item: #1 of 13
          id: 14218
      author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison)
       title: The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry
        date: None
       words: 49187
      flesch: 59
     summary: Besides describing apparatus for distilling, subliming, and other processes in the laboratory, French gives directions for making tinctures, essences, essential oils, spirits of salt, and pure saltpetre, oil of vitriol, butter of antimony, calces (or as we now say, oxides) of metals, and many other substances. It must he admitted that the alchemists could cite many instances of transmutations which seemed to lead to the conclusion, that there is no difference of kind between the metals and other substances such as water, acids, oils, resins, and wood.
    keywords: air; alchemical; alchemists; alchemy; atoms; century; change; compounds; earth; elements; facts; fire; form; gold; knowledge; lavoisier; life; man; material; matter; mercury; metals; nature; new; oxygen; particles; phlogiston; principles; properties; radio; seed; substances; theory; things; thought; time; vessel; water; weight
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        item: #2 of 13
          id: 14474
      author: Faraday, Michael
       title: The Chemical History of a Candle
        date: None
       words: 42170
      flesch: 73
     summary: Water, therefore, ought to contain that other substance which the candle takes from the air, and which, combining with the hydrogen, produces water. Now, having previously arranged an experiment for the purpose of condensing water from the products of the candle, my next point will be to shew you this water; and perhaps one of the best means that I can adopt for shewing its presence to so many at once, is to exhibit a very visible action of water, and then to apply that test to what is collected as a drop at the bottom of that vessel.
    keywords: acid; action; air; burn; candle; carbon; combustion; experiment; flame; gas; heat; hydrogen; jar; oxygen; piece; platinum; substance; water; way
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        item: #3 of 13
          id: 20848
      author: Henderson, William Edwards
       title: An Elementary Study of Chemistry
        date: None
       words: 121982
      flesch: 64
     summary: The changes which take place in the preparation of hydrogen from zinc and sulphuric acid (diluted with water) may be represented as follows: _ _ _ _ | hydrogen |(sulphuric | zinc |(zinc zinc + | sulphur | acid) TABLE SHOWING COMPOSITION OF GASES =====================+================+========+========+========== | PENNSYLVANIA | COAL | WATER | ENRICHED | NATURAL | GAS | GAS | WATER | GAS | | | GAS ---------------------+----------------+--------+--------+---------- Hydrogen | | 41.3 | 52.88 | 30.00 Methane | 90.64 | 43.6 | 2.16 | 24.00 Illuminants | | 3.9 | | 12.05 Carbon monoxide | | 6.4 | 36.80 | 29.00 Carbon dioxide | 0.30 | 2.0 | 3.47 | 0.30 Nitrogen | 9.06 | 1.2 | 4.69 | 2.50 Oxygen | | 0.3 | | 1.50 Hydrocarbon vapors | | 1.5 | | 1.50 =====================+================+========+========+========== These are analyses of actual samples, and may be taken as about the average for the various kinds of gases.
    keywords: + =; = +; = =; = fe_{3}o_{4; = na_{2}so_{4; = nahso_{4; = |; acid; air; atomic; calcium; carbon; carbon dioxide; carbonate; chemical; chloride; compounds; conditions; copper; dioxide; elements; equation; family =; fig; following; form; gas; gases; h_{2}o =; hcl =; heat; hydrochloric; hydrogen; hydrogen dioxide; hydroxide; iron; lead; liquid; matter; metals; nitric acid; nitrogen; o =; oxides; oxygen; place; potassium; preparation; present; process; properties; reaction; s =; salts; silver; sodium; solution; substance; sulphate; sulphur; sulphuric; temperature; tube; v =; volume; water; way; weight; zinc; | |; ° =; ° |
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        item: #4 of 13
          id: 22914
      author: Boyle, Robert
       title: The Sceptical Chymist or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject.
        date: None
       words: 89071
      flesch: 50
     summary: And this is the _first_ of my two Considerations; the _Other_ is, That it is not impossible that the Corpuscles into which a body is dissipated by the Fire may by the Operation of the same fire have their figures so altered, or may be by associations with one another brought into little Masses of such a Size and Shape, as not to be fit to make sensible Impressions on the Tongue. And if some just Considerations did not for the present Forbid it, I could Perchance here shew you by another Experiment or Two of my own Trying, that such _Menstruums_ may be made as to entice away and retain divers parts, from Bodies, which even the more Judicious and Experienc'd _Spagyrists_ have pronounc'd irresoluble by the Fire.
    keywords: account; ashes; bodies; body; carneades; chymical; chymists; compound bodies; concrete; corpuscles; discourse; distill'd; divers; doctrine; earth; elementary; elements; eleutherius; errata; experiments; fire; fixt; glass; gold; heat; ingredients; know; liquor; matter; mercury; nature; note; notice; number; observ'd; obtain'd; occasion; opinion; oyle; parts; present; principles; qualities; reason; saline; salt; sayes; scarce; self; shew; silver; simple; spirit; substances; sulphur; things; time; tis; truth; volatile; water; way; wine
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        item: #5 of 13
          id: 29734
      author: Priestley, Joseph
       title: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
        date: None
       words: 75785
      flesch: 59
     summary: Besides, _acid_ and _alkaline_ air do not differ from _common air_ One reason for the present publication has been the favourable reception of those of my _Observations on different kinds of air_, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1772, and the demand for them by persons who did not chuse, for the sake of those papers only, to purchase the whole volume in which they were contained.
    keywords: acid air; air; alkaline air; candle; case; diminution; effect; experiments; glass; having; heat; inflammable; inflammable air; iron; kind; manner; means; mixture; nitrous; phial; phlogiston; process; putrid; quantity; quicksilver; small; spirit; state; time; use; vessel; water
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        item: #6 of 13
          id: 30775
      author: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
       title: Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries
        date: None
       words: 109594
      flesch: 61
     summary: of acid gas were formed. This gas weighs 0.695 parts of a grain for each cubical inch, in the common standard temperature and pressure mentioned above, so that 34,242 cubical inches of acid gas are produced by the combustion of one pound of charcoal.
    keywords: acid; acid acid; acid gas; air; apparatus; bases; bodies; caloric; carbonic acid; charcoal; combinations; combustion; degree; elements; experiments; fig; fire; form; glass; heat; hydrogen; hydrogen gas; inches; iron; jar; lime; means; mercury; muriatic; nature; nitric acid; oxyd; oxygen; oxygen gas; parts; phosphorus; place; potash; quantity; salifiable; salts; sect; simple; state; substances; sulphur; table; temperature; tube; water; weight; | |
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        item: #7 of 13
          id: 31624
      author: Watson, Glen W.
       title: A Brief History of Element Discovery, Synthesis, and Analysis
        date: None
       words: 5002
      flesch: 57
     summary: For the next two and three-quarters centuries the chemists had much fun and some fame discovering new elements. Occasionally the development of a new technique would lead to the easy discovery of a whole group of new elements.
    keywords: = =; alpha; berkeley; california; discovery; element; particles; university
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        item: #8 of 13
          id: 37283
      author: Anonymous
       title: The Whole Secret Laid Open, Or the Complete Art of Making the Chemical Fulminating Objects, Such as the Lace, or Girt of Security, Fulminating Letters, Balls, Bombs, Garters, Cards, Spiders, Segars, Chairs, Drawers, Boots, Shoes, &c. &c.
        date: None
       words: 2971
      flesch: 62
     summary: These are prepared by enclosing half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a fold of glass paper, and pasting it in the middle of a piece of court plaster; if the edges of the court plaster are then slightly wet, it will adhere, and must be placed in the middle of the heel of a boot or shoe, and by being pressed upon will detonate loudly. These may be made by inclosing half a grain of Brugnatelli's Fulminating Silver in a small fold of glass paper, and putting it into a ferule, which ferule may be placed gently on the stick; and on its being applied to the ground, a loud explosion will take place.
    keywords: glass; grain; paper; silver
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        item: #9 of 13
          id: 37682
      author: Priestley, Joseph
       title: Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry
        date: None
       words: 32406
      flesch: 63
     summary: These two electricities having been first discovered by producing one of them from glass, and the other from amber, sealing-wax, sulphur, rosin, &c. first obtained the names of _vitreous_ and _resinous_ electricity; and it being afterwards imagined that one of them was a redundancy, and the other a deficiency, of a supposed electric fluid, the former has obtained the name of _positive_, and the latter that of _negative_, electricity; and these terms are now principally in use. The semi-metals are _bismuth_, _zinc_, _nickel_, regulus of _arsenic_, of _cobalt_, of _antimony_, of _manganese_, of _wolfram_, and of _molybdena_.
    keywords: acid; acid air; air; alkali; calx; earth; electricity; form; heat; inflammable; iron; lecture; light; means; mercury; metals; nitrous; phlogiston; state; substances; vitriolic; water
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        item: #10 of 13
          id: 38246
      author: Muir, M. M. Pattison (Matthew Moncrieff Pattison)
       title: Heroes of Science: Chemists
        date: None
       words: 81307
      flesch: 53
     summary: This compound atom, if positive, will exhibit affinity for other compound atoms in which negative electricity predominates; if negative, it will exhibit affinity for other positively electrified compound atoms. The experiment with the nails was made in 1779; at this time, therefore, Priestley had no conception as to what his _dephlogisticated air_ really was.
    keywords: acid; action; air; atom; atomic; berzelius; black; bodies; chemical; chemical science; chemistry; chemists; compound; compound atom; conception; dalton; davy; dumas; element; elementary; experiments; facts; gas; gases; graham; heat; hydrogen; knowledge; lavoisier; light; matter; metal; molecule; nature; new; oxygen; particles; parts; priestley; properties; science; substance; theory; time; water; weight; work; years
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        item: #11 of 13
          id: 4524
      author: Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von
       title: Familiar Letters on Chemistry, and Its Relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture
        date: None
       words: 35822
      flesch: 53
     summary: Animal bodies subject to constant waste. The primary conditions of the maintenance of animal life, are a constant supply of certain matters, animal food, and of oxygen, in the shape of atmospheric air.
    keywords: acid; animal; atmosphere; blood; body; carbon; carbonic; chemical; elements; food; form; nitrogen; oxygen; parts; plants; pounds; process; quantity; soil; solid; state; substances; supply; time; water; weight
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        item: #12 of 13
          id: 46998
      author: Macquer, Pierre Joseph
       title: Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th ed.
        date: None
       words: 261727
      flesch: 60
     summary: _Of_ WATER. In treating of earths in general we observed that they may be divided into two principal kinds; one of which actually and properly flows when exposed to the action of fire, and turns to glass; whence it is called a _fusible_ or _vitrifiable_ earth; the other resists the utmost force of fire, and is therefore said to be an _unfusible_ or _unvitrifiable_ earth.
    keywords: acid; air; alkali; antimony; arsenic; copper; crucible; degree; distillation; earth; fire; form; furnace; glass; gold; hath; heat; iron; lead; liquor; little; manner; matter; means; mercury; nitre; oil; oils; operation; parts; phlogiston; process; quantity; red; regulus; retort; salt; sea; silver; small; spirit; substances; sulphur; tartar; time; vessel; vitriolic acid; water; white; wine
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        item: #13 of 13
          id: 54210
      author: Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich
       title: The Principles of Chemistry, Volume II
        date: None
       words: 312772
      flesch: 55
     summary: Its specific gravity is 19·1 (according to Roscoe), so that, like uranium, platinum, &c., it is one of the heaviest metals.[9 bis] Just as sulphur and chromium have their corresponding persulphuric and perchromic acids, H_{2}S_{2}O_{8} and H_{2}CrO_{8}, having the properties of peroxides, and corresponding to peroxide of hydrogen, so also molybdenum and tungsten are known to give _permolybdic_ and _pertungstic_ acids, H_{2}Mo_{2}O_{8} and H_{2}W_{2}O_{8}, which have the properties of true peroxides, _i.e._ easily disengage iodine from KI and chlorine from HCl, easily part with their oxygen, and are formed by the action of peroxide of hydrogen, into which they are readily reconverted (hence they may be regarded as compounds of H_{2}O_{2} with 2MoO_{3} and 2WO_{3}), &c. a large amount of _hydrogen_.
    keywords: 100; 8vo; acid; acid acid; acid gas; acid oxide; acid properties; acid salts; acid solution; action; air; alcohol; alkali; alkaline; alumina; aluminium; ammonia; ammonium; analogous; anhydride; anhydrous; arsenic; atomic; atoms; barium; bis; blue; boiling; calcium; carbonate; carbonic acid; carbonic oxide; case; cast; certain; change; chapter; character; charcoal; chemical; chemistry; chloride; chromic; cobalt; colour; colourless; combination; composition; compounds; containing; copper; corresponding; corresponds; crown; crystalline; crystals; cupric; decomposes; density; difference; dilute; dissolves; elements; example; excess; fact; ferric; ferrous; following; form; formation; free; general; gives; glass; gold; gravity; great; green; group; h_{2}o; heat; heating; hydrate; hydrochloric; hydrogen; hydrogen compounds; hydroxide; illustrations; insoluble; instance; iron; law; lead; light; like; liquid; magnesium; manganese; manner; mass; means; mercury; metals; method; mixture; molecules; nature; nickel; nitrate; nitric acid; nitrogen; note; number; obtained; order; ore; oxidation; oxide; oxygen; oxygen compounds; p.c; parts; peroxide; phosphorus; place; platinum; point; portion; potassium; potassium acid; potassium chloride; potassium salt; powder; precipitate; presence; present; properties; quantity; reaction; red; remains; respect; salts; series; silica; silicic acid; silicon; silver; silver chloride; silver oxide; sodium; sodium chloride; soluble; solution; state; steel; substance; sulphate; sulphide; sulphur; sulphuric; sulphuric acid; system; temperature; time; type; vapour; volume; water; weight; white; yellow; zinc; | |; ° =; ° |
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