostro ever faithful spouse she encouraged hopes true she never realised she excited admiration yet kept within bounds made men slaves without ever granting favour vainest might boast city they made acquaintance many eminent persons among others cardinal prince de rohan destined afterwards exercise untoward influence fate cardinal seems great faith philosopher persuaded visit paris company he remained thirteen days he preferred society strasbourg returned thither intention fixing residence far capital he soon found first excitement arrival passed away people began reason ashamed admiration populace among he lavished charity bountiful hand accused antichrist wandering jew man fourteen hundred years age demon human shape sent lure ignorant destruction opulent better informed called spy pay foreign governments agent police swindler man evil life outcry grew last strong he deemed prudent try fortune elsewhere he went first naples city near palermo he dreaded recognition early friends short stay returned france he chose bordeaux next created great sensation he done strasbourg he announced founder new school medicine philosophy boasted ability cure diseases invited poor suffering visit he relieve distress class cure ailings day long street opposite magnificent hotel crowded populace halt blind women sick babes arms persons suffering every species human infirmity flocked wonderful doctor relief he afforded money counterbalanced failure nostrums affluence people surrounding country became great jurats city granted military guard stationed day night door keep order anticipations cagliostro realised rich struck admiration charity benevolence impressed full conviction marvellous powers sale elixir went admirably saloons thronged wealthy dupes came purchase immortality beauty endure centuries attraction fair sex health strength period baits held charming countess meantime brought grist mill telling fortunes casting nativities granting attendant sylphs ladies pay sufficiently services still better tending keep credit husband she gave magnificent parties bordeaux strasbourg popular delusion lasted months burned cagliostro forgot intoxication success limit quackery passed inspired distrust he pretended call spirits tomb people became incredulous he accused enemy religion denying christ wandering jew he despised rumours long they confined they spread town he received fees parties abandoned acquaintance turned away they met street he thought high time shift quarters he time wearied provinces turned thoughts capital arrival he announced restorer egyptian freemasonry founder new philosophy he immediately made way best society means friend cardinal de rohan success magician quite extraordinary considerable persons time visited he boasted able like rosicrucians converse elementary spirits invoke mighty dead grave transmute metals discover occult things means special protection god towards like dee he summoned angels reveal future they appeared conversed crystals glass bells see abbe fiard anecdotes reign louis xvi hardly says biographie des contemporains fine lady paris sup shade lucretius apartments cagliostro military officer discuss art war cesar hannibal alexander advocate counsellor argue legal points ghost cicero interviews departed expensive cagliostro dead rise nothing countess usual exercised ingenuity support husband credit she great favourite sex many delighted wondering auditory she detailed marvellous powers cagliostro she he render invisible traverse world rapidity thought several places time biographie des contemporains article cagliostro see histoire de la magie en france par jules garinet he long paris he became involved celebrated affair queen necklace friend cardinal de rohan enamoured charms marie antoinette sore distress coldness displeasure she often manifested time lady named la motte service queen cardinal foolish enough make confidant madame de la motte return endeavoured make tool cardinal succeeded well projects capacity lady honour queen she present interview majesty boehmer wealthy jeweller paris latter offered sale magnificent diamond necklace valued francs pounds sterling queen admired greatly dismissed jeweller expression regret she poor purchase madame de la motte formed plan get costly ornament possession determined make cardinal de rohan instrument effect she therefore sought interview pretending sympathise grief queen displeasure told she knew way he might restored favour she mentioned necklace sorrow queen she afford buy cardinal wealthy he foolish immediately offered purchase necklace make present queen madame de la motte told means he thereby offend majesty plan induce jeweller give majesty credit accept promissory note amount certain date hereafter agreed cardinal readily agreed proposal instructed jeweller draw agreement he procure queen signature he placed hands madame de la motte returned shortly afterwards words bon bon approuve marie antoinette written margin she told time queen highly pleased conduct matter appoint meeting gardens versailles she present flower token regard cardinal showed forged document jeweller obtained necklace delivered hands madame de la motte far well next object satisfy cardinal awaited impatiently promised interview royal mistress time paris young woman named noted resemblance queen madame de la motte promise handsome reward found difficulty persuading personate marie antoinette meet cardinal de rohan evening twilight gardens versailles meeting took place accordingly cardinal deceived uncertain light great resemblance counterfeit hopes received flower mademoiselle went home lighter heart beat bosom many day enemies unfortunate queen france progress revolution embittered animosity maintained she really party transaction she mademoiselle met cardinal rewarded flower story related merely concocted la motte others cheat jeweller francs course time forgery queen signature discovered boehmer jeweller immediately named cardinal de rohan madame de la motte persons he negotiated they arrested thrown bastille la motte subjected rigorous examination disclosures she made implicating cagliostro he seized along wife sent bastille story involving much scandal necessarily excited great curiosity nothing heard paris queen necklace surmises guilt innocence several parties implicated husband madame de la motte escaped england opinion many took necklace disposed different jewellers small quantities time madame de la motte insisted she entrusted cagliostro seized taken pieces swell treasures immense unequalled fortune she spoke empiric mean alchymist dreamer philosopher stone false prophet profaner true worship count cagliostro she he originally conceived project ruining cardinal de rohan he persuaded exercise magic influence mind aid abet scheme he robber swindler sorcerer accused parties remained upwards six months bastille trial commenced depositions witnesses heard cagliostro principal culprit first called defence he listened breathless attention he put theatrical attitude began i oppressed i accused i calumniated i deserved fate i descend conscience i find peace men refuse i travelled great deal i known europe great part asia africa i everywhere shown friend knowledge time fortune ever employed relief distress i studied practised medicine i never degraded noble consoling arts mercenary speculations kind though always giving never receiving i preserved independence i even carried delicacy far refuse favours kings i given gratuitously remedies advice rich poor received remedies money i never contracted debts manners pure uncorrupted much kind he went complain great hardships he endured separated many months innocent loving wife he given understand detained bastille perhaps chained unwholesome dungeon he denied unequivocally he necklace he ever seen silence rumours accusations secrecy regard events life perhaps originated he expressed ready satisfy curiosity public give plain full account career he told romantic incredible tale imposed he he neither knew place birth name parents he spent infancy medina arabia brought name acharat he lived palace great muphti city always three servants wait besides preceptor named althotas althotas fond told father mother christians nobles died he three months old left care muphti he never he ascertain names whenever he asked althotas question he told dangerous know incautious expressions dropped preceptor gave reason think they malta age twelve he began travels learned various languages east he remained three years mecca cherif governor showed much kindness spoke tenderly affectionately he sometimes thought personage father he quitted good man tears eyes never saw afterwards he convinced he even moment indebted care advantages he enjoyed whenever he arrived city either europe asia he found account opened principal bankers merchants he draw amount thousands hundreds thousands questions ever asked beyond name he mention word acharat wants supplied he firmly believed cherif mecca friend owing secret wealth he occasion resort swindling livelihood worth steal diamond necklace he wealth enough purchase many he pleased magnificent ones ever worn queen france charges brought madame de la motte he short answer give she called empiric he unfamiliar word meant man without physician knowledge medicine took fees cured rich poor took money either he confessed he man he empiric she called mean alchymist whether he alchymist epithet mean applied begged cringed he never done either regarded dreamer philosopher stone whatever opinions subject might he silent never troubled public dreams false prophet he always he prophesied cardinal de rohan madame de la motte prove dangerous woman result verified prediction he denied he profaner true worship he ever striven bring religion contempt contrary he respected every man religion never meddled he denied he rosicrucian he ever pretended three hundred years age man service hundred fifty years conclusion he every statement madame de la motte made regarding false she mentiris impudentissime two words he begged counsel translate polite tell french substance extraordinary answer charges answer convinced doubtful he impudent impostors ever run career deception counsel heard behalf cardinal de rohan madame de la motte appearing clearly cardinal dupe vile conspiracy evidence cagliostro they acquitted madame de la motte found guilty sentenced publicly whipped branded hot iron back cagliostro wife discharged custody applying officers bastille papers effects seized lodgings he found many abstracted he thereupon brought action recovery mss small portion powder transmutation affair decided he received orders quit paris within hours fearing he inclosed dungeons bastille he never see daylight he took departure immediately proceeded england arrival london he made acquaintance notorious lord george gordon espoused cause warmly inserted letter public papers animadverting conduct queen france affair necklace asserting she really guilty party letter lord george exposed prosecution instance french ambassador found guilty libel sentenced fine long imprisonment cagliostro countess afterwards travelled italy they arrested papal government condemned death charges he freemason heretic sorcerer unjustifiable sentence afterwards commuted perpetual imprisonment castle angelo wife allowed escape severer punishment immuring nunnery cagliostro long survive loss liberty preyed mind accumulated misfortunes injured health broken spirit he died early fate may better he deserved impossible feel sentence crimes assigned utterly disgraceful government pronounced present state alchymy we now finished list persons distinguished foolish unprofitable pursuit among men ranks characters conditions truthseeking erring philosopher ambitious prince needy noble believed well designing charlatan believed merely made pretension means cheating fellows living credulity classes found foregoing pages seen record lives delusion humiliating human intellect altogether without uses men striving gain much always overreach they arrive inaccessible they may perhaps get half way towards pick scraps wisdom knowledge road useful science chemistry little indebted spurious brother alchymy many valuable discoveries made search impossible might otherwise hidden centuries yet come roger bacon searching philosopher stone discovered gunpowder still extraordinary substance van helmont pursuit discovered properties gas geber made discoveries chemistry equally important paracelsus amidst perpetual visions transmutation metals found mercury remedy odious excruciating diseases afflict humanity day mention made europe new devotees science belief witchcraft scarcely absurd still lingers popular mind none credulous believe elixir make man live centuries turn iron pewter gold alchymy europe may wholly exploded east still flourishes great repute ever recent travellers make constant mention especially china hindostan persia tartary egypt arabia book fortune telling men still grope anticipate cabinet designs fate apply wizards foresee shall shall never hudibras part iii canto accordance plan laid introduction volume we proceed consideration follies men led eager desire pierce thick darkness futurity god wise purposes undrawn impenetrable veil shrouds awful secrets purposes just wise he decreed except instances ignorance shall lot ever happy man he know morrow bring forth unaware great blessing he ages world presumptuously endeavoured trace events unborn centuries anticipate march time he reduced presumption study he divided sciences systems without number employing whole life vain pursuit subject easy deceive world every breast curiosity exists greater less degree conquered long course firm reliance future hidden sight right we acquainted undue opinion importance scale creation bottom unwarrantable notions respect flattering pride man think stars courses watch typify movements aspects joys sorrows await he less proportion universe invisible insects feed myriads summer leaf great globe fondly imagines eternal worlds chiefly created prognosticate fate we pity arrogance worm crawls feet we knew desired know secrets futurity imagined meteors shot athwart sky warn hovering near gobble storms earthquakes revolutions empires fall mighty monarchs happened predict birth progress decay whit less presuming man shown whit less arrogant sciences called astrology augury necromancy geomancy palmistry divination every kind leaving view oracles pagan antiquity religious predictions general confining solely persons modern times made conspicuous foretelling future we shall find sixteenth seventeenth centuries golden age impostors many already mentioned character alchymists union two pretensions surprising expected assumed power preposterous prolonging life man several centuries pretend time foretell events mark preternatural span existence world readily believe they discovered secrets they discovered celebrated astrologers europe three centuries ago alchymists agrippa paracelsus dee rosicrucians laid much stress knowledge days come pretended possession philosopher stone elixir life time ideas wonderful diabolical supernatural rifer ever they devil stars universally believed meddle constantly affairs men consulted proper ceremonies melancholy gloomy temperament betook necromancy sorcery cheerful aspiring devoted astrology latter science encouraged monarchs governments age england time elizabeth william mary judicial astrology high repute period flourished drs dee lamb forman lilly booker gadbury evans scores nameless impostors every considerable town village country made business cast nativities aid recovery stolen goods prognosticate happy unhappy marriages predict whether journeys prosperous note lucky moments commencement enterprise setting cobler shop marching army men use words butler deal destiny dark counsel sage opinion moon sell people far near deep importance repair brass pewter pots stray linen slunk way lilly memoirs life times many notices inferior quacks abounded he pretended look supreme contempt they astrologers they debased noble art taking fees recovery stolen property butler hudibras curious notes we may learn immense numbers fellows lived credulity mankind age witchcraft diablerie even day great reputation enjoyed assume name francis moore time charles commonwealth learned noble conspicuous characters hesitate consult astrologers open manner lilly butler immortalized name sydrophel relates he proposed write work called introduction astrology he satisfy whole kingdom lawfulness art many soldiers he says many independent party abundance worthy men house commons assured friends able take part presbyterians silenced predictions they he afterwards carried plan execution book published went another astrologer named booker headquarters parliamentary army windsor they welcomed feasted garden general fairfax lodged they afterwards introduced general received kindly made allusion predictions he hoped art lawful agreeable god word he understand he doubt however two astrologers feared god therefore he good opinion lilly assured art astrology quite consonant scriptures confidently predicted knowledge stars parliamentary army overthrow enemies oliver protectorate quack informs us he wrote freely enough he became independent soldiery friends he went scotland he saw soldier standing front army book prophecies hand exclaiming several companies they passed lo hear lilly saith you month promised victory fight brave boys read month prediction great fire london lilly he foretold he sent committee house commons appointed inquire causes calamity monarchy monarchy published he inserted hieroglyphical plate representing side persons winding sheets digging graves large city flames great fire sapient member legislature bethought lilly book mentioned house agreed astrologer summoned lilly attended accordingly sir robert brooke told reason summons called declare he knew rare opportunity lilly vaunt abilities he began long speech praise pretended science he execution charles i he extremely desirous know might time forth happen parliament nation general he therefore consulted stars satisfied result judgment he put emblems hieroglyphics without commentary true meaning might concealed vulgar made manifest wise imitating example many wise philosophers done like you foresee year fire member quoth lilly i desirous i made scrutiny parley house found they make nothing astrologer dismissed great civility specimen explanation prophecy given lilly related much complacency sufficient show sort trash he imposed million year says he prophecy printed greek characters exactly deciphering long troubles english nation ended shall come dreadful dead man royal best blood world he shall crown shall set england right way put heresies following explanation oracular absurdity monkery extinguished eighty ninety years lord general name monk dead man royal gamma greek intending latin third letter alphabet charles ii extraction may best blood world france germany astrologers met even encouragement they received england early ages charlemagne successors fulminated wrath common sorcerers louis xi superstitious men entertained great numbers court catherine de medicis superstitious women hardly ever took affair importance without consulting she chiefly favoured countrymen time she governed france land overrun italian conjurors necromancers every kind chief astrologer day beyond doubt celebrated nostradamus physician husband king henry ii he born town remi provence father notary he acquire much fame till he past fiftieth year famous centuries collection verses written obscure almost unintelligible language began excite attention they much spoken henry ii resolved attach skilful man service appointed physician biographical notice prefixed edition vraies centuries published amsterdam we informed he often discoursed royal master secrets futurity received many great presents reward besides usual allowance medical attendance death henry he retired native place charles ix paid visit impressed veneration wondrous knowledge things france whole world hundreds years come he made counsellor state physician besides treating matters royal liberality fine continues biographer i prolix i tell honours conferred great nobles learned men arrived house ends earth see converse he oracle many strangers fact came france purpose consult prophecies nostradamus consist upwards thousand stanzas four lines full obscure oracles they take great latitude time space they almost sure fulfilled somewhere course centuries little ingenuity like evinced lilly explanation general monk dreadful dead man might easily make events fit let us try second century prediction he says great dangers captive escaped little time great fortune changed palace people caught good augury city besieged believer might exclaim escape napoleon elba changed fortune occupation paris allied armies let us try third century prediction he says two royal brothers make fierce war mortal shall strife shall occupy fort reign life shall quarrel lillius redivivus find difficulty prediction use vulgar phrase clear pikestaff astrologer view don miguel don pedro he penned stanza much less obscure oracular rest he day extremely popular france walloon country belgium old consult great confidence assiduity catherine di medicis member illustrious house entertained astrologers beginning fifteenth century man named basil residing florence noted italy skill piercing darkness futurity he foretold cosmo di medicis private citizen he attain high dignity inasmuch ascendant nativity adorned propitious aspects augustus caesar emperor charles hermippus redivivus another astrologer foretold death prince alexander di medicis minute particular he circumstances he suspected chiefly instrumental fulfilling prophecy common resource fellows keep credit he foretold confidently prince die hand familiar friend person slender habit body small face swarthy complexion remarkable taciturnity afterwards happened alexander murdered chamber cousin lorenzo corresponded exactly description jovii elog author hermippus redivivus relating story inclines belief astrologer guiltless participation crime employed friend prince alexander warn danger much remarkable story told astrologer lived romagna fifteenth century whose name antiochus tibertus les anecdotes de florence ou secrete de la maison di medicis time nearly petty sovereigns italy retained men service tibertus studied mathematics great success paris delivered many predictions guesses deficient shrewdness taken household pandolfo di malatesta sovereign rimini reputation great study continually thronged either visitors persons distinction clients came advice short time he acquired considerable fortune notwithstanding advantages he passed life miserably ended scaffold following story afterwards got circulation often triumphantly cited succeeding astrologers irrefragable proof truth science long he died he uttered three remarkable prophecies relating another friend third patron pandolfo di malatesta first delivered relating friend guido di bogni greatest captains time guido exceedingly desirous know fortune importuned tibertus latter consulted stars lines palm satisfy he afterwards told sorrowful face according rules astrology palmistry he falsely suspected best friend lose life consequence guido asked astrologer he foretell fate tibertus consulted stars found decreed eternity he end days scaffold malatesta he heard predictions unlikely present appearance prove true desired astrologer predict fate hide nothing however unfavourable might tibertus complied told patron time flourishing powerful princes italy he suffer great want die last like beggar common hospital bologna happened three cases guido di bogni accused count di bentivoglio treasonable design deliver city rimini papal forces assassinated afterwards order tyrant malatesta he sat he invited apparent friendship astrologer time thrown prison concerned treason friend he attempted escape succeeded letting dungeon window moat he discovered sentinels reported malatesta he gave orders execution following morning malatesta time remembrance prophecy fate gave uneasiness events silently working fulfilment conspiracy formed though guido di bogni innocent deliver rimini pope necessary measures taken city seized count de valentinois confusion malatesta barely time escape palace disguise he pursued place place enemies abandoned former friends finally children he last fell ill languishing disease bologna nobody caring afford shelter he carried hospital he died thing detracts interest remarkable story fact prophecy made event weeks birth louis xiv astrologer germany sent marshal de bassompierre noblemen court taken residence palace ready moment notice draw horoscope future sovereign france queen taken labour he ushered contiguous apartment he might receive notice instant child born result observations three words diu dure feliciter meaning prince live reign long much labour great glory prediction less favourable expected astrologer bread get time courtier medal afterwards struck commemoration event side figured nativity prince representing driving chariot apollo inscription ortus solis gallici rising gallic sun best excuse ever made astrology offered great astronomer keppler unwilling practiser art he many applications friends cast nativities generally gave positive refusal he afraid offending frankness cases he accommodated prevailing delusion sending copy ephemerides professor gerlach he wrote they nothing worthless conjectures he obliged devote he starved ye overwise philosophers he exclaimed tertius interveniens ye censure daughter astronomy beyond deserts know ye she must support mother charms scanty reward astronomer provide bread men entertain hopes reading future heavens necromancy next astrology pretended science resorted wished pry future earliest instance record witch endor spirit samuel nearly nations antiquity believed possibility summoning departed ghosts disclose awful secrets god made clear disembodied many passages allusion subject suggest classical reader art never carried openly country governments looked crime deepest dye astrology encouraged professors courted rewarded necromancers universally condemned stake gallows roger bacon albertus magnus arnold villeneuve many others accused public opinion many centuries meddling unhallowed matters always popular delusion respect accusations kind crime ever disproved toil difficulty met great encouragement nevertheless evident vast numbers pretenders spite danger existed ages countries geomancy art foretelling future means lines circles mathematical figures drawn earth still extensively practised asiatic countries almost unknown europe augury flight entrails birds favourite study among romans like manner exploded europe assiduous professors present day abominable thugs india divination many kinds boasts enduring reputation held empire minds men earliest periods recorded history probability coeval time practised alike jews egyptians chaldeans persians greeks romans equally known modern nations every part world unfamiliar untutored tribes roam wilds africa america divination practised civilized europe present day chiefly cards lines palm hand gipsies alone make profession thousands tens thousands humble families even resort grounds bottom teacups know whether next harvest abundant sow bring forth numerous litter young maidens look place know they married whether man choice dark fair rich poor kind cruel divination cards great favourite among moderns course modern science cards yet boast antiquity much four hundred years divination palm confidently believed half village lasses europe older date seems known egyptians time patriarchs well divination cup we informed genesis practised joseph divination rod practised egyptians comparatively recent times pretended means hidden treasures discovered now appears altogether exploded europe onomancy foretelling man fate letters name various transpositions they capable modern sort divination reckons comparatively believers following list various species divination formerly use given gaule magastromancer quoted hone year book stareomancy divining elements aeromancy divining air pyromancy fire hydromancy water geomancy earth theomancy pretending divine revelation spirit scriptures word god demonomancy aid devils evil spirits idolomancy idols images figures psychomancy soul affections dispositions men antinopomancy entrails human beings theriomancy beasts ornithomancy birds icthyomancy fishes botanomancy herbs lithomancy stones kleromancy lots oneiromancy dreams onomancy names arithmancy numbers logarithmancy logarithms sternomancy marks breast belly gastromancy sound marks belly omphelomancy navel chiromancy hands paedomancy feet onchyomancy nails cephaleonomancy asses heads tuphramancy ashes kapnomancy smoke livanomancy burning incense keromancy melting wax lecanomancy basins water katoxtromancy chartomancy writing papers valentines macharomancy knives swords crystallomancy crystals dactylomancy rings koseinomancy sieves axinomancy saws kaltabomancy vessels brass metal spatalamancy skins bones roadomancy stars sciomancy shadows astragalomancy dice oinomancy lees wine sycomancy figs tyromancy cheese alphitomancy meal flour bran krithomancy corn grain alectromancy cocks gyromancy circles lampadomancy candles lamps art interpreting dreams relic remote ages subsisted changes moral physical revolutions operated world records five thousand years bear abundant testimony universal diffusion belief skilful read future dreams rules art existed ancient times known day simple rule opens whole secret dreams say wiseacres christendom interpreted contraries you dream filth you acquire something valuable you dream dead you hear news living you dream gold silver you run risk without either you dream you many friends you persecuted many enemies rule however hold good cases fortunate dream little pigs unfortunate dream big bullocks you dream you lost tooth you may sure you shortly lose friend you dream house fire you receive news far country you dream vermin sign sickness family you dream serpents you friends course time prove bitterest enemies dreams fortunate you dream you wallowing neck mud mire clear water sign grief great troubles distress perplexity predicted you dream you stand naked public streets know find garment shield you gaze multitude many parts great britain continents europe america found elderly women villages whose interpretations dreams looked much reverence they oracles districts remote towns uncommon find members family regularly every morning narrating dreams becoming happy miserable day according interpretation flower blossoms fruit ripens dreamed ominous either good evil people every tree field forest endowed similar influence fate mortals seen dream ash sign long journey oak prognosticates long life prosperity dream you strip bark tree sign maiden approaching loss character married woman family bereavement man accession fortune dream leafless tree sign great sorrow branchless trunk sign despair suicide auspicious sleeper better still betokens manner comfort prosperity predicts voyage across ocean yew alder ominous sickness young death old quite astonishing see great demand england france trash kind two books england enjoy extraordinary popularity run upwards fifty editions many years london alone besides reprinted manchester edinburgh glasgow dublin mother bridget oracle fate norwood gipsy stated authority curious matters demand works sold sums varying penny sixpence chiefly people country upwards eleven thousand annually period last thirty years average number sold less total number period amount among flowers fruits charged messages future following list important arranged approved sources alphabetical order gathered tied bundles omen tears you see growing dreams sign good fortune aloes without flower betoken long life flower betoken legacy artichokes vegetable sign you receive short time favour hands you least expect agrimony herb denotes sickness house anemone predicts love auriculas beds denote luck pots marriage gather foretells widowhood bilberries predict pleasant excursion increase family cauliflowers predict friends slight you you fall poverty find pity you present country daffodils maiden dreams daffodils warned good angel avoid going wood lover dark retired place she might able make people hear she cried alas she pay attention warning she shall rifled precious flower chastity shall never right wear garland virginity never shall she put garland instead she wear sad cypress now bitter elder broken bough figs green betoken embarrassment dried money poor mirth rich betokens heart pain lilies predict joy danger sea lemons betoken separation pomegranates predict happy wedlock single reconciliation married disagreed quinces prognosticate pleasant company roses denote happy love unmixed sorrow sources sorrel dream herb sign you shortly occasion exert prudence overcome great calamity sunflowers show pride deeply wounded violets predict evil single joy married kind predict jealousy predict loss character sexes observed rules interpretation dreams far universal cheeks peasant girl england glow pleasure morning she dreamed rose paysanne normandy dreads disappointment vexation reason switzer dreams oaktree share englishman joy he imagines vision warning trifling cause overwhelming calamity burst ignorant credulous torment they spread nets catch vexation pass lives hopes value fears positive evil among means men stumbled vain hope discovering future signs omens hold conspicuous place scarcely occurrence nature happening certain time looked persons prognosticator either good evil latter greatest number much ingenious we tormenting discovering reasons enjoyment things surround us we go course make uncomfortable cup life bitter enough palate we distil superfluous poison put conjure hideous things frighten never exist we make we suffer says addison spectator march much trifling accidents real evils i known shooting star spoil night rest seen man love grow pale lose appetite plucking merrythought midnight alarmed family band robbers nay voice cricket struck terror roaring lion nothing inconsiderable may appear dreadful imagination filled omens prognostics rusty nail crooked pin shoot prodigies century quarter passed away since addison wrote seen fall many errors many fallacies delusions crushed foot time since left unscathed frighten weakminded embitter existence belief omens confined humble uninformed general led army credit known feel alarmed candle learned men honourably fairly earned highest honours literature seen gather little ones around fear snatched away stole time dead night heavy sleep closed mortal eyes dog street howling moon persons acknowledge freely belief omens unworthy man sense yet confessed time spite reason they unable conquer fears death they heard harmless insect called ticking wall saw oblong hollow coal fly fire many evil omens besides mentioned alarm vulgar weak sudden shivering comes people they believe instant enemy treading spot day grave they meet sow they first walk abroad morning omen evil day meet ass like manner unlucky unfortunate walk ladder forget eat goose festival michael tread beetle eat twin nuts sometimes found shell woe like manner predicted wight inadvertently upsets salt grain overthrown bring day sorrow thirteen persons sit table die within year unhappy evil omens worst facetious kitchener used observe case he believed really unlucky thirteen persons sit dinner dinner enough twelve unfortunately peace mind great majority people take wise view matter almost every country europe superstition prevails carry far look number thirteen every way ominous evil they find thirteen coins purse cast away odd like polluted thing philosophic beranger exquisite song thirteen table taken poetical view humiliating superstition mingled wont lesson genuine wisdom lay dinner he overthrows salt looking round room discovers he thirteenth guest he mourning unhappy fate conjuring visions disease suffering grave he suddenly startled apparition death shape grim foe skeleton ribs menacing dart angel light shows folly tormenting dread approach she friend rather enemy man frees us fetters bind us dust men bring look death manner living well wisely till inevitable approach vast store grief vexation they spare among good omens conspicuous meet piebald horse meet two animals still fortunate occasion you spit thrice form reasonable wish gratified within three days sign good fortune you inadvertently put stocking wrong side you wilfully wear stocking fashion good come lucky sneeze twice you sneeze third time omen loses power good fortune nipped bud strange dog follow you fawn you wish attach you sign great prosperity just fortunate strange male cat comes house manifests friendly intentions towards family she eat omen contrary great misfortune swarm bees alight garden high honour great joys await you besides glimpses future you may know something fate diligent attention every itching you may feel body eye nose itches sign you shortly vexed foot itches you tread strange ground elbow itches you change bedfellow itching prognosticates you soon sum money left you called disburse omens generally credited modern europe complete list fatigue length sicken absurdity still unprofitable attempt specify various delusions kind believed among oriental nations every reader remember comprehensive formula cursing preserved tristram shandy curse man fashion you remember invent you sure find oriental creed omens less comprehensive every movement body every emotion mind certain times omen every form object nature even shape clouds changes weather every colour every sound whether men animals birds insects inanimate things omen nothing trifling inconsiderable inspire hope worth cherishing fear sufficient embitter existence belief omens springs superstition early ages set apart certain days favourable others prying secrets futurity following copied verbatim popular dream omen book mother bridget show belief people england present day curious ancient history observances find abundant aliment book young maiden drink going bed pint cold beat amulet composed yolk pullet egg legs spider skin eel pounded future destiny revealed dream charm fails effect tried day year valentine let single woman go door early morning first person she meets woman she married year she meet man she married within three months lady following charm may tried day certain success string nuts string composed red worsted mixed blue silk tie round neck going bed repeating i wish oh i wish see true love shortly midnight you see lover dream informed time principal events future life swithin select three things you wish know write new pen red ink sheet paper you must previously cut corners burn fold paper knot wrap round three hairs head place paper pillow three successive nights curiosity know future satisfied mark repair nearest churchyard clock strikes twelve take grave church three tufts grass longer ranker better going bed place pillow repeating earnestly three several times eve mark prediction blest set therefore hopes fears rest let know fate whether weal woe whether rank high low whether live single bride destiny star doth provide you dream night you single miserable life you dream thunder lightning life great difficulty sorrow candlemas night purification virgin mary let three five seven nine young maidens assemble together square chamber hang corner bundle sweet herbs mixed rue rosemary mix cake flour white sugar every maiden equal share making expense afterwards must cut equal pieces marking piece she cuts initials name baked hour fire word spoken whole time maidens sitting arms knees across piece cake wrapped sheet paper maiden shall write love part solomon songs she put pillow she dream true she see future husband every children know besides whether family poor prosperous comfort contrary take three roses smoke sulphur exactly three day bury roses yew tree second grave put third pillow three nights end period burn fire charcoal dreams time prophetic future destiny still curious valuable mother bridget loquitur man you wed know peace till he comes visits you besides you perpetually haunt dreams john make new pincushion best black velvet inferior quality answer purpose side stick name full length smallest pins bought none side make cross large pins surround circle put stocking you take night hang foot bed future life pass you dream first new moon first new moon year take pint clear springwater infuse white egg laid white hen glass white wine three almonds peeled white tablespoonful white drink going bed making less three draughts repeating following verses three several times clear distinct voice loud overheard anybody i dream water pure coming morn sign i shall poor wealth born i dream tasting beer middling good bad sometimes joyful sometimes sad i dream drinking wine wealth pleasure mine stronger drink better destiny appear appear day occurs four years peculiarly auspicious desire glance futurity especially young maidens burning anxiety know appearance complexion future lords charm adopted following stick smallest pins made three three tallow candle light wrong end place candlestick made clay must drawn virgin grave place corner exactly clock strikes twelve go bed immediately candle burnt take pins put nine nights elapsed fate revealed you we now taken hasty review various modes seeking discover future especially practised modern times main features folly appear essentially countries national character peculiarities operate difference interpretation mountaineer makes natural phenomena he frequently witnesses prognosticative future dweller plains similar manner seeks know fate among signs things surround tints superstition hues clime spirit animates desire know infinite mercy concealed little probability curiosity mankind respect ever wholly eradicated death continual bugbears irreligious ignorant exist world divines preach impiety philosophers discourse absurdity vain still evident follies greatly diminished soothsayers prophets lost credit they formerly enjoyed skulk secret now they showed faces blaze day far manifest improvement book magnetisers deemed wondrous wise believed mad beattie minstrel wonderful influence imagination cure diseases well known motion hand glance eye throw weak credulous patient fit pill made bread taken sufficient faith operate cure better drugs pharmacopoeia prince orange siege breda cured soldiers dying scurvy philanthropic piece quackery he played knowledge physicians means failed see van der mye account siege breda garrison afflicted scurvy prince orange sent physicians two three small phials containing decoction camomile wormwood camphor telling pretend medicine greatest value extremest rarity procured much danger difficulty east strong two three drops impart healing virtue gallon water soldiers faith commander they took medicine cheerful faces grew well rapidly they afterwards thronged prince groups twenty thirty time praising skill loading protestations gratitude many hundreds instances similar kind might related especially history witchcraft mummeries strange gesticulations barbarous jargon witches sorcerers frightened credulous nervous women brought symptoms hysteria similar diseases well understood now supposed work devil victims public general operators age alchymy began fall disrepute learning lift voice new delusion based power imagination suddenly arose found apostles among alchymists numbers forsaking old pursuits made magnetisers appeared first shape mineral afterwards animal magnetism latter name survives day numbers dupes thousands mineral magnetisers claim first notice worthy predecessors quacks present day honour claimed paracelsus first rosicrucians disputed claim considered first magnetisers scarcely challenged already mentioned part work treats alchymy like nearly distinguished adepts he physician pretended make gold confer immortality cure diseases he first latter view attributed occult miraculous powers magnet animated apparently sincere conviction magnet philosopher stone transmute metals soothe human suffering arrest progress decay he travelled many years persia arabia search mountain adamant famed oriental fables he practised physician basle he called nostrums name azoth stone crystal he contained magnetic properties cured epilepsy hysteria spasmodic affections he soon found imitators fame spread far near sown first seeds error since taken root flourished widely spite denial modern practitioners must considered origin magnetism we find beginning paracelsus regular succession mineral magnetisers mesmer appeared gave new feature delusion paracelsus boasted able transplant diseases human frame earth means magnet he six ways might effected quite sufficient specimen person suffer disease either local general let following remedy tried take magnet impregnated mummy mummies several kinds great use magnetic medicines paracelsus enumerates six kinds mummies first four differing composition used different people preserving dead egyptian arabian pisasphaltos lybian fifth mummy peculiar power made criminals hanged gentle siccation expungeth watery humour without destroying oil spirituall cherished heavenly luminaries strengthened continually affluence impulses celestial spirits whence may properly called name constellated celestial mummie sixth kind mummy made corpuscles spiritual effluences radiated living body though we get clear ideas head respecting manner they medicina diatastica sympathetical mummie abstracted works paracelsus translated latin fernando parkhurst gent london pp quoted foreign quarterly review vol xii mixed rich earth earth sow seeds congruity homogeneity disease let earth well sifted mixed mummy laid earthen vessel let seeds committed watered daily lotion diseased limb body washed disease transplanted human body seeds earth done transplant seeds earthen vessel ground wait till they begin sprout herbs they increase disease diminish they arrived full growth disappear altogether kircher jesuit whose quarrel alchymists means exposing many impostures firm believer efficacy magnet applied patient afflicted hernia he directed man swallow small magnet reduced powder he applied time external swelling poultice made filings iron he expected means magnet got corresponding place inside draw iron tumour he safely expeditiously reduced new doctrine magnetism spread found wounds inflicted metallic substance cured magnet process time delusion increased deemed sufficient magnetise sword cure hurt sword might inflicted origin celebrated excited much attention middle seventeenth century following recipe given paracelsus cure wounds inflicted sharp weapon except penetrated heart brain arteries take moss growing head thief hanged left air real mummy human blood still warm ounce human suet two ounces linseed oil turpentine armenian bole two drachms mix well mortar keep salve oblong narrow urn salve weapon dipped blood wound carefully anointed laid cool place mean time wound duly washed fair clean water covered clean soft linen rag opened day cleanse purulent matter success treatment says writer able article animal magnetism twelfth volume foreign quarterly review least doubt surgeons moment follow exactly method except anointing weapon weapon salve continued much spoken continent many eager claimants appeared honour invention fludd fluctibus rosicrucian already mentioned previous part volume zealous introducing england he tried great success several cases wonder he kept spirits patients boasting great efficacy salve he never neglected common much important remedies washing bandaging experience ages declared sufficient purpose fludd moreover declared magnet remedy diseases properly applied man like earth north south pole magnetism take place body boreal position midst popularity attack made favourite remedy salve however little nothing diminish belief efficacy parson foster wrote pamphlet entitled hyplocrisma spongus spunge wipe away he declared bad witchcraft use recommend unguent invented devil last day seize every person given slightest encouragement fact parson foster devil gave paracelsus paracelsus emperor emperor courtier courtier baptista porta baptista porta fludd doctor physic yet living practising famous city london now stands tooth nail fludd assailed took pen defence unguent reply called squeezing parson foster spunge wherein immodest carriage behaviour towards brethren detected bitter flames slanderous reports sharp vinegar truth corrected quite extinguished lastly virtuous validity spunge wiping away crushed clean abolished shortly dispute distinguished believer made appearance person sir kenelm digby son sir everard digby executed participation gunpowder plot gentleman respects accomplished scholar able man imbued extravagant notions alchymists he believed philosopher stone wished engage descartes devote energies discovery elixir life means existence man might prolonged indefinite period he gave wife beautiful venetia anastasia stanley dish capons fed vipers according plan supposed laid arnold villeneuve hope she might thereby preserve loveliness century man took idea expected he make hands however changed unguent powder called powder sympathy he pretended he acquired knowledge carmelite friar learned persia armenia oriental philosopher great renown king james prince wales duke buckingham many noble personages believed efficacy following remarkable instance mode cure read sir kenelm society learned men montpellier james howell author dendrologia various letters coming chance two best friends fighting duel rushed endeavoured part he seized sword combatants hilt time he grasped blade transported fury they struggled rid hindrance caused friend whose sword held blade howell drew away roughly nearly cut hand severing nerves muscles penetrating bone almost instant disengaged sword aimed blow head antagonist howell observing raised wounded hand rapidity thought prevent blow sword fell back already wounded hand cut severely seemed sir kenelm digby unlucky star raged they shed blood dear friend whose life they given they proper mind time seeing howell face besmeared blood wounded hand they threw swords embraced bound hand garter close veins cut bled profusely they conveyed home sent surgeon king james much attached howell afterwards sent surgeon attend we must continue narrative words sir kenelm digby chance says he lodged hard four five days i making ready he came house prayed view wounds i understand he you extraordinary remedies occasions surgeons apprehend fear may grow gangrene hand must cut effect countenance discovered he much pain he insupportable regard extreme inflammation i told i willingly serve haply he knew manner i cure without touching seeing might he expose manner curing he think peradventure either ineffectual superstitious he replied many wonderful things people related way medicinement makes nothing doubt efficacy i say you comprehended spanish proverb hagase el milagro hagalo mahoma let miracle done though mahomet i asked anything blood he presently sent garter wherewith hand first bound i called basin water i wash hands i took handful powder vitriol i study presently dissolved soon bloody garter brought i put basin observing interim howell stood talking gentleman corner chamber regarding i he started suddenly he found strange alteration i asked he ailed i know ails i find i feel pain methinks pleasing kind freshness wet cold napkin spread hand taken away inflammation tormented i replied you feel already much good medicament i advise you cast away plasters keep wound clean moderate temper betwixt heat cold presently reported duke buckingham little king curious know circumstances business dinner i took garter water put dry great fire scarce dry howell servant came running saying master felt much burning ever he done heat hand betwixt coals fire i answered although happened present yet he find ease short time i knew reason new accident provide accordingly master free inflammation might he possibly return case he found ease i wished come presently back he might forbear coming thereupon he went instant i put garter water thereupon he found master without pain brief sense pain afterwards within five six days wounds cicatrised entirely healed marvellous story sir kenelm digby practitioners age behind absurdity always necessary use either powder sympathy effect cure sufficient magnetise sword hand first faint dawn animal theory relieve pain weapon caused they pretended they stroked sword upwards fingers wounded person feel immediate relief they stroked downwards he feel intolerable pain reginald scott quoted sir walter scott notes lay last minstrel iii xxiii another strange notion power capabilities magnetism entertained time believed sympathetic alphabet made flesh means persons correspond communicate ideas rapidity volition although thousands miles apart arms two persons piece flesh cut mutually transplanted still warm bleeding piece severed grew new arm placed still retained close sympathy native limb old possessor always sensible injury done transplanted pieces tattooed letters alphabet communication made either persons though wide atlantic rolled prick arm magnetic needle straightway friend received intimation telegraph work whatever letter he pricked arm pained letter arm correspondent foreign quarterly review vol xii knows system received proper encouragement might rendered unnecessary even obviated much necessity railroads let modern magnetisers try bring perfection preposterous many present notions carried effect improvement stenographical expedient diminishing number punctures much useful plan causing persons read great toes wirth theorie des somnambulismes seeing eyes shut people bodies counting number arteries therein report academic royale de medicine case mademoiselle celine sauvage contemporary sir kenelm digby less famous valentine greatraks without mentioning magnetism laying claim theory practised others deception much akin animal magnetism present day mineral magnetism much fashion study he son irish gentleman good education property county cork he fell early age sort melancholy derangement time he impulse strange persuasion mind continued present whether he sleeping waking god given power curing king evil he mentioned persuasion wife candidly told he fool he quite sure notwithstanding high authority came determined make trial power days afterwards he went william maher saltersbridge parish lismore grievously afflicted king evil eyes cheek throat man abundant faith he laid hands stroked prayed fervently he satisfaction see heal considerably course days finally aid remedies quite cured success encouraged belief he divine mission day day he impulses high he called cure ague course time he extended powers curing epilepsy ulcers aches lameness county cork commotion see extraordinary physician certainly operated great benefit cases disease heightened hypochondria depression spirits according account greatraks account letter honourable robert boyle great multitudes resorted divers places he time follow business enjoy company family friends he obliged set aside three days week six morning till six night time he laid hands came still crowds thronged around great neighbouring towns able accommodate he thereupon left house country went youghal resort sick people parts ireland england continued great magistrates afraid they infect place diseases several poor credulous people sooner saw they fell fits he restored waving hand faces praying nay he affirmed touch glove driven pains away occasion cast woman several devils evil spirits tormented day night every devils says greatraks like choke came throat evident woman complaint nothing hysteria clergy diocese lismore seem much clearer notions greatraks pretensions parishioners set faces new prophet worker miracles he cited appear dean court prohibited laying hands future he cared nothing church he imagined he derived powers direct heaven continued throw people fits bring senses usual almost exactly fashion modern magnetisers reputation became last great lord conway sent london he come immediately cure grievous lady suffered several years principal physicians england unable relieve greatraks accepted invitation tried manipulations prayers lady conway he failed however affording relief poor lady excited causes serious allow help even faith lively imagination he lived months lord conway house ragley warwickshire operating cures similar he performed ireland he afterwards removed london took house lincoln inn fields soon became daily resort nervous credulous women metropolis amusing account greatraks time given second volume miscellanies evremond title irish prophet graphic sketch ever made early magnetiser whether pretensions less absurd successors lately made appearance among us hard say de comminges says evremond ambassador christian majesty king great britain came london irish prophet passed great worker miracles persons quality begged de comminges invite house they might witnesses miracles ambassador promised satisfy much curiosity courtesy friends gave notice greatraks he glad see rumour prophet coming soon spread town hotel de comminges crowded sick persons came full confidence speedy cure irishman made wait considerable time came last midst impatience grave simple countenance showed signs cheat monsieur de comminges prepared question strictly hoping discourse matters he read van helmont bodinus he able much regret crowd became great cripples others pressed around impatiently first cured servants obliged use threats even force they establish order among place proper ranks prophet affirmed diseases caused evil spirits every infirmity case diabolical possession first presented man suffering gout rheumatism severely physicians unable cure i seen good deal sort spirits i ireland they watery spirits bring cold shivering excite overflow aqueous humours poor bodies addressing man he spirit quitted dwelling waters come afflict miserable body i command quit new abode return thine ancient habitation sick man ordered withdraw another brought forward place new comer he tormented melancholy vapours fact he looked like hypochondriac persons diseased imagination often become reality spirit irishman i command air exercise natural vocation raising tempests excite wind sad unlucky body man immediately turned away make room third patient irishman opinion tormented little bit sprite withstand command instant he pretended he recognized sprite marks invisible company he turned smile sort spirit often much harm always diverting hear talk imagined he knew spirits names rank numbers employment functions they destined he boasted much better acquainted intrigues demons he affairs men you hardly imagine reputation he gained short time catholics protestants visited every part believing power heaven hands relating rather equivocal adventure husband wife implored greatraks cast devil dissension crept evremond sums effect he produced popular mind great confidence blind fancied they saw light they see deaf imagined they heard lame they walked straight paralytic they recovered use limbs idea health made sick forget maladies imagination less active merely drawn curiosity sick gave false view class desire seeing operated false cure strong desire healed power irishman mind influence mind body nothing spoken london prodigies prodigies supported great authorities bewildered multitude believed almost without examination enlightened people dare reject knowledge public opinion timid enslaved respected imperious apparently error saw delusion kept opinion knowing useless declare disbelief people filled prejudice admiration time valentine greatraks magnetising people london italian enthusiast named francisco bagnone performing tricks italy great success he touch weak women hands sometimes sake working effectively fanaticism relic make fall fits manifest symptoms magnetism besides several learned men different parts europe directed attention study magnet believing might rendered efficacious many diseases van helmont particular published work effects magnetism human frame balthazar gracian spaniard rendered famous boldness views subject magnet latter attracts iron iron found everywhere everything therefore influence magnetism modification general principle establishes harmony foments divisions among men agent gives rise sympathy antipathy passions introduction study animal magnetism baron dupotet de sennevoy baptista porta whimsical genealogy given parson foster attack fluctibus mentioned fathers great faith efficacy magnet operated imagination patients manner considered extraordinary he accused magician prohibited practising court rome among others distinguished faith magnetism sebastian wirdig william maxwell claim especial notice wirdig professor medicine university rostock mecklenburgh wrote treatise called new medicine spirits he presented royal society london edition work printed author maintained magnetic influence took place celestial terrestrial bodies living things whole world he influence magnetism life preserved magnetism death consequence magnetism maxwell enthusiast admiring disciple paracelsus boasted he irradiated obscurity many recipes great philosopher enveloped works printed frankfort seem following passage he aware great influence imagination well production cure diseases you wish work prodigies says he abstract materiality beings increase sum spirituality bodies rouse spirit slumbers unless you things unless you bind idea you never perform anything good great fact lies whole secret magnetism delusions similar kind increase spirituality rouse spirit slumbers words work imagination induce belief blind confidence you may anything passage quoted approbation dupotet recent work introduction study animal magnetism strongly corroborative theory now advanced just reverse they believe they work wonders means dimly shadowed forth maxwell becomes universal fluid pervading nature they pretend pour weak diseased bodies tips fingers early eighteenth century attention europe directed remarkable instance fanaticism claimed animal magnetists proof science convulsionaries medard they called assembled great numbers round tomb favourite saint jansenist priest paris taught another fall convulsions they believed paris cure infirmities number hysterical women persons descriptions flocked tomb far near great daily block avenues leading spot working pitch excitement they went fits still apparent possession faculties voluntarily exposed sufferings ordinary occasions sufficient deprive life scenes occurred scandal civilization religion strange mixture obscenity absurdity superstition praying bended knees shrine paris others shrieking making hideous noises women especially exerted side chapel might seen score convulsions another many excited sort frenzy yielded gross indecencies took insane delight beaten trampled particular according montegre whose account we quote dictionnaire des sciences medicales article convulsionnaires par montegre enraptured ill usage nothing hardest blows satisfy fellow herculean strength beating might heavy bar iron she kept continually urging renewed exertion harder he struck better she liked exclaiming well done brother well done oh pleasant good you courage brother courage strike harder strike harder still another fanatics possible still greater love beating carre de montgeron relates circumstance unable satisfy sixty blows large sledge hammer he afterwards used weapon degree strength sake experiment succeeded battering hole stone wall stroke another woman named sonnet laid brazier without flinching acquired nickname salamander others desirous illustrious martyrdom attempted crucify deleuze critical history animal magnetism attempts prove fanatical frenzy produced magnetism mad enthusiasts magnetised without aware well might he insist fanaticism tempts hindoo bigot keep arms stretched horizontal position till sinews wither fingers closed palms till nails grow backs hands effect magnetism period sixty seventy years magnetism almost wholly confined germany men sense learning devoted attention properties loadstone father hell jesuit professor astronomy university vienna rendered famous magnetic cures year he invented steel plates peculiar form he applied naked body cure several diseases year he communicated system anthony mesmer latter improved ideas father hell constructed new theory became founder animal magnetism fashion among enemies new delusion decry mesmer unprincipled adventurer disciples extolled skies regenerator human race nearly words rosicrucians applied founders he called discoverer secret brings man intimate connexion creator deliverer soul debasing trammels flesh man enables us set time defiance conquer obstructions space careful sifting pretensions examination evidence brought forward sustain soon show opinion correct writer pages considers light man deluding means deluding others may inferred finding place volumes figuring among flamels agrippas borris boehmens cagliostros he born may mersburg swabia studied medicine university vienna he took degrees chose influence planets human body subject inaugural dissertation treated matter quite style old astrological physicians he exposed ridicule afterwards even early period faint ideas great theory germinating mind he maintained dissertation sun moon fixed stars mutually affect orbits they cause direct earth flux reflux sea atmosphere affect similar manner organized bodies medium subtile mobile fluid pervades universe associates things together mutual intercourse harmony influence he particularly exercised nervous system produced two states he called intension remission seemed account different periodical revolutions observable several maladies he met father hell he confirmed person observations truth many ideas caused hell make magnetic plates he determined try experiments satisfaction he tried accordingly astonished success faith wearers operated wonders metallic plates mesmer made due reports father hell he done latter published results happy invention speaking mesmer physician he employed work mesmer took offence treated considering far greater personage father hell he claimed invention accused hell breach confidence stigmatized mean person anxious turn discoveries others account hell replied pretty quarrel result afforded small talk months literati vienna hell ultimately gained victory mesmer nothing daunted continued promulgate views till he stumbled last animal theory patients young lady named oesterline suffered convulsive malady attacks periodical attended rush blood head followed delirium syncope symptoms he soon succeeded reducing system planetary influence imagined he foretell periods accession remission accounted satisfactorily origin disease idea struck he operate certain cure he ascertain beyond doubt he long believed existed bodies compose globe action equally reciprocal similar heavenly bodies means he imitate artificially periodical revolutions flux reflux beforementioned he soon convinced action exist trying metallic plates father hell he thought efficacy depended form he found afterwards he produce effects without using merely passing hands downwards towards feet patient even considerable distance completed theory mesmer he wrote account discovery learned societies europe soliciting investigation academy sciences berlin answered answer anything favourable system flattering still he discouraged he maintained listen magnetic matter fluid pervaded universe every human body contained communicate superabundance another exertion writing friend vienna he i observed magnetic almost thing electric fluid may propagated manner means intermediate bodies steel substance adapted purpose i rendered paper bread wool silk stones leather glass wood men dogs short everything i touched magnetic degree substances produced effects loadstone diseased persons i charged jars magnetic matter way done electricity mesmer long find residence vienna agreeable he wished pretensions looked contempt indifference case mademoiselle oesterline brought less fame notoriety he determined change sphere action travelled swabia switzerland latter country he met celebrated father gassner like valentine greatraks amused casting devils healing sick merely laying hands approach puling girls fell convulsions hypochondriac fancied cured house daily besieged lame blind hysteric mesmer acknowledged efficacy cures declared they obvious result power magnetism father patients forthwith subjected manipulations mesmer symptoms induced he tried hand paupers hospitals berne zurich succeeded according account person curing opththalmia gutta serena memorials achievements he returned vienna hope silencing enemies least forcing respect reputation examine system attentively second appearance capital auspicious first he undertook cure mademoiselle paradis quite blind subject convulsions he magnetised several times declared she cured least she fault eminent oculist day named birth went visit declared she blind ever family she much subject convulsions mesmer persisted she cured like french philosopher he allow facts interfere theory enthusiastic philosopher whose name we informed constructed satisfactory theory subject little proud facts dear fellow friend facts agree theory they replied philosopher shrugging shoulders taut pis pour les faits much worse facts he declared conspiracy mademoiselle paradis instigation family feigned blindness order injure reputation consequences pretended cure taught mesmer vienna sphere paris idle debauched scene philosopher like thither he repaired accordingly he arrived paris began modestly making theory known principal physicians first encouragement slight he found people inclined laugh patronise he man great confidence perseverance difficulties overcome he hired sumptuous apartment he opened comers chose make trial new power nature physician great reputation became convert time animal magnetism called mesmerism became fashion paris women quite enthusiastic admiring tattle wafted fame every grade society mesmer rage high low rich poor credulous unbelieving hastened convince power mighty magician made magnificent promises mesmer knew well man living influence imagination determined score nothing wanting heighten effect magnetic charm paris house charmingly furnished monsieur mesmer glass shed dim religious light spacious saloons almost covered mirrors orange blossoms scented air corridors incense expensive kinds burned antique vases aeolian harps sighed melodious music distant chambers sometimes sweet female voice stole softly mysterious silence kept house insisted visitors ever anything delightful cried wittitterley paris they thronged house search pleasant excitement wonderful believe anything fashion amusing debauchees drained cup sensuality dregs longed see lovely women convulsions hope they might gain new emotions sight following mode operation centre saloon placed oval vessel four feet longest diameter foot deep laid number filled magnetised water well disposed radii necks outwards water poured vessel just cover bottles filings iron thrown occasionally heighten magnetic effect vessel covered iron cover pierced many holes called baquet hole issued long moveable rod iron patients apply parts bodies afflicted around baquet patients directed sit holding hand pressing knees together closely possible facilitate passage magnetic fluid came assistant magnetisers generally strong handsome young men pour patient fresh streams wondrous fluid they embraced patients knees rubbed gently spine course nerves using gentle pressure breasts ladies staring countenance magnetise eye time rigorous silence maintained exception wild notes harmonica melodious voice hidden swelling softly long intervals gradually cheeks ladies began glow imaginations become inflamed they went convulsive fits sobbed tore hair others laughed till tears ran eyes others shrieked screamed yelled till they became insensible altogether crisis delirium midst chief actor made appearance waving wand like prospero work new wonders dressed long robe silk richly embroidered gold flowers bearing hand white magnetic rod look dignity sat well eastern caliph he marched solemn strides room he awed still sensible eye violence symptoms diminished he stroked insensible hands eyebrows spine traced figures breast abdomen long white wand they restored consciousness they became calm acknowledged power they felt streams cold burning vapour passing frames according he waved wand fingers impossible says dupotet conceive sensation mesmer experiments created paris theological controversy earlier ages catholic church ever conducted greater bitterness adversaries denied discovery calling quack others fool others like abbe fiard man sold devil friends extravagant praise foes censure paris inundated pamphlets subject many defending attacking doctrine court queen expressed favour nothing else heard society advice mesmer challenged examination doctrine faculty medicine he proposed select patients twelve he treat magnetically leaving twelve treated faculty according old approved methods he stipulated prevent disputes government nominate certain persons physicians present experiments object inquiry effects produced whether they really efficacious cure disease faculty objected limit inquiry manner proposition fell ground mesmer now wrote marie antoinette view securing influence obtaining protection government he wished chateau lands given handsome yearly income he might enabled continue experiments leisure untroubled persecution enemies he hinted duty governments support men science expressed fear he met encouragement he compelled carry great discovery land willing appreciate eyes majesty he four five hundred thousand francs applied good purpose account welfare happiness people everything discovery received rewarded munificence worthy monarch i shall attach government last offered pension twenty thousand francs cross order michael he made discovery medicine communicate physicians nominated king latter part proposition agreeable mesmer he feared unfavourable report king physicians breaking negotiation spoke disregard money wish discovery recognised government he retired spa fit disgust pretence drinking waters benefit health he left paris faculty medicine called third last time renounce doctrine animal magnetism expelled body far declared he discovered new secrets solicited examination royal commission faculty medicine consequence appointed march seconded another commission academie des sciences investigate phenomena report first commission composed principal physicians paris among eminent men comprised latter benjamin franklin lavoisier bailly historian astronomy mesmer formally invited appear body absented day day pretence another honest he thoroughly believed phenomena questioned mesmer ever regularly attended sittings performed experiments bailly described scenes he witness course investigation sick persons arranged great numbers several rows around baquet receive magnetism means iron rods convey baquet cords wound round bodies connection thumb conveys magnetism neighbours sounds pianoforte agreeable voice diffusing magnetism air patients directly magnetised means finger wand magnetiser moved slowly faces behind heads diseased parts always observing direction holes magnetiser acts fixing eyes they magnetised application hands pressure fingers hypochondres regions abdomen application often continued long several hours meanwhile patients different conditions present varied picture calm tranquil experience effect others cough spit feel slight pains local general heat sweatings others agitated tormented convulsions convulsions remarkable regard number affected duration force soon begins convulsed several others affected commissioners observed convulsions last three hours they accompanied expectorations muddy viscous water brought away violent efforts sometimes streaks blood observed fluid convulsions characterized precipitous involuntary motion limbs whole body construction throat leaping motions hypochondria epigastrium dimness wandering eyes piercing shrieks tears sobbing immoderate laughter they preceded followed state languor reverie kind depression sometimes drowsiness smallest sudden noise occasions shuddering remarked change measure airs played great influence patients quicker motion livelier melody agitated renewed vivacity convulsions nothing astonishing spectacle convulsions seen form idea spectator much astonished profound repose portion patients agitation rest various accidents repeated sympathies exhibited patients may seen devoting attention exclusively another rushing towards open arms smiling soothing manifesting every symptom attachment affection power magnetiser matters state drowsiness they may sound voice look motion hand brings among patients convulsions always observed great many women men rapport des commissaires redige par paris experiments lasted five months they hardly commenced mesmer alarmed loss fame profit determined return paris patients rank fortune enthusiastic believers doctrine followed spa named bergasse proposed open subscription hundred shares hundred louis condition he disclose secret subscribers permitted make whatever use they pleased mesmer readily embraced proposal infatuation subscription filled days exceeded less sum hundred forty thousand francs fortune he returned paris recommenced experiments royal commission continued admiring pupils paid handsomely instructions spread delusion country established principal towns france societies harmony trying experiments curing diseases means magnetism societies scandal morality joined profligate men depraved appetites took disgusting delight witnessing young girls convulsions many pretended magnetisers notorious libertines took opportunity gratifying passions illegal increase number french citizens anything rare consequence strasburg nantes bourdeaux lyons towns societies established last commissioners published report drawn illustrious unfortunate bailly clearness reasoning strict impartiality never surpassed detailing various experiments made results they came conclusion proof advanced support animal magnetism effects produced human body effects produced without passes magnetic manipulations manipulations passes ceremonies never produce effect employed without patient knowledge therefore imagination animal magnetism account phenomena report ruin mesmer reputation france he quitted paris shortly three hundred forty thousand francs subscribed admirers retired country he died advanced age seeds he sown fructified nourished brought maturity kindly warmth popular credulity imitators sprang france germany england extravagant master claiming powers new science founder never dreamt among others cagliostro made good use delusion extending claims considered master occult sciences he made discoveries worthy compared marquis de puysegur chevalier barbarin honest men began deceiving they deceived others marquis de puysegur owner considerable estate busancy entered subscription mesmer individual quitted france he retired busancy brother try animal magnetism tenants cure country people manner diseases he man great simplicity much benevolence magnetised fed sick flocked around neighbourhood indeed within circumference twenty miles he looked endowed power almost divine great discovery he called made chance day he magnetised gardener observing fall deep sleep occurred he address question he done natural somnambulist he man replied much clearness precision de puysegur agreeably surprised he continued experiments found state magnetic somnambulism soul sleeper enlarged brought intimate communion nature especially de puysegur he found manipulations unnecessary without speaking making sign he convey patient he fact converse soul soul without employment physical operation whatever simultaneously marvellous discovery he made another reflects equal credit understanding like valentine greatraks he found hard work magnetise came he even time take repose relaxation necessary health emergency he hit clever expedient he heard mesmer say he magnetise bits wood he able magnetise whole tree sooner thought done large elm village green busancy peasant girls used dance festive occasions old men sit drinking vin du pays fine summer evenings de puysegur proceeded tree magnetised first touching hands retiring steps directing streams magnetic fluid branches toward trunk trunk toward root done he caused circular seats erected round cords suspended directions patients seated they twisted cords round diseased parts bodies held another firmly thumbs form direct channel communication passage fluid de puysegur now two hobbies man enlarged soul magnetic elm infatuation patients better expressed words writing brother may he says you come dear friend you see extraordinary man health now almost quite restored i continue make use happy power i indebted mesmer every day i bless name i useful produce many salutary effects sick poor neighbourhood they flock around tree hundred thirty morning best baquet possible leaf communicates health feel less good effects you delighted see charming picture humanity presents i regret i touch come magnetised man intelligence sets ease he teaches conduct i adopt according necessary i touch every look gesture even wish sufficient ignorant peasants country teaches he crisis i know nothing profound prudent clearsighted clairvoyant he another letter describing first experiment magnetic tree he says yester evening i brought first patient soon i put cord round he gazed tree air astonishment i describe exclaimed i see head sunk he fell perfect fit somnambulism end hour i took home house i restored senses several men women came tell he he maintained true weak he scarcely able walk scarcely possible gone stairs walked tree i repeated experiment success i you head turns round pleasure think good i madame de puysegur friends she servants fact near feel amazement mingled admiration described they experience half sensations without tree gives rest give still i state agitation inconsistent i believe health i exist much i may allowed use expression another letter he descants still poetically gardener enlarged soul he says simple man tall stout rustic years age enfeebled disease rather sorrow therefore predisposed affected great natural agent man i repeat i derive instruction knowledge magnetic state he longer peasant hardly utter single sentence he describe i find name i need speak i think he instantly understands answers anybody come room he sees i desire else addresses says i wish say indeed exactly i dictate truth requires he wants add i deem prudent strangers hear i stop flow ideas conversation middle word give quite different turn among persons attracted busancy report extraordinary occurrences cloquet receiver finance appetite marvellous somewhat insatiable he readily believed told de puysegur he left record he saw he credited throws still clearer light progress delusion introduction study animal magnetism baron dupotet he says patients he saw magnetic state appearance deep sleep physical faculties suspended advantage intellectual faculties eyes patients closed sense hearing abolished they awoke voice magnetiser touched patient crisis even chair he seated says cloquet cause much pain suffering throw convulsions crisis they possess extraordinary supernatural power touching patient presented they feel part body diseased even merely passing hand clothes another singularity sleepers discover diseases see interior men stomachs point remedies remembered absolutely nothing magnetiser thought proper disenchant time elapsed entering crisis coming obliterated magnetiser power making heard somnambulists he make follow merely pointing finger distance though they eyes whole time completely closed animal magnetism auspices marquis de puysegur he hibiting fooleries around magnetiser another class appeared lyons person chevalier de barbarin person thought effort without paraphernalia wands baquets sufficient throw patients magnetic sleep he tried succeeded sitting bedside patients praying they might magnetised they went state similar persons fell notice de puysegur course time considerable number magnetisers acknowledging barbarin model called barbarinists appeared different parts believed effected remarkable cures sweden germany sect fanatics increased rapidly called spiritualists distinguish followers de puysegur called experimentalists they maintained effects animal magnetism mesmer believed producible magnetic fluid dispersed nature produced mere effort human soul acting another connexion established magnetiser patient former communicate influence latter distance even hundreds miles described blessed state magnetic patient man animal instinct ascends highest degree admissible world clairvoyant pure animal without admixture matter observations spirit he similar god eye penetrates secrets nature attention fixed objects world disease death friends relations enemies spirit he sees acting he penetrates causes consequences actions he becomes physician prophet divine see foreign review continental miscellany vol let us now see progress mysteries made england year mainauduc pupil first mesmer afterwards arrived bristol gave public lectures magnetism success quite extraordinary people rank fortune hastened london bristol magnetised place tuition george winter history animal magnetism gives following list they amounted hundred among duke duchess marchioness two countesses earl baron three baronesses bishop five right honourable gentlemen ladies two baronets seven members parliament clergyman two physicians seven surgeons besides gentlemen ladies respectability he afterwards established london he performed equal success he began publishing proposals ladies formation hygeian society paper he vaunted highly curative effects animal magnetism took great credit first person introduce england concluded method cure confined sex college education fair sex general sympathising part creation immediately concerned health care offspring i think bound gratitude you ladies partiality you shown midwifery contribute far lies power render you additionally useful valuable community view i propose forming hygeian society incorporated paris soon twenty ladies given names day shall appointed first meeting house they pay fifteen guineas include whole expense hannah letter addressed horace walpole september speaks demoniacal mummeries mainauduc says he fair way gaining hundred thousand pounds mesmer done exhibitions paris much curiosity excited subject time man named holloway gave course lectures animal magnetism london rate five guineas pupil realised considerable fortune loutherbourg painter wife followed profitable trade infatuation people witnesses strange manipulations times upwards three thousand persons crowded around house hammersmith unable gain admission tickets sold prices varying three guineas loutherbourg performed cures touch manner valentine greatraks finally pretended divine mission account miracles they called published entitled list new cures performed de loutherbourg hammersmith terrace without medicine lover lamb god dedicated grace archbishop canterbury lover lamb god old woman named mary pratt conceived de loutherbourg veneration almost prompted worship she chose motto pamphlet verse thirteenth chapter acts apostles behold ye despisers wonder perish i work work days ye shall believe though man declare you attempting give religious character cures painter she thought woman proper person make known since apostle declared man able conquer incredulity people she stated christmas july de loutherbourg wife cured two thousand people made proper recipients receive divine manuductions heavenly divine influx coming radix god divine majesty graciously bestowed diffuse healing they deaf dumb blind lame halt dedication archbishop canterbury she implored compose new form prayer used churches chapels nothing might impede inestimable gift due course she entreated magistrates men authority land wait de loutherbourg consult immediate erection large hospital pool bethesda attached magnetisers scandalised preposterous jabber old woman de loutherbourg appears left london avoid continuing however conjunction wife fantastic tricks turned brain poor fanatic deluded many others pretended sense she period magnetism excited little attention england attempt revive doctrine made year shape mineral rather animal magnetism benjamin douglas perkins american practising surgeon leicestersquare invented took patent celebrated metallic tractors he pretended tractors two small pieces metal strongly magnetised something resembling steel plates first brought notice father hell cure gout rheumatism palsy fact almost every disease human frame subject applied externally afflicted part moved gently touching surface wonderful stories soon obtained general circulation press groaned pamphlets vaunting curative effects tractors sold five guineas pair perkins gained money rapidly gouty subjects forgot pains presence new remedy rheumatism fled approach toothache often cured mere sight dentist vanished perkins marvellous steel plates benevolent quakers whose body he member warmly patronised invention desirous poor afford pay perkins five guineas even five shillings tractors share benefits sublime discovery they subscribed large sum built hospital called perkinean institution comers might magnetised free cost course months they general use lucky inventor possession five thousand pounds haygarth eminent physician bath recollecting influence imagination cure disease hit expedient try real value tractors perkins cures well established doubted haygarth without gainsaying quietly face numerous witnesses exposed delusion people laboured respect curative medium he suggested falconer they make wooden tractors paint resemble steel ones see effects produced five patients chosen hospital bath operate four suffered severely chronic rheumatism ankle knee wrist hip fifth afflicted several months gout day appointed experiments haygarth friends assembled hospital much solemnity brought forth fictitious tractors four five patients pains immediately relieved three they relieved much benefited felt knee warmer he walk across room he tried succeeded although previous day he able stir gouty man felt pains diminish rapidly quite easy nine hours he went bed twitching began following day real tractors applied patients they described symptoms nearly terms make still sure experiment tried bristol infirmary weeks afterwards man rheumatic affection shoulder severe incapacitate lifting hand knee fictitious tractors brought applied afflicted part physicians add solemnity scene drawing pocket calculate time exactly another pen hand sat write change symptoms minute minute they occurred less four minutes man felt much relieved he lifted hand several inches without pain shoulder account matters published haygarth small volume entitled imagination cause cure disorders exemplified fictitious tractors exposure coup de grace system perkins friends patrons still unwilling confess they deceived tried tractors sheep cows horses alleging animals received benefit metallic plates none wooden ones they found nobody believe perkinean institution fell neglect perkins made exit england carrying ten thousand pounds soothe declining years good city pennsylvania magnetism laughed england time france revolution left men leisure puerilities societes de strasburg great towns lingered till sterner matters occupying men attention they abandoned pupils professors system driven first two nations europe took refuge among dreamy philosophers germany wonders magnetic sleep grew wonderful every day patients acquired gift prophecy vision extended surface globe they hear see toes fingers read unknown languages understand merely book placed bellies ignorant clodpoles entranced grand mesmeric fluid spout philosophy diviner plato ever wrote descant mysteries mind eloquence truth profoundest metaphysicians world ever saw solve knotty points divinity much ease waking men undo first twelve years present century little heard animal magnetism country europe even germans forgot airy fancies recalled knowledge world roar napoleon cannon fall establishment kingdoms period cloud obscurity hung science dispersed deleuze published histoire critique du magnetisme animal work gave new impulse delusion newspapers pamphlets books waged war question truth falsehood many eminent men profession medicine recommenced inquiry earnest design discover truth assertions made celebrated treatise deleuze summed see calm clear dispassionate article subject fifth volume foreign review page et seq fluid continually escaping human body forming atmosphere around us determined current produces sensible effects surrounding individuals however capable directed directed sent forth currents force corresponding energy we possess motion similar rays burning bodies possesses different qualities different individuals capable high degree concentration exists trees magnetiser guided motion hand several times repeated direction fill tree fluid persons fluid poured body magnetiser feel sensation heat cold he passes hand without even touching persons sufficiently charged fluid fall state somnambulism magnetic ecstasy state they see fluid encircling magnetiser like halo light issuing luminous streams mouth nostrils head hands possessing agreeable smell communicating particular taste food water think absurdities quite enough insisted physician wished considered sane they form small portion wondrous things related deleuze he magnetism produces somnambulism person state acquires prodigious extension faculties several external organs especially sight hearing become inactive sensations depend take place internally seeing hearing carried magnetic fluid transmits impressions immediately without intervention nerves organs directly brain somnambulist though eyes ears closed sees hears sees hears much better he awake things he feels magnetiser although expressed he sees interior body secret organization bodies may put en rapport magnetic connexion commonly he sees parts diseased disordered intuitively prescribes remedy he prophetic visions sensations generally true sometimes erroneous he expresses astonishing eloquence facility he free vanity he becomes perfect accord certain time guided wisely magnetiser wanders he according deleuze person become magnetiser produce effects conforming following conditions acting following rules knowledge physics metaphysics remove mind objections may occur imagine power take malady hand throw side never reason six weeks you commenced study active desire good firm belief power magnetism entire confidence employing short repel doubts desire success act simplicity attention say credulous persevering reject past experience listen reason you magnetiser deleuze heart brought edifying state fanaticism remove patient persons might troublesome you keep you necessary witnesses single person need desire occupy way processes you employ effects result join you desire good patient arrange neither hot cold manner nothing may obstruct freedom motions take precautions prevent interruption sitting make patient sit commodiously possible place opposite seat little elevated manner knees may betwixt feet side first request resign think nothing perplex examining effects may produced banish fear surrender hope disturbed discouraged action magnetism cause momentary pains collected take thumbs fingers way internal part thumbs may contact internal part fix eyes you must remain two five minutes situation you feel equal heat thumbs done you withdraw hands removing right left time turning till internal surface outwards you raise height head you now place two shoulders let remain minute afterwards drawing gently along arms extremities fingers touching slightly you go you renew pass five six times always turning hands removing little body you lift you place head holding instant lower passing face distance two inches pit stomach you stop two minutes putting thumbs pit stomach rest fingers ribs you descend slowly along body knees rather you without deranging extremity feet you repeat processes several times remainder sitting you occasionally approach patient place hands behind shoulders order descend slowly along spine back thighs knees feet first passes you may dispense putting hands head may make subsequent passes arms beginning shoulders body beginning stomach process magnetising recommended deleuze delicate fanciful nervous women subjected worked convulsions readily believed sturdiest opponent animal magnetism sit constrained posture stared countenance fellow enclosed knees he made passes different parts body quite enough throw weak woman fit especially she predisposed hysteria believed efficacy treatment just evident stronger minds healthier bodies sent sleep process effects produced means thousands instances show they testimony favour animal magnetism they prove existence magnetic fluid every unprejudiced person must answer negative needs neither magnetism ghost grave tell us silence monotony long recumbency position must produce sleep excitement imitation strong imagination acting weak body bring convulsions seen hereafter magnetism produces effects two gift prophecy supernatural eloquence transfer senses power seeing opaque substances pure fictions substantiated anything like proof deleuze book produced quite sensation france study resumed redoubled vigour following year journal established devoted exclusively science title annales du magnetisme animal shortly afterwards appeared bibliotheque du magnetisme animal many others time abbe faria man wonders began magnetise belief he mesmeric fluid stronger men he successful treatment experiments afford convincing proof imagination operate supposed fluid none resuits confidently claimed evidence new science he placed patients told shut eyes loud commanding voice pronounced single word sleep he used manipulations whatever baquet conductor fluid he nevertheless succeeded causing sleep hundreds patients he boasted time produced five thousand somnambulists method often necessary repeat command three four times patient still remained awake abbe got difficulty dismissing chair declaring he incapable acted remarked magnetisers lay claim universal efficacy fluid strong healthy magnetised incredulous magnetised reason magnetised firmly believe magnetised weak body magnetised weak mind magnetised lest cause individuals latter classes resist magnetic charm apostles science declare times even they acted presence scorner unbeliever may weaken potency fluid destroy efficacy deleuze instructions magnetiser he expressly says never magnetise inquisitive persons histoire critique du magnetisme animal yet followers delusion claim rank science numerous writings appeared years show much attention excited france every succeeding year new discovery put forth last magnetisers seemed generally agreed six separate distinct degrees magnetisation they classed follow first stage skin patient becomes slightly reddened feeling heat comfort lightness body visible action senses second stage eye gradually abstracted dominion words patient becomes sleepy drooping eyelids raised senses hearing smelling feeling tasting usually excited addition variety nervous sensations felt spasms muscles prickings skin involuntary twitchings various parts body third stage magnetic sleep senses closed external impressions sometimes fainting cataleptic apoplectic attacks may occur fourth stage patient asleep world he awake within body consciousness returns state senses transferred skin he perfect crisis magnetic somnambulism soul mind seeing without eyes hearing without ears deadened body sense feeling fifth stage lucid vision patient see internal organisation others placed magnetic communication he becomes time possessed instinct remedies magnetic fluid stage unites powerful attraction others establishes impenetration thought feeling intense blend different natures sixth stage time rarest perfect lucid vision obstructed opaque matter subject barriers interposed time space magnetic fluid universally spread nature unites individual nature gives cognizance coming events universal lucidity much written years many converts made magnetisers became clamorous new investigation de foissac young physician wrote academie royale du medicine letter calling inquiry he complained unfairness report bailly franklin stating since time science wholly changed important discovery magnetic somnambulism he informed academy he care young woman whose powers divination somnambulic state extraordinary character he invited members body go hospital choose persons afflicted diseases acute chronic simple complex somnambulist put en rapport magnetic connexion infallibly point ailings name remedies she somnambulists he merely laying hand successively head chest abdomen stranger immediately discover maladies pains different alterations thereby occasioned they indicate besides whether cure possible whether easy difficult near remote means employed attain result surest readiest way examination they never departed sound principles medicine fact added de foissac i go assert inspirations allied genius animated hippocrates mean time experiments carried various hospitals paris epileptic patients salpetriere magnetised permission esquirol bicetre resuits obtained de foissac busied invalids hospice de la charite dupotet equally successful producing sleep convulsions val de grace many members chamber deputies became converts chardel comte de gestas de laseases others opened saloons desirous instructed animal magnetism dupotet introduction study animal magnetism page physicians united de foissac calling inquiry ultimately academy nominated preliminary committee five members namely messrs adelon burdin marc pariset husson investigate alleged facts report whether academy without compromise dignity appoint new commission committee de foissac produced famous somnambulist she failed exhibiting phenomena physician confidently predicted she easily thrown state sleep long habit monotony passes manipulations magnetiser she tell diseases persons put en rapport committee five framed excuses failure saying probably magnetic fluid obstructed they inexperienced distrustful perhaps impatient judgment impartiality committee they gave last opinion advisable appoint new commission december they presented academie deliver report debate ensued occupied three days distinguished members took part finally decided majority ten commission appointed following physicians chosen members they eleven number viz bourdois de la motte president fouquier gueneau de mussy guersent husson itard marc leroux thillay double majendie gentlemen began labours publishing address magnetisers inviting come forward exhibit presence wonders animal magnetism dupotet says answered amicable appeal they afraid ridiculed report published four magnetisers however answered appeal readily five years busily engaged bringing proofs new science commission de foissac dupotet chapelain de geslin unprofitable means pleasant task follow commissioners erratic career they led hither thither four lights magnetism mentioned four dazzled benighted bewildered doctors wide shadowy region metaphysical inquiry influence mind matter better state conclusion they came long laborious investigation examine whether they warranted evidence brought report exceedingly voluminous classed thirty different heads general tenor favourable magnetism reporters expressly state belief existence magnetic fluid sum result inquiries four assertions follow magnetism effect persons sound state health diseased persons others effects slight effects sometimes produced weariness ennui monotony imagination we seen effects developed independently last causes probably effects magnetism alone seen first second sentences presuppose existence magnetic power object inquiry discover reporters begin saying magnetism exists detailing proofs they ended affirming sake lucidity favourite expression let us put propositions new form new words without altering sense certain effects convulsions somnambulism producible human frame others patient combined unknown means we wish discover perhaps magnetism effects producible bodies they produced persons sound state health diseased persons eases effects slight effects produced many cases fell notice persons operated weak state health weariness ennui monotony power imagination many eases effects produced clearly result weariness ennui monotony power imagination they therefore produced magnetic processes we employed ergo animal magnetism exists every whether believer disbeliever doctrine must see whole gist argument destroyed proved effects reporters claimed resulting power independent weariness monotony imagination fact result nothing else following among proofs brought forward support existence magnetic fluid producing phenomena child months old magnetised foissac house bourdois child well father subject attacks epilepsy almost immediately foissac begun manipulations passes child rubbed eyes bent head side supported cushions sofa sitting yawned moved scratched head ears appeared strive approach sleep rose we may allowed expression grumbling taken away satisfy necessity nature placed sofa magnetised moments appeared decided symptoms somnolency time we terminated experiment seriousness sobriety called proof existence magnetic fluid effects produced imagination may granted they produced weariness monotony clear child seated sofa solemn looking gentleman surrounded several others equally grave begins play various strange antics moving hands mysteriously pointing head preserving provoking silence child rubs eyes appears restless yawns scratches head grumbles makes excuse get away magnetism forsooth decided case botheration next proof called though amusing equally decisive mystification commissioners deaf dumb lad eighteen years age subject attacks epilepsy magnetised fifteen times foissac phenomena exhibited treatment heaviness eyelids general numbness desire sleep sometimes vertigo epileptic attacks entirely suspended return till eight months afterwards case first mentioned committee reasoned cases appear us altogether worthy remark two individuals formed subject experiment ignorant done indeed state capable knowing never slightest idea magnetism however insensible influence certainly impossible either case attribute sensibility imagination first case already disposed regard second possible attribute results imagination contended lad deaf dumb he understanding he see strange manipulations magnetiser he unaware cure object experiments made he fancy merely he dumb he reason avoid feeling heaviness eyelids numbness sleepiness he forced sit two three hours foissac pointed fingers amelioration health argument adduced prove he devoid faith remedy faith he feel benefit well thousands others cured means wholly imaginary third case brought forward still greater show authority magnetised child dumb youth results extraordinary foissac next tried hand commissioner itard subjected course manipulations consequences flow saliva metallic savour mouth severe headach symptoms say reporters accounted influence imagination itard remarked confirmed valetudinarian believer investigation commenced truth magnetism he man therefore whose testimony received implicit credence subject he may repeated may brother commissioners results stated produced power imagination patients perkins valentine greatraks sir kenelm digby father gassner equally positive availed assertions experience soon made manifest power imagination worked wonders case itard half extraordinary wonder ever insisted commissioners they thought established beyond doubt existence magnetic fluid proofs next proceeded investigate marvellous phenomena science transfer senses capability seeing people insides divining remedies power prophecy examples suffice petit magnetised dupotet asserted somnambulist able choose eyes shut mesmerised coin twelve others experiment tried somnambulist chose wrong report commissioners baptiste chamet magnetised dupotet fell somnambulic state eight minutes he appeared suffering great pain he asked ailed he pointed breast he felt pain asked part body he liver ibid mademoiselle martineau magnetised dupotet expected case prove transfer senses power divining remedies eyes bandaged she asked she see persons present she replied she hear talking speaking time she she awake five ten minutes sleep she awake sixteen seventeen minutes she announced certain day she able tell exactly nature complaint prescribe proper remedies appointed day she asked question answer report commissioners mademoiselle couturier patient de geslin thrown state somnambulism de geslin she execute mental orders committee wrote slip paper words go sit stool front piano he handed paper de geslin conceived words mentally turned patient told he required she rose went clock twenty minutes past nine she tried nine times made many mistakes idem pierre cazot epileptic patient power prophecy magnetised april he nine weeks he fit three weeks afterwards go mad abuse wife murder finally recover month august he never attack idem two days uttering prophecy he run cabriolet killed foreign quarterly review vol xii post mortem examination made body ascertained beyond doubt even he met accident he never recovered extremity plexus choroides found substance yellow within white without containing small report oltre commissioners inquest means eliciting along many facts sat upwards five years magnetisers became anxious report received solemn conclave academie length day june fixed reading doctors paris thronged around hall learn result street front building crowded medical students passages obstructed philosophers great sensation says dupotet might supposed fate nation depended result husson reporter appeared bar read report substance we just extracted he heard first great attention he proceeded signs impatience dissent manifested sides unreasonable inferences commissioners false conclusions positive assertions received repeated marks disapprobation academicians started seats apostrophising commissioners accused partiality stolidity commissioners replied last uproar became violent adjournment sitting moved carried following day report concluded stormy discussion immediately ensued certainly reflected credit opponents animal magnetism sides lost temper declaring whole fraud delusion reminding academy often fate truth scorned disregarded eventually cause triumph we care disbelief cried hall predecessors denied circulation blood yes cried another they denied falling meteoric stones third exclaimed grande est veritas et praevalebit degree order last restored question whether report received published decided negative afterwards agreed limited number copies lithographed private use members wished make examination might expected magnetism suffer discussion opponents conducted much intemperance followers magnetism loud ever vaunting efficacy cure value science medicine philosophy general force repeated outcries decision academie assertions new facts discovered day day friends six years afterwards prevailed learned influential body institute another inquiry academie consenting renew investigation twice solemnly decided conjunction opposition committee appointment animal magnetism fraud chimera gave striking proof impartiality sincere desire arrive truth new commission composed roux president messieurs bouillard cloquet emery pelletier caventon oudet cornac dubois chief magnetiser occasion berna written academie february offering bring forward convincing proofs truth new science commissioners met first time february delivered report drawn dubois august following careful examination evidence they decided messieurs bailly franklin done touchings imagination force imitation account satisfactorily phenomena supposed mesmeric fluid berna magnetiser laboured delusion facts brought notice anything conclusive favour doctrine animal magnetism relation either physiology therapeutics following abridgment report show commissioners decide without abundant reason march they met house roux president berna introduced patient young girl seventeen constitution apparently nervous delicate air sufficiently cool berna offered eight proofs animal magnetism he elicit case he classed follow he throw state somnambulism he render quite insensible bodily pain he restore sensibility mere without visible audible manifestation mental order deprive motion he cause mental order cease answering midst conversation second mental order make begin he repeat experiment separated patient door he awake he throw somnambulic state successively cause lose recover sensibility part body attempt magnetisation made berna commissioners determined ascertain far ordinary state she sensible pricking needles moderate size stuck hands neck depth half line she asked messieurs roux caventon whether she felt pain she replied she felt nothing neither countenance express pain commissioners somewhat surprised repeated question inquired whether she absolutely insensible pressed she acknowledged she felt little pain preliminaries completed berna made sit close he looked steadfastly made movements passes whatever lapse two minutes she fell back asleep berna told commissioners she now state magnetic somnambulism he arose looking steadfastly short distance declared another minute she struck general insensibility ascertain girl eyes previously bandaged messieurs bouillard emery dubois pricked needles word she complained pain features bandage allowed seen appeared calm unmoved dubois stuck needle rather deep chin she immediately made much vivacity movement deglutition experiment failed berna tried another saying he sole tacit intervention paralyze part girl body commissioners might mention avoid possibility collusion dubois drew following conditions berna maintain perfect silence receive hands commissioners papers written parts deprived motion sensibility berna let know he done closing eyes they might verify parts deprived sensibility chin right thumb region left deltoid right patella berna accept conditions giving reason parts pointed commissioners limited besides programme he understand precautions taken berna written programme he deprive whole body sensibility part he afterwards deprive two arms motion two legs leg arm neck lastly tongue evidence he wished commissioners unsatisfactory fashion he tell somnambulist raise arm she raise limb considered paralyzed besides commissioners make haste observations first trials succeed they repeated till paralysis produced commissioners justly remarked conditions men science give account commission exactly comply time spent friendly discussion point berna he meeting placing opposite girl he twice exclaimed wake she awakened accordingly sitting terminated second meeting berna requested paralyze right arm girl tacit intervention he confidently assured commissioners he berna moments made sign eye he done bouillard proceeded verify fact requested move left arm she requested move right leg she whole right side paralyzed she neither move arm leg experiment commissioners remark berna programme stated he power paralyzing either single limb two limbs we chose single limb resulted spite paralysis two limbs experiments equally unsatisfactory tried girl berna soon convinced she studied part well clever enough reflect honour science he therefore dismissed place filled woman aged thirty delicate health following conclusive experiments tried patient thrown somnambulic state eyes covered bandage invitation magnetiser dubois wrote several words card somnambule might read bandages occiput dubois wrote word pantagruel perfectly distinct roman characters placing behind somnambule he presented card close occiput magnetiser seated front woman dubois see writing card asked magnetiser behind head she answered hesitation she saw something white something resembling card remembered berna requested dubois aloud take card write patient must heard presence she next asked she distinguish card she replied yes writing small large writing inquired magnetiser pretty large replied she written continued magnetiser wait see plain ah first yes word beginning woman thought guessed doubtless begin words monsieur madame cornac unknown magnetiser alone put questions passed perfectly blank card dubois substituted quietly he written word pantagruel somnambule still persisted she saw word beginning last efforts she added doubtingly she thought she see two lines writing she still thinking name line address many experiments kind similar result tried blank cards determined try berna pack table addressing dubois aloud he asked take place occiput somnambule dubois asked aloud whether he take court card you please replied magnetiser dubois went towards table idea struck he take either court common card perfectly blank card size neither berna somnambule aware substitution he placed behind held card occiput berna see berna began magnetise force he might sublimate stage extreme lucidity effectually transfer power vision occiput she interrogated she see she hesitated appeared struggle last she saw card you see card little hesitation she she see black red thinking court card commissioners allowed berna continue examination way fruitless efforts get satisfactory answer somnambule he invited dubois pass card head close bandage covering eyes done somnambule she see better berna began put leading questions she replied she see figure hereupon renewed solicitations berna somnambule part appeared making great efforts glean information magnetiser last she distinguish knave remained say four knaves answer inquiries she black side contradicted she imagined she right track made much pressing final guess knave clubs berna thinking experiment finished took card hands dubois presence commissioners saw entirely blank blank dismay last experiment she tried silver medal great difficulty answers elicited cornac held object firmly closed hand close bandage eyes she first she saw something round she yellow colour gold thick onion answer incessant questions she yellow side white black she thinking apparently gold watch white dial black figures hours solicited last time explain clearly say least use object name she appeared anxious collect energies uttered word hour last suddenly illumined she cried tell hour ended sitting difficulties afterwards arose commissioners berna wished copy proces verbal given commissioners agree berna turn refused make fresh experiments impossible investigation conducted satisfactorily report commissioners quite conclusive animal magnetism since day lost much repute france dupotet perseverance ingenuity worthy better cause found satisfactory excuse failure berna taken care work publish particulars he merely mentions three lines berna failed committee royal academy medicine endeavour produce higher magnetic phenomena variety incidental circumstances says shining light magnetism difficult even enumerate produce effects incidental suggestions may disturb attention magnetiser often sufficient mar successful issue experiment introduction study animal magnetism baron dupotet de sennevoy london miserable shifts error reduces votaries dupotet conveniently forbears dwell unfavourable decision committee let us hear he dilates favourable report previous committee he praises judgment impartiality members academie royale de medicine says he put record clear authenticated evidence favour animal magnetism commissioners detailed circumstantially facts they witnessed methods they adopted detect every possible source deception many commissioners they entered investigation unfavourable magnetism avowedly unbelievers evidence court justice esteemed unexceptionable possibly desired they inquiring speculative occult theory might chance led away sophistical representations they inquiring existence facts plain demonstrable facts nature palpable every observer introduction study animal magnetism dupotet might unreasonably asked whether arguments applied unfavourable report drawn able dubois coadjutors last inquiry question asked we probability meet reply true they might you must consider variety incidental circumstances numerous mention berna may anxious fact experiments must spoiled incidental suggestion man faith lively dupotet just person undertake difficult mission converting english belief magnetism accordingly we find shortly last decision academie dupotet turned back native soil arrived england loaded magnetic fluid ready fooleries great predecessors mesmer puysegur since days perkinism metallic tractors magnetism made progress excited attention england colquhoun advocate scottish bar published year till inedited report french commission together history science title isis revelata inquiry origin progress present state animal magnetism colquhoun devout believer work full enthusiasm succeeded awakening interest subject certainly curious made converts interesting article exposing delusion appeared year foreign quarterly review two medical works noticed subject afterwards scout turn ridicule arrival dupotet worked quite revolution raised animal magnetism height favour great ever attained even france he began addressing letters invitation principal philosophers men science physicians editors newspapers others witness experiments first carried residence many accepted invitation though convinced surprised confounded singular influence he exercised imagination patients still first success flattering quote words dedication work earl stanhope he spent several months fruitless attempts induce wise men country study phenomena magnetism incessant appeals examination novel facts remained unanswered press began declare saddened heart he renounce design he formed spreading magnetism england carry credulous people important doctrines he made apostle earl stanhope however encouraged remain telling hope favourable change public opinion eventual triumph truth he defender dupotet remained he cruel refuse english people sight wonders although they might ungrateful kindness patience long enduring course time perseverance met reward ladies search emotions hysteric idle puling crowded saloons ladies similarly predisposed crowded mesmer sixty years peers members house commons philosophers men letters physicians came great numbers believe doubt scoff dupotet continued experiments last made several important converts important second mesmer he found second elliotson conspicuous among converts dupotet like physician extensive practice thoroughly honest man little much enthusiasm parallel holds good every particular done elliotson soon threw master shade attracted notice public he time professor principles practice medicine university college london physician hospital conjunction dupotet he commenced course experiments patients institution reports published time time partook largely marvellous corroborated evidence men whose learning judgment integrity impossible call question public opinion staggered men ashamed believe yet afraid doubt subject last became engrossing committee distinguished members medical profession undertook investigate phenomena report mean time elliotson dupotet continued public exhibition hospital credulous gaped wonder daring spirits temerity enough hint quackery delusion part doctors imposture part patients phenomena induced two young women sisters named elizabeth jane okey extraordinary they became last chief proofs science london we able meet reports experiments pen unbeliever therefore compelled rely solely reports published authority magnetisers given world lancet medical journals elizabeth okey intelligent girl aged seventeen admitted university college hospital suffering attacks epilepsy she magnetised repeatedly dupotet autumn afterwards elliotson hospital spring summer usual process she easily thrown state deep unconscious sleep she aroused somnambulism delirium waking state she modest girl spoke little somnambulic state she appeared quite another evinced considerable powers mimicry sang comic songs obedient every motion magnetiser believed power prophesying return illness means cure even death recovery patients ward mesmer often pretended day he impart magnetic power pieces metal wood strings silk cord reader remember famous battery less famous tree de puysegur experiments okey soon discovered phenomena produced she touched object previously mesmerised touch magnetiser sitting july mentioned okey short time previously state magnetic lucidity prophesied mesmerised tea placed hands power nature able awake lapse quarter hour experiment tried accordingly tea touched magnetiser placed hand she immediately fell asleep ten minutes customary means awaken tried without effect she quite insensible external impressions quarter hour they tried redoubled energy still vain she left alone six minutes longer she still slept found quite impossible wake last present remarked wonderful sleep probability last till tea removed bands suggestion acted tea taken away she awoke seconds lancet vol ii july just week afterwards numerous experiments capability different substances conveying magnetic influence tried slip crumpled paper magnetised held hand produced effect penknife magnetised immediately piece oilskin influence watch placed palm sent sleep immediately metal part first placed contact glass affect quickly she leaving room made accidentally magnetised spectator stopped mid career sent fast sleep found placing point finger sovereign magnetised she immediately stupified pile sovereigns produced sleep they placed she touch surface coin sleep became intense protracted still extraordinary circumstances related patient state magnetic sleep she tall black man negro attended prompted answers she give various perplexing questions put asserted she use back hand organ vision first time remarkable phenomenon exhibited days prior july latter day called state loquacious somnambulism she asked elliotson assistant whether she eye hand she replied light eye you got light anywhere else none anywhere else you see inside well yes little inside july bread butter given eating she drank magnetised water falling stupor dropped food hand frowned eyes partially closed abstracted aspect always accompanies stupefaction open palm upwards left back presented anteriorly relaxed curved bread lost she moved convulsively right bread clear view obtained hand turned suddenly round clutched eagerly hand afterwards wrapped handkerchief she see laid lap expression despair wonderful feats elizabeth okey jane quite clever she nevertheless managed bewilder learned men almost much sister magnetised sovereign placed floor jane state delirium directed stoop pick she stooped raised three inches fixed sound sleep constrained position elliotson pointed finger discharge mesmeric fluid hand immediately relaxed grasp coin she state delirium exclaiming god bless soul now time mention famous experiment performed hospital elizabeth okey presence count flahault lardner knatchbull professor arabic university oxford many gentlemen object experiment demonstrate okey held end gold chain elliotson magnetiser magnetic fluid travel chain lapse minute stupify patient long gold chain twice placed around neck elliotson threw state stupor found intermediate part chain twisted around piece wood roll paper passage fluid checked stupor speedily ensue chain removed she might easily thrown state delirium she sing request magnetiser chain unrolled voice arrested gradual manner loudness first diminishing tune becoming confused finally lost altogether operations intellect checked organs sound still continue exert instance thoughts occupied poetry air lord byron song maid athens chain unrolled she reached line life i love you stupor increased cold aspect crept face voice sank limbs became rigid memory gone faculty forecasting thoughts departed portion capacity remained repeating perhaps twenty times line music last issued lips without pause proper time magnetiser stopped voice altogether unrolling chain stupifying another trial she stopped comic song sir frog he wooing go she came line whether mother let left hand outstretched chain moving right toe tapping time floor words actions she persevered fifty repetitions winding chain faculties she finished song lancet vol ii report we extracted passage informed public medical profession expected believe species stupefaction produced she employed action action repeated long mesmeric influence lasted instance asserted she deprived motion every part body except right forefinger she rubbing chin thrown trance she continued rubbing chin several minutes she unmagnetised she ceased similar result obtained she smoothing hair another time she imitating laughter spectators excited beyond control clever mimicry another time she suddenly thrown state delirious stupor pronouncing word you she kept prolonging sound several minutes sort vibrating noise she awakened another time magnetised sovereign given wrapped paper she caught hand turned round flatwise fingers saying wrapped neatly indeed mesmeric influence caught remark she kept repeating twirling sovereign round round influence coin evaporated we told remarkable instance force magnetic power elizabeth okey day employed writing sovereign imbued fluid placed boot half minute leg paralyzed rooted floor perfectly immovable joints visited apparently pain intense girl writhed agony muscles leg found says report rigid stiff they carved wood sovereign removed pain left quarter minute subsequent day mesmerised sovereign placed left hand hung side palm turned slightly outwards hand arm immediately paralyzed fixed firmness general stupor occurred she requested move arm she lift side another occasion state delirium she remained three hours she asked describe feelings she handled magnetised object went stupor she never although several times asked given information subject she now replied moment losing senses manipulations she experienced sensation opening crown head she never knew closed eyes seemed become exceedingly large three times big recovering state she remembered nothing taken place interval whether interval hours days sensation awakening something lifted eyes regular publication marvellous experiments authenticated they many eminent names naturally excited public attention extreme degree animal magnetism became topic discussion every circle politics literature time thrown shade strange facts wonderful delusion public journals contented many instances mere relation results without giving opinion cause gave series reports subject described girl avowed readiness believe related morning post march appearance she sits pale almost still corpse strangely awful she whistles oblige elliotson incredulous bystander presses fingers lips she appear conscious nature interruption asked continue replies childish surprise ca state magnetic continue we know long she continued twelve days time awakened real life forgets occurred magnetic deception we conversed poor child ordinary state she sat fire ward suffering headach persecutes almost continually soothing fluence magnetic operation we confess we never beheld anybody less likely prove impostor we seen professor faraday exerting acute sagacious powers hour together endeavour detect physical discrepancy performance elicit blush mental confusion naive startling remarks nothing detected professor candidly confessed matter beyond philosophy unravel notwithstanding sincere point integrity unimpeachable evidence favour notwithstanding she appeared motives carrying extraordinary deception girl impostor wise learned contemplative men dupes time however fact clearly established delusion dissipated clear light truth mean time various experiments efficacy supposed magnetic power tried various parts england country furnish another epileptic girl clever elizabeth okey exhibition kind performed girl named sarah overton workhouse parish magnetiser occasion bainbridge parish surgeon justice state he conducted experiments utmost fairness pretend produce wondrous incredible phenomena practitioners girl whose age twenty long subject epileptic fits appeared remarkably simple modest manners appearance she brought room placed chair twenty gentlemen present bainbridge stationed behind pointed fingers brain assistant front made magnetic passes eyes body imagination work she previously magnetised brought eyes open complete possession faculties means taken prevent interruption sitting new visiters continually arrived noise opening shutting door repeatedly called bainbridge request kept silent girl constantly raised head see coming still direct contradiction dupotet indeed magnetisers repeated interruption destroys magnetic power she fell deep sleep end twelve minutes state called mesmeric coma she quite insensible though pulled violently hair pricked arm pin she showed signs consciousness feeling short time afterwards she awakened somnambulic delirious state she began converse freely persons around especially magnetiser she sing required even dance obedience command pretended see although eyes closely blindfolded handkerchief she seemed constant tendency fall back state coma aroused violence every two three minutes prevent relapse motion hand face sufficient throw middle song insensible state observed particularly she fell regular intervals whether magnetic passes made hinted aloud person present he merely bend body she become insensible fall ground pass made she fell accordingly arms medical gentleman stood behind ready receive girl aroused state delirium another person still audibly requested he girl fell experiments sufficient convince author human indubitably exercise wonderful influence another imagination mesmeric fluid great agent phenomena produced persons strong faith weak bodies gentlemen present desirous trying whether higher mesmeric states lucidity clairvoyance produced bainbridge willing allow experiment made previously expressed doubts subject watch put bosom dial plate glass skin ascertain whether she see without intervention organs sight she asked hour promised shilling she tell watch placed bosom she held hand shilling received great delight she asked she see watch she watch she see something something pretty indeed come come sally bainbridge you must stupid rouse girl tell us i give you another shilling girl time seemed relapsing deep sleep shaken aroused convulsive start reply questions she she see clock pretty clock indeed she asked five six times hour she last replied ten minutes two watch taken bosom found stroke two every present including magnetiser confessed nothing wonderful conjecture she hazarded she knew perfectly well hour she brought ward large clock workhouse bell rang dinner time she calculated mentally interval since elapsed guessed accordingly watch afterwards advanced four five hours put bosom without word hearing asked watch promised another shilling she tell she still replied near two actual time bainbridge predicted experiment came nothing whole case girl offered striking instance power imagination proof whatever supposed existence magnetic fluid medical committee university college hospital took alarm early period injury might done institution exhibitions okey magnetisers meeting held june elliotson present take consideration reports experiments published medical journals resolutions passed effect elliotson requested refrain public exhibitions mesmerism time stating wish committee interfere private employment remedial agent he thought efficacious patients institution elliotson replied consideration prevent pursuing investigation animal magnetism he desire make public exhibition he given lectures demonstrations numbers scientific gentlemen present he still continued receive numerous letters learned eminent men entreating permission witness phenomena committee willed he admit person without sanction he shortly afterwards sent list names individuals anxious witness experiments committee returned unread reply they sanction exhibition entirely foreign objects hospital answer elliotson reiterated full belief doctrines animal magnetism conviction experiments ultimately throw light operations nature equal exceed elicited greatest discoveries ages correspondence dropped experiments continued usual scene however drawing close august notice published lancet effect experiments performed girls elizabeth jane okey house wakley report withheld hope committee members medical profession sitting investigate phenomena mesmerism publish report they witnessed stated whether committee publish report result experiments wakley house certainly made known next number journal accordingly september appeared statement overthrew complete manner delusion mesmerism nothing better conducted experiments nothing decisive fact phenomena purely results excited imaginations girls aided slight degree wilful deception first experiments performed august presence wakley dupotet elliotson richardson mr herring clarke mills writer published reports experiments university college hospital elliotson nickel capable retaining transmitting magnetic fluid extraordinary degree lead possessed virtues effects nickel he confident quite astounding lead might always applied impunity piece nickel produced doctor three quarters ounce weight together piece lead shape smoothness somewhat larger elizabeth okey seated chair passes manipulations thrown state ecstatic delirium piece thick pasteboard placed front face held situation two spectators she see passing either front wakley received nickel lead seated opposite girl applied lead hand alternately manner lead believe metals used effect produced nickel magnetised elliotson pause applied similar manner results followed another pause lead several times applied nickel last application nickel face patient became violently flushed eyes convulsed startling squint she fell back chair breathing hurried limbs rigid back bent form bow she remained state quarter hour experiment considered satisfactory proof magnetic powers nickel elliotson suggested second experiment metal alone tried wakley operator commencing he stated privately clarke instead using nickel he employ nickel clarke unseen person present took piece nickel put waistcoat pocket walked window he remained whole experiment wakley sat employing hands placing fingers manner impossible person see substance he held presently applying left hand girl vision still obstructed pasteboard mr herring standing near whisper much sincerity take care apply nickel strongly immediately face girl became violently red eyes fixed intense squint she fell back convulsively chair previous symptoms produced powerfully elliotson observed effects extraordinary metal nickel produce they presented beautiful series phenomena paroxysm lasted half hour wakley retired elliotson gentlemen adjoining room convinced he used nickel piece lead farthing experiment twice repeated results third trial made nickel effect produced succeeding day experiments repeated sisters chiefly mesmerised water sovereigns investigation occupied five hours following results six wine glasses filled water unmesmerised placed table jane okey called requested drink successively she effect produced six glasses stood table water fourth subjected long time supposed magnetic influence she requested like manner drink she effect produced although according doctrine magnetisers she immediately fixed drinking fourth experiment position glasses changed result repetition foregoing result water glasses subjected supposed magnetic influence fingers elliotson opinion strongly magnetised still result glasses filled fresh water unmesmerised result water strongly magnetised glass girl emptied result needless go whole series experiments results may briefly stated sovereigns unmesmerised threw girls convulsions fixed mesmerised sovereigns sometimes sometimes produce symptoms elizabeth okey became repeatedly fixed drinking unmagnetised water subjected powers supposed magnetic battery produced results altogether experiments tried convinced every present except elliotson animal magnetism delusion girls exciteable imaginations arrant impostors motives carrying extraordinary deception often asked question easily answered poor girls unknown unnoticed noticed perhaps despised they found observed observers really remarkable symptoms disease required aid magnetism produce flattered experiments constant attentions doctors learned men begun deluding they imagined persons vast importance encouraged degrees whims physicians means prolonging consideration they unexpectedly enjoyed constant practice made last perfect parts they performing they failed last want ingenuity wonderful power minds minds bodies physical impossibility seeing thick pasteboard closed hands wakley exposure made complete decisive day forth magnetism england hid diminished head affronted longer common sense age dupotet heard girls okey afford either wonder amusement clever acting reason resumed sway public mind circumstances remain stated elizabeth okey left hospital weeks afterwards labouring ischuria fresh complaint unconnected former malady experiments magnetism still tried privately notwithstanding recent exposure universal derision public house committee hospital early december met consider expediency expelling girl elliotson occasion expressed opinion necessary retain hospital she ill discharged elicited nurse examined committee okey state magnetic delirium habit prophesying death recovery patients ward consent elliotson she led twilight men ward prophesied similar manner predictions taken writing given sealed paper apothecary opened certain time might seen whether they verified elliotson deny fact nurse stated particularly manner prophecies delivered she approaching bed certain patient okey gave convulsive shudder exclaiming great jacky sitting bedclothes asked explain she great jacky angel death bedside another patient she shuddered slightly little jacky elliotson altogether discredit predictions imagined they might ultimately verified death recovery patient minds patients enfeebled they disease suffering worst effects produced man death accelerated despondency occasioned recovery others seriously impeded facts became known council college requested medical committee discharge okey prevent exhibitions animal magnetism wards latter part request communicated elliotson he immediately sent resignation successor afterwards appointed person copland inaugural lecture students college manifested riotous disposition called repeatedly old instructor refused allow lecture proceed appears disturbance caused respect affection elliotson individually participation ideas magnetism extravagant vagaries english professors magnetism may appear they actual common sense comparison aberrations germans latter revived exploded doctrines rosicrucians age called enlightened disinterred rubbish antiquity wildest superstitions predecessors built theories wild startling anything attempted witnessed among mankind paracelsus bohmen borri meyer strange heterogeneous mixture alchymy religion paved way stranger even extravagant mixture magnetism religion now practised germany magnetism believed key knowledge opens door forbidden regions wonders god works made clear mind man magnetic patient possessed gifts converse myriads spirits even god transported greater rapidity lightning flash moon stars see inhabitants hold converse wonders beauties separate spheres power goodness god made time space annihilated nothing hidden past present future they divine laws universe upheld snatch secrets creator darkness men enveloped last twenty thirty years daring blasphemous notions flourished rank luxuriance men station society learning apparent good sense usual affairs life publicly given adhesion encouraged doctrine example spread abroad precepts summary tenets may deemed exaggeration we enter particulars refer incredulous human folly present age ever pushed far chapter verse every allegation work published germany richter entitled considerations animal magnetism author states magnetism found solution enigmas human existence particularly enigmas christianity mystic obscure parts throws light permits us gaze clearly secrets mystery wolfart annals animal magnetism abound similar passages kluge celebrated work written spirit wonderful sympathy says latter magnetiser somnambulist he known latter vomit purged consequence medicine former taken whenever he put pepper tongue drank wine patient taste things distinctly palate kerner history case madame hauffe famous magnetic woman seer prophetess prevorst give complete melancholy proof sad wanderings german men science random selections we might make voluminous works work published two volumes authenticity details supported gorres eschenmeyer men character reputation germany immense sale she resided house kerner weinsberg weak sickly easily thrown state somnambulism she belonged says kerner world spirits she half spirit she belonged region beyond death she already half existed body clothed spirit like thin veil she small slightly made oriental expression countenance piercing eyes prophet gleams increased power beauty long dark eyebrows eyelashes she flower light living sunbeams spirit often seemed separated frame spirits things mankind general perception perceptible operated particularly spirits metals herbs men animals imponderable matters even rays light effect she magnetised smell flint agreeable salt laid hand caused flow saliva rock crystal laid pit stomach produced rigidity whole body red grapes produced certain effects placed hands white grapes produced different effects bone elk throw epileptic fit tooth mammoth produced feeling sluggishness spider web rolled ball produced prickly feeling hands restlessness whole body threw magnetic sleep music somnambulised she wanted cheerful she requested kerner magnetise water she drank playing she used say sleep magnetise water seven vibrations harp she drank water magnetised manner she constrained involuntarily pour forth soul song eyes many men threw state somnambulism she eyes spiritual spark mirror soul magnetised rod laid right eye every object she gazed appeared magnified means she enabled see inhabitants moon she left side moon inhabitants great builders much happier right side i often see she magnetiser many spirits i come contact others come i speak they often spend months company i hear see things time i turn eyes spirits they magnetic rapport they look like clouds thin transparent though first they seem still i never saw cast shadow form similar they possessed alive colourless grey they wear clothing appears made clouds colourless misty grey brighter better spirits wear long garments hang graceful folds belts around waists expression features sad solemn eyes bright like fire none i ever saw hair heads they make noises they wish excite attention gift seeing noises consist sounds air sometimes sudden sharp causing shock sometimes sounds plaintive musical times they resemble rustling silk falling sand rolling ball better spirits brighter bad ones voice strong many particularly dark sad spirits i uttered words religious consolation sucked i saw become brighter quite glorious consequence i became weaker spirits come lowest regions spiritual world situated just atmosphere they life grovelling people die faith jesus else expiring clung earthly thought affection now presses prevents soaring heaven i asked spirit whether children grew death replied spirit soul gradually expands becomes large earth i effect salvation spirits i mediator i pray ardently lead degrees great saviour world costs infinity trouble soul turns lord however serve good purpose extend greater length reveries mad woman set names magnetisers encouraged delusions deluded wade volumes german mysticism task painful disgusting happily necessary enough stated show gross superstition even learned errors like comets run eternal cycle apogee age perigee next returning phase another men wonder england delusion magnetism may present considered fairly exploded taking history commencement tracing day hardly delusion though wholly without uses quote words bailly magnetism altogether unavailing philosophy condemns additional fact record among errors human mind great experiment strength imagination vast inquiry influence mind matter inquiry embodied intellect mankind never able fathom completely least thrown feeble imperfect light afforded additional proof strength unconquerable weakness matter compared another illustration words inspired psalmist we fearfully wonderfully made serve purpose history prove useful truth ere now elicited means error animal magnetism like errors may yet contribute quota towards instruction improvement mankind end il est bon de connaitre les delires de humain chaque people ses folies plus ou moins grossieres millot memories extraordinary popular delusions vol ii charles mackay contents second volume crusades witch mania slow poisoners haunted houses crusades they heard they sprung wing innumerable potent rod amram son egypt evil day waved round coast call pitchy cloud locusts warping eastern wind realm impious pharaoh hung like night darken realm nile numberless they moment gloom seen ten thousand banners rise air orient colours waving rose forest huge spears thronging helms appear serried shields thick array depth immeasurable paradise lost every age peculiar folly scheme project phantasy plunges spurred either love gain necessity excitement mere force imitation failing madness goaded political religious causes combined every causes influenced crusades conspired render extraordinary instance record extent popular enthusiasm carried history solemn page informs us crusaders ignorant savage men motives bigotry unmitigated pathway blood tears romance hand dilates piety heroism pourtrays glowing impassioned hues virtue magnanimity imperishable honour they acquired great services they rendered christianity following pages we shall ransack stores discover true spirit animated motley multitude took arms service cross leaving history vouch facts disdaining aid contemporary poetry romance throw light feelings motives opinions order understand thoroughly state public feeling europe time peter hermit preached holy war necessary go back many years anterior event we must make acquaintance pilgrims eighth ninth tenth centuries learn tales they told dangers they passed wonders they seen pilgrimages holy land seem first undertaken converted jews christian devotees lively imagination pining natural curiosity visit scenes others interesting eyes pious impious alike flocked jerusalem class feast sight scenes hallowed life sufferings lord soon became generally received opinion pilgrimage sufficient rub long score sins however atrocious another numerous class pilgrims idle roving visited palestine moderns visit italy switzerland now fashion they might please vanity retailing return adventures they met really pious formed great majority every year numbers increased last they became numerous called armies lord full enthusiasm they set danger difficulty way defiance lingered holy rapture every scene described evangelists bliss indeed drink clear waters jordan baptized stream john baptized saviour they wandered awe pleasure purlieus temple solemn mount olives awful calvary god bled sinful men pilgrims every object precious relics eagerly sought flagons water jordan paniers mould hill crucifixion brought home sold extravagant prices churches monasteries apocryphical relics wood true cross tears virgin mary hems garments hair apostles even tents paul helped manufacture exhibited sale knavish palestine brought back europe wondrous cost care grove hundred oaks furnished wood sold little morsels remnants true cross tears mary collected together filled cistern upwards two hundred years pilgrims met impediment palestine enlightened haroun al reschid immediate successors encouraged stream brought much wealth syria treated wayfarers utmost courtesy race fatemite caliphs although respects tolerant distressed money unscrupulous obtaining predecessors house abbas imposed tax bezant pilgrim entered jerusalem serious hardship poorer sort begged weary way across europe arrived bourne hopes without coin great outcry immediately raised still tax rigorously levied pilgrims unable pay compelled remain gate holy city rich devotee arriving train paid tax let robert normandy father william conqueror common many nobles highest rank undertook pilgrimage found arrival scores pilgrims gate anxiously expecting coming pay tax occasion boon refused sums drawn source mine wealth moslem governors palestine imposed tax time pilgrimages become numerous ever strange idea taken possession popular mind close tenth commencement eleventh century universally believed end world hand thousand years apocalypse near completion jesus christ descend jerusalem judge mankind christendom commotion panic terror seized weak credulous guilty days formed nineteen twentieths population forsaking homes kindred occupation they crowded jerusalem await coming lord lightened they imagined load sin weary pilgrimage increase panic stars observed fall heaven earthquakes shake land violent hurricanes blow forests especially meteoric phenomena looked forerunners approaching judgments meteor shot athwart horizon fill district alarm send away jerusalem score pilgrims staff hand wallet back praying they went remission sins men women even children trudged droves holy city expectation day heavens open son god descend glory extraordinary delusion augmented numbers increased hardships pilgrims beggars became numerous highways west europe constantinople monks great occasions brought starvation within sight doors they economized resources left devotees shift they hundreds glad subsist berries ripened road great flux might shared bread flesh monasteries greatest difficulties arrival jerusalem they found sterner race obtained possession holy land caliphs bagdad succeeded harsh turks race seljook looked pilgrims contempt aversion turks eleventh century ferocious less scrupulous saracens tenth they annoyed immense number pilgrims overran country still they showed intention quitting hourly expectation last judgment kept waiting turks apprehensive last driven soil swarms still arriving heaped difficulties way persecution every kind awaited they plundered beaten stripes kept suspense months gates jerusalem unable pay golden bezant facilitate entrance first epidemic terror day judgment began subside pilgrims ventured return europe hearts big indignation insults they suffered everywhere they passed they related sympathizing auditory wrongs christendom strange say even recitals increased mania pilgrimage greater dangers way chance sins deep dye atoned difficulty suffering heightened merit fresh hordes issued every town village win favour sight heaven visit holy sepulchre things continue whole eleventh century train explode fearfully now laid wanted hand apply torch last man appeared scene like ever achieved great end peter hermit exactly suited age neither behind advance acute enough penetrate mystery ere discovered enthusiastic chivalrous bigoted insane far removed insanity he prototype time true enthusiasm always persevering always eloquent two qualities united common degree person extraordinary preacher he monk amiens ere he assumed hood served soldier he represented ill favoured low stature eye surpassing brightness intelligence seized mania age he visited jerusalem remained till blood boiled see cruel persecution heaped devotees return home he shook world eloquent story wrongs entering details astounding results preaching advisable cast glance state mind europe we may understand better causes success first priesthood exercising conspicuous influence fortunes society claims largest share attention religion ruling idea day civiliser capable taming wolves constituted flock faithful clergy though they kept popular mind slavish subjection regard religious matters they furnished means defence oppression except ecclesiastical ranks concentrated true piety learning wisdom time natural consequence great portion power wisdom perpetually incited extend people knew nothing kings nobles except way injuries inflicted first ruled properly speaking barons barons existed brave power kings trample iron heels neck prostrate democracy latter friend clergy though they necessarily instilled superstition they exempt yet taught cheering doctrine men equal sight heaven feudalism told they rights world religion told they every right next consolation they time content political ideas yet taken root clergy reasons recommended crusade people joined enthusiasm subject palestine filled minds pilgrims tales two centuries warmed every imagination friends guides instructors preached war much accordance prejudices modes thinking enthusiasm rose frenzy religion inspired masses another agent work nobility fierce lawless tainted every vice endowed virtue redeemed good quality alone courage religion they felt religion fear overboiling turbulence alike combined guide holy land sins enough answer they lived hand every man law passions they set defiance secular power clergy hearts quailed awful denunciations pulpit regard life come war business delight existence they promised remission sins easy condition following favourite bent wondered they rushed enthusiasm onslaught became zealous service cross great majority people swayed purely religious motives fanaticism love battle alike impelled war kings princes europe still another motive encouraging zeal policy opened eyes great advantages accrue absence many restless intriguing men whose insolence required small power royalty restrain within due bounds every motive favourable crusades every class society alike incited join encourage war kings clergy policy nobles turbulence love dominion people religious zeal concentrated enthusiasm two centuries skilfully directed instructors palestine peter hermit first conceived grand idea rousing powers christendom rescue christians east thraldom mussulmans sepulchre jesus rude hands infidel subject engrossed whole mind even visions night he full dream made impression he devoutly believed saviour world appeared promised aid protection holy undertaking zeal ever wavered sufficient fix ever peter he performed penances duties pilgrimage demanded interview simeon patriarch greek church jerusalem though latter heretic peter eyes yet he still christian felt acutely persecutions heaped turks followers jesus good prelate entered fully views suggestion wrote letters pope influential monarchs christendom detailing sorrows faithful urging take arms defence peter laggard work taking affectionate farewell patriarch he returned haste italy pope urban ii occupied apostolic chair time far easy seat predecessor gregory bequeathed host disputes emperor henry iv germany he made philip france enemy strenuous opposition adulterous connexion formed monarch many dangers encompassed vatican secure abode he taken refuge apulia protection renowned robert guiscard thither peter appears followed though spot meeting took place stated precision ancient chroniclers modern historians urban received kindly read tears eyes epistle patriarch simeon listened eloquent story hermit attention showed deeply he sympathised woes christian church enthusiasm contagious pope appears caught instantly whose zeal unbounded giving hermit full powers he sent abroad preach holy war nations potentates christendom hermit preached countless thousands answered call france germany italy started voice prepared deliverance zion early historians crusade rapture europe guibert de nogent describes personal appearance hermit time he says appeared something divine every thing he people highly reverenced they plucked hairs mane mule they might keep relics preaching he wore general woollen tunic mantle fell heels arms feet bare he ate neither flesh bread supporting chiefly fish wine he set says chronicler whence i know we saw passing towns villages preaching every people surrounding crowds loading offerings celebrating sanctity great praises i never remember seen honours bestowed he went untired inflexible full devotion communicating madness hearers europe stirred depths hermit appealing signal success people pope appealed much success become chiefs leaders expedition first step call council placentia autumn year assembly clergy pope debated grand scheme gave audience emissaries sent constantinople emperor east detail progress made turks design establishing europe clergy course unanimous support crusade council separated individual member empowered preach people italy expected furnish aid required pope crossed alps inspire fierce powerful nobility chivalrous population gaul boldness entering territory placing power foe king philip france least surprising feature mission imagined cool policy alone actuated others assert mere zeal warm blind peter hermit latter opinion seems true society calculate consequences every man seemed act impulse pope throwing heart france acted much impulse thousands responded call council eventually summoned meet clermont auvergne consider state church reform abuses make preparations war midst extremely cold winter ground covered snow seven days council sat closed doors immense crowds parts france flocked town expectation pope address people towns villages miles around filled multitude even fields encumbered people unable procure lodging pitched tents trees neighbourhood presented appearance vast camp seven days deliberation sentence excommunication passed king philip adultery bertrade de montfort countess anjou disobedience supreme authority apostolic see bold step impressed people reverence stern church discharge duty showed respecter persons love fear alike increased they prepared listen intense devotion preaching righteous inflexible pastor great square cathedral church clermont became every instant densely crowded hour drew nigh pope address populace issuing church frill canonicals surrounded cardinals bishops splendour romish ecclesiastical costume pope stood populace high scaffolding erected occasion covered scarlet cloth brilliant array bishops cardinals surrounded among humbler rank important world eye hermit peter dressed simple austere habiliments historians differ whether peter addressed crowd agree he present seems reasonable suppose he spoke oration pope important he lifted hands ensure attention every voice immediately became still he began detailing miseries endured brethren holy land plains palestine desolated outrageous heathen sword firebrand carried wailing dwellings flames possessions faithful christian wives daughters defiled pagan lust altars true god desecrated relics saints trodden foot you continued eloquent pontiff urban second eloquent men day you hear received true faith endowed god power strength greatness soul whose ancestors prop christendom whose kings put barrier progress infidel i call you wipe impurities face earth lift oppressed depths they trampled sepulchre christ possessed heathen sacred places dishonoured vileness oh brave knights faithful people offspring invincible fathers ye degenerate ancient renown ye restrained embarking great cause tender ties wife little ones remember words saviour world loves father mother worthy whosoever shall abandon name sake house brethren sisters father mother wife children lands shall receive hundredfold shall inherit eternal life warmth pontiff communicated crowd enthusiasm people broke several times ere he concluded address he went pourtray spiritual temporal advantages accrue took arms service cross palestine he land flowing milk honey precious sight god scene grand events saved mankind land he promised divided among moreover they full pardon offences either god man go he added expiation sins go assured world shall passed away imperishable glory shall world come enthusiasm longer restrained loud shouts interrupted speaker people exclaiming voice dieu le veult dieu le veult great presence mind urban took advantage outburst soon silence obtained continued dear brethren shown forth you lord evangelist two three gathered together name i midst bless lord god souls you pronounced words rather god pronounced lips he put hearts they combat words came forth god let army lord rushes enemies shout cry le veult dieu le veult let whoever inclined devote holy cause make solemn engagement bear cross lord either breast brow till he set let ready begin march place holy emblem shoulders memory precept saviour take cross follow worthy news council spread remotest parts europe incredibly short space time long fleetest horseman brought intelligence known people distant provinces fact considered nothing less supernatural subject everybody mouth minds men prepared result enthusiastic asserted they wished event tallied prediction however quite enough days miracle miracle every regarded several months council clermont france germany presented singular spectacle pious fanatic needy dissolute young old even women children halt lame enrolled hundreds every village clergy busied keeping excitement promising eternal rewards assumed red cross fulminating awful denunciations refused even hesitated every debtor joined crusade freed papal edict claims creditors outlaws every grade made equal honest conditions property went placed protection church paul peter believed descend high abode watch chattels absent pilgrims signs portents seen air increase fervour multitude unusual brilliancy appeared thousands crusaders came gaze prostrating earth adoration thought sure prognostic interposition high representation armies fighting overthrowing infidels reports wonders everywhere rife monk seen two gigantic warriors horseback representing christian turk fighting sky flaming swords christian course overcoming paynim myriads stars fallen heaven representing fall pagan foe believed time emperor charlemagne rise grave lead victory embattled armies lord singular feature popular madness enthusiasm women everywhere they encouraged lovers husbands forsake things holy war many burned sign cross breasts arms coloured wound red dye lasting memorial zeal others still zealous impressed mark means tender limbs young children infants breast guibert de nogent tells monk made large incision forehead form cross he coloured powerful ingredient telling people angel done he asleep monk appears rogue fool he contrived fare sumptuously brother pilgrims strength sanctity crusaders everywhere gave presents food money he became quite fat ere he arrived jerusalem notwithstanding fatigues way he acknowledged first place he made wound he thought holy fellows story angel clincher property description rushed mart change hard cash lands houses quarter value arms accoutrements war rose proportion corn excessively dear anticipation year scarcity suddenly became plentiful diminution value provisions seven sheep sold five deniers guibert de nogent nobles mortgaged estates mere trifles jews unbelievers conferred charters immunity towns communes within fiefs sums years previously they rejected disdain farmer endeavoured sell plough artisan tools purchase sword deliverance jerusalem women disposed trinkets purpose spring summer year roads teemed crusaders hastening towns villages appointed rendezvous district horseback carts came rivers boats rafts bringing wives children eager go jerusalem knew jerusalem thought fifty thousand miles away others imagined month journey sight every town castle children exclaimed jerusalem city guibert de nogent parties knights nobles might seen travelling eastward amusing they went knightly diversion hawking lighten fatigues way guibert de nogent write hearsay actual observation says enthusiasm contagious heard orders pontiff he went instantly solicit neighbours friends join way god they called proposed expedition counts palatine full desire undertake journey inferior knights animated zeal even poor caught flame ardently paused think inadequacy means consider whether he yield house vine fields set selling property low price he held horrible captivity sought pay ransom without loss time determined journey joked laughed disposing goods ruinous prices prophesying expedition miserable return worse they held language day next they suddenly seized frenzy rest loudest jeers gave property crowns set they laughed hours cases laugh turned became known man hesitating zealous neighbours sent present knitting needle distaff show contempt resisting fear ridicule contributed fair contingent armies lord another effect crusade religious obedience inspired people nobility singular institution truce god commencement eleventh century clergy france sympathizing woes people unable diminish repressing rapacity insolence feudal chiefs endeavoured promote universal promulgation famous peace god conformed bound oath take revenge injury enjoy fruits property usurped others use deadly weapons reward they receive remission sins however benevolent intention peace led nothing perjury violence reigned uncontrolled year another attempt made soften angry passions chiefs truce god solemnly proclaimed truce lasted wednesday evening monday morning every week interval strictly forbidden recur violence pretext seek revenge injury impossible civilize men means even promised become peaceable unconscionable period five days week they they made ample amends two days left open truce afterwards shortened saturday evening monday morning little diminution violence bloodshed consequence council clermont urban ii solemnly proclaimed truce strong religious feeling every hastened obey minor passions disappeared grand passion crusading noble ceased oppress robber plunder people complain idea hearts seemed room encampments heterogeneous multitudes offered singular aspect vassals ranged banners lord erected tents around castle undertook war account constructed booths huts neighbourhood towns villages preparatory joining popular leader expedition meadows france covered tents belligerents remission sins arrival palestine hundreds gave unbounded licentiousness courtezan red cross shoulders plied shameless trade sensual pilgrims without scruple either side lover good cheer gave loose rein appetite drunkenness debauchery flourished zeal service lord wipe faults follies they surety salvation rigid anchorite reasoning charms ignorant sounds lewd revelry voice prayer rose instant camp now time speak leaders expedition great multitudes ranged command peter hermit originator they considered appropriate leader war others joined banner bold adventurer history dignified name gautier sans avoir walter pennyless represented noble family well skilled art war third multitude germany flocked around standard monk named gottschalk nothing known except he fanatic deepest dye bands together amounted three hundred thousand men women children composed vilest rascality europe without discipline principle true courage they rushed nations like pestilence spreading terror death wherever they went first multitude set forth led walter pennyless early spring within months council clermont man irregular host aspired master like nominal leader poor penury trusted subsistence journey chances road rolling germany like tide they entered hungary first they received degree kindness people latter yet caught sufficient fire enthusiasm join crusade willing enough forward cause aiding embarked unfortunately good understanding last long swarm contented food necessities craved luxuries they attacked plundered dwellings country people thought nothing murder resistance offered arrival semlin outraged hungarians collected large numbers attacking rear crusading host slew great many stragglers taking away arms crosses affixed trophies walls city walter appears mood condition make reprisals army destructive plague locusts plunder urged useless regular attack determined enemy rear continued harassed wrathful hungarians they fairly territory entrance bulgaria walter met better fate cities towns refused let pass villages denied provisions citizens country people uniting slaughtered followers hundreds progress army like retreat advance impossible stand still walter continued course till he arrived constantinople force famine sword diminished original number greater multitude led enthusiastic hermit followed close heels bulky train baggage women children sufficient form host possible find rabble vile army walter pennyless led peter hermit better provided means they reduced necessity pillage progress hungary they taken route led semlin might perhaps traversed country without molestation arrival city fury raised seeing arms red crosses predecessors hanging trophies gates ferocity exploded sight city tumultuously attacked besiegers entering dint bravery superior numbers given horrors follow victory brutality licentiousness linked together every evil passion allowed revel impunity revenge lust avarice hundred victims unhappy semlin maniac kindle conflagration requires many wise men put peter hermit blown popular fury flame cool beyond power followers rioted unrestrained fear retaliation warned desist king hungary informed disasters semlin he marched sufficient force chastise hermit news broke camp retreated towards morava broad rapid stream joins danube miles eastward belgrade party indignant bulgarians awaited harassed make passage river task difficulty danger great numbers infatuated followers perished waters many fell swords bulgarians ancient chronicles mention amount hermit loss passage represent general terms great nissa duke bulgaria fortified fear assault peter learned little wisdom experience thought best avoid hostilities he passed three nights quietness walls duke wishing exasperate unnecessarily fierce rapacious host allowed townspeople supply provisions peter took departure peaceably following morning german vagabonds falling behind main body army set fire mills house bulgarian appears they dispute previous evening citizens nissa throughout mistrusted crusaders prepared worst sallied immediately took signal vengeance spoilers cut pieces townspeople pursuing hermit captured women children lagged rear great quantity baggage peter hereupon turned round marched back nissa demand explanation duke bulgaria latter fairly stated provocation given hermit urge nothing palliation gross outrage negotiation entered promised successful bulgarians deliver women children party undisciplined crusaders acting solely suggestion endeavoured scale walls seize town peter vain exerted authority confusion became general short desperate battle crusaders threw arms fled directions vast host completely routed slaughter great among counted hundreds thousands hermit fled fatal field forest miles nissa abandoned every human creature curious know whether dire reverse enpierced breast sharp sorrow thousand pieces rive whether fiery zeal still rose superior calamity pictured eventual triumph cause he lately leader hundred thousand men now solitary skulker forests liable every instant discovered pursuing bulgarian cut mid career chance last brought within sight eminence two three bravest knights collected five hundred stragglers gladly received hermit consultation taken place resolved gather together scattered remnants army fires lighted hill scouts sent directions fugitives horns sounded intervals make known friends near nightfall hermit saw head seven thousand men succeeding day he joined twenty thousand miserable remnant force he pursued route towards constantinople bones rest mouldered forests bulgaria arrival constantinople he found walter pennyless awaiting he hospitably received emperor alexius might expected sad reverses they undergone taught followers common prudence unhappily turbulence love plunder restrained although they surrounded friends wants liberally supplied they refrain rapine vain hermit exhorted tranquillity he possessed power subduing passions obscurest soldier host they set fire several public buildings constantinople pure mischief stripped lead roofs churches they afterwards sold old metal purlieus city time may dated aversion emperor alexius entertained crusaders afterwards manifested actions even he deal chivalrous honourable armies arrived hermit he seems imagined turks enemies less formidable power outpourings refuse europe he soon found pretext hurry asia minor peter crossed bosphorus walter excesses followers despairing accomplishing good end remaining head he left returned constantinople pretext making arrangements government alexius proper supply provisions crusaders forgetting they enemy country union things desirable gave dissensions violent disputes arose lombards normans commanded walter pennyless franks germans led peter latter separated former choosing leader reinaldo reinhold marched forward took possession fortress exorogorgon sultan solimaun alert superior force party crusaders detached fort stationed little distance ambuscade surprised cut pieces exorogorgon invested sides siege protracted eight days christians suffered acute agony want water hard say long hope succour energy despair enabled hold treacherous leader cut matter short renouncing christian faith delivering fort hands sultan he followed two three officers rest refusing become mahometans ruthlessly put sword perished last wretched remnant vast multitude traversed europe peter hermit walter pennyless multitude met miserable fate news disasters exorogorgon they demanded led instantly turks walter wanted good soldiers made good general cooler head saw dangers step force wholly insufficient make decisive movement country enemy much superior case defeat he secure position fall back he therefore expressed opinion advancing arrival reinforcements prudent counsel found favour army loudly expressed dissatisfaction chief prepared march forward without brave walter put head rushed destruction proceeding towards nice modern isnik he intercepted army sultan fierce battle ensued turks made fearful havoc thousand christians thousand slain among gautier fell pierced seven mortal wounds remaining three thousand retreated civitot they intrenched disgusted peter hermit excesses multitude call forsaken europe heart moved grief pity misfortunes former zeal revived casting feet emperor alexius he implored tears eyes send relief survivors civitot emperor consented force sent arrived just time save destruction turks beleaguered place crusaders reduced last extremity negotiations entered last three thousand conducted safety constantinople alexius suffered much former excesses desirous retaining capital he therefore caused disarmed furnishing sum money he sent back country events taking place fresh hordes issuing woods wilds germany bent holy land they commanded fanatical priest named gottschalk like gautier peter hermit took way hungary history extremely meagre details conduct fate host amounted least hundred thousand men robbery murder seem journeyed poor hungarians rendered almost desperate numbers rapacity karloman king country made bold effort get rid resentment people arrived height nothing short total extermination crusaders satisfy gottschalk pay penalty ravages bands swarms come he army induced means lay arms savage hungarians seeing defenceless set slaughtered great numbers many escaped arrows we informed reached palestine swarms nameless leaders issued germany france brutal frantic preceded fanaticism surpassed far wildest freaks followers hermit bands varying numbers five thousand they traversed country directions bent plunder massacre they wore symbol crusade shoulders inveighed folly proceeding holy land destroy turks they left behind many jews still inveterate enemies christ they swore fierce vengeance unhappy race murdered hebrews they lay hands first subjecting horrible mutilation according testimony albert aquensis they lived among shameless profligacy vice exceeded superstition whenever they search jews they preceded goose goat they believed holy animated divine power discover retreats unbelievers germany alone they slaughtered thousand jews notwithstanding efforts clergy save dreadful cruelty tormentors great numbers jews committed avoid falling hands fell lot hungarians deliver europe pests jews murder bands collected body took old route holy land route stained blood three hundred thousand gone destined receive number swarms never stated many perished hungary contemporary writers despairing giving adequate idea multitudes state fields actually heaped corpses miles course waters danube dyed blood mersburg danube greatest slaughter took place slaughter great amount almost extermination hungarians disputed passage river crusaders forced way across attacking city blind courage madness succeeded making breach walls moment victory unaccountable fear came throwing arms they fled knew knew whither hungarians followed sword hand cut without remorse numbers stream danube choked unburied bodies worst paroxysm madness europe passed chivalry stepped scene men cool heads mature plans invincible courage stood forward lead direct grand movement europe asia men romance lavished admiring epithets leaving condemnation history vileness brutality went leaders distinguished godfrey bouillon duke lorraine raymond count toulouse four chiefs royal blood europe assumed cross led army holy land hugh count vermandois brother king france robert duke normandy elder brother william rufus robert count flanders boemund prince tarentum eldest son celebrated robert guiscard men tinged fanaticism age none acted entirely religious motives they neither utterly reckless like gautier sans avoir crazy like peter hermit brutal like gottschalk monk possessed qualities milder form valour tempered caution religious zeal worldly views ferocity spirit chivalry they saw whither led torrent public neither wish interest stem they allowed carried hope lead last haven aggrandizement around congregated many minor chiefs flower nobility france italy germany england spain wisely conjectured armies numerous find difficulty procuring provisions they journeyed road they therefore resolved separate godfrey de bouillon proceeding hungary bulgaria count toulouse lombardy dalmatia leaders apulia constantinople several divisions reunite forces leaders variously estimated princess anna comnena talks numerous sands stars firmament fulcher chartres satisfactory exaggerates less magnificently he states divisions they sat nice bithynia amounted hundred thousand horsemen six hundred thousand men foot exclusive priests women children gibbon opinion amount exaggerated thinks actual numbers fall far short calculation princess anna afterwards gives number godfrey bouillon eighty thousand foot horse supposing chiefs led army numerous total near half million must rather mark army godfrey bouillon confessedly largest set suffered less way count vermandois first set foot grecian territory arrival durazzo he received every mark respect courtesy agents emperor followers abundantly supplied provisions suddenly however without cause assigned count arrested order emperor alexius conveyed close prisoner constantinople various motives assigned different authors induced emperor treacherous imprudent proceeding every writer he condemned flagrant breach hospitality justice probable reason conduct appears suggested guibert nogent states alexius fearful designs crusaders throne resorted extremity order afterwards force count take oath allegiance price liberation example prince eminent brother king france he thought readily followed chiefs crusade result he wofully disappointed every man deserves commits positive evil doubtful good may ensue line policy accorded well enough narrowmindedness emperor enervating atmosphere highly civilized luxurious court dreaded influx hardy ambitious warriors west strove nibble away unworthy means power he energy enough confront danger existed residence chiefs dominions he might easily averted simple means placing head european movement directing energies avowed object conquest holy land emperor instead he might lord leader crusades he aided inconsiderable degree suscitate embassies pope became slave men hated despised doubt barbarous excesses followers gautier peter hermit made look whole body disgust disgust little mind glad excuse palliate justify irresolution love ease godfrey bouillon traversed hungary quiet orderly manner arrival mersburg he found country strewed mangled corpses demanded king hungary reason people set latter detailed atrocities they committed made evident godfrey hungarians acted leader declared satisfied passed without giving receiving molestation arrival philippopoli he informed first time imprisonment count vermandois he immediately sent messengers emperor demanding count release threatening case refusal lay waste country fire sword waiting day philippopoli he marched adrianople he met messengers returning emperor refusal godfrey bravest determined leaders crusade man swerve word country given pillage alexius committed another blunder sooner he learn dire experience crusader utterer idle threats he consented release prisoner he unjust first instance he became cowardly second taught enemies crusaders forced consider lesson they took care remember cost they hope nothing sense justice every thing fears godfrey remained encamped several weeks neighbourhood constantinople great annoyance alexius sought every means extort homage he extorted vermandois sometimes he acted open declared war crusaders sent troops sometimes he refused supply food ordered markets shut times he peace goodwill sent costly presents godfrey honest straightforward crusader last wearied false kindness pestered attacks allowing indignation get better judgment he gave country around constantinople plundered soldiers six days flames around struck terror heart alexius godfrey anticipated they convinced error fearing constantinople next object attack he sent messengers demand interview godfrey offering time leave son hostage good faith godfrey agreed meet whether put end useless dissensions unexplained reason he rendered homage alexius liege lord he thereupon loaded honours according singular custom age underwent ceremony adoption honour son emperor godfrey brother baudouin de bouillon conducted proper courtesy occasion able restrain insolence followers conceive bound keep terms man insincere he shown barbarous chieftain count robert paris carried insolence far seat throne insult alexius merely resented sneer induce look less mistrust hordes still advancing impossible notwithstanding treachery avoid feeling compassion emperor whose life time rendered long scene misery presumption crusaders altogether groundless fears evil they might inflict untoward circumstance force current ambition conquest empire daughter anna comnena feelingly deplores state life time learned german wilken geschichte der kreuzzuge recent work describes authority princess following manner avoid occasion offence crusaders alexius complied whims many occasions unreasonable demands even expense great bodily exertion time he suffering severely gout eventually brought grave crusader desired interview refused access he listened utmost patience harangues loquacity zeal continually wearied he endured without expressing impatience unbecoming haughty language they permitted employ towards severely reprimanded officers they undertook defend dignity imperial station rude assaults he trembled apprehension slightest disputes lest they might become occasion greater evil though counts often appeared trains altogether unsuitable dignity sometimes entire troop completely filled royal apartment emperor held peace he listened hours he often seated throne attend wishes requests evening twilight saw still place frequently he snatch time refresh meat drink many nights he obtain repose obliged indulge unrefreshing sleep throne head resting hands even slumber continually disturbed appearance harangues rude knights courtiers wearied efforts day longer keep feet sank exhausted benches others floor alexius still rallied strength listen seeming attention wearisome chatter latins they might occasion pretext discontent state fear anxiety alexius comport dignity like emperor alexius however blame great measure indignities he suffered owing insincerity crusaders mistrusted much became last common saying turks saracens inveterate foes western latin christians emperor alexius greeks wilken needless sketch profess much history crusades madness europe they sprang detail various acts bribery intimidation cajolery hostility alexius contrived make leaders succession they arrived take oath allegiance suzerain way another he exacted barren homage he set heart they allowed proceed asia minor raymond de gilles count toulouse obstinately refused homage residence constantinople productive good armies cross bickerings contentions hand influence depraved luxurious court destroyed elasticity spirits cooled first ardour enthusiasm time army count toulouse point disbanding leader energetically removed across bosphorus result asia spirits degree revived presence danger difficulty nerved work they undertaken first operation war siege nice gain possession efforts directed godfrey bouillon count vermandois joined walls host succession left constantinople among celebrated crusaders fought siege we find besides leaders already mentioned brave generous tancred whose name fame immortalized gerusalemme liberata valorous bishop puy baldwin afterwards king jerusalem peter hermit now almost solitary soldier shorn power influence he formerly possessed kilij aslaun sultan roum chief seljukian turks whose deeds surrounded false halo romance familiar readers tasso name soliman marched defend city defeated several obstinate engagements christians showed degree heroism quite astonished turkish chief expected find wild undisciplined multitude like peter hermit without leaders capable enforcing obedience instead he found experienced leaders age head armies just fanaticism enough ferocious enough render ungovernable engagements many hundreds fell sides sides revolting barbarity practised crusaders cut heads fallen mussulmans sent paniers constantinople trophies victory temporary defeat kilij aslaun siege nice carried redoubled vigour turks defended greatest obstinacy discharged showers poisoned arrows crusaders unfortunate wretch killed walls they let iron hooks drew body stripping mutilating they threw back besiegers latter well supplied provisions days siege continued without relaxation efforts either side many tales told almost superhuman heroism christian leaders man put thousand flight arrows faithful never missed mark anecdote godfrey bouillon related albert aix worth recording showing high opinion entertained valour showing contagious credulity armies credulity often led verge defeat incited victory turk gigantic stature took station day day battlements nice bearing enormous bow committed great havoc among christian host shaft he sped bore death point although crusaders aimed repeatedly breast he stood exposed position arrows fell harmless feet he seemed invulnerable attack report soon spread abroad he arch fiend mortal hand prevail godfrey bouillon faith supernatural character mussulman determined possible put end dismay rapidly paralyzing exertions best soldiers taking huge he stood forward front army try steadiness hand archer shaft aimed directly heart took fatal effect moslem fell amid groans besieged shouts deus adjuva deus adjuva besiegers last crusaders imagined they overcome obstacles preparing take possession city great astonishment they saw flag emperor alexius flying battlements emissary emperor named faticius tatin contrived gain admission body greek troops point crusaders left unprotected persuaded turks surrender rather crusading forces greatest indignation prevailed army stratagem discovered soldiers utmost difficulty prevented renewing attack besieging greek emissary army however continued march means broken two divisions historians say accidentally fulcher guibert de vital others affirm mutual consent convenience obtaining provisions way william wilken division composed forces bohemund tancred duke normandy took route distance right commanded godfrey bouillon chiefs sultan roum losses nice silently making great efforts crush crusaders blow collected short time multitudinous tribes owed allegiance army according moderate calculation amounted two hundred thousand men chiefly cavalry he fell first division christian host valley dorylaeum early morning july crusaders saw first companies turkish horsemen pouring hills bohemund hardly time set order transport sick helpless rear overwhelming force orientals christian army composed principally men foot gave way sides hoofs turkish steeds poisoned arrows bowmen mowed hundreds lost flower chivalry christians retreated baggage dreadful slaughter took place neither women children sick spared just they reduced last extremity godfrey bouillon count toulouse made appearance field turned tide battle obstinate engagement turks fled rich camp fell bands enemy loss crusaders amounted four thousand men several chiefs renown among count robert paris william brother tancred loss turks exceed number taught pursue different mode warfare sultan far defeated still gigantic army he laid waste country either side crusaders latter unaware tactics enemy found plenty provisions turkish camp far economizing resources they gave several days unbounded extravagance they soon paid dearly heedlessness ravaged country phrygia they advanced towards antiochetta they suffered dreadfully want food pasture cattle scorching sun almost sufficient dry freshness land task firebrands sultan surely effected water first day march pilgrims died rate five hundred horses knights perished road baggage they aided transport either placed dogs sheep swine abandoned altogether calamities afterwards befell christians gave reckless profligacy occasion dissensions prosperity engendered forgotten religion often disregarded arose stern presence misfortune cheered they died promises eternal felicity length they reached antiochetta they found water abundance pastures expiring cattle plenty surrounded they pitched tents untaught bitter experience famine they gave luxury waste october they sat strong city antioch siege events gave rise among extraordinary incidents crusade city situated eminence washed river orontes naturally strong position turkish garrison well supplied provisions endure long siege respect christians fortunate unluckily unwise force amounted three hundred thousand fighting men we informed raymond they much provision they threw away greater part every animal they killed dainty they eat particular parts beast insane extravagance less ten days famine began stare face making fruitless attempt gain possession city coup de main they starving sat starve enemy want came cooling enthusiasm chiefs began grow weary expedition baldwin previously detached main body army proceeding edessa intrigued supreme power little principality leaders animated less zeal heretofore stephen chartres hugh vermandois began waver unable endure privations folly profusion brought even peter hermit became sick heart ere famine become urgent they reduced eat human flesh extremity hunger bohemund robert flanders set forth expedition procure supply they slight degree successful relief they brought economized two days they destitute faticius greek commander representative alexius deserted division pretence seeking food example followed various bodies crusaders misery rife among remained they strove alleviate diligent attention signs omens extraordinary visions seen enthusiastic alternately cheered depressed according they foretold triumph pictured reverses cross time violent hurricane arose levelling great trees ground blowing tents christian leaders another time earthquake shook camp thought prognosticate great impending evil cause christendom comet appeared shortly afterwards raised despondency they fallen lively imaginations making assume form flaming cross leading victory famine least evils they endured unwholesome food impure air neighbouring marshes engendered pestilential diseases carried rapidly arrows enemy thousand died day became last matter extreme difficulty afford burial add misery man grew suspicious neighbour camp infested turkish spies conveyed daily besieged intelligence movements distresses enemy ferocity engendered despair bohemund caused two spies he detected roasted alive presence army within sight battlements antioch even example failed reduce numbers turks continued well informed christians passing camp news arrival reinforcement soldiers europe abundant stock provisions came cheer reduced last extremity welcome succour landed simeon port antioch six miles city thitherwards famishing crusaders proceeded tumultuous bands followed bohemund count toulouse strong detachments retainers vassals escort supplies safety camp garrison antioch forewarned arrival alert corps turkish archers despatched lie ambuscade among mountains intercept return bohemund laden provisions encountered rocky passes turkish host great numbers followers slain he just time escape camp news defeat godfrey bouillon duke normandy leaders heard rumour battle instant preparing rescue army immediately motion animated zeal hunger marched rapidly intercept victorious turks they time reach antioch spoil fierce battle ensued lasted noon till going sun christians gained maintained advantage man fighting alone depended fortune day hundreds turks perished orontes two thousand left dead field battle provision recaptured brought safety camp whither crusaders returned singing allelulia shouting deus adjuva deus adjuva relief lasted days duly economized lasted much longer chiefs authority unable exercise control distribution famine approached rapid strides stephen count blois liking prospect withdrew camp four thousand retainers established alexandretta moral influence desertion highly prejudicial remained bohemund impatient ambitious chiefs foresaw unless speedily checked lead utter failure expedition necessary act decisively army murmured length siege sultan collecting forces crush efforts crusaders antioch might held months treason within effected courage without might striven vain baghasihan turkish prince emir antioch command armenian name phirouz he intrusted defence tower part city wall overlooked passes mountains bohemund means spy embraced christian religion he given name baptism kept daily communication captain made magnificent promises reward he deliver post christian knights whether proposal first made bohemund armenian uncertain good understanding soon existed undoubted night fixed execution project bohemund communicated scheme godfrey count toulouse stipulation city won he soul enterprise enjoy dignity prince antioch leaders hesitated ambition jealousy prompted refuse aid furthering views intriguer mature consideration decided acquiesce seven hundred bravest knights chosen expedition real object fear spies kept profound secret rest army ready report promulgated seven hundred intended form ambuscade division sultan army stated approaching every thing favoured treacherous project armenian captain solitary watchtower received due intimation approach crusaders night dark stormy star visible wind howled furiously overpower sounds rain fell torrents watchers towers adjoining phirouz hear tramp armed knights wind see obscurity night dismalness weather within shot walls bohemund sent forward interpreter confer armenian latter urged make haste seize favourable interval armed men lighted torches patrolled battlements every half hour instant they just passed chiefs instantly foot wall phirouz let rope bohemund attached end ladder hides raised armenian held knights mounted momentary fear came spirits adventurers every hesitated last bohemund vide william tyre encouraged phirouz ascended steps ladder followed godfrey count robert flanders number knights they advanced others pressed forward weight became great ladder breaking precipitated dozen ground they fell making great clatter heavy coats mail moment they thought lost wind made loud howling swept fierce gusts mountain gorges orontes swollen rain rushed noisily along guards heard nothing ladder easily repaired knights ascended two time reached platform safety sixty ascended torch coming patrol seen gleam angle wall hiding behind buttress they awaited coming breathless silence soon he arrived arm length he suddenly seized he open lips raise alarm silence death closed ever they next descended rapidly spiral staircase tower opening portal admitted whole companions raymond toulouse cognizant whole plan left behind main body army heard instant signal horn announced entry effected leading legions town attacked within without imagination conceive scene dreadful presented devoted city antioch night horror crusaders fought blind fury fanaticism suffering alike incited men women children indiscriminately slaughtered till streets ran gore darkness increased destruction morning dawned crusaders found swords breasts they mistaken foes turkish commander fled first citadel becoming insecure mountains whither he pursued slain grey head brought back antioch trophy daylight massacre ceased crusaders gave plunder they found gold jewels silks velvets abundance provisions importance they found little kind corn excessively scarce they discovered sorrow respect besieged little better besiegers they time instal new position take necessary measures procuring supply city invested turks sultan persia raised immense army he intrusted command kerbogha emir mosul instructions sweep christian locusts face land emir effected junction kilij aslaun two armies surrounded city discouragement took complete possession christian host numbers contrived elude vigilance besiegers escape count stephen blots alexandretta they related exaggerated tales misery they endured utter hopelessness continuing war stephen forthwith broke camp retreated towards constantinople way he met emperor alexius head considerable force hastening take possession conquests made christians asia soon he heard woeful plight he turned back proceeded count blots constantinople leaving remnant crusaders shift news defection increased discouragement antioch useless horses army slain eaten dogs cats rats sold enormous prices even vermin becoming scarce increasing famine came pestilence short time sixty thousand remained three hundred thousand originally invested antioch bitter extremity annihilated energy host served knit leaders firmly together bohemund godfrey tancred swore never desert cause long life lasted former strove vain reanimate courage followers they weary sick heart menaces promises alike thrown away shut houses refused come forth bohemund drive duty set fire whole quarter many perished flames rest army looked utmost indifference bohemund animated worldly spirit know true character crusaders understand religious madness brought shoals europe priest devised scheme restored confidence inspired courage wonderful make poor sixty thousand emaciated sick starving zealots put flight six times numerous legions sultan persia priest native provence named peter barthelemy whether he knave enthusiast principal tool hands others ever remain matter doubt certain however he means raising siege antioch causing eventual triumph armies cross strength crusaders completely broken sufferings hope fled every bosom peter came count raymond toulouse demanded interview matters serious moment he immediately admitted he weeks previously time christians besieging antioch he reposing alone tent he startled shock earthquake alarmed whole host violent terror shock he ejaculate god help turning round he saw two men standing he recognized halo glory around beings another world appeared aged man reddish hair sprinkled grey black eyes long flowing grey beard younger larger handsomer something divine aspect elderly man alone spoke informed he holy apostle andrew desired seek count raymond bishop puy raymond altopulto ask bishop exhort people sign cross he bore apostle took naked shirt he transported air heart city antioch he led church peter time saracen mosque apostle made stop pillar close steps they ascend south side altar hung two lamps gave light brighter noonday sun younger man he time know standing afar near steps altar apostle descended ground brought lance he gave hand telling lance opened side whence flowed salvation world tears joy he held holy lance implored apostle allow take away deliver hands count raymond apostle refused buried lance ground commanding city won infidels go twelve chosen men dig place apostle transported back tent two vanished sight he neglected he deliver message afraid wonderful tale obtain credence men high rank days he saw holy vision he gone camp look food time divine eyes younger looked reproachfully he implored apostle choose else fitted mission apostle refused smote disorder eyes punishment disobedience obstinacy unaccountable even he still delayed third time apostle companion appeared he tent master william simeon occasion andrew told bear command count toulouse bathe waters jordan he came cross boat clad shirt breeches linen he sprinkle sacred waters river clothes he afterwards preserve along holy lance master william although he see saint distinctly heard voice giving orders effect he neglected execute commission saints appeared he port mamistra sail cyprus andrew threatened eternal perdition he refused longer he made mind divulge revealed count toulouse probability concocted precious tale priest appeared struck recital sent immediately bishop puy raymond altapulto bishop expressed disbelief whole story refused anything matter count toulouse contrary saw abundant motives believing pretending believe end he impressed mind bishop advantage might derived working popular mind former excitement latter reluctantly agreed make search due form holy weapon day morrow fixed ceremony mean time peter consigned care raymond count chaplain order profane curiosity might opportunity putting nonplus twelve devout men forthwith chosen undertaking among count toulouse chaplain they began digging sunrise continued unwearied till near sunset without finding lance they might dug till day better success peter sprung pit praying god bring lance light strengthening victory people hide know find peter he lance found way hole time sudden he raymond chaplain beheld point earth raymond drawing forth kissed tears joy sight multitude assembled church immediately enveloped rich purple cloth already prepared receive exhibited state faithful made building resound shouts gladness peter another vision night became day forth dreamer dreams general army he stated following day apostle andrew youth divine aspect appeared directed count toulouse reward persevering piety carry holy lance head army day found observed solemn festival throughout christendom andrew showed time holes feet hands benign companion he became convinced he stood awful presence redeemer peter gained much credit visions dreaming became contagious monks beside visited saints promised victory host valiantly hold last crowns eternal glory fell fight two deserters wearied fatigues privations war stealthily left camp suddenly returned seeking bohemund told they met two apparitions great anger commanded return he recognized brother killed battle months he halo glory around head still hardy asserted apparition spoken saviour promised eternal happiness reward he returned duty pains eternal fire he rejected cross thought disbelieving men courage army immediately revived despondency gave way hope every arm grew strong pangs hunger time disregarded enthusiasm led europe burned forth brightly ever they demanded loud cries led enemy leaders unwilling battle lay chance salvation although godfrey bohemund tancred received story lance much suspicion they wise throw discredit imposture bade fair open gates victory peter hermit previously sent camp kerbogha propose quarrel two religions decided chosen number bravest soldiers army kerbogha turned look contempt he agree proposals set miserable beggars robbers uncourteous answer peter returned antioch preparations immediately commenced attack enemy latter continued perfectly well informed proceedings christian camp citadel antioch remained possession overlooked town commander fortress distinctly see passing within morning june black flag hoisted highest tower announced besieging army christians sally forth moslem leaders knew sad inroads famine disease made numbers foe they knew two hundred knights horses ride foot soldiers sick emaciated they know almost incredible valour superstition infused hearts story lance they treated supreme contempt secure easy victory they gave trouble preparing onslaught related kerbogha playing game chess black flag citadel gave warning enemy approach true oriental coolness he insisted finishing game ere he bestowed attention foe unworthy defeat advanced post two thousand men aroused apathy crusaders first victory advanced joyfully towards mountains hoping draw turks place cavalry unable manoeuvre spirits light courage high led duke normandy count robert flanders hugh vermandois they came within sight splendid camp enemy godfrey bouillon adhemar bishop puy followed immediately leaders latter clad complete armour bearing holy lance within sight whole army bohemund tancred brought rear kerbogha aware last enemy despicable took vigorous measures remedy mistake preparing meet christians front he despatched sultan soliman roum attack rear conceal movement he set fire dried weeds grass ground covered soliman taking wide circuit cavalry succeeded cover smoke making good position rear battle raged furiously front arrows turks fell thick hail squadrons trod crusaders hoofs like stubble still affray doubtful christians advantage ground rapidly gaining enemy overwhelming forces soliman arrived rear godfrey tancred flew rescue bohemund spreading dismay turkish ranks fierce impetuosity bishop puy left almost alone provencals oppose legions commanded kerbogha person presence holy lance made hero meanest soldier train still however numbers enemy seemed interminable christians attacked every side began last give way turks made sure victory moment cry raised christian host saints fighting side clear smoke burning weeds curled away hung white clouds fantastic shape brow distant mountains imaginative zealot seeing dimly dust battle called fellows look army saints clothed white riding white horses pouring hills rescue eyes immediately turned distant smoke faith every heart old god wills god wills resounded field every soldier believing god visibly sending armies aid fought energy unfelt panic seized persian turkish hosts they gave way directions vain kerbogha tried rally fear contagious enthusiasm they fled mountains like deer pursued hounds two leaders seeing uselessness efforts fled rest immense army scattered palestine leaving nearly seventy thousand dead field battle magnificent camp fell hands enemy rich stores corn droves sheep oxen jewels gold rich velvets abundance distributed among army tancred followed fugitives hills reaped much plunder remained camp way they fled covered valuables horses finest breed arabia became plentiful every knight christians provided steed crusaders battle acknowledge lost nearly ten thousand men return antioch joy indeed citadel surrendered many turkish garrison embraced christian faith rest suffered depart solemn thanksgiving offered bishop puy whole army joined holy lance visited every soldier enthusiasm lasted days army loudly demanded led forward jerusalem grand goal wishes none leaders anxious move prudent among godfrey tancred reasons expediency ambitious count toulouse bohemund reasons violent dissensions sprang chiefs raymond toulouse left antioch guard town summoned citadel surrender soon he saw fear attack part persians chiefs found return banner waving walls given great offence bohemund stipulated principality antioch reward winning town first instance godfrey tancred supported claim great deal bickering flag raymond lowered tower bohemund hoisted stead assumed time title prince antioch raymond however persisted retaining possession city gates adjacent towers he held several months great annoyance bohemund scandal army count became consequence extremely unpopular although ambition whit unreasonable bohemund baldwin taken quarters edessa he exercised functions petty sovereign fate peter barthelemy deserves recorded honours consideration come thick affair lance he consequently felt bound conscience continue dreams made personage much importance mischief like many liars he bad memory he contrived make dreams contradict palpable manner john night appeared told tale week paul told totally different story held hopes quite incompatible apostolic brother credulity age wide maw peter visions must absurd outrageous indeed men believed lance refused swallow wonders bohemund last purpose annoying count toulouse challenged poor peter prove truth story lance fiery ordeal peter refuse trial common age besides encouraged count chaplain raymond early day appointed ceremony previous night spent prayer fasting according custom peter came forth morning bearing lance hand walked boldly fire whole army gathered round impatient result many thousands still believing lance genuine peter holy man prayers raymond peter walked flames got nearly pain caused lose presence mind heat affected eyes anguish he turned round unwittingly passed fire instead stepping he done result he burned severely he never recovered lingering days he expired great agony soldiers suffering either wounds disease weariness resolved godfrey tacitly acknowledged chief enterprize army time refresh ere they advanced jerusalem now july he proposed they pass hot months august september within walls antioch march forward october renewed vigour numbers increased fresh arrivals europe advice finally adopted although enthusiasts army continued murmur delay mean time count vermandois sent embassy emperor alexius constantinople reproach base desertion cause urge send reinforcements he promised count faithfully executed mission way alexius took notice whatever remained time constantinople till zeal never violent totally evaporated he returned france sick crusade determined intermeddle chiefs though they determined stay antioch two months remain quiet long time they probability fallen turks palestine they might vent impetuosity godfrey proceeded edessa aid brother baldwin expelling saracens principality leaders carried separate hostilities caprice ambition dictated length impatience army led jerusalem became great chiefs longer delay raymond tancred robert normandy marched forward divisions laid siege small strong town marah usual improvidence they food enough last beleaguering army week they suffered great privations consequence till bohemund came aid took town storm connexion siege chronicler raymond raymond chaplain figured affair holy lance relates legend truth he devoutly believed tasso founded beautiful passages poem worth preserving showing spirit age source extraordinary courage manifested crusaders occasions extreme difficulty day says raymond anselme de ribeaumont beheld young engelram son count de paul killed marsh enter tent anselme you i saw lying dead field battle full life must know replied engelram fight jesus christ never die whence resumed anselme strange brightness surrounds you engelram pointed sky anselme saw palace diamond crystal thence he i derive beauty surprises you dwelling still finer prepared you you shall soon come inhabit farewell we shall meet words engelram returned heaven anselme struck vision sent next morning priests received sacrament although full health took last farewell friends telling he leave world hours afterwards enemy made sortie anselme went sword hand struck forehead stone turkish sling sent heaven beautiful palace prepared new disputes arose prince antioch count toulouse regard capture town utmost difficulty appeased chiefs delays took place progress army especially arches soldiery exasperated they point choosing new leaders conduct jerusalem godfrey set fire camp arches marched forward he immediately joined hundreds provencals count toulouse latter seeing turn affairs taking hastened whole host proceeded towards holy city long desired amid sorrow suffering danger emmaus they met deputation christians bethlehem praying immediate aid oppression infidels name bethlehem birthplace saviour music ears many wept joy think they approaching spot hallowed albert aix informs us hearts touched sleep banished camp instead waiting till morning dawn recommence march they set shortly midnight full hope enthusiasm upwards four hours legions tramped steadfastly forward dark sun arose unclouded splendour towers pinnacles jerusalem gleamed sight tender feelings nature touched longer brutal fanatics meek humble pilgrims they knelt sod tears eyes exclaimed another jerusalem jerusalem kissed holy ground others stretched full length order bodies might come contact greatest possible extent others prayed aloud women children followed camp europe shared dangers fatigues privations boisterous joy former enthusiasm latter mere imitation guibert de nogent relates curious instance imitativeness juvenile crusaders he says siege antioch christian saracen boys used issue forth every evening town camp great numbers command captains chosen among armed sticks instead swords stones instead arrows they ranged battle order shouting country fought utmost desperation lost eyes many became cripples life injuries they received occasions prayed wept laughed till they almost put sober blush first ebullition gladness subsided army marched forward invested city sides assault almost immediately begun christians lost bravest knights mode attack abandoned army commenced preparations regular siege mangonels moveable towers battering rams together machine called sow made wood covered raw hides inside miners worked undermine walls forthwith constructed restore courage discipline army suffered unworthy dissensions chiefs latter held hand friendship tancred count toulouse embraced sight whole camp clergy aided cause powerful voice preached union goodwill highest lowest solemn procession ordered round city entire army joined prayers offered every spot gospel records taught consider peculiarly sacred saracens ramparts beheld manifestations without alarm incense christians they despised they constructed rude crosses fixed walls spat pelted dirt stones insult symbol faith raised wrath crusaders height bravery became ferocity enthusiasm madness engines war completed attack recommenced every soldier christian army fought vigour sense private wrong invariably inspires every man personally outraged knights worked much readiness meanest soldiers saracen arrows balls fire fell thick fast among tremendous rams still heaved walls best marksmen host busily employed several floors moveable towers dealing death among turks battlements godfrey raymond tancred robert normandy tower fought hours unwearied energy often repulsed ever ready renew struggle turks longer despising enemy defended utmost skill bravery till darkness brought cessation hostilities short sleep night christian camp priests offered solemn prayers midst attentive soldiery triumph cross last great struggle soon morning dawned every readiness affray women children lent aid latter running unconcerned fro arrows fell fast around bearing water thirsty combatants saints believed aiding efforts army impressed idea surmounted difficulties force thrice numerous without faith quailed defeated raymond toulouse last forced way city escalade moment tancred robert normandy succeeded bursting open gates turks flew repair mischief godfrey bouillon seeing battlements comparatively deserted let drawbridge moveable tower sprang forward followed knights train instant banner cross floated walls jerusalem crusaders raising redoubtable rushed every side city taken battle raged streets several hours christians remembering insulted faith gave quarter young old male female sick strong leaders thought liberty issue orders staying carnage he he obeyed saracens fled great numbers mosque soliman they time fortify within ere christians ten thousand persons perished building alone peter hermit remained long veil neglect repaid day zeal sufferings soon battle christians jerusalem issued forth welcome deliverers they instantly recognized hermit pilgrim years spoken eloquently wrongs insults they endured promised stir princes people europe behalf they clung skirts garments fervour gratitude vowed remember ever prayers many shed tears neck attributed deliverance jerusalem solely courage perseverance peter afterwards held ecclesiastical office holy city ultimate fate history forgotten inform us say he returned france founded monastery story rest sufficient authority grand object popular swarms europe forsaken homes now accomplished moslem mosques jerusalem converted churches purer faith mount calvary sepulchre christ profaned longer presence power infidel popular frenzy fulfilled mission natural consequence began subside time forth news capture jerusalem brought numbers pilgrims europe among others stephen count chartres hugh vermandois atone desertion nothing like former enthusiasm existed among nations ends history first crusade better understanding second necessary describe interval enter slight sketch history jerusalem latin kings long fruitless wars they continued wage unvanquished saracens poor miserable results sprang vast expenditure zeal deplorable waste human life necessity recognized chief soon felt crusaders godfrey de bouillon less ambitious bohemund raymond toulouse gave cold consent wield sceptre latter chiefs clutched eagerness he hardly invested royal mantle saracens menaced capital much vigour judgment he exerted follow advantages he gained marching meet enemy they time besiege jerusalem he gave battle ascalon defeated great loss he however live long enjoy new dignity seized fatal illness he reigned nine months succeeded brother baldwin edessa latter monarch much improve condition jerusalem extend territory able make firm footing successors fifty years history jerusalem full interest historical student crusaders exposed fierce constant hostilities often gaining battles territory often losing becoming every day weaker divided saracens became stronger united harass root battles period chivalrous character deeds heroism done handful brave knights remained syria hardly parallel annals war course time however christians avoid feeling respect courage admiration polished manners advanced civilization saracens much superior rudeness europe day difference faith prevent forming alliances maidens east first set example taking paynim spouse king baldwin connexions time became frequent almost universal among knights resolved spend lives palestine eastern ladies obliged however submit ceremony baptism they received arms christian lord offspring naturally looked saracens less hatred zealots conquered jerusalem thought sin deserving wrath god spare unbeliever we find consequence obstinate battles waged reigns later kings jerusalem fought new raw levies time time arrived europe lured hope glory spurred fanaticism latter broke without scruple truces established original settlers saracens drew severe retaliation many thousands brethren faith whose prudence stronger zeal whose chief desire live peace things remained unsatisfactory state till close year edessa strong frontier town christian kingdom fell bauds saracens latter commanded zenghi powerful enterprising monarch death son nourheddin powerful enterprising father unsuccessful attempt made count edessa regain fortress nourheddin large army came rescue defeating count great slaughter marched edessa caused fortifications rased ground town might never bulwark defence kingdom jerusalem road capital now open consternation seized hearts christians nourheddin known waiting favourable opportunity advance jerusalem armies cross weakened divided condition make available resistance clergy filled grief alarm wrote repeated letters pope sovereigns europe urging expediency new crusade relief jerusalem far greater number priests palestine natives france naturally looked first country solicitations they sent louis seventh urgent oft repeated chivalry france began talk arming defence birthplace jesus kings europe whose interest take part first crusade began bestir man appeared eloquent peter hermit arouse people he done we find however enthusiasm second equal first crusade fact mania reached climax time peter hermit decreased regularly period third crusade less general second fourth third public enthusiasm quite extinct jerusalem returned last dominion old masters without convulsion christendom various reasons assigned generally put forward europe wearied continued struggles become sick precipitating asia guizot admirable lectures european civilization successfully combats opinion offers far satisfactory he says eighth lecture often repeated europe tired continually invading asia expression appears exceedingly incorrect possible human beings wearied they done labours forefathers fatigue weariness personal inherited feeling men thirteenth century fatigued crusades twelfth they influenced another cause great change taken place ideas sentiments social conditions desires wants longer felt things longer believed people refused believe ancestors persuaded fact secret change truth becomes apparent we advance history crusades compare state public mind different periods godfrey bouillon louis vii richard chiefs leaders movement crusades means operating great change national ideas advancing civilization europe time godfrey nobles equally obnoxious kings people absence along portion community deepest sunk ignorance superstition kings people fortified renewal aristocratic tyranny proportion they became free became civilized period france grand centre crusading madness communes began acquire strength monarch possess tangible merely theoretic authority order comfort began take root second crusade preached men consequence much less willing abandon homes they first pilgrims returned holy land came back minds liberal expanded they set they come contact people civilized they seen something world lost portion however small prejudice bigotry ignorance institution chivalry exercised humanizing influence coming bright fresh ordeal crusades softened character improved hearts aristocratic order trouveres troubadours singing love war strains pleasing every class society helped root gloomy superstitions first crusade filled minds able think men became consequence less exclusively mental thraldom priesthood lost much credulity formerly distinguished crusades appear never excited much attention england continent europe people less fanatical neighbours they occupied matters graver interest english suffering severely recent successful invasion soil much sympathy bestow distresses people far away christians palestine we find they took part first crusade little second even engaged chiefly norman knights vassals saxon franklins population doubt thought sorrow many wise men thought since charity begin home germany productive zeal cause raw uncivilized hordes continued issue forth banners cross numbers apparently undiminished enthusiasm long wane countries they sunk time deeper slough barbarism livelier nations around took consequence longer period free prejudices fact second crusade drew chief supplies men quarter alone expedition retained portion popularity state mind europe pope eugenius moved reiterated entreaties christians syria commissioned bernard preach new crusade bernard man eminently qualified mission he endowed eloquence highest order move auditory tears laughter fury pleased led life rigid virtue even calumny lift finger point he renounced high prospects church contented simple abbacy clairvaux order he might leisure he desired raise powerful voice abuses wherever he found vice met austere uncompromising reprover man high reproach none low sympathy he just well suited age peter hermit age preceding he appealed reason predecessor passions peter hermit collected mob bernard collected army endowed equal zeal perseverance springing impulse conviction desire increase influence church great body he pillar ornament first converts he made host louis vii superstitious tyrannical fit remorse infamous slaughter he authorised sacking vitry he made vow undertake journey holy land sacking vitry reflects indelible disgrace louis vii predecessors long engaged resistance outrageous powers assumed popes louis continued policy ecclesiastical chapter bourges elected archbishop without consent he proclaimed election invalid took severe prompt measures refractory clergy thibault count de champagne took arms defence papal authority intrenched town vitry louis immediately field chastise rebel he besieged town much vigour count forced surrender upwards thirteen hundred inhabitants fully half women children took refuge church gates city opened resistance ceased louis inhumanly gave orders set fire church thousand persons perished flames he disposition bernard began preach wanted little persuasion embark cause example great influence nobility impoverished many sacrifices made fathers holy wars anxious repair ruined fortunes conquests foreign shore took field vassals they command short time army raised amounting two hundred thousand men vezelai monarch received cross hands bernard platform elevated sight people several nobles three bishops queen eleanor aquitaine present ceremony enrolled banners cross bernard cutting red sacerdotal vestments making crosses sewn shoulders people exhortation pope read multitude granting remission sins join crusade directing man holy pilgrimage encumber heavy baggage vain superfluities nobles travel dogs falcons lead direct road happened many first crusade command army offered bernard he wisely refused accept station habits unqualified consecrating louis great solemnity denis chief expedition he continued course country stirring people wherever he went high opinion entertained sanctity he thought animated spirit prophecy gifted power working miracles many women excited eloquence encouraged predictions forsook husbands children clothing male attire hastened war bernard wrote letter pope detailing success stating several towns remain single male inhabitant capable bearing arms everywhere castles towns seen filled women weeping absent husbands spite apparent enthusiasm numbers really took arms inconsiderable compared swarms first crusade levy two hundred thousand men utmost number amounted hardly depopulated country like france extent mentioned bernard description state country appears therefore much poetical true suger able minister louis endeavoured dissuade undertaking long journey time dominions much needed presence king pricked conscience cruelties vitry anxious make reparation religion day considered sufficient he desirous moreover testifying world though he brave temporal power church encroached prerogatives he render due obedience spiritual decrees whenever suited interest tallied prejudices suger therefore implored vain louis received pilgrim staff denis made preparations pilgrimage mean time bernard passed germany similar success attended preaching renown sanctity gone he found everywhere admiring audience thousands people understand word he flocked around catch glimpse holy man knights enrolled great numbers service cross receiving hands symbol cause people led away days gottschalk we find they rose tremendous masses two three hundred thousand men swarming country like plague locusts still enthusiasm great extraordinary tales told believed miracles worked preacher brought country people far near devils vanish sight diseases malignant nature cured touch philip archdeacon cathedral liege wrote detailed account miracles performed bernard days mission they averaged ten per day disciples bernard complained bitterly people flocked around master numbers they see half miracles he performed they willingly trusted eyes others far faith miracles went seemed vie whose credulity greatest emperor conrad caught last contagion subjects declared intention follow cross preparations carried vigorously orders conrad less three months he found head army containing least hundred fifty thousand effective men besides great number women followed husbands lovers war troop rode attitude armour men chief wore gilt spurs buskins thence acquired epithet lady conrad ready set long french monarch month june he arrived constantinople passed hungary bulgaria without offence inhabitants manuel comnenus greek emperor successor throne policy alexius looked alarm new levies come eat capital imperil tranquillity weak refuse passage dominions distrustful make welcome they came little assured advantages likely result war feign friendship he feel greek emperor gave offence outset subjects pride superior civilization called germans barbarians latter least honest retorted greeks calling knaves traitors disputes continually arose conrad preserved much good order among followers passage unable restrain indignation they arrived constantinople offence greeks given rather hinted stated scanty historians day germans broke magnificent pleasure garden emperor he valuable collection tame animals grounds laid woods caverns groves streams might follow captivity natural habits enraged germans meriting name barbarians bestowed laid waste pleasant retreat killed let loose valuable animals contained manuel beheld devastation palace windows without power courage prevent completely disgusted guests resolved like predecessor alexius get rid first opportunity he sent message conrad respectfully desiring interview german refused trust within walls constantinople greek emperor part thought compatible neither dignity safety seek german several days spent insincere negotiations manuel length agreed furnish crusading army guides conduct asia minor conrad passed hellespont forces advanced guard commanded rear warlike bishop freysinghen historians almost unanimous belief wily greek gave instructions guides lead army german emperor dangers difficulties certain instead guiding districts asia minor afforded water provisions they led wilds cappadocia neither procured they suddenly attacked sultaun seljukian turks head immense force guides whose treachery apparent fact alone fled first sight turkish army christians left wage unequal warfare enemy entangled bewildered desert wilds toiling heavy mail germans make little effective resistance attacks turkish light horse instant sight next now front now rear agile foe showered arrows enticing swamps hollows they extricate long struggles great losses germans confounded mode warfare lost conception direction they pursuing went back instead forward suffering time want provisions they fell easy prey pursuers count bernhard bravest leaders german expedition surrounded whole division escaped turkish arrows emperor nearly fallen victim twice severely wounded persevering enemy little able germans make even show resistance conrad last reached city nice he found instead head imposing force hundred thousand foot seventy thousand horse he fifty sixty thousand men worn wearied condition totally ignorant treachery greek emperor although he warned beware louis vii proceeded head army worms ratisbon towards constantinople ratisbon he met deputation manuel bearing letters full hyperbole flattery louis reported blushed they read bishop langres object deputation obtain french king promise pass grecian territories peaceable friendly manner yield greek emperor conquest he might make asia minor first part proposition immediately acceded notice taken second unreasonable louis marched passing hungary pitched tents outskirts constantinople arrival manuel sent friendly invitation enter city head small train louis accepted met emperor porch palace fairest promises made every art flattery suggest resorted every argument employed induce yield future conquests greek louis obstinately refused pledge returned army convinced emperor man trusted negotiations however continued several days great dissatisfaction french army news arrived treaty entered manuel turkish sultan changed dissatisfaction fury leaders demanded led constantinople swearing they raze treacherous city ground louis feel inclined accede proposal breaking camp he crossed asia he heard first time mishaps german emperor he found woeful plight walls nice two monarchs united forces marched together along ephesus conrad jealous appear superior numbers french liking sink vassal time rival withdrew abruptly remnant legions returned constantinople manuel smiles courtesy he condoled german feelingly losses cursed stupidity treachery guides apparent heartiness conrad half inclined believe sincerity louis marching onward direction jerusalem came enemy banks meander turks contested passage river french bribed peasant point ford lower crossing river without difficulty they attacked turks much vigour put flight whether turks really defeated merely pretended doubtful latter supposition seems true probable part concerted plan draw invaders onwards unfavourable ground destruction might certain scheme succeeded heart wish projectors crusaders third day victory arrived steep summit turkish host lay concealed artfully slightest vestige presence perceived labouring steps slow they toiled steep ascent suddenly tremendous fragment rock came bounding precipices awful crash bearing dismay death instant turkish archers started discharged shower arrows foot soldiers fell hundreds time arrows rebounded harmlessly iron mail knights turks observing took aim steeds horse rider fell steep rapid torrent rushed louis commanded received first intimation onslaught sight wounded flying soldiers knowing numbers enemy he pushed vigorously forward stay presence panic taken possession army efforts vain immense stones continued hurled they advanced bearing men horse succeeded forcing way top met turks cast headlong companions louis fought energy desperation great difficulty avoid falling enemy hands he escaped last cover night remnant forces took position attalia he restored discipline courage disorganized disheartened followers debated captains plan pursued suffering severely disease famine resolved they march antioch still remained independent principality successors bohemund tarentum time sovereignty vested person raymond uncle eleanor aquitaine prince presuming relationship french queen endeavoured withdraw louis grand object crusade defence kingdom jerusalem secure extending limits power principality antioch prince tripoli formed similar design louis rejected offers marched short delay jerusalem emperor conrad left constantinople promises assistance manuel comnenus assistance never arrived never intended great council christian princes palestine leaders crusade summoned discuss future operations war ultimately determined cause cross greater degree united armies instead proceeding edessa laid siege city damascus drove saracens strong position bold scheme boldly followed insured probability success war christian leaders never learned experience necessity union soul great enterprises though they agreed policy plan yet every notions means executing princes antioch tripoli jealous king jerusalem emperor conrad jealous king france king france disgusted he come palestine accordance solemn vow religion though may called bigotry sincere he determined remain last moment chance left effecting good cause he set heart siege damascus accordingly commenced much ability vigour christians gained considerable advantage outset weeks siege pressed till shattered fortifications diminishing resistance besieged gave evidence city hold much longer moment insane jealousy leaders led dissensions soon caused utter failure siege crusade modern giving recipe cooking hare says first catch hare kill maxim indisputable wisdom christian chiefs occasion much sagacity they began violent dispute among possession city still unconquered already prince antioch prince tripoli twenty claimants started principality damascus grand council leaders held determine individual honour devolve many valuable days wasted discussion enemy mean gaining strength inactivity length stormy deliberation agreed count robert flanders twice visited holy land invested dignity claimants refused recognise siege equitable arrangement made suspicion filled camp sinister rumours intrigues treachery set afloat discontented candidates withdrew last side city commenced operations account without probability success they soon joined rest army consequence weakest side city they already made considerable progress work demolition left uncovered enemy prompt profit mistake received abundant supply provisions refortified walls crusaders came senses desirable event happened late saph eddin powerful emir mousoul neighbourhood head large army advancing forced marches relief city siege abruptly abandoned foolish crusaders returned jerusalem done nothing weaken enemy every thing weaken freshness enthusiasm now completely subsided even meanest soldiers sick heart conrad whose fierce zeal outset much might expected wearied reverses returned europe poor remnant host louis lingered short time longer shame pressing solicitations minister suger induced return france ended second crusade history chronicle defeats left kingdom jerusalem worse state quitted europe gained nothing disgrace leaders discouragement concerned bernard prophesied result different fell disrepute experienced like many prophets fate without honour country made matter worse he obtain still however wanting zealous advocates stand forward behalf stem tide incredulity unopposed carried away reputation bishop freysinghen declared prophets always able prophesy vices crusaders drew wrath heaven ingenious excuse ever made bernard found life geoffroi de clairvaux he pertinaciously insists crusade unfortunate bernard he says prophesied happy result result considered happy peopled heaven glorious army martyrs geoffroi cunning pleader doubt convinced zealous plain people wanting even days retained opinion amounts thing convinced we now come consideration third crusade causes rendered necessary epidemic frenzy cooling ever since issue first expedition now extinct nearly nations europe looked cold indifference armaments princes chivalry flourished natural element war now glory continued supply armies holy land popular ranks refused deliver swarms poetry religion inspired third crusade caviare million matters sterner import claim attention knights retainers listened delight martial amatory strains minstrels minnesangers trouveres troubadours burned win favour ladies eyes showing prowess holy land third truly romantic era crusades men fought much sepulchre jesus maintenance christian kingdom east gain glory best almost field glory obtained they fought zealots soldiers religion honour crown martyrdom favour lovely necessary enter detail events saladin attained sovereignty east succession engagements he planted moslem banner battlements jerusalem christian knights population including grand orders john hospitallers templars sunk abyss vice torn unworthy jealousies dissensions unable resist armies wise mighty saladin brought forward crush news fall created painful sensation among chivalry europe whose noblest members linked dwellers palestine many ties blood friendship news great battle tiberias saladin defeated christian host terrible slaughter arrived first europe followed quick succession capture jerusalem antioch tripoli cities dismay seized clergy pope urban iii affected news he pined away grief scarcely seen smile he sank sleep death james vitry william de nangis successor gregory viii felt loss acutely better strength bear instructed clergy christian world stir people arms recovery holy sepulchre william archbishop tyre humble follower path peter hermit left palestine preach kings europe miseries he witnessed incite rescue renowned frederick barbarossa emperor germany speedily collected army passing syria less delay ever awaited crusading force defeated saracens took possession city iconium he unfortunately cut middle successful career imprudently bathing cydnus desire comparing two great men tempted many writers drown frederick river cydnus alexander imprudently bathed curt lib iii march emperor i rather judge saleph calycadnus stream less fame longer gibbon he overheated duke suabia took command expedition latter prove able general met nothing reverses although he enabled maintain footing antioch assistance arrived europe henry ii england philip augustus france head chivalry supported crusade influence wars dissensions nearer home estranged time two kings met gisors normandy month january accompanied brilliant train knights warriors william tyre present expounded cause cross considerable eloquence whole assembly bound oath proceed jerusalem agreed time tax called saladin tithe consisting tenth part possessions whether landed personal enforced christendom every either unable unwilling assume cross lord every feof whether lay ecclesiastical charged raise tithe within jurisdiction refused pay quota became act bondsman absolute property lord time greatest indulgence shown assumed cross man liberty stay process kind whether debt robbery murder king france breaking conference summoned parliament paris resolutions solemnly confirmed henry ii norman possessions rouen england geddington northamptonshire use words ancient chronicler stowe he held parliament voyage holy land troubled whole land paying tithes towards england troubled tax people france looked pleasant feelings appear time forth changed indifference crusade aversion even clergy exceedingly willing people contribute half even goods furtherance favourite scheme anxious contribute single sous millot elemens de de france relates several cried impost among rest clergy rheims called pay quota sent deputation king begging contented aid prayers they poor contribute shape philip augustus knew better way giving lesson employed three nobles vicinity lay waste church lands clergy informed outrage applied king redress i aid you prayers monarch condescendingly intreat gentlemen let church alone he he promised manner nobles appreciated joke continued devastations clergy applied king you he replied answer remonstrances you gave prayers necessity i given you mine clergy understood argument thought wiser course pay quota saladin tithe without parley anecdote shows unpopularity crusade clergy disliked contribute wonder people felt still greater antipathy chivalry europe eager affray tithe rigorously collected armies england france burgundy italy flanders germany soon field two kings led however drawn broils aggression richard duke guienne better known richard coeur de lion territory count toulouse proposed journey palestine delayed war continued rage france england little probability speedy termination many nobles bound crusade left two monarchs settle differences leisure proceeded palestine without death last stepped removed henry ii hostility foes treachery ingratitude children son richard immediately concluded alliance philip augustus two young valiant impetuous monarchs united energies forward crusade they met numerous brilliant retinue nonancourt normandy sight assembled chivalry they embraced brothers swore live friends true allies period forty days return holy land view purging camp follies vices proved ruinous preceding expeditions they drew code laws government army gambling carried great extent proved fruitful source quarrels bloodshed laws prohibited person army beneath degree knight playing game money strutt sports pastimes knights clergymen might play money permitted lose gain twenty shillings day penalty hundred shillings personal attendants monarchs allowed play extent penalty case infraction they whipped naked army space three days crusader struck another drew blood ordered hand cut whoever slew brother crusader condemned tied alive corpse victim buried young women allowed follow army great sorrow many vicious many virtuous dames courage elude decree dressing male attire many affectionate maidens matrons bearing sword spear followed husbands lovers war spite king richard defiance danger women allowed accompany army habiliments washerwomen fifty years complete others fair sex reached age rules promulgated two monarchs marched together lyons they separated agreeing meet messina philip proceeded across alps genoa he took ship conveyed safety place rendezvous richard turned direction marseilles he took ship messina impetuous disposition hurried many squabbles way knights followers part brave foolish imitated zealously particular messina sicilians charged exorbitant prices every necessary life richard army vain remonstrated words they came blows last resource plundered sicilians since they trade continual battles consequence lebrun favourite attendant richard lost life peasantry far near came flocking aid townspeople battle soon became general richard irritated loss favourite incited report tancred king sicily fighting head people joined melee boldest knights beating back sicilians attacked city sword hand stormed battlements tore flag sicily planted stead collision gave great offence king france became time jealous richard apprehensive design much christian kingdom jerusalem make conquests he however exerted influence restore peace english sicilians shortly afterwards set sail acre distrust ally germinating heart richard remained behind weeks state inactivity quite unaccountable temperament he appears squabbles sicilians lived easy luxurious life forgetting lap pleasure objects he quitted dominions dangerous laxity he introducing army superstition soldiers recalled length sense duty comet seen several successive nights thought menace vengeance heaven delay shooting stars gave similar warning fanatic name joachim drawn sword hand long hair streaming wildly shoulders went camp howling night long predicting plague famine every calamity they set immediately richard deem prudent neglect intimations humble penance remissness he set sail acre violent storm dispersed fleet he arrived safely rhodes principal part armament he learned three ships stranded rocky coasts cyprus ruler island isaac comnenus permitted people pillage unfortunate crews refused shelter betrothed bride princess berengaria sister vessels driven stress weather port limisso fiery monarch swore revenged collecting vessels sailed back limisso isaac comnenus refused apologize explain richard mood trifled landed island routed great loss forces sent oppose laid whole country contribution arrival acre he found whole chivalry europe guy lusignan king jerusalem long collected bold knights temple hospital john laid siege acre resolutely defended sultan saladin army magnificent numbers discipline nearly two years crusaders pushed siege made efforts almost superhuman dislodge enemy various battles taken place open fields decisive advantage either party guy lusignan begun despair taking strong position without aid europe joy extreme arrival philip chivalry he awaited coming coeur de lion make last decisive attack town fleet england first seen approaching shores syria universal shout arose christian camp richard landed train louder still pierced mountains south saladin lay army may remarked characteristic crusade christians moslems longer looked barbarians mercy crime host entertained highest admiration bravery magnanimity occasional truces met friendly terms moslem warriors full courtesy christian knights regret think fine fellows mahomedans christians feeling precisely similar extolled skies nobleness saracens sighed think generosity valour sullied disbelief gospel jesus strife began feelings disappeared struggle became mortal jealousy excited mind philip events messina still rankled two monarchs refused act concert instead making joint attack town french monarch assailed alone repulsed richard result philip tried seduce soldiers richard allegiance offer three gold pieces per month every knight forsake banners england france richard met bribe another promised four pieces every french knight join lion england unworthy rivalry time wasted great detriment discipline efficiency followers good nevertheless effected mere presence two armies prevented besieged city receiving supplies inhabitants reduced famine woeful straits saladin deem prudent risk general engagement coming relief preferred wait till dissension weakened enemy made easy prey perhaps he aware real extent extremity acre he changed plan cut town he know misery till late short truce city capitulated terms severe saladin afterwards refused ratify chief conditions precious wood true cross captured moslems jerusalem restored sum two hundred thousand gold pieces paid christian prisoners acre released together two hundred knights thousand soldiers detained captivity saladin eastern monarch may well conceived set much store wood cross nevertheless anxious keep he knew possession christians victory restore courage he refused therefore deliver accede conditions richard he previously threatened barbarously ordered saracen prisoners power put death possession city caused new unhappy dissensions christian leaders archduke austria unjustifiably hoisted flag towers acre richard sooner saw he tore hands trampled feet philip though he sympathise archduke piqued assumption richard breach two monarchs became wider ever foolish dispute arose time guy lusignan conrad montferrat crown jerusalem inferior knights slow imitate pernicious example jealousy distrust reigned christian camp midst confusion king france suddenly announced intention return country richard filled indignation exclaimed eternal shame light france cause he leave work unfinished philip stayed health suffered residence east ambitious playing first part he preferred play none play second king richard leaving small detachment burgundians behind he returned france remainder army coeur de lion without feeling multitude rivals he lost greatest became painfully convinced right arm enterprize lopped departure richard acre restored christian worship churches leaving christian garrison protect marched along towards ascalon saladin alert sent light horse attack rear christian army he miscalculating weakness since defection philip endeavoured force general engagement rival armies met near azotus fierce battle ensued saladin defeated put flight road jerusalem left free crusaders discord exerted baleful influence prevented richard following victory opinion constantly opposed leaders jealous bravery influence army instead marching jerusalem even ascalon first intended proceeded jaffa remained idleness saladin condition wage war many months spent fruitless hostilities fruitless negotiations richard wish recapture jerusalem difficulties way even bold spirit conquer intolerable pride least cause evil estranged many generous spirit willing cordiality length agreed march holy city progress made slow painful soldiers murmured leaders meditated retreat weather hot dry little water procured saladin choked wells cisterns route army zeal enough push forward amid privation bethlehem council held debate whether they retreat advance retreat decided immediately commenced richard first led hill whence he obtain sight towers jerusalem he affected near unable relieve he hid face behind shield sobbed aloud army separated two divisions smaller falling back jaffa larger commanded richard duke burgundy returning acre english monarch made preparations return europe messenger reached acre intelligence jaffa besieged saladin unless relieved immediately city taken french duke burgundy wearied war they refused aid brethren jaffa richard blushing shame pusillanimity called english rescue arrived just time save city name put saracens flight great dread prowess saladin regarded warmest admiration richard victory demanded peace willingly acceded truce concluded three years eight months christian pilgrims enjoy liberty visiting jerusalem without hindrance payment tax crusaders allowed retain cities tyre jaffa country intervening saladin princely generosity invited many christians visit jerusalem several leaders took advantage offer feast eyes spot considered sacred many entertained days sultan palace they returned tongues laden praises noble infidel richard saladin never met though impression they remain many minds dazzled glorious fiction sir walter scott admired prowess nobleness soul rival agreed terms far less onerous either accepted mutual admiration existed richard left high reputation palestine much terror name occasion women syria used frighten children ages afterwards every disobedient brat became still told king richard coming even men shared panic name created hundred years afterwards whenever horse shied object way rider exclaim dost think king richard bush king england longer delayed departure messengers country brought imperative news presence required defeat intrigues fomenting crown long imprisonment austrian dominions final ransom well known dwelt ended third crusade less destructive human life two first quite useless flame popular enthusiasm now burned pale indeed efforts popes potentates insufficient rekindle last flickering unsteadily like lamp expiring socket burned brightly final instant extinguished ever fourth crusade connected popular feeling requires little notice death saladin happened year conclusion truce richard england vast empire fell pieces brother saif eddin saphaddin seized syria possession he troubled sons saladin intelligence reached europe pope celestine iii judged moment favourable preaching new crusade every nation europe unwilling cold towards people ardour kings occupied weighty matters home monarch europe encouraged emperor henry germany whose auspices dukes saxony bavaria took field head considerable force they landed palestine found anything welcome christian inhabitants mild sway saladin they enjoyed repose toleration endangered arrival germans they looked consequence intruders gave encouragement warfare saphaddin result crusade even disastrous last germans contrived embitter saracens christians judea lose strong city jaffa cause destruction army they quitted europe ended fourth crusade fifth important result projectors never dreamed less sacking constantinople placing french dynasty imperial throne eastern caesars succeeding pope however much he may differed predecessors points zealously agreed maintaining every possible means papal ascendancy scheme likely aid endeavour crusades long they persuade kings nobles europe fight die syria sway secured minds men home object they never inquired whether crusade likely successful whether time well ill chosen whether men money procured sufficient abundance pope innocent iii proud he bent refractory monarchs england france much submission john philip augustus engaged deeply offended church laid ban occupied important reforms home philip bestowing immunities subjects john forced emissaries pope therefore plied vain first second crusades eloquence powerful preacher incited nobility certain portion people foulque bishop neuilly ambitious enterprizing prelate entered fully views court rome preached crusade wherever he find audience chance favoured degree he expect he general found proselytes cold cause theobald count champagne instituted grand tournament he invited nobles far near upwards two thousand knights present retainers besides vast concourse people witness sports midst festivities foulque arrived spot conceiving opportunity favourable he addressed multitude eloquent language passionately called enrol new crusade count de champagne young ardent easily excited received cross hands enthusiasm spread rapidly charles count blois followed example two thousand knights present scarcely hundred fifty refused popular phrensy seemed point breaking days yore count flanders count bar duke burgundy marquis montferrat brought vassals swell train short space time effective army foot ready march palestine dangers overland journey well understood crusaders endeavoured make contract italian states convey vessels dandolo aged doge venice offered galleys republic crusaders arrival city found poor pay even half sum demanded every means tried raise money crusaders melted plate ladies gave trinkets contributions solicited faithful came slowly make evident concerned faithful europe outnumbered prudent last resource dandolo offered convey palestine expense republic they previously aid recapture city zara seized venetians short time previously king hungary crusaders consented much displeasure pope threatened excommunication turned aside voyage jerusalem notwithstanding fulminations church expedition never reached palestine siege zara speedily undertaken long brave defence city surrendered discretion crusaders free they chosen use swords saracens ambition chiefs directed unforeseen circumstances elsewhere death manuel comnenus greek empire fallen prey intestine divisions son alexius ii succeeded murdered short reign uncle andronicus seized throne reign short duration isaac angelus member family took arms usurper defeated captured pitched battle put death he mounted throne cast brother alexius deposed incapacitate reigning put eyes shut dungeon neither alexius iii allowed remain peaceable possession throne son unhappy isaac whose name alexius fled constantinople hearing crusaders undertaken siege zara made magnificent offers they afterwards aid deposing uncle offers means he father dominions he place greek church authority pope rome lend whole force greek empire conquest palestine distribute two hundred thousand marks silver among crusading army offer accepted proviso part leaders they free abandon design met disapproval pope feared submission schismatic greeks see rome greater bribe pontiff utter annihilation saracen power palestine crusaders soon movement imperial city operations skilfully courageously directed spread dismay paralyse efforts usurper retain possession throne vain resistance he abandoned city fate fled knew whither aged blind isaac taken dungeon subjects placed throne ere crusaders apprized flight rival son alexius iv afterwards associated sovereignty conditions treaty gave offence grecian people whose prelates refused place dominion see rome alexius first endeavoured persuade subjects submission prayed crusaders remain constantinople they fortified possession throne yet far secure he soon became unpopular subjects breaking faith regard subsidies he offended crusaders war length declared parties people tyranny former friends treachery he seized palace guards thrown prison crusaders making ready besiege capital greeks immediately proceeded election new monarch looking man courage energy perseverance they fixed alexius ducas almost every bad quality possessed virtues they needed he ascended throne name murzuphlis first acts rid youngest predecessor broken heart already removed blind old isaac longer stumbling block way young alexius soon put death prison war knife now declared greeks franks early spring year preparations commenced assault constantinople french venetians entered treaty division spoils among soldiery confident they success failure never entered calculations confidence led victory greeks cowardly treacherous people always paralysed foreboding evil matter astonishment historians murzuphlis reputation courage he acquired immense resources disposal took better measures repel onset crusaders numbers mere handful comparison he brought they hopes plunder lead greeks homes fight existence nation protect impetuous assault repulsed day renewed double impetuosity another crusaders lashed vessels walls slew every man opposed little loss entered city murzuphlis fled constantinople given pillaged victors wealth they found enormous money alone sufficient distribute twenty marks silver knight ten squire servant arms five archer jewels velvets silks every luxury attire rare wines fruits valuable merchandise every description fell hands bought trading venetians proceeds distributed among army two thousand persons put sword less plunder take attention victors slaughter probability much greater many bloody wars defile page history we find soldiers utterly reckless works god destroy masterpiece man unsparing brutality linger respect around beautiful works art they slaughter women children spare picture hew sick helpless refrain injuring fine piece sculpture latins entrance constantinople respected neither works god man vented brutal ferocity satisfied avarice many beautiful bronze statues price works art broken pieces sold old metal marble put vile uses destroyed recklessness possible still atrocious following list works art destroyed nicetas contemporary greek author colossal juno forum constantine head large four horses scarcely draw place stood palace statue paris presenting apple venus immense bronze pyramid crowned female figure turned wind colossal statue bellerophon bronze broken cast furnace inner nail horse hind foot left side found seal wrapped woollen cloth figure hercules lysimachus vast dimensions thumb equal circumference waist man ass driver cast order augustus battle actium commemoration discovered position antony means wolf suckling twins rome gladiator combat lion hippopotamus sphinxes eagle fighting serpent beautiful statue helen group monster somewhat resembling bull engaged deadly conflict serpent many works art numerous mention carnage spoil distributed six persons chosen among franks six among venetians meet elect emperor previously binding oath select individual best qualified among candidates choice wavered baldwin count flanders boniface marquis montferrat fell eventually former he straightway robed imperial purple became founder new dynasty he live long enjoy power consolidate successors turn soon swept away less sixty years rule franks constantinople brought sudden disastrous termination reign murzuphlis grand result fifth crusade pope innocent iii although he looked unfavourable eye proceedings regretted nothing done relief holy land still every convenient occasion he enforced necessity new crusade year exhortations effect keep subject mind europe every spring summer detachments pilgrims continued set palestine aid brethren sufficient numbers much service periodical passages called passagiuum martii passage march passagium johannis passage festival john consist entirely soldiers armed saracen pilgrims led devotion performance vows bearing nothing staff wallet early spring extraordinary body crusaders raised france germany immense number boys girls amounting according accounts thirty thousand incited persuasion two monks undertake journey palestine they doubt composed idle deserted children generally swarm great cities nurtured vice daring ready anything object monks seems atrocious inveigling slave ships pretence sending syria selling slaves coast africa see jacob de voragine albericus great numbers poor victims shipped marseilles vessels exception two three wrecked shores italy every soul perished remainder arrived safely africa bought slaves sent interior country another detachment arrived genoa accomplices horrid plot taken measures port expecting marseilles they induced return homes genoese fuller quaint history holy warre says crusade done instinct devil he adds reason may provoke mirth now put forth worthy historian soberness sincerity he says devil cloyed murdering men desired cordial children blood comfort weak stomach epicures tired mutton resort lamb change appears authors preaching vile monks effect deluded children they ran country exclaiming lord jesus restore cross us neither bolts bars fear fathers love mothers sufficient restrain journeying jerusalem details strange proceedings exceedingly meagre confused none contemporary writers mention subject thought worth state names monks originated scheme fate they met wickedness two merchants marseilles shared profits brought justice crime suffered death we informed whether they divulged circumstances relating matter pope innocent iii seem aware causes juvenile crusade stated informed numbers taken cross marching holy land he exclaimed children awake we sleep he imagined apparently mind europe still bent recovery palestine zeal children implied sort reproach lukewarmness soon afterwards he bestirred activity sent encyclical letter clergy christendom urging preach new crusade usual number adventurous nobles nothing else enrolled retainers council lateran held bands collecting innocent announced he take cross lead armies christ defence sepulchre probability he done he zealous enough death stepped destroyed project ere ripe successor encouraged crusade though he refused accompany armament continued france england germany leaders importance joined former countries andrew king hungary monarch leisure inclination leave dominions dukes austria bavaria joined considerable army germans marching spalatro took ship cyprus thence acre whole conduct king hungary marked pusillanimity irresolution he found holy land head efficient army saracens taken surprise weeks unprepared offer resistance arms he defeated first body sent oppose marched towards mount tabor intention seizing important fortress saracens recently constructed he arrived without impediment mount might easily taken sudden fit cowardice came he returned acre without striking blow he soon afterwards abandoned enterprise altogether returned country tardy reinforcements arrived intervals europe duke austria now chief leader expedition still sufficient forces command trouble saracens seriously resolved council chiefs whole energy crusade directed egypt seat saracen power relationship palestine whence drawn continual levies brought sultan damietta commanded river nile important cities egypt chosen first point attack siege forthwith commenced carried considerable energy crusaders gained possession tower projected middle stream looked key city congratulating success wasting revelry time employed pushing advantage they received news death wise sultan saphaddin two sons camhel cohreddin divided empire syria palestine fell share cohreddin egypt consigned brother time exercised functions lieutenant country unpopular among egyptians they revolted giving crusaders finer opportunity making conquest they ever enjoyed quarrelsome licentious they time immemorial they see favourable moment come seeing profit they revelling fighting among walls damietta revolt put camhel firmly established throne egypt conjunction brother cohreddin next care drive christians damietta upwards three months they bent efforts throw supplies besieged draw besiegers general engagement neither they successful famine damietta became dreadful vermin every description thought luxuries sold exorbitant prices dead dog became valuable live ox time prosperity unwholesome food brought disease city hold longer absolute want men defend walls cohreddin camhel alike interested preservation important position convinced certain fate city they opened conference crusading chiefs offering yield whole palestine christians sole condition evacuation egypt blindness almost incredible advantageous terms refused chiefly persuasion cardinal pelagius ignorant obstinate fanatic urged duke austria french english leaders infidels never kept word offers deceptive merely intended betray conferences brought abrupt termination crusaders last attack made walls damietta besieged made slight resistance they hope christians entered city found seventy thousand people three thousand remaining fearful ravages twin fiends plague famine several months spent damietta climate either weakened frames obscured understandings christians conquest they lost energy abandoned unscrupulously ever riot debauchery john brienne right wife nominal sovereign jerusalem disgusted pusillanimity arrogance dissensions chiefs he withdrew entirely retired acre large bodies returned europe cardinal pelagius left liberty blast whole enterprise whenever pleased he managed conciliate john brienne marched forward combined forces attack cairo he approached within hours march city he discovered inadequacy army he turned back immediately nile risen since departure sluices opened means reaching damietta strait he sued peace he formerly spurned happily found generous brothers camhel cohreddin still willing grant damietta soon afterwards given cardinal returned europe john brienne retired acre mourn loss kingdom embittered folly pretended friends ruined they aided ended sixth crusade seventh successful frederic ii emperor germany often vowed lead armies defence palestine often deterred journey matters pressing importance cohreddin mild enlightened monarch christians syria enjoyed repose toleration rule john brienne willing lose kingdom without effort popes europe ever willing embroil nations sake extending power monarch age capable rendering effective assistance frederic germany inspire zeal proposed he wed young princess violante daughter john brienne heiress kingdom jerusalem frederic consented joy eagerness princess brought acre rome without delay marriage celebrated scale great magnificence father john brienne abdicated rights favour jerusalem king power enforce claims preparations new crusade immediately commenced course six months emperor head army sixty thousand men matthew paris informs us army amount gathered england writers crusades adopt statement john brienne england daughter marriage emperor thought praying aid henry iii nobles recover lost kingdom he meet much encouragement grafton chronicle says he departed without great comfort man influence european politics appeared scene english nobles ready sacrifice cause they time coeur de lion army frederic encamped brundusium pestilential disease made appearance among departure delayed several months mean time empress violante died john brienne already repented abdication besides incensed frederic many acts neglect insult sooner saw tie bound severed death daughter he began bestir make interest pope undo he done regain honorary crown he renounced pope gregory ninth man proud unconciliating revengeful character owed emperor grudge many act disobedience authority encouraged overtures john brienne he done frederic however despised soon army convalescent set sail acre he many days sea he attacked malady obliged return otranto nearest port gregory time decided interest john brienne excommunicated emperor returning holy expedition pretext whatever frederic first treated excommunication supreme contempt he got well he gave holiness understand he outraged impunity sent troops ravage papal territories however made matter worse gregory despatched messengers palestine forbidding faithful severe pains penalties hold intercourse excommunicated emperor scheme they much heart bade fair effectually ruined even saracens wished frederic still continued zeal crusade he now king jerusalem fought christendom representative pope gregory hearing john brienne preparing leave europe he lost time taking departure arrived safely acre he first experienced evil effects excommunication christians palestine refused aid way looked distrust abhorrence templars hospitallers knights shared first general feeling they men yield blind obedience distant potentate especially compromised interests therefore frederic prepared march jerusalem without they joined banners man previous quitting europe german emperor commenced negotiation sultan camhel restoration holy land camhel jealous ambition brother cohreddin willing stipulate effect condition secured frederic possession important territory egypt crusaders reached palestine camhel relieved fears death brother he nevertheless think worth contest crusaders barren corner earth already dyed much christian saracen blood proposed truce three years stipulating addition moslems allowed worship freely temple jerusalem happy termination satisfy bigoted christians palestine tolerance they fought they willing extend others they complained bitterly privilege free worship allowed opponents unmerited good fortune made insolent they contested right emperor become party treaty long he remained ecclesiastical ban frederic disgusted new subjects templars hospitallers remained true he marched jerusalem crowned churches shut he even find priest officiate coronation he despised papal authority long quail now unjustifiably exerted nobody crown he wisely crowned he took royal diadem altar hands boldly proudly placed brow shouts applauding populace made welkin ring hymns praise triumph resounded ministers religion thousand swords started scabbards testify owners defend new monarch death hardly expected he renounce long period dominion native land uneasy crown barren soil palestine he seen quite enough new subjects he six months among important interests called home john brienne openly leagued pope gregory actually employed ravaging territories head papal army intelligence decided return preliminary step he made contemned authority feel sorrow he master he set sail loaded curses palestine ended seventh crusade spite every obstacle disadvantage productive real service holy land gone result solely attributable bravery frederic generosity sultan camhel soon emperor departure new claimant started throne jerusalem person alice queen cyprus mary marriage transferred right john brienne grand military orders however clung frederic alice obliged withdraw peaceful termination crusade give unmixed pleasure europe chivalry france england unable rest long conclusion truce collecting armies eighth expedition palestine contentment far universal many petty mahomedan states immediate vicinity parties truce harassed frontier towns incessantly templars ever turbulent waged bitter war sultan aleppo end almost exterminated great slaughter among europe resounded sad story fate many noble knight took arms prevent total destruction order associated many high inspiring remembrances camhel seeing preparations making thought generosity sufficiently shown day truce end assumed offensive marching forward jerusalem took possession routing scanty forces christians intelligence reached europe large body crusaders march headed king navarre duke burgundy count de bretagne leaders arrival they learned jerusalem taken sultan dead kingdom torn rival claimants supreme power dissensions foes made united previous crusades feudal chief master host acted responsibility without reference general plan consequence nothing done temporary advantage gained leader means improving another defeated without means retrieving war lingered till battle gaza king navarre defeated great loss compelled save total destruction entering hard oppressive treaty emir karac crisis aid arrived england commanded richard earl cornwall namesake coeur de lion inheritor valour army strong full hope they confidence leader looked like men accustomed victory coming changed aspect affairs new sultan egypt war sultan damascus forces oppose two enemies powerful he therefore sent messengers meet english earl offering exchange prisoners complete cession holy land richard come fight mere sake fighting agreed terms advantageous became deliverer palestine without striking blow sultan egypt turned whole force moslem enemies earl cornwall returned europe ended eighth crusade beneficial christendom pretence sending fierce levies east appearance holy wars end christians entire possession jerusalem tripoli antioch edessa acre jaffa fact nearly judea they peace among they might overcome without great difficulty jealousy hostility neighhours circumstance unforeseen disastrous blasted fair prospect reillumed last time fervour fury crusades gengis khan successors swept asia like tropical storm overturning progress landmarks ages kingdom kingdom cast they issued innumerable far recesses north east among others empire korasmin overrun hordes korasmins fierce uncivilized race driven homes spread turn south asia fire sword search resting place impetuous course they directed towards egypt whose sultan unable withstand swarm cast longing eyes fertile valleys nile endeavoured turn course purpose he sent emissaries barbaquan leader inviting settle palestine offer accepted wild horde they entered country christians received slightest intimation coming sudden overwhelming onwards like simoom they came burning slaying walls jerusalem inhabitants time look round they spared neither life property they slew women children priests altar profaned even graves slept ages they tore every vestige christian faith committed horrors unparalleled history warfare seven thousand inhabitants jerusalem sought safety retreat they sight banner cross hoisted walls savage foe decoy back artifice successful poor fugitives imagined help arrived another direction turned back regain homes nearly whole massacred streets jerusalem ran blood templars hospitallers teutonic knights forgot long bitter animosities joined hand hand rout desolating foe they intrenched jaffa chivalry palestine yet remained endeavoured engage sultans emissa damascus assist common enemy aid obtained moslems amounted first four thousand men reinforcements walter brienne lord jaffa resolved give battle korasrains conflict deadly despair side unmitigated ferocity make lasted varying fortune two days sultan emissa fled fortifications walter brienne fell enemy hands brave knight suspended arms cross sight walls jaffa korasminian leader declared he remain position city surrendered walter raised feeble voice advise surrender command soldiers hold last gallantry unavailing great slaughter grand array knights now remained sixteen hospitallers templars three teutonic cavaliers sad remnant army fled acre korasmins masters palestine sultans syria preferred christians fierce horde neighbours even sultan egypt began regret aid he given barbarous foes united emissa damascus root land korasmins amounted twenty thousand men unable resist determined hostility encompassed every side sultans defeated several engagements peasantry rose masses take vengeance gradually numbers diminished mercy shown defeat barbaquan leader slain five years desperate struggles they finally extirpated palestine became territory mussulmans short time previous devastating irruption louis ix fell sick paris dreamed delirium fever he saw christian moslem hosts fighting jerusalem christians defeated great slaughter dream made great impression superstitious mind he made solemn vow ever he recovered health he take pilgrimage holy land news misfortunes palestine awful massacres jerusalem jaffa arrived europe louis remembered dream persuaded ever intimation direct heaven he prepared take cross head armies march deliverance holy sepulchre moment he doffed royal mantle purple ermine dressed sober serge becoming pilgrim thoughts directed fulfilment design although kingdom ill spare he made every preparation leave pope innocent iv applauded zeal afforded every assistance he wrote henry iii england forward cause dominions called clergy laity europe contribute towards william longsword celebrated earl salisbury took cross head great number valiant knights soldiers fanaticism people awakened either france england great armies raised masses longer sympathized taxation great cooler zeal longer disgrace even knight he refused take cross rutebeuf french minstrel flourished time composed dialogue crusader reader find translated way fabliaux crusader uses every argument persuade take arms forsake every thing holy cause evident greater force arguments used noncrusader he favourite minstrel urgent solicitation friend crusader he replies i read right boldest good land i straight hie win back mickle blood gaine foot soil thereby dejected forlorn wife babes left mourn goodly mansion rudely marred trusted dogs guard i fair comrade well i wot ancient saw pregnant wit doth bid us keep we got troth i mean follow general feeling wondered louis ix occupied fully three years organizing forces making necessary preparations departure ready he set sail cyprus accompanied queen two brothers counts long train noblest chivalry france third brother count de poitiers remained behind collect another corps crusaders followed months afterwards army united cyprus amounted fifty thousand men exclusive english crusaders william longsword pestilential disease made appearance many hundreds fell victims consequence found necessary remain cyprus spring louis embarked egypt whole host violent tempest separated fleet he arrived damietta thousand men they however impetuous full hope although sultan melick shah drawn shore force infinitely superior resolved attempt landing without waiting arrival rest army louis wild impatience sprang boat waded shore army inspired enthusiastic bravery followed shouting old first crusaders dieu le veut dieu le veut panic seized turks body cavalry attempted bear crusaders knights fixed large shields deep sands shore rested lances they projected formed barrier imposing turks afraid breast turned round fairly took flight moment panic false report spread saracen host sultan slain confusion immediately became general deroute complete damietta abandoned night victorious crusaders fixed headquarters city soldiers separated chief tempest arrived shortly afterwards louis position justify hope conquest palestine egypt much confidence proved bane army they thought they accomplished much nothing remained done gave ease luxury command louis they marched towards cairo they longer men success instead inspiring unnerved debauchery brought disease disease aggravated heat climate none accustomed progress towards massoura road cairo checked thanisian canal banks saracens drawn dispute passage louis gave orders bridge thrown across operations commenced cover two high moveable towers saracens soon destroyed throwing quantities greek fire artillery day louis forced think means effecting design peasant agreed considerable bribe point ford army might wade across count despatched fourteen hundred men attempt louis remained face saracens main body army count got safely defeated detachment sent oppose landing flushed victory brave count forgot inferiority numbers pursued enemy massoura he now completely cut aid moslems perceiving took courage returned force swollen garrison massoura reinforcements surrounding districts battle now became hand hand christians fought energy desperate men continually increasing numbers foe surrounded completely cut hope either victory escape count among foremost slain louis arrived rescue brave nearly cut pieces fourteen hundred three hundred remained fury battle now increased threefold french king troops performed prodigies valour saracens command emir ceccidun fought they determined exterminate last decisive effort new european swarm settled coast fall evening dews christians masters field massoura flattered they victors suffer confess saracens withdrawn retreated leaders wofully convinced fatal field completed disorganization christian army hopes future conquest end impressed truth crusaders sued peace sultan insisted immediate evacuation damietta louis delivered hostage fulfilment condition army refused negotiations broken now resolved attempt retreat agile saracens now front now rear rendered matter extreme difficulty cut stragglers great numbers hundreds drowned nile sickness famine worked sad ravage escaped casualties louis weakened disease fatigue discouragement he hardly able sit horse confusion flight he separated attendants left total stranger sands egypt sick weary almost friendless knight geffry de sergines alone attended led miserable hut small village several days he lay hourly expectation death he last discovered taken prisoner saracens treated honour due rank pity due misfortunes care health rapidly improved next consideration ransom saracens demanded besides money cession acre tripoli cities palestine louis unhesitatingly refused conducted much pride courage sultan declared he proudest infidel he ever beheld good deal haggling sultan agreed waive conditions treaty finally concluded city damietta restored truce ten years agreed ten thousand golden bezants paid release louis liberation captives louis withdrew jaffa spent two years putting city cesarea possessions christians palestine proper state defence he returned country great reputation saint little soldier matthew paris informs us year louis egypt thousands english resolved go holy war king strictly guarded ports kept people running doors news arrived reverses captivity french king ardour cooled crusade sung spoken france different feeling result news king capture spread consternation country fanatic monk citeaux suddenly appeared villages preaching people announcing holy virgin accompanied whole army saints martyrs appeared commanded stir shepherds farm labourers defence cross discourse addressed eloquence thousands flocked around ready follow wherever he lead pastures deserted shepherds pastoureaux they termed became last numerous amount upwards fifty thousand millot says hundred thousand men elemens de de france queen blanche governed regent absence king encouraged first armies pastoureaux they soon gave way vile excesses peaceably disposed driven resistance robbery murder violation marked path good men assisted government united putting they finally dispersed three thousand massacred many authors say slaughter still greater ten years truce concluded louis urged two powerful motives undertake second expedition relief palestine fanaticism hand desire retrieving military fame suffered parasites liked remind pope course encouraged design chivalry europe began bestir edward heir english monarchy announced determination join crusade pope clement iv wrote prelates clergy aid cause persuasions revenues england they agreed contribute tenth possessions parliamentary order twentieth taken corn moveables laity michaelmas spite remonstrances clearheaded statesmen surrounded urging ruin might consequence fall prosperous kingdom louis made every preparation departure warlike nobility nothing loth spring king set sail army sixty thousand men he driven stress weather sardinia change plans took place instead proceeding acre he originally intended he shaped course tunis african coast king tunis time previously expressed favourably disposed towards christians religion louis appears hopes converting securing aid sultan egypt honour mine he used say i become godfather mussulman king filled idea he landed africa near site city carthage found he reckoned without host king tunis thoughts renouncing religion intention aiding crusaders way contrary he opposed landing forces collected sudden emergency french however made good first position defeated moslems considerable loss they gained advantage reinforcements sent oppose infectious flux appeared army put stop future victories soldiers died rate hundred day enemy time made great havoc plague louis first attacked disease constitution weakened fatigues even he left france he unable bear full weight armour soon evident sorrowing soldiers beloved monarch long survive he lingered days died carthage year age deeply regretted army subjects leaving behind singular reputations history he ecclesiastical writers whose eyes defects became virtues they manifested furtherance cause unprejudiced historians they condemn fanaticism admit he endowed many high rare qualities he point behind age many advance brother charles anjou consequence revolution sicily become king country he heard death louis he sailed messina large reinforcements landing near carthage he advanced head army amid martial music drums trumpets he soon informed inopportune rejoicing shed tears whole army warrior ashamed shed peace speedily agreed king tunis armies france sicily returned homes little favour crusade found england even exertions heir throne collected small force fifteen hundred men prince edward sailed dover bourdeaux expectation he find french king city louis however left weeks previously edward followed sardinia afterwards tunis arrival africa louis peace concluded france tunis he determined however relinquish crusade returning sicily he passed winter country endeavoured augment little army spring he set sail palestine arrived safety acre christians torn usual mutual jealousies animosities two great military orders virulent intractable ever opposed world arrival edward effect causing lay aside unworthy contention uniting heart heart last effort deliverance adopted country force six thousand effective warriors soon formed join english prince preparations made renewal hostilities sultan bibars bendocdar mills history gives name chief al malek al dhaker rokneddin abulfeth bibars al ali al bundokdari al salehi fierce mamluke placed throne bloody revolution war neighbours unable reason concentrate whole strength edward took advantage marching boldly forward nazareth defeated turks gained possession city whole amount successes hot weather engendered disease among troops he life soul expedition fell sick among first he ill time slowly recovering messenger desired speak important matters deliver despatches hand prince occupied examining traitorous messenger drew dagger belt stabbed breast wound fortunately deep edward gained portion strength he struggled assassin put death dagger time calling loudly assistance reader recognise incident sir walter scott introduced beautiful romance talisman licence claimed poets romancers he represents befallen king richard i attendants came call found bleeding profusely ascertained inspection dagger poisoned means instantly taken purify wound antidote sent grand master templars removed danger effects poison camden history adopted popular certainly beautiful version story says princess eleonora love gallant husband sucked poison wound risk life use words old fuller pity pretty story true sovereign remedy woman tongue anointed virtue loving affection performed good deed edward suspected doubtless without reason assassin employed sultan egypt amounted suspicion sudden death assassin principal clue discovery truth lost ever edward recovery prepared resume offensive sultan embarrassed defence interests time he considered importance made offers peace crusaders proof weakness part enemy calculated render man edward temperament anxious prosecute war he interests defend news arrived palestine death father king henry iii presence necessary england he agreed terms sultan christians allowed retain possessions holy land truce ten years proclaimed edward set sail england ended last crusade holy land may told words christians unmindful past sufferings jealous neighbours they deal first broke truce plundering egyptian traders near margat sultan immediately revenged outrage taking possession margat war raged nations margat made gallant defence reinforcements arrived europe prevent fall tripoli next cities succession last acre city palestine remained possession christians grand master templars collected together small devoted band trifling aid afforded king cyprus prepared defend death last possession order europe deaf cry aid numbers foe overwhelming devoted bravery avail disastrous siege christians exterminated king cyprus fled he saw resistance vain grand master fell head knights pierced hundred wounds seven templars many hospitallets alone escaped dreadful carnage victorious moslems set fire city rule christians palestine brought close ever intelligence spread alarm sorrow among clergy europe endeavoured rouse energy enthusiasm nations cause holy land popular mania run career spark zeal burned appointed time never solitary knight announced determination take arms now king gave cold encouragement scheme dropped almost soon spoken renewed still feebly longer interval now grand result struggles europe expended millions treasures blood two millions children handful quarrelsome knights retained possession palestine hundred years even christendom retained day advantage confined dearly purchased notwithstanding fanaticism originated folly conducted crusades productive unmitigated evil feudal chiefs became better members society coming contact asia civilization superior people secured small instalments rights kings longer war nobility time pass good laws human mind learned little wisdom hard experience casting slough superstition roman clergy long enveloped became prepared receive seeds approaching reformation disposer events bring good evil advance civilization ultimate happiness nations west means fanaticism led east whole subject absorbing interest carried fully bearings consume space plan work allow philosophic student draw conclusions he better field exercise powers european madness advantages disadvantages causes results witch mania wrath gods wicked influence tears conspiring wretched men afflict pour earth noyous pestilence mortal minds doth inwardly infect love blindness ignorance spencer tears muses countrymen hang beat kill justice now forbear violence mother sawyer crew villains knot bloody hangmen set torment i know justice alas neighbour banks you ringleader mischief fie i abuse aged woman banks woman she witch prove we sooner set fire thatch house she came running devil sent barrel gunpowder ford witch edmonton belief disembodied spirits may permitted revisit world foundation sublime hope immortality chief solace greatest triumph reason even revelation teach us we feel we within us shall never die experience life makes us cling fondly repaying hope early days little knowledge grand belief became source whole train superstitions turn became fount whence flowed deluge blood horror europe period two centuries half brooded idea parted spirits walked earth meddle affairs men men power summon evil spirits aid work woe fellows epidemic terror seized nations man thought secure either person possessions machinations devil agents every calamity befell he attributed witch storm arose blew barn witchcraft cattle died disease fastened limbs death entered suddenly snatched beloved face hearth they visitations providence works neighbouring hag whose wretchedness insanity caused ignorant raise finger point witch word everybody tongue france italy germany england scotland far north successively ran mad subject long series years furnished tribunals many trials witchcraft crimes seldom never spoken thousands thousands unhappy persons fell victims cruel absurd delusion many cities germany shown fully due place hereafter average number executions pretended crime six hundred annually two every day we leave sundays supposed even madness refrained work misunderstanding famous text mosaic law shalt suffer witch live doubt led many conscientious men astray whose superstition warm enough wanted little corroboration blaze desolating fury ages world men tried hold converse superior beings pierce means secrets futurity time moses evident impostors trafficked credulity mankind insulted supreme majesty true god pretending power divination hence law moses divine command promulgated criminals follow superstitious monomaniacs middle ages imagined bible established existence power divination edicts pretended best authorities appears hebrew word rendered venefica witch means poisoner divineress dabbler spells modern witch different character joined pretended power foretelling future events working evil life limbs possessions mankind power acquired express compact signed blood devil wizard witch renounced baptism sold immortal soul evil without saving clause redemption many wondrous appearances nature science philosophy even now account surprising natural laws still less understood men attributed supernatural agency every appearance they otherwise explain merest tyro now understands various phenomena wisest old fathom schoolboy knows high mountains certain occasions appear three four suns firmament figure traveller eminence reproduced inverted gigantic stature another we know strange pranks imagination play certain diseases hypochondriac see visions spectres cases men perfectly persuaded they teapots science lifted veil rolled away fantastic horrors forefathers shrouded similar cases man now imagines wolf sent hospital instead stake days witch mania earth air sea unpeopled grotesque spirits believed haunt entering history witchcraft may well we consider absurd impersonation evil principle formed monks legends we must make acquaintance primum mobile understand sort personage gave witches exchange souls power torment popular notion devil he large hairy sprite horns long tail cloven feet dragon wings shape he constantly brought stage monks early miracles mysteries representations he important personage answered purpose clown modern pantomime great fun people see well belaboured saints clubs cudgels hear howl pain he limped maimed blow vigorous anchorite dunstan generally served glorious trick he renowned catching hold nose pair pincers till rocks distant dells resounded cries saints spat face great annoyance others chopped pieces tail however always grew paying coin amused populace mightily they remembered scurvy tricks he played forefathers believed he endeavoured trip people laying long invisible tail way giving sudden whisk legs he used get drunk swear like trooper mischievous cups raise tempests earthquakes destroy fruits earth barns homesteads true believers he used run invisible spits people way amusing long winter evenings proceed taverns regale best offering payment pieces gold dawn following morning invariably turned slates sometimes disguised large drake he used lurk among bulrushes frighten weary traveller wits awful quack reader remember lines burns address well express popular notion ae dreary windy winter night stars shot wi sklentin light wi you mysel i got fright ayont lough ye like stood sight wi waving sough cudgel nieve shake bristled hair stood like stake wi eldritch stour quaick among springs awa ye squatter like drake whistling wings stories circulated believed he represented ugly petty mischievous spirit rejoiced playing manner fantastic tricks poor humanity milton seems first succeeded giving ludicrous description sublime pride quintessence evil unconceived time limners made merely grotesque milton made awful monks showed miserable romancers object undoubtedly represent fiend terrible possible nothing grand satan contrary he low mean devil easy circumvent fine fun play tricks well eloquently remarked modern writer see article demonology sixth volume foreign quarterly review subject serious side indian deity wild distorted shape grotesque attitude appears merely ridiculous separated accessories viewed daylight museum restore darkness hideous temple bring back recollection victims bled altar crushed beneath ear sense ridiculous subsides aversion horror superstitious dreams former times regarded mere speculative insanities we may moment amused wild incoherences patients we reflect hideous misconceptions principle evil arose belief witchcraft dead faith operating whole society urging wisest mildest deeds murder cruelties scarcely less murder learned beautiful young old male female devoted influence stake scaffold every feeling disappears except astonishment things humiliation thought delusion lasting universal besides chief personage infinite number inferior demons played conspicuous parts creed witchcraft pages bekker leloyer bodin delrio de lancre abound descriptions qualities imps functions assigned authors three commissioners trial witches wrote confessions made supposed criminals evidence delivered recent work jules garinet following summary creed great pains extracted student desirous knowing referred works question he find enough every leaf make blood curdle shame horror purity pages shall soiled anything ineffably humiliating disgusting complete exposition culled sufficient sample popular belief reader lose time seek writings demonologists ample details he gain nothing lifting veil covers unutterable obscenities unless like sterne he wishes gather fresh evidence beast man case he find plenty convince beast libelled comparison thought earth swarmed millions demons sexes many like human race traced lineage adam fall led astray devils assuming forms beautiful women deceive demons increased multiplied among extraordinary rapidity bodies thin air they pass though hardest substances greatest ease they fixed residence abiding place tossed fro immensity space thrown together great multitudes they excited whirlwinds air tempests waters took delight destroying beauty nature monuments industry man although they increased among like ordinary creatures numbers daily augmented souls wicked men children women died childbed persons killed duels whole air supposed full many unfortunate men women drew thousands mouths nostrils every inspiration demons lodging bowels parts bodies tormented pains diseases every kind sent frightful dreams gregory nice relates story nun forgot say benedicite make sign cross she sat supper consequence swallowed demon concealed among leaves lettuce persons number demons great they counted wierus asserted they amounted seven millions four hundred five thousand nine hundred they divided companies battalions prince captain they assume shape they pleased they male they called incubi female succubi they sometimes made hideous times they assumed shapes transcendant loveliness mortal eyes never saw beauty compete although devil legions appear mankind time generally understood he preferred night friday saturday satan appeared human shape he never perfectly respects like man he either black white large small limbs proportion rest body commonly feet deformed he obliged curl conceal tall part habiliments take shape he he get rid encumbrance he sometimes changed tree river occasion he transformed barrister we learn wierus book iv chapter ix reign philippe le bel he appeared monk shape dark man riding tall black horse friar afterwards ass finally instances rare he inferior demons taken form handsome young men successfully concealing tails married beautiful young women children children easily recognizable continual shrieking requiring five nurses suckle never growing fat demons command individual give immortal soul prince evil privilege enjoying services stated period wizard witch send execute difficult missions whatever witch commanded performed except good action case order disobeyed evil worked instead intervals according pleasure satan general meeting demons witches meeting called sabbath taking place saturday immediately midnight fridays sabbaths sometimes held district sometimes another least every year held brocken among high mountains general sabbath fiends whole christendom devil generally chose place four roads met scene assembly convenient neighbourhood lake spot nothing ever afterwards grow hot feet demons witches burnt principle fecundity earth rendered barren ever orders issued meeting sabbath wizards witches failed attend lashed demons rod made serpents scorpions punishment inattention want punctuality france england witches supposed ride uniformly broomsticks italy spain devil shape goat used transport back lengthened shortened according number witches he desirous accommodating witch proceeding sabbath get door window she try ever much general mode ingress keyhole egress chimney they flew broom greatest ease prevent absence witches noticed neighbours inferior demon commanded assume shapes lie beds feigning illness sabbath wizards witches arrived place rendezvous infernal ceremonies sabbath began satan assumed favourite shape large face front another haunches took seat throne present succession paid respects kissed face behind done he appointed master ceremonies company he made personal examination wizards witches see whether they secret mark they stamped devil mark always insensible pain yet marked received mark master ceremonies devil time bestowing nicknames done they began sing dance furious manner arrived anxious admitted society they silent denied salvation kissed devil spat bible sworn obedience things they began dancing might singing words alegremos alegremos que gente va tenemos course hour two they generally became wearied violent exercise they sat recounted evil deeds they done since last meeting malicious mischievous enough towards received personal chastisement satan flogged thorns scorpions till they covered blood unable sit stand ceremony concluded they amused dance toads thousands creatures sprang earth standing danced devil played bagpipes trumpet toads endowed faculty speech entreated witches reward flesh unbaptized babes exertions give pleasure witches promised compliance devil bade remember keep word stamping foot caused toads sink earth instant place cleared preparation made banquet manner disgusting things served greedily devoured demons witches although latter sometimes regaled choice meats expensive wines golden plates crystal goblets they never favoured unless they done extraordinary number evil deeds since last period meeting feast they began dancing relish exercise way amused mocking holy sacrament baptism purpose toads called sprinkled filthy water devil making sign cross witches calling nomine patrica aragueaco petrica agora agora valentia jouando goure gaits goustia meant name patrick petrick aragon now now ills devil wished particularly amused he made witches strip clothes dance cat tied round neck another dangling body form tail cock crew they disappeared sabbath ended summary belief prevailed many centuries nearly europe far eradicated even day varied respects several countries main points france germany great britain italy spain far north europe early annals france abound stories supposed sorcery time charlemagne crime acquired great importance monarch says jules garinet histoire de la magie en france rois de la seconde race page several times given orders necromancers astrologers witches driven states number criminals augmented daily he found necessary last resort severer measures consequence he published several edicts may found length de baluse every sort magic enchantment witchcraft forbidden punishment death decreed way evoked devil compounded afflicted either man woman barrenness troubled atmosphere excited tempests destroyed fruits earth dried milk cows tormented sores diseases persons found guilty exercising execrable arts executed immediately conviction earth might rid burthen curse presence even consulted might punished death michaud history crusades guinguene literary history italy critics objected tasso poem he attributed crusaders belief magic exist time critics referred edicts charlemagne they seen tasso right disposition eager spy imperfections great work leading error time prosecutions witchcraft continually mentioned especially french historians crime imputed much ease repelled much difficulty powerful whenever they wanted ruin weak fix imputation accuse witchcraft ensure destruction instances crime made pretext violent persecution individuals communities whose real offences purely political religious must familiar every reader extermination stedinger templars execution joan arc unhappy scenes arras prominent first perhaps least known among least remarkable following account kortum interesting history entstehungsgeschichte der freistadlischen bunde im mittelalter von kortum republican confederacies middle ages show horrible convenience imputations witchcraft royal priestly wolves wanted pretext quarrel sheep frieslanders inhabiting district weser zuydersee long celebrated attachment freedom successful struggles defence early eleventh century they formed general confederacy encroachments normans saxons divided seven seelands holding annually diet large oaktree aurich near upstalboom they managed affairs without control clergy ambitious nobles surrounded great scandal latter they already true notions representative government deputies people levied necessary taxes deliberated affairs community performed simple patriarchal manner nearly functions representative assemblies present day finally archbishop bremen together count oldenburg neighbouring potentates formed league section frieslanders known name stedinger succeeded harassing sowing dissensions among many years bringing yoke stedinger devotedly attached ancient laws they attained degree civil religious liberty uncommon age submit without violent struggle they arose insurrection year defence ancient customs country refused pay taxes feudal chiefs tithes clergy forced peaceful retreats drove many oppressors period years brave stedinger continued struggle forces archbishops bremen counts oldenburg destroyed year strong castle slutterberg near delmenhorst built latter nobleman position he send marauders plunder destroy possessions peasantry invincible courage poor people proving strong oppressors cope ordinary means warfare archbishop bremen applied pope gregory ix spiritual aid prelate entered cordially cause launching forth anathema stedinger heretics witches encouraged true believers assist extermination large body thieves fanatics broke country year killing burning wherever they went sparing either women children sick aged rage stedinger however rallied great force routed invaders killed battle leader count burckhardt oldenburg many inferior chieftains pope applied crusade stedinger preached part germany pope wrote bishops leaders faithful exhortation arm root land abominable witches wizards stedinger holiness seduced devil abjured laws god man slandered church insulted holy sacraments consulted witches raise evil spirits shed blood like water taken lives priests concocted infernal scheme propagate worship devil they adore name asmodi devil appears different shapes sometimes goose duck others figure pale youth melancholy aspect whose embrace fills hearts eternal hatred holy church christ devil presides sabbaths they kiss dance around he envelopes total darkness they male female give grossest disgusting debauchery consequence letters pope emperor germany frederic ii pronounced ban bishops ratzebourg lubeck osnabruek munster minden took arms exterminate aided duke brabant counts holland cloves mark oldenburg egmond diest many powerful nobles army forty thousand men soon collected marched command duke brabant country stedinger latter mustered vigorously defence lives liberties raise greater force including every man capable bearing arms eleven thousand men cope overwhelming numbers foe they fought energy despair vain eight thousand slain field battle whole race exterminated enraged conquerors scoured country directions slew women children old men drove away cattle fired woods cottages made total waste land just absurd effectual charge brought templars they rendered obnoxious potentates prelacy christendom wealth power pride insolence raised enemies every side every sort accusation made failed work overthrow terrible cry witchcraft let loose effected object templars extirpated they accused sold souls devil celebrating infernal mysteries witches sabbath pretended they admitted novice order they forced renounce salvation curse jesus christ they made submit many unholy disgusting ceremonies forced kiss superior cheek navel breech spit three times crucifix members forbidden connexion women might give without restraint every species unmentionable debauchery mischance templar infringed order child born whole order met tossed like shuttlecock expired they roasted slow fire fat trickled anointed hair beard large image devil knights died body burnt powder mixed wine drunk every member order philip iv exercise implacable hatred invented probability greater part charges issued orders immediate arrest templars dominions pope afterwards took cause almost much fervour king france every part europe templars thrown prison goods estates confiscated hundreds put rack confessed even preposterous charges increased popular clamour hopes enemies true removed rack they denied they previously confessed circumstance increased outcry numbered additional crime they considered worse light condemned forthwith flames relapsed heretics unfortunate victims burned together slow fire field suburbs paris protesting last moment lives innocence crimes imputed refusing accept pardon condition acknowledging guilty similar scenes enacted provinces four years hardly month passed without witnessing execution unhappy men finally last scene tragedy closed burning jacques de molay companion guy commander normandy anything atrocious impossible conceive disgraceful alike monarch originated pope supported age tolerated monstrous iniquity malice invent charge humiliating thought lover species millions mankind credit still execution joan arc next notorious example history affords us imputation witchcraft political enemy instances similar persecution crime made pretext gratification political religious hatred might multiplied great extent better proceed consideration bull pope innocent torch set fire longlaid train caused fearful explosion christian world necessary however go back years anterior event better understand motives influenced church promulgation fearful document towards close fourteenth beginning fifteenth century many witches burned different parts europe natural consequence severe persecution crime pretenders increased found accused threatened penalties they happened persons bad malicious disposition wished they power imputed they might revenged persecutors numerous instances record persons found muttering spells supposed raise evil religion law alike recognized crime wonder weak reason strong imagination especially they nervous temperament fancied endued terrible powers world speaking belief neighbours lag behind execution speedy consequence fear witchcraft increased catholic clergy strove fix imputation religious sects pioneers reformation began time formidable church rome charge heresy ensure destruction sorcery witchcraft never failed year devoted congregation waldenses arras used repair night worship god manner solitary places fell victims accusation sorcery rumored arras desert places they retired devil appeared human form read large book laws ordinances they promised obedience he distributed money food among bind service done they gave every species lewdness debauchery rumours several creditable persons arras seized imprisoned together number decrepit idiotic old women rack convenient instrument making accused confess anything course put requisition monstrelet chronicle says they tortured admitted truth whole accusations besides they seen recognized nocturnal assemblies many persons rank many prelates seigneurs governors bailliages mayors cities names examiners suggested victims several informed thrown prison horribly tortured reason fled ravings pain they confessed midnight meetings devil oaths they taken serve confessions judgment pronounced poor old women usual cases hanged burned wealthy delinquents allowed escape payment large sums soon universally recognized trials conducted odious manner judges motives private vengeance many influential persons implicated parliament paris afterwards declared sentence illegal judges iniquitous arret late service even paid fine punish authorities misconducted delivered years executions taken place mean time accusations witchcraft spread rapidly france italy germany strange say although first instance chiefly directed heretics latter firm believers crime even catholics times we find lutherans calvinists became greater witchburners ever romanists deeply prejudice rooted every point belief dispute considered every sect well established authenticity scriptures existence god early period epidemic persecutions directed heads catholic church spread heresy betokened thought coming antichrist florimond work concerning antichrist lets us fully secret prosecutions he says afforded us signs approach antichrist agree increase sorcery witchcraft distinguish melancholy period advent ever age afflicted seats destined criminals courts justice blackened persons accused guilt judges enough try dungeons gorged day passes we render tribunals bloody dooms we pronounce we return homes discountenanted terrified horrible confessions we heard devil accounted good master we commit great number slaves flames shall arise ashes sufficient number supply place florimond spoke general opinion church rome never suggested mind person engaged trials indeed devil raised many new witches fill places consumed employ devil persecution they burned they found burn became common prayer women humbler walks life they might never live grow old sufficient aged poor ensure death stake scaffold year severe storm switzerland laid waste country four miles around constance two wretched old women popular voice long accused witchcraft arrested preposterous charge raised tempest rack displayed two poor creatures extended reply various leading questions tormentors they owned agony they constant habit meeting devil they sold souls command he raised tempest insane blasphemous charge they condemned die criminal registers constance stands name simple significant phrase convicta et combusta case hundreds others duly reported ecclesiastical powers happened time pontiff head church given much attention subject witchcraft intent rooting crime increase man ever lived john baptist cibo elected papacy designation innocent viii sincerely alarmed number witches launched forth terrible manifesto celebrated bull he called nations europe rescue church christ earth emperilled arts satan set forth horrors reached ears numbers sexes intercourse infernal fiends sorceries they afflicted man beast they blighted marriage bed destroyed births women increase cattle they blasted corn ground grapes vineyard fruits trees herbs field order criminals atrocious might longer pollute earth he appointed inquisitors every country armed apostolic power convict punish now witch mania properly called may fairly commenced immediately class men sprang europe made sole business lives discover burn witches sprenger germany celebrated national scourges notorious work malleus maleficarum he laid regular form trial appointed course examination inquisitors countries might best discover guilty questions always enforced torture absurd disgusting nature inquisitors required ask suspected whether they midnight meetings devil whether they attended witch sabbath brocken whether they familiar spirits whether they raise whirlwinds call lightning whether they sexual intercourse satan straightway inquisitors set work cumarius italy burned poor women province alone sprenger germany burned number never ascertained correctly agreed hands amounted five hundred year great resemblance confessions unhappy victims regarded new proof existence crime astonishing questions malleus maleficarum put torture never failed educe answer required inquisitor numbers people whose imaginations filled horrors went way confession even tormenters anticipated hope they thereby saved rack put misery confessed they children devil ever mother gave utterance frantic imagining even extremity anguish childless confessed burned instanter unworthy live fear zeal enemies satan cool successive popes appointed new commissions appointed alexander vi another leo third adrian vi they armed powers hunt destroy executed fearful functions rigidly geneva alone five hundred persons burned years title protestant witches appear chief crime heresy witchcraft merely aggravation bartolomeo de spina list still fearful he informs us year less thousand persons suffered death witchcraft district como several years afterwards average number victims exceeded hundred annually inquisitor remigius took great credit fifteen years convicted burned nine hundred france year fires execution witches blazed almost every town danaeus dialogues witches says they numerous next impossible tell number deep thraldom human mind friends relatives accused parties looked approved wife sister murderer might sympathise fate wives husbands sorcerers witches pity truth pity dangerous thought compassion sufferings witch dabbler art wept witch insured stake districts however exasperation people broke spite superstition inquisitor rural township piedmont burned victims plentifully fast family place lose member people last arose inquisitor happy escape country whole limbs archbishop diocese proceeded afterwards trial inquisitor left prison charges utterly preposterous poor wretches liberated others met harder usual fate accused joined witches dance midnight blasted oak they seen creditable people husbands several women two young beautiful swore positively time stated wives comfortably asleep arms vain word taken archbishop told they deceived devil senses true they might semblance wives beds originals far away devil dance oak honest fellows confounded wives burned forthwith year five poor women verneuil accused transforming cats shape attending sabbath fiends prowling around satan presided form goat dancing amuse back they found guilty burned bodin page garinet page de serclier page three wizards witch appeared presidents salvert they confessed extended rack they anointed infernal unguents kill sheep they attended sabbath they saw great black goat spoke made kiss holding lighted candle hand he performed ceremony they executed poitiers celebrated sorcerer trois echelles burned place de greve paris he confessed presence charles ix marshals de montmorency de retz sieur du mazille physician king he perform wonderful things aid devil he sold he described great length saturnalia fiends sacrifices they offered debaucheries they committed young handsome witches various modes preparing infernal unguent blighting cattle he he upwards twelve hundred accomplices crime witchcraft various parts france he named king many afterwards arrested suffered execution dole two years afterwards gilles garnier native lyons indicted loupgarou prowling shape country night devour little children indictment read henri camus doctor laws counsellor king effect he gilles garnier seized little girl twelve years age he drew vineyard killed partly teeth partly hands seeming like wolf paws thence he trailed bleeding body along ground teeth wood la serre he ate greatest portion meal carried remainder home wife another occasion eight days festival saints he seen seize another child teeth devoured she rescued child died days afterwards injuries he inflicted fifteen days festival saints shape wolf he devoured boy thirteen years age previously torn leg thigh teeth hid away breakfast morrow he furthermore indicted giving way diabolical unnatural propensities even shape man he strangled boy wood intention eating crime he effected he seen neighhours prevented gilles garnier put rack fifty witnesses deposed he confessed everything laid charge he thereupon brought back presence judges camus name parliament dole pronounced following sentence seeing gilles garnier testimony credible witnesses spontaneous confession proved guilty abominable crimes lycanthropy witchcraft court condemns gilles day taken cart spot place execution accompanied executioner maitre executeur de la haute justice he executioner shall tied stake burned alive ashes scattered winds court condemns gilles costs prosecution given dole day january parliament paris occupied several days trial man named jacques roller he found guilty shape devouring little boy he burnt alive place de greve much alarm excited neighbourhood melun increase witches council held devise measures stay evil decree passed witches consulters witches punished death conjurors every kind parliament rouen took question following year decreed possession grimoire book spells sufficient evidence witchcraft persons books found burned alive three councils held different parts france year relation subject parliament bourdeaux issued strict injunctions curates clergy whatever use redoubled efforts root crime witchcraft parliament tours equally peremptory feared judgments offended god dealers devil swept face land parliament rheims particularly severe noueurs tyers knot people sexes took pleasure preventing consummation marriage they might counteract command god first parents increase multiply parliament held sinful wear amulets preserve witchcraft practice might continued within jurisdiction drew form exorcism effectually defeat agents devil put flight case witchcraft created great sensation day occurred village mountains auvergne two leagues apchon gentleman place window passed friend hunting returning house gentleman asked friend sport he latter informed he attacked plain large savage wolf he shot without wounding he drawn cut animal sprang neck devour huntsman put hand bag pull paw shocked find woman hand finger gentleman immediately recognized wife ring says indictment made begin suspect evil he immediately went search found sitting fire kitchen arm hidden underneath apron he tore apron great vehemence found she hand stump even bleeding she given custody burned riom presence thousands spectators tablier see boguet discours sur les sorciers jules garinet histoire de la magie page midst executions rare gleams mercy instances record acquittal taking place charge witchcraft discharge fourteen persons parliament paris year almost solitary example return reason fourteen persons condemned death witchcraft appealed judgment parliament paris political reasons exiled tours parliament named four commissioners pierre pigray king surgeon messieurs leroi renard falaiseau king physicians visit examine witches see whether they mark devil pigray relates circumstance work surgery book vii chapter tenth says visit made presence two counsellors court witches stripped naked physicians examined bodies diligently pricking marks they find see whether they insensible pain always considered certain proof guilt they however sensible pricking called lustily pins driven we found continues pierre pigray poor stupid people insane many quite indifferent life two desired death relief sufferings opinion they stood need medicine punishment we reported parliament case thereupon taken consideration parliament mature counsel amongst members ordered poor creatures sent homes without inflicting punishment dreadful state italy germany france sixteenth century far worst crisis popular madness regard witchcraft let us see state england period reformation progress rooted many errors stopped short greatest error luther calvin firm believers witchcraft pope innocent followers showed zealous persecutors romanists hutchinson work witchcraft asserts mania manifested later england raged less virulence continent first assertion true though persecution began later england scotland progress fearful elsewhere fifty years issuing bull innocent viii legislature england thought fit make severe enactments sorcery already operation statute first specified particular crime witchcraft much earlier period many persons suffered death sorcery addition offences executions took place attending witches sabbath raising tempests afflicting cattle barrenness fantastic trumpery continent two statutes passed first relating false prophecies caused mainly doubt impositions elizabeth barton holy maid kent second conjuration witchcraft sorcery even enactment consider witchcraft penal condemned death means spells incantations contracts devil attempted lives neighbours statute elizabeth last recognized witchcraft crime highest magnitude whether exerted injury lives limbs possessions community date persecution may fairly commenced england reached climax early part seventeenth century hottest period mania europe cases witch persecution sixteenth century enable reader form accurate idea progress great error he plunged busy period history matthew hopkins coadjutors exercised infernal calling several instances occur england latter years reign elizabeth time public mind become pretty familiar details crime bishop jewell sermons majesty used constantly conclude fervent prayer she might preserved witches occasion words may please grace understand witches sorcerers within last four years marvellously increased within grace realm grace subjects pine away even death colour fadeth flesh rotteth speech benumbed senses bereft i pray god they may never practise subject degrees epidemic terror witchcraft spread villages proportion doctrines puritans took root dread increased course brought persecution train church england claimed entitled merit less influenced matters sect christians still they tainted superstition age flagrant instances cruelty delusion record consummated authority church commemorated till late period annual lecture university cambridge celebrated case witches warbois executed years passing statute elizabeth although interval trials recorded unfortunately much evidence show extreme length popular prejudice carried many women lost lives every part england without brought trial injuries received hands people number never ascertained case witches warbois merits detailed length importance attached many years learned university singular absurdity evidence men sensible respects condemn scaffold principal actors strange drama families sir samuel cromwell throgmorton gentlemen landed property near warbois county huntingdon throgmorton several daughters eldest mistress joan imaginative melancholy girl whose head filled stories ghosts witches occasion she chanced pass cottage she called mother samuel aged poor ugly woman mother samuel sitting door knitting black cap head silly young lady passed taking eyes work she looked steadfastly mistress joan immediately fancied she felt sudden pains limbs day forth never ceased tell sisters everybody mother samuel bewitched children took cry actually frightened fits whenever they passed within sight terrible old woman throgmorton whir wiser children believed absurd tales they told lady cromwell gossip throgmorton made active business determined bring witch ordeal sapient sir samuel joined scheme children encouraged gave loose reins imaginations seem liveliest they soon invented whole host evil spirits names besides they sent mother samuel torment continually seven spirits especially they raised hell wicked woman throw fits children actually subject fits mother commeres gave credit story names spirits first smack second smack third smack blue catch hardname pluck throgmorton father pestered idle fancies yet well inclined believe he marched valiantly forth hut mother samuel resided husband daughter dragged forcibly grounds lady cromwell throgmorton girls waiting armed long pins prick witch see they draw blood lady cromwell seems violent party tore old woman cap head plucking handful grey hair gave throgmorton burn charm preserve future machinations wonder poor creature subjected rough usage give vent involuntary curse tormentors she curse never forgotten hair however supposed grand specific she allowed depart half dead terror ill usage year families cromwell throgmorton continued persecute assert imps afflicted pains fits turned milk sour pans prevented cows ewes bearing midst fooleries lady cromwell taken ill died remembered death taken place exactly year quarter since she cursed mother samuel several occasions she dreamed witch black cat latter course mankind sir samuel cromwell now conceived bound take energetic measures sorceress since he lost wife means year quarter black cat proofs positive neighbours taken cry witchcraft mother samuel personal appearance unfortunately ideal witch increased popular suspicion appear last poor woman believed even disadvantage she everybody represented forcibly brought throgmorton house daughter joan customary fits she commanded sir samuel cromwell expel devil young lady she told repeat exorcism add i witch causer lady cromwell death i charge fiend come she required moreover confessed husband daughter leagued witchcraft like sold souls devil whole family immediately arrested sent huntingdon prison trial instituted shortly afterwards justice fenner crazy girls throgmorton family gave evidence mother samuel family they three put torture old woman confessed anguish she witch she cast spells young ladies she caused death lady cromwell father daughter stronger mind unfortunate wife parent refused confess anything asserted innocence last they three condemned hanged bodies burned daughter young excited pity many persons she advised plead pregnancy she might gain least respite death poor girl refused proudly ground she accounted witch strumpet old mother caught idea weeks longer life asserted she pregnant court convulsed laughter wretched victim joined accounted additional proof she witch whole family executed april sir samuel cromwell lord manor received sum pounds confiscated property samuels he turned shillings yearly endowment annual sermon lecture enormity witchcraft case particular preached doctor bachelor divinity queen college cambridge i able ascertain exact date annual lecture discontinued appears preached late hutchinson published work witchcraft carry proper chronological order history witch delusion british isles necessary examine taking place scotland part sixteenth century anterior accession james vi crown england we naturally expect scotch people renowned earliest times powers imagination deeply imbued gloomy superstition neighhours south nature soil climate tended encourage dreams early ignorance ghosts goblins wraiths kelpies whole host spiritual beings familiar dwellers misty glens highlands romantic streams lowlands deeds whether good ill enshrined song took greater hold imagination verse sanctified till religious reformers began practice straining scripture severest extremes arm law called punish witchcraft crime per se pope innocent viii done germany france preachers reformation scottish people witchcraft instead mere article faith became enrolled statute book good subjects true christians called take arms ninth parliament queen mary passed act decreed punishment death witches consulters witches immediately whole bulk people smitten epidemic fear devil mortal agents persons highest ranks life shared encouraged delusion vulgar many accused witchcraft noble ladies shown dabbled mystic arts proved world they witches want among dames became notorious endeavouring effect wicked ends devil aid may mentioned celebrated lady buccleugh branxholme familiar readers sir walter scott countess lothian countess angus countess athol lady kerr countess huntley euphemia macalzean daughter lord cliftonhall lady fowlis among celebrated sex accused wizzardism sir lewis ballantyne lord justice clerk scotland we may believe scot scotstarvet dealt curiosity warlock called richard grahame prayed raise devil warlock consented raised propria persona yard house canongate sight lord justice clerk terrified he took sickness thereof died idle reports envious ruin reputation they hated though appear case sir lewis fool enough make attempt he accused success experiment apocryphal part story enemies john knox invented similar tale found ready credence among roman catholics glad attach stigma grand scourge vices church reported he secretary went churchyard andrew intent raise sanctes mistake conjurations they raised great fiend instead saints they wished consult popular rumour added knox secretary frightened great horns goggle eyes long tail satan he went mad shortly afterwards died knox built sterner stuff frightened first name occurs records high court justiciary persons tried executed witchcraft janet bowman nine years passing act mary particulars crimes given name stand words convict brynt however inferred interval trials executions took place appears authority documents unquestioned authenticity advocates library edinburgh foreign quarterly review vol vi page privy council made practice granting commissions resident gentlemen ministers every part scotland examine try execute witches within parishes records suffered sentence tribunals preserved popular tradition may believed even amount assertions number fearful year entries executions witchcraft records high court become frequent average per annum another proof trials offence general entrusted local magistracy latter appear ordered witches stake little compunction summary mode modern justices peace order poacher stocks james vi advanced manhood he took great interest witch trials especially gellie duncan fian accomplices year engrossed whole attention doubt suggested degree famous work demonology he wrote shortly afterwards witches made attempt life surprising habits he watched case closely become strengthened prejudice superstition singular details trial selected give fair idea delusions scottish people whether we consider number victims absurdity evidence real villany persons implicated equally extraordinary gellie duncan prime witch proceedings servant deputy bailiff tranent small town hadingtonshire ten miles edinburgh though neither old ugly witches usually young neighbours suspicious parts behaviour long considered witch she appears pretensions healing art cures she effected sudden worthy bailiff master like neighbours mistrusted considered less miraculous order discover truth he put torture she obstinately refused confess she dealings devil popular belief witch confess long mark satan put remained undiscovered body somebody present reminded torturing bailie fact examination devil mark found throat poor gellie she put torture fortitude giving way extremity anguish she confessed she indeed witch she sold soul devil effected cures aid something new witch creed according devil delighted laying diseases taking gellie duncan fared better account torture still applied she named accomplices among cunningham reputed wizard known name fian grave witch named agnes sampson euphemia macalzean daughter lord cliftonhall already mentioned nearly forty persons wives respectable individuals city edinburgh every persons arrested whole realm scotland thrown commotion extraordinary nature disclosures anticipated two years previous time james suddenly left kingdom proceeded gallantly denmark fetch bride princess denmark detained contrary weather harbour upslo remaining months copenhagen he set sail young bride arrived safely leith may experienced boisterous passage nearly wrecked soon arrest gellie duncan fian became known scotland reported everybody pretended witches associates devil means raised storms endangered lives king queen gellie torture confessed fact whole kingdom waited aghast corroboration furnished trial agnes sampson grave witch implicated gellie duncan put horrible torture pilliewinkis she laid bare secrets sisterhood she suffered hour confessed gellie duncan fian marion lineup euphemia macalzean upwards two hundred witches warlocks used assemble midnight kirk north berwick they met devil they plotted attempt king life they incited old fiend asserted thundering oath james greatest enemy he ever peace devil children earth he got rid devil occasions always liked little music gellie duncan used play reel trump jew harp witches danced james highly flattered idea devil he greatest enemy he ever he sent gellie duncan palace made play reel she played witches dance kirk fian rather cunningham petty schoolmaster tranent put torture among rest he man led infamous life compounder dealer poisons pretender magic though guilty preposterous crimes laid charge doubt he sorcerer though deed he deserved misery he endured put rack he confess nothing held long unmoved severe torture boots resolved he endured till exhausted nature bear longer insensibility kindly stepped aid seen he utterly powerless tongue cleaved roof mouth he released restoratives administered first faint gleam returning consciousness he prevailed sign ere he well knew he full confession strict accordance gellie duncan agnes sampson he remanded prison two days he managed somehow escape he soon recaptured brought court justiciary james present fian now denied circumstances written confession he signed whereupon king enraged stubborn wilfulness ordered torture finger nails riven pincers long needles thrust eye quick still he wince he consigned boots quote pamphlet published time news scotland declaring damnable life dr fian he continued long abode many blows legs crushed beaten together small might bones flesh bruised blood marrow spouted forth great abundance whereby they made unserviceable ever astonishing similarity confessions persons implicated proceedings often remarked appear they actually endeavoured cause king death spells sorceries fian acquainted usual tricks profession deceived pretended apparitions many really convinced they seen devil sum confessions following effect course great foe reformed religion alarmed king james marry protestant princess avert consequences realms evil he determined put end king bride raising storm voyage home satan first sent thick mist waters hope king vessel might stranded coast amid darkness failing fian superior scholarship advanced dignity devil secretary commanded summon witches meet master sailing sieve high seas eve they assembled number upwards two hundred including gellie duncan agnes sampson euphemia macalzean barbara napier several warlocks embarking riddle sieve they sailed ocean substantially cruising time they met fiend bearing claws cat previously drawn nine times fire he delivered warlocks telling cast sea cry hola done solemnity immediately ocean became convulsed waters hissed loudly waves rose mountains high twisting arms heaven witches sailed gallantly tempest they raised landing coast scotland took sieves hands marched procession haunted kirk north berwick devil resolved hold preaching gellie duncan musician party tripped playing jew harp singing cummer go ye cummer go ye gif ye go cummer let arrived kirk they paced around withershins reverse apparent motion sun fian blew door opened immediately witches entered pitch dark fian blew mouth candles immediately lighted devil seen occupying pulpit he attired black gown hat witches saluted crying hail master body hard like iron face terrible nose like beak eagle he great burning eyes hands legs hairy he long claws hands feet spake exceedingly gruff voice commencing sermon he called names congregation demanding whether they good servants success attended operations life king bride gray meill crazy old warlock acted beadle doorkeeper silly enough answer nothing ailed king yet god thanked devil rage stepped pulpit boxed ears he remounted commenced preaching commanding dutiful servants evil they euphemia macalzean agnes sampson bolder rest asked whether he brought image picture king james they might pricking cause pains diseases fall father lies spoke truth confessed he forgotten euphemia macalzean upbraided loudly carelessness devil however took good part although agnes sampson several women let loose tongues immediately they done scolding he invited grand entertainment newly buried corpse dug divided among they way edibles he liberal matter drink gave much excellent wine they soon became jolly gellie duncan played old tune trump devil led dance euphemia mac alzean they kept sport till cock crew agnes sampson wise woman keith she called added particulars confession she stated previous occasion she raised awful tempest sea throwing cat four joints men tied feet she grand attempt drown king james they meet devil cruising he accompanied first she seen dimly distance rolling great waves shape size unlike huge haystack they met foreign ship richly laden wines good things they boarded sunk they drunk wine made quite merry disclosures much even abundant faith king james he exclaimed witches like master extreme lyars they confessed many things less preposterous nature they doubt really guilty agnes sampson she taken king life anointing linen strong poison gellie duncan used threaten neighbours saying she send devil many persons weaker minds usual frightened fits rendered subject remainder lives finn made scruple aiding abetting murder rid person enemy means poison pay fee euphemia macalzean far pure doubt she meditated king death used means compass superstition age directed she devoted partizan bothwell accused many witches consulted period king death they found guilty sentenced hanged burned barbara napier though found guilty counts acquitted charge present great berwick kirk king highly displeased threatened jury indicted wilful error assize they accordingly reconsidered verdict threw king mercy fault they committed james satisfied barbara napier hanged along gellie duncan agnes sampson fian others euphemia macalzean met harder fate connexion bold obnoxious bothwell share poisoning two individuals stood way thought deserving severest punishment law inflict instead ordinary sentence directing criminal first strangled burned wretched woman doomed bound stake burned ashes quick death cruel sentence executed june trials pernicious consequences scotland lairds ministers districts armed due power privy council tried condemned old women summary fashion still clung ancient faith rome severest sufferers thought disclosures fierce enmity borne devil towards protestant king protestant wife catholics leagued powers evil work woe realm scotland moderate calculation presumed passing act queen mary till accession james throne england period years average number executions witchcraft scotland two hundred annually upwards seventeen thousand altogether first nine years number quarter great towards years number must four hundred case last cited extraordinary character general aspect trials better seen isabel gowdie wearisome disgusting go cited fair specimen although took place date somewhat later reign james woman wearied life persecutions neighbours voluntarily gave justice made confession embodying whole period she undoubtedly monomaniac extraordinary kind she she deserved stretched iron rack crimes never atoned even she drawn asunder wild horses she named long list associates including nearly fifty women warlocks they dug graves unchristened infants whose limbs serviceable enchantments they wanted destroy crops enemy they yoked toads plough following night satan ploughed land team blasted season witches power assume almost shape they generally chose either cat hare oftenest latter isabel occasion she disguise she sore pressed pack hounds narrow escape life she reached door last feeling hot breath pursuing dogs haunches she managed however hide behind chest got time pronounce magic words alone restore proper shape they hare hare god send care i hare likeness now i shall woman now hare hare god send care witches shape bitten dogs they always retained marks human form she never heard witch bitten death devil appointed general meeting witches custom they proceed air mounted broomsticks corn pronouncing they went horse partook horse go horse pellats ho ho ho they generally left behind broom stool placed beds duly charmed assumed human shape till return done neighhours might know they absent she added devil furnished favourite witches servant imps attend imps called roaring lion thief hell ranting roarer known liveries generally yellow satan never called witches names they received baptism neither they allowed presence designate breach infernal etiquette assuredly drew severe displeasure designation necessary he blood names like devil particular name they called black john witch unthinking enough utter words he rush beat buffet unmercifully tear flesh names he care gave instructions noted warlock whenever he wanted aid he strike ground three times exclaim rise foul thief confession many persons executed strong popular feeling accused witchcraft acquitted least acquittals average hundred trials became trade set mercenary vagabonds roamed country provided long pins run flesh supposed criminals unusual thing now aged persons spot body totally devoid feeling object witchpricker discover spot unhappy wight bleed pricked doomed death immediately cast prison life rendered miserable persecution neighbours recorded many poor women annoyances they endured way excessive they preferred death sir george mackenzie lord advocate time frequent devout believer crime relates criminal law first published remarkable instances he says i went i examine women confessed judicially silly creature told secrecy she confessed she guilty poor creature wrought meat defamed witch she knew she starve person thereafter either give meat lodging men beat set dogs therefore she desired world whereupon she wept bitterly knees called god witness she sir george though wholly elevated prejudices age subject clearsighted enough see danger society undue encouragement given he convinced unjust unfounded he says work already quoted persons general accused crime poor ignorant men women understand nature accusation mistook superstitious fears witchcraft poor wretch weaver confessed he warlock asked he replied he seen devil dancing like fly candle simple woman she called witch believed she asked judge bench whether person might witch know sir george adds supposed criminals subjected severe torture prison gaolers thought they god good service vexing tormenting i know says humane enlightened magistrate usage ground confession albeit poor miscreants prove usage actors witnesses yet judge jealous first elicit confession fear they dare retract another author satan invisible world discovered rev sinclair firm believer witchcraft gives still lamentable instance woman preferred execution witch live imputation woman knew three others strangled burned early day sent minister parish confessed she sold soul satan whereupon called judges she condemned die rest carried forth place execution she remained silent first second third prayer perceiving remained rise go stake she lifted body loud voice cried now you see day know i now die witch confession i free men especially ministers magistrates guilt blood i take wholly blood head i must make answer god heaven presently i declare i free witchcraft child delated malicious woman put prison name witch disowned husband friends seeing ground hope ever coming i made confession destroy life weary choosing rather die live proof singular obstinacy blindness believers witches may stated minister relates story saw dying speech unhappy woman additional proof she witch true indeed none blind see time however return james vi fairly entitled share pope innocent sprenger bodinus matthew hopkins glory odium time chief enemy chief encourager witchcraft towards close sixteenth century many learned men continent isles britain endeavoured disabuse public mind subject celebrated wierus germany pietro italy reginald scot england works excited attention zealous james mindful involuntary compliment merits extorted devil ambitious deserve still continuing greatest enemie year he published edinburgh famous treatise demonology design may gathered following passage introduction fearful abounding says king time country detestable slaves devil witches enchanters moved beloved reader despatch post following treatise mine wise i protest serve show mine learning ingene ingenuity moved conscience press thereby far i resolve doubting hearts many assaults satan certainly practised instrument thereof merits severely punished damnable opinions two principally age whereof called scot englishman ashamed public print deny thing witchcraft maintains old error sadducees denying spirits called wierus german physician sets public apology whereby procuring impunity he plainly betrays profession parts treatise author put form dialogue make pleasant facile he says witches put death according law god civil imperial law municipal law christian nations yea spare life strike god bids strike severely punish odious treason god unlawful doubtless great sin magistrate saul sparing agag he says crime abominable may proved evidence received offenders young children knew nature oath persons infamous character sufficient witnesses lest innocent accused crime difficult acquitted he recommends cases ordeal resorted he says two good helps may used finding mark trying insensibleness thereof floating water secret murther dead carcass time thereafter handled murtherer gush blood blood crying heaven revenge murtherer god appointed secret supernatural sign trial secret unnatural crime appears god appointed supernatural sign monstrous impiety witches water shall refuse receive bosom shaken sacred water baptism wilfully refused benefit thereof much eyes able shed tears threaten torture you please first they repent god permitting dissemble obstinacy horrible crime albeit womenkind especially able otherwise shed tears every light occasion they yea although dissembling like crocodiles doctrines openly promulgated highest authority realm promulgating flattered force public opinion surprising sad delusion increased multiplied race wizards witches replenished earth reputation he lost afraid naked sword he regained courage combating devil kirk showed zealous coadjutor especially halcyon days issue king matters doctrine prerogative accession throne england james came amongst people heard admiration glorious deeds witches he left part ancient prejudices behind advent signal persecution burst forth england fury equal scotland languished little latter years reign elizabeth first parliament king james brought forward subject james flattered promptitude act passed second reading house lords bill passed committee twelve bishops enacted person shall use practise exercise conjuration wicked evil spirit shall consult covenant feed spirit first offence imprisonment year standing pillory quarter second offence death minor punishment seems rarely inflicted every record preserved mentions witches hanged burned burned without previous strangling alive quick whole james reign amid civil wars successor sway long parliament usurpation cromwell reign charles ii abatement persecution time raged less virulence cromwell independents masters zachary grey editor edition hudibras informs us note work he perused list three thousand witches executed time long parliament alone first eighty years seventeenth century number executed estimated five hundred annually making frightful total forty thousand cases deserve cited great majority resemble closely already mentioned two three let new light popular superstition every heard lancashire witches phrase now used compliment ladies county bewitching beauty every heard story originated villainous boy named robinson chief actor tragedy he confessed many years afterwards he suborned father persons give false evidence unhappy witches he brought stake time famous trial year boy robinson whose father residing borders pendle forest lancashire spread abroad many rumours mother dickenson he accused witch rumours coming ears local magistracy boy sent strictly examined he told following extraordinary story without hesitation prevarication apparently open honest manner heard doubted truth he he roaming glades forest amusing gathering blackberries he saw two greyhounds he thought time belonged gentleman neighbourhood fond sport he proposed course hare started he incited hounds run neither stir angry beasts he seized hold switch he punish suddenly started form woman little boy he recognised woman witch mother dickenson she offered money induce sell soul devil he refused she took bridle pocket shaking head little boy he instantly turned horse mother dickenson seized arms sprang horse placing rode swiftness wind forests fields bogs rivers they came large barn witch alighted door taking hand led inside he saw seven old women pulling seven halters hung roof they pulled large pieces meat lumps butter loaves bread basins milk hot puddings black puddings rural dainties fell halters floor engaged charm they made ugly faces looked fiendish he quite frightened they pulled manner enough ample feast they showed whatever might way supper procured epicurism little refined scottish witches according gellie duncan confession feasted dead men flesh old kirk berwick boy added soon supper ready many witches came partake several he named consequence story many persons arrested boy robinson led church church order he might point officers he accompanied hags he seen barn altogether twenty persons thrown prison eight condemned die including mother dickenson evidence alone executed accordingly among wretches concocted notable story ever brought justice perjury robinson father gained considerable sums threatening persons rich enough buy exposure among ill weeds flourished amid long dissensions civil war matthew hopkins stands eminent sphere vulgar fellow resided year town manningtree essex made conspicuous discovering devil marks several unhappy witches credit he gained skill instance seems inspired renewed exertions course short time whenever witch spoken essex matthew hopkins sure present aiding judges knowledge cattle he called reputation increased he assumed title witchfinder general travelled counties norfolk essex huntingdon sussex sole purpose finding witches year he brought sixty poor creatures stake test he commonly adopted swimming highly recommended king james demonologie hands feet suspected persons tied together crosswise thumb right hand toe left foot vice versa they wrapped large sheet blanket laid backs pond river they sank friends relatives poor consolation knowing they innocent end they floated laid carefully water generally case end they deemed guilty witchcraft burned accordingly another test make repeat lord prayer creed affirmed witch correctly she missed word even pronounced incoherently trepidation probable she she accounted guilty thought witches weep three tears left eye conscious innocence many persons gave fortitude bear unmerited torture without flinching construed unmerciful tormentors proofs guilt districts test resorted weigh culprit church bible suspected witch proved heavier bible she set liberty mode far humane profession hopkins always maintained legitimate modes pricking swimming hopkins used travel counties like man consideration attended two assistants always putting chief inn place always cost authorities charges twenty shillings town expenses living carriage thither back he claimed whether he found witches he found he claimed twenty shillings head addition they brought execution three years he carried infamous trade success making insolent rapacious high low became enemies rev gaul clergyman houghton huntingdonshire wrote pamphlet impugning pretensions accusing common nuisance hopkins replied angry letter functionaries houghton stating intention visit town desiring know whether afforded many sticklers witchcraft gaul whether they willing receive entertain customary hospitality he far honoured he added way threat case he receive satisfactory reply he waive shire altogether betake places he might punish without control thanks recompence authorities houghton much alarmed awful threat letting alone they wisely took notice either letter gaul describes pamphlet modes employed hopkins sure swell revenues considerably proof even atrocious swimming he says general used take suspected witch place middle room stool table uneasy posture she refused sit manner she bound strong cords hopkins placed persons watch hours time she kept without meat drink supposed imps come interval suck blood imp might come shape wasp moth fly insect hole made door window let enter watchers ordered keep sharp endeavour kill insect appeared room fly escaped they kill woman guilty fly imp she sentenced burned twenty shillings went pockets master hopkins manner he made old woman confess four flies appeared room she attended four imps named ilemazar consoling think impostor perished snare gaul exposure rapacity weakened influence among magistrates populace began find even virtuous innocent secure persecution looked undisguised aversion he beset mob village suffolk accused wizard old reproach brought he means sorcery cheated devil certain he satan entered names witches england populace you find witches god aid devil vain he denied guilt populace longed put test he speedily stripped thumbs toes tied together he placed blanket cast pond say he floated he taken tried executed proof guilt others assert he drowned much positive end judicial entry trial execution found register appears probable he expired hands mob butler immortalized scamp following lines hudibras present parliament lieger devil sent fully empower treat finding revolted witches he within year hang threescore shire drown sitting ground whole days nights breeches feeling pain hang witches putting knavish tricks green geese turkey chicks pigs suddenly deceased griefs unnatural he guess proved length witch made rod breech scotland became trade they known designation common prickers like hopkins received fee witch they discovered trial janet peaston magistrates dalkeith caused john kincaid tranent common pricker exercise craft he found two marks devil making she feel pin put either marks marks bleed pin taken she asked she thought pins put she pointed part body distant real place they pins three inches length pitcairn records justiciary common prickers became last numerous they considered nuisances judges refused take evidence privy council scotland condescended hear complaint honest woman indecently exposed expressed opinion common prickers common cheats opinion formed high places hundreds innocent persons fallen victims parliaments encouraged delusion england scotland arming fellows sort authority manner forced magistrates ministers receive evidence fate poor old gentleman fell victim arts hopkins deserves recorded louis venerable clergyman upwards seventy years age rector framlingham suffolk fifty years excited suspicion he wizard violent royalist he likely meet sympathy time even parishioners he served long faithfully turned backs soon he accused placed hands hopkins knew well bring refractory confession old man light whose intellect become somewhat dimmed age confessed he wizard he he two imps continually excited evil day he walking prompted express wish ship whose sails just visible distance might sink he consented saw vessel sink eyes he confession tried condemned trial flame reason burned brightly ever he denied alleged hopkins great tact severity condemnation he begged funeral service church might read request refused he repeated memory he led scaffold poor woman scotland executed evidence even less strong john bain common pricker swore he passed door he heard talking devil she defence foolish practice she talking several neighbours corroborated statement evidence pricker received he swore none ever talked witches devil mark found additional testimony guilt deemed conclusive she convict brynt year trials diminished annually number acquittals means rare they doubt witchcraft longer dangerous country justices condemnations absurd evidence still continued judges land charge jury they took humane philosophical view degrees educated classes comprised days within narrow limits openly expressed unbelief modern witchcraft although they bold enough deny existence altogether believers old doctrine fierce arguments ensued sceptics designated sadducees convince learned reverend joseph glanvil wrote work sadducismus triumphatus collection relations first part intended philosophical inquiry witchcraft power devil assume mortal shape latter containing he considered multitude modern instances though progress made slow venerable sir matthew hale condemned two women named amy duny rose cullender stake edmondsbury evidence ridiculous two old women whose ugliness gave neighbours first idea they witches went shop purchase herrings refused indignant prejudice they sparing abuse shortly afterward daughter fell sick cry raised she bewitched old women refused herrings girl subject epileptic fits discover guilt amy duny rose cullender girl eyes blinded closely shawl witches commanded touch they she immediately seized fit evidence they sent prison girl afterwards touched indifferent person force imagination great thinking witches she fell violent fit however received favour accused following extract published reports trial show sort evidence received samuel pacey leystoff good sober man sworn thursday october last younger daughter deborah nine years old suddenly taken lame she stand legs continued till month child desired carried bank east side house looking towards sea she sitting amy duny came examinant house buy herrings denied she came twice often denied she went away discontented grumbling instant time child taken terrible fits complaining pain stomach she pricked pins shrieking voice like whelp continued till month examinant saith amy duny long reputation witch child intervals fits constantly cried cause disorder saying amy appear fright he suspect amy witch charged cause child illness set stocks two days daughter elizabeth taken strange fits they force open mouth without tap younger child condition they used remedy children grievously complained amy duny another woman whose habit looks they described appear torment cry stands amy duny stands rose cullender person afflicted fits alike sometimes they lame right side sometimes left sometimes sore they bear touched sometimes they perfectly well respects they hear times they see sometimes they lost speech two eight days together times they swooning fits they speak taken fit coughing vomited phlegm crooked pins great twopenny nail forty pins nail he examinant saw vomited many pins nail pins produced court children continued two months time examinant often made read new testament observed they came words lord jesus christ they pronounce fell fit they came word satan devil they point say bites makes speak right well finding children tormented without hopes recovery he sent sister margaret arnold yarmouth willing try whether change air help margaret arnold next witness sworn she november elizabeth deborah pacey came house brother told happened he thought children bewitched she examinant much regard supposing children played tricks put pins mouths she therefore took pins clothes sewing thread instead pinning notwithstanding they raised times least thirty pins presence terrible fits fits they cry amy duny rose cullender saying they saw heard threatening they saw things like mice running house catched threw fire made noise like rat another time younger child doors thing like bee forced mouth child ran screaming house examinant come fell fit vomited twopenny nail broad head examinant asked child she came nail she answered bee brought nail forced mouth times eldest child told examinant she saw flies bring crooked pins she fall fit vomit pins time child she saw mouse crept table look afterwards child seemed put something apron saying caught she ran fire threw appear examinant something like flash gunpowder although she she saw nothing child hand child speechless otherwise sensible ran house crying hush she seen poultry examinant saw nothing last child catched something threw fire afterwards child speak examinant asked she saw time she answered she saw duck another time youngest child fit amy duny tempted drown cut throat otherwise destroy another time they cried amy duny rose cullender saying you come you send imps torment us celebrated sir thomas brown author vulgar errors examined witness trial desired give opinion three persons court he he clearly opinion they bewitched he lately discovery witches denmark used way tormenting persons conveying crooked pins needles nails bodies he thought cases devil acted human bodies natural means namely exciting stirring superabundant humours he afflict surprising manner diseases bodies usually subject fits might natural raised great degree subtlety devil malice witches evidence concluded sir matthew hale addressed jury he he waive repeating evidence prevent mistake told jury two things they inquire first whether children bewitched secondly whether women bewitch he he least doubt witches first scriptures affirmed secondly wisdom nations particularly provided laws witchcraft implied belief crime he desired strictly observe evidence begged god direct hearts weighty concern they hand since condemn innocent let guilty go free abomination lord jury retired half hour returned verdict guilty indictments thirteen number next morning children came father lodgings sir matthew hale well quite restored usual health pacey asked time health began improve replied they quite well half hour conviction prisoners many attempts made induce unfortunate women confess guilt vain they hanged eleven trials instituted holt witchcraft years evidence usual character holt appealed successfully case common sense jury they every acquitted general feeling seemed pervade country blood enough shed absurd charges now flame persecution burnt remote district instances longer looked mere matters course they appear contrary excited much attention sure proof obtained they becoming unfrequent case witchcraft tried lord chief justice powell however jury persisted verdict guilty though evidence usual absurd contradictory character enlightened judge power bring right conclusion accused person jane wenham better known witch walkerne persons alleged suffered witchcraft two young women named thorne street witness named arthur chauncy deposed he seen ann thorne several fits she always recovered prayers jane wenham came he related he pricked prisoner several times arms never fetch blood he seen vomit pins none clothes within reach he preserved several he ready produce judge however told needless he supposed they crooked pins francis bragge another witness deposed strange cakes bewitched feathers taken ann thorne pillow he anxious see he went room feathers took two cakes compared together they circular figure something larger crown piece he observed small feathers placed nice curious order equal distances making many radii circle centre quill ends feathers met he counted number feathers found exactly cake he afterwards endeavoured pull two three observed they fastened together sort viscous matter stretch seven eight times thread broke taken several feathers he removed viscous matter fingers found centre short hairs black grey matted together he verily believed cat hair he jane wenham confessed she bewitched pillow practised witchcraft sixteen years judge interrupted witness stage he much like see enchanted feather seemed wonder he told none strange cakes preserved lordship asked witness he keep two informed they burnt order relieve bewitched person pains she suffered well effected means man named thomas ireland deposed hearing several times great noise cats crying screaming house he went frightened away they ran towards cottage jane wenham he swore positively face like jane wenham another man named burville gave similar evidence swore he often seen cat jane wenham face occasion he ann thorne chamber several cats came among cat stated witness favoured court much longer statement stopped judge he heard quite enough prisoner defence nothing she clear woman learned judge summed leaving jury determine whether evidence they heard sufficient take away prisoner life indictment long deliberation they brought verdict she guilty evidence judge asked whether they found guilty indictment conversing devil shape cat sapient foreman gravely answered we find guilty learned judge reluctantly proceeded pass sentence death persevering exertions pardon last obtained wretched old woman set liberty year woman daughter latter nine years age hanged huntingdon selling souls devil raising storm pulling stockings making lather soap appears last judicial execution england time year populace raised intervals old cry endangered lives poor women dragging ponds suspicion philosophy position sooner later give tone opinions morals poor silently working cure evil fear witches ceased epidemic became individual lingering minds lettered inveterate prejudice brutalizing superstition year penal statute james finally blotted statutebook suffered longer disgrace advancing intelligence country pretenders witchcraft conjurors train liable common punishment rogues impostors imprisonment pillory scotland delusion assumed phases gradually extinguished light civilization england progress improvement slow year little diminution mania perceptible general assembly recommended privy council institute standing commission composed understanding gentlemen magistrates try witches stated increased enormously late years act passed confirmatory original statute queen mary explaining points latter doubtful enacting severe penalties witches covenanted sought means pry secrets futurity cause evil life lands limbs neighbours next ten years popular madness subject perhaps furious ever upwards four thousand persons suffered crime interval consequence act parliament unparalleled severity magistrates latter frequently complained two witches they burned day ten burn next they never thought they cause increase single circuit held glasgow ayr stirling seventeen unhappy creatures burned judicial sentence trafficking satan day november privy council issued less fourteen commissions trials provinces next year violence persecution seems abated although understanding gentlemen magistrates already mentioned continued try condemn high court justiciary offender class deal she acquitted james welsh common pricker ordered publicly whipped streets edinburgh falsely accusing woman witchcraft fact alone proves superior court sifted evidence cases much care severity done years previously enlightened sir george mackenzie styled dryden noble wit scotland laboured hard introduce rule court confessions witches held little worth evidence prickers interested persons received distrust jealousy reversing old practice saved many innocent lives though firm believer ancient modern witchcraft he shut eyes atrocities daily committed name justice work criminal law scotland published he says horridness crime i conclude others requires clearest relevancy convincing probature i condemn next wretches cruel forward judges burn persons thousands guilty crime year sir john clerk plumply refused serve commissioner trials witchcraft alleging way excuse he good conjuror enough duly qualified views entertained sir george mackenzie favourably received lords session he deputed report cases number poor women prison awaiting trial sir george stated evidence whatever confessions absurd contradictory drawn severe torture they immediately discharged next sixteen years lords session unoccupied trials witchcraft entered record case occurred equalled absurdity signalized dark reign king james girl named christiana shaw eleven years age daughter john shaw bargarran subject fits spiteful temper she accused she frequent quarrels bewitching story unfortunately believed encouraged tell persecutions devil maid sent torment she end concocted romance involved persons evidence fancies lying child confessions pain extorted less five women condemned lord blantyre rest commissioners appointed specially privy council try case they burned green paisley warlock party john reed condemned hanged prison general belief paisley devil strangled lest he revealed last moments many unholy secrets witchcraft trial excited considerable disgust scotland rev bell contemporary writer observed business persons goodness esteem calumniators defamed witches he adds persons chiefly blame certain ministers much forwardness absurd credulity topping professors glasgow preface law memorials edited sharpe trial occurs lapse seven years subject painfully forced public attention brutal cruelty mob pittenween two women accused bewitched strolling beggar subject fits pretended purpose exciting commiseration they cast prison tortured they confessed named janet cornfoot contrived escape brought back pittenween next day party soldiers approach town she unfortunately met furious mob composed principally fishermen wives seized intention swimming they forced away sea shore tying rope around body secured end mast lying alongside manner they ducked several times she half dead sailor boat cut away rope mob dragged sea beach she lay quite insensible brawny ruffian took door hut close placed back mob gathered large stones beach piled till wretched woman pressed death magistrate made slightest attempt interfere soldiers looked delighted spectators great outcry raised culpable remissness judicial inquiry set foot happened next case we hear elspeth rule found guilty witchcraft lord anstruther dumfries circuit she sentenced marked cheek redhot iron banished realm scotland life long interval remote county caithness delusion remained pristine vigour years ceased elsewhere startled propriety cry witchcraft silly fellow named william montgomery carpenter mortal antipathy cats somehow animals generally chose scene catterwaulings he puzzled brains long time know he neighbours pestered last he came sage conclusion tormentors cats witches opinion he supported swore round oath she often heard aforesaid cats talking together human voices next time unlucky tabbies assembled valiant carpenter alert arming axe dirk broadsword he rushed among he wounded back second hip leg third he maimed axe he capture days afterwards two old women parish died bodies laid appeared back mark recent wound similar scar hip carpenter maid convinced they cats whole county repeated story every proofs corroborative remarkable soon discovered nanny gilbert wretched old creature upwards seventy years age found bed leg broken she ugly enough witch asserted she cats fared ill hands carpenter latter informed popular suspicion asserted he distinctly remembered struck cats blow back broadsword broken leg nanny immediately dragged bed thrown prison she put torture she explained natural intelligible manner she broken limb account give satisfaction professional persuasions torturer made tell different tale she confessed she indeed witch wounded montgomery night stated two old women recently deceased witches besides score others she named poor creature suffered much removal home tortures inflicted she died next day prison happily persons she named confession dundas arniston time king wrote captain ross littledean cautioning proceed trial thing great difficulty beyond jurisdiction inferior court dundas examined precognition great care convinced utter folly whole case he quashed proceedings we find caithness active four years afterwards another trial witchcraft spite warning he received cases tried future superior courts he condemned death old woman dornoch charge bewitching cows pigs neighbours poor creature insane actually laughed clapped hands sight bonnie fire consume she daughter lame hands feet charges brought she used daughter pony excursions join devil sabbath devil shod produced lameness last execution took place scotland witchcraft penal statutes repealed england whipping pillory imprisonment declared future punishments pretenders magic witchcraft still many years superstition lingered england scotland districts far extinct even day we proceed trace legal extinction we yet see frightful havoc made continental europe commencement seventeenth middle eighteenth century france germany switzerland countries suffered epidemic number victims countries sixteenth century already mentioned early part seventeenth numbers great especially germany they found official records tribunals almost impossible believe mankind ever maddened deluded use words learned indefatigable horst zauber bibliothek theil world seemed like large madhouse witches devils play antics satan believed everybody call raise whirlwind draw lightning blight productions earth destroy health paralyse limbs man belief insulting majesty beneficence creator shared pious ministers religion morning evening prayers acknowledged true god praised blessings seed time harvest convinced frail humanity enter compact spirits hell subvert laws thwart merciful intentions successive popes innocent viii downwards promulgated degrading doctrine spread rapidly society seemed divided two great factions bewitching bewitched commissioners named innocent viii prosecute germany jacob sprenger notorious work demonology entitled malleus maleficarum hammer knock witches henry institor learned jurisconsult bishop strasburgh barnberg treves cologne paderborn wurzburg chief seats commissioners lives alone condemned stake moderate calculation upwards three thousand victims number witches increased new commissioners continually appointed germany france switzerland spain portugal inquisition alone took cognizance crime impossible search records dark now happily nonexisting tribunals mind recoils affright even form guess multitudes perished mode trial countries easily ascertained sprenger germany bodinus delrio france left ample record atrocities committed names justice religion bodinus great repute authority seventeenth century says trial offence must conducted like crimes whoever adheres ordinary course justice perverts spirit law divine human he accused sorcery never acquitted unless malice prosecutor clearer sun difficult bring full proof secret crime million witches convicted usual course followed henri boguet styled grand judge witches territory claude drew code guidance persons engaged consisting seventy articles quite cruel code bodinus document he affirms mere suspicion witchcraft justifies immediate arrest torture suspected person prisoner muttered looked ground shed tears proofs positive guilt cases witchcraft evidence child taken parent persons notoriously bad character although believed oaths ordinary occasions dispute might arise man man believed they swore person bewitched he hears diabolical doctrine universally received opinion ecclesiastical civil authorities wonder thousands thousands unhappy persons brought stake cologne many years burn three hundred witches annually district barnberg four hundred nuremberg geneva paris toulouse lyons cities two hundred trials may cited taking order priority they occurred different parts continent old woman residing village near constance angry invited share sports country people day public rejoicing heard mutter something afterwards seen proceed fields towards hill she lost sight violent thunderstorm arose two hours afterwards wet dancers skin considerable damage plantations woman suspected witchcraft seized imprisoned accused raised storm filling hole wine stirring stick she tortured till she confessed burned alive next evening time two sorcerers toulouse accused dragged crucifix streets midnight stopping times spit kick uttering intervals exorcism raise devil next day considerable damage crops girl daughter shoemaker town remembered heard night execrations wizards story led arrest usual means produce confession resorted wizards owned they raise tempests whenever they pleased named several persons possessed similar powers they hanged burned seven persons they mentioned shared fate hoppo stadlin two noted wizards germany executed they implicated twenty thirty witches went causing women miscarry bringing lightning heaven making maidens bring forth toads latter fact several girls found swear positively stadlin confessed he killed seven infants womb woman bodinus highly praises exertions witchfinder named nider france prosecuted many he calculate witches single word cause people fall dead others made women go child three years instead nine months others certain invocations ceremonies turn faces enemies upside twist round backs although witness ever procured saw persons horrible state witches confessed they power exercised nothing wanting insure stake amsterdam crazy girl confessed she cause sterility cattle bewitch pigs poultry merely repeating magic words turius und shurius inturius she hanged burned another woman city named kornelis van purmerund arrested consequence disclosures former made witness came forward swore she day looked window hut saw kornelis sitting fire muttering something devil she sure devil she heard answer shortly afterwards twelve black cats ascended floor danced hind legs around witch space half hour they vanished horrid noise leaving disagreeable smell behind she hanged burned bamberg bavaria executions year rate hundred annually woman suspected witchcraft seized immoderately praised beauty child shortly afterwards fallen ill died she confessed rack devil given power work evil she hated speaking words praise she unwonted fervour strong man lovely woman sweet child devil understood afflicted diseases immediately quite unnecessary state end poor creature many women executed causing strange substances lodge bodies offended bits wood nails hair eggshells bits glass shreds linen woollen cloth pebbles even hot cinders knives articles generally chosen believed remain body till witches confessed executed they voided bowels mouth nostrils ears modern physicians often cases similar description care girls swallowed needles voided arms legs parts body science day account phenomena otherwise power devil every needle swallowed servant maid cost old woman life nay suffered consequence district might think fortunate commissioners seldom stopped short victim revelations rack cases implicated half score records preserved wonder succeeding ages wurzburg frightful hauber preserved list acta et scripta magica says note end far complete great many burnings numerous specify record relates city province wurzburg contains names hundred persons burned two years burnings averaging five six time list comprises three four innkeepers three common councilmen wurzburg fourteen vicars cathedral burgomaster lady apothecary wife daughter two choristers cathedral gobel babelin prettiest girl town wife two little sons daughter councillor stolzenberg rich poor young old suffered alike seventh recorded burnings victims described wandering boy twelve years age four strange men women found sleeping whole number appear vagrants sexes failing give satisfactory account accused found guilty witchcraft number children list horrible think thirteenth fourteenth burnings comprised four persons stated little maiden nine years age maiden still less sister mother aunt pretty young woman eighteenth burning victims two boys twelve girl fifteen nineteenth young heir noble house rotenhahn aged nine two boys aged ten twelve among entries appear names baunach fattest steinacher richest burgher wurzburg tended keep delusion unhappy city indeed europe number hypochondriac diseased persons came voluntarily forward made confession witchcraft several victims foregoing list blame fate many including apothecary wife daughter already mentioned pretended sorcery sold poisons attempted means charms incantations raise devil throughout fearful period delusion criminals great judges depraved persons ordinary times thieves murderers added desire sorcery depravity sometimes hope acquiring power fellows sometimes hope securing impunity world protection satan persons executed first burning prostitute heard repeating exorcism supposed power raising arch enemy form goat precious specimen human folly preserved horst zauberbibliothek ran follows repeated slowly many ceremonies waivings hand lalle bachera magotte baphia dajam vagoth heneche ammi nagaz adomator raphael immanuel christus tetragrammaton agra jod loi konig konig two last words uttered quickly sort scream supposed highly agreeable satan loved called king he appear immediately necessary repeat exorcism greatest repute follows read backwards exception last two words anion lalle sabolos sado pater aziel adonai sado vagoth agra jod baphra komm komm witch wanted get rid devil sometimes habit prolonging visits unconscionable length she repeat following backwards he generally disappeared leaving behind suffocating smell zellianelle heotti bonus vagotha plisos sother osech unicus beelzebub dax komm komm nonsensical jargon soon became known idle foolish boys germany many unhappy urchin youthful frolic repeated paid folly penalty life three whose ages varied ten fifteen burned alive wurzburg offence course every boy city became still convinced power charm boy confessed he willingly sold devil he raised good dinner cakes every day life pony ride luxurious youngster instead horsewhipped folly hanged burned small district lindheim possible even notorious wurzburg number year famous witch named pomp anna cause foes fall sick merely looking discovered burned along three companions every year parish consisting thousand persons average number executions five years number consumed thirty executions germany frightful proportion hardly family escaped losing members ballad entitled druten zeitung witches gazette popular germany detailed according titlepage copy printed smalcald account remarkable events took place franconia bamberg wurzburg wretches avarice ambition sold devil they reward last set music sung tune dorothea sufferings witches stake explained great minuteness poet waxing extremely witty he describes horrible contortions pain countenances shrieks rent air common guilt burned alive trick resorted order force witch confess told doggrel excellent joke she obstinately refused she league powers evil commissioners suggested hangman dress bear skin horns tail et ceteras form penetrate dungeon woman darkness cell detect imposture aided superstitious fears she thought she actually presence prince hell she told keep courage she relieved power enemies she fell knees supposed devil swore dedicate hereafter body soul service germany perhaps country europe delusion great made detestable verses favourites people man shickt ein henkersknecht zu ihr gefangniss den man hat kleidet recht mir einer barnhaute als wenns der teufel war als ihm die drut anschaute meints ihr buhl kam daher sie sprach zu ihm behende wie lasst du mich lang der obrigkeit hande hilf mir aus ihren zwang wie du mir verheissen ich bin ja eben dein thu mich aus der angst entreissen liebster buhle mein they sent hangman assistant prison they clothed properly bear skin he devil witch saw she thought he familiar she quickly left long magistrate hands help power promised i thine alone help anguish dearest devil lover mine rare poet adds making appeal hangman witch never imagined roast made puts way parenthesis fine fun das war fur ein spiel feathers thrown air show wind blows trumpery ballad serves show current popular feeling time composition readers history familiar celebrated trial marechale executed paris year although witchcraft accusations brought real crime she suffered ascendency mind mary medicis consequent influence she exercised indirectly unworthy king louis xiii coachman gave evidence she sacrificed cock midnight churches others swore they seen go secretly house noted witch named isabella asked means she acquired extraordinary influence mind queen mother she replied boldly she exercised power strong mind always exercise weak she died great firmness two years afterwards scenes far horrible yet taken place france enacted labourt foot pyrenees parliament bourdeaux scandalised number witches infest labourt neighbourhood deputed members noted pierre de president espaignel inquire matter full powers punish offenders they arrived labourt may de wrote book setting forth great deeds battle powers evil full obscenity absurdity facts may relied far they relate number trials executions strange confessions torture forced unhappy criminals de states reason many witches found labourt country mountainous sterile he discovered many partiality smoking tobacco may inferred he opinion king james tobacco devil weed commission first sat number persons brought trial forty day acquittals average many five per cent witches confessed they present great domdaniel sabbath saturnalia devil sat large gilded throne sometimes form goat sometimes gentleman dressed black boots spurs sword often shapeless mass resembling trunk blasted tree seen indistinctly amid darkness they generally proceeded domdaniel riding spits pitchforks broomsticks arrival indulged fiends every species debauchery occasion they audacity celebrate festival heart city bourdeaux throne arch fiend placed middle place de gallienne whole space covered multitude witches wizards flocked far near arriving even distant scotland two hundred poor wretches hanged burned seemed diminution number criminals tried many latter asked rack satan he found commissioners proceeding severity general reply he seem care much asserted they boldly reproached suffering execution friends saying false fiend promise they die look kept word they burned heap ashes occasions he never offended he give orders sports domdaniel cease producing illusory fires burn he encouraged walk assuring fires lighted executioner gave pain they ask friends since they suffered father lies invariably replied they happy far country see hear passing they called name they wished converse they might hear voices reply satan imitated voices defunct witches successfully they deceived answered objections orgies recommenced lasted till cock crew de zealous trial unhappy monomaniacs crime lycanthropy several arrested confessed without tortured they night they rushed among flocks herds killing devouring young man besancon full consciousness awful fate awaited voluntarily gave commissioner espaignel confessed he servant strong fiend known name lord forests power he transformed likeness wolf lord forests assumed shape much larger fiercer stronger they prowled pastures together midnight strangling defended folds killing sheep they devour he felt he fierce pleasure excursions howled excess joy he tore fangs warm flesh sheep asunder youth alone horrid confession many others voluntarily owned they many forced torture make avowal criminals thought atrocious hanged first burned they generally sentenced burned alive ashes scattered winds grave learned doctors divinity openly sustained possibility transformations relying mainly history nebuchadnezzar they imagine he ox modern men become wolves divine permission power devil they contended men confess evidence enough delrio mentions gentleman accused lycanthropy put torture less twenty times still he confess intoxicating draught given influence he confessed he delrio cites show extreme equity commissioners they never burned anybody till he confessed course torture suffice patience exhausted they tried even twentieth time well may we exclaim atrocities committed name religion quel lion quel tigre egale en cruaute une injuste fureur la piete trial unhappy urbain grandier curate loudun bewitching number girls convent ursulines town like marechale accusation resorted enemies ruin charge brought readily noted affair kept france commotion months true character known even time merits passing notice place spring epidemic dread sorcery prevalent carried wretched intriguers sworn life foe charge refuted accused bodinus expresses make malice prosecutors clear sun denial however intelligible honest straightforward held nothing refutation testimony crazy women imagined bewitched absurd contradictory assertions stronger argument employed enemies devil he burned alive circumstances great cruelty graphic account execution unfortunate gentleman found excellent romance alfred de vigny entitled cinq mars reader wishes full accurate detail circumstances extraordinary trials record he referred work published anonymously amsterdam entitled histoire des diables de loudun ou de la possession des religieuses ursulines et de la condemnation et du supplice grandier singular instance epidemic fear witchcraft occurred lille pious sane lady named antoinette bourignon founded school hospice city day entering she imagined she saw great number little black angels flying heads children great alarm she told pupils she seen warning beware devil whose imps hovering foolish woman continued daily repeat story satan power became subject conversation girls instructors time ran away school brought back interrogated she she run away carried away devil she witch since age seven little girls school went fits announcement recovery confessed they witches last whole number fifty worked imaginations degree they confessed they witches they attended domdaniel meeting fiends they ride air feast infants flesh creep citizens lille astounded disclosures clergy hastened investigate matter many credit openly expressed opinion whole affair imposture majority they strenuously insisted confessions children valid necessary make example burning witches poor parents alarmed offspring implored examining capuchins tears eyes save young lives insisting they bewitched bewitching opinion gained ground town antoinette bourignon put absurd notions heads children accused witchcraft examined council circumstances case seemed unfavourable towards she stay second examination disguising she best she hastened lille escaped pursuit she remained four hours longer she burned judicial sentence witch heretic hoped wherever she went she learned danger tampering youthful minds never entrusted management children duke brunswick elector menz struck great cruelty exercised torture suspected persons convinced time righteous judge consider confession extorted pain contradictory sufficient evidence justify execution accused person related duke brunswick he invited two learned jesuits house known entertain strong opinions subject witchcraft view showing cruelty absurdity practises woman lay dungeon city accused witchcraft duke given previous instructions officiating torturers went two jesuits hear confession series artful leading questions poor creature extremity anguish induced confess she often attended sabbath fiends brocken she seen two jesuits made notorious even among witches abominations she seen assume form goats wolves animals many noted witches borne five six seven children birth heads like toads legs like spiders asked jesuits far she replied they room beside duke brunswick led astounded friends away explained stratagem convincing proof thousands persons suffered unjustly they knew innocence shuddered think fate might enemy instead friend put confession mouth criminal jesuits frederick spee author cautio criminalis published work exposing horrors witch trials salutary effect germany schonbrunn archbishop elector menz abolished torture entirely within dominions example imitated duke brunswick potentates number supposed witches immediately diminished violence mania began subside elector brandenburg issued rescript respect case anna ellerbrock supposed witch forbidding use torture stigmatizing swimming witches unjust cruel deceitful test beginning dawn darkness tribunals longer condemned witches execution hundreds year wurzburg grand theatre burnings burned forty years previously burned three score electoral chambers parts germany constantly commuted sentence death passed provincial tribunals imprisonment life burning cheek truer philosophy gradually disabused public mind learned men freed trammels debasing superstition governments civil ecclesiastical repressed popular delusion they long encouraged parliament normandy condemned number women death year old charge riding broomsticks domdaniel louis xiv commuted sentence banishment life parliament remonstrated sent king following remarkable request reader perhaps glad see document length importance last effort legislative assembly uphold great error arguments they used instances they quoted highest degree curious reflects honour memory louis xiv he swayed request parliament rouen king sire emboldened authority majesty committed hands province normandy try punish offences particularly offences nature witchcraft tend destruction religion ruin nations we parliament remonstrate humbly majesty certain cases kind lately brought us we permit letter addressed majesty command district reprieve certain persons condemned death witchcraft staying proceedings several cases remain unnoticed without remarking consequences may ensue letter secretary state declaring majesty intention commute punishment criminals perpetual banishment submit opinion learned members parliament paris whether matter witchcraft jurisprudence parliament rouen followed preference parliament paris parliaments kingdom judge differently although ordinances kings predecessors parliaments forbidden pay attention lettres de cachet we nevertheless knowledge we common whole kingdom care bestowed majesty good subjects submission obedience commandments we always manifested stayed proceedings conformity orders hoping majesty considering importance crime witchcraft consequences likely ensue impunity graciously pleased grant us permission continue trials execute judgment found guilty since we received letter secretary state we made acquainted determination majesty commute sentence death passed witches perpetual banishment province possession goods chattels good fame character parliament thought duty occasion crimes greatest men commit make you acquainted general uniform feelings people province regard moreover question concerned glory god relief suffering subjects groan fears threats menaces sort persons feel effects every day mortal extraordinary maladies attack surprising damage loss possessions majesty knows well crime opposed commands god witchcraft destroys foundation religion draws strange abominations reason sire scriptures pronounce punishment death offenders church holy fathers fulminated anathemas canonical decisions decreed severe punishments deter crime church france animated piety kings predecessors expressed great horror judging punishment perpetual imprisonment highest power inflict sufficiently severe left criminals dealt secular power general feeling nations criminals condemned death ancients opinion law twelve tables principal roman laws ordains punishment jurisconsults agreed well constitutions emperors especially constantine theodosius enlightened gospel renewed punishment deprived expressly persons found guilty witchcraft right appeal declared unworthy prince mercy charles viii sire inspired sentiments passed beautiful severe ordinance cette belle et severe ordonnance enjoined judges punish witches according exigencies case penalty fined imprisoned dismissed office decreed time persons refused denounce witch punished accomplices contrary gave evidence rewarded considerations sire execution holy ordinance parliaments decrees proportion punishments guilt offenders parliament normandy never present time found practice different courts books treat matter cite infinite number decrees condemning witches burnt broken wheel punishments following examples time chilperic may seen gregory tours vi history france decrees parliament paris passed according conformity ancient jurisprudence kingdom cited imbert judicial practice cited monstrelet witches artois decrees parliament october mary le fief native saumur october sieur de beaumont pleaded defence he sought aid devil purpose unbewitching afflicted curing diseases july francis du bose july abel de la rue native coulommiers october rousseau daughter another rousseau peley witchcraft adoration devil sabbath figure confessed decree february leclerc appealed sentence parliament orleans condemned attended sabbath confessed well two accomplices died prison he adored devil renounced baptism faith god danced witches dance offered unholy sacrifices decrees may man named leger similar accusation pardon granted charles ix trois echelles condition revealing accomplices afterwards revoked renewed sorcery part decree parliament paris cited mornac judgments passed consequence commission given henry iv sieur de lancre councillor parliament bourdeaux march etienne audibert passed chamber nerac june several witches passed parliament toulouse cited gregory tolosanus four hundred persons accused crime marked sign devil besides we might recall majesty recollection various decrees parliament provence especially case gaufredy decrees parliament dijon parliament rennes following example condemnation marshal de rays burned crime witchcraft presence duke brittany examples sire prove accusation witchcraft always punished death parliaments kingdom justify uniformity practice sire motives parliament normandy acted decreeing punishment death persons lately brought crime happened occasion parliaments parliament normandy among rest condemned guilty less punishment death reason guilt deepest dye majesty kings predecessors left full liberty various tribunals they delegated administration justice decree punishment warranted evidence brought many authorities punishments ordained human divine laws we humbly supplicate majesty reflect extraordinary results proceed malevolence sort people deaths unknown diseases often consequences menaces loss goods chattels subjects proofs guilt continually afforded insensibility marks accused sudden transportation bodies place another sacrifices nocturnal assemblies facts corroborated testimony ancient modern authors verified many composed partly accomplices partly people interest trials beyond love truth confirmed moreover confessions accused parties sire much agreement conformity different cases ignorant persons convicted crime spoken circumstances nearly words celebrated authors written may easily proved majesty satisfaction records various trials parliaments sire truths intimately bound principles religion extraordinary although they person able time call question cited opposition truths pretended canon council ancyre passage augustin treatise soul without foundation easy convince majesty neither accounted authority besides canon sense contrary opinion succeeding councils church cardinal baronius learned commentators agree found old edition effect editions wherein found another language direct contradiction canon council condemns sorcery according preceding constitutions even supposing canon really promulgated council ancyre we must observe issued second century principal attention church directed destruction paganism reason condemns class women they pass air immense regions diana herodias enjoins preachers teach falsehood opinion order deter people worship false divinities question power devil human body fact proved holy gospel jesus christ regard sire pretended passage augustin everybody knows written writer whoever he cites boetius died eighty years time augustin besides still convincing proof fact father establishes truth witchcraft writings particularly god first volume question wherein he states sorcery communion man devil good christians look horror taking things consideration sire officers parliament hope justice majesty you graciously pleased receive humble remonstrances they taken liberty make they compelled acquittal consciences discharge duty make known majesty decrees they passed sorcerers witches brought passed mature deliberation part judges present nothing done therein conformable universal jurisprudence kingdom general welfare majesty subjects say he secure malevolence criminals we therefore supplicate majesty suffer us carry effect sentences we passed proceed trial persons accused crime piety majesty suffer introduced reign opinion contrary principles holy religion you always employed gloriously cares arms louis we already mentioned paid attention appeal lives old women spared prosecutions mere witchcraft unconnected offences discontinued throughout france act passed punishment witches pretenders witchcraft divineresses poisoners light broke germany france england scotland time gradually growing clearer clearer till middle eighteenth century witchcraft finally reckoned amongst exploded doctrines belief confined uttermost vulgar twice however madness burst forth furious lasted ever first time sweden second germany late instances merit particular mention first extraordinary record atrocity absurdity unsurpassed annals nation reported king sweden little village mohra province dalecarlia troubled exceedingly witches he appointed commission clergy laymen trace rumour source full powers punish guilty august commissioners arrived bewitched village great joy credulous inhabitants following day whole population amounting three thousand persons assembled church sermon preached declaring miserable case people suffered deluded devil fervent prayer offered god remove scourge among whole assembly adjourned rector house filling street king commission read charging every person knew anything witchery come forward declare truth passion tears seized multitude men women children began weep sob promised divulge they heard knew frame mind they dismissed homes following day they called together depositions several persons taken publicly result seventy persons including fifteen children taken custody numbers arrested neighbouring district elfdale put torture they confessed guilt they they used go lay hard they put vest heads danced round round round they went called three times devil first time low still voice second somewhat louder third loudly words antecessor come carry us blockula invocation never failed bring view he generally appeared little old man grey coat red blue stockings exceedingly long garters he besides hat bands linen enfolded long red beard hung middle first question he put whether they serve soul body answering affirmative he told make ready journey blockula necessary procure first place scrapings altars filings church clocks antecessor gave horn salve wherewith they anointed preparations ended he brought beasts ride horses asses goats monkeys giving saddle hammer nail uttered word command away they went nothing stopped they flew churches high walls rocks mountains they came green meadow blockula situated occasions they carried many children they devil they plague whip they procure children insomuch they peace quiet many parents corroborated part evidence stating children repeatedly told they carried away night blockula devil beaten black blue they seen marks morning they soon disappeared little girl examined swore positively she carried air witches great height she uttered holy name jesus she immediately fell ground made great hole side devil however picked healed side carried away blockula she added mother confirmed statement she till day exceeding great pain side clencher nail conviction driven home hearts judges place called blockula whither they carried large house gate delicate meadow whereof they see end long table witches sat rooms lovely delicate beds sleep number ceremonies performed they bound body soul service antecessor they sat feast composed broth made colworts bacon oatmeal bread butter milk cheese devil always took chair sometimes played harp fiddle they eating dinner they danced ring sometimes naked sometimes clothes cursing swearing time women added particulars horrible obscene repetition devil pretended dead he might see whether people regretted they instantly set loud wail wept three tears he pleased he jumped among hugged arms obstreperous sorrow principal details given children corroborated confessions witches anything absurd never stated court justice many accused contradicted palpably commissioners gave heed discrepancies parson district stated course inquiry particular night he mentioned he afflicted headach agonizing he account otherwise supposing he bewitched fact he thought score witches must dancing crown head announcement excited great horror among pious dames auditory loudly expressed wonder devil power hurt good man poor witch lay jaws death confessed she knew well cause minister headach devil sent sledge hammer large nail drive good man skull she hammered time skull enormously thick she made impression every hand held astonishment pious minister blessed god skull solid he became renowned thick head days life whether witch intended joke appear she looked criminal usually atrocious seventy persons condemned death awful yet ridiculous confessions burned together fire village mohra presence thousands delighted spectators following day fifteen children murdered manner offered sacrifice bloody moloch superstition remaining executed neighbouring town fahluna besides children found guilty witchcraft minor degree sentenced various punishments running gauntlet imprisonment public whipping week twelvemonth long occurrence case cited convincing proofs record prevalence witchcraft men wish construct support theory they torture facts service lying whimsies sick children encouraged foolish parents drawn superstitious neighbours sufficient set country flame instead commissioners deeply sunk slough ignorance people they sent amongst deputed men firm courage clear understanding different result poor children burned sent infirmary others well flogged credulity parents laughed lives seventy persons spared belief witchcraft remains sweden day happily annals country present instances lamentable aberration intellect just cited new england time colonists scared similar stories antics devil fear seized multitude supposed criminals arrested day day numbers prisons found small contain girl named goodwin daughter mason hypochondriac subject fits imagined old irishwoman named glover bewitched two brothers whose constitutions apparently predisposition similar fits went way crying devil dame glover tormenting times joints stiff they moved others neighbours they flexible bones appeared softened sinews supposed witch seized she repeat lord prayer without making mistake she condemned executed popular excitement allayed victim enough people waited agape new disclosures suddenly two hysteric girls another family fell fits daily cry witchcraft resounded end colony feeling suffocation throat common cases hysteria patients caused devil stuck balls windpipe choke they felt pricking thorns every part body vomited needles case girls daughter niece parris minister calvinist chapel excited much attention weak women colony began fancy similarly afflicted they brooded convinced they became contagion mental disease great pestilence women fainted away asserting recovery they seen spectres witches three four girls family they worked diseased imagination they fell fits five six times day related devil appeared bearing hand parchment roll promising they sign agreement transferring immortal souls they immediately relieved fits ills flesh others asserted they saw witches made similar promises threatening they never free aches pains till they agreed become devil they refused witches pinched bit pricked long pins needles two hundred persons named mischievous visionaries thrown prison they ages conditions life many exemplary character less nineteen condemned executed reason returned minds colonists horrible part lamentable history among victims little child five years old women swore they seen repeatedly company devil bitten often little teeth refusing sign compact evil hardly increase feelings disgust abhorrence we learn insane community actually tried executed dog offence man named cory stoutly refused plead preposterous indictment practice eases he pressed death told sheriff new england superintended execution unhappy man thrust tongue mortal agony he seized hold cane crammed back mouth ever fiend human form sheriff man truth known perhaps plumed piety thought he god good service hoped merit heaven making earth hell arguing still firm belief witchcraft bereaved people began inquire they saw dearest friends snatched away accusations whether whole proceedings carried agency devil might great enemy put false testimony mouths witnesses might witnesses witches every man danger losing wife child sister embraced doctrine avidity revulsion sudden first frenzy colonists convinced error judges put stop prosecutions even confessed guilt latter sooner liberty they retracted they greater number hardly remembered avowals agony extorted eight persons tried condemned set free gradually girls ceased fits talk persecutions devil judge condemned first criminal executed charge smitten sorrow humiliation folly he set apart anniversary day solemn penitence fasting he still clung belief witchcraft new light broken subject happily community delusion taken merciful turn whole colony shared feeling jurors different trials openly expressed penitence churches suffered regarded victims accomplices satan related indian tribes new england sorely puzzled infatuation settlers thought either race inferior sinful french colonists vicinity amongst they remarked great spirit sent witches returning continent europe we find year men became still wiser subject twenty years populace left belief governments general gave aliment shape executions edict louis xiv gave blow superstition never recovered last execution protestant cantons switzerland geneva various potentates germany although they stay trials invariably commuted sentence imprisonment cases pretended witch accused pure witchcraft unconnected crime year thomasius learned professor university halle delivered inaugural thesis de crimine magiae struck another blow falling monster popular error faith strong witchcraft eradicated arguments learned men penetrate villages hamlets still they achieved great things they rendered belief unworking faith prevented supply victims many ages battened grown strong delusion broke like wild beast wounded death collected remaining energies final convulsion show mighty germany nursed frightful error cradle tended wurzburg scene many murders pretext destined scene last might lose portion bad renown last murder atrocious first case offers great resemblance witches mohra new england except number victims happened late year astonishment disgust rest europe number young women convent wurzburg fancied bewitched they felt like hysteric subjects sense suffocation throat they went fits repeatedly swallowed needles evacuated abscesses formed different parts body cry sorcery raised young woman named maria renata sanger arrested charge leagued devil bewitch five young ladies sworn trial maria frequently seen clamber convent walls shape pig proceeding cellar she used drink best wine till she intoxicated start suddenly form girls asserted she used prowl roof like cat often penetrate chamber frighten dreadful howlings she seen shape hare milking cows dry meadows belonging convent she used perform actress boards drury lane theatre london night return broomstick wurzburg afflict young ladies pains limbs evidence she condemned burned alive wurzburg ends frightful catalogue murder superstition since day belief witchcraft fled populous abodes men taken refuge remote villages districts wild rugged inhospitable afford foot civilization rude fishers uneducated labourers still attribute every phenomenon nature they account devil witches catalepsy wondrous disease still thought ignorant gossips work satan hypochondriacs uninformed science nature malady devoutly believe reality visions reader hardly credit extent delusion subject heart england day many old woman leads life misery unfeeling insults neighbours raise scornful finger hooting voice decrepitude she ugly spiteful perhaps insane realizes personal appearance description preserved tradition witches yore even neighbourhood great towns taint remains contagion victims fall beneath enlightenment law prevents recurrence scenes horrid seventeeth century hundreds hundreds witnesses found swear absurdities great asserted infamous matthew hopkins annual register instance belief witchcraft related shows superstition lingers dispute arose little village glen leicestershire two old women vehemently accused witchcraft quarrel last ran high challenge ensued they agreed tried ordeal swimming they accordingly stripped shifts procured men tied thumbs great toes together middle suffered thrown pool water sank immediately continued struggling short time surface water mob deeming infallible sign guilt pulled insisted she immediately impeach accomplices craft she accordingly told neighbouring village burton several old women much witches she happily negative information deemed sufficient student astrology coming time mob direction proceeded forthwith burton search delinquents little consultation arrival they went old woman house they fixed strongest suspicion poor old creature approach locked outer door window upstairs room asked they wanted they informed she charged guilty witchcraft they come duck remonstrating time necessity submission ordeal she innocent world might know persisting positive refusal come they broke open door carried force deep full water they tied thumbs toes together threw water they kept several minutes drawing two three times rope round middle able satisfy whether she witch they last let go properly speaking they left bank walk home she ever recovered next day they tried experiment another woman afterwards third fortunately neither victims lost life brutality many ringleaders outrage apprehended week tried justices two sentenced stand pillory imprisoned month many twenty fined small sums assault bound keep peace twelvemonth late year says arnot collection abridgment criminal trials scotland custom among sect seceders read pulpit annual confession sins national personal amongst former particularly mentioned parliament penal statute witches contrary express laws god many houses still found england grand preservative witchcraft nailed threshold philosopher attempt remove chances he broken bones thanks interference let man walk thence yard learn tales still told believed house neighbourhood he ask astonishment things nineteenth century witchcraft lady hatton wife famous sir christopher renowned elegant dancing days elizabeth devoutly believed gospels room seen devil seized expiration contract he made bore away bodily pit tophet pump he dashed still pointed spot heart found he torn bosom iron claws received name yard confirmation story whether still remains door haunted house keep away witches uncertain twelve thirteen years ago writer resided time house alluded well remembers old woman begged admittance repeatedly satisfy proper place poor creature apparently insane clothed rags came door tremendous loud fashionable footman walked straight along passage great wonderment inmates especially woman spat expressed sorrow she harm remained spitting kicking she coolly turned round left house without saying word anybody poor creature perhaps intended joke probability she imagined witch saffron hill she resided ignorant neighbours gave character looked little fear aversion example popular belief witchcraft occurred neighbourhood hastings lately year aged woman resided town repulsive appearance she invariably accused witch ignorant people knew she bent completely double though old eye unusually bright malignant she wore red cloak supported crutch she outward appearance beau ideal witch dear power human heart old woman actually encouraged popular superstition she took pains remove ill impression seemed delight she old miserable she keep awe many happier stronger timid girls crouched fear they met many go mile way avoid like witches olden time she sparing curses offended child woman resided within two doors afflicted lameness mother constantly asserted old woman bewitched neighbours credited tale believed she assume form cat many harmless puss hunted almost death mobs men boys supposition animal start true shape mother town resided fisherman probably still alive whose name reason we forbear mention object unceasing persecution he sold devil currently reported he creep keyhole he made witch daughter order he might power fellows believed he sit points pins needles feel pain put test whenever they opportunity alehouses he frequented they often placed long needles cushions chairs manner he fail pierce he sat result experiments tended confirm faith supernatural powers asserted he never flinched popular feeling fashionable town hastings seven years ago probably now north england superstition lingers almost inconceivable extent lancashire abounds set quacks pretend cure diseases inflicted devil practices worthies may judged following case reported hertford reformer june alluded better known name cunning man large practice counties lincoln nottingham according writer reformer dupe whose name mentioned two years afflicted painful abscess prescribed without relief medical gentleman he urged friends village neighbouring ones consult they convinced he evil influence he agreed sent wife cunning man lived new saint swithin lincoln she informed ignorant impostor husband disorder infliction devil occasioned neighbours made use certain charms purpose description he gave process appears employed fian gellie duncan work woe king james he stated neighbours instigated witch he pointed took wax moulded fire form husband near they represent they pierced image pins sides repeated lord prayer backwards offered prayers devil he fix stings person figure represented like manner they pierced pins counteract effects diabolical process prescribed certain medicine charm worn next body part disease principally lay patient repeat psalms every day cure effectual fee he claimed advice guinea efficacious faith cure malady patient actually felt much better three weeks course prescription notable charm quack given afterwards opened found piece parchment covered cabalistic characters signs planets neighbours great alarm solicitation recovering patient employ means punish pretended witchcraft escape infliction they feed another cunning man nottinghamshire told similar charm preserve malice enemies writer concludes saying doctor long he consulted wrote say he discovered patient afflicted satan he imagined god continue less state till life end impostor carried similar trade neighbourhood tunbridge wells year he practice several years charged enormous fees advice fellow pretended seventh son seventh son endowed consequence miraculous powers cure diseases especially resulting witchcraft poor employed ladies rode carriages he often sent distance sixty seventy miles people paid expenses fro besides rewarding handsomely he eighty years age extremely venerable appearance aided imposition slight degree name okey oakley france superstition day even prevalent england garinet history magic sorcery country cites upwards twenty instances occurred years latter year less three tribunals occupied trials originating humiliating belief we shall cite julian desbourdes aged mason inhabitant village thilouze near bordeaux taken suddenly ill month january he know account malady he suspected last he bewitched he communicated suspicion bridier they went consult sort idiot named baudouin passed conjuror man told desbourdes certainly bewitched offered accompany house old man named renard he undoubtedly criminal night january three proceeded stealthily dwelling renard accused afflicting persons diseases aid devil desbourdes fell knees earnestly entreated restored former health promising he take measures evil he done old man denied strongest terms he wizard desbourdes still pressed remove spell he he knew nothing spell refused remove idiot baudouin now interfered told companions relief malady ever procured old man confessed guilt force confession they lighted sticks sulphur they brought purpose placed old man nose moments he fell suffocated apparently lifeless they greatly alarmed thinking they killed man they carried threw neighbouring pond hoping make appear he fallen accidentally pond however deep coolness water reviving old man he opened eyes sat desbourdes bridier still waiting bank now alarmed lest he recover inform they therefore waded pond seized victim hair head beat severely held water till he drowned they three apprehended charge murder days afterwards desbourdes bridier found guilty aggravated manslaughter sentenced burnt back work galleys life baudouin acquitted ground insanity garinet informs us france time he wrote overrun race fellows made trade casting devils finding witches he adds many priests rural districts encouraged superstition parishioners resorting frequently exorcisms whenever foolish persons took heads spell thrown he recommended remedy evil exorcists whether lay clerical sent galleys number witches sensibly diminish many instances lingering belief might cited france great britain indeed every country europe deeply rooted errors ages remove poisonous tree overshadowed land may cut sturdy efforts sages philosophers sun may shine clearly spots venemous things nestled security shade still entangled roots stretched beneath surface may found dig another king like james i might make vegetate mischievous still another pope like innocent viii might raise decaying roots strength verdure still consoling think delirium passed away raging madness given place milder folly we may now count units votaries superstition former ages numbered victims tens thousands votaries millions slow poisoners like never read judgment shall hear appear impossible fable troth i tell you briefly i degrees they fell madness duke milan atrocious system poisoning poisons slow operation make victim appear ordinary observers dying gradual decay nature practised ages curious matter may refer beckmann secret poisons history inventions he collected several instances greek roman writers early sixteenth century crime seems gradually increased till seventeenth spread europe like pestilence often exercised pretended witches sorcerers finally became branch education amongst laid claim magical supernatural arts year henry viii act passed rendering found guilty boiled death first point date hardly second point atrocity murder means sir thomas overbury disgraced court james i year slight sketch fitting introduction history poisoning mania prevalent france italy fifty years later robert kerr scottish youth early taken notice james i loaded honours reason world ever discover beauty person james even day suspected addicted abominable offences we examine history now stronger suspicion becomes however may handsome kerr lending smooth cheek even public disgusting kisses royal master rose rapidly favour year he made lord high treasurer scotland created english peer style title viscount rochester still honours store rapid promotion he without friend sir thomas overbury king appears threats letters better pander vices king privy dangerous secrets exerted backstair influence forward promotion kerr he doubtless repaid way overbury confine friendship friendship ever exist two men acted part entremetteur assisted rochester carry adulterous intrigue lady frances howard wife earl essex woman person violent passions lost sense shame husband way freed she instituted proceedings divorce grounds woman modesty delicacy feeling die rather avow scandalous suit successful sooner decided preparations scale greatest magnificence made marriage lord rochester sir thomas overbury willingly assisted patron intrigue countess essex seems imagined marriage vile woman might retard advancement he accordingly employed influence dissuade rochester bent match passions violent countess occasion overbury viscount walking gallery whitehall overbury overheard say well lord you marry base woman you utterly ruin honour you shall never advice consent you you best look stand fast rochester flung rage exclaiming oath i even you words unfortunate overbury he mortally wounded pride rochester insinuating overbury means he might lowered king favour he endeavoured curb burning passions heartless dissolute reckless man overbury imprudent remonstrances reported countess moment she vowed deadly vengeance fiendish hypocrisy however they concealed intentions overbury solicitation rochester appointed ambassador court russia apparent favour first step deep deadly plot rochester pretending warmly attached interests overbury advised refuse embassy he trick get way he promised time stand evil consequences might result refusal overbury fell snare declined embassy james offended immediately ordered committal tower he now safe custody enemies opportunity commence work vengeance first thing rochester procure influence court dismissal lieutenant tower appointment sir jervis elwes creatures vacant post man instrument another necessary found richard weston fellow formerly shopman druggist he installed office direct custody overbury far favourable designs conspirators mean time insidious rochester wrote friendly letters overbury requesting bear patiently promising imprisonment long duration friends exerting soften king displeasure still pretending extreme sympathy he followed letters presents pastry delicacies procured tower articles poisoned occasionally presents similar description sent sir jervis elwes understanding articles poisoned they unaccompanied letters unfortunate prisoner never tasted woman named turner formerly kept house ill fame lent guilty intercourse rochester lady essex agent employed procure poisons they prepared forman pretended lambeth assisted apothecary named franklin persons knew purposes poisons needed employed skill mixing pastry edibles small quantities gradually wear constitution victim turner regularly furnished poisoned articles placed overbury food drink poisoned arsenic mixed salt he ate cantharides pepper time health declined sensibly every day he grew weaker weaker sickly appetite craved sweets jellies rochester continued condole anticipated wants respect sending abundance pastry occasionally partridges game young pigs sauce game turner mixed quantity cantharides poisoned pork stated trial overbury took manner poison enough poisoned twenty men constitution strong he still lingered franklin apothecary confessed he prepared forman seven different sorts poisons viz aquafortis arsenic mercury powder diamonds great spiders cantharides overbury held long rochester became impatient letter lady essex expressed wonder things sooner despatched orders immediately sent lady essex keeper finish victim overbury time without suspicion treachery although he appears idea poison he merely suspected intended confine life set king still bitterly letters he threatened rochester unless he speedily liberated he expose villany world he says you i ere long come public trial another nature drive extremities lest i say something you i repent whether i live die shame shall never die ever remain world make you odious man living i wonder much you neglect secrets kinds passed fruits common secrets common dangers remonstrances hints dangerous secrets keeping serve man reckless lord rochester they likely cause sacrificed saved rochester appears acted he thought he doubtless employed murderer reasoning dead men tell tales receiving letters description he complained paramour delay weston spurred consummate atrocity patience parties exhausted dose corrosive sublimate administered october put end sufferings he six months hands day death body cold he wrapped carelessly sheet buried without funeral ceremony pit within precincts tower sir anthony weldon court character james i gives somewhat different account closing scene tragedy he says franklin weston came overbury chamber found infinite torment contention strength nature working poison like nature gotten better contention thrusting boils blotches blains they fearing might come light judgment physicians foul play offered consented stifle bedclothes accordingly performed ended miserable life assurance conspirators he died poison none thinking otherwise two murderers sudden death indecent haste funeral inquest body strengthened suspicions afloat rumour instead whispering began speak relatives deceased openly expressed belief kinsman murdered rochester still powerful court dared utter word discredit shortly afterwards marriage countess essex celebrated utmost splendour king present ceremony seem overbury knowledge james character deeper rochester given credit he true prophet he predicted marriage eventually estrange james minion time however rochester stood higher ever royal favour last long conscience busy monitor work tongue rumour never still rochester long guilty became last wretched man cheeks lost colour eyes grew dim he became moody careless melancholy king seeing took length pleasure society began look another favourite george villiers duke buckingham man mind handsome unscrupulous two latter qualities alone sufficient recommend james i proportion influence rochester declined buckingham increased falling favourite friends rumour wagged tongue rochester louder pertinaciously ever new favourite generally endeavours hasten kick fall old buckingham anxious work complete ruin forerunner king good graces encouraged relatives sir thomas overbury prosecute inquiries strange death kinsman james rigorous enough punishment offences he involved he piqued moreover dexterity unravelling mysteries affair sir thomas overbury found congenial occupation he set work ordering arrest sir jervis elwes james early stage proceedings seem aware rochester deeply implicated struck horror atrocious system slow poisoning king sent judges according sir anthony weldon he knelt midst lords judges lately come hearing you now examination business poisoning lord miserable condition shall kingdom famous nation hospitality world tables become snare none eat without danger life italian custom introduced among us therefore lords i charge you you answer great dreadful day judgment you examine strictly without layout affection partiality you shall spare guilty crime god curse light you posterity i spare guilty god curse light posterity ever imprecation fell surely devoted house stuart solemn oath broken god curse light posterity next person arrested sir jervis elwes weston franklin turner lastly earl countess somerset dignity rochester advanced since death overbury weston first brought trial public curiosity stretch nothing else talked court day trial crowded suffocation state trials report lord chief justice coke laid open jury baseness cowardliness poisoners attempt secretly means preservation defence man life rare hear poisoning england detestable nation devil taught divers cunning they poison distance space they please consuming nativum calidum humidum radicale month two three they list they four manner ways execute viz haustu gustu odore contactu indictment read weston made reply lord mercy lord mercy asked he tried he refused throw jury country declared he tried god alone he persisted time fear dreadful punishment contumacy induced length plead guilty take trial due course law punishment contumacious expressed words onere frigore et fame first meant culprit extended back ground weights placed body gradually increased he expired sometimes punishment extended length victim allowed recover underwent second portion frigore consisted standing naked open air certain space sight people third fame dreadful statute saying he preserved coarsest bread got water next sink puddle place execution day he water he bread day he bread he water torment he linger long nature hold circumstances fully proved he found guilty executed tyburn turner franklin sir jervis elwes brought trial found guilty executed october december grand trial earl countess somerset take place till month may following trial sir jervis elwes circumstances transpired showing guilty knowledge poisoning part earl northampton uncle lady somerset chief falconer sir thomas monson former dead sir thomas monson arrested brought trial appeared however he dangerous man brought scaffold he knew many odious secrets james i dying speech might contain disclosures compromise king conceal old guilt necessary incur new trial sir thomas monson brought abrupt conclusion set liberty already james broken oath he now began fear he rash engaging zealously bring poisoners punishment somerset declared guilty doubt he looked pardon impunity equally evident king somerset tower asserted confidently james dare bring trial he mistaken james agony secret now never known certainty may surmised imagined vice king addicted others asserted related death prince henry virtuous young man held somerset especial abhorrence prince died early unlamented father public opinion whispered time poisoned somerset probably crime lay heavy soul king somerset accomplice brought public execution safety hence dreadful tortures james he discovered favourite deeply implicated murder overbury every means taken agonized king bring prisoner called safe frame mind he secretly advised plead guilty trust clemency king advice conveyed countess bacon instructed king draw paper points mercy favour somerset might result evidence somerset recommended plead guilty promised evil ensue countess first tried she trembled shed tears reading indictment low voice pleaded guilty asked sentence death passed she replied meekly i much aggravate nothing extenuate fault i desire mercy lords intercede king sentence death passed next day earl brought trial he appears mistrusted promises james he pleaded guilty confidence he felt probably knowledge king character he rigorously witnesses made stubborn defence trial lasted eleven hours he found guilty condemned felon death whatever may secrets criminal king latter notwithstanding terrific oath afraid sign might perchance earl countess committed tower they remained nearly five years end period surprise scandal community disgrace chief magistrate they received royal pardon ordered reside distance court found guilty felony estates earl become forfeited james granted revenues income pounds per annum shamelessness go life criminals nothing known except love they formerly borne changed aversion they lived roof months together without interchange word exposure atrocities put stop practice poisoning contrary we shall see hereafter engendered insane imitation strange feature human character james supposed great probability fallen victim notes harris life writings james i good deal information subject guilt buckingham although fully established rests circumstances suspicion stronger sufficient lead hundreds scaffold motives committing crime stated desire revenge coldness king latter years reign began regard fear james intended degrade hope great influence he possessed mind last new reign old brought close second volume harleian miscellany tract entitled forerunner revenge written george eglisham doctor medicine physicians king james harris quoting says full rancour prejudice evidently exaggerated forms nevertheless link chain evidence eglisham says king sick ague duke took opportunity king doctors physic dinner offered white powder take he long time refused overcome flattering importunity he took wine immediately became worse worse falling many swoonings pains violent fluxes belly tormented majesty cried aloud white powder god i never taken he tells us countess buckingham duke mother applying plaister king heart breast whereupon he grew faint agony physicians exclaimed king poisoned buckingham commanded room committed close prisoner chamber another removed court majesty death body head swelled measure hair skin head stuck pillow nails became loose fingers toes clarendon way partisan duke gives totally different account james death he says occasioned ague short indisposition gout meeting many humours fat unwieldy body years old four five fits carried world whose death many scandalous libellous discourses raised without least colour ground appeared strictest malicious examination made long time licence nobody afraid offending majesty prosecuting highest reproaches contumelies royal family held meritorious notwithstanding confident declaration world hardly persuaded truth rumours abroad inquiries instituted strict he asserts unconstitutional influence powerful favourite exerted defeat celebrated accusations brought buckingham earl bristol poisoning king james placed last list pages history bear evidence summary mode they time got rid man buckingham procured poisons lamb conjuror empiric besides dealing poisons pretended popular fury broke comparative harmlessness patron directed man he appear safety streets london fate melancholy walking day cheapside disguised he thought observers he recognized idle boys began hoot pelt rubbish calling poisoner poisoner wizard mob soon collected doctor took heels ran life he pursued seized wood street thence dragged hair mire paul cross mob beating sticks stones calling kill wizard kill poisoner charles i hearing riot rode whitehall quell he arrived late save victim every bone body broken he quite dead charles excessively indignant fined city six hundred pounds inability deliver ringleaders justice italy poisoning prevalent early period seems looked country perfectly justifiable means getting rid enemy italians sixteenth seventeenth centuries poisoned opponents little compunction englishman present day brings action law done injury writings contemporary authors inform us la spara la tophania carried infernal trade ladies put poisonbottles openly used little scruple others modern dames use eau de cologne powerful influence fashion even cause murder regarded venial peccadillo memoirs last duke guise made quixotic attempt seize government naples we find curious particulars relative popular feeling regard poisoning man named gennaro annese short extraordinary career masaniello fisherman established sort populace rendered obnoxious duke guise adherents latter determined murder captain guard duke coolly informs us requested undertake office suggested poniard effectual instrument man turned eyes pious horror proposition he ready poison gennaro annese whenever he might called poniard he disgraceful unbecoming officer guards last poison agreed augustino molla attorney duke confidence brought bottle containing liquid show master following duke account augustino came night told i brought you something free you gennaro he deserves death great matter fashion justice done look vial full clear beautiful water four days time punish treasons captain guard undertaken give taste gennaro suspect nothing duke informs us dose duly administered gennaro fortunately ate nothing dinner day cabbage dressed oil acting antidote caused vomit profusely saved life he exceedingly ill five days never suspected he poisoned process time poison vending became profitable trade eleven years period carried rome extent sluggish government roused interference beckmann history inventions lebret magazin zum gebrauche der staaten kirche geschichte magazine materials history state church relates year made known pope alexander vii great numbers young women avowed confessional they poisoned husbands slow poisons catholic clergy general hold secrets confessional sacred shocked alarmed extraordinary prevalence crime although they refrained revealing names penitents they conceived bound apprise head church enormities practised subject general conversation rome young widows unusually abundant remarked couple lived unhappily together husband soon took ill died papal authorities they began inquire soon learned society young wives formed met nightly mysterious purpose house old woman named hieronyma spara hag reputed witch acted president young viragos several afterwards ascertained belonged first families rome order positive evidence practices female conclave lady employed government seek interview she dressed magnificent style amply provided money she found little difficulty she stated object procuring audience la spara sisterhood she pretended extreme distress mind account infidelities husband implored la spara furnish drops wonderful elixir efficacy sending cruel husbands last long sleep much vaunted ladies rome la spara fell snare sold drops price commensurate supposed wealth purchaser liquor obtained subjected analysis found suspected slow poison clear tasteless limpid like spoken duke guise evidence house surrounded police la spara companions taken custody la spara described little ugly old woman put torture obstinately refused confess guilt another women named la gratiosa less firmness laid bare secrets infernal sisterhood taking confession extorted anguish rack true value nothing still sufficient evidence warrant posterity belief guilt they found guilty condemned according degrees culpability various punishments la spara gratiosa three young women poisoned husbands hanged together rome upwards thirty women whipped publicly streets several whose high rank screened degrading punishment banished country mulcted heavy fines months afterwards nine women hanged poisoning another bevy including many young beautiful girls whipped half naked streets rome severity put stop practice jealous women avaricious men anxious step inheritance fathers uncles brothers resorted poison quite free taste colour smell administered without exciting suspicion skilful vendors compounded different degrees strength poisoners say whether they wanted victims die week month six months they suited corresponding doses vendors chiefly women celebrated hag named tophania way accessory death upwards six hundred persons woman appears dealer poisons girlhood resided first palermo naples entertaining traveller father lebat given letters italy many curious particulars relating he civita vecchia viceroy naples discovered poison extensively sold latter city went name aqueta making inquiry he ascertained tophania time near seventy years age seems begun evil courses soon execution la spara sent large quantities parts italy small vials inscription manna nicholas barri tomb nicholas barri celebrated throughout italy miraculous oil ooze cured nearly maladies flesh heir provided recipient made use due degree faith la tophania artfully gave name poison elude vigilance officers common everybody else pious respect nicholas de barri wonderful oil poison similar manufactured la spara hahnemann physician father homoepathic doctrine writing subject says compounded arsenical neutral salts occasioning victim gradual loss appetite faintness gnawing pains stomach loss strength wasting lungs abbe gagliardi says drops generally poured tea chocolate soup effects slow almost imperceptible garelli physician emperor austria letter hoffmann says crystallized arsenic dissolved large quantity water decoction addition unexplained purpose herb cymbalaria neapolitans called aqua toffnina became notorious europe name aqua tophania although woman carried infamous traffic extensively extremely difficult meet she lived continual dread discovery she constantly changed name residence pretending person great godliness resided monasteries months together whenever she usually apprehensive detection she sought ecclesiastical protection she soon apprised search made viceroy naples according practice took refuge monastery either search rigid measures exceedingly well taken she contrived elude vigilance authorities several years still extraordinary showing ramifications system trade still carried great extent lebat informs us she great sympathy poor wives hated husbands wanted get rid afford buy wonderful aqua she made presents she allowed however play game ever she length discovered nunnery retreat cut viceroy made several representations superior deliver without effect abbess supported archbishop diocese constantly refused public curiosity consequence much excited additional importance thrust criminal thousands persons visited nunnery order catch glimpse patience viceroy appears exhausted delays man sense zealous catholic he determined even church shield criminal atrocious setting privileges nunnery defiance he sent troop soldiers broke walls carried away vi et armis archbishop cardinal pignatelli highly indignant threatened excommunicate lay whole city interdict inferior clergy animated esprit du corps took question worked superstitious bigoted people they ready rise mass storm palace viceroy rescue prisoner serious difficulties viceroy man daunted indeed he seems acted throughout rare union astuteness coolness energy avoid evil consequences threatened excommunication he placed guard round palace archbishop judging latter foolish launch anathema cause city starved marketpeople dared come city provisions long remained ban much inconvenience ghostly brethren measure viceroy anticipated good cardinal reserved thunders occasion still populace quiet clamour avert impending insurrection agents government adroitly mingled people spread abroad report tophania poisoned wells fountains city enough popular feeling turned immediately moment looked saint now reviled devil eager punishment they escape tophania put torture she confessed long catalogue crimes named persons employed she shortly afterwards strangled corpse thrown wall garden convent whence she taken appears done conciliate clergy allowing least burial taken refuge within precincts death mania poisoning seems abated we yet see hold took french people somewhat earlier period rooted become france years madame de sevigne letters expresses fear frenchman poisoner become synonymous terms italy first notice government received prevalence crime given clergy females high rank among middle lower classes avowed confessional they poisoned husbands consequence disclosures two italians named exili glaser arrested thrown bastille charge compounding selling drugs used murders glaser died prison exili remained without trial several months shortly afterwards he made acquaintance another prisoner named sainte croix whose example crime still disseminated among french people notorious poisoners derived pernicious knowledge man madame de brinvilliers young woman connected birth marriage noblest families france she seems earliest years heartless depraved we may believe confession steeped wickedness ere she well entered teens she however beautiful accomplished eye world seemed exemplary kind guyot de pitaval causes celebres madame de sevigne letters represent mild agreeable manners offering traces countenance evil soul within she married marquis de brinvilliers she lived unhappily years he loose dissipated character means introducing sainte croix wife man cast blight life dragged crime crime till offences became great mind shudders dwell man she conceived guilty passion gratify she plunged gulf sin she drawn loathsome depths ere retribution overtook she yet shown fair outside world found little difficulty effecting legal separation husband art conceal vices proceeding gave great offence family she appears thrown mask completely carried intrigues openly lover sainte croix father scandalised conduct procured lettre de cachet imprisoned bastille twelvemonth sainte croix italy dabbler poisons he knew something secrets detestable la spara improved instructions exili he speedily contracted sort friendship he shown prepare liquid poisons employed italy known succession powder afterwards became celebrated france like mistress he appeared amiable witty intelligent showed signs world two fierce passions revenge avarice gnawing heart passions sated unfortunate family revenge they imprisoned avarice they rich reckless extravagant he always want money he supply madame de brinvilliers whose portion far sufficient satisfy need groaning think impediment stand wealth he conceived horrid idea poisoning father two brothers she might inherit property three murders nothing villain he communicated plan madame de brinvilliers she without slightest scruple agreed aid he undertook compound poisons she administer zeal alacrity she set work seem hardly credible sainte croix found apt scholar she soon became expert manufacture poisons try strength first doses she used administer dogs rabbits pigeons afterwards wishing certain effects she went round hospitals administered sick poor soups she brought apparent charity denied voltaire age louis xiv he state reason words il est faux eut essaye ses poisons dans les hopitaux comme le disait le peuple et comme il est ecrit dans les celebres ouvrage avocat sans cause et fait pour le peuple none poisons intended kill first dose she try individual without fear murder she tried atrocious experiment guests father table poisoning certain still she next poisoned convinced desperate essay potency draught she procured antidote sainte croix doubts removed commenced operations father she administered first dose hands chocolate poison worked well old man taken ill daughter apparently full tenderness anxiety watched bedside next day she gave broth she recommended highly nourishing poisoned manner she gradually wore frame less ten days he corpse death seemed much result disease suspicions excited two brothers arrived provinces render last sad duties sire they found sister grieved outward appearance even filial affection desire young men came perish they stood sainte croix already gold doom sealed man named la chaussee hired sainte croix aid administering poisons less six weeks time they gone long home suspicion now excited cautiously done found attach marquise sister she entitled death relatives half property less whole satisfy sainte croix he determined she die death father brothers she distrustful however quitting paris she escaped destruction lurking marquise undertaken murders please lover she now anxious perpetrate another account she wished marry sainte croix though separated husband she divorced she thought easier poison apply tribunals divorce might perhaps refused salute croix longer love guilty instrument bad men admire others bad though villain he desire marry anxious death marquis he seemed however enter plot supplied poison husband he took care provide remedy la brinvilliers poisoned day sainte croix gave antidote next manner he buffetted time finally escaped ruined constitution broken heart day retribution hand terrible mischance brought murders light nature poisons compounded salute croix deadly working laboratory he obliged wear mask preserve suffocation day mask slipped miserable wretch perished crimes corpse found following morning obscure lodging he fitted laboratory he appeared without friends relatives police took possession effects among things found small box affixed following singular document i humbly beg whose hands box may fall favour deliver hands marchioness de brinvilliers resides rue neuve paul everything contains concerns belongs alone besides nothing use person case she shall dead wish burned everything contains without opening altering anything order may plead ignorance i swear god i adore held sacred i assert nothing truth intentions just reasonable they thwarted point persons i charge consciences world come order i may unload mine i protest last done paris may signed sainte croix earnest solicitation instead insuring respect intended excited curiosity box opened found contain papers several vials powders latter handed chemist analysis documents retained police opened among found promissory note marchioness de brinvilliers thirty thousand francs order sainte croix papers greater importance they implicated servant la chaussee recent murders soon she informed death sainte croix she made attempt gain possession papers box refused she saw time lost immediately quitted next morning police trail she succeeded escaping england la chaussee fortunate altogether ignorant fatal mischance brought villanies light he dream danger he arrested brought trial put torture he confessed he administered poison messieurs he received hundred pistoles promise annuity life sainte croix madame de brinvilliers job he condemned broken alive wheel marchioness default sentenced beheaded he executed accordingly march place de greve paris la brinvilliers appears resided nearly three years england early thinking rigour pursuit she might venture return continent she proceeded secretly liege notwithstanding care french authorities soon apprised return arrangements promptly made municipality city permit agents french police arrest within limits jurisdiction desgrais officer marechaussee accordingly left paris purpose arrival liege he found she sought shelter within walls convent arm law long reach desgrais man baffled he resorted stratagem accomplish force disguised priest he sought admission convent obtained interview la brinvilliers he frenchman passing liege he leave city without paying visit lady whose beauty misfortunes celebrated vanity flattered compliment desgrais saw use vulgar forcible expression he got blind side he adroitly continued pour language love admiration till deluded marchioness thrown completely guard she agreed without much solicitation meet outside walls convent amorous intrigue might carried conveniently within faithful appointment supposed new lover she came found embrace gallant custody policeman trial long delayed proofs abundant dying declaration la chaussee alone enough convict besides mysterious document attached box croix flight france stronger damning proof paper handwriting found among effects croix she detailed misdeeds life spoke murder father brothers terms left doubt guilt trial paris commotion la brinvilliers subject conversation details crimes published greedily devoured idea secret poisoning first put heads hundreds afterwards became guilty july superior criminal court paris pronounced verdict guilty murder father brothers attempt life sister she condemned drawn hurdle feet bare rope neck burning torch hand great entrance cathedral notre dame she make amende honorable sight people taken thence place de greve beheaded body afterwards burned ashes scattered winds sentence she made full confession guilt she seems looked death without fear recklessness courage supported madame de sevigne says hurdle way scaffold she entreated confessor exert influence executioner place next body might hide view scoundrel desgrais entrapped she asked ladies drawn windows witness procession they looking adding pretty sight you come see truly she laughed scaffold dying she lived impenitent heartless morrow populace came crowds collect ashes preserve relics she regarded martyred saint ashes supposed endowed divine grace power curing diseases popular folly often canonised persons whose pretensions sanctity extremely equivocal disgusting folly multitude instance never surpassed death proceedings instituted de penautier treasurer province languedoc clergy accused lady named laurent poisoned husband late order obtain appointment circumstances case never divulged greatest influence exerted prevent going trial he known intimate sainte croix madame de brinvilliers thought procured poisons latter however refused say anything might implicate inquiry eventually stifled penautier several months bastille cardinal de bonzy accused gossips day accomplice penautier cardinal estates burthened payment several heavy annuities time poisoning became fashionable annuitants died cardinal talking annuitants afterwards used say thanks star i outlived wit seeing penautier riding carriage cried allusion expression go cardinal de bonzy star now mania poisoning began take hold popular mind time year prisons france teemed persons accused crime singular offences decreased similar proportion we already seen extent carried italy possible surpassed france diabolical ease murders effected means scentless tasteless poisons enticed jealousy revenge avarice even petty spite alike resorted deterred fear detection using pistol dagger even strong doses poison kill employed slow poisons without dread corrupt government day although wink atrocities wealthy influential courtier like penautier scandalised see crime spreading among people disgrace fact entailed eyes europe name frenchman louis xiv put stop evil instituted called chambre ardente burning chamber extensive powers trial punishment prisoners two women especially made notorious time instrumental deaths hundreds individuals they resided paris named lavoisin lavigoreux like spars tophania they imitators they chiefly sold poisons women wanted get rid husbands instances husbands wanted get rid wives ostensible occupation midwives they pretended visited persons every class society rich poor thronged alike mansardes learn secrets future prophecies principally death they foretold women approaching dissolution husbands needy heirs end rich relatives made byron expresses wait long already they generally took care instrumental fulfilling predictions they used tell wretched employers sign approaching death take place house breaking glass china they paid servants considerable fees cause breakage accident exactly appointed time occupation midwives made acquainted secrets many families they afterwards turned dreadful account known long they carried awful trade they discovered detection finally overtook close year they tried found guilty burned alive place de greve february hands bored iron cut numerous accomplices paris provinces discovered brought trial according authors thirty others fifty chiefly women hanged principal cities lavoisin kept list visiters came house purchase poisons paper seized police arrest examined tribunals among names found marshal de luxembourg countess de soissons duchess de bouillon marshal seems guilty piece discreditable folly visiting woman description popular voice time imputed something folly author memoirs affairs europe since peace utrecht says miserable gang dealt poison prophecy alleged he sold devil young girl name dupin poisoned means among stories they he made contract devil order marry son daughter marquis louvois atrocious absurd accusation marshal surrendered bastille first accusation replied mingled sentiment pride innocence mathieu de montmorenci ancestor married widow louis le gros he recourse devil order obtain minor king support house montmorenci brave man imprisoned cell six feet half long trial interrupted several weeks lasted altogether fourteen months judgment pronounced countess soissons fled brussels rather undergo risk trial never able clear stigma attached made attempt poison queen spain doses succession powder duchess bouillon arrested tried chambre ardente appear however she nothing slow poisons merely endeavoured pry secrets futurity gratify curiosity sight devil presidents chambre la reynie ugly little old man seriously asked whether she really seen devil lady replied looking full face oh yes i see now he form little ugly old man exceedingly illnatured dressed robes counsellor state la reynie prudently refrained asking questions lady sharp ready tongue duchess imprisoned several months bastile nothing proved she released intercession powerful friends severe punishment criminals note might helped abate fever imitation among vulgar comparative impunity contrary tendency escape penautier wealthy cardinal de bonzy employer pernicious effect two years longer crime continued rage finally suppressed till stake blazed noose dangled upwards hundred individuals haunted houses knocking indeed knock knock knock i name beelzebub i devil name knock knock knock never quiet macbeth either seen heard house shut uninhabitable fallen decay looking dusty dreary midnight strange sounds heard issue aerial knockings rattling chains groaning perturbed spirits house people thought unsafe pass dark remained years without tenant tenant occupy even he paid hundreds houses england present day hundreds france germany almost every country europe marked mark fear places timid avoid pious bless ask protection they pass abodes ghosts evil spirits many houses london vain boaster march intellect take trouble find count he convinced intellect must yet make enormous strides old superstitions eradicated idea houses exist remnant witch creed merits separate notice comparative harmlessness much madness folly people unlike notions sprang belief witchcraft we already dwelt sufficient length sent wretches stake gibbet pillory many houses condemned haunted avoided weak credulous circumstances trifling wanted vigorous mind clear dissipate alarm house large building remained uninhabited five years account mysterious knockings heard within hours day night nobody account noises fear became last excessive persons inhabited houses either side relinquished tenancy went reside quarters town less chance interruption evil spirits long without inhabitant house last grew ruinous dingy miserable outward appearance like place ghosts might supposed haunt persons cared go past sunset knocking heard upper rooms loud regular gossips neighbourhood asserted they often heard groans cellars saw lights moved window another immediately midnight bell tolled spectres white habiliments reported gibed chattered windows stories bear investigation knocking however fact dispute several ineffectual attempts made proprietor discover cause rooms sprinkled holy water evil spirits commanded due form priest depart thence red sea knockings still continued spite done way accident last discovered cause restored tranquillity neighbourhood proprietor suffered mind pocket sold building ruinously small price get rid future annoyance new proprietor standing room first floor he heard door driven bottom considerable noise fly open immediately two inches he stood still minute watched thing occurred second third time he examined door attentively mystery unravelled latch door broken fastened swung chiefly bottom hinge immediately opposite window pane glass broken wind certain quarter draught air strong blew door violence latch swung open fresh gust blown new proprietor lost time sending glazier mysterious noises ceased ever house replastered repainted regained lost good name two three years however thoroughly established popular favour many persons even always avoid passing they reach destination street similar story narrated sir walter scott letters demonology witchcraft hero gentleman birth distinction well known political world shortly he succeeded title estates rumour among servants concerning strange noise used heard night family mansion cause ascertain gentleman resolved discover watch purpose domestic grown old family like rest whispered strange things knocking begun immediately death old master two watched noise heard last traced small used place keeping provisions various kinds family old butler key they entered place remained time without hearing noises they traced thither length sound heard much lower seemed they imaginations excited they discovered cause without difficulty rat caught trap occasioned noise efforts escape able raise prison certain height obliged drop noise fall resounding house occasioned mysterious rumours investigation proprietor probability acquired bad name dwelling servants inhabited circumstance told sir walter scott gentleman happened general houses acquired character indebted roguery living men accidents like six monks played clever trick kind worthy king louis whose piety procured annals country designation saint heard confessor speak terms warm eulogy goodness learning monks order saint bruno he expressed wish establish community near paris bernard de la tour superior sent six brethren king gave handsome house live village chantilly happened windows they fine view ancient palace vauvert built royal residence king robert deserted many years worthy monks thought palace just suit modesty excessive they ashamed ask king grant due form difficulty overcome monks set ingenuity work discover another plan palace vauvert never laboured imputation character they became neighbours somehow almost immediately afterwards began acquire bad name frightful shrieks heard proceed night blue red green lights suddenly observed glimmer windows suddenly disappear clanking chains heard howling persons great pain disturbances continued several months great terror country round even pious king louis paris rumours regularly carried whole heaps additions accumulated way last great spectre clothed long white beard serpent tail took station regularly midnight principal window palace howled fearfully shook fists passengers six monks chantilly things duly narrated exceedingly wroth devil play antics right opposite dwelling hinted commissioners sent saint louis investigate matter they allowed inhabit palace they soon make clearance evil spirits king quite charmed piety expressed grateful he felt disinterestedness deed forthwith drawn royal affixed palace vauvert became property monks saint bruno deed dated garinet histoire de la magie en france page disturbances ceased immediately lights disappeared green ghost monks laid rest ever waves red sea year gilles blacre taken lease house suburbs tours repenting bargain landlord peter piquet he endeavoured prevail cancel agreement peter however satisfied tenant terms listen compromise shortly afterwards rumour spread tours house gilles blacre haunted gilles asserted he verily believed house general rendezvous witches evil spirits france noise they made awful quite prevented sleeping they knocked wall howled chimneys broke scattered pots pans kitchen set chairs tables dancing whole night crowds persons assembled around house hear mysterious noises bricks observed detach wall fall streets heads paternoster they came morning things continued time gilles blacre made complaint civil court tours peter piquet summoned show cause lease annulled poor peter make defence court unanimously agreed lease hold good circumstances annulled accordingly condemning unlucky owner expenses suit peter appealed parliament paris long examination parliament confirmed lease judge fully satisfactorily proved house troubled evil spirits informality proceedings civil court tours rendered decision null effect similar cause tried parliament bordeaux year relative house city sorely troubled evil spirits parliament appointed certain ecclesiastics examine report report affirmative house haunted lease annulled tenant absolved payment rent taxes garinet histoire de la magie en france page best stories haunted house royal palace woodstock year commissioners sent london long parliament take possession efface emblems royalty fairly driven fear devil annoyances they suffered roguish cavalier played imp admiration commissioners dreading time devil arrived woodstock october they took lodgings late king beautiful bedrooms kitchens sculleries made place keep firewood they pulled insignia royal state treated utmost indignity everything recalled memory name majesty charles stuart giles sharp accompanied capacity clerk seconded efforts apparently greatest zeal he aided uproot noble old tree merely called king oak tossed fragments make cheerful fires commissioners first two days they heard strange noises house they paid great attention third however they began suspect they got bad company they heard they thought supernatural dog bed gnawed bedclothes next day chairs tables began dance apparently accord fifth day something came bedchamber walked fetching made much noise they thought five ringing ears sixth day plates dishes thrown seventh they penetrated bedroom company several logs wood usurped soft pillows intended commissioners eighth ninth nights cessation hostilities tenth bricks chimneys became locomotive rattled danced floors round heads commissioners night long eleventh demon ran away breeches twelfth filled beds full they get thirteenth night glass became unaccountably seized fit cracking fell shivers parts house fourteenth noise forty pieces artillery fired shower alarmed commissioners struck great horror they cried another help they first tried efficacy prayers drive away evil spirits proving unavailing they began seriously reflect whether much better leave place altogether devils inhabited they ultimately resolved however try little longer craved forgiveness sins betook bed night they slept tolerable comfort merely trick tormentor lull false security succeeding night they heard noises they began flatter devil driven prepared accordingly take quarters whole winter palace symptoms part became signal renewed uproar among fiends november they heard something walking slow solemn pace immediately afterwards shower stones bricks mortar broken glass pelted ears steps heard sounding fancy much like treading enormous bear continued quarter hour noise ceased large thrown violently table followed number stones jawbone horse boldest walked valiantly armed swords pistols discover nothing they afraid night go sleep sat making fires every room burning candles lamps great abundance thinking fiends loved darkness they disturb company surrounded much light they deceived however buckets water came chimneys extinguished fires candles blown they knew servants betaken bed drenched putrid they lay arose great fright muttering incoherent prayers exposing wondering eyes commissioners linen dripping green moisture knuckles red blows they time received invisible tormentors they still speaking noise like loudest thunder firing whole park artillery they fell knees implored protection almighty commissioners arose others still kneeling asked courageous voice name god they done they troubled manner answer returned noises ceased length however commissioners devil came brought seven devils worse darkness they lighted candle placed doorway might throw light two chambers suddenly blown commissioner he seen similitude horse hoof striking candle candlestick middle chamber afterwards making three scrapes snuff put person bold draw sword he asserted positively he hardly withdrawn scabbard invisible hand seized hold tugged prevailing struck violent blow pommel he quite stunned noises began accord they retired they passed night praying singing psalms they time convinced useless struggle longer powers evil seemed determined make woodstock things happened saturday night repeated sunday they determined leave place immediately return london tuesday morning early preparations completed shaking dust feet devoting woodstock inhabitants infernal gods they finally took departure continuation glanvil collection relations proof witchcraft many years elapsed true cause disturbances discovered ascertained restoration whole work giles sharp trusty clerk commissioners man whose real name joseph collins concealed royalist passed early life within bowers woodstock he knew every hole corner place numerous secret passages abounded building commissioners never suspecting true state opinions believing revolutionary placed utmost reliance confidence he abused manner detailed great amusement cavaliers he let secret quite extraordinary cleverly managed trick played tedworth house mompesson circumstantially narrated rev joseph glanvil title demon tedworth appended among proofs witchcraft noted work called sadducismus triumphatus middle april year mentioned mompesson returned house tedworth journey he taken london informed wife absence they troubled extraordinary noises three nights afterwards he heard noise appeared great knocking doors outside walls he immediately arose dressed took pair pistols walked valiantly forth discover disturber impression must robber he went noise seemed travel behind he arrived door he thought proceeded he saw nothing still heard strange hollow sound he puzzled brains long time searched every corner house discovering nothing he went bed he sooner snug clothes noise began furiously ever sounding much like thumping drumming top house degrees going air things continued several nights came recollection mompesson time he given orders arrest imprisonment wandering drummer went country large drum disturbing quiet people soliciting alms he detained man drum probably drummer wizard sent evil spirits haunt house revenged he became strengthened opinion every day especially noises assumed fancy resemblance beating drum like breaking guard mompesson brought bed devil drummer kindly considerately refrained making usual riot soon she recovered strength began ruder manner following vexing young children beating bedsteads much violence every expected they fall pieces hour together worthy mompesson repeated wondering neighbours infernal drummer beat cuckolds several points war cleverly soldier lasted long enough he changed tactics scratched iron talons children bed november says rev joseph glanvil made mighty noise servant observing two boards children room seeming move he bid give board came nothing moving he saw within yard man added let hand spirit devil drummer pushed towards close he might touch continues glanvil seen whole room full people morning left sulphureous smell behind offensive night minister cragg several neighhours came house visit cragg went prayers kneeling children bedside became troublesome loud prayer time spirit withdrew returned soon prayers done sight company chairs walked room children shoes hurled heads every loose thing moved chamber time thrown minister hit leg favourably lock wool fallen softly another occasion blacksmith village fellow cared neither ghost devil slept john footman he might hear disturbances cured incredulity came noise room shoeing horse somewhat came pair pincers snipping snapping poor blacksmith nose greater part night next day came panting like dog breath woman present took knock caught suddenly hand thrown away company coming room presently filled bloomy noisome smell hot though without fire sharp severe winter continued bed panting scratching hour half went next room knocked little seemed rattle chain rumour wonderful occurrences soon spread country people far near flocked haunted house tedworth believe doubt natures led filled intense curiosity appears fame events reached royal ear gentlemen sent king investigate circumstances draw report they saw heard whether royal commissioners sensible men neighbours mompesson required clear positive evidence they whether powers they armed punish anybody might found carrying deception frightened certain glanvil reluctantly confesses time they house noises ceased nothing heard seen however says he quiet house courtiers intermission may accidental perhaps demon willing give public testimony transactions might possibly convince he rather continue unbelief existence soon royal commissioners took departure infernal drummer antics hundreds persons daily present hear wonder mompesson servant fortunate hear see pertinacious demon came stood foot bed exact shape proportion he discover he saw great body two red glaring eyes time fixed steadily length disappeared innumerable antics played purred like cat beat children legs black blue put long spike mompesson bed knife mother filled porrengers ashes hid bible grate turned money black people pockets night mompesson letter glanvil seven eight devils shape men soon gun fired shuffle away arbour circumstance might convinced mompesson mortal nature persecutors he number worse blind shut eyes refuse see mean time drummer supposed cause mischief passed time gloucester gaol whither he committed rogue vagabond visited day person neighbourhood tedworth he asked news wiltshire whether people talk great deal drumming gentleman house visiter replied he heard nothing else drummer observed i done i plagued he shall never quiet he made satisfaction taking away drum doubt fellow seems gipsy spoke truth gang he member knew noises mompesson house anybody else words however he brought trial salisbury witchcraft found guilty sentenced transportation sentence leniency excited little wonder age accusation whether proved generally insured stake gibbet glanvil says noises ceased immediately drummer sent beyond seas he managed return transportation raising storms affrighting seamen disturbances forthwith renewed continued intervals several years certainly confederates roving gipsy pertinacious tormenting poor weak mompesson pertinacity extraordinary instance revenge capable believed many time mompesson privy whole matter permitted encouraged tricks house sake notoriety seems probable gipsies real delinquents mompesson much alarmed bewildered credulous neighhours whose excited imaginations conjured small portion stories rolled they rolled grew larger every hour many instances similar kind seventeenth century might gleaned glanvil writers period they differ sufficiently justify detail famous haunted houses acquired notoriety much nearer time circumstances connected curious afford fair specimen easy credulity even sensible people merit little notice chapter cock lane ghost called kept london commotion considerable time theme conversation among learned illiterate every circle prince peasant commencement year resided cock lane near west smithfield house parsons parish clerk sepulchre stockbroker named kent wife gentleman died previous year miss fanny arrived norfolk keep house they soon conceived mutual affection made favour they lived months house parsons needy man borrowed money lodger difference arose betwixt kent left house instituted legal proceedings parish clerk recovery money matter yet pending miss fanny suddenly taken ill notwithstanding every care attention she died days buried vault clerkenwell church parsons now began hint poor lady come unfairly death kent accessory great eagerness enter possession property she bequeathed nothing nearly two years appear parsons revengeful character he never forgotten forgiven differences kent indignity sued borrowed money strong passions pride avarice silently work interval hatching schemes revenge dismissing impracticable last notable suggested beginning year alarm spread neighbourhood cock lane house parsons haunted ghost poor fanny daughter parsons girl twelve years age several times seen conversed spirit moreover informed she died smallpox currently reported poison administered kent parsons originated took good care countenance reports answer numerous inquiries house every night two years fact ever since death fanny troubled loud knocking doors walls prepared ignorant credulous neighhours believe exaggerate he told he sent gentleman higher class life come witness extraordinary occurrences gentleman came accordingly found daughter parsons spirit alone appeared alone answered bed trembling violently just seen ghost informed she died poison loud knocking heard every part chamber mystified clear understanding visiter he departed afraid doubt ashamed believe promise bring clergyman parish several gentlemen following day report mystery following night he returned bringing three clergymen twenty persons including two negroes consultation parsons they resolved sit whole night await ghost arrival explained parsons although ghost never render visible anybody daughter objection answer questions might put person present expressed affirmation knock negative two displeasure kind scratching child put bed along sister clergymen examined bed satisfy trick played knocking substance concealed among clothes previous night bed observed shake violently hours they waited exemplary patience mysterious knocking heard wall child declared she saw ghost poor fanny following questions gravely put clergyman medium mary frazer servant parsons deceased lady much attached answers usual fashion knock knocks you make disturbance account ill usage you received mr kent yes you brought untimely end poison yes poison administered beer purl purl long death three hours former servant carrots give information poison yes you kent wife sister yes you married kent sister death anybody else besides kent concerned murder you you like appear visibly anyone yes you yes you go house yes intention follow child everywhere yes you pleased asked questions yes case troubled soul yes heard mysterious noise wiseacre present compared fluttering wings long death you tell servant carrots you poisoned hour yes carrots present appealed she stated positively fact deceased quite speechless hour death shook faith spectators examination allowed continue long carrots live you three four days carrots appealed true kent arrested murder he confess yes soul rest he hanged yes he hanged yes long time first three years many clergymen room three many negroes two watch held clergymen white yellow blue black yes watch black shagreen case time morning you take departure answer question four knocks distinctly heard every person present accordingly four precisely ghost took departure wheatsheaf close frightened mine host lady almost wits knocking ceiling right bed rumour occurrences soon spread london every day cock lane rendered impassable crowds people assembled around house parish clerk expectation either seeing ghost hearing mysterious knocks last found necessary clamorous they admission within haunted precincts admit pay certain fee arrangement convenient needy parsons indeed things taken turn greatly satisfaction he revenge he made profit ghost consequence played antics every night great amusement many hundreds people great perplexity still greater number unhappily however parish clerk ghost induced make promises means utterly destroying reputation promised answer questions reverend aldritch clerkenwell follow little miss parsons wherever she went attend gentleman vault john church body murdered woman deposited give notice presence distinct knock coffin preliminary girl conveyed house aldritch near church large party ladies gentlemen eminent acquirements rank wealth assembled ten night february girl brought cock lane coach put bed several ladies house aldritch strict examination previously made nothing hidden bedclothes gentlemen adjoining chamber deliberating whether they proceed body vault they summoned bedroom ladies affirmed great alarm ghost come they heard knocks scratches gentlemen entered accordingly determination suffer deception little girl asked whether she saw ghost replied she felt back like mouse she required put hands bed they held ladies spirit summoned usual manner answer room question several times put great solemnity customary knock heard reply walls neither scratching ghost asked render visible choose grant request next solicited give token presence sound sort touching hand cheek lady gentleman room even request ghost comply now considerable pause clergymen went downstairs interrogate father girl waiting result experiment he positively denied deception even went far say he occasion seen conversed awful ghost communicated company unanimously resolved give ghost another trial clergyman called loud voice supposed spirit gentleman promised appear vault repair place he claimed fulfilment promise hour midnight they proceeded church gentleman question another entered vault alone took position alongside coffin poor fanny ghost summoned appear appeared summoned knock knocked summoned scratch scratched two retired vault firm belief whole business deception practised parsons daughter others however wish jump hastily conclusion suggested they perhaps trifling awful supernatural offended presumption condescend answer serious consultation agreed hands ghost answered anybody answer kent supposed murderer he accordingly requested go vault he went several others summoned ghost answer whether he indeed poisoned answer question put aldritch conjured indeed spirit end sign presence point guilty person still answer space half hour time boobies waited praiseworthy perseverance they returned house aldritch ordered girl get dress she strictly examined persisted statement she used deception ghost really appeared many persons openly expressed belief reality visitation identified parsons family far persons interested continuance delusion result experiment convinced people convinced evidence however positive they therefore spread abroad rumour ghost appeared vault kent taken care beforehand coffin removed gentleman whose position painful immediately procured competent witnesses whose presence vault entered coffin poor fanny opened deposition published kent indicted parsons wife daughter mary frazer servant reverend moor tradesman two prominent patrons deception conspiracy trial came court king bench july lord mansfield investigation lasted twelve hours whole conspirators found guilty reverend moor friend severely reprimanded open court recommended make pecuniary compensation prosecutor aspersions they instrumental throwing character parsons sentenced stand three times pillory imprisoned two years wife year servant six months imprisonment bridewell printer employed publish account proceedings profit fined fifty pounds discharged precise manner deception carried never explained knocking wall appears work parsons wife scratching part business left little girl contrivance clumsy deceived anybody fail excite wonder always two three persons found take lead absurdity however great sure plenty imitators like sheep field clears stile rest follow ten years afterwards london alarmed story haunted house stockwell near vauxhall scene antics new ghost became almost celebrated annals superstition cock lane golding elderly lady resided alone servant anne robinson sorely surprised evening observe extraordinary commotion among crockery cups saucers rattled chimney pots pans whirled stairs windows hams cheeses loaves bread disported floor devil least conclusion golding came greatly alarmed she invited neighbours stay protect evil presence however put stop insurrection china every room house short time strewed fragments chairs tables joined last tumults things looked altogether serious inexplicable neighbours dreading house next seized fit motion tumble ears left poor golding bear brunt ghost case solemnly remonstrated urged take departure demolition continuing great golding finally made mind quit house altogether she took refuge anne robinson house neighbour glass crockery immediately subjected persecution he reluctantly compelled give notice quit old lady forced back house endured disturbance days longer suspecting anne robinson cause mischief she dismissed service extraordinary appearances immediately ceased never afterwards renewed fact sufficient point real disturber long time afterwards anne robinson confessed whole matter reverend bray field gentleman confided story hone published explanation mystery anne appears anxious clear house carry intrigue lover resorted trick effect purpose she placed china shelves manner fell slightest motion attached articles she jerk adjoining room without perceived she exceedingly dexterous sort work proved formidable rival many juggler profession full explanation whole affair may found book latest instance popular panic occasioned house supposed haunted occurred scotland winter year december inmates baldarroch district banchory aberdeenshire alarmed observing great number sticks clods earth flying yard premises they endeavoured vain discover delinquent shower stones continuing five days succession they came last conclusion devil imps alone cause rumour soon spread part country hundreds persons came far near witness antics devils baldarroch fifth day shower clods stones ceased outside premises scene shifted interior spoons knives plates appeared suddenly endued power whirled room room rattled chimneys manner nobody account lid put cupboard presence scores people minutes afterwards came bouncing chimney consternation everybody tremendous knocking doors roof pieces stick rattled windows broke whole neighbourhood scene alarm vulgar persons education respectable farmers within circle twenty miles expressed belief supernatural character events offered devout prayers preserved machinations evil note fear sounded visiters generally case tales wonder strove witness extraordinary occurrences within week generally believed parishes drumoak durris circumjacent districts mearns aberdeenshire devil seen act hammering baldarroch old man asserted positively night see strange gambols knives he met phantom great black man wheeled round head whizzing noise making wind ears almost blew bonnet he haunted manner three miles affirmed believed horses dogs approached enchanted ground immediately affected gentleman slow faith cured incredulity meeting jumping door he going roofs houses torn several ricks danced quadrille together sound devil bagpipes women family persecuted farmer baldarroch kept tongues perpetual motion swelling strange stories tide popular wonder good wife servants whenever they went bed they attacked stones missiles came blankets gently tapped toes evening shoe suddenly darted across garret labourers sitting men attempted catch swore positively hot heavy he unable hold bearbeater sort mortar used bruise barley object weight requires several men move spontaneously left barn flew alighting feet servant maids hitting without hurting least even causing alarm fact well known objects thrown devil lost specific gravity harm nobody even though they fell person head among persons drawn baldarroch occurrences heritor minister elders kirk whose superintendence investigation immediately commenced proceedings promulgated days mean time rumour continued travel highlands magnifying mysterious incident got home goodwife put fire potato water boiled changed demon grinned horribly she lifted lid chairs tables carrots turnips skipped along floor merriest manner imaginable shoes boots went evolutions highland fling without visible wearers directing motions piece meat detached hook hung pantry placed fire whence efforts people house unable remove thoroughly roasted flew chimney tremendous bang baldarroch belief quite extravagant farmer convinced devil imps alone cause disturbance he travelled distance forty miles old conjuror named willie foreman induce handsome fee remove enchantment property course sensible educated people stripping stories circulated exaggeration attributed rest two causes first gipsies strolling mendicants hidden neighbouring plantation amusing working credulity country people secondly inmates baldarroch carried deception reason clear anybody last opinion gained believers farmer family much respected many persons open manner expressed belief supernatural agency they like stultify confessing they deceived last fortnight continuance noises whole trick discovered two servant lasses strictly examined committed prison appeared they alone bottom whole affair extraordinary alarm credulity master mistress first instance neighbours country people afterwards made task comparatively easy little common dexterity they used unsuspected they swelled alarm wonderful stories they invented they loosened bricks chimneys placed dishes manner shelves they fell slightest motion short they played tricks used servant girl stockwell results purpose gratification love mischief they sooner secured county gaol noises ceased people convinced human agency alone worked wonder devoutly superstitious still held first belief refused listen explanation tales haunted houses especially last present century however they may make us blush popular folly yet gratifying results they show society made vast improvement parsons wife contrivers cock lane deception lived two hundred years earlier they perhaps found greater number dupes they hanged witches instead imprisoned vagabonds ingenious anne robinson sly lasses baldarroch doubtless met similar fate pleasant reflect though may much folly credulity world ever class society wisdom mercy another ever known lawgivers blotting absurd sanguinary enactments predecessors made step towards teaching people hoped day far distant lawgivers teach people direct means prevent recurrence delusions like many worse might cited securing every child born within dominions education accordance advancing state civilization ghosts witches yet altogether exploded fault much ignorant people law government neglected enlighten