













THE LIMITS OF ATHEISM

Or, Why should Sceptics be Outlaws?

BY G. J. HOLYOAKE.

     "It is historically true that a large proportion of Infidels
     in all ages have been persons of distinguished integrity and
     honour."--_John Stuart Mill 'On Liberty,_' p. 80.

LONDON: J. A. BROOK & CO., 282, STRAND, W.C

1874.

PRICE TWOPENCE.



REVEREND RICHARD WILLIAM JELF, D.D.,

PRINCIPAL OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON, WHO HAS LATELY ALARMED CONVOCATION

BY CONNECTING

THE 'ESSAYS AND REVIEWS' WITH ATHEISM

THESE PAGES,

WRITTEN IN ARREST OF THE PARLIAMENTARY JUDGMENT WHICH PLACES THE WORD OF
THE ATHEIST BELOW THAT OF THE FELON,

Are Respectfully Inscribed,

BY

GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE.




PREFACE.

The object of these pages* is not to defend the intellectual accuracy of
Atheism (which could not be attempted in this brief space), the object
is to explain its case, to vindicate its moral rectitude, and the right
of those who hold these views, to legal equality. There are two Atheisms
in literature--the ancient one of mere negation; and the affirmative
form, whose relevant name is Cosmism, and of which Humboldt, in
his 'Cosmos,' is a great illustrator, and Comte, in his 'Positive
Philosophy,' an expounder. The term Cosmism ought to supersede the
misleading term Atheism; just as Secularism has superseded the libellous
term Infidelity. Cosmism, as well as Secularism, expresses a new form
of Freethought, and I use the term Atheism, as the subject of a Lecture,
for the first time here. It is a worn-out word, used by Theists in
hateful senses. I employ it, as a title, to-day for political reasons,
in order to show those who make it a ground of civil exclusion, that
it is a thing of law and limits: that the reputed Atheism of English
working men, so far as it prevails, is no longer the old Atheism of
mere negation, but the Cosmism of modern science; neither dissolute,
anarchical, nor impious--recognises that the universe is, without
theorising _why_ it is. Negative Atheism says there is nothing beyond
the universe. Cosmism says it cannot explain anything beyond, and pauses
where its knowledge ends.

     *A report of a Lecture delivered in Bendall's Assembly
     Rooms, City Road, London, March 8rd, 1861.

Atheism questions--Cosmism affirms. The language of Cosmism is that of
the poet in the 'Purgatory of Suicides':--

     'I do not say--there is no God,
     But this I say--I know not.'

I prefer Secularism, which concerns itself with the moral life of
man, and maintains a well-advised neutrality upon these speculative
questions. My sympathies are with 'Adam Bede,' that striking and
greatest creation of modern genius, in which the _National Review_
recognised 'The strong-headed, manly, sharp-tempered, secular carpenter,
with his energetic satisfaction in his work, and impatience of
dreamers.' But as I stated in the York Debate, in 1858, at which the
Reverend Canons Hey and Robinson presided, it is an act of self-defence
in England to question the assumed infallibility of Theism--to prove
that Atheists are entitled to civil recognition, as persons having
legitimate, actual, and conscientious views, and who, therefore, ought
not to be outlawed as they are now. So long as sceptics of Theism are
refused the right of affirmation in courts of law, and their lives and
property consequently placed at the mercy of every ruffian and knave,
so long will a Sceptical propaganda be a parliamentary necessity, to
justify these opinions, and to spread them, that those who hold them
may, like the Quakers, win by pertinacity what is denied to reason. And
while this state of things lasts, I confess that I listen to arguments
of opponents with distrust, for I see in them, not so much the
confutation of my opinions, as the limitation of my freedom, and
the justification of my political exclusion. In the present state of
theological liberty in England, for the alleged Atheist to be silent, is
to be a slave consenting to his own degradation.

G. J. H.

147, Fleet Street, London, E.C., April 13th, 1861.




THE LIMITS OF ATHEISM

Twenty years ago I stepped forward to defend the right of expressing
Atheism on the part of those who conscientiously held it. On Mr.
Southwell's imprisonment in Bristol, I took his place as Editor of the
_Oracle of Reason_, and shared his fate at Gloucester. Under the same
circumstances I would do it again to-morrow. In the expression of
speculative opinions there may be error and there may be outrage;
but the error is best corrected by discussion, and the outrage by
cultivation; but to prohibit the free publication of opinion is to
strike at the root of all intrepidity of thought and individuality of
character; and against a uniformity of profession, whether brought about
by the tyranny of the majority, by the policeman, or by the magistrate,
I ever have, and ever will, protest as unwise, dishonest, and degrading.

Because Atheistical opinions were attacked by the law I defended them:
I defended the right to hold them without sharing them. And in all the
publications I have edited, I have accepted the responsibility of the
views of coadjutors and correspondents without conditions, and my name
is associated in consequence much more with other persons' opinions than
with my own. When the rights of conscience in Free-thought are attacked,
to discriminate is to condemn; and while persecution is attempted, I
make it a point of honour never to pass in appearance on to the side
of the persecutors. As soon as legal opposition to the publication of
heretical opinion ceased, I was the first to insist that the day of good
taste must commence. The moment fair play is permitted, all excuse for
invective or outrage ends. Violence, exaggeration, denunciation, are
crimes against Freethought the moment Freethought is permitted. Now that
Sir George Cornewall Lewis, on the part of the Government, has refused
Sir John Trelawny's request to alter the law which treats an Atheist as
an outlaw, which denies him the common right of legal protection, which
exposes him to plunder or assault without redress, which cedes to the
Theist a monopoly of veracity in courts of law, and places the word of
every man and woman, however honest, cultivated, and reputable, unable
to make a Profession of Faith, as below that of a convicted felon, I
am most reluctant to enter upon any explanation of my own views on the
great speculative propositions of theology, lest it should appear to
others as timidity, retreat, or disposition to compromise.. If a man had
(which I have not) a change of opinion to own, this is not the hour
to make it. But with respect to Affirmative Atheism, the necessity for
newness of view is chiefly felt by those who do not understand it. It
is refused civil recognition because it is conceived to be some lawless
thing. The consternation excited just now by the 'Essays and Reviews' is
owing to an apprehension that public opinion is tending to the negation
of theology, and that is concluded to be a state of intellectual
lawlessness. To trace any outline of the Limits of Atheism, may serve
to give more intelligent definiteness to the misgivings entertained
concerning it, and lead earlier to its legal recognition; and therefore
alone I attempt it.

Let us avoid verbiage if we can. Too many words are the locusts of the
mind, which darken the air of the understanding and eat up our meaning.
I believe that language is given us not to be used--except upon clear
compulsion.

There are two terms which especially excite religious reprobation, and
one of them excites mine. I refer to Infidelity and Atheism.

Infidelity is a term I detest. It implies that you believe enough to
subject you to reproach, and disbelieve enough to entitle you to be
damned. It signifies disbelief too inveterate to allow you to go back to
superstition, and too much timidity to carry your doubt to a definite
or legitimate result. I am for thoroughness and decision. If it be
criminality to disbelieve, I will put scepticism far from me. I will
not even tamper with doubt. But if it be lawful to reject from the
understanding whatever seems false, then I will disbelieve error as a
duty, and unhesitatingly doubt whatever is doubtful.

Atheism--objectionable as it is from wanton negative associations--is a
far more wholesome term. It is a defiant, militant word. There is a ring
of decision about it. There is no cringing in it. It keeps no terms with
superstition. It makes war, and means it. It carries you away from the
noisome word-jugglery of the conventional pulpits, and brings you face
to face with nature. It is a relief to get out of the crowd who believe
because their neighbours do, who pray by rote, and worship through fear;
and win your liberty to wander in the refreshing solitude where the
heart may be honest, and the intellect free. Affirmative Atheism of the
intellect is a proud, honest, intrepid, self-respecting attitude of the
mind. The Negative Atheism of mere ignorance, of insensibility, of
lust, and gluttony, and drunkenness, of egotism or vanity, whose talk
is outrage, and whose spirit is blasphemy; this is the gross negation
of God, which superstition begets in its slavery, and nurtures by
its terrors. These species of Atheism I recognise only to disown and
denounce them. Of these the priest is the author who preaches the
natural corruption of the human heart, who inculcates the guilt of
Freethought, the distrust of reason, and despair of self-reliant
progress. Utterly different from this is the Atheism of reflection,
which seeks for conclusive evidence, which listens reverentially for
the voice of God, which weighs carefully the teachings of a thoughtful
Theism; but refuses to recognise the officious, incoherent babblement of
intolerant or presumptuous men. Reflective Atheism is simply a reluctant
uncertainty as to the consciousness of Nature, or as to the existence
of a Power over Nature. As one who will allow me the pleasure of
calling him my friend, Mr. G. H. Lewes, said, all reflective Atheism is
suspensive.

He invented the phrase Suspensive Atheism to describe the only form of
opinion which he knew I maintained. The thoughtful Atheist wishes to
perceive the whole truth of Nature, he hesitates unwillingly, and waits
longingly for more light.

Let us dismiss at once that crude and evasive state which affects
Atheism, and, at the same time, denies it; which says no Theist has
defined Deity, and therefore the disbelief in it is an impossibility.

Affirmative Atheism may be wrong, but it is at least intelligible. It
has a definite foundation, or it could claim no position, and would
deserve none. It must go upon facts if it would maintain a place in the
kingdom of thought, and it finds these facts in Positivism. The mind
that has wandered in the torrid zones of error, thirsts ardently for the
cooling draughts of positive truth. It is this sentiment which causes
Freethought to take the form of Secularism, and exchanges the verbal
distractions of conflicting creeds for the clear criterions of moral
truth. It is the same wise impatience of metaphysical unrealities which
leads to Affirmative Atheism, and explains it. A series of material
and mental facts arrest the attention of one taking an unbiased and
independent view of the universe, of time, and space, and matter.

There are two classes of thinkers--one who commence with ignoring
Nature, seeking in something outside it for the origin of it, and who
look upon the infinite processes of the worlds which people space, with
the dull astonishment accorded to mere agencies, rather than with
the native wonder and awe which the consciousness of original powers
awakens--these are Theists.

The other class are those who regard matter as the very garment of the
unknown God, to whom every spray, and pebble, and flower, and star is a
marvel, a glory, and an inspiration; who, comprehending not an external
cause of nature, recognise its existence, its surpassing affluence, its
multitudinous marvels, and give them the first place in their wonder,
study, reverence, and love--these are Affirmative Atheists.

To believe in Nature, in its self-existence, its self-subsistence, its
self-action, its eternity, infinity, and materiality, and in that
only, is Affirmative Atheism.* Reflective Atheism is pure inability to,
realise the fact of the consciousness of the universe, or to conceive
the existence of a Being over it.

To believe in something besides nature--is Theism.

To believe in the consciousness of nature--is Pantheism.

The explanation of Affirmative Atheism* here given, involves many
considerations which I am not going to discuss. It is not my province
here to defend, but to state the case. A definition is a map, but it is
not the journey. A definition is a high road through a subject, and a
high road should be a straight road: it may run out of the way of some
populous towns and beautiful scenes, but it gives the means of quickest
transit through a territory, from which the country can be viewed, and
the traveller determine its general features.

     * This might stand for a definition of Cosmism, which term I
     employ at substantially reciprocal with Affirmative Atheism,
     and as its substitute, if I may employ it in its modern and
     wider sense than defined by Pythagoras.

If we have said enough for this purpose, we may attempt to trace the
limits of our subject. The road through every high question lies over
precipices. Every great question has its Mont Blancs. The higher you
climb the deeper the chasms on the right hand and on the left. The Roman
Catholic makes worship an art, and abject submission a duty. To relieve
you of anxiety he deprives the mind of initiation and freedom. The
Protestant concedes you private judgment, and surrounds you by a social
despotism lest you should use it. He substitutes a creed for the Church.
The Church is a cell, and the creed is a cage. The cage is lighter, more
airy, and less repulsive than the cell, but the imprisonment is complete
in both.

Mere Atheism inculcates freedom and intrepidity of the understanding,
but may land you in negation, in dogmatism, in denunciation, in
irreverence. These are the chasms that lie in the path of mere Atheism.
The traveller who passes into these is lost. To avoid this danger we
must keep within the limits naturally prescribed to Affirmative Atheism,
which are:--

1. Positivism in Principle.

2. Exactness in Profession of Opinion.

3. Dispassionateness in Judgment.

4. Humanism in Conception.



1. The Positivist conception of Atheism exhibits the limits which modern
thought has impressed upon it. Affirmative Atheism asserts the
realism of Nature; Theism denies it. Theism refuses to recognise the
self-existence, the self-action, the self-subsistence, eternity, and
infinity of the universe. Theism is the negation of Nature. It is a
species of impiety towards nature, and supplants, by an artificial
superstition, the instinctive reverence of the human heart.

Modern Atheism is falsely regarded as a mere negation, as a species of
criminal vacuity of the understanding. To correct this idea is to win
for these opinions attention if not assent. The negation of any error is
useful, but it should be followed by its complement of positive truth.
All mere negative subjects are like the lime and pebbles swallowed by
farm fowl to assist digestion, but it fares ill with the fowl if they
get nothing but stones to digest; if no corn or barley follows to
be operated upon. Now, questions of Atheism and Scepticism are the
digestive stimuli of the mind; positive principles supply the corn and
barley which sustain the mental system and preserve its life. If we
give ourselves up to negative subjects merely, we come to resemble the
theologians who, as Talleyrand said, 'pick a great many bones for very
little meat.'

Old Atheism shows that the alleged proofs of the existence of a Deity
are inconclusive, untenable, or self-refutatory. As a discipline of the
intellect, as a questioning of that theistical speculation which has
always been arrogant and tyrannical towards dissentients, there is
good in negative Atheism. But it is more important if made to subserve
practical objects. Mere negative Atheism has no ulterior objects it
untenants the mind, and this may not be in all things beneficial. The
slave may be more healthy who is forced to take exercise, and he may
have more physical enjoyment of life than the indolent freeman, who is
sedentary by choice, and diseased through inactivity and overfeeding.

You may pluck up weeds, and the rank herbage be more fruitful of miasma
than the weeds; or if the plucked up weeds produce no harm, the ground
may be left useless until crops are made to grow upon it. So of the
weeds of worship which spring up in the priest-ridden mind. Reverence
may be cultivated by superstition, good conduct maybe enforced by
terror; if superstition and terror be exploded, the reverence and good
conduct must be cared for and be better directed. Freethought is no half
work, it has much to do.

It is delusive to pull down the altar of superstition and not erect
an altar of science in its place. To pack up the household gods of
superstition and leave the fireside bare, will hardly do.. Affirmative
Atheism must teach that nature is the Bible of truth, work is worship,
that duty is dignity, and the unselfish service of others consolation.

There is nothing wholly bad. Superstition has in it some elements of
good. I no more believe in perfect error than in perfect truth. Error,
like truth, is hardly ever found pure; error is mixed with good, and
truth alloyed by evil. The mind must have something to feed upon, and
if it cannot have truth, it will have superstition; and though
superstition, like some diet, is very hard of digestion, and very
innutritious, it is better to feed upon that than die. True, it keeps
the mind thin, but it keeps it alive, and it is better to be a skeleton
than a corpse. Now it is true that some intellects, like some animals,
eat by instinct the right kind of food, but being healthy are not
fastidious, and if you give them bad food they don't object to it and
don't care for it. If they take it, their digestion is so good that
it does not hurt them. But there are other people who pine for the
knowledge of nature, and cannot subsist unless a large proportion of
their mental aliment consists of definite principle. When these are
not supplied by religious teachers, and Christianity by any intolerance
prevents it being supplied by others, such natures expire in an
intellectual sense, and Christianity ought to be regarded as guilty
of wilful murder. And in the case of Atheism, those persons who are
accustomed to take superstition, and are deprived of that, and no
attempt is made to supply its place by more wholesome sustenance, are no
doubt injured. Negative Atheism guilty of this neglect may be said to
be guilty of manslaughter, and it would be murder were the neglect
accompanied, as in the case of Theism, by intolerance. Beware of
reckless iconoclasticism.

Mere negations give all advantage to superstition; error seems wisdom
and wealth when truth is silent.


2. The logic of Affirmative Atheism begins in self-confession. Not to
see anything where there is nothing to be seen is the sign of the true
faculty; and not to say that you do see when you do not is the first
sign of veracity of intellect.

Man is forgiven who believes more than his neighbours, but he is never
forgiven if he believes less. If he believes more than his neighbours,
there is the presumption that he may have made some discovery which may
become profitable one day to join in. It may be that he who believes
most, may merely possess a more industrious credulity, or possess a
greater capacity for hasty assumption. But this is seldom probed. He
who believes less may have abandoned some important item of justifiable
belief. But when he who believes less than the multitude, confesses to
the fact in the face of public disapproval, the probability is that
he has inquired into, and sifted evidence which others have taken for
granted, and discovered some error which they have accepted. His greater
accuracy of mind and exactness of speech are an offence, because a
reproach to the careless or unscrupulous intellects of those who conduct
life on secondhand opinions. Yet austerity of intellect and austerity
of speech is as wholesome in character, as austerity of morals. I hope,
says Mr. Grote, in his great history of Greece, in a memorable passage
that ought not to die out of recollection, 'I hope, when I come to the
lives of Socrates and Plato, to illustrate one of the most valuable of
their principles, that conscious and confessed ignorance is a better
state of mind than the fancy without the reality of knowledge.' And in
a passage which I cannot now recall, Lord Brougham has said that 'a mind
uninformed is better than a mind misinformed.' In a state of ignorance
we do nothing, in a state of error we do wrong. The popular condemnation
of the Atheist--which we have lately heard as ignorantly echoed in the
House of Commons as in some Conventicles--is not always uttered, because
the Atheist does not know more than others, for none know anything
certain concerning the existence of God,* but because the Atheist does
not profess more.

     * In his remarkable work entitled 'First Principles,' now in
     course of publication, Mr. Herbert Spencer has shown that
     certain terms of Cosmism are as incapable of ultimate
     explanation as certain terms of Theism. This shows how
     unwise is dogmatism, how unjustifiable is intolerance, on
     either side.

Cosmism, a thoughtful name, which ought to supersede Atheism in the
future, neither denies nor affirms the existence of Deity. It waits for
explanation and proof. It admits there is evidence of something, but
what that something is, does not appear. There is evidence of more than
we know, but what that is we do not know, and it is dishonesty to use a
term respecting it, which pretends that we do know. Why should it not
be honourable to observe a scientific reservation in the exposition of
opinion? In science it is a sign of cultivation to understate a case and
keep within the limits of fact and proof. The reservation of Cosmism,
which so many regard as an offence, arises from a love of exact truth,
from an endeavour to attain to it in expression, and from an honourable
unwillingness to employ words which do not represent to him who uses
them, definite ideas.

If we say God is Light, Love, Truth, Power, Goodness, Law, Principle,
we confound attributes with existence. If we say God is a Spirit, God is
space, we merely fill the imagination, not satisfy the understanding:
it is feeding the thoughts with air, and leaving the intellect hungry.
A Trinitarian Deity is one of the scholastic perplexities of the
intellect. The first rule of arithmetic is against it. If it means three
Gods in one, it is an enigma. If it means three doctrinal aspects of
God, it confuses all simplicity of feeling. In the simple, moral
heart of man, God is one, and his name is Love; not a weak, vapoury
sentimentality, but an austere, healthy love, whose expression is
strength, purity, truth, justice, service, and tenderness. But this
conception of Deity belongs to the empire of the emotions, it is a
matter of feeling, not of proof, and can authorise no intolerance
towards others, itself existing only by the sufferance of the intellect,
which has chastened its expression, and is supreme over it.

Exactness of phraseology is well understood self-defence. Well chosen
terms are the true weapons of opinion. Employing an old, battered,
rheumatic and abused term like Atheism, is like riflemen using the old
musket instead of the far-reaching and fatal Minie. Cosmism is the
new term which conveys the new idea of the age, and explains the
improvements in thought and spirit, which the mere term Atheism
conceals. To suffer an opponent to choose names for you is as though a
combatant should suffer his enemy to supply his arms for the conflict.
He who consents to be called by a hateful name, can be defeated at
the pleasure of his opponent. His ideas are never discussed, his
conscientious spirit is never recognised, he is trampled down by a name
which libels, defames, and destroys him. Let us banish the unqualified
term Atheism from the literature of theological controversy.


3. Dispassionateness is a law of Affirmative Atheism. Those who commence
by believing themselves infallible, and their view of a question open
to no dispute, can never see reason in, nor view with patience the
dissent which others maintain. It is the first instinct of the Cosmist
(to use the preferable term) to keep his mind open to reason. The
dogmatism which insists on its own case, and shuts its eyes and closes
its ears to the facts and arguments on the side of Theism, is always to
be condemned. Dogmatism, the sin of superstition, is excluded from
the empire of speculation. The clergyman will often admit that Atheism
endeavours to maintain an unprejudiced tone of mind. The Rev. Charles
Marriot, of Oriel College, observed to me, when I had the honour some
years ago to be his guest, that 'he had always more hope of the Atheist
than of the Dissenter, for the Dissenter always moved in a little
infallibility of his own, while the Atheist was always to be reached
by reason.' Mystery will always conquer partisans, and the Cosmist who
comprehends this, will reason with superstition, and never be impatient
with it.

Dispassionateness of judgment will also lead to dispassionateness of
speech. Opinion in a minority should never have recourse to invective.
Prejudice is inveterate enough without being inflamed by denunciation.
Unpopular and unfriended truth must consent to placate opposition by
respectfulness of tone and fairness of speech. It must never compromise
principle--that is submission, and gives the errorist insolent
confidence. It must never outrage--that makes the errorist indignant,
and deaf to all reason. The force of truth lies in invincible patience
and in invincible perseverance of exposition. Progressive opinion ought
ever to be kept on the high places of dispassionate advocacy. It is
wonderful how truth has been perilled by passion. The battle of opinion
has always been fought on impulse, rather than on calculation of forces;
and the small band of the combatants for new truths has often been
trampled down by the multitudinous army of error.


4. Conceptions of Humanity, or, in other words, Reliance of Humanity,
is a law and limit of Affirmative Atheism. Every man who thinks, must
choose one of two things, a standard without the universe, or a standard
within. I choose one within, I choose humanity. 'Men,' says Lord Bacon,
speaking of Atheism, 'who look no farther, become wary of themselves.'
Let us become wary of ourselves; nothing is more wholesome or
progressive!

Hardness, assumption, egotism, insubordination to worth--in one word,
irreverence, ought never to be the characteristic of Cosmism. He who
vindicates nature and reason, should show that being left to nature,
philosophy, reputation, and the laws, there exists self-regulation and
reliable rationality.* Cosmism is the highest form of self-reliance;
the responsibility, which to others is a necessity, is to him a duty and
a pride.

     * As the late Gen. Jacob, the illustrious commander of the
     Scinde Horse, testifies. 'In the jangle and desert, amid a
     barbarous people on the extreme confines of civilisation,'
     he applied these principles when Bishops despaired and
     Christianity failed; and he records that 'He was permitted
     to witness with delight the fact of a whole nation being
     raised from a state of barbarous violence, misery,
     detestable cruelty, and horror, to one of peace, comfort,
     racial order, and happiness;' that 'He had seen their
     faithful and steady application in practice change thousands
     of the wildest robbers and murderers into kindly and
     industrious citizens.

The wildness, excesses, extravagances, and incoherences of superstition,
arise through men looking without themselves into those regions of the
unknown where men make God after their own image, where they imagine
their facts, and reason upon them without check. How impertinent is
half our modern worship, and how poor the other half! Educated ministers
speak of God, and address to him praise they would be ashamed to
offer to any gentleman. That delicacy of reverence, that reticence of
laudation, that avoidance of presumption and familiarity, which the law
of humanity imposes on all men of religious habits in human relations,
has no existence in theology, where it is more to be expected and
infinitely more needful. When St. Augustine speaks of God, there is
a magnificent thoughtfulness in the terms he employs which his Pagan
refinement had taught him, which we seldom find in modern saints. How
imposingly he exclaims in his Confessions:--

What art Thou then, my God? Most highest, most good, most potent, most
omnipotent; most merciful, yet most just; most hidden, yet most
present; most beautiful, yet most strong; stable, yet incomprehensible;
unchangeable, yet all-changing; never new, never old; all-renewing, and
_bringing age upon the proud, and they know it not_; ever working, ever
at rest; still gathering, yet nothing lacking; supporting, filling, and
overspreading; creating, nourishing, and maturing; seeking, yet having
all things. Thou lovest, without passion; art jealous, without anxiety;
repentest, yet grievest not; art angry, yet serene; changest Thy works,
Thy purpose unchanged; receivest again what Thou findest, yet didst
never lose; never in need, yet rejoicing in gains; never covetous, yet
exacting usury. Thou receivest over and above, that Thou mayest owe;
and who hath aught that is not Thine? Thou payest debts, owing nothing;
remittest debts, losing nothing.'

We forgive the sublime contradictions in the stately march of this Pagan
praise. Augustine was a noble old saint, but he had a Pagan intellect to
the end.

The 'Limits of Atheism' which obviously present themselves to those
who reflect upon them, rescue it from the imputation of lawlessness.
Positivism engrafts upon it practical aims. Exactness of speech
necessitates exactness of thought, and dictates modesty of pretension.
Dispassionateness of judgment checks invective, dogmatism, prejudice,
or unfairness; and Reliance upon Humanity tends to self-trust,
self-direction, and chastity of worship. Why should persons who hold
the views of Affirmative Atheism under these 'Limits' be treated in the
witness-box as public liars--men whose reiterated profession is--that
they 'sum up personal duty in Honour, which is respecting the Truth; in
Morality, which is acting the Truth; and in Love, which is serving the
Truth.'*

     * 'Last Trial for Atheism,' p. 100.

Plato in his 'Laws,' remarks that 'Atheism is a disease of the soul
before it becomes an error of the understanding.' This just opinion, if
applied to mere sensualists, who disbelieve in God because his holiness
is a restraint upon their infamous passions, has since been applied to
the pure thinkers like Spinoza, to whom it is an insult and an
outrage. Let us see how little such a remark is applicable to those who
thoughtfully pause before adopting a creed which, however dictated by a
feeling of piety, is far less reverential than thoughtful silence.

If we suppose an interposing Providence to direct the affairs of this
world, what scenes of sorrow must meet his eye? Condemned to poverty and
pain, how many human beings are there whose every word is a prayer, and
every thought a throb, and every pulsation a pang? Is it not far more
reverential to struggle for the right with what powers we have, and
with what Secular light is vouchsafed, and own Theism inscrutable, than
connect all this misery with the name of God? The theory of a God of
Prayer who hears and aids, of a Providence who orders and controls, all
issues to one great Will, and who receives at last the sorrow-stricken,
the worn, struggling and weary spirit, after those conflicts which all
who think, and feel, and aspire, encounter, are primitive and enduring
conceptions, which all humanity, in every age and in every slime,
cherishes in its perplexity and clings to in its weakness. It is not
Cosmism which seeks or wishes to disprove this theory. Alas! the God of
Prayer does not exist. I say it not in wantonness, or recklessness, nor
in any proud spirit of defiance, nor in any hard spirit of denial, nor
in outrage, nor wilful scepticism, nor simulated disbelief. It appears
to me an austere fact, which all who observe must see, which all who are
frank must own. Yet I know not that I ought to say 'Alas it is so.' Why
should any man mourn at truth? What right have I to arraign the facts
of Nature. To mourn what _is_--is to condemn what is. Sorrow is censure
when it relates to what is possibly the order of God. What authority
have I to look on Nature awful in its glories and mysteries, and by the
implication included in my grief, to judge it and say it is not what it
should be? My scrutiny ought rather to be directed to my weakness. True
reverence lies rather in accepting unmurmuringly the order of things we
find; in believing in the completeness and self sufficiency of
nature and humanity, and that these contain within them elements of
self-sustainment. Our duty is to search there for Truth, to work there
patiently for Progress, to regard the humblest conquest there with
glad surprise. All virtue is summed up in service and endurance. A wise
humility in expectation is surely the first element of reverence. As to
the Future Life of man, the whole question lies in a narrow compass. The
immortality of the soul is one of those problems which you approach with
breathless perplexity. Is it possible that every human being brought
into existence, in the caprices of lust and vice, is a candidate for
heaven, and a burden upon the celestial taxes, and an inmate of the
great Poor House or Reformatory of eternity? Is it in the power of
ignorance, profligacy, and passion, to crowd the porticoes of Paradise
with illicit offspring? Can it be true that every being born is liable
to eternal perdition for acts done before it had existence--or for
offences it was predestined to commit, or in the course of events may
commit? It is better never to be born than to incur this frightful risk.
Is it worth while to live at all the prey of these awful anxieties, to
sport for a few years on the borders of Hell? Who would enter the dance
of life with the devil for a partner? The toad that croaks his hideous
existence away in the marsh; the very dog whom men caress, and kick,
and despise; the slimy worm that crawls the grave yard, leads a life of
dignity and undimmed bliss, compared with the dread responsibilities and
never-ending horrors thus imposed on human consciousness. No man will
persuade me that God would bring into existence any creature liable to
so frightful a fate. The belief in annihilation is a creed of holiness,
in comparison with the creed of the popular religion. If, on the
other hand, the future life include no hopeless horror, but a state of
purification, of restoration, of atonement, of instruction and progress,
however arduous, protracted, and slow, I am willing to believe in it, to
hope in it, and rejoice in it. I ask no golden crown--I covet no angel
wings--I crave no presumptuous seat of honour at the right hand of God.
I supplicate for no effeminate security--no eternity of indolence and
singing--I am prepared for toil as well as enjoyment. The instinct of
adventure is strong within me. Study and danger are welcome to me--even
suffering, if it bring deeper knowledge, purity and improvement. I do
not wish to be a 'Saint made perfect,' lingering through an eternity
of monotony, in which there is nothing further to realise, but desire
rather to enter upon the eternal discipline of indefinite progress.
There never were disbelievers in a tolerable immortality. The question
is not--is such a state desirable? but--is it true? The vital inquiry
is--are we to conduct life on the basis of what we hope or what we know?
He who believes in what he wishes, and is willing to teach as true what
he desires, has already passed through the gates of superstition.

To honour the brave, to reverence the good, to give thanks to the
martyr, to be re-united to those you have loved and lost; if these be
the incidents of immortality, there never was a disbeliever in it.
The Cosmist only deplores the scantiness of the proof. There is no
scepticism here which is wilful. Every doubt is reluctant, every
misgiving is a self-denial.

The popular theology, it must be owned, has many repulsive aspects.
The vulgarest and most illiterate believer is encouraged to profess
a familiar and confident knowledge, hidden from the profoundest
philosophers. It is an unanswerable position, that had God spoken, the
universe would have been convinced. Had Deity desired that his personal
existence should be daily recognised and eternally bruited abroad among
men, he would have placarded the fact on the walls of nature in letters
of light--so luminous, that time should never pale them; so indelibly,
that the war of elements should never efface them; so plainly and
conclusively, that no priest should ever be able to misconstrue them;
and no wayfarer, in this hurrying world, ever be in doubt about them. As
this is not so, the great secret is left evidently to silent thought and
reverent conjecture, of which even mere negative Atheism is a reserved
expression, and Cosmism a scheme of philosophical adoration.

Here is a particle of matter. It may be amber, or a ruby, or a stone.
Whence came the electrical properties of the one, the lurid brilliancy
of the other, or the density of the stone? These qualities are wonders
and miracles through all time. Science finds them marvels and leaves
them mysteries. The philosopher is no more provided with a solution
than the peasant. Indeed, the wonder of the philosopher has a deeper
intensity. He sweeps with his eye, and bends his ear over a wider field
of nature, and no sign rewards his scrutiny, no response repays his
attention. Look at this humble, secure, and commonplace stone! We
neglect it with the eye, we spurn it with the foot--it is not worth
raising from the shore. Yet no book was ever written, no message was
ever delivered, no romance ever depicted, no epic ever sung, containing
such wondrous interest as the story of this stone, could any man tell
it. What thronging conjectures! what unbidden and tumultuous memories
rise as we contemplate its possible mutations of existence! History was
unwritten when it first slept in the earth. What generations of men have
lived and struggled, and died since it was first broken from the
rock! Great battles, changing the fate of dynasties, and involving
the servitude of races, have been fought over its calm resting place.
Possibly thousands of years ago the mastodon trod upon it, and the
ichthyosaurus paddled it into the sea. Ancient waves may have washed it
into the ocean, before the first ship was launched by the first mariner.
In the silent and wondrous caverns of the great deep, which no plummet
has fathomed and no eye has ever seen, it has lain in regal rest. What
monsters have glared at it! what tempests have raged, what tornadoes
have broken over it! what earthquakes may have tossed it up from its
hiding place. On what shore did it reappear? Did some Assyrian lover
watch the wave which washed it up? Did some young Pharaoh play with it?
Has it been imbedded in the walls of Troy? Did Achilles plant his
spear by it? Did it lie on the plains of Marathon on the morning of the
memorable battle? Has it been dyed by the blood of Caesar in the streets
of Rome? Have Chaldean shepherds picked it up as the orient morning sun
broke over their silent plains?

When all these and a thousand other questions have been answered, its
history is not begun. Its elements are indestructible. The parts of
which it is composed were never created--in some form, in some world,
they always existed. Where were they when the earth was without form or
void? To what astral system did the matter of this pebble once belong?
Of what star did it form a part? Where was it before time on this planet
began to be? If matter has existed for ever, this stone in its countless
transmutations is a geological Wandering Jew of eternity. If we cannot
tell the history of a single stone, who shall tell the history of God?
If a poor pebble be a surpassing mystery, who shall understand the
Deity? What must be the pretension, the presumption to infinite capacity
of that man who, pausing not in reverent humility in the presence of
these myriad miracles which crowd before him, yet tells us in confident
and dogmatic tones, that he

     'Looks _through_ Nature up to Nature's God?'

For myself, I cleave rather to that more modest form of opinion which
stands in mute wonder and listens with greedy ears to the secret tale of
Nature, and waits with undying interest the revelations which science,
or thought, or time, or death, shall make of these mysteries which
surround us evermore.







