







 
   
     
       
         The comparative anatomy of trunks together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon; in two parts: the former read before the Royal Society, Feb. 25. 1674/5; the latter, June 17. 1675. The whole explicated by several figures in nineteen copper-plates; presented to the Royal Society in the years 1673. and 1674. By Nehemiah Grew, M.D. and fellow of the Royal Society.
         Grew, Nehemiah, 1641-1712.
      
       
         
           1675
        
      
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         A42101
         Wing G1947
         ESTC R218849
         99830406
         99830406
         34857
         
           
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             The comparative anatomy of trunks together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon; in two parts: the former read before the Royal Society, Feb. 25. 1674/5; the latter, June 17. 1675. The whole explicated by several figures in nineteen copper-plates; presented to the Royal Society in the years 1673. and 1674. By Nehemiah Grew, M.D. and fellow of the Royal Society.
             Grew, Nehemiah, 1641-1712.
          
           [26], 81, [23] p., [18] leaves of plates (folded)
           
             printed by J.M. for Walter Kettilby at the sign of the Bishops Head in S. Paul's Church-yard,
             London :
             1675.
          
           
             With a preliminary order to print from the Royal Society dated: Octob. 21. 1675.
             With errata on a4r.
             The figures on each plate are numbered in arabic: 1-27 (lacking no. 26).
             Caption title on p. 39: An account of the vegetation of trunks grounded upon the foregoing anatomy.
             "The explication of the figures" follows p. 81 (leaves G-H⁴).
             Copy filmed has the last five plates from the L copy spliced at end.
             Reproduction of the originals in the Harvard University Library and the British Library (5 plates only).
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Botany -- England -- Early works to 1800.
           Botany -- Anatomy -- Early works to 1800.
           Woody plants -- England -- Early works to 1800.
           Plants, Useful -- England -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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             At
             a
             Meeting
             of
             the
             Council
             of
             the
             
               Royal
               Society
            
             ,
             
               Octob.
               21.
               1675.
               
            
          
        
         
           Ordered
           ,
        
         
           
             THAT
             a
             Book
             Intituled
          
           ,
           The
           Comparative
           Anatomy
           of
           TRUNKS
           ,
           together
           with
           an
           account
           of
           their
           Vegetation
           grounded
           thereupon
           ;
           In
           two
           parts
           :
           the
           former
           read
           before
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
             February
             25.
             1674
             /
             5
          
           ;
           the
           latter
           
             June
             17.
             1675.
          
           the
           whole
           explicated
           by
           several
           Figures
           in
           Nineteen
           Copper-plates
           ;
           Presented
           to
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           in
           the
           years
           1673.
           and
           1674.
           by
           Dr.
           
             Nehemiah
             Grew
          
           ;
           be
           Printed
           by
           the
           assigns
           of
           
             John
             Martyn
          
           Printer
           to
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           for
           
             Walter
             Kettilby
          
           .
        
         
           
             BROUNCKER
             P.
             R.
             S.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           The
           Comparative
           ANATOMY
           OF
           TRUNKS
           ,
           Together
           with
           an
           Account
           of
           their
           Vegetation
           grounded
           thereupon
           ;
           IN
           TWO
           PARTS
           :
           The
           former
           read
           before
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
             ,
             Feb.
          
           25.
           1674
           /
           5
           ;
           the
           latter
           ,
           June
           17.
           1675.
           
           The
           whole
           explicated
           by
           several
           Figures
           in
           Nineteen
           Copper-Plates
           ;
           presented
           to
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           in
           the
           years
           1673.
           and
           1674.
           
           By
           
             Nehemiah
             Grew
          
           ,
           M.
           D.
           and
           Fellow
           of
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           by
           
             J.
             M.
          
           for
           
             Walter
             Kettilby
          
           at
           the
           Sign
           of
           the
           Bishops
           Head
           in
           S.
           Paul's
           Church-yard
           .
           1675.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           most
           August
           Prince
           ,
           CHARLES
           II.
           OF
           
             Great
             Brittaine
             ,
             France
          
           ,
           and
           Ireland
           ,
           King
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           
             May
             it
             please
             your
             Majesty
             ,
          
        
         
           HAving
           formerly
           dedicated
           two
           Essays
           to
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           ,
           of
           the
           Anatomy
           of
           Plants
           ;
           and
           both
           with
           good
           acceptance
           :
           and
           Your
           Majesty
           likewise
           ,
           upon
           Your
           view
           of
           them
           ,
           having
           been
           pleased
           to
           speak
           well
           
           of
           the
           same
           :
           I
           am
           now
           emboldened
           most
           humbly
           to
           present
           a
           Third
           into
           Your
           Own
           Royal
           Hands
           .
        
         
           By
           which
           Your
           Majesty
           will
           find
           ;
           That
           there
           are
           
             Terrae
             Incognitae
          
           in
           Philosophy
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Geography
           :
           For
           the
           discovery
           of
           this
           Part
           whereof
           ,
           I
           did
           resolve
           to
           make
           an
           Adventure
           .
           And
           I
           may
           ,
           without
           vanity
           ,
           say
           thus
           much
           ,
           That
           it
           was
           my
           fortune
           ,
           to
           be
           the
           first
           that
           ever
           gave
           a
           Map
           of
           the
           Country
           .
        
         
           Your
           Majesty
           will
           here
           see
           ,
           That
           there
           are
           those
           things
           ,
           which
           are
           little
           less
           admirable
           within
           a
           Plant
           ,
           than
           within
           an
           Animal
           .
           That
           a
           Plant
           ,
           as
           well
           
           as
           an
           Animal
           ,
           is
           constituted
           of
           several
           Organical
           Parts
           ;
           some
           whereof
           may
           be
           called
           its
           Bowels
           .
           That
           every
           Plant
           hath
           Bowels
           of
           divers
           kinds
           ,
           containing
           divers
           kinds
           of
           Liquors
           .
           That
           even
           a
           Plant
           lives
           partly
           upon
           Air
           ;
           for
           the
           reception
           whereof
           ,
           it
           hath
           peculiar
           Organs
           .
           So
           that
           a
           Plant
           is
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           an
           Animal
           in
           Queers
           ;
           even
           as
           an
           Animal
           is
           a
           Plant
           ,
           or
           rather
           several
           Plants
           ,
           bound
           up
           into
           one
           Volume
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           said
           Organs
           ,
           Bowels
           or
           other
           Parts
           ,
           are
           as
           artificially
           made
           ;
           and
           as
           punctually
           ,
           for
           their
           Place
           and
           Number
           ,
           composed
           together
           ;
           as
           
           all
           the
           Mathematical
           Lines
           of
           a
           Flower
           or
           Face
           .
           That
           the
           Staple
           of
           the
           Stuff
           is
           so
           exquisitely
           fine
           ,
           that
           no
           Silkworm
           is
           able
           to
           draw
           so
           small
           a
           Thred
           .
           So
           that
           one
           who
           walks
           about
           with
           the
           meanest
           stick
           ,
           holds
           a
           Piece
           of
           Natures
           Handicraft
           in
           his
           hand
           ,
           which
           far
           surpasses
           the
           most
           elaborate
           Woof
           ,
           or
           Needlework
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           That
           by
           all
           these
           Means
           ,
           the
           Ascent
           of
           the
           Sap
           ;
           the
           Distribution
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           the
           Confection
           of
           several
           sorts
           of
           Liquors
           ,
           as
           Lymphas
           ,
           Milks
           ,
           Oyls
           ,
           Balsoms
           ;
           with
           other
           Acts
           of
           Vegetation
           ,
           are
           all
           contrived
           and
           brought
           about
           in
           a
           Mechanical
           
           way
           .
           In
           sum
           ,
           Your
           Majesty
           will
           find
           ,
           that
           we
           are
           come
           ashore
           into
           a
           new
           World
           ,
           whereof
           we
           see
           no
           end
           .
        
         
           It
           may
           be
           ,
           that
           some
           will
           say
           ,
           Into
           another
           Utopia
           .
           Yet
           not
           I
           ,
           but
           Nature
           speaketh
           these
           things
           .
           T●●
           only
           true
           Pallas
           ,
           wherewith
           it
           is
           Treasonable
           for
           the
           most
           curious
           handed
           Arachne
           to
           compare
           .
           In
           whose
           name
           ,
           I
           ,
           the
           meanest
           of
           her
           Pupils
           ,
           do
           in
           all
           humility
           crave
           Your
           Majesties
           Most
           Gracious
           Patronage
           .
           Whereof
           I
           cannot
           doubt
           ,
           whilst
           I
           consider
           Your
           Royal
           Propensity
           in
           all
           other
           like
           cases
           :
           that
           You
           are
           too
           Great
           to
           be
           moved
           by
           the
           suggestions
           of
           Ignorance
           ,
           
           or
           Prejudice
           :
           and
           that
           You
           are
           often
           exercised
           in
           much
           higher
           demonstrations
           of
           those
           Princely
           endowments
           of
           Wisdom
           ,
           Justice
           ,
           and
           Goodness
           .
           All
           which
           illustrate
           Your
           Majesties
           Imperial
           Crown
           ,
           and
           make
           You
           truly
           August
           .
        
         
           Withal
           ,
           there
           is
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           some
           thing
           Royal
           ,
           in
           Your
           Majesties
           Philosophy
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Inclinations
           and
           Power
           .
           Agreeable
           to
           the
           Principles
           whereof
           ,
           You
           have
           been
           pleased
           to
           Institute
           that
           Society
           ,
           whose
           business
           is
           ,
           an
           Unbyassed
           ,
           and
           Universal
           search
           of
           Truth
           .
           Your
           Majesty
           deeming
           it
           to
           be
           as
           Noble
           a
           Design
           ,
           to
           enlarge
           the
           Territories
           of
           
           Knowledge
           ,
           as
           those
           of
           Dominion
           .
        
         
           If
           I
           shall
           make
           any
           further
           Observations
           of
           this
           ,
           or
           other
           nature
           ;
           I
           must
           needs
           wish
           ,
           still
           to
           seat
           my self
           in
           a
           clear
           Light
           ;
           as
           is
           that
           of
           Your
           Majesties
           Favour
           .
           You
           being
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           
             Sol
             &
             Anima
             hujus
             Insularis
             Mundi
             .
          
           And
           therefore
           no
           less
           to
           so
           small
           a
           part
           thereof
           ,
           as
           is
           ,
        
         
           
             Your
             Majesties
             most
             humble
             and
             most
             obedient
             Servant
             and
             Subject
             ,
             N.
             Grew
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           Right
           Honourable
           WILLIAM
           Lord
           Viscount
           BROUNCKER
           THE
           PRESIDENT
           OF
           THE
           
             ROYAL
             SOCIETY
             ▪
          
           (
           Together
           with
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Fellows
           of
           the
           said
           Society
           .
           )
        
         
           
             My
             Lord
             ,
          
        
         
           HAving
           in
           all
           humility
           presented
           the
           following
           discourses
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           our
           Royal
           Patron
           :
           I
           next
           crave
           leave
           to
           do
           the
           like
           to
           Your
           
           Lordship
           .
           You
           being
           ,
           in
           some
           sense
           ,
           His
           Majesties
           Chancellor
           in
           these
           Affairs
           ;
           and
           having
           highly
           justif●ed
           his
           choice
           of
           you
           ,
           by
           that
           great
           Prudence
           and
           Integrity
           you
           have
           upon
           all
           occasions
           shewed
           herein
           .
        
         
           One
           Instance
           whereof
           hath
           been
           afforded
           us
           by
           this
           present
           Subject
           ,
           sc.
           the
           Anatomy
           of
           Plants
           .
           Which
           having
           been
           some
           years
           since
           undertook
           ;
           and
           since
           then
           Additions
           made
           thereunto
           ;
           and
           both
           published
           by
           the
           Advice
           of
           the
           Royal
           Society
           ,
           and
           the
           Order
           of
           their
           Council
           ,
           wherein
           your
           Lordship
           presides
           :
           Your
           Lordship
           hath
           thought
           fit
           ,
           notwithstanding
           ,
           lately
           to
           give
           the
           same
           Order
           for
           the
           publishing
           of
           a
           like
           undertaking
           ,
           by
           another
           (
           indeed
           a
           most
           accurate
           )
           Hand
           .
           As
           well
           knowing
           ,
           That
           it
           would
           be
           no
           disadvantage
           to
           the
           credit
           of
           those
           Matters
           ,
           which
           were
           so
           new
           and
           strange
           ,
           to
           be
           offered
           to
           the
           World
           from
           a
           twofold
           Authority
           .
           
           For
           one
           ,
           although
           he
           have
           no
           mind
           to
           deceive
           ,
           yet
           may
           sooner
           be
           deceived
           ,
           than
           two
           may
           be
           .
           Especially
           living
           in
           divers
           Countrys
           ,
           and
           having
           had
           no
           correspondence
           .
           Likewise
           ,
           that
           although
           the
           same
           Subject
           be
           prosecuted
           by
           two
           Hands
           ;
           yet
           would
           it
           be
           still
           more
           Illustrated
           by
           the
           various
           Examples
           of
           Both.
           As
           also
           ,
           that
           like
           as
           in
           other
           matters
           ,
           so
           here
           the
           defects
           of
           both
           the
           Undertakers
           ,
           would
           mutually
           be
           supplied
           .
        
         
           Of
           these
           ,
           with
           Your
           Lordships
           leave
           ,
           I
           shall
           give
           some
           Instances
           .
           In
           the
           third
           Chapter
           of
           my
           first
           Book
           I
           have
           assigned
           an
           Aerial
           Content
           to
           those
           I
           here
           call
           the
           Air-vessels
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           second
           Chapter
           of
           that
           Book
           ,
           have
           given
           a
           description
           of
           them
           .
           Yet
           so
           far
           only
           ,
           as
           the
           unassisted
           eye
           would
           discover
           :
           having
           resolved
           ,
           for
           divers
           reasons
           ,
           to
           reserve
           the
           Microscopical
           Part
           for
           a
           second
           attempt
           .
           But
           what
           could
           not
           be
           observed
           
           by
           the
           bare
           eye
           ,
           the
           Learned
           
             Marcellus
             Malpighius
          
           ,
           by
           the
           help
           of
           Glasses
           ,
           did
           in
           his
           first
           Book
           (
           which
           the
           Learned
           Mr.
           Oldenburge
           calleth
           his
           Idea
           )
           superadd
           ,
           sc.
           their
           Spiral
           Texture
           .
           By
           which
           Observation
           ,
           I
           do
           say
           ,
           in
           the
           words
           of
           the
           Learned
           Grotius
           upon
           the
           like
           occasion
           ,
           
             Profecisse
             me
             non
             diff●●eor
             ,
             quin
             gaudeo
             etiam
             gloriórque
             .
          
        
         
           In
           like
           manner
           ,
           such
           observations
           as
           Signior
           Malpighi
           had
           not
           inserted
           into
           his
           first
           Book
           ,
           were
           to
           be
           found
           in
           my
           first
           .
           As
           for
           example
           ,
           A
           description
           of
           the
           Florid
           Attire
           ,
           in
           all
           Corymbiferous
           ,
           and
           other
           similar
           Flowers
           :
           of
           the
           Acetary
           in
           the
           center
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           Pears
           :
           of
           the
           Stone
           in
           all
           sorts
           of
           Plums
           :
           of
           a
           third
           and
           inmost
           Cover
           ,
           found
           in
           almost
           all
           Seeds
           whatsoever
           ,
           and
           often
           analogous
           to
           a
           Secundine
           :
           The
           prodigious
           swelth
           of
           the
           Covers
           (
           especially
           in
           Stone
           Fruits
           )
           upon
           the
           Generation
           of
           the
           
           seed
           ,
           and
           their
           contraction
           afterwards
           ;
           after
           the
           manner
           of
           the
           Womb
           in
           some
           Animals
           :
           with
           divers
           others
           :
           some
           whereof
           are
           now
           to
           be
           found
           in
           Signior
           
           Malpighi's
           second
           Book
           ,
           and
           some
           are
           there
           still
           wanting
           .
           The
           same
           worthy
           person
           being
           now
           pleased
           likewise
           ,
           to
           use
           the
           self
           same
           Names
           which
           ,
           having
           procured
           my
           Book
           (
           sent
           him
           by
           the
           Learned
           Mr.
           Oldenburge
           )
           to
           be
           translated
           into
           Latine
           ,
           he
           saw
           I
           did
           therein
           give
           to
           some
           of
           the
           said
           described
           Parts
           .
        
         
           Again
           to
           his
           observation
           of
           the
           spiral
           Texture
           of
           the
           Air-vessels
           ,
           in
           my
           second
           Book
           I
           have
           added
           a
           further
           description
           of
           the
           said
           Vessels
           .
        
         
           Once
           more
           ,
           whereas
           saying
           little
           of
           Roots
           ,
           he
           hath
           applyed
           himself
           chiefly
           to
           discourse
           of
           Trunks
           :
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           in
           my
           second
           Book
           ,
           I
           have
           made
           it
           my
           business
           ,
           to
           treat
           more
           largely
           ,
           and
           to
           give
           the
           Comparative
           Anatomy
           of
           Roots
           .
           For
           this
           
           amongst
           other
           reasons
           ,
           that
           hereby
           the
           nature
           of
           both
           Parts
           might
           be
           still
           more
           fully
           and
           perspicuously
           represented
           betwixt
           us
           Both.
           
        
         
           Upon
           the
           consideration
           of
           all
           which
           I
           am
           ,
           my
           Lord
           ,
           very
           sensible
           ,
           as
           of
           that
           great
           Justice
           you
           have
           done
           to
           the
           Subject
           treated
           of
           ;
           so
           honour
           to
           my self
           ,
           in
           having
           assigned
           unto
           me
           so
           eminent
           a
           Collegue
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           following
           Anatomy
           ,
           I
           shall
           give
           your
           Lordship
           the
           trouble
           of
           noting
           ;
           That
           I
           have
           varied
           from
           Signior
           Malpighi
           in
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           all
           the
           Examples
           here
           exhibited
           .
           As
           also
           ,
           that
           some
           progress
           is
           here
           made
           beyond
           what
           your
           Lordship
           will
           find
           in
           the
           abovesaid
           Learned
           Author
           .
           As
           for
           example
           ,
           in
           a
           further
           discovery
           of
           the
           Fabrick
           or
           Structure
           of
           the
           Lymphaeducts
           ;
           of
           the
           Air-vessels
           ;
           and
           of
           the
           Pith
           :
           and
           in
           sundry
           particulars
           more
           .
           For
           which
           reason
           ,
           I
           thought
           it
           more
           proper
           to
           follow
           the
           said
           
           worthy
           Author
           ,
           in
           the
           publishing
           hereof
           ,
           rather
           than
           to
           precede
           him
           :
           although
           the
           Figures
           ,
           your
           Lordship
           may
           remember
           ,
           were
           presented
           to
           the
           Royal
           Society
           long
           ago
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           them
           two
           years
           since
           .
           Lastly
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           chosen
           to
           give
           my
           examples
           chiefly
           in
           the
           transverse
           Section
           ;
           whereas
           those
           of
           Signior
           Malpighi
           ,
           are
           principally
           in
           cutting
           by
           the
           length
           .
           Which
           I
           have
           done
           chiefly
           for
           this
           reason
           ,
           Because
           ,
           that
           as
           the
           Variety
           of
           the
           parts
           (
           as
           to
           Size
           ,
           Number
           ,
           and
           Position
           )
           in
           every
           species
           ;
           so
           their
           Regularity
           and
           Constancy
           in
           the
           individuals
           of
           each
           ,
           are
           this
           way
           ,
           much
           more
           clearly
           and
           certainly
           represented
           .
           Without
           a
           distinct
           remark
           of
           which
           circumstances
           ,
           the
           Generation
           of
           the
           various
           kinds
           of
           Liquors
           in
           Plants
           ,
           and
           divers
           other
           particulars
           ,
           cannot
           possibly
           be
           understood
           .
           All
           which
           your
           Lordship
           will
           best
           observe
           ,
           by
           comparing
           our
           several
           Figures
           together
           .
        
         
         
         
         
         
         
           And
           for
           the
           subsequent
           discourse
           ,
           grounded
           on
           this
           Anatomy
           ;
           I
           humbly
           submit
           the
           same
           to
           your
           Lordships
           Judgment
           ;
           which
           must
           needs
           be
           candid
           and
           benign
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           great
           .
           I
           have
           only
           this
           to
           say
           ,
        
         
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           .
        
         
           Your
           Lordship
           will
           not
           disapprove
           the
           Enterprize
           ,
           though
           as
           yet
           it
           falls
           short
           of
           perfection
           .
           It
           being
           the
           result
           of
           your
           Lordships
           manifold
           Virtues
           and
           Abilities
           ,
           That
           you
           know
           how
           far
           to
           encourage
           the
           meanest
           attempts
           ;
           as
           well
           as
           rightly
           to
           value
           ,
           and
           assist
           the
           greatest
           performances
           .
           Upon
           the
           account
           whereof
           ,
           it
           is
           even
           my
           ambition
           to
           be
           ,
        
         
           
             My
             Lord
             ,
          
           
             Your
             Lordships
             most
             obsequious
             and
             humble
             Servant
             ,
             N.
             Grew
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             THE
             FIRST
             PART
             .
          
           
             
               Chap.
               1.
               
            
             A
             Description
             of
             6.
             several
             Trunks
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             to
             the
             naked
             eye
             ,
             viz.
             
             
               
                 Of
                 Borage
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   2.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Dandelyon
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   3.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Colewort
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   4.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Holyoak
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Wild
                 Cucumer
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Endive
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   6.
                
                 
              
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               2.
               
            
             A
             description
             of
             several
             Trunks
             and
             parts
             of
             Trunks
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             through
             a
             good
             Microscope
             .
             
               
                 First
                 a
                 general
                 description
                 of
                 the
                 several
                 parts
                 of
                 the
                 Bark
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   7.
                
                 
                 Of
                 the
                 skin
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   7
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
                 Of
                 the
                 Parenchyma
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   8
                   ,
                   9.
                
                 
                 Of
                 the
                 Vessels
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   9
                   ,
                   10.
                
                 
              
               
                 Next
                 a
                 particular
                 description
                 of
                 the
                 Barks
                 of
                 8
                 several
                 Trunks
                 ;
                 sc.
                 of
                 Holly
                 ,
                 Hazel
                 ,
                 Barberry
                 ,
                 Apple
                 ,
                 Pear
                 ,
                 Plum
                 ,
                 Elm
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ;
                 The
                 Vessels
                 of
                 all
                 whose
                 Barks
                 are
                 Lymphaeducts
                 :
                 and
                 those
                 of
                 two
                 kinds
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   10
                   ,
                   12.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 3
                 more
                 ,
                 sc.
                 Wallnut
                 ,
                 Fig
                 ,
                 and
                 Pine
                 :
                 the
                 
                 Vessels
                 of
                 the
                 Barks
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 first
                 being
                 Lymphaeducts
                 and
                 Lactiferous
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   12
                   ,
                   13.
                
                 
                 Of
                 the
                 next
                 Lymphaeducts
                 and
                 resiniferous
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   13
                   ,
                   14.
                
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 3
                 more
                 ,
                 sc.
                 Oak
                 ,
                 common
                 Sumach
                 ,
                 and
                 common
                 Wormwood
                 ,
                 the
                 Vessels
                 of
                 whose
                 Barks
                 are
                 of
                 3
                 kinds
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   14
                   ,
                   17.
                
                 
              
               
                 A
                 Further
                 observation
                 of
                 the
                 Sap-vessels
                 in
                 general
                 ,
                 
                   p.
                   17
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               3.
               
            
             
               A
               description
               of
               the
               Wood
               in
               all
               Trunks
               ,
               
                 p.
                 20.
              
               
            
             
               In
               the
               several
               Trunks
               aforesaid
               .
               As
               of
               their
               Parenchymous
               part
               ,
               or
               Insertions
               ,
               
                 p.
                 21
                 ,
                 22.
              
               
               Of
               their
               Vessels
               ,
               
                 p.
                 22
              
               Of
               the
               Vessels
               originally
               containing
               Sap
               ;
               being
               the
               true
               wood
               .
               
                 p.
                 23
                 ,
                 26.
              
               
               Of
               their
               Air-vessels
               ,
               
                 p.
                 26
                 ,
                 29.
              
               
               A
               farther
               observation
               of
               the
               Air-vessels
               in
               general
               ,
               
                 p.
                 30.
              
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               4.
               
            
             
               A
               description
               of
               the
               Pith
               in
               general
               ,
               
                 p.
                 31.
              
               
               In
               the
               several
               Trunks
               or
               Branches
               aforesaid
               .
               As
               of
               the
               size
               ,
               
                 p.
                 32.
              
               
               Of
               the
               Vessels
               ,
               
                 p.
                 32.
              
               
               Of
               the
               Parenchyma
               ,
               and
               its
               bladders
               ,
               
                 p.
                 32
                 ,
                 34.
              
               
               Its
               Apertures
               or
               Ruptures
               ,
               
                 p.
                 34
                 ,
                 35.
              
               
            
             
               Some
               further
               observations
               of
               the
               Pith
               in
               general
               .
               And
               of
               all
               the
               pithy
               and
               parenchymous
               parts
               of
               a
               Plant
               ,
               
                 p.
                 35
                 ,
                 38.
              
               
            
          
        
         
           
             THE
             SECOND
             PART
             .
          
           
             
               Chap.
               1.
               
            
             OF
             the
             motion
             of
             the
             Sap
             in
             the
             Pith
             ,
             
               p.
               41.
            
             
             In
             the
             Wood
             ,
             p.
             
             42.
             
             In
             the
             Bark
             ,
             
               p.
               43.
            
             
             Two
             kinds
             of
             bleeding
             in
             Plants
             ,
             
               p.
               43
               ,
               44.
            
             
             The
             Causes
             of
             both
             ,
             
               p.
               44
               ,
               45.
            
             
             The
             cause
             of
             the
             ascent
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             
               p.
               46
               ,
               47.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               2.
               
            
             
               Of
               the
               motion
               of
               the
               Air.
               
            
             
               That
               it
               first
               enters
               the
               Plant
               partly
               by
               the
               Trunk
               ,
               proved
               ,
               
                 p.
                 48.
              
               
               But
               chiefly
               by
               the
               Root
               ,
               
                 p
                 49.
              
               
               The
               manner
               of
               its
               distribution
               thence
               throughout
               the
               Plant
               ,
               
                 p.
                 50.
              
               
               The
               use
               of
               the
               Insertions
               herein
               ,
               
                 p.
                 51.
              
               
               A
               Comparison
               betwixt
               the
               use
               of
               the
               Insertions
               ,
               and
               the
               Membranous
               parts
               of
               the
               Lungs
               ,
               
                 p.
                 52.
              
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               3.
               
            
             
               Of
               the
               str●cture
               of
               the
               parts
               .
            
             
               The
               Union
               of
               the
               Bark
               to
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               
                 p.
                 52
              
               The
               cause
               of
               it
               ,
               
                 p.
                 53.
              
               
               Of
               the
               various
               surface
               and
               falling
               off
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               
                 p.
                 53.
              
               
               Of
               the
               lessening
               of
               the
               Pith
               in
               the
               elder
               Branches
               .
               Of
               the
               Ruptures
               of
               the
               Pith
               ,
               
                 p.
                 54.
              
               
               And
               for
               what
               ends
               ,
               
                 p.
                 54
                 ,
                 55.
              
               
               How
               the
               Air-vessels
               come
               to
               be
               less
               in
               the
               Trunk
               of
               the
               same
               Plant
               ,
               than
               in
               the
               Root
               ,
               
                 p.
                 55
                 ,
                 56.
              
               
               And
               those
               of
               the
               first
               year
               ,
               usually
               much
               less
               than
               those
               of
               the
               years
               following
               ,
               
                 p.
                 56
                 ,
                 57.
              
               
               How
               the
               Air-vessels
               come
               to
               be
               formed
               always
               late
               in
               the
               year
               ,
               
                 p.
                 57.
              
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               4.
               
            
             
               Of
               the
               Generation
               of
               Liquors
               .
            
             
               The
               Sap
               nutritive
               by
               a
               double
               Tincture
               from
               the
               Lignous
               and
               Parenchymous
               parts
               ,
               
                 p.
                 58.
              
               
               The
               Vessels
               of
               Plants
               of
               the
               same
               use
               as
               the
               Viscera
               in
               Animals
               ,
               
                 p.
                 59.
              
               
               By
               what
               means
               a
               Winy
               Sap
               is
               made
               ,
               
                 p.
                 59
                 ,
                 61.
              
               
               By
               what
               
               means
               a
               Resinous
               ,
               
                 p.
                 61
                 ,
                 63.
              
               
               And
               how
               a
               Plant
               comes
               to
               have
               Oyl
               in
               all
               its
               parts
               ,
               
                 p.
                 61.
              
               
               By
               what
               means
               a
               Milkie
               Sap
               is
               made
               ,
               
                 p.
                 63
                 ,
                 64.
              
               
               How
               the
               Liquors
               of
               Plants
               come
               to
               be
               white
               ,
               
                 p.
                 64.
              
               
               All
               the
               Milkie
               liquors
               of
               Plants
               more
               Oyly
               proved
               ,
               
                 p.
                 65.
              
               
               What
               a
               Rosin
               properly
               so
               called
               ,
               
                 p.
                 65.
              
               
               What
               a
               Gum
               ,
               
                 p.
                 66.
              
               
               What
               a
               Mucilage
               ,
               
                 p.
                 66.
              
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               5.
               
            
             
               Of
               the
               Figuration
               of
               Trunks
               .
            
             
               The
               Cause
               of
               a
               Shrub
               ,
               
                 p.
                 68.
              
               
               Of
               a
               tall
               Tree
               ,
               
                 p.
                 69.
              
               
               Of
               a
               Slender
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               Thick
               Tree
               ,
               
                 p.
                 69.
              
               
               Whence
               Trunks
               round
               or
               angular
               ,
               
                 p.
                 70.
              
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               6.
               
            
             Of
             the
             motions
             of
             trunks
             .
             The
             cause
             of
             the
             ascent
             of
             Trunks
             ,
             
               p.
               71.
            
             
             Of
             their
             descent
             into
             the
             ground
             ,
             
               p.
               71
               ,
               72.
            
             
             Of
             their
             Horizontal
             motion
             ,
             
               p.
               72.
            
             
             Of
             their
             spiral
             motion
             ,
             
               p.
               73.
            
             
             Whence
             Solar
             and
             Lunar
             Plants
             distinguished
             ,
             
               p.
               73.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               7.
               
            
             
               Of
               the
               nature
               of
               Trunks
               as
               variously
               fitted
               for
               Mechanical
               use
               .
            
             
               Whence
               woods
               are
               soft
               ,
               and
               with
               what
               difference
               ,
               
                 p.
                 74
                 ,
                 75.
              
               
               Whence
               they
               are
               fast
               ,
               
                 p.
                 75.
              
               
               Fast
               and
               Hard
               ,
               
                 p.
                 76.
              
               
               Clevesome
               ,
               
                 p.
                 76.
              
               
               Tough
               ,
               
                 p.
                 77.
              
               
               Durable
               ,
               
                 p.
                 77.
              
               
               Why
               the
               heart
               of
               Timber
               most
               durable
               ,
               and
               why
               some
               trees
               have
               heart
               and
               not
               others
               ,
               
                 p.
                 78.
              
               
               Whence
               the
               Toughness
               of
               Flax
               ,
               
                 p.
                 79.
              
               
               What
               sort
               of
               Plants
               serve
               for
               the
               best
               Toe
               ,
               
                 p.
                 79.
              
               
               How
               all
               prosperous
               conjunctions
               in
               Graffing
               may
               be
               known
               ,
               
                 p.
                 80.
              
               
               The
               use
               of
               Graffing
               ,
               
                 p.
                 81.
              
               
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
           ERRATA
           .
        
         
           Pag.
           7.
           line
           2.
           
             for
             sight
          
           ;
           read
           ,
           light
           .
           p.
           9.
           l.
           24.
           r.
           
             upon
             ,
             or
             near
          
           .
           p.
           11.
           l.
           18.
           r.
           cutis
           .
           p.
           22.
           l.
           27.
           for
           many
           ;
           r.
           any
           .
           p.
           28.
           l
           1
           r.
           
             but
             alwayes
          
           .
           p.
           29.
           l.
           25.
           r.
           Branchiae
           .
           l.
           27.
           r.
           
             being
             of
             ▪
          
           p.
           32.
           l.
           17.
           r.
           Lacteals
           .
           p.
           39.
           l.
           ult
           .
           r.
           conformation
           .
           p.
           42.
           l.
           14.
           dele
           ,
           the.
           p.
           44.
           l.
           15.
           r.
           
             not
             from
             the
             Bark
             ,
             but
             the
             Air-vessels
             in
             the
             wood
             .
          
           p.
           45.
           l.
           7.
           r.
           also
           .
           p.
           48.
           l.
           8.
           r.
           reception
           .
           p.
           49.
           l.
           10.
           r.
           whereas
           .
           p.
           57.
           l.
           7.
           
             r.
             moister
          
           .
           p.
           72.
           l.
           20.
           r.
           standeth
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           THE
           Comparative
           Anatomy
           OF
           TRUNKS
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             
          
           
             
               TO
               the
            
             end
             we
             may
             know
             and
             clearly
             understand
             ,
             what
             the
             
               Trunk
               ,
               Stalk
            
             ,
             or
             Branch
             of
             a
             Plant
             is
             ;
             I
             shall
             ,
             by
             these
             Figures
             here
             before
             us
             ,
             describe
             the
             several
             Parts
             whereof
             it
             is
             compounded
             .
          
           
             And
             ,
             for
             examples
             sake
             ,
             I
             shall
             in
             the
             first
             place
             ,
             describe
             the
             Trunks
             of
             six
             several
             kinds
             of
             Plants
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             to
             ,
             and
             are
             observeable
             by
             the
             naked
             eye
             .
             Which
             having
             done
             ,
             I
             shall
             next
             proceed
             to
             a
             more
             particular
             Description
             of
             divers
             other
             
             Trunks
             and
             Branches
             as
             they
             appear
             through
             the
             Microscope
             I
             made
             use
             of
             .
             In
             both
             shewing
             ,
             not
             only
             what
             their
             several
             Parts
             are
             ,
             as
             belonging
             to
             a
             Branch
             ;
             but
             also
             by
             a
             comparative
             prospect
             ,
             in
             what
             respects
             they
             are
             specifically
             distinguished
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             in
             the
             several
             species
             of
             Branches
             .
          
           
             LET
             the
             First
             Trunk
             then
             to
             be
             described
             ,
             be
             that
             of
             Borage
             :
             in
             a
             slice
             whereof
             cut
             transversly
             ,
             appears
             ,
             first
             a
             tough
             ,
             yet
             fine
             and
             transparent
             Skin
             .
             Within
             this
             Skin
             there
             is
             also
             a
             slender
             Ring
             of
             Sap-Vessels
             :
             which
             ,
             without
             being
             crushed
             in
             the
             least
             ,
             do
             yield
             a
             Lympha
             .
          
           
             Next
             standeth
             the
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             Which
             is
             every
             where
             made
             up
             of
             a
             great
             number
             of
             very
             small
             Bubles
             or
             Vesicles
             .
             Upon
             the
             inner
             Verge
             of
             this
             Parenchyma
             ,
             standeth
             another
             Ring
             of
             Sap-Vessels
             :
             which
             also
             yeild
             a
             Lympha
             ;
             and
             that
             different
             ,
             as
             is
             probable
             ,
             from
             the
             Lympha
             in
             the
             utmost
             Ring
             .
             Hitherto
             goes
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             Adjacent
             to
             the
             Ring
             of
             Sap-Vessels
             ,
             on
             the
             inner
             Verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             stand
             the
             Air-Vessels
             ,
             on
             the
             outer
             Verge
             of
             the
             Pith.
             Not
             in
             a
             Ring
             ;
             but
             in
             Several
             Parcels
             ;
             some
             parcels
             in
             the
             figure
             of
             little
             specks
             ;
             others
             in
             little
             arched
             lines
             ,
             almost
             like
             an
             V
             
             Consonant
             .
             And
             being
             viewed
             in
             a
             good
             Glass
             ,
             there
             appears
             to
             be
             within
             the
             compass
             of
             every
             larger
             speck
             ,
             about
             20
             or
             30
             Air-vessels
             ;
             and
             within
             the
             smallest
             about
             8
             or
             10.
             
          
           
             The
             Pith
             ,
             in
             a
             well
             grown
             stalk
             ,
             is
             always
             hollow
             .
             But
             originally
             it
             is
             entire
             .
             It
             is
             wholly
             made
             up
             of
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Vesiculae
             ;
             being
             pentangular
             ,
             sexangular
             ,
             and
             septangular
             .
             And
             most
             of
             them
             larger
             than
             those
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             so
             as
             to
             be
             plainly
             visible
             to
             a
             naked
             eye
             .
          
           
             LET
             the
             next
             be
             Taraxacum
             ,
             or
             Dandelyon
             .
             In
             a
             slice
             whereof
             cut
             alike
             transversly
             ,
             is
             seen
             ,
             first
             a
             skin
             ,
             then
             a
             simple
             ,
             white
             ,
             and
             close
             Parenchyma
             ;
             made
             up
             likewise
             of
             Vesiculae
             ;
             but
             those
             exceeding
             small
             .
          
           
             Within
             this
             white
             and
             thick
             
               parenchymous
               Ring
            
             ,
             stand
             the
             Milk-vessels
             ,
             in
             several
             distinct
             Columns
             ,
             of
             different
             size
             ;
             each
             Column
             being
             made
             up
             of
             7.
             or
             8.
             arched
             lines
             .
             Betwixt
             these
             Columns
             ,
             run
             as
             many
             
               Diametral
               Portions
            
             ,
             derived
             from
             the
             said
             white
             and
             thick
             Parenchyma
             ,
             into
             or
             towards
             the
             Pith.
             
          
           
             Next
             within
             these
             ,
             stand
             the
             Air-vessels
             .
             Which
             are
             likewise
             divided
             ,
             by
             the
             said
             
               Diametral
               Portions
            
             ,
             into
             divers
             arched
             lines
             .
             The
             size
             of
             these
             Vessels
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             their
             number
             is
             less
             than
             in
             Borage
             .
          
           
           
             Within
             these
             stands
             the
             Pith
             ,
             consisting
             of
             very
             small
             Bubles
             or
             Vesicles
             ,
             as
             the
             Bark
             .
             'T
             is
             very
             small
             ,
             the
             Diameter
             hereof
             ,
             being
             scarce
             one
             fifth
             of
             that
             of
             the
             Pith
             of
             Borage
             .
             But
             the
             Bark
             of
             Borage
             is
             not
             half
             so
             thick
             as
             this
             of
             Dandelyon
             .
          
           
             
               A
               THIRD
               Trunk
            
             ,
             shall
             be
             that
             of
             Colewort
             .
             Wherein
             cut
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             before
             ,
             may
             be
             observed
             ,
             first
             a
             skin
             .
             Next
             to
             which
             ,
             a
             very
             close
             and
             darkish
             Parenchyma
             .
             Wherewith
             are
             mixed
             some
             few
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             which
             give
             it
             that
             hew
             .
          
           
             Within
             this
             stands
             a
             
               scalloped
               parenchymous
               Ring
            
             ,
             or
             a
             Ring
             of
             many
             short
             and
             slender
             white
             Arches
             .
             Which
             every
             where
             meeting
             together
             ,
             run
             in
             so
             many
             white
             
               Diametral
               Portions
            
             into
             the
             Pith.
             
          
           
             Next
             to
             the
             said
             white
             Arches
             ,
             and
             betwixt
             the
             said
             
               Diametral
               portions
            
             stands
             as
             many
             small
             parcels
             of
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             like
             so
             many
             little
             half-ovals
             .
             Within
             each
             of
             which
             ,
             is
             included
             a
             white
             Parenchyma
             .
          
           
             On
             the
             inner
             verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             stands
             another
             sort
             of
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             in
             one
             slender
             and
             entire
             Ring
             .
             And
             so
             far
             goes
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             Next
             within
             this
             Ring
             stand
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             in
             several
             parcels
             ,
             diametrically
             opposite
             to
             the
             said
             
               parenchymous
               parcels
            
             next
             without
             the
             Sap-Ring
             .
          
           
           
             Last
             of
             all
             ,
             and
             more
             within
             the
             Pith
             ,
             stand
             the
             same
             kind
             of
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             as
             those
             of
             the
             Half-ovals
             .
             Both
             these
             ,
             by
             small
             lines
             ,
             run
             one
             into
             another
             ;
             thus
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             hemming
             in
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             and
             so
             making
             altogether
             ,
             so
             many
             little
             Pyramids
             .
          
           
             LET
             a
             fourth
             be
             Holyoak
             .
             Wherein
             ,
             being
             cut
             as
             before
             ,
             next
             to
             the
             skin
             stands
             the
             Parenchyma
             ,
             somewhat
             close
             ;
             and
             ,
             in
             proportion
             thick
             .
          
           
             Towards
             the
             inner
             verge
             hereof
             ,
             stand
             one
             sort
             of
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             postur'd
             in
             short
             Rays
             .
             These
             Vessels
             yield
             a
             Mucilage
             .
             And
             on
             the
             inner
             verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             stands
             a
             thin
             Ring
             of
             other
             Sap-vessels
             .
          
           
             Next
             within
             the
             Bark
             stand
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             postur'd
             likewise
             in
             short
             Rays
             ,
             diametrically
             opposite
             to
             those
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
             In
             every
             Ray
             ,
             there
             are
             about
             12.
             or
             16.
             
             Vessels
             .
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             and
             more
             within
             the
             Pith
             ,
             there
             stand
             other
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             all
             in
             very
             thin
             or
             slender
             Chords
             ;
             thus
             hemming
             in
             the
             several
             parcels
             of
             Air-vessels
             .
          
           
             For
             a
             fifth
             ,
             I
             will
             take
             that
             of
             wild
             Cucumer
             .
             Wherein
             first
             of
             all
             next
             to
             the
             skin
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             Ring
             of
             Sap-vessels
             .
             Which
             Ring
             is
             also
             made
             up
             of
             rays
             ,
             all
             poynting
             to
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             them
             terminating
             on
             the
             skin
             .
          
           
           
             Next
             of
             all
             there
             is
             a
             thick
             ,
             and
             simple
             
               parenchymous
               Ring
            
             .
             On
             the
             inner
             verge
             whereof
             ,
             there
             are
             other
             Sap-vessels
             standing
             in
             parcels
             ,
             also
             in
             a
             Ring
             .
             So
             far
             goes
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             Next
             within
             stand
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             in
             as
             many
             parcels
             contiguous
             to
             those
             of
             the
             Sap-vessels
             aforesaid
             To
             which
             likewise
             are
             adj●●n●d
             as
             many
             more
             parcels
             of
             Sap-vessel
             wi●●in
             the
             Pith
             ,
             opposite
             to
             the
             said
             Sap-vessels
             within
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             LET
             the
             sixth
             be
             the
             Trunk
             of
             Endive
             .
             In
             which
             ,
             next
             to
             the
             skin
             ,
             there
             is
             ,
             first
             a
             thick
             and
             simple
             Parenchyma
             .
             Then
             there
             is
             a
             kind
             of
             
               undulated
               Ring
            
             of
             Milk-vessels
             .
             Within
             which
             stand
             a
             sort
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             in
             several
             parcels
             ,
             some
             in
             
               arched
               half-ovals
            
             ,
             others
             in
             short
             slender
             rays
             .
             Betwixt
             these
             parcels
             ,
             many
             of
             the
             Milk-vessels
             likewise
             stand
             .
          
           
             Next
             there
             is
             an
             
               undulated
               Ring
            
             of
             other
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             parting
             ,
             as
             in
             most
             Trunks
             ,
             betwixt
             the
             Bark
             and
             the
             pith
             .
             Within
             which
             are
             the
             Air-vessels
             .
             And
             within
             these
             more
             Sap-vessels
             .
             Both
             of
             them
             in
             small
             specks
             ,
             answerable
             ,
             or
             opposite
             to
             the
             rays
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             All
             the
             parts
             of
             these
             six
             Trunks
             ,
             may
             as
             I
             have
             now
             described
             them
             ,
             be
             observed
             ,
             without
             a
             Microscope
             :
             excepting
             only
             the
             number
             of
             the
             
               Air
               vessels
            
             .
             Yet
             three
             
             things
             are
             necessary
             ;
             viz.
             a
             good
             eye
             a
             clear
             sight
             ,
             and
             a
             Rasor
             wherewith
             to
             cut
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             
          
           
             I
             NOW
             proceed
             to
             a
             more
             particular
             Description
             of
             several
             Trunks
             and
             Branches
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             through
             the
             best
             Microscopes
             .
          
           
             Now
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             or
             Branch
             of
             every
             Tree
             hath
             three
             general
             parts
             to
             be
             described
             ;
             sc.
             the
             Bark
             ,
             the
             Wood
             ,
             and
             the
             Pith.
             That
             likewise
             of
             every
             
               Herhaceous
               Vegetable
            
             ,
             hath
             either
             the
             same
             three
             parts
             ;
             or
             els
             three
             parts
             analogous
             ;
             sc.
             the
             Cortical
             ,
             the
             Lignous
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Pithy
               parts
            
             .
          
           
             The
             Bark
             consisteth
             of
             two
             
               parts
               ,
               sc.
            
             the
             outmost
             skin
             ,
             and
             the
             
               main
               Body
            
             .
             The
             skin
             is
             generally
             composed
             of
             very
             small
             Vesicles
             or
             Bladders
             ,
             cluster'd
             together
             .
             That
             is
             ,
             originally
             ;
             but
             as
             the
             Plant
             grows
             ,
             the
             the
             skin
             dries
             ,
             &
             the
             said
             Bladders
             do
             very
             much
             shrink
             up
             and
             disappear
             .
          
           
             Amongst
             these
             Bladders
             of
             the
             skin
             ,
             there
             are
             usually
             intermixed
             a
             sort
             of
             
               Lignous
               Fibers
            
             ,
             or
             Vessels
             ,
             which
             run
             through
             the
             length
             of
             the
             skin
             ;
             as
             in
             
               Mallow
               ,
               Nettle
            
             ,
             
             
               Borage
               ,
               Thistle
            
             ,
             and
             most
             Plants
             .
             Which
             is
             not
             only
             argued
             from
             the
             toughness
             of
             the
             skin
             by
             means
             of
             the
             said
             Vessels
             ;
             but
             in
             some
             Plants
             may
             be
             plainly
             seen
             ,
             as
             in
             Teas●le
             .
          
           
             Whether
             they
             are
             Air-vessels
             ,
             or
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             is
             dubious
             .
             For
             on
             the
             one
             hand
             ,
             because
             they
             emitt
             no
             Sap
             ,
             or
             bleed
             not
             ,
             't
             is
             propable
             that
             they
             are
             Air-vessels
             .
             On
             the
             other
             hand
             ,
             they
             may
             be
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             notwithstanding
             .
             Because
             the
             non-emission
             of
             Sap
             is
             not
             an
             infallible
             and
             concluding
             argument
             of
             an
             Air-vessel
             .
          
           
             For
             there
             are
             some
             Plants
             which
             bleed
             not
             .
             Which
             yet
             are
             furnished
             with
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             as
             certainly
             as
             any
             others
             which
             bleed
             .
          
           
             The
             skin
             of
             the
             Trunk
             is
             sometimes
             visibly
             porous
             .
             But
             no
             where
             more
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             better
             sort
             of
             walking
             Canes
             ;
             where
             the
             pores
             are
             so
             big
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             visible
             even
             to
             the
             naked
             eye
             ;
             like
             to
             those
             upon
             the
             ends
             of
             our
             fingers
             .
             See
             Fig.
             7.
             
          
           
             The
             
               main
               Body
            
             of
             the
             Bark
             consisteth
             likewise
             of
             two
             parts
             ,
             sc.
             Parenchyma
             ,
             and
             Vessels
             .
             The
             Parenchyma
             is
             made
             up
             of
             an
             innumerable
             company
             of
             small
             Bladders
             clustered
             together
             .
             Differing
             in
             nothing
             from
             those
             aforesaid
             in
             the
             skin
             ;
             saving
             that
             they
             are
             much
             larger
             ;
             and
             generally
             rounder
             .
          
           
           
             This
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             is
             the
             same
             as
             to
             its
             substance
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             Root
             and
             Trunk
             .
             Yet
             as
             to
             the
             Texture
             of
             its
             parts
             ,
             in
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             other
             ,
             there
             is
             this
             observeable
             difference
             ,
             viz.
             That
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             the
             Root
             cut
             transversly
             ,
             the
             said
             Parenchyma
             is
             usually
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             disposed
             into
             
               Diametral
               rays
            
             ;
             running
             through
             the
             Bark
             ,
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             as
             do
             the
             
               hour
               lines
            
             through
             the
             margin
             of
             the
             Dial-plat
             of
             a
             Clock
             or
             Watch.
             Whereas
             here
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             the
             said
             Parenchyma
             is
             rarely
             thus
             disposed
             into
             
               Diametral
               Rays
            
             :
             nor
             when
             it
             is
             ,
             are
             those
             rays
             continued
             to
             the
             circumference
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             as
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             the
             Root
             they
             frequently
             are
             .
             What
             is
             further
             observeable
             in
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             Parenchyma
             ,
             I
             shall
             shew
             in
             the
             description
             of
             the
             Pith.
             
          
           
             The
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             are
             as
             I
             shall
             also
             shew
             ,
             diversifyed
             many
             ways
             .
             But
             there
             are
             some
             things
             ,
             wherein
             in
             all
             sorts
             of
             Plants
             ,
             they
             agree
             .
             First
             ,
             in
             standing
             ,
             most
             numerously
             ,
             or
             near
             ,
             the
             inner
             Margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             in
             being
             always
             ,
             and
             only
             Sap-vessels
             .
             I
             have
             viewed
             so
             many
             ,
             that
             at
             least
             ,
             I
             can
             securely
             affirm
             thus
             much
             ,
             that
             if
             there
             be
             any
             heteroclital
             Plants
             ,
             wherein
             they
             are
             found
             otherwise
             ,
             there
             is
             not
             one
             in
             five
             hundred
             .
             Thirdly
             ,
             
             in
             being
             always
             conjugated
             or
             braced
             together
             in
             the
             form
             of
             Net-work
             :
             although
             the
             number
             and
             distances
             of
             the
             braces
             ,
             are
             very
             different
             :
             as
             I
             have
             already
             shewed
             by
             divers
             Figures
             in
             my
             Anatomy
             of
             Roots
             .
          
           
             The
             Properties
             ,
             whereby
             the
             said
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             specificated
             and
             distinguished
             one
             from
             an
             other
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             same
             Plant
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             several
             species
             of
             Plants
             are
             very
             many
             .
             Which
             properties
             are
             not
             accidental
             ,
             but
             such
             as
             shew
             the
             constant
             and
             universal
             design
             of
             nature
             .
             All
             which
             shall
             be
             demonstrated
             by
             several
             Figures
             ,
             representing
             so
             many
             quarters
             of
             the
             slices
             of
             so
             many
             kinds
             of
             Branches
             cut
             transversly
             .
          
           
             FIRST
             then
             ,
             for
             the
             eight
             first
             quarters
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             only
             of
             
               two
               kinds
            
             .
             And
             those
             likewise
             only
             Lymphaeducts
             .
             Yet
             in
             all
             the
             eight
             ,
             they
             are
             in
             respect
             both
             of
             their
             proportion
             ,
             and
             position
             ,
             very
             different
             .
             So
             in
             Hazel
             and
             Ash
             they
             are
             but
             few
             .
             In
             Holly
             and
             Barberry
             more
             .
             In
             
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Plum
               ,
               Elm
               ,
            
             still
             more
             numerous
             .
             And
             of
             those
             three
             Fruits
             ,
             in
             an
             Apple
             ,
             or
             Plum
             ,
             more
             than
             in
             a
             Pear
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             as
             their
             proportion
             ,
             so
             likewise
             their
             position
             is
             divers
             .
             For
             in
             Holly
             ,
             the
             inner
             Vessels
             next
             to
             the
             wood
             stand
             in
             rays
             ,
             
             Yet
             so
             thick
             together
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             one
             entire
             Ring
             .
             In
             Hazel
             ,
             they
             stand
             more
             in
             oblong
             parcels
             .
             In
             Barberry
             they
             stand
             likewise
             in
             parcels
             ,
             but
             they
             are
             so
             many
             half-ovals
             .
             The
             utmost
             Lymphaeducts
             of
             all
             three
             ,
             make
             three
             rings
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             in
             
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
            
             ,
             and
             Plum
             ,
             the
             inmost
             Lymphaeducts
             are
             radiated
             .
             The
             utmost
             are
             neither
             radiated
             ,
             nor
             make
             an
             
               entire
               ring
            
             ;
             but
             stand
             in
             
               peripherial
               parcels
            
             .
             Much
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             they
             also
             stand
             in
             Elm.
             In
             Ash
             ,
             the
             said
             Vessels
             make
             two
             rings
             ,
             but
             neither
             of
             them
             radiated
             :
             the
             inmost
             ring
             consisting
             of
             
               arched
               parcels
            
             ,
             and
             the
             utmost
             of
             round
             ones
             .
             And
             whereas
             in
             all
             the
             foregoing
             ,
             the
             inmost
             are
             still
             contiguous
             to
             the
             wood
             ;
             and
             the
             utmost
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             distant
             from
             the
             cuts
             :
             here
             ,
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             the
             inmost
             are
             distant
             from
             the
             wood
             ,
             and
             the
             utmost
             contiguous
             to
             the
             cutis
             .
          
           
             All
             the
             said
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Barks
             of
             the
             said
             eight
             Branches
             ,
             though
             I
             call
             them
             Lymphaeducts
             ;
             because
             I
             observe
             not
             any
             of
             them
             to
             emitt
             any
             liquour
             ,
             but
             what
             is
             clear
             ,
             &
             less
             oyly
             :
             Yet
             are
             they
             not
             one
             ,
             but
             two
             distinct
             kinds
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             .
             Which
             is
             evident
             ,
             as
             from
             some
             other
             reasons
             ,
             so
             from
             hence
             ;
             In
             that
             their
             positions
             are
             altogether
             heterogeneous
             :
             Yet
             in
             both
             
             constant
             ,
             regular
             and
             uniform
             .
             I
             say
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             reason
             given
             ,
             why
             the
             self
             
               same
               kind
            
             or
             species
             of
             Vessels
             ,
             should
             have
             a
             different
             ,
             yea
             a
             contrary
             position
             ,
             and
             that
             contrariety
             not
             accidental
             ,
             but
             regular
             and
             constant
             .
          
           
             
               OF
               the
            
             three
             next
             quarters
             sc.
             the
             ninth
             ,
             tenth
             ,
             and
             eleventh
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             different
             in
             
               number
               ,
               position
               ,
               size
            
             ,
             and
             kind
             .
             In
             Pine
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             eleventh
             ,
             they
             are
             fewer
             .
             In
             Wallnut
             ,
             the
             ninth
             ,
             more
             .
             In
             Fig
             ,
             the
             tenth
             ,
             most
             numerous
             .
          
           
             So
             for
             their
             position
             .
             In
             pine
             ,
             the
             inmost
             make
             a
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             .
             The
             utmost
             stand
             stragling
             up
             and
             down
             ,
             without
             any
             certain
             order
             .
             In
             Wallnut
             the
             inmost
             make
             also
             a
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             ;
             The
             utmost
             make
             a
             
               doudle
               ring
            
             ;
             not
             radiated
             ,
             but
             of
             
               round
               parcels
            
             .
             In
             Fig
             ,
             the
             inmost
             make
             also
             a
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             .
             But
             the
             utmost
             make
             a
             double
             and
             sometimes
             
               treble
               ring
            
             ,
             not
             of
             radiated
             ,
             nor
             round
             ,
             but
             
               arched
               parcels
            
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             they
             are
             also
             different
             in
             kind
             .
             Those
             I
             think
             ,
             of
             the
             two
             former
             ,
             Wallnut
             and
             Fig
             ,
             are
             thus
             different
             :
             those
             certainly
             ,
             of
             the
             Fig
             ,
             are
             so
             ;
             being
             Lymphaeducts
             and
             Lacteals
             .
             The
             Lymphaeducts
             make
             the
             inmost
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             .
             The
             utmost
             ,
             which
             make
             the
             other
             rings
             in
             
               arched
               parcels
            
             ,
             are
             the
             Lactifers
             .
          
           
           
             That
             they
             are
             distinct
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             ,
             is
             evident
             from
             two
             reasons
             .
             First
             ,
             from
             their
             position
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             which
             is
             altogether
             unlike
             ,
             as
             hath
             been
             said
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             from
             the
             most
             apparent
             diversity
             of
             the
             Liquours
             or
             Saps
             which
             they
             contain
             ,
             and
             which
             upon
             cutting
             the
             Branch
             transversly
             ,
             do
             distinctly
             bleed
             from
             them
             .
             Which
             is
             one
             way
             ,
             whereby
             we
             do
             distinguish
             the
             Vessels
             of
             Animals
             themselves
             .
             As
             in
             the
             Liver
             ,
             it
             were
             hard
             to
             say
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             Blood-vessels
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             a
             Bile-vessel
             ,
             where
             they
             are
             very
             small
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             not
             for
             the
             contents
             of
             both
             .
          
           
             Those
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             Pine
             ,
             are
             likewise
             of
             two
             kinds
             .
             The
             inmost
             are
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             two
             former
             .
             The
             utmost
             are
             not
             Milk-vessels
             ,
             but
             Gum-vessels
             ,
             or
             Resiniferous
             .
             Out
             of
             these
             Vessels
             ,
             all
             the
             clear
             Turpentine
             ,
             that
             drops
             from
             the
             Tree
             ,
             doth
             issue
             .
          
           
             Besides
             the
             difference
             of
             their
             position
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             liquor
             which
             they
             contain
             ,
             and
             bleed
             ;
             there
             is
             yet
             a
             third
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             their
             size
             .
             Most
             of
             them
             being
             of
             so
             wide
             a
             bore
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             apparent
             to
             a
             naked
             eye
             .
             Whereas
             that
             of
             the
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             can
             hardly
             be
             discovered
             by
             the
             best
             Microscope
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             
               Resiniferous
               vessels
            
             of
             Pine
             ,
             are
             
             likewise
             ,
             by
             their
             size
             ,
             remarkably
             different
             from
             the
             
               Milk
               vessels
            
             of
             Fig.
             For
             those
             of
             Fig
             ,
             are
             ,
             in
             comparison
             ,
             exceeding
             small
             ;
             every
             Arch
             ,
             not
             beeing
             a
             
               single
               vessel
            
             ,
             but
             a
             parcel
             or
             cluster
             of
             vessels
             ;
             whereof
             an
             hundred
             or
             two
             hundred
             may
             make
             up
             one
             
               arched
               parcel
            
             .
             Whereas
             one
             single
             
               Gum
               vessel
            
             in
             Pine
             ,
             is
             sometimes
             as
             big
             as
             two
             whole
             
               Arched
               clusters
            
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             as
             two
             or
             three
             hundred
             of
             the
             
               Milk
               vessels
            
             in
             a
             
               Fig
               tree
            
             .
             And
             the
             said
             Gum-vessels
             ,
             or
             Turpentine-vessels
             of
             Pine
             ,
             being
             compared
             with
             the
             Lymphaeducts
             of
             the
             same
             Tree
             ,
             one
             Gum-vessel
             ,
             by
             a
             moderate
             estimate
             ,
             may
             be
             reckoned
             three
             or
             four
             hundred
             times
             wider
             than
             a
             Lymphaeduct
             .
             The
             like
             prodigious
             difference
             in
             the
             size
             of
             the
             several
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             of
             many
             other
             Vegetables
             may
             be
             observed
             .
          
           
             THE
             three
             next
             quarters
             of
             Branches
             ,
             are
             of
             Oak
             ,
             common
             Sumack
             ,
             and
             common
             Wormwood
             .
             In
             the
             Bark-vessels
             whereof
             ,
             there
             is
             yet
             a
             farther
             variety
             observeable
             .
             For
             in
             all
             or
             in
             most
             of
             the
             above
             named
             ,
             there
             are
             only
             two
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
             But
             in
             each
             of
             these
             ,
             there
             are
             three
             kinds
             .
          
           
             And
             first
             ,
             in
             that
             of
             Oak
             there
             are
             two
             kinds
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             a
             sort
             of
             Resiniserous
             .
             The
             inmost
             Lymphaeducts
             make
             
             a
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             ,
             contiguous
             to
             the
             Wood.
             The
             utmost
             Lymphaeducts
             make
             also
             a
             ring
             ,
             but
             not
             radiated
             .
             Those
             which
             are
             a
             sort
             of
             Rosin-vessels
             ,
             stand
             in
             round
             parcels
             ;
             the
             greater
             parcels
             betwixt
             the
             two
             rings
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             and
             the
             lesser
             betwixt
             the
             utmost
             ring
             and
             the
             skin
             .
          
           
             That
             these
             are
             different
             Vessels
             from
             both
             the
             other
             ,
             is
             evident
             from
             the
             difference
             of
             their
             position
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             And
             that
             they
             are
             a
             sort
             of
             Resinous
             ,
             is
             argued
             hence
             ;
             In
             that
             ,
             not
             only
             Galls
             are
             very
             full
             of
             Rosin
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             Bark
             of
             Oak
             it self
             is
             also
             resinous
             .
             For
             the
             conveyance
             of
             whose
             resinous
             parts
             ,
             it
             is
             most
             unlikely
             that
             any
             other
             Vessels
             should
             subserve
             ,
             but
             a
             peculiar
             kind
             ;
             which
             are
             therefore
             properly
             called
             Resiniferous
             .
          
           
             The
             next
             is
             a
             Branch
             of
             common
             Sumach
             .
             In
             the
             Bark
             whereof
             ,
             there
             are
             likewise
             three
             kinds
             of
             vessels
             .
             First
             of
             all
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             thick
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ;
             standing
             on
             the
             inner
             margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             contiguous
             with
             the
             Wood.
             These
             Vessels
             exhibit
             their
             Lympha
             very
             apparently
             .
             A
             second
             kind
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             are
             situate
             towards
             the
             outer
             margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             and
             are
             composed
             into
             distinct
             
               Arched
               parcels
            
             ,
             all
             running
             in
             a
             ring
             .
          
           
             Betwixt
             the
             two
             kinds
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             
             stand
             the
             Milk-vessels
             .
             Every
             single
             Milk-vessel
             being
             empaled
             or
             hemmed
             in
             with
             an
             arch
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             .
             These
             Milk-vessels
             are
             extraordinary
             large
             ,
             almost
             as
             the
             Gum-vessels
             of
             Pine
             ;
             so
             as
             easily
             to
             be
             observed
             without
             a
             Microscope
             ;
             and
             without
             difficulty
             to
             admit
             a
             
               Virginal
               wyer
            
             ;
             being
             two
             or
             three
             hundred
             times
             as
             big
             as
             a
             Lymphaeduct
             .
          
           
             The
             last
             ,
             is
             a
             Branch
             of
             common
             Wormwood
             .
             In
             the
             Bark
             whereof
             ,
             there
             are
             likewise
             three
             kinds
             of
             vessels
             .
             First
             of
             all
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             thin
             
               radiated
               ring
            
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             contiguous
             with
             the
             Wood
             or
             on
             the
             inner
             margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             But
             the
             ring
             is
             not
             entire
             ,
             but
             made
             up
             of
             several
             parcels
             ;
             which
             are
             intercepted
             by
             as
             many
             
               parenchymous
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             A
             second
             sort
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             are
             situate
             about
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Bark
             :
             and
             are
             composed
             into
             
               arched
               parcels
            
             ,
             which
             likewise
             stand
             all
             even
             in
             a
             ring
             .
          
           
             Beyond
             these
             Arches
             ,
             and
             towards
             the
             outer
             Margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             stand
             a
             third
             sort
             of
             Vessels
             ,
             somewhat
             analagous
             to
             the
             Milk-vessels
             in
             Sumach
             .
             Yet
             different
             from
             them
             ,
             in
             some
             part
             ,
             both
             as
             to
             their
             
               situation
               size
            
             and
             Content
             .
             For
             in
             Sumach
             ,
             the
             Milk-vessels
             stand
             within
             the
             
               Arched
               Lymphaeducts
            
             :
             whereas
             these
             in
             Wormwod
             ,
             stand
             without
             them
             .
             Likewise
             
             being
             the
             Vessels
             of
             an
             Herb
             ,
             they
             are
             far
             less
             ▪
             sc.
             about
             the
             compass
             or
             width
             of
             a
             spangle
             .
             Their
             content
             ,
             is
             not
             a
             Milk
             ,
             but
             a
             perfect
             Turpentine
             ,
             or
             a
             liquid
             and
             most
             
               oleous
               gum
            
             .
             Or
             which
             ,
             for
             its
             pleasant
             aromatickness
             ,
             may
             be
             called
             a
             Balsom
             .
             For
             it
             perfecty
             giveth
             whatever
             is
             in
             the
             smell
             and
             taste
             of
             Wormwood
             :
             being
             the
             Essence
             of
             the
             whole
             Plant
             ,
             which
             nature
             treasureth
             up
             in
             these
             Vessels
             .
             There
             are
             divers
             other
             ,
             both
             Herbs
             and
             Trees
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             like
             Vessels
             ,
             contain
             a
             Turpentine
             or
             aromatical
             Balsom
             ;
             as
             
               Angelica
               ,
               Enula
               campanae
            
             ,
             and
             others
             :
             the
             Vessels
             being
             so
             very
             large
             ,
             that
             they
             may
             be
             easily
             traced
             with
             a
             knife
             .
          
           
             Whether
             in
             some
             Plants
             ,
             there
             are
             not
             more
             ,
             I
             cannot
             say
             ;
             though
             we
             may
             not
             have
             much
             reason
             to
             doubt
             of
             it
             .
             Because
             we
             see
             ,
             there
             is
             so
             great
             a
             variety
             in
             the
             Viscera
             of
             Animals
             .
             For
             what
             the
             Viscera
             are
             in
             Animals
             ;
             the
             Vessels
             themselves
             are
             in
             Plants
             .
          
           
             CONCERNING
             the
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             I
             have
             one
             observation
             further
             to
             subjoyn
             ,
             sc
             as
             to
             the
             Texture
             or
             Formation
             of
             the
             
               said
               Vessels
            
             .
             I
             have
             already
             said
             ,
             and
             shewed
             ,
             in
             my
             former
             Books
             of
             Plants
             ,
             that
             the
             
               Lignous
               parts
            
             of
             all
             Vessels
             are
             Tubulary
             .
             That
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Sap
             is
             conveyed
             ,
             by
             the
             
             length
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             through
             an
             innumerable
             company
             of
             small
             
               Tubes
               ,
               Pipes
            
             ,
             or
             Vessels
             .
          
           
             The
             Question
             may
             be
             yet
             further
             put
             .
             If
             the
             
               stringy
               parts
            
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             made
             of
             Tubes
             ,
             what
             are
             these
             Tubes
             themselves
             made
             up
             of
             ?
             I
             answer
             ,
             that
             not
             only
             these
             Tubes
             or
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             are
             Organical
             themselves
             ,
             but
             their
             very
             sides
             also
             ,
             are
             composed
             of
             other
             Parts
             ,
             which
             are
             
               Organical
               ,
               sc.
            
             of
             
               Lignous
               Fibers
            
             :
             which
             Fibers
             standing
             close
             or
             contiguous
             in
             a
             round
             ,
             make
             one
             
               Tubulary
               Body
            
             ,
             which
             I
             call
             the
             Sap-vessel
             of
             a
             Plant.
             And
             it
             is
             most
             probable
             ,
             that
             these
             Fibers
             themselves
             ,
             are
             also
             Tubulary
             .
             That
             is
             ,
             that
             a
             Sap-vessel
             is
             a
             small
             Tube
             ,
             made
             up
             or
             composed
             of
             other
             yet
             much
             smaller
             Tubes
             ,
             set
             round
             together
             in
             a
             
               Cylindrical
               Figure
            
             .
             As
             if
             we
             should
             imagine
             a
             company
             of
             straws
             ,
             which
             are
             so
             many
             small
             Pipes
             ,
             to
             be
             joined
             and
             set
             round
             together
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             make
             another
             greater
             Pipe
             ,
             answerable
             to
             a
             hollow
             Cane
             .
             The
             Cane
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             is
             as
             the
             Sap-vessels
             ;
             and
             the
             straws
             ,
             as
             the
             Fibers
             whereof
             it
             is
             composed
             .
             By
             which
             also
             appears
             ,
             the
             prodigious
             smallness
             of
             these
             Fibers
             .
             For
             a
             small
             
               Sap
               vessel
            
             may
             ,
             by
             an
             indifferent
             account
             ,
             be
             reckoned
             fifty
             times
             smaller
             than
             a
             
               Horse
               hair
            
             .
             Allowing
             therefore
             but
             twenty
             of
             the
             
             aforesaid
             Fibers
             to
             one
             Vessel
             ;
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             ten
             to
             compose
             its
             sides
             ,
             and
             ten
             more
             to
             fill
             its
             concave
             ;
             then
             one
             of
             the
             said
             Fibers
             ,
             must
             be
             a
             thousand
             times
             smaller
             than
             a
             
               Horse
               hair
            
             .
             Whether
             the
             Fibers
             are
             not
             made
             up
             of
             other
             
               Fibers
               ,
               He
            
             only
             ,
             that
             made
             them
             knows
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             notice
             I
             took
             of
             these
             Fibers
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Sap-vessels
             their
             being
             composed
             hereof
             ,
             was
             in
             a
             very
             white
             and
             clear
             peice
             of
             Ash
             ,
             torn
             ,
             with
             some
             care
             ,
             by
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Tree
             ,
             and
             objected
             to
             a
             proper
             Light.
             They
             are
             also
             sometimes
             discernable
             in
             some
             other
             clear
             Woods
             ,
             as
             in
             very
             white
             
               Fir
               ,
               &c.
            
             
          
           
             Divers
             considerations
             have
             confirmed
             me
             in
             the
             truth
             hereof
             .
             Whereof
             ,
             at
             present
             ,
             I
             will
             mention
             these
             two
             .
             First
             ,
             that
             herein
             the
             Analogy
             betwixt
             the
             Vessels
             of
             an
             Animal
             and
             a
             Plant
             ,
             is
             very
             clear
             and
             proper
             .
             For
             as
             the
             
               sanguineous
               vessels
            
             in
             an
             Animal
             are
             composed
             of
             a
             number
             of
             Fibers
             ,
             set
             round
             in
             a
             
               Tubulary
               Figure
            
             together
             :
             so
             are
             these
             
               Sap
               vessels
            
             of
             a
             Plant.
             Secondly
             ,
             in
             that
             herein
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             more
             genuine
             respondence
             betwixt
             these
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Vessels
             of
             a
             Plant
             it self
             ;
             sc.
             the
             Air-vessels
             ;
             which
             are
             made
             up
             of
             a
             certain
             number
             of
             round
             Fibers
             ,
             standing
             collaterally
             ,
             or
             side
             to
             side
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             also
             observed
             in
             my
             Anatomy
             
             of
             Roots
             .
             So
             that
             it
             is
             the
             less
             strange
             ,
             that
             the
             
               Sap
               vessels
            
             should
             be
             made
             up
             of
             Fibers
             ,
             since
             the
             Air-vessels
             are
             so
             likewise
             .
             Only
             with
             this
             difference
             ,
             that
             whereas
             in
             the
             
               Air
               vessels
            
             ,
             the
             Fibers
             are
             postured
             spirally
             ,
             and
             so
             more
             horizontally
             or
             by
             the
             bredth
             of
             the
             Trunk
             :
             here
             in
             the
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             they
             stand
             and
             are
             continued
             in
             strait
             lines
             ,
             by
             the
             length
             .
             And
             thus
             far
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             
          
           
             THE
             next
             general
             Part
             of
             a
             Branch
             is
             the
             Wood
             ;
             which
             lyeth
             betwixt
             the
             Bark
             and
             Pith.
             And
             this
             likewise
             evermore
             consisteth
             of
             two
             general
             
               Parts
               ,
               sc.
            
             of
             a
             
               Parenchymous
               part
            
             ,
             and
             of
             Vessels
             .
             The
             
               Parenchymous
               part
            
             of
             the
             Wood
             though
             much
             diversifyed
             ,
             yet
             in
             the
             Trunks
             of
             all
             Trees
             whatsoever
             hath
             this
             property
             ,
             to
             be
             disposed
             into
             many
             
               Diametral
               rays
            
             ,
             or
             Insertions
             ,
             running
             betwixt
             so
             many
             portions
             of
             Vessels
             ,
             from
             the
             Bark
             to
             the
             Pith
             :
             as
             in
             any
             of
             the
             Quarters
             here
             before
             us
             may
             appear
             .
          
           
             But
             these
             Insertions
             are
             much
             diversified
             according
             to
             the
             several
             species
             of
             
             Plants
             .
             So
             in
             
               Barberry
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Pine
               ,
               Wormwood
               ,
            
             they
             are
             less
             numerous
             .
             In
             
               Elm
               ,
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Sumach
               ,
            
             they
             are
             more
             .
             And
             in
             
               Holly
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Plum
               ,
               Apple
               ,
               Oak
               ,
               Hazel
               ,
            
             are
             most
             numerous
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             Insertions
             ,
             in
             
               Barberry
               ,
               Wormwood
            
             ,
             and
             in
             Oak
             many
             of
             them
             are
             very
             thick
             .
             In
             
               Pine
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Ash
            
             ,
             of
             a
             middle
             size
             .
             In
             
               Pear
               ,
               Holly
            
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             them
             in
             Oak
             ,
             are
             exceeding
             small
             .
             Again
             ,
             in
             
               Barberry
               ,
               Elm
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Sumach
               ,
               Fig
               ,
            
             they
             are
             of
             an
             equal
             size
             .
             In
             
               Holly
               ,
               Hazel
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Plum
               ,
               Oak
               ,
            
             they
             are
             very
             unequal
             :
             some
             of
             those
             in
             Holly
             being
             four
             or
             five
             times
             thicker
             than
             the
             rest
             ;
             in
             Plum
             six
             or
             seven
             times
             ;
             and
             in
             Oak
             ten
             times
             at
             least
             .
          
           
             They
             have
             yet
             one
             more
             diversity
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             that
             in
             divers
             of
             the
             said
             Branches
             ,
             they
             run
             not
             only
             through
             the
             Wood
             ;
             but
             also
             shoot
             out
             beyond
             it
             ,
             into
             some
             part
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             as
             in
             
               Elm
               ,
               Sumach
               ,
               Wormwood
            
             ,
             &c.
             
             Whereas
             in
             Pine
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             the
             rest
             they
             either
             keep
             not
             distinct
             from
             the
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             or
             are
             so
             small
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             be
             distinguished
             there
             from
             .
          
           
             The
             Texture
             likewise
             of
             these
             Insertions
             is
             somewhat
             various
             .
             For
             in
             Wormwood
             ,
             and
             most
             Plants
             they
             are
             manifestly
             composed
             of
             small
             Bubles
             or
             Bladders
             :
             differing
             
             in
             nothing
             from
             those
             of
             the
             Bark
             or
             Pith
             ,
             saving
             in
             their
             being
             much
             less
             ;
             especially
             in
             the
             Branches
             of
             Trees
             .
             But
             in
             Herbs
             they
             are
             much
             larger
             which
             leads
             to
             the
             better
             observation
             of
             them
             in
             Trees
             likewise
             .
             But
             in
             many
             Trees
             ,
             as
             
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Plum
               ,
               Pine
               ,
            
             &c.
             they
             are
             either
             quite
             lost
             ,
             or
             so
             squeezed
             and
             pressed
             together
             by
             the
             hard
             Wood
             standing
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             undiscernable
             .
             So
             that
             the
             difference
             betwixt
             a
             Bladder
             in
             the
             Pith
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             these
             in
             the
             Insertions
             ,
             is
             only
             this
             ,
             that
             the
             one
             is
             as
             a
             purse
             expanded
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             as
             the
             same
             purse
             contracted
             ,
             and
             drawn
             up
             together
             with
             the
             s●rings
             .
          
           
             
               T●●
               Vessels
            
             of
             the
             Wood
             ,
             have
             likewise
             much
             〈◊〉
             .
             Yet
             in
             the
             Branches
             of
             all
             
               Tree●
               ▪
            
             they
             agree
             thus
             far
             ;
             viz.
             To
             be
             of
             two
             general
             kinds
             ;
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             Sap-vessels
             and
             Air-vessels
             :
             whereas
             it
             is
             proper
             to
             the
             Bark
             to
             have
             only
             Sap-vessels
             .
             Likewise
             betwixt
             the
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             or
             
               Lignous
               Vessels
            
             of
             the
             Bark
             and
             of
             the
             Wood
             ,
             there
             is
             this
             difference
             ;
             That
             those
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             upon
             cutting
             the
             Branch
             transversly
             ,
             do
             all
             of
             them
             immediately
             visibly
             Bleed
             .
             But
             these
             of
             the
             Wood
             do
             not
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             sometimes
             ;
             and
             most
             of
             them
             never
             .
          
           
             These
             Sap-vessels
             of
             the
             Wood
             have
             likewise
             some
             visible
             variety
             .
             Those
             much
             
             less
             than
             have
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             as
             shall
             be
             shewed
             .
             As
             for
             the
             reason
             why
             I
             call
             them
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             understood
             ;
             That
             every
             year
             there
             grows
             a
             new
             Ring
             of
             Sap-vessels
             on
             the
             inner
             margin
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             Which
             Ring
             hardening
             by
             degrees
             ,
             at
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             the
             year
             ,
             is
             turned
             into
             a
             dry
             and
             hard
             Ring
             of
             perfect
             Wood.
             So
             that
             every
             year
             ,
             the
             Bark
             of
             the
             Tree
             is
             divided
             into
             two
             parts
             ,
             and
             distributed
             two
             contrary
             ways
             .
             The
             outer
             part
             falleth
             off
             towards
             the
             skin
             ;
             and
             at
             length
             becomes
             the
             skin
             it self
             .
             In
             like
             manner
             ,
             as
             the
             Cuticula
             in
             Animals
             ,
             is
             but
             the
             efflorescence
             of
             the
             Cutis
             .
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             the
             elder
             skin
             of
             a
             Tree
             ,
             is
             is
             not
             originally
             made
             a
             skin
             ;
             but
             was
             once
             ,
             some
             of
             the
             midle
             part
             of
             the
             Bark
             it self
             ,
             which
             is
             annually
             cast
             off
             ,
             and
             dryed
             into
             a
             skin
             :
             even
             as
             the
             very
             skin
             of
             an
             Adder
             ,
             doth
             upon
             the
             gradual
             generation
             of
             a
             new
             one
             underneath
             ,
             in
             time
             ,
             become
             a
             Slough
             .
             The
             inmost
             portion
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             is
             annually
             distributed
             and
             added
             to
             the
             Wood
             :
             the
             Parenchymous
             part
             thereof
             making
             a
             new
             addition
             to
             the
             Insertions
             within
             the
             Wood
             ;
             and
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             a
             new
             addition
             to
             the
             
               Lignous
               pieces
            
             betwixt
             which
             the
             Insertions
             stand
             .
             So
             that
             a
             Ring
             of
             Sap-vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             this
             year
             ,
             will
             be
             a
             Ring
             of
             Wood
             the
             next
             :
             and
             so
             another
             
             Ring
             of
             Sap-vessels
             and
             or
             Wood
             successively
             from
             year
             to
             year
             .
             So
             the
             quarter
             for
             an
             
               Apple
               branch
            
             ,
             sheweth
             one
             of
             three
             years
             growth
             ;
             that
             of
             Barbery
             ,
             of
             two
             ;
             that
             of
             Sumach
             ,
             of
             one
             only
             ;
             that
             of
             Elm
             ,
             of
             five
             .
             Whereby
             two
             things
             may
             be
             the
             better
             noted
             .
             First
             the
             difference
             betwixt
             the
             degrees
             of
             the
             annual
             growths
             of
             several
             Trees
             :
             three
             years
             growth
             in
             an
             Oak
             ,
             being
             as
             thick
             as
             five
             in
             an
             Elm
             ;
             as
             ,
             by
             comparing
             the
             seventh
             and
             twelfth
             quarters
             together
             ,
             is
             seen
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             the
             difference
             betwixt
             the
             Annual
             growths
             of
             the
             
               same
               Tree
            
             ;
             being
             not
             of
             a
             constant
             proportion
             ,
             but
             varying
             in
             thickness
             ,
             as
             it
             should
             seem
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             season
             of
             the
             year
             :
             whereby
             it
             may
             appear
             ,
             what
             season
             ,
             or
             kind
             of
             year
             ,
             doth
             most
             of
             all
             favour
             ,
             the
             latitudinal
             growth
             ,
             or
             the
             thickening
             of
             any
             Tree
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             likewise
             some
             further
             variety
             in
             these
             old
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             whereof
             the
             true
             Wood
             consists
             ;
             represented
             in
             
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
            
             ,
             and
             Oak
             .
             Wherein
             ,
             a
             certain
             smaller
             number
             of
             them
             stand
             in
             a
             contrary
             position
             ,
             to
             that
             of
             the
             rest
             ;
             viz.
             either
             in
             small
             and
             white
             Rings
             ,
             as
             in
             Oak
             ;
             or
             else
             in
             divers
             white
             and
             crooked
             parcels
             ,
             as
             in
             Wallnut
             and
             Fig.
             For
             it
             seemeth
             ,
             that
             ,
             at
             least
             ,
             in
             many
             Trees
             ,
             some
             portion
             of
             all
             the
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             are
             not
             only
             annually
             
             distributed
             to
             the
             Wood
             ,
             but
             do
             likewise
             therein
             retain
             the
             same
             ,
             or
             very
             like
             position
             ,
             which
             they
             originally
             had
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
             So
             that
             as
             all
             those
             bigger
             and
             darker
             portions
             of
             the
             Wood
             ,
             were
             originally
             ,
             nothing
             else
             but
             the
             
               radiated
               Lymphaeducts
            
             of
             the
             Bark
             :
             so
             the
             little
             white
             circles
             ,
             or
             parcels
             of
             circles
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             
               Wood
               ▪
            
             were
             originally
             another
             sort
             o●
             Sap-vessels
             in
             the
             
               Bark
               ;
               sc.
            
             those
             which
             have
             a
             circular
             position
             therein
             .
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             as
             the
             said
             older
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             are
             varied
             by
             their
             quantity
             and
             position
             ;
             so
             likewise
             by
             their
             
               size
               ▪
            
             For
             ●n
             Oak
             ,
             and
             most
             hard
             Woods
             ,
             they
             are
             extraordinary
             small
             ,
             just
             discoverable
             by
             a
             good
             Microscope
             .
             In
             
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Hazel
            
             ,
             they
             are
             somewhat
             more
             patent
             .
             But
             in
             Fir
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             Woods
             of
             that
             kind
             ,
             they
             are
             remarkably
             wider
             ,
             than
             in
             most
             other
             Woods
             .
             I
             have
             seen
             them
             in
             Pine
             and
             Fir
             ,
             ten
             or
             fifteen
             times
             as
             big
             as
             they
             are
             in
             Oak
             ,
             and
             are
             in
             some
             sort
             represented
             by
             the
             smaller
             black
             spots
             which
             stand
             in
             rays
             in
             the
             eleventh
             quarter
             .
             So
             that
             a
             piece
             of
             Fir-wood
             ,
             especially
             the
             whiter
             sort
             ,
             looks
             through
             a
             Microscope
             ,
             just
             like
             the
             Lattice
             of
             a
             Window
             ;
             or
             like
             the
             perforated
             Wood
             ,
             out
             of
             which
             
               Button
               ▪
               moulds
            
             have
             been
             cut
             .
          
           
           
             Of
             the
             Branches
             of
             
               Fir
               ,
               Pine
            
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             the
             same
             kindred
             ,
             it
             is
             also
             to
             be
             noted
             ;
             That
             ,
             amongst
             the
             said
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             whereof
             chiefly
             the
             Wood
             consists
             ;
             there
             are
             scattered
             up
             and
             down
             some
             few
             Gum
             ,
             or
             Turpentine-vessels
             ;
             represented
             by
             the
             larger
             black
             spots
             in
             the
             eleventh
             quarter
             .
             Which
             Vessels
             are
             
               eadem
               numero
            
             ,
             the
             self
             same
             ,
             which
             did
             once
             appertain
             to
             the
             Bark
             ;
             and
             do
             even
             here
             also
             in
             the
             Wood
             ,
             contain
             and
             yield
             a
             liquid
             Turpentine
             .
             Only
             being
             pinched
             up
             by
             the
             Wood
             ,
             they
             are
             become
             much
             smaller
             Pipes
             .
          
           
             
               THE
               Air-vessels
            
             ,
             with
             the
             older
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             and
             
               Parenchymous
               Insertions
            
             ,
             altogether
             make
             up
             that
             ,
             which
             is
             commonly
             called
             the
             Wood
             of
             a
             Tree
             .
             The
             Air-vessels
             I
             so
             call
             ,
             not
             in
             that
             they
             never
             contain
             any
             liquor
             ;
             but
             ,
             because
             all
             the
             principal
             time
             of
             the
             growth
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             when
             the
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             filled
             with
             liquor
             ,
             these
             are
             filled
             only
             with
             a
             Vapour
             or
             
               vegetable
               Air.
            
             
          
           
             In
             almost
             all
             Vegetables
             ,
             not
             one
             in
             divers
             hundreds
             excepted
             ,
             this
             is
             proper
             to
             these
             Air-vessels
             ;
             To
             have
             a
             much
             more
             ample
             bore
             or
             cavity
             ,
             than
             any
             of
             the
             Sap-vessels
             in
             the
             Wood.
             In
             the
             Wood
             ,
             I
             say
             ;
             for
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             there
             are
             many
             
               Sap
               vessels
            
             bigger
             than
             the
             bigest
             Air-vessels
             that
             are
             .
          
           
           
             The
             varieties
             hereof
             are
             very
             many
             ;
             in
             respect
             both
             of
             their
             
               number
               ,
               size
            
             ,
             and
             position
             ;
             being
             the
             same
             ,
             in
             no
             two
             species's
             of
             Plants
             whatsoever
             .
             Frst
             in
             respect
             of
             their
             number
             .
             So
             in
             
               Hazle
               ,
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
            
             ,
             they
             are
             very
             numerous
             ;
             but
             in
             different
             degrees
             :
             and
             are
             represented
             in
             the
             same
             Figures
             ,
             by
             all
             the
             black
             spots
             in
             the
             Wood.
             In
             
               Holly
               ,
               Plum
               ,
               Barberry
            
             somewhat
             numerous
             .
             In
             
               Oak
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Wallnut
            
             fewer
             .
             In
             Pine
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             that
             kindred
             ,
             very
             few
             ;
             sc.
             fewer
             than
             in
             any
             other
             kind
             whatsoever
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             their
             size
             ;
             which
             from
             the
             first
             or
             greatest
             ,
             to
             the
             least
             ,
             may
             be
             computed
             easily
             to
             about
             twenty
             Degrees
             .
             Thus
             many
             of
             those
             in
             
               Elm
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Oak
               ,
            
             are
             very
             large
             .
             In
             Barberry
             and
             Plum
             ,
             not
             so
             large
             .
             In
             
               Hazle
               ,
               Sumach
            
             ,
             smaller
             .
             In
             
               Holly
               ,
               Pear
            
             of
             a
             still
             smaller
             size
             .
             So
             that
             many
             of
             those
             in
             Elm
             ,
             or
             Oak
             ,
             are
             twenty
             times
             bigger
             ,
             than
             those
             in
             Holly
             or
             Pear
             .
          
           
             And
             as
             they
             have
             a
             different
             size
             in
             divers
             kinds
             of
             Plants
             ;
             so
             likewise
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             place
             where
             they
             stand
             ,
             in
             the
             self
             same
             .
             So
             in
             
               Holly
               ,
               Hazle
               ,
               Apple
            
             ,
             their
             size
             is
             equaller
             throughout
             the
             bredth
             of
             the
             Tree
             .
             But
             in
             
               Barberry
               ,
               Elm
               ,
               Oak
               ,
               Ash
               ,
            
             their
             size
             in
             each
             is
             very
             different
             ;
             not
             fortuitously
             
             alw●ys
             much
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             .
             For
             in
             all
             the
             named
             Branches
             ,
             the
             Air-vessels
             that
             stand
             in
             the
             inner
             margin
             of
             each
             annual
             Ring
             ,
             are
             all
             vastly
             bigger
             ,
             than
             any
             of
             those
             that
             stand
             in
             the
             outer
             part
             of
             the
             Ring
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             these
             Air-vessels
             are
             also
             different
             in
             their
             situation
             .
             So
             in
             
               Apple
               ,
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
            
             ,
             they
             are
             spread
             all
             abroad
             ,
             in
             every
             annual
             Ring
             ;
             not
             being
             posited
             in
             any
             one
             〈◊〉
             line
             .
             In
             others
             ,
             they
             keep
             more
             w●thin
             the
             compass
             of
             some
             line
             or
             lines
             ;
             〈◊〉
             Diametral
             ,
             or
             Peripherial
             .
             So
             in
             Holly
             they
             are
             radiated
             ,
             or
             run
             in
             even
             
               Diametral
               lines
            
             betwixt
             the
             Pith
             and
             the
             Bark
             .
             So
             also
             are
             some
             of
             them
             in
             Hazle
             ;
             and
             some
             few
             in
             Wallnut
             .
          
           
             Whether
             they
             stand
             irregularly
             ,
             or
             are
             radiated
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             Nature
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             so
             disposeth
             of
             them
             ,
             that
             many
             of
             them
             may
             still
             stand
             very
             near
             the
             Insertions
             .
             So
             in
             Apple
             ,
             she
             will
             rather
             decline
             making
             an
             even
             line
             ;
             or
             in
             Holly
             ,
             will
             rather
             break
             that
             line
             into
             parcels
             ,
             than
             that
             the
             Air-vessels
             shall
             stand
             remote
             from
             the
             Insertions
             .
             To
             what
             end
             she
             doth
             this
             ,
             shall
             be
             said
             hereafter
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             in
             Ash
             ,
             the
             Air-vessels
             are
             none
             of
             them
             radiated
             ,
             but
             most
             of
             them
             stand
             in
             Circles
             on
             the
             inner
             Margin
             of
             every
             annual
             
             Ring
             .
             Which
             Circle
             is
             sometimes
             very
             thick
             ,
             as
             in
             Ash
             and
             Barberry
             .
             In
             others
             but
             thin
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             standing
             for
             the
             most
             part
             single
             throughout
             the
             Circles
             ;
             as
             in
             Elm.
             Sometimes
             again
             ,
             they
             both
             make
             a
             Circle
             ,
             and
             are
             spread
             abroad
             ;
             as
             in
             Pear
             and
             Plum.
             
          
           
             Those
             likewise
             which
             are
             spread
             abroad
             ,
             are
             sometimes
             regularly
             posited
             .
             So
             in
             Barberry
             ,
             besides
             those
             larger
             ,
             that
             make
             the
             Circle
             ,
             there
             are
             other
             smaller
             ones
             ,
             that
             stand
             ,
             in
             oblique
             lines
             ,
             athwart
             one
             another
             ;
             almost
             like
             the
             Bend
             in
             an
             Escutcheon
             .
             In
             Oak
             ,
             they
             make
             rather
             certain
             Columns
             ,
             in
             the
             posture
             of
             the
             Bar.
             And
             in
             Elm
             ,
             they
             make
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             many
             
               cross
               Bars
            
             ,
             in
             the
             posture
             of
             the
             Fess.
             
          
           
             This
             great
             difference
             in
             the
             size
             and
             position
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             individual
             Plant
             ,
             is
             one
             ground
             ,
             for
             which
             I
             think
             it
             probable
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             
               divers
               kinds
            
             of
             Air-vessels
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             of
             Sap-vessels
             .
             Even
             as
             in
             Animals
             there
             are
             divers
             kinds
             of
             Organs
             for
             spiration
             ,
             and
             the
             separation
             of
             
               Air
               :
               Fishes
            
             having
             their
             Bronchiae
             ;
             land
             Animals
             their
             Lungs
             ;
             and
             those
             in
             
               Frogs
               ,
               &c.
            
             of
             a
             somewhat
             peculiar
             kind
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Texture
            
             of
             these
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             the
             various
             ways
             whereby
             they
             may
             best
             be
             observed
             I
             have
             already
             shewed
             ,
             in
             my
             Anatomy
             
             of
             Roots
             .
             Yet
             for
             our
             clearer
             understanding
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             said
             Vessels
             ,
             I
             will
             a
             little
             further
             illustrate
             the
             same
             by
             this
             similitude
             .
             I
             would
             resemble
             it
             thus
             ,
             As
             if
             a
             Ribband
             should
             be
             wound
             spirally
             ,
             and
             edg
             ,
             to
             edg
             ,
             round
             about
             a
             stick
             ;
             and
             so
             the
             stick
             being
             drawn
             out
             ,
             the
             Ribband
             should
             be
             left
             ,
             in
             the
             Figure
             of
             a
             Tube
             ,
             answerable
             to
             an
             Air-vessel
             .
             A
             Ribband
             ,
             I
             say
             ;
             for
             that
             which
             upon
             the
             unroveing
             of
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             seems
             to
             be
             a
             Plate
             ;
             is
             really
             
               Natural
               Ribband
            
             :
             being
             
               not
               one
               intire
               piece
            
             ,
             (
             nor
             therefore
             always
             of
             the
             same
             bredth
             )
             but
             consisting
             of
             a
             certain
             number
             of
             
               round
               Fibers
            
             ,
             standing
             collaterally
             ,
             as
             the
             threds
             do
             in
             an
             
               Artificial
               Ribband
            
             .
             And
             are
             also
             ,
             much
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             by
             other
             cross
             and
             smaller
             
               Fibers
               ,
               stitched
            
             close
             up
             together
             ;
             as
             is
             most
             apparent
             in
             the
             large
             and
             elder
             Air-vessels
             of
             
               Pine
               ,
               Oak
            
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Plants
             .
             What
             these
             cross
             Fibers
             are
             ,
             will
             better
             be
             understood
             when
             we
             come
             to
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             Pith.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             
          
           
             THE
             third
             general
             Part
             of
             a
             Branch
             ,
             is
             the
             Pith.
             Which
             though
             it
             have
             a
             different
             name
             from
             the
             Parenchyma
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             and
             the
             Insertions
             in
             the
             Wood
             ;
             yet
             as
             to
             its
             substance
             ,
             it
             is
             the
             very
             same
             with
             them
             both
             .
             Whereof
             there
             is
             a
             double
             evidence
             ,
             sc.
             the
             sameness
             of
             their
             Texture
             ,
             and
             their
             Contin●ity
             .
             Their
             Texture
             shall
             be
             shewed
             presently
             .
             As
             to
             their
             Continuity
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             as
             the
             skin
             is
             continuous
             with
             the
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             and
             this
             Parenchyma
             likewise
             ,
             with
             the
             Insertions
             in
             the
             Wood
             ;
             so
             these
             Insertions
             again
             ,
             running
             through
             the
             Wood
             ,
             are
             also
             continuous
             with
             the
             Pith.
             So
             that
             the
             
               skin
               ,
               Parenchyma
               ,
               Insertions
            
             ,
             and
             Pith
             ,
             are
             all
             
               one
               entire
               piece
               of
               work
            
             ;
             being
             only
             filled
             up
             diversly
             ,
             with
             the
             Vessels
             .
          
           
             The
             size
             of
             the
             Pith
             is
             various
             ,
             being
             not
             the
             same
             in
             any
             two
             Branches
             here
             represented
             .
             In
             
               Wormwood
               ,
               Sumach
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Barberry
               ,
            
             't
             is
             very
             large
             ;
             sc.
             betwixt
             5
             ,
             and
             7.
             
             
               Inches
               Diameter
            
             ,
             as
             it
             appears
             through
             the
             Microscope
             .
             In
             
               Pine
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Holly
               ,
               Wallnut
               ,
            
             not
             so
             large
             ;
             from
             3.
             
             Inches
             Diameter
             to
             4.
             
             In
             
               Oak
               ,
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Hazel
               ,
            
             lesser
             ,
             scarce
             from
             2.
             to
             3.
             
             In
             Damascene
             ,
             not
             above
             an
             
             Inch
             and
             half
             .
             And
             in
             
               Elm
               ▪
            
             scarce
             an
             Inch
             Diameter
             .
             Note
             also
             ,
             that
             of
             all
             
               Plants
               ,
               Herbs
            
             ,
             and
             Shrubs
             ,
             have
             generally
             the
             largest
             Piths
             ,
             in
             proportion
             with
             the
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             same
             Branch
             ,
             as
             in
             
               Sumach
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Barberry
            
             is
             manifest
             .
          
           
             The
             Pith
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             if
             not
             always
             ,
             in
             the
             Branch
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Root
             ,
             is
             compounded
             of
             two
             
               parts
               ,
               sc.
            
             a
             Parenchyma
             ,
             and
             Sap-vessels
             .
             The
             Vessels
             are
             here
             usually
             postured
             so
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             a
             Ring
             on
             the
             Margin
             of
             the
             Pith.
             Where
             they
             are
             more
             numerous
             ,
             or
             large
             ,
             they
             are
             more
             evident
             ;
             as
             in
             
               Wallnut
               ,
               Fig
               Pine
            
             ,
             and
             others
             .
             They
             are
             also
             of
             divers
             kinds
             answerable
             to
             those
             in
             the
             Bark
             ;
             as
             in
             
               Wallnut
               Lymphaeducts
            
             ,
             in
             
               Fig
               Lactents
               ,
               in
               Pine
               Rosinous
               .
            
          
           
             The
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Pith
             is
             composed
             of
             Bladders
             .
             Which
             are
             the
             very
             same
             with
             those
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Insertions
             within
             the
             Wood.
             Only
             these
             in
             the
             Pith
             ,
             are
             of
             the
             largest
             size
             ;
             those
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             of
             a
             lesser
             ;
             and
             those
             of
             the
             Insertions
             least
             of
             all
             :
             for
             which
             reason
             they
             are
             less
             obvious
             than
             in
             the
             Pith.
             
          
           
             The
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             ,
             though
             always
             comparatively
             great
             ,
             yet
             are
             of
             very
             different
             sizes
             .
             Being
             easily
             distinguished
             ,
             even
             as
             to
             their
             
               horizontal
               Area
            
             ,
             to
             twenty
             
             degrees
             .
             Those
             of
             
               Fig
               ,
               Barberry
            
             ,
             and
             some
             others
             ,
             are
             large
             .
             And
             of
             many
             Plants
             ,
             as
             of
             
               Thistle
               ,
               Borage
            
             ,
             and
             others
             ,
             three
             times
             as
             big
             again
             ;
             appearing
             in
             the
             Microscope
             ,
             like
             to
             the
             largest
             Cells
             of
             an
             Honey-comb
             .
             These
             of
             
               Plum
               ,
               Wormwood
               ,
               Sumach
            
             ,
             less
             .
             Of
             
               Elm
               ,
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
            
             ,
             lesser
             ,
             Of
             Holly
             and
             Oak
             ,
             still
             less
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             in
             Borage
             or
             common
             Thistle
             ,
             are
             of
             that
             size
             ,
             as
             to
             contain
             ,
             within
             the
             compass
             only
             of
             their
             
               Horizontal
               Area
            
             ,
             about
             twenty
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             of
             Oak
             .
             Wherefore
             one
             whole
             Bladder
             in
             Thistle
             ,
             is
             ,
             at
             least
             an
             hundred
             times
             bigger
             ,
             then
             another
             in
             Oak
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             size
             of
             these
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             ,
             't
             is
             also
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             it
             doth
             not
             at
             all
             follow
             the
             size
             of
             the
             Pith
             it self
             ;
             but
             is
             still
             varyed
             ,
             according
             as
             nature
             designeth
             the
             Pith
             for
             various
             use
             .
             Thus
             whereas
             the
             Pith
             of
             Sumach
             is
             larger
             than
             that
             of
             Barberry
             ;
             it
             might
             be
             thought
             ,
             that
             the
             Bladders
             ,
             whereof
             it
             is
             composed
             ,
             should
             be
             likewise
             larger
             ;
             yet
             are
             they
             three
             times
             as
             small
             again
             .
             So
             the
             Pith
             of
             Plum
             ,
             is
             far
             less
             than
             that
             of
             Pear
             ;
             yet
             the
             Bladders
             4.
             or
             5.
             times
             as
             big
             .
             So
             the
             Pith
             of
             Hazel
             is
             almost
             three
             times
             as
             little
             again
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Holly
             ;
             yet
             the
             Bladders
             in
             Hazel
             ,
             are
             ten
             times
             bigger
             ,
             than
             in
             Holly
             .
          
           
           
             The
             shape
             of
             the
             Bladders
             hath
             also
             some
             variety
             .
             For
             although
             ,
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             they
             are
             more
             round
             ;
             yet
             oftentimes
             they
             are
             angular
             :
             as
             in
             Reed-grass
             ,
             a
             Water-plant
             ;
             where
             they
             are
             Cubical
             ;
             and
             in
             
               Borage
               ,
               Thistle
            
             ,
             and
             many
             others
             ,
             where
             they
             are
             
               pentangular
               ,
               sexangular
            
             and
             septangular
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             Bladders
             ,
             't
             is
             also
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             many
             times
             ,
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             greater
             Bladders
             are
             composed
             of
             lesser
             ;
             as
             is
             often
             seen
             in
             those
             of
             Borage
             and
             some
             other
             Plants
             .
             In
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             as
             the
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             are
             but
             greater
             Fibers
             made
             up
             of
             lesser
             .
          
           
             The
             Pith
             ,
             though
             always
             originally
             composed
             of
             Bladders
             ,
             and
             so
             
               one
               entire
               piece
            
             ;
             yet
             in
             process
             ,
             as
             the
             Plant
             grows
             up
             ,
             it
             hath
             divers
             openings
             or
             Ruptures
             made
             in
             it
             :
             oftentimes
             very
             regularly
             ,
             and
             always
             for
             good
             use
             ,
             and
             with
             constancy
             observed
             in
             the
             same
             Species
             of
             Plants
             .
             In
             Wallnut
             it
             shrinketh
             up
             into
             transverse
             films
             or
             Membranes
             ;
             as
             likewise
             in
             Spanish-broom
             .
             Sometimes
             the
             Membranes
             reach
             not
             from
             side
             to
             side
             ,
             but
             about
             half
             way
             ,
             running
             one
             against
             another
             by
             a
             reciprocal
             Indenture
             :
             somewhat
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             the
             
               Valvulae
               Conniventes
            
             in
             the
             smaller
             Gutts
             .
             Sometimes
             bored
             with
             divers
             Caverns
             by
             
             the
             length
             :
             sometimes
             with
             one
             great
             one
             throughout
             the
             stalk
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             reaching
             from
             knot
             to
             knot
             ;
             by
             which
             it
             is
             divided
             into
             several
             stories
             :
             and
             divers
             other
             ways
             .
          
           
             
               I
               SHALL
            
             conclude
             this
             discourse
             with
             a
             further
             illustration
             of
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             Pith
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             whole
             Plant
             ,
             as
             consequent
             thereupon
             .
             I
             say
             therefore
             ,
             (
             and
             have
             given
             some
             account
             hereof
             in
             my
             Anatomy
             of
             Roots
             )
             that
             as
             the
             Vessels
             of
             a
             
               Plant
               ,
               sc.
            
             the
             Air-vessels
             and
             Sap-vessels
             ,
             are
             made
             up
             of
             Fibers
             ;
             according
             to
             what
             I
             have
             in
             this
             discourse
             above
             said
             ;
             so
             the
             Parenchyma
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             or
             the
             Bladders
             whereof
             the
             Parenchyma
             consists
             ,
             are
             likewise
             made
             up
             of
             Fibers
             .
             Which
             is
             true
             also
             of
             the
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             And
             also
             of
             the
             Insertions
             in
             the
             Wood.
             Yea
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Fruit
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             of
             a
             Plant.
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             the
             very
             pulp
             of
             an
             
               Apple
               ,
               Pear
               ,
               Cucumber
               ,
               Plum
               ,
            
             or
             any
             other
             Fruit
             ,
             is
             nothing
             els
             but
             
               a
               Ball
               of
               small
               transparent
               threds
               or
               Fibers
               ,
               all
               wrapped
               and
               wreathed
               up
            
             (
             though
             in
             a
             divers
             manner
             )
             
               close
               together
            
             .
             And
             even
             all
             those
             parts
             of
             a
             Vegetable
             ,
             which
             are
             neither
             formed
             into
             visible
             Tubes
             ,
             nor
             into
             Bladders
             ,
             are
             yet
             made
             up
             of
             Fibers
             .
             Which
             though
             it
             be
             difficult
             to
             observe
             in
             any
             of
             
             those
             parts
             which
             are
             closer
             wrought
             ;
             yet
             in
             the
             Pith
             ,
             especially
             of
             some
             Plants
             ,
             which
             consisteth
             of
             more
             open
             work
             ,
             it
             is
             more
             visible
             ;
             and
             so
             introduceth
             the
             observation
             hereof
             ,
             in
             all
             other
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             .
          
           
             Whence
             it
             follows
             ,
             that
             the
             whole
             substance
             ,
             or
             all
             the
             parts
             of
             a
             Vegetable
             ,
             so
             far
             as
             organical
             ,
             they
             are
             also
             Fibrous
             .
             Of
             all
             which
             Fibers
             ,
             those
             of
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             run
             up
             by
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Plant
             :
             these
             of
             the
             Pith
             ,
             and
             other
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             ,
             run
             cross
             by
             the
             bredth
             or
             horizontally
             .
          
           
             
               BY
               WHICH
            
             means
             ,
             the
             said
             
               Parenchymous
               Fibers
            
             ,
             in
             fetching
             their
             
               horizontal
               circles
            
             ,
             they
             first
             of
             all
             weave
             ,
             and
             make
             up
             the
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             in
             open-work
             .
             And
             the
             same
             Fibers
             being
             continued
             ;
             they
             next
             weave
             and
             make
             up
             the
             Insertions
             in
             
               close
               work
            
             .
             Amongst
             which
             Insertions
             the
             Vessels
             standing
             ,
             many
             of
             the
             said
             
               Fibers
               wrap
            
             themselves
             also
             about
             them
             ;
             thus
             tying
             many
             of
             them
             together
             ;
             and
             making
             those
             several
             Conjugations
             and
             Braces
             ,
             of
             the
             Vessels
             which
             I
             have
             formerly
             described
             .
             And
             as
             some
             of
             these
             
               Parenchymous
               Fibers
               wrap
            
             about
             the
             Vessels
             ;
             so
             also
             about
             the
             very
             Fibers
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Vessels
             are
             ,
             as
             is
             above
             said
             ,
             composed
             .
             By
             which
             means
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             all
             the
             said
             Fibers
             of
             the
             Vessels
             are
             
             tacked
             or
             stitched
             up
             close
             together
             into
             one
             coherent
             piece
             .
             Much
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             as
             the
             
               perpendicular
               splinters
            
             or
             Twigs
             of
             a
             Basket
             ,
             are
             ,
             by
             those
             that
             run
             in
             and
             out
             horizontally
             .
             And
             the
             same
             
               Parenchymous
               Fibers
            
             ,
             being
             still
             further
             produced
             into
             the
             Bark
             ;
             they
             there
             compose
             the
             same
             work
             over
             again
             :
             only
             not
             so
             open
             as
             in
             the
             Pith.
             
          
           
             
               SO
               THAT
            
             the
             most
             unfeigned
             and
             proper
             resemblance
             we
             can
             make
             of
             the
             whole
             Body
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             a
             piece
             of
             
               fine
               Bone-lace
            
             ,
             at
             such
             time
             ,
             as
             the
             women
             are
             working
             it
             upon
             the
             Cushion
             .
             For
             all
             the
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             ,
             as
             the
             
               Pith
               ,
               Insertions
            
             ,
             and
             Parenchyma
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             are
             nothing
             els
             but
             Lace-work
             ;
             the
             Fibers
             of
             the
             Pith
             running
             Horizontally
             as
             do
             the
             threds
             in
             the
             Lace
             :
             and
             bounding
             the
             several
             Bladders
             of
             the
             Pith
             and
             Bark
             ;
             as
             the
             threds
             do
             the
             several
             holes
             of
             the
             Lace
             :
             and
             making
             up
             the
             Insertions
             without
             Bladders
             ,
             or
             very
             small
             ones
             ,
             as
             the
             same
             threds
             likewise
             do
             the
             close
             parts
             of
             the
             Lace
             ;
             which
             they
             call
             the
             cloath-work
             .
             And
             lastly
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             standing
             perpendicularly
             ,
             run
             cross
             to
             the
             
               Horizontal
               Fibers
            
             ;
             even
             as
             in
             the
             Lace
             ,
             the
             Pins
             do
             to
             the
             threds
             .
             And
             this
             is
             the
             true
             Texture
             of
             a
             Plant
             :
             and
             the
             
               general
               composure
            
             ,
             not
             only
             of
             a
             Branch
             ,
             but
             of
             all
             the
             
             other
             parts
             ,
             from
             the
             seed
             to
             the
             seed
             .
             See
             the
             Figure
             representing
             the
             stalk
             of
             Thistle
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           An
           Account
           of
           the
           VEGETATION
           OF
           TRUNKS
           Grounded
           upon
           the
           foregoing
           ANATOMY
           .
        
         
           HAVING
           already
           given
           the
           Anatomy
           of
           Trunks
           ,
           I
           shall
           next
           proceed
           to
           see
           ,
           what
           use
           may
           be
           made
           thereof
           ;
           and
           principally
           ,
           to
           explicate
           the
           manner
           of
           their
           Vegetation
           .
           In
           doing
           which
           ,
           that
           former
           Method
           ,
           which
           I
           used
           in
           shewing
           the
           manner
           of
           the
           growth
           of
           Roots
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           exactly
           follow
           .
           For
           so
           ,
           the
           general
           parts
           of
           the
           Root
           and
           Trunk
           being
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Nutrition
           and
           Confirmation
           of
           the
           Organical
           
           parts
           of
           both
           ,
           being
           effected
           in
           the
           same
           way
           ;
           I
           should
           hereby
           be
           obliged
           to
           the
           repetition
           of
           many
           things
           already
           said
           :
           which
           would
           be
           nauseous
           and
           unprofitable
           unto
           those
           ,
           who
           have
           been
           pleased
           to
           peruse
           them
           .
           The
           explication
           therefore
           of
           all
           those
           things
           that
           more
           especially
           belong
           to
           the
           Trunk
           ,
           or
           are
           more
           apparent
           therein
           ,
           and
           not
           spoken
           of
           ,
           or
           not
           so
           fully
           in
           my
           former
           Books
           ,
           will
           be
           my
           present
           task
           .
           The
           chief
           Heads
           whereof
           ,
           shall
           be
           these
           seven
           following
           .
           viz.
           
        
         
           
             FIRST
             ,
             the
             Motion
             and
             
               course
               of
               the
               Sap.
            
             
          
           
             SECONDLY
             ,
             The
             Motion
             and
             course
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
           
             THIRDLY
             ,
             The
             Structure
             of
             the
             parts
             .
          
           
             FOURTHLY
             ,
             The
             Generation
             of
             Liquours
             .
          
           
             FIFTHLY
             ,
             The
             Figuration
             of
             Trunks
             .
          
           
             SIXTHLY
             ,
             The
             Motion
             of
             Trunks
             .
          
           
             SEVENTHLY
             ,
             And
             lastly
             the
             Na●●re
             of
             Trunks
             as
             variously
             fitted
             for
             
               Mechanical
               use
            
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             
          
           
             FIRST
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             course
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             there
             are
             three
             parts
             by
             which
             it
             
               moveth
               ;
               sc.
            
             the
             Pith
             ,
             the
             Wood
             ,
             and
             the
             Bark
             .
             First
             the
             Pith
             ;
             by
             which
             the
             Sap
             moveth
             the
             first
             year
             ,
             and
             only
             the
             first
             year
             .
             Or
             ,
             it
             is
             
               Proprium
               quarto
               modo
            
             ,
             to
             the
             Pith
             of
             every
             
               Annual
               growth
            
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             Pith
             of
             such
             a
             growth
             only
             ,
             
               to
               be
               succulent
            
             .
             That
             is
             ,
             whether
             of
             a
             sprout
             from
             a
             seed
             ,
             or
             of
             a
             sucker
             from
             a
             Root
             ,
             or
             of
             a
             Cyon
             from
             a
             Branch
             ;
             The
             Pith
             is
             always
             found
             the
             first
             year
             full
             of
             Sap.
             But
             the
             second
             year
             ,
             the
             same
             individual
             Pith
             ,
             always
             becomes
             dry
             ,
             and
             so
             it
             continues
             ever
             after
             .
          
           
             One
             cause
             whereof
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Sap-vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             being
             the
             first
             year
             adjacent
             to
             the
             Pith
             ,
             they
             do
             all
             that
             time
             transfuse
             part
             of
             their
             Sap
             into
             it
             ,
             and
             so
             keep
             it
             always
             succulent
             .
             But
             the
             same
             
               Sap
               vessels
            
             the
             year
             following
             ,
             are
             turned
             into
             Wood
             ;
             and
             the
             Vessels
             which
             now
             carry
             the
             Sap
             stand
             beyond
             them
             ,
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Sap
             being
             now
             more
             remote
             from
             the
             Pith
             ,
             and
             intercepted
             by
             the
             new
             wood
             ,
             it
             cannot
             be
             transfused
             with
             that
             sufficient
             force
             and
             plenty
             as
             before
             into
             the
             Pith
             ;
             which
             therefore
             from
             the
             first
             year
             always
             continues
             dry
             .
          
           
           
             
               THE
               SECOND
               part
            
             by
             which
             the
             
               Sap
               moves
               sub
               forma
               liquoris
            
             ,
             is
             the
             Wood.
             Which
             yet
             is
             not
             in
             all
             Plants
             ,
             but
             only
             in
             some
             ,
             and
             visibly
             in
             few
             ;
             as
             in
             the
             Vine
             :
             in
             which
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             the
             Sap
             doth
             
               visibly
               ascend
            
             by
             the
             Wood.
             And
             this
             it
             doth
             not
             only
             the
             first
             year
             ,
             but
             every
             year
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             the
             Vine
             continues
             to
             grow
             .
             But
             although
             this
             ascent
             by
             the
             Wood
             be
             every
             year
             ,
             yet
             is
             it
             only
             in
             the
             spring
             ,
             for
             about
             the
             space
             of
             a
             month
             ;
             sc.
             in
             March
             ,
             and
             April
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             many
             other
             Trees
             ,
             besides
             the
             Vine
             ,
             wherein
             at
             the
             same
             time
             of
             the
             year
             ,
             (
             and
             perhaps
             in
             all
             the
             other
             Trees
             a
             little
             before
             or
             after
             )
             wherein
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             the
             
               Sap
               ascendeth
            
             ,
             though
             not
             so
             copiously
             ,
             yet
             chiefly
             ,
             by
             the
             Wood.
             For
             taking
             a
             Branch
             of
             two
             or
             three
             years
             old
             ,
             suppose
             of
             Sallow
             ,
             and
             having
             first
             cut
             it
             transversly
             ,
             if
             the
             Bark
             be
             then
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             crushed
             somewhat
             hard
             with
             the
             back
             of
             the
             knife
             ,
             near
             the
             newly
             cut
             end
             ;
             the
             Sap
             will
             very
             plainly
             rise
             up
             out
             of
             the
             utmost
             Ring
             of
             Wood.
             And
             if
             it
             be
             crushed
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             about
             an
             inch
             lower
             it
             will
             ascend
             out
             of
             every
             Ring
             of
             Wood
             to
             the
             center
             .
             Yet
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             which
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             there
             ariseth
             no
             Sap
             at
             all
             out
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             Which
             sheweth
             the
             error
             of
             that
             so
             common
             opinion
             ,
             that
             
               the
               Sap
            
             
             
               always
               riseth
               betwixt
               the
               Wood
               and
               the
               Bark
               .
            
             For
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             spring
             ,
             it
             riseth
             ,
             neither
             betwixt
             the
             Wood
             and
             Bark
             ,
             nor
             in
             the
             Bark
             ;
             but
             only
             in
             the
             Wood.
             
          
           
             
               THE
               THIRD
               part
            
             by
             which
             the
             Sap
             ascends
             is
             the
             Bark
             ,
             as
             may
             be
             observed
             in
             almost
             any
             Branch
             ,
             cut
             cross
             in
             the
             
               late
               Spring
            
             and
             Summer
             ;
             either
             as
             the
             Sap
             issueth
             spontaneously
             ,
             or
             upon
             crushing
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             So
             that
             when
             the
             Sap
             ceaseth
             to
             ascend
             ,
             
               sub
               forma
               liquoris
            
             ,
             by
             the
             Wood
             ,
             then
             it
             begins
             to
             ascend
             by
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             Besides
             the
             difference
             of
             time
             ,
             the
             
               Organical
               parts
            
             likewise
             ,
             by
             which
             these
             two
             Saps
             ascend
             ,
             are
             divers
             .
             For
             in
             the
             Bark
             ,
             it
             ascendeth
             visibly
             only
             by
             the
             Sap-vessels
             .
             Whereas
             in
             the
             Wood
             ,
             it
             ascendeth
             only
             by
             the
             Air-vessels
             .
             That
             is
             to
             say
             those
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Wood
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             Spring
             do
             often
             times
             carry
             Liquor
             :
             when
             the
             Tree
             begins
             to
             thrive
             ,
             and
             many
             new
             parts
             to
             be
             formed
             and
             fed
             ,
             are
             filled
             only
             with
             
               Air
               ;
               sc.
            
             a
             
               Vegetable
               Air.
            
             The
             said
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Wood
             have
             likewise
             a
             quite
             different
             Structure
             ;
             being
             composed
             of
             spiral
             ,
             but
             those
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             
               rectilenear
               Fibers
            
             ;
             as
             we
             have
             lately
             shewed
             .
             In
             which
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             all
             the
             
               specifical
               liquors
            
             of
             every
             Tree
             are
             chiefly
             contained
             .
          
           
             FROM
             what
             hath
             been
             said
             ,
             we
             may
             understand
             ,
             what
             is
             meant
             by
             Bleeding
             of
             
             Plants
             .
             If
             we
             take
             it
             generally
             ,
             it
             properly
             enough
             expresses
             
               the
               eruption
               of
               the
               Sap
               out
               of
               any
               Vessels
            
             ;
             and
             so
             ,
             almost
             all
             Plants
             in
             Summer
             time
             ,
             do
             Bleed
             :
             that
             is
             ,
             from
             Vessels
             either
             in
             the
             Bark
             or
             verge
             of
             the
             Pith
             :
             the
             Saps
             they
             Bleed
             ,
             having
             either
             a
             
               sower
               ,
               sweet
               ,
               hot
               ,
               bitter
               ,
            
             or
             other
             tast
             .
             At
             which
             time
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             also
             ,
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             a
             
               Vine
               Branch
            
             ,
             do
             bleed
             a
             
               sower
               sap
            
             .
          
           
             But
             that
             which
             is
             vulgarly
             called
             bleeding
             ,
             as
             in
             a
             Vine
             ,
             is
             quite
             another
             thing
             ;
             both
             as
             to
             the
             liquor
             which
             issueth
             ,
             and
             the
             place
             where
             it
             issues
             :
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             it
             is
             neither
             a
             sweet
             nor
             sower
             ,
             but
             
               tastless
               Sap
            
             ;
             issuing
             not
             from
             the
             Air-vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
             So
             that
             there
             is
             as
             much
             difference
             betwixt
             Bleeding
             in
             a
             Vine
             ,
             or
             the
             Rising
             of
             the
             Sap
             in
             any
             other
             Tree
             ,
             in
             March
             ,
             and
             in
             July
             ;
             as
             there
             is
             betwixt
             salivation
             and
             an
             Haemorrhage
             ;
             or
             betwixt
             the
             course
             of
             the
             Chyle
             in
             the
             
               Lactiferous
               Vessels
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Circulation
             of
             the
             Blood
             in
             the
             Arteries
             and
             Veins
             .
          
           
             NOW
             the
             cause
             whence
             it
             comes
             to
             pass
             ,
             that
             the
             
               early
               spring
               Sap
            
             of
             a
             Vine
             ,
             and
             other
             Trees
             ,
             ascendeth
             by
             the
             Wood
             ,
             is
             in
             that
             the
             young
             Sap-vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             by
             which
             the
             Sap
             ascendeth
             all
             the
             Summer
             ,
             are
             as
             yet
             but
             begun
             to
             be
             formed
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Sap
             having
             not
             yet
             these
             Vessels
             to
             receive
             
             it
             ,
             it
             therefore
             runs
             up
             the
             Air-vessels
             in
             the
             Wood.
             But
             so
             soon
             as
             the
             said
             Vessels
             in
             the
             Bark
             begin
             considerably
             to
             encrease
             ,
             the
             Sap
             quitting
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             betakes
             it self
             to
             these
             ,
             as
             its
             most
             proper
             Receptacles
             .
          
           
             The
             cause
             else
             ,
             why
             the
             Vessels
             of
             almost
             all
             Plants
             ,
             upon
             cutting
             ,
             do
             yield
             Sap
             ,
             or
             Bleed
             ;
             is
             the
             pression
             which
             the
             Parenchyma
             makes
             upon
             them
             .
             For
             the
             Pith
             and
             other
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             have
             upon
             the
             reception
             of
             liquor
             ,
             a
             Conatus
             to
             dilate
             themselves
             :
             as
             is
             manifest
             from
             sponges
             ,
             which
             are
             a
             substance
             of
             the
             same
             nature
             ,
             and
             have
             a
             somewhat
             like
             structure
             :
             as
             also
             from
             Cork
             ,
             which
             is
             but
             the
             parenchyma
             of
             a
             Plant.
             I
             say
             therefore
             ,
             that
             the
             parenchyma
             being
             fill'd
             and
             swell'd
             with
             Sap
             hath
             thereby
             a
             continual
             Conatus
             to
             dilate
             it self
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             same
             degree
             ,
             to
             crush
             together
             or
             contract
             the
             Vessels
             which
             it
             surroundeth
             .
             And
             the
             said
             Vessels
             being
             cut
             ,
             their
             actual
             contraction
             ,
             and
             the
             eruption
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             do
             both
             immediately
             follow
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             also
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             the
             Trunk
             or
             Branch
             of
             any
             Plant
             being
             cut
             ,
             it
             always
             bleeds
             at
             both
             ends
             ,
             upward
             and
             downwards
             ,
             alike
             freely
             .
             Which
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             divers
             other
             experiments
             ,
             plainly
             shews
             ,
             
             that
             in
             the
             Sap-vessels
             of
             a
             Plant
             there
             are
             no
             Valves
             .
          
           
             FROM
             what
             we
             have
             now
             above
             ,
             and
             elsewhere
             formerly
             said
             ,
             we
             may
             also
             understand
             the
             manner
             of
             the
             ascent
             of
             the
             Sap.
             As
             to
             which
             I
             say
             first
             ,
             that
             considering
             to
             what
             height
             and
             plenty
             ,
             the
             Sap
             sometimes
             ascends
             ;
             it
             is
             not
             intelligible
             ,
             how
             it
             should
             thus
             ascend
             ,
             by
             virtue
             of
             any
             one
             part
             of
             a
             Plant
             alone
             ;
             that
             is
             neither
             by
             virtue
             of
             the
             parenchyma
             ,
             nor
             by
             virtue
             of
             the
             
               Vessels
               alone
            
             .
             Nor
             by
             the
             parenchyma
             alone
             .
             For
             this
             ,
             as
             it
             hath
             the
             nature
             of
             a
             Sponge
             or
             Filtre
             ,
             to
             suck
             up
             the
             Sap
             ;
             so
             likewise
             ,
             to
             suck
             it
             up
             but
             to
             such
             an
             height
             ,
             as
             perhaps
             about
             an
             inch
             ,
             or
             two
             and
             no
             more
             .
          
           
             Nor
             by
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             alone
             for
             the
             same
             reason
             .
             For
             although
             we
             see
             ,
             that
             small
             glass
             pipes
             immersed
             in
             water
             ,
             will
             give
             it
             an
             ascent
             for
             some
             inches
             ;
             yet
             there
             is
             a
             certain
             period
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             bore
             of
             the
             Pipe
             ,
             beyond
             which
             it
             will
             not
             rise
             .
             We
             must
             therefore
             join
             both
             the
             Vessels
             and
             the
             parenchyma
             together
             in
             the
             service
             ;
             which
             we
             may
             conceive
             performed
             by
             them
             in
             this
             manner
             following
             .
          
           
             Let
             AB
             be
             the
             Vessel
             of
             a
             Plant.
             Let
             GH
             be
             the
             Fibers
             whereof
             it
             is
             composed
             .
             Let
             CEDF
             be
             a
             number
             of
             Vesiculae
             of
             
             the
             parenchyma
             ,
             wherewith
             it
             is
             surrounded
             .
             I
             say
             then
             ,
             that
             the
             Sap
             ,
             in
             the
             pipe
             BA
             would
             of
             it self
             rise
             but
             a
             few
             inches
             ,
             as
             suppose
             from
             D
             to
             L.
             But
             being
             surrounded
             by
             the
             Vesiculae
             DP
             the
             said
             Vesiculae
             being
             swelled
             with
             Sap
             ,
             press
             upon
             the
             said
             pipe
             BA
             .
             Which
             being
             pervious
             by
             its
             Fibers
             GH
             the
             Vesiculae
             at
             the
             same
             time
             filtre
             or
             transfuse
             part
             of
             their
             Sap
             thereinto
             ;
             which
             will
             therefore
             be
             forced
             to
             rise
             higher
             therein
             .
             And
             the
             said
             pipe
             or
             Vessel
             being
             all
             along
             surrounded
             by
             the
             like
             Vesiculae
             ,
             the
             Sap
             therein
             is
             still
             forced
             higher
             and
             higher
             .
             Wherefore
             the
             Vesiculae
             of
             the
             parenchyma
             ,
             are
             as
             so
             many
             Cisterns
             of
             liquor
             ,
             which
             being
             ,
             throughout
             the
             length
             of
             the
             pipe
             ,
             contiguous
             to
             it
             ,
             afford
             it
             every
             where
             a
             continual
             supply
             of
             Sap.
             So
             that
             by
             the
             supply
             and
             pressure
             of
             the
             Cisterns
             or
             Vesiculae
             FD
             the
             Sap
             riseth
             to
             L
             ;
             by
             those
             at
             QL
             it
             rises
             to
             M
             ;
             by
             those
             at
             NM
             ,
             it
             rises
             to
             I
             ;
             by
             those
             at
             OI
             ,
             it
             rises
             to
             K
             ;
             by
             those
             at
             PK
             ,
             it
             rises
             to
             E
             ;
             and
             so
             to
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Tree
             .
             And
             thus
             far
             of
             the
             motion
             of
             the
             Sap.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             
          
           
             
               THE
               NEXT
            
             enquiry
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             is
             into
             the
             motion
             and
             course
             of
             the
             Air.
             Where
             this
             question
             will
             first
             of
             all
             be
             asked
             ;
             sc.
             which
             way
             the
             Air
             first
             enters
             the
             Plant
             ;
             whether
             at
             the
             
               Trunk
               ,
               Leaves
            
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             above
             ground
             ;
             or
             at
             the
             Root
             ?
             I
             answer
             ,
             
               that
               it
               enters
               in
               part
               at
               them
               all
               .
            
             For
             the
             inception
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             extramission
             whereof
             ,
             the
             pores
             are
             so
             very
             large
             ,
             in
             the
             Trunks
             of
             some
             Plants
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             better
             sort
             of
             thick
             walking
             Canes
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             visible
             ,
             to
             a
             good
             eye
             ,
             without
             a
             glass
             ,
             but
             with
             a
             glass
             the
             Cane
             seems
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             were
             stuck
             top
             full
             of
             holes
             with
             great
             pins
             :
             being
             so
             large
             ,
             as
             very
             well
             to
             resemble
             these
             pores
             of
             the
             skin
             in
             the
             ends
             of
             the
             fingers
             and
             ball
             of
             the
             hand
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             leaves
             of
             Pine
             ,
             they
             are
             likewise
             ,
             through
             a
             glass
             ,
             a
             very
             elegant
             show
             ;
             standing
             all
             ,
             most
             exactly
             ,
             in
             rank
             and
             file
             ,
             throughout
             the
             length
             of
             the
             leaves
             .
             The
             figure
             whereof
             shall
             be
             given
             hereafter
             ,
             when
             I
             come
             to
             the
             Anatomy
             of
             the
             Leaf
             .
          
           
             But
             although
             the
             Air
             enters
             ,
             in
             part
             ,
             at
             the
             Trunk
             and
             other
             parts
             ,
             especially
             in
             some
             Plants
             ;
             yet
             it
             s
             chief
             entrance
             ,
             is
             at
             the
             Root
             .
             Even
             as
             some
             parts
             of
             Air
             ,
             may
             
             continually
             pass
             into
             the
             Body
             and
             Blood
             ,
             by
             the
             habit
             ,
             or
             pores
             of
             the
             skin
             ;
             but
             chiefly
             ,
             at
             the
             mouth
             .
             And
             what
             the
             mouth
             is
             ,
             to
             an
             Animal
             ;
             that
             the
             Root
             is
             to
             a
             Plant.
             
          
           
             Again
             ,
             if
             the
             chief
             entrance
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             was
             at
             the
             Trunk
             ;
             then
             ,
             before
             it
             could
             be
             mixed
             with
             the
             Sap
             in
             the
             Root
             ,
             it
             must
             descend
             ;
             and
             so
             move
             in
             a
             contrary
             course
             to
             the
             Sap
             throughout
             the
             Plant.
             As
             by
             its
             reception
             at
             the
             Root
             ,
             and
             so
             its
             ascent
             from
             thence
             ,
             it
             hath
             a
             more
             natural
             and
             easy
             motion
             of
             ascent
             :
             for
             that
             the
             Sap
             of
             the
             same
             Plant
             should
             continually
             ascend
             ,
             and
             the
             Air
             descend
             ,
             would
             be
             somewhat
             strange
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             is
             further
             argued
             from
             the
             fewness
             and
             smallness
             of
             
               diametral
               Portions
            
             in
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             in
             comparison
             with
             those
             in
             the
             Root
             :
             which
             nature
             hath
             plainly
             there
             designed
             ,
             for
             the
             separation
             of
             the
             Air
             from
             the
             Sap
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             both
             together
             received
             into
             the
             Root
             .
             So
             that
             the
             reception
             and
             course
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             is
             made
             on
             this
             manner
             following
             .
          
           
             The
             Air
             being
             a
             springy
             body
             ,
             it
             insinuates
             into
             all
             the
             Pores
             and
             cranies
             of
             the
             earth
             ;
             and
             so
             is
             perfectly
             mixed
             with
             the
             soyl
             .
             Whereupon
             ,
             as
             the
             Sap
             enters
             the
             Root
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             Air
             still
             intrudes
             it self
             
             together
             with
             it
             .
             The
             liquid
             portion
             of
             the
             Sap
             swells
             and
             fills
             up
             the
             succulent
             parts
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             The
             Airy
             part
             is
             ,
             as
             was
             said
             ,
             separated
             from
             the
             liquid
             into
             the
             
               Diametral
               portions
            
             .
             By
             which
             it
             is
             conveyed
             from
             the
             Bark
             ,
             and
             so
             into
             the
             Air-vessels
             ;
             betwixt
             which
             Vessels
             ,
             the
             said
             
               Diametral
               portions
            
             run
             from
             the
             Bark
             towards
             the
             center
             of
             the
             Root
             .
             The
             Air
             thus
             received
             into
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             and
             the
             reception
             thereof
             ,
             by
             the
             same
             means
             ,
             continued
             ;
             it
             is
             by
             them
             advanced
             into
             the
             Trunk
             .
             In
             which
             advance
             ,
             it
             is
             again
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             disbursed
             into
             all
             the
             parts
             of
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             as
             it
             goes
             .
             Partly
             inwards
             to
             the
             Pith.
             From
             whence
             the
             Pith
             is
             always
             at
             length
             filled
             with
             
               Air.
               Partly
            
             into
             the
             Insertions
             ;
             by
             which
             it
             is
             conveyed
             outward
             into
             the
             Bark
             .
             Wherein
             ,
             it
             is
             in
             part
             transfused
             through
             the
             Sap
             ;
             and
             so
             the
             rest
             ,
             with
             part
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             remitted
             in
             perspirations
             back
             again
             into
             the
             Air.
             So
             that
             ,
             whereas
             the
             
               Diametral
               portions
            
             in
             the
             Root
             ,
             do
             serve
             to
             convey
             the
             Air
             from
             the
             Sap
             into
             the
             Air-vessels
             :
             on
             the
             contrary
             the
             Insertions
             here
             in
             the
             Trunk
             serve
             to
             convey
             the
             Air
             from
             the
             Air-vessels
             into
             the
             Sap.
             Wherefore
             ,
             as
             the
             
               Air-vessels
               advance
            
             the
             Air
             ;
             or
             the
             
               Airy
               part
            
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             and
             so
             convey
             it
             by
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Trunk
             ;
             so
             the
             
               Insertions
               filter
            
             
             it
             ,
             and
             convey
             it
             by
             the
             bredth
             .
          
           
             AND
             that
             the
             Insertions
             have
             this
             office
             of
             subservience
             to
             both
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             ;
             doth
             yet
             further
             appear
             ,
             if
             we
             consider
             ,
             that
             the
             Air-vessels
             are
             always
             so
             postured
             ,
             as
             to
             touch
             upon
             the
             said
             Insertions
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             to
             stand
             very
             near
             them
             .
             For
             either
             they
             are
             large
             ,
             and
             so
             do
             frequently
             touch
             upon
             them
             on
             both
             sides
             ;
             as
             in
             
               Elm
               ,
               Ash
               ,
               Wallnut
            
             &c.
             
             Or
             if
             they
             are
             small
             ;
             then
             they
             either
             run
             along
             in
             even
             lines
             collateral
             with
             the
             said
             Insertions
             ,
             as
             in
             Holly
             :
             or
             at
             least
             ,
             are
             reciprocally
             ,
             some
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             some
             on
             another
             ,
             inclined
             to
             them
             ;
             as
             in
             Apple
             .
             By
             all
             which
             means
             ,
             the
             Air
             is
             more
             readily
             conveyed
             from
             the
             Vessels
             into
             the
             Insertions
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             a
             further
             evidence
             hereof
             is
             that
             generally
             ,
             the
             bigger
             and
             the
             more
             numerous
             the
             Air-vessels
             are
             ;
             the
             bigger
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             ,
             the
             more
             numerous
             also
             are
             the
             Insertions
             :
             especially
             if
             the
             comparison
             be
             made
             (
             as
             in
             all
             other
             cases
             it
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             here
             )
             betwixt
             the
             several
             species
             of
             the
             same
             kind
             .
             So
             Corin
             ,
             which
             hath
             small
             Air-vessels
             ,
             hath
             also
             very
             small
             Insertions
             .
             But
             the
             Vine
             hath
             both
             very
             large
             :
             and
             so
             for
             others
             .
          
           
             Wherefore
             ,
             the
             Insertions
             minister
             betwixt
             the
             Air-vessels
             and
             the
             succiferous
             ;
             in
             
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             as
             the
             Vesiculae
             of
             the
             Lungs
             ,
             do
             betwixt
             the
             Bronchiae
             and
             the
             Arteries
             .
             That
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             as
             in
             an
             Animal
             ,
             the
             Bronchiae
             deposite
             the
             Air
             into
             the
             Vesiculae
             of
             the
             lungs
             ;
             which
             administer
             it
             to
             the
             Arteries
             :
             so
             in
             a
             Plant
             ,
             the
             Air-vessels
             deposit
             the
             Air
             into
             the
             Insertions
             ,
             that
             is
             into
             the
             Vesiculae
             of
             the
             Insertions
             ;
             by
             which
             it
             is
             gradually
             filtred
             off
             into
             the
             Bark
             and
             Sap-vessels
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             
          
           
             A
             THIRD
             enquiry
             ,
             is
             into
             the
             Generation
             and
             Structure
             of
             parts
             .
             The
             manner
             whereof
             I
             have
             already
             endeavoured
             to
             explicate
             from
             the
             Anatomy
             of
             the
             Root
             ,
             throughout
             all
             particulars
             .
             Some
             whereof
             I
             shall
             yet
             further
             clear
             .
          
           
             As
             first
             the
             Union
             of
             the
             Bark
             to
             the
             Body
             of
             the
             Tree
             .
             Contrary
             to
             the
             common
             opinion
             ,
             
               That
               they
               are
               not
               continuous
            
             ;
             but
             that
             the
             Bark
             only
             surrounds
             the
             Body
             ,
             as
             a
             scabbard
             doth
             the
             sword
             ,
             or
             a
             glove
             the
             hand
             .
             As
             also
             seemeth
             to
             be
             proved
             ,
             by
             the
             easy
             sliping
             of
             the
             Bark
             of
             Willow
             ,
             and
             most
             other
             Trees
             ,
             when
             full
             of
             Sap
             ,
             from
             the
             Wood.
             
          
           
           
             But
             notwithstanding
             ,
             this
             ,
             they
             are
             as
             truly
             continuous
             ,
             as
             the
             skin
             of
             the
             Body
             is
             with
             the
             
               flesh
               :
               sc.
            
             by
             means
             of
             the
             Parenchyma
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             entire
             Body
             ,
             running
             from
             the
             Bark
             into
             the
             Wood
             ,
             and
             so
             uniting
             both
             together
             .
          
           
             Now
             the
             reason
             why
             the
             Bark
             nevertheless
             slips
             so
             easily
             from
             the
             Wood
             ,
             is
             plain
             ,
             viz.
             Because
             most
             of
             the
             young
             Vessels
             and
             
               Parenchymous
               parts
            
             ,
             are
             there
             every
             year
             successively
             formed
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             betwixt
             the
             Wood
             and
             Bark
             :
             where
             the
             said
             parts
             newly
             formed
             ,
             are
             as
             tender
             ,
             as
             the
             tenderest
             Vessels
             in
             Animals
             .
             And
             we
             may
             imagine
             ,
             how
             easy
             it
             were
             at
             once
             to
             tear
             or
             break
             a
             thousand
             Vessels
             or
             Fibers
             of
             an
             Embrio
             ,
             of
             a
             Womb
             or
             Egg.
             
          
           
             THE
             same
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             are
             always
             braced
             ,
             and
             gradually
             fall
             off
             together
             with
             the
             Parenchyma
             into
             the
             utmost
             Rind
             .
             Hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Barks
             of
             many
             Trees
             are
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             latticed
             with
             several
             cracks
             or
             fissures
             ,
             of
             divers
             sizes
             ,
             in
             the
             figure
             of
             Rhombs
             :
             the
             said
             fissures
             representing
             the
             Position
             and
             Tract
             of
             the
             Vessels
             in
             their
             Braces
             .
             Hence
             also
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Bark
             of
             some
             Trees
             ,
             as
             of
             
               Corin
               ,
               Cherry
            
             ,
             &c.
             falleth
             off
             in
             
               Rings
               ,
               sc.
            
             because
             the
             Sap-vessels
             are
             posited
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             in
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
           
             The
             
               Sap
               vessels
            
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             generated
             at
             the
             inner
             verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             :
             solikewise
             ,
             in
             a
             small
             quantity
             ,
             at
             the
             utmost
             verge
             of
             the
             Pith.
             Hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             by
             the
             annual
             accretion
             of
             these
             Vessels
             ,
             that
             the
             Pith
             is
             sometimes
             less
             in
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             Branches
             ;
             and
             less
             in
             the
             elder
             Branches
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             younger
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             't
             is
             almost
             wholly
             filled
             up
             .
          
           
             SOMETIMES
             also
             it
             breaks
             and
             shrinks
             up
             ,
             thus
             making
             the
             Trunk
             a
             Pipe.
             The
             cause
             whereof
             ,
             is
             either
             the
             Largness
             of
             its
             Pores
             ,
             or
             the
             Thinness
             of
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             said
             Pores
             ;
             upon
             both
             which
             accounts
             ,
             the
             Pith
             doth
             more
             easily
             tear
             ,
             and
             upon
             tearing
             shrink
             up
             ,
             and
             so
             become
             hollow
             :
             as
             in
             Cichory
             ,
             Lampsana
             ,
             Sonchus
             ,
             Teasel
             ,
             Brownwort
             ,
             and
             others
             ;
             wherein
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Pith
             are
             large
             ,
             and
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             Pores
             thin
             .
             Whereas
             ,
             upon
             contrary
             accounts
             the
             Piths
             of
             most
             Trees
             ,
             remain
             perpetually
             entire
             .
          
           
             THE
             Reason
             why
             Plants
             are
             made
             thus
             to
             become
             hollow
             ,
             is
             partly
             ,
             for
             the
             ripening
             of
             the
             Fruit
             or
             Seed
             ;
             which
             is
             the
             better
             effected
             by
             a
             more
             plentiful
             supply
             of
             
             Air
             ●●●tinually
             received
             into
             their
             hollow
             Trunks
             .
             By
             means
             of
             which
             Air
             ,
             part
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             is
             dryed
             up
             ,
             and
             the
             remaining
             part
             of
             it
             made
             warmer
             ,
             and
             so
             sooner
             matured
             .
          
           
           
             Partly
             ,
             for
             the
             better
             determining
             the
             due
             Age
             of
             the
             Plant.
             Hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             greater
             part
             of
             
               Annual
               Trunks
            
             ,
             are
             hollow
             :
             the
             Air
             contained
             in
             that
             hollow
             ,
             drying
             up
             the
             Sap
             ,
             and
             shrinking
             up
             the
             Sap-vessels
             so
             far
             ,
             as
             to
             hinder
             the
             free
             motion
             of
             the
             Sap
             therein
             ;
             from
             whence
             the
             Plant
             must
             needs
             perish
             .
             So
             that
             as
             the
             Content
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             is
             a
             kind
             of
             
               Vegetable
               Air
            
             ,
             whose
             office
             is
             to
             Attenuate
             ,
             and
             Ferment
             rhe
             Juyces
             of
             Plants
             :
             so
             the
             Content
             of
             these
             cavities
             ,
             is
             a
             more
             
               natural
               Air
            
             ,
             designed
             chiefly
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             it
             is
             convenient
             ,
             to
             dry
             them
             up
             .
          
           
             Sometimes
             ,
             though
             the
             Pith
             break
             ,
             yet
             not
             into
             one
             pipe
             ,
             but
             many
             
               cross
               Membranes
            
             ,
             as
             in
             Wallnut
             and
             Spanish-broom
             .
             Because
             here
             the
             dilatation
             of
             the
             Branch
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Pith
             therein
             ,
             being
             much
             less
             ,
             in
             proportion
             ,
             than
             its
             growth
             in
             length
             ;
             the
             Pith
             therefore
             ,
             being
             stretched
             most
             by
             its
             length
             ,
             will
             soonest
             tear
             the
             same
             way
             and
             consequently
             shrink
             up
             into
             so
             many
             Membranes
             by
             the
             bredth
             of
             the
             Trunk
             .
          
           
             AGAIN
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Air-vessels
             divers
             questions
             may
             be
             asked
             .
             As
             how
             it
             comes
             to
             pass
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             generally
             less
             in
             the
             Trunk
             of
             the
             same
             Plant
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             Root
             ?
             The
             cause
             whereof
             is
             ,
             that
             here
             in
             the
             
             Trunk
             ,
             they
             are
             more
             under
             the
             power
             of
             the
             Air
             ;
             both
             that
             which
             entereth
             in
             at
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             of
             its
             own
             nature
             ascendeth
             up
             into
             it
             from
             the
             Root
             .
             For
             the
             Air
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             elsewhere
             said
             ,
             is
             the
             mould
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             to
             the
             crooked
             particles
             whereof
             the
             Saline
             ,
             and
             other
             principles
             concurring
             to
             their
             generation
             ,
             do
             conform
             .
             To
             which
             they
             do
             best
             ,
             the
             smaller
             they
             are
             :
             the
             Fibers
             of
             the
             larger
             Air-vessels
             making
             greater
             circles
             ,
             and
             so
             coming
             nearer
             to
             a
             
               right
               line
            
             ,
             answerable
             to
             the
             figure
             of
             the
             Particles
             ;
             not
             of
             the
             Aerial
             but
             of
             the
             
               saline
               principle
            
             .
          
           
             Wherefore
             as
             the
             Air-vessels
             may
             be
             observed
             still
             to
             be
             dilated
             or
             widened
             towards
             the
             lower
             parts
             of
             the
             Root
             ;
             the
             
               Aerial
               principle
            
             being
             there
             less
             predominant
             ,
             and
             the
             Saline
             more
             :
             So
             towards
             the
             upper
             part
             of
             the
             Trunck
             ,
             to
             be
             contracted
             or
             grow
             smaller
             ;
             the
             
               Aerial
               prniciple
            
             being
             here
             more
             predominant
             ,
             and
             the
             Saline
             less
             .
          
           
             FOR
             the
             same
             cause
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             observed
             ,
             that
             the
             Air-vessels
             of
             the
             several
             years
             succeeding
             the
             second
             year
             ,
             are
             near
             of
             one
             size
             :
             but
             those
             of
             the
             second
             year
             ,
             are
             usually
             much
             larger
             than
             those
             of
             the
             
               first
               ,
               viz.
            
             as
             being
             under
             a
             less
             power
             of
             
             the
             Air.
             For
             the
             first
             year
             ,
             the
             Pith
             being
             full
             of
             liquor
             ,
             the
             Air-vessels
             themselves
             ,
             are
             the
             only
             Repositories
             of
             the
             Air.
             Whereas
             after
             the
             first
             year
             ,
             the
             Pith
             becoming
             dry
             ,
             or
             another
             great
             Repository
             for
             the
             Air
             ;
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             are
             henceforth
             filled
             with
             a
             moisture
             and
             more
             vapourous
             and
             
               saline
               Air
            
             ,
             and
             so
             made
             to
             grow
             wider
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             same
             cause
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             disparity
             betwixt
             the
             Air-vessels
             of
             the
             first
             and
             succeeding
             years
             ,
             is
             not
             ,
             where
             the
             Pith
             is
             small
             ,
             so
             visible
             .
             Because
             being
             never
             capable
             of
             containing
             many
             airy
             parts
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             the
             Air-vessels
             themselves
             continue
             still
             the
             chief
             Receptacles
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             so
             to
             be
             still
             more
             equally
             sized
             :
             as
             in
             
               Hazel
               ,
               Elm
            
             ,
             &c.
             is
             seen
             .
          
           
             Hence
             the
             very
             size
             of
             the
             Pith
             ,
             hath
             much
             influence
             upon
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             and
             the
             manner
             of
             nutrition
             ,
             and
             the
             Generation
             of
             liquors
             in
             Plants
             .
          
           
             LASTLY
             ,
             for
             the
             above
             said
             cause
             ,
             the
             time
             when
             the
             Vessels
             begin
             every
             year
             to
             be
             formed
             or
             to
             appear
             ,
             is
             always
             later
             ;
             at
             least
             ,
             with
             respect
             to
             the
             season
             of
             the
             Tree
             .
             So
             that
             whereas
             the
             Sap-vessels
             begin
             to
             be
             formed
             in
             spring
             :
             these
             ,
             not
             till
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             Summer
             ,
             or
             there
             about
             ;
             at
             least
             not
             till
             about
             that
             time
             to
             appear
             .
             That
             is
             ,
             when
             the
             Sap
             begins
             to
             
             decrease
             ,
             and
             to
             grow
             more
             airy
             ;
             and
             so
             more
             fit
             matter
             for
             the
             generation
             of
             the
             said
             Air-vessels
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             
          
           
             UPON
             the
             Structure
             and
             Formation
             of
             the
             parts
             ,
             dependeth
             the
             generation
             of
             liquors
             ,
             as
             was
             lately
             intimated
             .
             The
             manner
             whereof
             I
             have
             formerly
             shewed
             ,
             in
             discoursing
             of
             the
             Root
             .
             Yet
             some
             things
             I
             shall
             here
             further
             explicate
             .
             And
             first
             ,
             what
             we
             have
             formerly
             asserted
             sc.
             That
             the
             concurrence
             of
             two
             specifically
             distinct
             liquors
             ,
             is
             as
             necessary
             to
             nutrition
             in
             Plants
             ,
             as
             in
             Animals
             .
             Which
             appears
             ,
             as
             from
             divers
             other
             considerations
             ,
             so
             from
             the
             very
             Structure
             of
             a
             Plant
             :
             where
             in
             all
             the
             organical
             parts
             ,
             that
             is
             the
             parenchyma
             and
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             are
             every
             where
             mixed
             together
             
               per
               minima
            
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             
               per
               minimas
               partes
               Organicas
            
             ,
             or
             Fiber
             with
             Fiber
             of
             several
             kinds
             .
             So
             that
             every
             small
             part
             of
             a
             Tree
             or
             of
             the
             Bark
             of
             a
             Tree
             ,
             is
             as
             I
             may
             say
             ,
             a
             sort
             of
             
               Linsy
               Woolsey
            
             .
             So
             that
             there
             is
             not
             the
             least
             part
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             impregnate
             with
             divers
             
               essential
               tinctures
            
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             continually
             filtred
             
             from
             the
             Fibers
             of
             
               one
               kind
            
             ,
             to
             those
             of
             another
             ;
             standing
             every
             where
             twisted
             and
             stitched
             up
             together
             for
             the
             same
             purpose
             .
          
           
             FROM
             the
             special
             nature
             and
             structure
             of
             the
             parts
             ,
             the
             liquors
             of
             Plants
             are
             likewise
             specified
             .
             The
             Vessels
             being
             the
             chief
             Viscera
             of
             a
             Plant.
             For
             all
             liquors
             in
             a
             Plant
             ,
             are
             certainly
             made
             by
             that
             Plant.
             And
             since
             the
             Plant
             hath
             no
             Viscera
             (
             so
             called
             )
             I
             would
             then
             know
             ,
             what
             its
             several
             liquors
             are
             made
             by
             ?
             If
             in
             the
             parenchyma
             ,
             surely
             by
             that
             parenchyma
             .
             If
             in
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             by
             the
             Vessels
             .
             And
             if
             of
             divers
             kinds
             ,
             by
             divers
             kinds
             of
             Vessels
             .
             So
             that
             what
             the
             Viscera
             are
             in
             Animals
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             themselves
             are
             in
             Plants
             .
             That
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             as
             the
             Viscera
             of
             an
             Animal
             ,
             are
             but
             
               Vessels
               conglomerated
            
             :
             so
             the
             Vessels
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             are
             
               Viscera
               drawn
               out
               at
               length
            
             .
          
           
             AGAIN
             ,
             as
             the
             specifying
             of
             the
             Sap
             dependeth
             chiefly
             on
             the
             special
             nature
             of
             the
             parts
             :
             so
             partly
             upon
             the
             structure
             of
             the
             whole
             .
             Whereby
             every
             part
             is
             still
             better
             accommodated
             with
             its
             own
             Juyce
             .
             Thus
             the
             Air-vessels
             are
             necessary
             ,
             not
             only
             and
             barely
             for
             a
             supply
             of
             Air
             ;
             but
             also
             by
             their
             
               number
               ,
               size
            
             ,
             and
             position
             to
             adjust
             the
             quantity
             of
             that
             Air
             ,
             to
             the
             government
             of
             nutrition
             ,
             and
             the
             generation
             of
             
             the
             
               specificall
               liquors
            
             of
             every
             Plant.
             Which
             is
             evident
             from
             hence
             ,
             in
             that
             they
             do
             not
             follow
             the
             size
             of
             the
             Plant
             ;
             but
             are
             great
             and
             many
             ,
             in
             some
             small
             Plants
             ;
             and
             small
             and
             few
             ,
             in
             some
             others
             that
             are
             large
             .
             So
             Vines
             ,
             and
             Corn
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             formerly
             observed
             ,
             have
             proportionably
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Air-vessels
             ,
             and
             those
             very
             large
             .
             By
             which
             means
             the
             Sap
             is
             attenuated
             and
             less
             oylie
             and
             more
             copiously
             impregnated
             with
             a
             subtle
             ,
             volatile
             and
             winy
             spirit
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             same
             reason
             Canes
             ,
             which
             yield
             that
             sweet
             juyce
             ,
             whereof
             Sugar
             is
             made
             ,
             and
             which
             also
             aboundeth
             with
             a
             volatile
             and
             inflameable
             spirit
             :
             these
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             obtain
             the
             like
             over
             proportion
             of
             Air-vessels
             ,
             to
             what
             we
             see
             in
             most
             Plants
             .
             Hence
             also
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             none
             of
             the
             said
             Plants
             have
             any
             considerable
             Bark
             ;
             that
             so
             the
             attenuating
             and
             subtilizing
             Air
             ,
             may
             have
             a
             more
             easy
             and
             plentiful
             admission
             at
             the
             Trunk
             also
             .
             For
             which
             reason
             likewise
             the
             pores
             of
             the
             skin
             of
             some
             Canes
             are
             ,
             as
             hath
             been
             observed
             ,
             remarkably
             wide
             .
          
           
             Hence
             also
             it
             is
             observable
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             same
             species
             or
             kindred
             ,
             those
             Plants
             which
             have
             the
             most
             ,
             and
             especially
             the
             largest
             Air-vessels
             ;
             have
             also
             the
             greatest
             abundance
             either
             of
             a
             sweet
             ,
             or
             of
             a
             
               winy
               liquor
            
             .
             So
             in
             Apple
             ,
             they
             are
             larger
             than
             in
             Crab
             ;
             
             In
             Warden
             ,
             larger
             than
             in
             Quince
             ;
             and
             in
             
               Pear
               tre
            
             ,
             larger
             than
             in
             Warden
             .
             So
             also
             in
             Corin
             ,
             larger
             then
             in
             Goosbery
             ;
             and
             in
             Vine
             ,
             larger
             than
             in
             Corin
             :
             and
             so
             in
             others
             .
          
           
             AND
             as
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             by
             their
             Multitude
             and
             Largeness
             ,
             are
             accommodated
             to
             the
             better
             making
             of
             a
             
               winy
               sap
            
             :
             so
             by
             their
             fewness
             and
             smallness
             ,
             of
             an
             oylie
             .
             As
             is
             remarkably
             seen
             in
             Fir
             ,
             and
             other
             
               Resiniferous
               Trees
            
             :
             these
             having
             ,
             if
             not
             the
             smallest
             ,
             yet
             the
             
               fewest
               Air-vessels
            
             of
             all
             other
             Trees
             .
          
           
             IF
             it
             be
             asked
             ,
             how
             a
             Plant
             comes
             to
             have
             any
             Oyl
             at
             all
             in
             any
             part
             ?
             Since
             we
             see
             ,
             that
             the
             Sap
             by
             which
             the
             Root
             is
             fed
             ,
             seemeth
             to
             be
             nothing
             else
             but
             water
             :
             and
             that
             many
             Plants
             which
             yield
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             
               stillatitious
               Oyl
            
             ,
             as
             
               Mint
               ,
               Rue
            
             ,
             and
             others
             ,
             will
             yet
             grow
             in
             Water
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             enquired
             how
             this
             Water
             ,
             is
             made
             Wine
             ,
             or
             Oyl
             ?
             I
             answer
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             no
             such
             matter
             .
             But
             that
             the
             Oyl
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             
               Vegetable
               principles
            
             are
             actually
             existent
             in
             ,
             and
             mixed
             
               per
               minima
            
             ,
             though
             in
             an
             extraordinary
             small
             proportion
             with
             the
             water
             .
             Even
             as
             we
             see
             the
             distilled
             Waters
             of
             
               Anise
               seeds
               ,
               Penyroyal
            
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             to
             be
             impregnated
             with
             their
             own
             Oyls
             ,
             which
             give
             the
             tast
             and
             smell
             to
             such
             Waters
             .
          
           
           
             Wherefore
             as
             a
             certain
             quantity
             of
             any
             salt
             may
             be
             dissolved
             in
             Water
             ;
             beyond
             which
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             mix
             therewith
             ,
             but
             remains
             under
             its
             own
             form
             :
             So
             is
             there
             a
             certain
             proportion
             of
             Oyl
             ,
             though
             far
             less
             ,
             which
             may
             also
             be
             perfectly
             mixed
             with
             Water
             ;
             and
             is
             certainly
             so
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             Water
             in
             the
             world
             .
             But
             if
             that
             proportion
             ,
             or
             degree
             of
             impregnation
             be
             once
             exceeded
             ;
             the
             particles
             of
             Oyl
             do
             then
             ,
             and
             not
             till
             then
             ,
             gather
             into
             a
             body
             ,
             and
             appear
             under
             their
             own
             form
             .
          
           
             I
             say
             therefore
             ,
             that
             all
             kinds
             of
             vegetable
             Principles
             ,
             are
             either
             in
             or
             together
             with
             the
             Water
             ,
             with
             less
             difference
             first
             received
             into
             a
             Plant.
             But
             when
             they
             are
             once
             therein
             ;
             they
             are
             then
             separated
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             filtred
             ,
             some
             from
             others
             ,
             in
             very
             different
             proportions
             and
             conjunctions
             by
             the
             several
             parts
             ;
             the
             Watery
             by
             one
             part
             ,
             the
             Airy
             by
             another
             ,
             the
             Oily
             by
             another
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             rest
             :
             and
             so
             every
             Part
             is
             the
             Receptacle
             of
             a
             liquor
             ,
             become
             peculiar
             ,
             not
             by
             any
             Transformation
             ,
             but
             only
             the
             percolation
             of
             parts
             out
             of
             the
             
               common
               Mass
            
             or
             stock
             of
             Sap.
             And
             so
             all
             those
             parts
             of
             the
             Sap.
             which
             are
             superfluous
             to
             any
             kind
             of
             Plant
             ,
             are
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             discharged
             back
             by
             perspirations
             ,
             into
             the
             Air.
             
          
           
             And
             hence
             ,
             that
             nature
             ,
             in
             the
             various
             
             percolations
             and
             separations
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             may
             still
             the
             better
             answer
             her
             end
             ;
             hence
             ,
             I
             say
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             she
             carefully
             seeth
             ,
             not
             only
             to
             the
             special
             nature
             of
             the
             Organs
             ,
             by
             which
             she
             doth
             her
             work
             ;
             but
             likewise
             to
             their
             very
             position
             .
             Thus
             it
             is
             observable
             ,
             that
             whereas
             the
             Lymphaeducts
             ,
             which
             carry
             a
             more
             
               watery
               liquor
            
             ,
             are
             still
             placed
             on
             the
             inner
             verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             ,
             next
             to
             the
             Air-vEssels
             :
             the
             Lactiferous
             and
             
               Resiniferous
               vessels
            
             of
             Plants
             ,
             to
             whose
             
               Oylie
               liquor
            
             a
             mixture
             of
             much
             Air
             is
             incongruous
             ;
             do
             usually
             stand
             ,
             neither
             on
             the
             inner
             ,
             nor
             the
             outer
             verge
             of
             the
             Bark
             ;
             but
             in
             the
             midle
             .
             By
             which
             means
             ,
             they
             are
             at
             the
             greatest
             distance
             ,
             and
             so
             most
             secure
             from
             the
             Air
             ;
             either
             that
             which
             enters
             the
             Bark
             ,
             at
             the
             circumference
             ;
             or
             from
             the
             Wood
             and
             Pith.
             
          
           
             AND
             because
             the
             
               Resinous
               liquors
            
             of
             Plants
             are
             more
             Oylie
             than
             their
             Milky
             ;
             their
             security
             therefore
             ,
             from
             the
             approach
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             is
             yet
             further
             contrived
             .
             In
             that
             in
             Pine
             ,
             and
             other
             
               Resinous
               Trees
            
             ,
             the
             
               Diametral
               portions
            
             are
             never
             found
             ;
             at
             least
             not
             visible
             :
             which
             yet
             in
             other
             Trees
             ,
             are
             conspicuous
             ;
             being
             those
             parts
             ,
             whose
             office
             it
             is
             ,
             to
             introduce
             the
             Air
             from
             the
             Wood
             into
             the
             Bark
             .
          
           
             AGAIN
             ,
             the
             
               Milky
               liquors
            
             of
             Plants
             
             being
             thinner
             than
             the
             Resinous
             ,
             and
             having
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             water
             mixed
             with
             their
             oyl
             ;
             hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             in
             
               Milky
               plants
            
             ,
             as
             in
             Rhus
             ,
             there
             are
             a
             greater
             number
             of
             Lymphaeducts
             ;
             and
             those
             standing
             nearer
             to
             the
             
               Milky
               vessels
            
             ,
             than
             they
             do
             in
             Pine
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             to
             the
             Resinous
             .
             By
             which
             means
             they
             are
             better
             fitted
             to
             affuse
             their
             aqueous
             parts
             more
             plentifully
             to
             the
             said
             
               Milky
               liquor
            
             .
          
           
             FROM
             the
             mixture
             of
             watery
             parts
             with
             the
             Oylie
             ,
             it
             comes
             to
             pass
             ,
             that
             whereas
             all
             
             Lympha's
             ,
             Mucilages
             ,
             and
             Rosins
             are
             transparent
             ;
             the
             
               Aquae-oleous
               liquors
            
             of
             Plants
             are
             milky
             or
             white
             ,
             or
             otherwise
             opacous
             .
             For
             the
             same
             thing
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             whiteness
             of
             Vegetable
             ,
             as
             of
             Animalmilk
             :
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             a
             more
             copious
             mixture
             of
             watery
             and
             Oylie
             parts
             
               per
               minima
            
             ,
             or
             into
             one
             body
             .
             For
             even
             the
             serous
             and
             Oylie
             parts
             of
             
               Animal
               milk
            
             ,
             when
             throughly
             separated
             one
             from
             the
             other
             ,
             they
             both
             become
             very
             transparent
             .
             So
             the
             
               stillatitious
               oyl
            
             of
             
               anise
               seeds
            
             ,
             is
             most
             transparent
             and
             limpid
             ,
             even
             as
             water
             it self
             :
             yet
             there
             is
             a
             known
             sort
             of
             
               White
               anise-seed
               water
            
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             commonly
             called
             :
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             wherein
             the
             Oyl
             ,
             in
             distillation
             ,
             ariseth
             and
             is
             mixed
             more
             plentifully
             with
             the
             water
             .
             And
             the
             water
             ,
             wherein
             the
             
             stillatitious
             oyl
             of
             any
             Vegetable
             is
             dissolved
             becomes
             a
             perfect
             white
             Milk
             ;
             as
             in
             this
             
               Honourable
               and
               Learned
               Presence
            
             ,
             I
             have
             formerly
             had
             occasion
             to
             Demonstrate
             .
          
           
             AND
             that
             the
             
               Milky
               liquors
            
             of
             all
             Vetables
             whatsoever
             ,
             are
             likewise
             more
             Oylie
             than
             their
             
             Lympha's
             ,
             is
             most
             certain
             .
             For
             all
             those
             Gums
             ,
             which
             dissolve
             in
             Oyl
             or
             water
             as
             Galbanum
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             are
             originally
             the
             
               Milky
               Juyces
            
             of
             Plants
             .
             And
             if
             you
             take
             the
             Milk
             of
             any
             Plant
             ,
             as
             for
             instance
             ,
             the
             Milk
             of
             common
             Sumach
             ,
             or
             of
             any
             
               tast
               ,
               bitter
               ,
               astringent
               ,
               hot
               ,
               cold
               ,
            
             or
             any
             other
             whatsoever
             ;
             and
             having
             well
             dryed
             it
             ,
             and
             then
             fired
             it
             at
             a
             candle
             ;
             it
             will
             thereupon
             burn
             with
             a
             very
             bright
             and
             durable
             flame
             ,
             even
             like
             that
             of
             Tar
             or
             Turpentine
             it self
             .
          
           
             FROM
             what
             hath
             been
             said
             ,
             we
             may
             likewise
             gather
             the
             most
             genuine
             import
             of
             the
             word
             Gum
             ,
             and
             the
             distinction
             thereof
             both
             from
             a
             Rosin
             and
             a
             Mucilage
             .
             First
             a
             Rosin
             ,
             is
             originally
             a
             Turpentine
             ,
             or
             
               Acido-oleous
               liquor
            
             ,
             having
             an
             exceeding
             small
             quantity
             of
             watery
             parts
             mixed
             therewith
             ;
             and
             which
             ,
             for
             that
             reason
             ,
             will
             not
             be
             dissolved
             therein
             ,
             but
             only
             in
             Oyl
             .
             Of
             this
             kind
             are
             
               Mastick
               ,
               Benzoine
               ,
               Taccamahacca
            
             ,
             and
             divers
             others
             ,
             commonly
             ,
             in
             our
             Bills
             to
             Apothecaries
             ,
             called
             Gums
             .
             Yet
             ,
             
             in
             strict
             speaking
             they
             are
             all
             so
             many
             Rosins
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             a
             Gum
             ,
             and
             every
             oylie
             Gum
             ,
             is
             originally
             a
             
               milky
               liquor
            
             ,
             having
             a
             greater
             quantity
             of
             water
             mixed
             with
             its
             oylie
             parts
             ;
             and
             which
             ,
             for
             that
             reason
             ,
             will
             be
             made
             to
             dissolve
             either
             in
             Water
             or
             Oyl
             .
             Of
             this
             kind
             are
             
               Sagapen
               ,
               Opopanax
               ,
               Ammoniac
            
             ,
             and
             others
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             sort
             of
             Gum
             ,
             is
             that
             which
             is
             unoylie
             ,
             and
             which
             therefore
             dissolveth
             only
             in
             water
             ,
             as
             Gum-arabick
             ,
             the
             Gum
             of
             Cherry-tree
             ,
             and
             others
             such
             like
             .
             This
             Gum
             ,
             though
             commonly
             so
             called
             ,
             yet
             is
             properly
             but
             a
             dryed
             Mucilage
             :
             being
             originally
             nothing
             else
             but
             the
             
               Mucilaginous
               Lympha
            
             issuing
             from
             the
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Tree
             .
             In
             like
             manner
             ,
             as
             it
             doth
             from
             
               Cumfry
               ,
               Mallow
            
             ,
             and
             divers
             other
             Plants
             :
             and
             even
             from
             the
             common
             Cucumer
             .
             The
             Vessels
             whereof
             ,
             upon
             cutting
             cross
             ,
             yield
             a
             Lympha
             ,
             which
             is
             plainly
             Mucilaginous
             ,
             and
             which
             being
             well
             dryed
             ,
             at
             length
             becomes
             a
             kind
             of
             Gum
             ,
             or
             rather
             a
             hardened
             Mucilage
             .
             In
             like
             manner
             ,
             the
             Gums
             of
             
               Plum-tree
               ,
               Cherry-tree
            
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             are
             nothing
             else
             but
             
               dryed
               Mucilages
            
             .
             Or
             ,
             if
             we
             will
             take
             the
             word
             in
             its
             widest
             sense
             ,
             then
             all
             Gums
             are
             originally
             ,
             either
             a
             Turpentine
             ,
             or
             a
             Milk
             ,
             or
             a
             Mucilage
             .
          
           
           
             
               I
               HAUE
            
             made
             many
             other
             Observations
             of
             the
             
               tasts
               ,
               smells
            
             ,
             and
             colours
             of
             Plants
             ,
             and
             of
             their
             contents
             ,
             since
             those
             I
             last
             published
             :
             and
             that
             both
             for
             the
             finding
             out
             the
             true
             causes
             of
             their
             generation
             ,
             and
             also
             the
             applying
             of
             them
             unto
             
               Medical
               use
            
             .
             As
             also
             to
             Mechanical
             ;
             and
             particularly
             the
             making
             all
             sorts
             of
             Paints
             ,
             or
             Tinctures
             out
             of
             the
             several
             parts
             of
             Plants
             ,
             for
             drawing
             in
             Water-colours
             .
             In
             the
             choice
             whereof
             there
             is
             much
             difference
             to
             be
             made
             .
             For
             there
             are
             many
             Plants
             whose
             Colours
             are
             very
             clear
             and
             radiant
             ,
             in
             the
             Plants
             themselves
             ;
             yet
             when
             they
             come
             to
             be
             used
             ,
             will
             not
             hold
             ,
             but
             change
             and
             and
             grow
             foul
             .
             But
             these
             things
             ,
             because
             they
             belong
             more
             properly
             to
             the
             Flower
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Plants
             ,
             I
             therefore
             omit
             ,
             till
             if
             God
             give
             me
             life
             and
             health
             ,
             I
             come
             hereafter
             to
             speak
             of
             those
             parts
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             I
             might
             the
             more
             fully
             inform
             my self
             and
             others
             in
             these
             matters
             ;
             it
             may
             be
             thought
             requisite
             ,
             that
             all
             kind
             of
             exotick
             parts
             of
             Plants
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             those
             growing
             amongst
             us
             ,
             should
             likewise
             be
             examined
             .
             For
             the
             procuring
             whereof
             ,
             both
             from
             the
             East
             and
             
               West
               Indies
            
             ,
             I
             have
             already
             bespoke
             the
             care
             of
             some
             Persons
             .
             To
             whom
             I
             have
             likewise
             given
             direction
             ,
             how
             to
             preserve
             them
             in
             such
             sort
             ,
             as
             that
             
             I
             may
             have
             them
             fresh
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             were
             newly
             taken
             from
             the
             Plant
             or
             Tree
             .
             And
             thus
             far
             of
             the
             Generation
             of
             Liquors
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             
          
           
             THE
             
               Fifth
               Head
            
             ,
             shall
             be
             ,
             of
             the
             figuration
             of
             Trunks
             .
             Which
             also
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             making
             of
             liquors
             dependeth
             upon
             the
             Structure
             of
             the
             Parts
             .
             As
             first
             ,
             almost
             all
             shrubs
             (
             
               caeteris
               paribus
            
             )
             have
             a
             greater
             number
             of
             Air-vessels
             ;
             and
             those
             of
             a
             smaller
             size
             ;
             and
             consequently
             much
             spread
             abroad
             ,
             as
             most
             easily
             yielding
             to
             the
             magnetick
             power
             of
             the
             air
             ,
             according
             as
             we
             have
             more
             fully
             demonstrated
             ,
             in
             speaking
             of
             the
             Vegetation
             of
             Roots
             :
             as
             in
             
               Elder
               ,
               Hazel
               ,
               Fig
               ,
               Sumach
               ,
            
             and
             the
             like
             .
             By
             which
             spreading
             ,
             the
             said
             Air-vessels
             do
             sooner
             ,
             and
             more
             easily
             strike
             into
             the
             Bark
             ,
             and
             so
             produce
             
               collateral
               Buds
               and
               Branches
            
             ,
             and
             that
             upon
             the
             first
             rising
             of
             the
             Body
             from
             the
             Root
             :
             that
             is
             ,
             the
             Plant
             becomes
             a
             shrub
             .
          
           
             BUT
             if
             the
             said
             Air-vessels
             are
             very
             large
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             yield
             so
             easily
             to
             shoot
             out
             collaterally
             ;
             and
             so
             the
             Trunk
             grows
             up
             taller
             and
             more
             entire
             :
             as
             in
             Oak
             ,
             
             
               Wallnut
               ,
               Elm
            
             ,
             &c.
             wherein
             they
             are
             exceeding
             large
             ,
             is
             seen
             .
             Hence
             also
             the
             Vine
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             but
             supported
             ,
             will
             grow
             to
             a
             prodigious
             height
             .
             And
             Hops
             and
             Bryony
             ,
             are
             some
             of
             the
             tallest
             ,
             amongst
             all
             
               Annual
               growths
            
             :
             the
             Air-vessels
             of
             all
             which
             are
             very
             large
             .
             Whereas
             Borage
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Plants
             ,
             although
             the
             pores
             of
             their
             parenchyma
             ,
             are
             vastly
             wide
             ,
             and
             filled
             with
             Sap
             ;
             yet
             because
             their
             Air-vessels
             are
             small
             ,
             they
             are
             therefore
             but
             
               dwarf
               plants
            
             .
             Wherefore
             the
             tallness
             or
             advancement
             of
             a
             Plant
             or
             Tree
             ,
             dependeth
             not
             upon
             the
             
               plenty
               of
               Sap
            
             ,
             how
             great
             soever
             ,
             but
             on
             the
             largness
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             as
             a
             Plant
             or
             Tree
             grows
             either
             shruby
             ,
             or
             Tall
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             size
             of
             the
             said
             Vessels
             :
             so
             from
             their
             position
             ,
             doth
             it
             grow
             slender
             or
             thick
             .
             So
             where
             they
             keep
             more
             within
             the
             compass
             of
             a
             Ring
             ,
             as
             in
             Elm
             ,
             and
             Ash
             ,
             the
             Tree
             in
             proportion
             ,
             usually
             grows
             taller
             and
             less
             thick
             .
             But
             where
             the
             said
             Vessels
             are
             spread
             more
             abroad
             ,
             and
             especially
             are
             postured
             in
             Rays
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             in
             Oak
             the
             Tree
             grows
             very
             thick
             .
             Because
             the
             said
             Vessels
             thus
             standing
             all
             along
             nearer
             to
             the
             Insertions
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             more
             ready
             and
             copious
             passage
             of
             the
             Air
             out
             of
             the
             one
             into
             the
             other
             ;
             and
             so
             the
             Diametral
             growth
             of
             the
             wood
             is
             more
             promoted
             .
          
           
           
             Lastly
             ,
             from
             the
             same
             general
             cause
             it
             is
             ,
             That
             the
             Trunks
             of
             Vegetables
             are
             either
             Round
             or
             Angular
             .
             Those
             of
             all
             Trees
             are
             round
             .
             Because
             the
             Bark
             ,
             being
             here
             thicker
             ,
             and
             the
             Air-vessels
             bound
             up
             with
             a
             greater
             quantity
             of
             Wood
             ;
             the
             Air
             hath
             not
             sufficient
             power
             to
             move
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             Bark
             with
             them
             ,
             into
             those
             various
             positions
             or
             figurations
             ,
             as
             the
             Trunks
             of
             Plants
             yield
             to
             .
          
           
             Yet
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             various
             shapes
             of
             the
             Trunks
             is
             not
             the
             Air
             alone
             ;
             but
             partly
             the
             principles
             of
             the
             Plants
             themselves
             ,
             in
             conjunction
             therewith
             :
             according
             to
             the
             predominion
             whereof
             ,
             as
             chiefly
             of
             some
             certain
             kind
             of
             Salt
             (
             as
             I
             may
             possibly
             hereafter
             more
             particularly
             explicate
             )
             the
             Trunk
             is
             
               square
               ,
               triangular
               ,
               pentangular
            
             ,
             or
             otherwise
             figured
             .
             And
             thus
             much
             in
             generall
             of
             the
             figuration
             of
             Trunks
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             
          
           
             THE
             Motions
             also
             of
             Trunks
             are
             various
             .
             Principally
             
               four
               ;
               sc.
               Ascending
               ,
               Descending
               ,
               Horizontal
               ,
            
             and
             Spiral
             .
             The
             cause
             of
             the
             ascent
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             is
             a
             certain
             
               Magnetick
               correspondence
            
             betwixt
             the
             
             air
             and
             the
             Air-vessels
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             the
             motion
             and
             tendency
             whereof
             the
             whole
             Plant
             follows
             .
             This
             I
             have
             asserted
             ,
             and
             I
             think
             ,
             clearly
             demonstrated
             in
             my
             first
             and
             second
             Books
             of
             the
             
               Anatomy
               of
               Plants
            
             .
             I
             will
             here
             add
             this
             plain
             experiment
             .
          
           
             Take
             a
             Box
             of
             Moulds
             ,
             with
             a
             hole
             bored
             in
             the
             bottom
             ,
             wide
             enough
             to
             admit
             the
             stalk
             of
             a
             Plant
             ,
             and
             set
             it
             upon
             stilts
             half
             a
             yard
             or
             more
             above
             ground
             .
             Then
             lodge
             in
             the
             mould
             some
             Plant
             ,
             for
             example
             a
             Bean
             ,
             in
             such
             sort
             ,
             that
             the
             Root
             of
             the
             Bean
             standing
             in
             the
             moulds
             may
             point
             upwards
             ,
             the
             stalk
             towards
             the
             ground
             .
             As
             the
             Plant
             grows
             ,
             it
             will
             follow
             ,
             that
             at
             length
             the
             stalk
             will
             rise
             upward
             ,
             and
             the
             Root
             on
             the
             contrary
             arch
             it self
             downward
             .
             Which
             evidently
             shews
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             not
             sufficient
             that
             the
             Root
             hath
             Earth
             to
             shoot
             into
             ,
             or
             that
             its
             motion
             was
             only
             an
             appetite
             of
             being
             therein
             lodged
             ,
             which
             way
             soever
             that
             be
             :
             but
             that
             its
             nature
             is
             ,
             though
             within
             the
             Earth
             already
             ,
             yet
             to
             change
             its
             position
             ,
             and
             to
             
               move
               downwards
            
             .
             And
             so
             likewise
             of
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             though
             already
             in
             the
             free
             air
             above
             ground
             ,
             yet
             now
             to
             make
             a
             new
             Motion
             upwards
             .
          
           
             BUT
             although
             the
             
               natural
               motion
            
             of
             the
             Trunk
             be
             to
             ascend
             ;
             yet
             is
             it
             forced
             
             oftentimes
             to
             descend
             .
             For
             the
             Trunk-Roots
             growing
             out
             of
             some
             Plants
             near
             the
             ground
             ,
             and
             striking
             thereinto
             ,
             do
             like
             so
             many
             Ropes
             ,
             pluck
             the
             Trunk
             annually
             lower
             and
             lower
             into
             the
             ground
             together
             with
             them
             ;
             as
             may
             be
             seen
             in
             
               Scrophularia
               ,
               Jacobaea
            
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Plants
             .
          
           
             IF
             these
             Trunk-roots
             break
             out
             only
             about
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Trunk
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             aforesaid
             Plants
             ,
             then
             the
             Trunk
             gradually
             descends
             into
             the
             earth
             ,
             and
             is
             turned
             into
             a
             Root
             .
             But
             if
             it
             be
             very
             slender
             ,
             and
             the
             Trunk-roots
             break
             forth
             
               all
               along
            
             it
             ,
             then
             it
             creeps
             horizontally
             ;
             the
             said
             Roots
             tethering
             it
             ,
             as
             it
             trails
             along
             ,
             to
             the
             ground
             ;
             as
             in
             
               Strawberry
               ,
               Cinquefoyl
               ,
               Mint
               ,
               Scordium
               ,
            
             &c.
             
          
           
             AS
             to
             their
             
               Spiral
               motion
            
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ;
             That
             the
             Wood
             of
             all
             Convoivula's
             or
             Winders
             ,
             standing
             more
             close
             and
             round
             together
             in
             or
             near
             the
             center
             ,
             thereby
             making
             a
             round
             ,
             and
             slender
             Trunk
             .
             To
             the
             end
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             more
             tractable
             ,
             to
             the
             power
             of
             the
             external
             Motor
             ,
             what
             ever
             that
             be
             :
             and
             also
             more
             secure
             from
             breaking
             by
             its
             winding
             motion
             .
          
           
             Wherefore
             ,
             
             Convovula's
             do
             not
             wind
             by
             any
             peculiar
             nature
             or
             Genius
             ,
             which
             other
             Trunks
             have
             not
             ;
             but
             because
             their
             parts
             are
             disposed
             so
             ,
             as
             to
             render
             them
             
             sequaceous
             to
             the
             external
             Motor
             .
             Even
             as
             the
             Claspers
             of
             a
             Vine
             ,
             having
             the
             like
             Structure
             ,
             have
             also
             a
             motion
             of
             Convolution
             :
             whereas
             the
             Branches
             themselves
             upon
             a
             contrary
             account
             ,
             move
             in
             a
             strait
             line
             .
          
           
             The
             Convolution
             of
             Trunks
             ,
             is
             made
             not
             one
             ,
             but
             divers
             ways
             ;
             some
             moving
             by
             South
             from
             East
             to
             West
             ;
             and
             others
             from
             West
             to
             East
             .
             Wherefore
             it
             seemeth
             ,
             that
             as
             the
             
               efficient
               cause
            
             of
             Convolution
             ,
             is
             not
             within
             the
             Plant
             ,
             but
             external
             :
             so
             also
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             not
             one
             ,
             but
             that
             there
             are
             
               two
               great
               efficients
            
             of
             this
             
               Motion
               ;
               s●
            
             .
             the
             Sun
             and
             the
             Moon
             .
             Some
             winding
             together
             with
             the
             Sun
             ,
             in
             its
             
               Diurnal
               motion
            
             ,
             by
             South
             from
             East
             to
             West
             .
             And
             others
             winding
             with
             the
             Moon
             ,
             in
             its
             
               Monthly
               motion
            
             ,
             from
             West
             to
             East
             .
          
           
             This
             possibly
             ,
             may
             also
             be
             one
             sensible
             way
             of
             distinguishing
             betwixt
             Solar
             ,
             and
             
               Lunar
               Plants
            
             .
             Thus
             far
             ,
             in
             general
             ,
             of
             the
             motions
             of
             Trunks
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
          
           
             THE
             last
             thing
             I
             purposed
             to
             speak
             of
             ,
             is
             those
             several
             Qualities
             of
             Trunks
             ,
             or
             of
             Timber
             ,
             by
             which
             they
             are
             fitted
             for
             
             
               Mechanical
               use
            
             .
             As
             
               hardness
               ,
               softness
               ,
               fastness
               ,
               clevesomeness
               ,
               toughness
               ,
               brittleness
               ,
               durableness
            
             ;
             of
             any
             of
             the
             same
             qualities
             compounded
             .
             The
             visible
             causes
             whereof
             are
             observable
             partly
             in
             the
             structure
             of
             the
             several
             
               parts
               ;
               sc.
            
             the
             
               Insertions
               ,
               Sap-vessels
            
             ,
             and
             Air-vessels
             ;
             as
             to
             the
             
               number
               ,
               size
            
             ,
             or
             position
             of
             any
             of
             them
             .
             And
             partly
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             parts
             ;
             I
             mean
             such
             as
             is
             
               manifest
               to
               sense
            
             .
             According
             to
             our
             clear
             and
             distinct
             observing
             of
             all
             which
             causes
             ,
             we
             may
             understand
             ,
             wherefore
             any
             Wood
             is
             made
             use
             of
             for
             this
             or
             that
             purpose
             .
             And
             also
             ,
             wherein
             fitly
             to
             apply
             it
             to
             further
             use
             .
             In
             order
             to
             which
             ,
             a
             compleat
             History
             of
             the
             
               Mechanical
               uses
            
             of
             Vegetables
             would
             very
             much
             conduce
             .
             I
             shall
             for
             the
             present
             give
             some
             Instances
             .
          
           
             AS
             first
             ,
             some
             Woods
             are
             soft
             ,
             as
             Deal
             and
             Sallow
             .
             Yet
             from
             different
             causes
             .
             Deal
             ,
             from
             the
             great
             porosity
             of
             the
             Wood
             it self
             ,
             or
             the
             large
             Pores
             amongst
             the
             Sap-vessels
             .
             But
             Sallow
             ,
             not
             from
             the
             porosity
             of
             the
             true
             Wood
             ,
             but
             the
             great
             number
             of
             Air-vessels
             spread
             all
             over
             it
             .
             For
             the
             same
             cause
             ,
             though
             they
             are
             both
             soft
             ,
             yet
             will
             not
             serve
             for
             the
             same
             purposes
             ;
             Sallow
             being
             well
             wrought
             upon
             ,
             which
             way
             soever
             you
             cut
             it
             :
             but
             Deal
             ,
             especially
             the
             white
             Deal
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             cut
             cross
             ,
             it
             tears
             ,
             and
             
             will
             never
             polish
             or
             work
             smooth
             .
          
           
             Again
             ,
             in
             Sallow
             ,
             by
             the
             equall
             spreading
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             ,
             the
             softness
             is
             equal
             or
             alike
             in
             all
             parts
             .
             For
             which
             cause
             it
             maketh
             an
             excellent
             coal
             for
             
               Painters
               Scribets
            
             .
             Because
             it
             doth
             not
             only
             make
             a
             light
             ,
             but
             every
             where
             a
             
               certain
               stroak
            
             ,
             and
             so
             doth
             not
             disturb
             the
             even
             motion
             of
             the
             hand
             .
             For
             the
             same
             cause
             ,
             Shoomakers
             also
             make
             use
             of
             it
             for
             their
             Carving-boards
             .
             Because
             being
             every
             where
             equally
             soft
             ,
             it
             turns
             not
             the
             edg
             of
             their
             Knives
             .
             Which
             Deal
             would
             presently
             do
             ;
             because
             though
             very
             soft
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             yet
             in
             others
             't
             is
             hard
             ;
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             on
             the
             inner
             verge
             of
             every
             annual
             Ring
             of
             Wood
             ,
             where
             the
             old
             Sap-vessels
             grow
             much
             more
             compact
             and
             close
             together
             .
          
           
             AGAIN
             ,
             some
             Woods
             are
             soft
             ,
             but
             not
             fast
             ;
             others
             are
             both
             ,
             as
             Linn
             :
             its
             softness
             ,
             depending
             on
             the
             numerousness
             and
             equal
             spreading
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             :
             its
             fastness
             ,
             on
             the
             closeness
             of
             the
             true
             Wood
             ,
             and
             the
             shortness
             ,
             smallness
             and
             frequency
             of
             the
             Insertions
             .
             For
             which
             cause
             ,
             it
             is
             of
             excellent
             use
             for
             many
             purposes
             ;
             and
             particularly
             ,
             for
             
               small
               sculpture
            
             :
             such
             as
             may
             sometimes
             be
             seen
             for
             the
             Frames
             of
             Looking
             Glasses
             ,
             or
             of
             smaller
             Pictures
             in
             Water-colours
             .
          
           
           
             SOME
             Woods
             ,
             again
             ,
             are
             fast
             and
             hard
             ,
             as
             Elm.
             Its
             hardness
             depending
             upon
             the
             closeness
             of
             the
             true
             Wood.
             Its
             
               fastness
               partly
            
             upon
             the
             same
             cause
             ,
             partly
             on
             the
             smallness
             of
             the
             
               Insertions
               ,
               partly
            
             on
             the
             fewness
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             in
             proportion
             with
             the
             Wood
             ,
             and
             partly
             the
             thwart
             and
             
               cross
               position
            
             of
             many
             of
             them
             .
             Hence
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             Elm
             ,
             of
             all
             others
             ,
             is
             the
             most
             
               cross-grain'd
               Timber
            
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             cleaveth
             so
             unevenly
             ,
             to
             and
             fro
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             
               cross
               position
            
             of
             the
             said
             Vessels
             .
          
           
             Hence
             also
             it
             cleaveth
             the
             
               most
               difficultly
            
             .
             Even
             then
             ,
             when
             it
             is
             without
             any
             knots
             .
             For
             which
             reason
             it
             is
             always
             used
             ,
             as
             best
             ,
             for
             the
             Hub
             of
             a
             
               great
               Wheel
            
             .
             As
             also
             for
             Water-pipes
             ,
             and
             for
             Pumps
             .
             Not
             because
             it
             is
             the
             most
             
               durable
               wood
            
             ;
             but
             because
             it
             will
             not
             splitt
             or
             crack
             either
             in
             the
             working
             ,
             or
             afterwards
             .
             For
             the
             very
             same
             reason
             ,
             it
             is
             used
             for
             Coffins
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             because
             it
             will
             not
             splitt
             in
             working
             :
             not
             because
             it
             will
             endure
             longest
             under
             ground
             ;
             for
             Pales
             are
             always
             made
             of
             Oak
             .
             So
             also
             the
             Ladles
             and
             Soles
             of
             a
             Mill-wheel
             are
             made
             of
             Elm
             ;
             as
             also
             the
             Keel
             of
             a
             
               Boat
               ,
               sc.
            
             least
             they
             should
             splitt
             :
             but
             the
             other
             parts
             are
             made
             of
             Oak
             .
          
           
             
               ON
               THE
            
             contrary
             as
             Elm
             ,
             of
             all
             woods
             ,
             is
             one
             of
             the
             fastest
             ;
             So
             of
             all
             
               hard
               woods
            
             ,
             
             Oak
             is
             the
             most
             Cleavesome
             ,
             or
             splitteth
             the
             most
             easily
             .
             The
             cause
             whereof
             is
             ,
             partly
             the
             largeness
             of
             the
             Insertions
             ,
             and
             partly
             the
             diametral
             or
             radiated
             position
             of
             most
             of
             the
             Air-vessels
             :
             upon
             both
             which
             accounts
             ,
             whereever
             a
             crack
             is
             begun
             't
             is
             easily
             continued
             throughout
             the
             Diameter
             of
             the
             Trunk
             .
          
           
             AGAIN
             ,
             some
             Woods
             are
             
               hard
               ,
               fast
            
             ,
             and
             tough
             .
             So
             is
             Ash
             ,
             and
             especially
             Beech-Hard
             and
             fast
             ,
             from
             some
             of
             the
             same
             causes
             ,
             as
             
               Elm.
               Tough
            
             not
             from
             the
             structure
             ,
             but
             from
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             
               parts
               ;
               viz
            
             as
             being
             a
             less
             
               oylie
               Wood
            
             ,
             and
             so
             not
             Brittle
             .
             Wherefore
             London-Cars
             have
             the
             Rings
             of
             their
             Wheels
             of
             Beech
             ;
             because
             it
             tears
             more
             difficultly
             than
             even
             Ash
             it self
             .
             Whence
             also
             for
             
               large
               screws
            
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             Wood
             like
             it
             .
             But
             for
             
               small
               screws
            
             ,
             of
             about
             an
             
               Inch
               diameter
               ,
               Birch
            
             is
             the
             best
             ;
             as
             being
             ,
             though
             not
             so
             hard
             ,
             yet
             more
             tough
             .
          
           
             THE
             more
             Brittle
             a
             Wood
             is
             ,
             't
             is
             likewise
             usually
             the
             most
             durable
             .
             So
             Oak
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             a
             tough
             ,
             but
             very
             
               brittle
               wood
            
             ,
             is
             almost
             as
             durable
             as
             any
             .
             Whereas
             
               Beech
               ,
               Birch
            
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             although
             very
             tough
             ;
             yet
             for
             duration
             ,
             are
             of
             no
             service
             ;
             for
             there
             are
             no
             Woods
             will
             rot
             sooner
             :
             and
             therefore
             ,
             though
             strong
             enough
             ,
             yet
             unfit
             to
             make
             any
             standing
             parts
             of
             Building
             or
             of
             Furniture
             ;
             
             especially
             in
             wet
             and
             moist
             places
             .
             Because
             ,
             being
             as
             is
             said
             ,
             
               unoylie
               woods
            
             ,
             they
             are
             apter
             to
             imbibe
             the
             moisture
             even
             of
             a
             
               dank
               Air
            
             ;
             by
             which
             moisture
             ,
             they
             either
             rot
             or
             breed
             worms
             ,
             which
             destroy
             them
             .
          
           
             HENCE
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             what
             we
             call
             the
             Heart
             of
             Timber
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             more
             brittle
             ,
             so
             also
             more
             
               durable
               ;
               sc.
            
             Because
             more
             oylie
             .
             So
             that
             which
             is
             called
             the
             Sap
             of
             Oak
             ,
             is
             much
             more
             tough
             than
             the
             Heart
             ;
             although
             the
             Heart
             be
             more
             durable
             .
             That
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             the
             older
             the
             Wood
             is
             ,
             the
             watery
             parts
             are
             the
             more
             evaporated
             ,
             the
             oylie
             still
             remaining
             ,
             as
             a
             kind
             of
             Tincture
             in
             the
             Wood.
             Even
             as
             we
             see
             ,
             that
             the
             older
             Seeds
             of
             the
             same
             kind
             ,
             are
             more
             oylie
             than
             those
             that
             are
             green
             and
             young
             .
             So
             that
             the
             oylie
             or
             rosinous
             parts
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             are
             a
             kind
             of
             Embalming
             to
             the
             Heart
             ,
             or
             older
             part
             of
             a
             Tree
             ,
             securing
             it
             from
             the
             destructive
             impressions
             of
             the
             Air.
             For
             the
             same
             cause
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             
               Oak
               ,
               Yew
               ,
               Cocus
               ,
               Guajacum
               ,
            
             &c.
             
             Which
             are
             
               oylie
               woods
            
             ,
             have
             always
             much
             Heart
             :
             whereas
             
               Birch
               ,
               Alder
               ,
               Beech
               ,
               Maple
               ,
            
             which
             are
             very
             unoylie
             ,
             have
             never
             any
             Heart
             .
          
           
             FROM
             hence
             likewise
             we
             may
             understand
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             toughness
             of
             Flax
             :
             what
             we
             call
             Flax
             ,
             being
             only
             the
             Sap-vessels
             
             of
             the
             Bark
             .
             And
             generally
             ,
             the
             Bark
             of
             any
             Tree
             ,
             as
             of
             Willow
             (
             whereof
             are
             usually
             made
             a
             sort
             of
             Ropes
             )
             is
             very
             tough
             .
             The
             Vessels
             being
             here
             younger
             ,
             and
             less
             oylie
             than
             in
             the
             Wood.
             So
             likewise
             Hemp
             ,
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             the
             Sap-vessels
             of
             the
             Bark
             of
             the
             Plant
             so
             called
             .
             And
             Scotch-cloath
             ,
             is
             only
             the
             Housewifry
             of
             the
             same
             parts
             of
             the
             Bark
             of
             Nettle
             .
          
           
             WHENCE
             it
             is
             very
             probable
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             many
             other
             Plants
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             above
             named
             ,
             whereof
             might
             be
             made
             good
             Toe
             .
             And
             of
             some
             ,
             especially
             in
             some
             respects
             ,
             better
             than
             of
             Flax
             it self
             .
             Because
             that
             even
             Hemp
             ,
             although
             it
             will
             not
             make
             so
             fine
             a
             Staple
             ,
             as
             Flax
             (
             for
             all
             our
             fine
             Hollands
             are
             made
             of
             Flax
             )
             yet
             Flax
             ,
             which
             is
             but
             of
             the
             same
             fineness
             as
             Hemp
             ,
             will
             never
             ,
             by
             all
             the
             art
             yet
             known
             ,
             be
             made
             so
             white
             as
             Hemp
             is
             made
             .
             The
             qualities
             therefore
             of
             the
             best
             Toe
             ,
             that
             can
             be
             in
             nature
             ,
             are
             that
             the
             Staple
             be
             
               long
               ,
               small
               ,
               tough
            
             ,
             and
             white
             .
             So
             that
             if
             in
             the
             Bark
             of
             any
             Plant
             ,
             we
             can
             find
             these
             qualities
             to
             excell
             ,
             we
             may
             be
             sure
             it
             will
             be
             of
             better
             use
             ,
             in
             some
             respects
             ,
             for
             the
             making
             of
             Cloath
             than
             Flax
             it self
             .
          
           
             I
             WILL
             conclude
             with
             one
             Instance
             more
             ,
             &
             that
             is
             as
             to
             Grafting
             .
             The
             good
             and
             happy
             success
             whereof
             ,
             doth
             certainly
             
             depend
             upon
             the
             suitableness
             or
             respondence
             betwixt
             the
             several
             parts
             of
             the
             stock
             and
             Cyon
             ;
             as
             the
             
               Bark
               ,
               Wood
            
             ,
             and
             Pith
             :
             and
             that
             both
             as
             to
             the
             
               number
               ,
               size
            
             ,
             and
             position
             of
             the
             said
             parts
             ,
             and
             of
             their
             several
             Pores
             or
             Vessels
             :
             according
             to
             the
             degrees
             whereof
             ,
             the
             
               Conjunction
               (
               caeteris
               paribus
            
             )
             will
             be
             more
             or
             less
             prosperous
             .
             So
             that
             of
             all
             such
             Conjunctions
             as
             are
             found
             to
             be
             apt
             and
             taking
             ,
             and
             which
             some
             have
             learned
             not
             without
             long
             practice
             and
             experience
             ;
             another
             ,
             only
             by
             comparing
             the
             Branches
             of
             Trees
             together
             ,
             may
             with
             little
             trouble
             ,
             and
             in
             much
             less
             time
             ,
             inform
             himself
             .
             By
             the
             same
             means
             ,
             some
             Conjunctions
             which
             seem
             to
             be
             strange
             ,
             as
             Quince
             and
             
               Pear
               ,
               White-thorn
            
             and
             Medlar
             ,
             &c.
             do
             yet
             ,
             by
             the
             respondence
             of
             their
             parts
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             by
             experience
             ,
             appear
             to
             be
             good
             .
             And
             there
             is
             no
             doubt
             ,
             but
             that
             many
             Conjunctions
             not
             yet
             tryed
             ,
             or
             not
             known
             to
             have
             been
             so
             ,
             may
             upon
             the
             same
             ground
             ,
             be
             tryed
             with
             good
             success
             .
          
           
             The
             chief
             use
             of
             Grafting
             and
             Inoculation
             ,
             is
             that
             they
             accelerate
             the
             growth
             of
             
               good
               fruit
            
             .
             The
             cause
             whereof
             ,
             is
             the
             knot
             ,
             which
             is
             always
             made
             in
             the
             Conjunction
             .
             By
             means
             whereof
             all
             the
             Sap
             is
             strained
             ,
             and
             so
             ascendeth
             up
             into
             the
             Graff
             or
             Bud
             ,
             
             purer
             and
             in
             less
             quantity
             ;
             and
             is
             therefore
             better
             and
             sooner
             concocted
             .
             Hence
             ,
             the
             smaller
             the
             Fruit
             of
             any
             Tree
             ,
             though
             it
             be
             not
             the
             best
             ,
             yet
             the
             Sap
             being
             there
             in
             
               less
               quantity
            
             ,
             is
             the
             
               sooner
               ripe
            
             .
             On
             the
             contrary
             ,
             where
             the
             Sap
             ascendeth
             too
             freely
             ,
             it
             doth
             not
             only
             retard
             the
             growth
             of
             the
             Fruit
             ,
             but
             produceth
             Barrenness
             ;
             as
             is
             seen
             in
             those
             luxuriant
             Branches
             ,
             where
             it
             runs
             all
             up
             to
             Leaves
             .
             Hence
             also
             Vines
             ,
             by
             Bleeding
             ,
             become
             more
             fruitful
             :
             that
             is
             ,
             by
             the
             effusion
             of
             part
             of
             the
             Sap
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             more
             easy
             melioration
             of
             that
             which
             remains
             .
             Even
             as
             Phlebotomy
             doth
             oftentimes
             produce
             a
             more
             healthful
             and
             better
             habit
             of
             our
             own
             Bodies
             .
             To
             conclude
             ,
             the
             lessening
             the
             quantity
             ,
             and
             thereby
             the
             melioration
             of
             the
             ascending
             Sap
             ,
             by
             knots
             ,
             is
             Natures
             own
             contrivance
             ;
             as
             is
             seen
             in
             
               Sugar
               cane
               ,
               Corn
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Plants
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           EXPLICATION
           OF
           THE
           FIGURES
           .
        
         
           
             THE
             Trunks
             of
             several
             Plants
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             to
             the
             naked
             eye
             ,
             upon
             a
             transverse
             Section
             ,
             represented
             by
             the
             Six
             first
             Figures
             .
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             1.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               Borage
            
             .
          
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             
               The
               black
               line
               betwixt
            
             ccc
             .
             ooo
             .
             
               representeth
               a
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             ce
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               larger
               Parcels
               of
               Air-Vessels
               ,
               adjacent
               to
               the
               said
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             co
             .
             
               Some
               of
               the
               lesser
               Parcels
            
             .
          
           
           
             oeo
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               wherein
               the
               Visiculae
               are
               vesible
               to
               a
               naked
               eye
               .
            
          
           
             t.
             
               The
               hollow
               of
               the
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             2.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               Taraxacum
               ,
               or
               Dandelyon
               .
            
          
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               outer
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               without
               any
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               In
               the
               inner
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               stand
               the
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               in
               several
               small
               Rings
               from
            
             eee
             .
             
               to
               the
               thick
               Ring
               next
               to
            
             u
             ▪
          
           
             
               The
               thick
               Ring
               consisteth
               of
               Air-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             u.
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             eucu
             .
             
               The
               Diametral
               Portions
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               running
               betwixt
               all
               the
               Vessels
               into
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             3.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               Colewort
            
             .
          
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               outer
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               having
               only
               a
               very
               few
               Sap-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               white
               arched
               or
               escalloped
               Ring
               ,
               is
               simply
               Parenchymous
               :
               from
               whence
               many
               small
               Diametral
               portions
               run
               into
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
           
             
               The
               black
               Ring
               betwixt
            
             cecece
             .
             
               consisteth
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               and
               is
               the
               true
               inner
               edge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             
               All
               the
               little
               black
               half
               Ovals
               without
               the
               said
               Ring
               ,
               and
               their
               to
               contiguous
               ,
               are
               another
               kind
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               All
               the
               half
               Ovals
               and
               wedged
               Parcels
               within
               the
               said
               Ring
               ,
               and
               thereto
               contiguous
               ,
               are
               more
               Sap-Vessels
               of
               the
               same
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               white
               spots
               within
               the
               several
               Parcels
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               in
               the
               Bark
               are
               Parenchymous
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               other
               white
               spots
               within
               the
               black
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               and
               thereto
               adjacent
               ,
               are
               Air-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             4.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               Holy-oak
            
             .
          
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               outer
               and
               larger
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               without
               any
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               Ring
               betwixt
            
             cecece
             .
             
               consisteth
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               and
               maketh
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               short
               Rays
               without
               the
               said
               Ring
               ,
               and
               thereto
               adjacent
               ,
               but
               not
               contiguous
               ,
               are
               other
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               containing
               a
               Mucilage
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               short
               Rays
               within
               the
               said
               Ring
               ,
               and
               in
               like
               manner
               adjacent
               thereto
               ,
               are
               the
               Air-Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               crooked
               lines
               or
               chords
            
             e.
             
               hemming
               in
               the
               said
               Air-Vessels
               are
               more
               Sap-Vessel●
               ▪
            
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             t.
             
               The
               hollow
               of
               the
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             5.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               wild
               Cucumer
               .
            
          
           
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             acacac
             .
             
               A
               Radiated
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               adjacent
               to
               the
               skin
               .
            
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               middle
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               without
               any
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               Ring
               of
               black
               spots
               betwixt
            
             cecece
             .
             
               are
               other
               Sap-Vessels
               standing
               in
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               Ring
               of
               white
               spots
               betwixt
            
             cecece
             .
             
               are
               the
               Air
               Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             
               The
               black
               spots
               within
               the
               Pith
               ,
               and
               contiguous
               to
               the
               Air
               Vessels
               are
               other
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               answerable
               to
               those
               in
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             6.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Trunk
               of
               Endive
            
             .
          
           
             aaa
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               The
               outer
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               without
               any
               Vessels
               ,
               or
               simply
               parenchymous
               .
            
          
           
             cecece
             .
             
               A
               thick
               ,
               black
               ,
               and
               undulated
               Ring
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               standing
               in
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               black
               Rays
               and
               half
               Ovals
               without
               the
               said
               Ring
               ,
               are
               other
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               white
               Rays
               ,
               and
               the
               white
               undulated
               Ring
               adjacent
               to
            
             ccc
             .
             
               consist
               of
               Milk-Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             
               The
               short
               Rays
               within
               the
               black
               undulated
               Ring
               and
               thereto
               adjacent
               ,
               are
               Air-vessels
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               The
               black
               specks
               adjacent
               to
            
             eee
             .
             
               are
               more
               Sap-Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             t.
             
               The
               hollow
               of
               the
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             
               All
               the
               Figures
               following
               are
               Microscopical
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             7.
             
             
               A
               small
               part
               of
               the
               Skin
               of
               the
               better
               sort
               of
               walking
               Cane
               ,
               as
               it
               appears
               through
               a
               good
               Microscope
               ;
               the
               black
               spots
               representing
               the
               ample
               Pores
               therein
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             8.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Holly
               of
               three
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               Skin
               of
               the
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             QQQ
             .
             
               The
               outer
               Parenchyma
               of
               the
               Bark
               ;
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               extraordinary
               small
               .
            
          
           
             DOPC.
             
               A
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               in
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               Divers
               round
               parcels
               of
               Sap
               Vessels
               of
               another
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DK
             ,
             KM
             ,
             ME.
             
               The
               several
               annu
               〈◊〉
               or
               Growths
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood
               ;
               being
               originally
               the
               Sap-Vessels
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             XXXX
             .
             
               The
               Air-Vessels
               ,
               postur'd
               some
               in
            
             
             
               entire
               ,
               others
               in
               broken
               Rays
               .
            
          
           
             Oo.
             
               The
               larger
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               annual
               Rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             OP
             .
             
               The
               smaller
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               exceeding
               small
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             9.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Hazel
               of
            
             3
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             QQ
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
               :
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               larger
               than
               those
               in
               the
               Bark
               of
               Holly
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               A
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             DQC.
             
               Divers
               Parcels
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               of
               another
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             KN
             ,
             MF
             .
             
               The
               several
               annual
               growths
               or
               Rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             XXX
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
               ,
               being
               most
               of
               them
               very
               small
               ,
               and
               postured
               in
               Columns
               and
               Rays
               .
            
          
           
             Oo.
             
               The
               larger
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               Annual
               Rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             OP
             .
             
               The
               smaller
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               :
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               much
               larger
               ,
               than
               in
               the
               Pith
               of
               Holly
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             Fig.
             10.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Barbery
               Tree
               of
            
             2
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             NMNM
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
               of
               the
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             DC
             .
             
               A
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               consisting
               of
               large
               half
               Oval
               Parcels
               .
            
          
           
             MO.
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               Parcels
            
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               An
               entire
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               of
               another
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             KF
             .
             
               The
               several
               Rings
               or
               annual
               growths
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             OPOP
             .
             
               One
               kind
               of
               Air-Vessels
               ,
               small
               ,
               and
               of
               various
               position
               .
            
          
           
             PQPQ
             .
             
               The
               other
               kind
               of
               Air-Vessels
               ,
               larger
               and
               postured
               in
               clusters
               more
               even
               within
               a
               Ring
               .
            
          
           
             MTMTMT
             .
             
               Large
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
            
             2
             
               annual
               Rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               which
               is
               very
               large
               .
            
          
           
             TTT
             .
             
               A
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               in
               the
               utmost
               verge
               of
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             11.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Apple
               Tree
               of
            
             3
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             PP
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               One
               kind
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               standing
               as
               it
               were
               in
               a
               Ring
               ,
               the
               utmost
               in
               larger
               oblong
               parcels
               ,
               and
               more
               distant
               ;
               the
               inmost
               in
               lesser
               Parcels
               ,
               almost
               half
               oval
               ,
               and
               closer
               together
               .
            
          
           
             DOC.
             
               A
               thick
               radiated
               Ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               of
               another
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             KN
             ,
             MF
             .
             
               The
               several
               annual
               Rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             XT
             ,
             TV
             ,
             VW
             .
             
               The
               Air-Vessels
               ,
               being
               small
               ,
               numerous
               ,
               and
               spread
               abroad
               throughout
               the
               Wood
               ,
               without
               any
               certain
               posture
               .
            
          
           
             Oo.
             
               Many
               small
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               annual
               Rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             WYZ.
             
               The
               several
               Insertions
               arched
               together
               in
               the
               utmost
               verge
               of
               the
               Pith
               ,
               in
               the
               like
               manner
               as
               in
               Barberry
               ,
            
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             12.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Pear
               tree
               of
            
             3
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             RQ
             .
             
               The
               outer
               and
               more
               simple
               Parenchyma
               ,
            
             
             
               composed
               of
               very
               small
               Vesiculae
            
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               One
               sort
               of
               Sap
               vessels
               distributed
               through
               the
               said
               Parenchyma
               in
               divers
               oblong
               parcels
               .
               Whereof
               ,
               those
               toward
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               are
               rounder
               and
               more
               numerous
               .
            
          
           
             DOPC.
             
               A
               Ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               of
               another
               ,
            
             viz.
             
               the
               general
               kind
            
             .
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             KN
             ,
             MF
             .
             
               The
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             TTTT
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             STSTST
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
               standing
               partly
               irregularly
               ,
               and
               partly
               in
               rays
               .
            
          
           
             KL
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Air-vessels
               a
               little
               larger
               than
               the
               rest
               .
            
          
           
             Ooo
             .
             
               The
               larger
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               annual
               rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             OPP.
             
               The
               smaller
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             13.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Plum-tree
               of
            
             5
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             VW
             .
             
               The
               outer
               and
               more
               laxe
               and
               simple
               Parenchyma
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               One
               sort
               of
               Sap-vessels
               ,
               postured
               in
               small
               oblong
               parcels
               .
            
          
           
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               same
               Vessels
               more
               numerous
               ,
               and
               in
               smaller
               parcels
               ,
               making
               a
               kind
               of
               ring
               .
            
          
           
             DTC
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               of
               another
               ,
            
             viz.
             
               the
               more
               general
               kind
            
             .
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             LN
             ,
             &c.
             
               The
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             XXX
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             XYXY.
             
               The
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             KL
             ,
             MN
             ,
             OP
             ,
             &c.
             
             
               So
               many
               rings
               of
               Air-vessels
            
             ,
             (
             
               on
               the
               inner
               edge
               of
               every
               ring
               of
               wood
            
             )
             
               much
               larger
               than
               the
               rest
            
             .
          
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               great
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               rings
               of
               wood
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             STT.
             
               The
               small
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             14.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Elme
               of
            
             4
             
               years
               growth
               and
               half
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             AADD
             .
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AA
             .
             
               The
               Skin
               of
               the
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             TTTT
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
               Wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               so
               exceeding
               small
               ,
               as
               difficultly
               to
               be
               discerned
               by
               the
               Microscope
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               black
               parcels
               are
               one
               kind
               of
               Sap-vessels
               .
            
          
           
             SSD.
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               of
               another
               kind
               .
            
             
             
               The
               white
               Diametral
               lines
               ,
               are
               parenchymous
               parts
               continuous
               with
               the
               Insertions
            
             SG
             DG
             .
          
           
             DDGE
             .
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DK
             ,
             KM
             ,
             MO
             ,
             &c.
             
               The
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               wood
               ,
               being
               originally
               the
               Sap-vessels
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             KK
             ,
             MM
             ,
             &c.
             
               The
               great
               Air-vessels
               postured
               chiefly
               in
               rings
               ,
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               every
               annual
               growth
               of
               wood
               .
            
          
           
             KM
             ,
             MO
             ,
             &c.
             
               The
               small
               Air-vessels
               postured
               chiefly
               in
               cross-barrs
               .
            
          
           
             SGDG
             .
             
               Or
               the
               small
               white
               lines
               are
               the
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               annual
               rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EGS.
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             15.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Ash
               of
            
             3
             
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
            
             .
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             AHB
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               consisting
               of
               many
               round
               parcels
               ,
               contiguous
               to
               the
               skin
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               The
               simple
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             HOC
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               another
               sort
               of
               Sap-vessels
               ,
               consisting
               of
               many
               arched
               parcels
               ,
               all
               standing
               off
               from
               the
               Woo.
               
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
           
             DL
             ,
             KN
             ,
             MF
             .
             
               The
               3
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             SSS
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             STST
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             KL
             ,
             MN
             ,
             EF.
             
               The
               large
               Air-vessels
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               every
               annual
               ring
               .
            
          
           
             PQ
             .
             
               The
               small
               Air-vessels
               spread
               abroad
               each
               ring
               .
            
          
           
             Ooo
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               rings
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               The
               Vesicles
               whereof
               the
               Pith
               consists
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             16.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Wallnut-tree
               of
               4
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             RR.
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             QQ
             .
             
               The
               Common
               Sap-vessels
               making
               a
               ring
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               Other
               Sap-vessels
               peculiar
               to
               the
               species
               ,
               postured
               in
               rings
               ,
               made
               up
               of
               round
               parcels
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DL
             ,
             KN
             ,
             &c.
             
               The
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             ddd
             .
             
               The
               true
               wood
               ;
               or
               the
               old
               Sap
               vessels
               ,
               originally
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             QcQd
             .
             
               Other
               old
               Sap-vessels
               which
               seem
               to
               be
               originally
               those
               in
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
           
             DCLK
             .
             
               The
               Air
               vessels
               spread
               all
               abroad
               the
               whole
               ring
               of
               wood
               .
            
          
           
             ec
             .
             
               A
               Conjugation
               of
               several
               Air-vessels
               ,
               standing
               in
               an
               even
               line
               close
               together
               .
            
          
           
             QQQ
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               ,
               running
               through
               the
               several
               rings
               of
               wood
               ,
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             EF.
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               on
               the
               verge
               of
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             17.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Fig-tree
               of
               the
               second
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             LM
             .
             
               The
               outer
               laxer
               and
               more
               simple
               parenchyma
               ;
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               somewhat
               large
               ,
               yet
               much
               lesser
               than
               in
               the
               pith
               .
            
          
           
             DKC
             .
             
               One
               sort
            
             (
             viz.
             
               the
               common
               sort
            
             )
             
               of
               Sap
               vessels
               ,
               being
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               Another
               sort
               of
               Vessels
            
             ,
             viz.
             
               the
               lactiferous
               ,
               postured
               in
               several
               arched
               parcels
               .
            
          
           
             NT
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               running
               in
               Diametral
               portions
               ,
               near
               halfway
               through
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             TTT
             .
             
               The
               true
               wood
            
             .
          
           
             TVTV
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             STSTS
             .
             viz.
             
               The
               whiter
               parts
               ,
               which
               were
               originally
               the
               Milk
               vessels
               in
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             KKK
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
            
             
             
               wood
               from
               the
               Pith
               ,
               as
               far
               as
               the
               Milk-vessels
               in
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               :
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               large
               .
            
          
           
             EF.
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               chiefly
               lactiferous
               ,
               postured
               in
               round
               parcels
               on
               the
               edge
               of
               the
               pith
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             18.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Pine-tree
               of
               the
               second
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               skin
               ;
               which
               is
               very
               thick
               .
            
          
           
             MN
             .
             
               The
               outer
               and
               laxer
               Parenchyma
               ;
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               of
               a
               mean
               size
               .
            
          
           
             DLC
             .
             
               The
               inner
               part
               of
               the
               Parenchyma
               filled
               up
               with
               a
               thick
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               ,
            
             sc.
             Lymphaeducts
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               The
               ample
               resiniferous
               or
               Turpentine-vessels
               ,
               spread
               abroad
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             XX.
             
               The
               ample
               pores
               of
               the
               true
               wood
               .
            
          
           
             SS
             .
             
               Some
               small
               Gum-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Air-vessels
               are
               scarcely
               visible
            
             .
          
           
             LL.
             
               The
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               ;
               wherein
               the
               vesicles
               are
               somewhat
               large
               .
            
          
           
             VV.
             
               Some
               Gum-vessels
               on
               the
               edge
               thereof
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             Fig.
             19.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               Oak
               of
               3
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               skin
            
             .
          
           
             XYXY.
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             DQRC
             .
             
               The
               common
               Lymphaeducts
            
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               another
               sort
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             KLAI
             .
             
               A
               third
               sort
               of
               vessels
            
             ,
             sc.
             
               resiniferous
               ,
               postured
               in
               several
               round
               parcels
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             DN
             ,
             MP
             ,
             OF
             .
             
               The
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               Wood.
               
            
          
           
             ZZZZ
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             ST
             ,
             VW
             .
             
               Some
               of
               the
               Vessels
               originally
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               postured
               in
               undulated
               rings
               .
            
          
           
             MN
             ,
             OP
             ,
             EF.
             
               The
               larger
               Air
               vessels
               ,
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               every
               annual
               ring
               .
            
          
           
             RzRz
             .
             
               The
               small
               Air-vessels
               postured
               in
               columns
               .
            
          
           
             QQQ
             .
             
               The
               great
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               several
               annual
               rings
               of
               wood
               ,
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             QRR.
             
               The
               small
               Insertions
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               :
               wherein
               the
               Vesiculae
               are
               exceeding
               small
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             20.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               common
               Sumach
               of
               the
               first
               years
               growth
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             .
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             aa
             .
             
               The
               Hairs
               ;
               some
               whereof
               are
               sharp
               ,
               others
               knobbed
               at
               their
               ends
               .
            
          
           
             KLCD
             .
             
               A
               very
               thick
               radiated
               ring
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             KL
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               ample
               Milk-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             v.
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               Milk-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             tr
             .
             
               A
               close
               Parenchyma
               encompassing
               every
               Milk-vessel
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               a
               third
               sort
               of
               Sap-Vessels
               ,
               consisting
               of
               arched
               parcels
               hemming
               in
               the
               Lacteals
               .
            
          
           
             tt
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               parcels
               ,
               consisting
               of
               some
               hundreds
               of
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             tw
             .
             
               A
               laxer
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             XX.
             
               Another
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               ,
               which
               seem
               to
               be
               of
               a
               fourth
               kind
               .
            
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             xx
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             xy
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             MMM
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               .
               Most
               whereof
               run
               through
               the
               Wood
               ,
               and
               halfway
               through
               the
               Bark
               ,
            
             viz.
             
               as
               far
               as
               the
               Lacteals
            
             .
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             yy
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Sap-vessels
               on
               the
               edge
               of
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             21.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               a
               Branch
               of
               common
               Wormwood
               ,
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
           
             ABCD.
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             MN
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             DC
             .
             
               The
               common
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               consisting
               of
               several
               large
               parcels
               ,
               standing
               in
               a
               ring
               .
            
          
           
             V.
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               parcels
            
             .
          
           
             KL
             .
             
               Another
               sort
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               standing
               in
               as
               many
               parcels
               as
               the
               former
               ,
               all
               of
               them
               arched
               .
            
          
           
             r.
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               arched
               parcels
               .
            
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               The
               Resiniferous
               ,
               or
               Gum
               vessels
               .
            
          
           
             t.
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             x.
             
               The
               true
               Wood.
            
             
          
           
             xy
             .
             
               The
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             ym
             Mm.
             
               The
               Insertions
               running
               through
               the
               Wood
               ,
               and
               half
               through
               the
               Bark
               .
               Where
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               in
               the
               Pith
               ,
               they
               are
               enarched
               ;
               thus
               hemming
               in
               both
               the
               kinds
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith.
            
             
          
           
             zz
             .
             
               Some
               few
               Gum-vessels
               on
               the
               edge
               of
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             22.
             
             
               Representeth
               part
               of
               the
               Bark
               of
               a
               Lactiferous
               Plant
               ,
               pared
               by
               the
               length
               ,
               and
               therein
               the
               Milk-vessels
               laid
               bare
               .
            
          
           
             AA
             .
             
               The
               outer
               surface
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             bbbb
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             cc.
             
               A
               Milk-vessel
               cloven
               down
               the
               middle
               .
            
          
           
             dd
             .
             
               Another
               ,
               with
               a
               small
               part
               thereof
               cloven
               off
               .
            
          
           
           
             ee
             .
             
               Another
               ,
               which
               is
               entire
            
             .
          
           
             ff
             .
             
               The
               places
               where
               the
               said
               Milk-vessels
               are
               braced
               together
               .
            
          
           
             gg
             .
             
               The
               terms
               of
               2
               other
               Milk-vessels
               ,
               where
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               their
               more
               oblique
               process
               ,
               they
               are
               cut
               off
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             23.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               piece
               of
               Wood
               ,
               consisting
               of
               Vessels
               ,
               which
               were
               originally
               the
               Lymphaeducts
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             ccc
             .
             
               Some
               of
               the
               said
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               composed
               of
               many
               small
               lignous
               Fibers
               (
               that
               is
               to
               say
               of
               other
               exquisitely
               small
               Vessels
               )
               standing
               together
               so
               ,
               as
               to
               make
               a
               hollow
               Cylinder
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               a
               Lymphaeduct
               .
            
          
           
             eee
             .
             
               Other
               of
               the
               same
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               wherein
               is
               shewed
               the
               knitting
               of
               the
               said
               lignous
               Fibers
               together
               by
               Parenchymous
               Fibers
               ▪
               which
               run
               horizontally
               .
            
          
           
             aa
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               same
               Vessels
               shewed
               torn
               off
               towards
               the
               end
               from
            
             e
             to
             a
             ,
             
               whereby
               the
               several
               Fibers
               ,
               and
               their
               connexion
               ,
               do
               better
               appear
               .
            
          
           
             NB.
             
               That
               for
               your
               more
               distinct
               and
               perspicuous
               engravement
               ,
               the
               said
               Vessels
               are
               here
               represented
               more
               ample
               than
               they
               shew
               even
               through
               the
               Microscope
               .
               Which
               is
               done
               in
               no
               other
               Figure
               besides
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             24.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               parcel
               of
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
           
             aa
             .
             
               A
               Conjugation
               of
               two
               Air-vessels
            
             .
          
           
             cc.
             
               A
               Conjugation
               of
               three
               Air-vessels
               ,
               of
               several
               sizes
               .
            
          
           
             bbb
             .
             
               The
               places
               where
               the
               said
               Vessels
               are
               braced
               .
            
          
           
             tt
             .
             
               The
               spiral
               ,
               and
               almost
               horizontal
               continuation
               of
               the
               Fibers
               whereof
               the
               said
               Vessels
               do
               chiefly
               ,
               but
               not
               wholly
               consist
               .
            
          
           
             tb
             .
             
               The
               perpendicular
               continuation
               of
               exceeding
               small
               parenchymous
               Fibers
               ,
               by
               which
               the
               aforesaid
               spiral
               ones
               are
               mutually
               knit
               together
               ,
               into
               a
               firm
               and
               coherent
               Vessel
               .
            
          
           
             ee
             .
             
               The
               said
               spiral
               Fibers
               unroaved
               or
               drawn
               out
               in
               a
               couple
               of
               Vessels
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             25.
             
             
               Representeth
               the
               Westage
               of
               the
               Parenchyma
               (
               or
               of
               the
               Insertions
               )
               and
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             aa
             .
             
               Several
               portions
               of
               the
               true
               Wood
               ,
               consisting
               of
               lignous
               Fibers
               ,
               running
               perpendicularly
               or
               by
               the
               length
               of
               the
               Tree
               .
            
          
           
             bb
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               ;
               consisting
               of
               parenchymous
               Fibers
               ,
               running
               horizontally
               ,
               or
               by
               the
               diameter
               of
               the
               Tree
               .
            
          
           
             cece
             .
             
               Other
               portions
               of
               the
               true
               wood
               ;
               wherein
               is
               shewed
               the
               intermixture
               of
               the
               lignous
               and
               parenchymous
               parts
               ;
               not
               only
               portion
               with
               portion
               ,
               as
               in
            
             a
             b
             ;
             
               but
               even
               Fiber
               with
               Fiber
            
             .
          
           
             ce
             .
             
               The
               process
               of
               the
               lignous
               Fibers
               .
            
          
           
           
             cc.
             
               The
               process
               of
               the
               parenchymous
            
             .
          
        
         
           
             Fig.
             26.
             
             
               Representeth
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               slice
               of
               the
               stalk
               of
               the
               lesser
               common
               Thistle
               cut
               transversly
               .
            
          
           
             ABCD
             
               The
               Bark
            
             .
          
           
             AB
             
               The
               Skin
            
             .
          
           
             HI
             .
             
               The
               Parenchyma
            
             .
          
           
             AHB
             .
             
               A
               sort
               of
               Lymphaeducts
               contiguous
               to
               the
               skin
               .
            
          
           
             ee
             .
             
               One
               parcel
               of
               the
               said
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             DC
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               other
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               consisting
               likewise
               of
               several
               parcels
               ,
               standing
               on
               the
               inner
               verge
               of
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
           
             aa
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               parcels
            
             .
          
           
             HC
             .
             
               A
               ring
               of
               Milk-vessels
               ,
               consisting
               of
               several
               arched
               parcels
               ,
               adjacent
               to
               the
               foresaid
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
             cc.
             
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               parcels
            
             .
          
           
             DCFE.
             
               The
               wood
               ,
               divided
               into
               several
               portions
               .
            
          
           
             aatt
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               portions
            
             .
          
           
             vvv
             .
             
               The
               true
               Wood
               ;
               throughout
               which
               the
               Air-vessels
               ,
               represented
               by
               the
               larger
               white
               rings
               ,
               are
               distributed
               .
            
          
           
             EFG
             .
             
               The
               Pith
               ,
               consisting
               of
               very
               large
               ,
               and
               angular
               bladders
               :
               the
               sides
               whereof
               are
               composed
               of
               Fibers
               stitched
               together
               ,
               and
               running
               chiefly
               horizontally
               ;
               winding
               in
               a
               circular
               manner
               ,
               out
               of
               one
               bladder
            
             
             
               into
               another
               ;
               and
               so
               mutually
               intersecting
               the
               several
               arches
               of
               their
               whole
               circumference
               .
            
          
           
             TT
             .
             
               One
               of
               the
               said
               bladders
               ,
               or
               rather
               one
               half
               ,
               the
               other
               being
               cut
               off
               .
               The
               horizontal
               Fibers
               whereof
               ,
               not
               being
               single
               ,
               but
               so
               many
               threds
               ;
               there
               being
               several
               Fibers
               in
               one
               Thred
               .
            
          
           
             SS
             .
             
               One
               single
               Fiber
            
             .
          
           
             EF.
             
               Other
               Vessels
               ,
               both
               Lymphaeducts
               ,
               and
               lactiferous
               ,
               within
               the
               wood
               ,
               or
               on
               the
               verge
               of
               the
               Pith.
               
            
          
           
             tt
             .
             
               The
               Lymphaeducts
            
             .
          
           
             ss
             .
             
               The
               lactiferous
               Vessels
            
             .
          
           
             stac
             .
             
               The
               Insertions
               running
               betwixt
               the
               several
               portions
               of
               wood
               ,
               from
               the
               Pith
               into
               the
               Bark
               .
            
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           
             
               Fig.
               Boruge
               1
            
          
           
             
               Dandelyon
               2
            
          
           
             
               Colew●●rt
               3
            
          
           
             
               Holycak
               4
            
          
           
             
               Wild
               Cu●umer
               5
            
          
           
             
               Endive
               6
            
          
           
             
               7
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               8.
               
               Holly
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               9.
               
               Hazel
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               ●ig
               ▪
               10
               ▪
               
                 Barberry
                 .
                 Branch
              
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               11.
               
               Apple
               .
               Tree
               ▪
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               12.
               
               Pear
               .
               Tree
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               13.
               
               Plum.
               Tree
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               14.
               
               Elm
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               15.
               
               Ash.
               Tree
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig
               ▪
               16
               Wallnut
               .
               Tree
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               17.
               
               Figg
               Tree
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               18.
               
               Pine
               Tree
               .
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               19
               Oak
               Tree
               Branch
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               20.
               
               Sumach
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               21.
               
               The
               Stalk
               of
               y
               e
               Comon
               Wormwood
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               22
               The.
               Milk.
               Vessils
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               23.
               
               The.
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               22
               The.
               Milk.
               Vessils
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               23.
               
               The.
               Lymphaeducts
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               24.
               
               The
               Aer
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig
               25
               The
               Wef●age
               of
               y
               e
               Parenchyma
               (
               or
               of
               y
               e
               In
               Sections
               )
               &
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
           
           
             
               Fig
               :
               27
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               20.
               
               Sumach
               .
            
          
           
           
             
               Fig.
               21.
               
               The
               Stalk
               of
               y
               e
               Comōn
               Wormwood
               .
            
          
           
           
           
             
               Fig
               22
               The.
               Milk.
               Vessils
               .
            
          
           
             
               Fig.
               ●●
               The.
               Lymphaedu●●●
               .
            
          
           
           
           
             
               Fig.
               24
               The
               Aer
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
             
               Fig
               25
               The
               Wef●age
               of
               y
               e
               Parenchyma
               (
               or
               of
               y
               e
               In
               Sections
               )
               &
               Vessels
               .
            
          
           
           
           
             
               Fig
               :
               27.
               
            
          
        
      
    
     
  

