mediaeval socialism bede jarrett illustration logo london jack long acre edinburgh new york dodge publishing co contents chap page introduction ii social conditions iii communists iv schoolmen lawyers vi social reformers vii theory bibliography index mediaeval socialism chapter introduction title book may unnaturally provoke suspicion howsoever define socialism modern thing dependent almost wholly modern conditions economic theory evolved pressure circumstances admittedly long standing may asked possible find real correspondence theories old time grown conditions life surely whatever analogy may drawn must based likenesses superficial point view implied question increasingly adopted scientific students social political opinions certainly correct speculation purely philosophic may indeed turn round views grecian metaphysicians may continue ever find enthusiastic adherents though even realm purely abstract reasoning progressive development science psychology kindred branches knowledge fail influence modify form arrangement thought purely positive sciences indeed sciences properly called deal life man organisation principles postulates found need continual readjustment man life social political economic contact forces necessity always state flux example predominance agriculture manufacture commerce life social group must materially alter attitude statesman responsible fortunes progress nation another stage development often entails altering class another dominant position power complete reversal traditional maxims government human life static dynamic hence theories weaved round must subject law continuous development obvious argument gainsaid yet time may way illogical venturing inquiry whether centuries wholly dissimilar mind man worked along lines parallel degree contemporary systems thought man life differs yet categories mould ideas eternally go consider early aspects socialism must first ascertain socialism essentially implies already within lifetime present generation word greatly enlarged scope significance many ten years ago objected name see now nothing may harmonised ordinary political social doctrines hardly longer badge school yet retain rate bias tendency suggests chiefly transference ownership land capital private hands possession form society means transference manner social possession maintained widely debated need determined sufficient matter book granted lies germ socialistic theory state must admitted meaning private ownership social possession vary exceedingly age private dominion become exceedingly individual practically absolute opposition two terms necessarily sharp earlier stages national social evolution community still regarded composed persons groups antagonism might point theory extremely limited concrete cases might possibly difficult determine ended began yet undeniable socialism need mean central principle capital land conception consistent much private property forms land capital worked detail differently different minds principle essence justifies claims made use name may therefore fairly call theories socialistic covered central doctrine disregard irrelevant nature term added peculiarities contributed individuals joined forces movement socialistic theories middle ages therefore mean theories time time came surface political social speculation form communism way bringing transference just indicated plunging tanglement rather complicated problems make clearness consider quite briefly philosophic heritage social teaching middle ages succeeded fathers church found confronted difficulties mean subtlety hand teaching scriptures forced religious truth essential equality human nature christianity standing protest exclusiveness jewish faith demanded attendance altar recognition absolute oneness members epistles paul scientific defence christian doctrine continually insisting fact new faith real division greek barbarian bond free yet hand equally unequivocal expressions concerning reverence respect due authority governance peter taught honour paid caesar caesar nero paul clearly preached subjection higher powers yet time know christian truth essential equality whole human race construed incompatible notion civil authority paradox explained equal justification civil authority civil authority upheld wherein lay meaning paul many boasts new levelling spirit christian religion paradox complicated two problems question authority imperial government found cognate questions institution slavery private property three concrete facts empire seemed based christian attitude towards many attempted explanations largely personal therefore may neglected general agreement come leading christian teachers east west based theological distinction human nature existed first creation became state reduced fall adam created original justice phrase ran powers man soul perfect harmony sensitive nature passions subjection reason reason god man continued state innocence government slavery private property never required adam fell fall christian doctors whole conditions disturbed passions broke loose violence unfrequently subjected dictatorship together obscured prejudiced reason compulsion longer content follow divine reason eternal law god word order previously reigned state lawlessness now set greed lust power spirit insubordination weakness feebleness mind ignorance swarmed soul man disturbed merely internal economy relations also fellows sin cain social result personal upheaval society felt evils attended new condition things driven according patristic idea search remedies order restrain anarchy threatened overwhelm existence race hence introduced first notion civil authority found without use phrase hobbes indeed immortalised easily paralleled writings ambrose augustine life nasty brutish short idea authority quickly added kindred ideas private property slavery two found equally necessary human society family became determined group patriarch wielded absolute power authority effective employed household also households defence hence family must exclusive right certain things others objected sole arbitrament appeal force vanquished relinquished claims objects dispute became slaves previously stood position equality rivalry fathers church justify three institutions result fall result sin incidentally may added much language hildebrand others spoke civil power devil traceable theological concept history origin much hard language means private property therefore due fall becomes necessity presence sin world fathers church mediaeval tradition drew force parallel patristic explanation came another inherited imperial legalists based curious fact evolution roman law must now shortly described administration justice rome two officials chosen disposed cases dispute concerned litigation roman citizens power limited matters foreigners involved growth roman meant inclusion many suzerainty boast technical citizenship guided decisions codified law rome different position left almost entirely resources hence customary assumption office publish list principles intended settle disputes foreigners brought court foundation declaratory act based supposed previously consulted particular laws many foreign nations possible selected among found held common number tribes fact consensus certain laws part different races supposed imply fragments larger whole came eventually called indifferently law nature law nations almost date law nations beginning built greek notion supreme law governed whole race dated lost golden age came knowledge lawyers rome proceeded identify two really different concepts evolved final notion fundamental rule essential moral action time therefore supposed natural law venerable antiquity universal acceptance acquired added sanction actually began held greater respect even declared law rome name nature seemed bring greater dignity time carefully explained absolutely inviolable accurate description say considered primitive law lay embedded like first principles human nature nations derived primitive principles force logic simple evolution life human race found experience observance natural law entailed direct consequence establishment certain institutions authority therefore boast due nothing simple struggle existence among institutions three civil authority slavery private property fathers come justify different method argument late roman lawyers private property upheld grounds found necessary human race advance along road life modern ways thinking seems though almost stumbled theory evolution gradual unfolding social moral perfection due constant pressure circumstances ultimate survival fit survive almost principle natural selection mankind supposed determined necessity civil authority slavery private property rest pragmatic test life applied proved need third powerful influence development christian social teaching must added others order better grasp mental attitude mediaeval thinkers rise growth monasticism early history obscured much legendary detail sufficient evidence trace back far beginnings christianity later come stampede thebaid hermit life gathering together many community seem equally allowed methods asceticism fifth century east west movement effectively organised first canonical theory life introduced augustine st basil benedict composed rules life though benedict disclaimed idea original begun something new yet matter fact even efficiently st basil really introduced new force christendom thereby became undoubted father western monasticism now monasticism primary intention contemplation god order attain object perfectly certain subsidiary observances considered necessary declared purpose make contemplation easier never looked essential monastic profession helps better working among safeguards monastic peace included removal anxieties concerning material personal poverty surrender personal claim things care might break fixed contemplation god regarded equally important purpose obedience chastity continued residence certain spot indeed preached counsel perfection christ advice rich young man significance now powerfully set forth benedictine monastic establishments obvious existence institutions kind bound exercise influence christian thought noticed certain individual characters many claimed respect generation treated material possessions hindrances spiritual perfection example private property forsworn community possession became prominently put forward accordance spirit christ lived apostles declared proceeds common purse result point view social theorists day confirm impression private property thing much sanctity already seen fathers brought look something sinful origin need due entirely fall first parents legalists rome brought consideration mere expedience universal indeed moral sanction dictated institution way avoid continual strife among neighbours now whole force religious ideals time thrown balance eastern western monasticism seemed teach lesson private property sense sacred thing rather seemed obstacle perfect devotion man god community possession life began boast excellent following christ finally may asserted social concept feudalism lent teaching lesson society organised system land tenure whereby held higher responsible beneath social scale landowners therefore modern sense term existence landholders idea absolute dominion without condition without definite duties occurred none lord held estate feud definite arrangement participating administration justice deliberative assembly war bands chief turn owed duties lord even king stood apex pyramid supposed merely holding power territorial domain representing nation coronation bound observe certain duties condition royalty proclaim acceptance conditions anointed crowned king break pledge loyalty made people considered consequence without binding force subjects released obedience way also private property likely deemed equivalent absolute possession held conditionally unfrequently forfeited offences feudal code carried burdens made holding irksome especially stood bottom scale found terms possession rigorously enforced death tenant inheriting effects eldest son made occasion exactions superior lord belonged certain dead man military accoutrements pledges open manifest continued supremacy exercised successor extremely individual ideas regards holding land prevalent hardly understood every external authority whole trend public opinion teaching christian fathers example religious bodies inherited views come later legalists digests imperial era basis social order deflected scale predominance view land tenure holding made absolute unrestricted possession yet time cause modern revolt individual possession mediaeval theorists equally hard understand absolute communism idea state magic abstract title interfere whole social order utterly foreign ways thinking found defender king knew people church state modern socialist invokes unimaginable thing age therefore must expect find socialism must content notice theories socialistic rather socialist chapter ii social conditions long man perfect health movements hardly perceptible becomes conscious existence something happened obstruct free play body politic just long things move easily without friction hardly anyone thoughts stimulated direction social reform directly distress disturbance begin felt public attention awakened directed consideration actual conditions schemes suggested new ideas broached hence middle ages men remedies applied open sores world makes us realise must mediaeval life much matter discontent perhaps altogether unfortunately seeds unrest never need much care sowing human heart else advance little towards perfect day rebels history necessary theorists statesmen indeed rebels statesmen probably remained mere politicians ruins late empire germanic races built state fragments older erected doubt new social unit contained strata many civilisations suffice recognise perhaps impossible apportion particular contribution whole result manor must affected quite considerably roman celt teuton chief difference notice older system conditions modern agricultural life manor rural organism lies enormous part played organisation society idea tenure western civilisation seventh century fourteenth personal equation largely merged territorial master man lord tenant tied soil within manor first land held demesne perquisite lord farmed directly modern methods began push old feudal concepts find portion estate regularly let tenants though evidences occasionally done even twelfth century besides belonged exclusively lord manor great deal legally described held villeinage say hands others conditional use england tenants chiefly three kinds villeins cottiers serfs first held house yard village street great arable fields surrounded strips land amounting sometimes thirty acres lord owed work three days week also provided oxen plough half time devoted farming property next order came cottiers whose holding probably ran five acres manual labour farm hedging much greater portion time case villeins disposal master indeed owing lesser extent property need much opportunity working land lowest scale according domesday book william first great survey england numbered sixteen per cent whole population came slaves serfs almost exclusively live stock look engaged foresters shepherds swineherds servants household either lived lord roof might even cottage village strip land sufficient provisions cloth provided eke scanty livelihood distinct three classes officials bailiffs seneschals reeves free tenants regular work manor leave part land services requisitioned certain periods like came demand ordinary number hands sort labour known clear theoretically least room community modern landless labourer workers paid tenancy land words fixity stability possession basis social life fluidity labour impossible men wander place place offering employers hire toil yet feel sure actual fact wherever population increased must grown process time number persons find neither work maintenance father property younger sons remote descendants must gradually found scope unless like artisan class worked wages exactly date began rise agricultural industrial class fee labourers clearly tell england probably holds good elsewhere traces great development evidence year becomes ample definite period increasingly large number people pressing means subsistence though land might capable supporting far greater number inhabitants part cultivation just enough keep actually existing population margin destitution statutes english law protest wholesale occupation individuals directed merely practices landlord class makers law landlords far likely invasion village rights due action landless men otherwise accommodated superfluous population endeavouring find local maintenance precisely time england steps evolution mediaeval modern conditions clearly worked elsewhere increase trade helped development money species greater abundance coming circulation traders beginning take place national life guilds springing power endeavouring capture machinery municipal government result commercial activity money payments became frequent villein able pay lord instead working sale produce put position hire helpers develop agricultural resources tenant alone stood gain arrangement lord glad possessed money needed substitute duty military service king scutage payment tax graduated according number knights baron lead personally time war condition holding land taken place old feudal levy moreover probably glad obtain hired labour exchange forced labour system tenure made general just later abolition slavery due largely fact long run pay plantations worked men whose every advantage shirk much toil possible cases far judged now lord methodical releasing services due first freely commuted regular hired labour easy obtain work required unusual circumstances purely temporary character harvesting owing obvious difficulty otherwise supplied arranged last resort many paradoxes history freest tenants last achieve freedom serfs set liberty manumission called still bound fixed agreements tenure evident however emancipation take place conditioned supply free labour primarily rising surplus population certain able hire labourers landholder let tenants slip burdens service process labour rendered less stationary immeasurably hastened advent terrible catastrophe black death arrived east across europe moved striking fear inevitableness coming travelled steady rate arrival easily foretold unmistakable nature symptoms suddenness death caused also added horror approach august got bristol michaelmas reached london year ravaged countryside whole villages left without inhabitants seeing england stunned blow scots prepared attack thinking moment propitious paying old scores army smitten pestilence forces broke every glen wales worked havoc ireland english affected wild irish immune even began suffer curiously enough geoffrey baker chronicle written hand six hundred years yet remains bodleian oxford tells us none fell till afraid still curiously chaucer langland wycliff witnessed hardly mention eloquent tribute nameless horror caused hushed silence part three england greatest writers henry knighton leicester abbey canon chronicler tells us consequences following plague shows us clearly social upheaval effected population now much diminished prices live stock went ox costing cow sheep reason wages went labour suddenly grown scarce want hands bring harvest whole crops rotted fields many manor lost third inhabitants difficult fixed services land tenure see remedy applied despair feudal system set aside lord competed lord obtain landless labourers entice within jurisdiction whose masters way villeins sought procure enfranchisement right hire lords master might choose commutation particularly evidence legal method redress though doubt arranged part villein took law hands left manor openly sold labour highest bidder governing class took fright eyes seemed though tenants taking unfair advantage disorganisation national life even parliament meet ordnance issued king edward iii compelled servants whether bond free take customary services forced work income land otherwise engaged lord whose manor tenant heretofore dwelt preferential claim labour threaten imprisonment every refractory villein within two years statute enacted parliament far detailed operation fixing wages rate twentieth year king reign period plague labour plentiful also appearance justice determining prices agricultural produce first long series acts parliament every right intention really obvious futility endeavoured reduce everything past put back hands clock keep back strange fact noticeable whether unconsciously framers statutes striking hardest blow old system tenure masters preferential claim villeins manor disappears greatly limited henceforth labourers appear market place tools reminiscent scriptural conditions wait till man hired state lord now regulating labour labour passed tied soil become fluid longer personal obligation commodity even parliament recognised many respects least old order passed away statute allows men counties stafford lancaster derby borders wales scotland come august time labour counties return safety heretofore wont legalisation looked till askance long silent revolution become conscious lords altogether sorry turn things taken groaning pressure king heavy war taxation demands advance new standards comfort especially entailed let lease even demesne land became great extent mere commutation proceeded steadily much haggling obtain highest price eager tenant wages rose slowly true rose rent though still high becoming whole less intolerable drain french war peculation public funds brought final upheaval completed black death begun capricious unfairly graduated came climax roused great revolt year revolt carefully engineered cleverly organised yet demands made striking testimony moderation good sense also oppressed state english peasant fourfold petition presented king rebels abolition serfdom reduction rent per acre liberty buy sell market free pardon compare studiously restrained tone articles terrible atrocities vengeance wreaked jacquerie france less awful mob violence perpetrated florence ciompi shows doubt kindly light equitable rule english landholder remains monument also english worker towns much sort struggle going towns often sprang demesne lord whether king church baron difficulties complicated still interference guilds various trades regulated hours labour quality work rate remuneration yet hand undoubted squalor earlier stages urban life removed least improved social condition poor fourteenth century onwards immeasurably superior towns country districts quickening influence trade making felt everywhere cloth trade introduced bristol settled definitely west england north notice beginnings coal trade licence given burgesses newcastle dig coal two merchants city applied obtained royal permission send precious commodity part kingdom either land water even vast speculations opening english commercial enterprise cornering wool bribing king ring merchants able break italian banking houses disorganise european money market continent energy trade already old house anjou example made kingdom naples great trading centre corn cattle famous world naples sovereigns like edward iii edward iv england patronised commercial instincts people indefatigable genius royal house industry stimulated private enterprise encouraged wise legislation interests merchants safeguarded personal supervision government fiscal duties moderated currency kept pure stable weights measures reduced uniformity ease security communications secured doubt trade seldom even age led much evil parliament england raised voice trickery deceit practised greater merchants towards small shopkeepers complained bitterly growing custom king farm wealthier among subsidies kingdom whole force feudal conditions turn direction power hands small moneyed class edward iii distinct appearance set rise great prominence take places beside old landed nobility de la pole man establish prosperity hull excellent example often thought decidedly modern type introduced bricks low countries apparently means curious banking speculations doubtful honesty achieved great fortune king paid visit country house made chief baron exchequer office strongly suspected always passing right quarter royal moneys son became earl suffolk lord chancellor marriage royalty made descendants family occasion crown even peasant beginning feel amelioration lot found life easy work something shirked food starting delicate says langland vision piers plowman labourers landless lived hands deign dine worts day old pleased piece good bacon fresh flesh fish ever hot still hotter heat well maw speaks elsewhere laziness bewailing lot workman live grumbles god grieves without reason curses king council licence laws labourers grieve poor become fastidious good sign rising standard comfort life hard much mercy weather assaults man fellows houses better folk brick stone glass windows just becoming known whereas substitute oiled paper neither cheerful much protection huts poor plastered mud even walls quite respectable man abode know court summons pierced arrows shot pugnacious neighbour plaintiff offered take judge jury show horrid weapons still sticking exterior larger houses hall branched fourteenth century parlours bedrooms paston letters describe much curious wealth detail lady milicent falstolf told father household ewer yet lack modern necessities life human nature still much antagonism rich poor collapse feudal relations strained perhaps normally intense yet certainly much oppression unnecessary hardships suffered weak even age ancren riwle quaint form life ankeresses drawn dominican thirteenth century shows even despite distance years passing many generations manners ways mental attitudes people depended much whether among pious author passage homely wit compares certain sisters artful children rich parents purposely tear clothes may new ones always wanton waste destitution side side prophecy things revealed know poor shall always us yet must honour like master strive smooth away anxious wrinkles world chapter iii communists always religious teachers material creation thing evil whole middle ages various names manicheans albigensians vaudois became exceedingly vigorous though importance fitful property essentially unclean something avoided carrying spirit evil etienne de bourbon dominican preacher thirteenth century got communication strange religionists left us record exceedingly unprejudiced beliefs amongst tenets mentions condemned held landed property noticed regards vaudois poor men lyons informs us called question communism common holding property objectionable private property hold material things either community severalty either case bind oneself evil principle yet etienne tells us sect among sanction communism called fact de diversis materiis paris able reconcile social state beliefs quite impossible say presumption example early christians cited sufficient authority teachers certain sect still lingered thirteenth century called clung system vogue among apostles thomas aquinas mentions quotes augustine already refuted seemingly christian body whereas albigensians hardly make claim since repudiated belief christ humanity conflicted central dogma still clear existence certain obscure bodies clung communism published records inquisition refer incessantly preachers kind denied private property asserted rich man get heaven attacked practice almsgiving something utterly immoral relation teachers orders friars never adequately investigated know dominicans franciscans earliest institution sent must therefore well acquainted errors fact find rising among friars party seemed little infected spiritual tendency vaudois franciscan reverence poverty poor man assisi strenuously advocated fact become almost superstition instead saint intended merely means end process time become looked essential religion therefore excessive adoption made religious life almost impossible thing influential party among franciscans endeavoured certain modifications made limit within reasonable bounds opposed determined resolute minority vigorously refused part relaxations dispute two branches order became last tempestuous carried pope appointed commission cardinals theologians adjudicate rival theories award naturally favour reasonable interpretation meaning poverty fighting efficiency order drove extreme party still extremes rejected papal right interfere constitutions friars declared francis undo francis bound pursuance zeal poverty passed quickly denunciations pope wealthy clergy rhetoric found effective matter argument abstract reasoning whole question private possession property treatises left crabbed latin involved methods argument make wearisome irritating reading exceedingly prolix pages profound disquisitions conclusions reached seem advanced problem yet gist whole certainly attempt deny christian right temporal possessions michael cesena logical effective whole group eventually became portion order hesitate affirm incompatibility christianity private property question teaching francis matter grown teaching christ order prove satisfactorily practice poverty inculcated francis absolute inviolable found necessary hold equally declared doctrine christ even ockham brilliant oxford franciscan together michael defended emperor louis bavaria struggle pope john xxii let fall heat controversy sayings must puzzled august patron louis last person communism charms closely allied spirit spiritual franciscans called fraticelli curious mediaeval bodies beguins beghards hopelessly pantheistic notion divine following peculiar methods reaching earth beatific vision took doctrine religious duty communistic life declared practice holding private property contrary divine law another preacher communism whose name well known active propaganda opinions share english peasant revolt john ball known history mad priest kent difficulty finding real theories chroniclers enemies took elaborate steps ascertain exact truth course famous couplet text sermons whaune adam dalf eve span thane gentilman least reported work unknown monk albans roll series london froissart picturesque journalist naturally friend court detested levelling doctrines political rebel gives calls john ball customary sermons evidently attempting report actual sermon rather give general summary supposed ball opinions worth quoting full good friends things go well england ever everything shall common shall neither vassal lord distinctions levelled lords shall masters ill used us reason hold us bondage descended parents adam eve show reason give masters except perhaps making us labour work spend froissart goes say speeches nature archbishop canterbury put ball prison adds considers better confined life put death however archbishop set liberty conscience sake put death froissart london book ii cap pp extract gathered certainty popular idea opinions john ball held instructive find primate eyes nothing doctrine warrant extreme penalty law reality certainty ball actually taught another account find preaching corpus christi day june last days revolt far fiercer words ascribed made appeal people destroy evil lords unjust judges lurked like tares among wheat great ones rooted cast away enjoy equal freedom common nobility rank power course may revolt affected language sudden change tone imputed later speeches makes reader somewhat suspicious authenticity difficulty experienced discovering real mind ball encountered dealing wat tyler jack straw leaders revolt confession jack straw quoted like nearly mediaeval confessions taken seriously accusers judges readily supplied considered admitted without better evidence safety say along lines pushed theories whether indeed theories wat tyler reported spoken threateningly king morning murder lord mayor walworth evidence entirely contributed anxious produce information blacken rebels minds educated classes matter fact purely official documents probably put much reliance petitions poured parts country behalf peasants proclamations issued richard ii demands granted condition immediate withdrawal capital leave impression people really advocated communistic doctrines oppression complained lawyers execrated labour laws denounced practically may indeed traditional view ball followers makes contemporaneous revolts jacquerie france ciompi florence basis fact present means gauging precise amount truth contains even better known john ball commonly connected peasant revolt whose social opinions often grouped heading mad priest kent john wycliff master balliol parson lutterworth oxford professor left us number works quarry materials build afresh edifice intended erect chief contribution contained civili composition extended long period years time views evidently changing precise meaning famous theory dominion grace therefore difficult ascertain opening treatise lays two main truths whole system rests mortal sin right gifts god ii whoever state grace right indeed possess good things god use seems look whole question feudal point view sin treason involving therefore forfeiture held god grace hand makes us liegemen god gives us possible right good gifts seem argue incontestable property power god scripture plainly assures us therefore concludes grace grace alone put dominion things loyal subjection god things hold sure title dominion grace made lead direct communism conclusion quite clear debent esse sermons oxford vol proved point much complacent argumentation poses obvious difficulty point fact true many apparently mortal sin possess property dominion done commonly mighty man dare take answer cheerful console questioner barren scholastic comfort nevertheless occupieth things emboldened virtue dry logic breaks gospel plain assertion saints now things whole argument accordingly get far still speaking really though times clearly distinguish two much right thing actual possession really defend despoiling evil rich graphic phrase god must serve devil blameless poor say though rich possess occupy poor seems strange sort careful note philosophers say many manners wycliff perhaps definitely made mind real significance teaching system sketches seem clearly thought words certainly appear bear communistic sense quite plain intention writer defends plato length criticism aristotle ground disciple misunderstood master think socrates intended true catholic idea use belongs brother civili london vol just lines farther adds whether socrates understood shall question know law charity every christian just use belongs neighbour else really teaching aristotle private property common use fact antithesis communism thought fettered language academic position oxford don ever hard things alma mater master balliol universities says houses study colleges well degrees masterships vanities introduced heathen profit church little much satan surely impossible accuse man economy language cowed university fetish words noted certainly bear interpretation levelling philosophy even generation accused followers hand instigating revolt reply angry expostulation trevelyan age london indeed considering john gaunt best friend protector foolish connect wycliff peasant rising insurgents hatred gaunt looked cause oppression made met swear king named john john ball author roll series london calls darling follower wycliff considered doctrinal teaching dogma real presence must remembered contemporary england wycliff fame came two opinions viz denial real objective presence mass christ ghostly wit advice king parliament confiscate church lands whenever ball anyone else accused follower wycliff nothing else probably referred professor opinion sacrament eucharist hence speaks john ball imprisoned earlier life wycliffite errors calls simply morning star reformation therefore declared innocent complicity peasant revolt interesting note ascribes whole force rebellion head front offending hated friars imputation four orders friars dominicans franciscans augustinians carmelites issued protest fortunately spirited reply give reasons account supposed shared rising principally negative stated influence people great ventured oppose spirit revolt words listened chronicler albans equally convinced weakness preventing declares flattery used alike rich poor also mean share producing social unrest langland also vision piers plowman goes way denounce levelling doctrines envy heard bade friars go school learn logic law eke contemplation preach men plato prove seneca things heaven common yet lieth live lewd preacheth god made men law moses concupisces rem proximi shalt covet neighbour goods distinctly asserted spread communistic doctrines due friars moreover popular opinion reflected fabricated confession jack straw made declare rebels successful monastic orders well secular clergy put death friars allowed continue numbers sufficed spiritual needs whole kingdom moreover noticed actually took part revolt heading bands countrymen marched london seen therefore communism favourite throughout middle ages oppression feudal yoke bore heavily partly also religious ideal strange gnostic sects flourished era moreover efficient weapon used accusation wycliff friars alike dreaded imputation perhaps period john ball alone held consistently without shame eloquent way popular appeal manifestly endeavoured force social reform peasantry suffering intolerable grievance statutes labourers though roused countryside following made people first time thing dread nobles king appear ideas spread much beyond immediate lieutenants just petitions rebels made doctrinal statements church teaching capital heretical attacks except singularly enough accuse primate subsequently put death overmuch leniency lollards made reference central idea ball social theories fact little abstract matter well appealed concrete oppression knew done away evident well content case friars curious though superiors made many attempts prove hostility rebels evident actual teaching suspected high places exact reversal case wycliff views sounded favourable communism found examination really nothing plea leave things alone saints now hand theories friars logical consistent appearance obviously conservative fullest extent turn contain germ revolution lord acton sober wit devil thomas aquinas first whig footnote rhyme course much older john ball richard rolle london chapter iv schoolmen schoolmen adventurous quest complete harmony philosophic learning neglect great outstanding problems social economic life flourished period european history commerce manufacture coming back west rise synchronises origin great houses italian jewish bankers yet little past learning christian teachers guide matters patristic theories already described isolated passages cited decretals gratian formed yet almost contribution study sciences however absence organised body knowledge stimulus towards elaboration thorough synthesis moral aspect wealth earlier masters made reference detached personal subject dispute rather form disorderly comment definite statement theory came translation aristotle keen criticism contain views plato advocated intellect europe found exact exposition principles began immediately debate excellence defect thomas aquinas set work literal commentary express desire accurate translation made direct greek william moerbeke later time settle find place thomas worked theory private property two short articles famous treatise justice occupies large proportion found forced discuss moral evil theft adequately first explain meant private possessions without course theft began therefore preliminary article actual state created things material say private property evolved notes nature things constituent essence hands god man worker change form consequence value thing substance lies beneath outward show subtle affect way supreme alone belong power creation annihilation absolute mutation besides tremendous force god holds incommunicably another given man namely use created things man made endowed lordship earth lordship obviously without live air forces nature beasts field birds fishes vegetation fruit root stretches corn necessary man continued existence earth therefore limited dominion moreover thomas goes man merely present moment consider possessed intelligence powers demand necessitate constant activity instinct gift brute creation ensures preservation life blind preparation morrow man spontaneous faculty powers depend effectiveness deliberative strenuous exertions life sacred thing lamp extinguished light carries intelligent volitional duty accordingly human animal bound law provide necessities future therefore right acquire merely suffice instant look forward arrange time power work shall lessened objects suffice personal needs become scarcer difficult attainment property therefore kind says aquinas required nature man individual possessions mere adventitious luxury time accustomed imagine something hardly without result civilised culture law development creates fresh needs fresh demand supplied form absolute dire necessity without life lived simply existence man finds sacred need follow directly nature creation term natural thomas proceeds second article enter question rights private property logical result previous argument affirm need man property practice actually dividing goods among individuals requires elaboration reasonably defended man must use fruits earth rather belong entirely different problem problem socialism every socialist must demand member human race right possessions food necessities particular thing thing belong someone else question lies basis attempts preserve destroy present fabric society now argument far cited thomas simply based indefeasible right individual maintenance life personality implies right individual whatever needful achieving earthly purpose justify right private property two offices pertain man regard exterior things continues first power procuring dispensing respect lawful man hold things well note thomas single sentence teaches private property individual occupation actual land capital instruments wealth contrary moral law consequently repudiate famous epigram le man may hold dispose belongs may private property way offend principles justice whether natural divine rest article thomas goes farther still merely hold moral proposition private property lawful adds social proposition private property necessary even necessary says human life three reasons firstly everyone solicitous procuring belongs alone common many since shunning labour leaves another common burden happens multitude servants secondly human affairs conducted orderly fashion duty procuring certain thing confusion procure things haphazard thirdly way peace men better preserved content whence see strife frequently arises among hold thing common individually office man concerning exterior things use regard man hold exterior things common may portion others readily time need translation taken things london pp wording argument bear well worth careful analysis thomas man huxley witnesses unique intellectual power moreover theories private property immediately accepted schoolmen succeeding writer little else make clear defined outlines reasoning elaborated shall therefore make apology attempt set lines thought sketched aquinas noticed principles private property based entirely different nature need property defended latter led back nature man confronted right duty preserve life necessity procuring supply needs morrow needs actual hour deduced immediately conclusion property kind possession material things demanded law man nature intended absolute justification sacred right second article completely different process observed longer considering man essential nature abstract becoming involved arguments concrete experience first declared sacred right followed law nature second merely conditioned reasons brought forward support repeat whole problem put epitomise reasoning thomas easier way question property implies two main propositions right property use material creation right private property actual division material things among determined individuals social group former sacred inalienable right never destroyed springs roots man nature man exists responsible existence must necessarily right means without existence made impossible second proposition must determined quite differently kind property spoken simply matter right experienced necessity argued distinct grounds without worse things follow even necessary human life three reasons purely conditional necessity depends entirely practical effect three reasons cited state society exist three reasons longer urged seriously necessity occasioned also cease hold point fact thomas perfectly familiar social group conditions exist law individual possession therefore hold namely religious orders dominican defended order attacks suppressed altogether reply william amour driven uphold right common life consequently deny private property inalienable course perfectly obvious thomas idea commune state owning land capital allowing individual citizens simply use common commodities doubt impracticable three reasons gives sincere justification need individual ownership without division property considered national life become even full contention already accordingly effectiveness preventing great number quarrels defended individual ownership property besides article many expressions broken phrases aquinas uses phrase asserting actual division property due human nature field considered looked naturally belonging rather another distinction property inculcated nature equally clear insisting proposition moral law forbids possession land severalty common claim things traceable natural law natural law dictates things held common nothing belonging individual person according natural law distinction possessions comes human convention apprehend full significance last remark reference must made theories roman legal writers already explained law nature looked primitive determination universal acceptance venerable sanction sprang roots man absolute form never altered changed besides another law compelling power rested simply experience human race reversible depended specific conditions stages development nature dictated division property though implied necessity property need division discovered men set work live social intercourse found unless divisions made existence intolerable human convention thomas sometimes says law nature elsewhere expresses division private property agreed took place elaborate statement thomas widely accepted middle ages wycliff alone like ventured oppose otherwise extremely logical moderate defence existing institutions received general adhesion even scotus like ockham brilliant oxford scholar whose hidden tomb cologne finds pilgrims kneeling shade hardy thought eager find flaw arguments aquinas alternative offer franciscan though therefore perhaps likely favour communistic teaching theory repetition rival already propounded example writes typical passage even supposing principle positive law must lived peaceably state polity straightway follow everyone must separate possessions peace observed even things common even presuppose wickedness live together necessary consequence still distinction property decidedly accord peaceful social life wicked rather take care private possessions rather seek appropriate community common goods whence come strife contention hence find division property admitted almost every positive law although fundamental principle laws rights spring still fundamental principle positive human laws follow absolutely immediately rather declarations explanations detail general principle come must considered evidently accord universal law nature sententias bk dist venice salient points already noticed idea clearly insisted division property first principle immediate deduction first principle dictated natural law leaves things common however contrary natural law evidently accord necessity introduction due entirely actual experience race follow theory chronologically still farther forward antonino whose charitable institutions florence stamped deeply personality scene life labours little repeat words thomas though actual phrase compresses many pages argument reproduced work famous franciscan moralist john de ripa means right earth fallen humanity things common world turned desert way fraud manner evils opened good always worse bad always better effective means destroying peace established hence concludes community goods never benefit state none arguments already advanced thomas articles already quoted indeed mediaeval theorists though references every mediaeval work social economic questions freely made aristotle evident really aquinas intended distinction property therefore though declared necessary peaceable social life thinkers rest natural law divine law positive human law guidance prudence authority communism something evil rather ideal lofty ever realised implied much generosity vigour public spirit utterly beyond reach fallen nature apostles alone venture live high life state transcended every mode living ptolomeo lucca regimine book cap parma however form communism entailed absolutely even division wealth among members group though come authority phileas lycurgus indeed reprobated contradicted prime feature creation god made things proper number weight measure yet spite must insisted risk repetition socialist theory state ownership never considered unjust never contrary moral law albertus magnus master aquinas leader commenting aristotle freely asserts community goods impossible especially among well disciplined virtue philanthropy common love love nature generous arrange power state must called play rest private authority proper task legislator duty legislator arrange everything best advantage citizens ii lyons teaching antonino even goes far assert just division property beginning historic time made authority state evident authority equally competent reverse decision return earlier social organisation ii verona lays indeed principle broad difficult understand well end justly determined prince necessary peaceful intercourse citizens defence points triumphantly fact prince set aside just claim property transfer another happens hold prescription ground numerous disputes might otherwise occasioned say law time already admitted certain circumstances state take belonged give another without fault part previous owner justify forfeiture defends proceeding axiom just cited pp namely necessity peaceful intercourse citizens schoolmen therefore regarded consistent logical school extreme dislike broad generalisation preferred rather whenever occasion discovered distinguish rather concede deny hence confronted communistic theory state ownership advanced plato curious group strange heterodox teachers moreover actual support many patristic sayings strong bias monastic life set joyfully resolve simplest unassailable series propositions began therefore admitting nature made division property sense held things common early stages human history man yet unfallen conceived living garden eden perfect innocency common property amply satisfied sinless unselfish moral character fall lust greed overthrew idyllic state led continued condition internecine strife supremacy might experience gradually brought men realise hope towards peaceful intercourse lay actual division property establishment system private ownership set aside men perfect vowed pursue perfection namely lord apostles members religious orders list held historic events added another contained moral deductions made facts began assertion private property sense contrary virtue justice entirely lawful even necessary account certain evil conditions otherwise prevail state however right extreme cases just cause transfer private property another needs citizens demanded reverse primitive decision earlier form common ownership last system however possible however much might regretted vanished lost ideal decidedly now violent impracticable proceeding theories evident though furnish arguments still use among us support present social organisation also patent interpretation might equally lead opposite conclusion fear general contradiction communism open dispute memory religious life dominican friar aquinas mark precision extent sense private property justified time forced honesty logical training concede favour side took question every middle course neither extreme admitted declared contain element truth clear scholastic followers even date elaborate commentaries find escape relentless logic conclusions channel dug flowed whole torrent mediaeval modern scholasticism whose minds practical rather abstract proposition advanced isolated context thought quoted moment backed greatness name assertion absolute impracticable nature socialistic organisation knew age good weapon neglected sought means defence individualistic theories whereas others like friars wycliff langland spoke headed bands luckless peasants revolt oppression feudalism blind remarkable expression aquinas opinion quoted declared nature things common protested socialist theory contained nothing contrary teaching gospel doctrines church truth blinding brilliance easy see still easier explain hence full detailed theory elaborated schoolmen tortured fit first another scheme political reform yet perfect adjustment every step argument remains wonderful monument intellectual delicacy hardihood schoolmen footnote coutenson mentis et iii paris billnart chapter lawyers besides schoolmen problems life viewed refracted light theology philosophy another important class mediaeval times exercised social questions visaged entirely different angle great brotherhood law whether civil canonical theories rights private ownership must remembered just theologians supported views appeal considered historic facts origin property legalists depended material judgment circumstances common opinion time admitted authentic west drifted clouds barbaric invasion come calm waters society found organised basis called feudalism say natural universal result era conquest wandering people new settlers hold possessions conqueror terms essentially contractual actual agreements varied constantly detail main principle always reciprocal rights duties early dawn middle ages period picturesquely styled wanderings nations find subjugating races encamped europe hold series fiefs action example william norman plainly shown domesday book typical three four centuries happening continent large tracts land parcelled among invading host handed individual barons hold king definite terms furnishing men times war administering justice within domains assisting council board stand need advice barons suit convenience divided territories among retainers terms similar held whole organisation country graduated king greater barons tenants held possessions whether castle farm single hut another owed suit service roughly constantly varying never actually quite absolutely carried leading principle feudalism clearly based contract man immediate lord importance consideration feudal theory private property whatever rights duties held good public private first days may call pure feudalism concept national law natural right bundle individual rights appeal injustice made supreme courts barons litigants owed allegiance action king quite naturally always directed towards breaking open enclosed sphere influence endeavouring multiply occasions officials might interfere courts subjects idea gradually grew growth perhaps important matter remark mediaeval history king law king rights looked dominating individuals groups courts baron customary sokes privileged townships steadily emptied serious cases shorn primitive powers undoubtedly reason royal interference courts christian feudal name clerical criminal court king looked church looked barons exempted townships outside royal supremacy consequence quarrelled investiture criminous clerks every point yet secured writs judgments prevail whole series courts law absolutely independent officers decision restless energy throughout period therefore aim bring line either capture reduce sheer impotence beginning little notion royal judge power determine cases barons immediately holding fiefs king implicated concern lord next whole conception legal rights therefore considered simply private rights growth royal power consequently acted curiously contemporary thinkers meant centralisation setting definite force control whole kingdom resulted absolutism increasing sphere royal control culminated reformation added religion departments state royal interference held predominance till papacy sort foreign power treat equal terms european monarch secure independence clergy lopping national churches parent stem energising force distant centre life ceased separate clerical organisation now depend intrinsic efficiency meant absolute surrender civil law therefore supplanted feudalism entailed two seemingly contradicting principles importance considering ownership land hand supremacy king assured people became heavily taxed lands subjected closer inspection criminal actions viewed less offences individuals peace king era therefore already stated power individual sinks gradually insignificance comparison rising force king dominion private rights superseded public rights yet hand development identically principles individual gains tenure land becomes far less matter contract escapes feudal chief inferior tenants slip also control longer pyramid grouped social organisation stands now individual answerable head state duties still longer personal relationship lord king vague abstraction called state now claim subject obliged recognise individual status new startling prominence individual disturbed whole concept ownership originally influence pure feudalism nowhere existed absolute form two great forces life member social group immediate lord fitted together almost indissoluble union therefore absolute ownership soil theoretically impossible now however individual emancipated lord still true subject king whose power might great deal oppressive barons king far whereas baron near nearly always full evidence hence result emphasis individual absolute dominion indeed though excluded dominion king precisely royal predominance recognised effective shutting interference lord exclude king driven recognise absolute dominion individual possessions brought english law bracton school favourers royal prerogative driven take paradoxical ground king sole owner property defend king obliged dispossess put control effective basis alternative left admit fullest rights individual king individual complete ownership interference part lord possessions tenants prevented falling baronial jurisdiction therefore apparently denying royal prerogative civil lawyers effect perfectly well recognised really extending enabling find way cases courts else well entered seemingly therefore idea socialism nationalisation land date great means production now excluded individualistic theory property suddenly appeared simultaneously old group forms implied collectivism shape ceased longer recognised systems tenure yet time paradox evident civilians exalted royal prerogative apparently expense wycliff communism found reality justification policy leaving things thomas theory property discovered far less oppressive adaptable progressive developments national wealth noticed point view socialist monarchical absolutism favourable form state constitution wherever strictly centralised system government exists clear machinery needs little turn advantage absolute rule rebellious minority already constructed country hand local government enormously encouraged obviously far difficult socialism force entrance little group sorts local conditions squared vagaries law administration reduced order connecting bridges thrown portion nation next form single whole socialists seize machinery government germany russia attain purposes easily smoothly little difference constitutional forms observed countries already theory state ownership state interference actually obtains substitute man france england centralisation far less complete success socialistic party achievement supreme power mean almost entire subversal established methods administration threads first gathered single hand consequently feudalism turned landowners petty sovereigns insisted local courts though seemingly communistic socialistic really intense local colouring far less easy capture favoured state interference individualistic based private rights new royal prerogative led way consideration evident ease machine possessed rest system without difficulty brought harmony new theories make use comparison cardinal wolsey assumption full legatine power permission pope first suggested henry viii dispense holiness altogether saw cardinal wielded spiritual temporal jurisdiction coveted minister position eventually achieved ousting clement wolsey unwittingly shown way power lay similarly royal despotism centralising power hands single prince accustomed men idea absolute supremacy national law drove field every defender rights minorities paved way substitution people french revolution logical conclusion drawn theories louis xiv needed fire rousseau burn adventitious ornamentation shape monarch personal glorification still prevented naked structure seen clearness aptly watchword despotic oligarchy levelling socialism kingly tyranny according passes lips many true last phase completed till long middle ages closed tendency towards evident teachings civil lawyers example state absolutism visible various suggestions made men like pierre du bois wycliff expression thoughts rather lawyers schoolmen dispossess clergy temporalities principles urged instance two justification spoliation applied equally well estates laymen principles put king hand undetermined power necessary state true pierre du bois recuperatione terre pp asserted royal authority limited deal way church lands touch belonged others proviso obviously inserted arbitrarily logical force effect political necessity alone prevented used nobility gentry ockham however clever oxford franciscan formed group pamphleteers defended louis bavaria pope john xxii quite clearly enlarged grounds church disendowment include taking state individual property thinker whose theories strangely compounded absolutism democracy emperor supported autocracy came people hence ockham arguing ecclesiastical wealth way quite fairly confiscated government enters discussion origin imperial dignity declares deliberately handed people emperor escape making pope original donor imperial title ockham concedes privilege people people handed caesars holy roman empire rights powers hence louis monarch whose absolutism rested popular basis proceeds argument say human positive law private property introduced made people right power done transferred emperor along imperial dignity louis therefore right undo done powers now resided course formed excellent principle argue right dispossess church superfluous wealth indeed wealth prove equally effectual holding individual property whatever made effect private ownership rest prince curiously quite another direction form argument already worked nicole oresme famous bishop lisieux first translated french aristotle helped largely reforms charles france great work connection revision coinage composed celebrated treatise held change value money either deliberate depreciation brought back earlier standard face value carried widespread consequences people certainly consulted fair take step without willing yet admits fully though wiser juster way acting absolute need since possession property sprang king last conclusion advocated rival philip de meziers whose advice charles ultimately followed philip taught king sole judge whatever public use point question afforded matter interesting discussion among lawyers pope innocent iv first famous canonist retained pontiff old love disputations kind developed theory relation right individual possess right state possession distinguished carefully two entirely different concepts namely right exercise first admitted sacred inviolable sprang nature man disturbed way molested state therefore power interfere right suggested exercise right use actual phrase actions accord right rested basis civil positive law therefore controlled legal decisions right sacred exercise purely conventional every man right property never possible means divest rooted depths supported human nature right appears especially something internal intrinsic exercise say hold land indeed land state intervention must secured least state control action buying selling otherwise obtaining right denied reasons social importance exercise well may appear merely unmeaning distinction admit right exercised hardly worth consideration point fact pope private theory found many supporters others however judged altogether fantastical interesting opponents certain antonio roselli civil lawyer goes thoroughly point issue gives innocent views quotes authority find digest decretals prefer admit right private property sacred natural sense inviolable willingly concedes state right judge claims possession startling since ordinarily views extremely moderate throughout controversy pope emperor succeeded steering careful delicate course however rights property purely civil arguable principles positive law need therefore discriminate right exercise equally controlled state evidences show admitted right man support life therefore private property form actual food necessary immediate moment distinctly asserts personal idea prince take away right thing exercise right adding must cause prince arbitrarily confiscate property must reasonable motive sufficient gravity outweigh social inconveniences confiscation necessarily produce every cause sufficient concern public liberty utility hence decides pope alienate church lands without justifying reason hand prince unless happens urgent need springing national circumstances follow however wishes make state absolute right individual property normal conditions individual sole dominion possessions dominion reverts state extreme instance treatise therefore goldast hanover may looked summing controversy stood legal distinction suggested innocent iv given lawyers insufficient theories du bois wycliff ockham others ceased much significance gave royal power far absolute jurisdiction possessions subjects feudal contractual system suggested reforms intended drive failed entirely different reasons evidently brought back price complete probably unsuccessful disturbance social economic organisation centralisation risen ruins older local sovereignties immunities brought emphasised recognition public rights duties subjects time confirmed individual ownership little property given last conditional absolute possession safeguard prevent becoming block public life factor discontent lawyers engaged framing additional clause give state ultimate jurisdiction enable overrule objections part individual national policy law suggested distinction word right emptied deeper meaning refusing significance exercise subtle legal obtain much public support lawyers driven admit just cause right set aside every private possession public utility liberty demanded confiscated transferred another even right compensation confiscation equal cleverness explained away held individual lost property state action without done anything deserve punishment compensation claimed whenever whole people nation dispossessed state right indemnity wholesale adoption justified state capture private possessions without fear guilty robbery considered oppression individual class spoliation really contravened moral law legal theories therefore supplanted old feudal concepts based extension royal authority establishment public rights individualistic possession emphasised yet simultaneous setting absolute monarchies sixteenth century really made ultimate capture socialist party possible chapter vi social reformers may seem strange class social reforms wider heading socialistic theories justification already put forward defence whole book namely term socialistic come bear broad interpretation include great deal strictly belong ground advocating state interference furtherance reforms reformers mentioned spoken socialistic course reformers every age came bring society personal measures relief middle ages hardly writer took pen hand note body politic illness suggest remedy howsoever abstruse might subject volume almost sure reference economic social life epoch specialists author composed treatises almost every branch learning professor according mediaeval notions might lecture scripture theology philosophy day natural science university place student learnt professor taught universal knowledge still time time men came front definite social message delivered generation poets like langland like john ball religious enthusiasts like john wycliff royal officials like pierre du bois latter famous work addressed king edward england recuperatione sancte several interesting refreshing chapters education women bias always religious orders consequently favours suppression almost every conventual establishment still date places education considered exist elaborate plan proper instruction girls first course nunneries must confiscated government act injustice since regarded possessions whole clerical body something outside ordinary laws property way cleared ground rivals captured magnificent buildings now go forward scheme education insists prescribes course study teach held many lectures literature music poetry arts crafts home life embroidery necessities woman work years must acquired schools education limit branches useful knowledge must take woman intelligence develop skilfully man inferior power reason want right cultivation hence new schools train equal man arts peace main point programme even now sounds progressive majority educational critics appeals state interference colleges may endowed revenues religious houses may supported fashion always keep abreast growing science times schooling kind girls go wives mothers wish complete equality custom allowed spirit freedom felt working papers makes apostle now called new woman comes lull reforming ideas half century later occurs curious sudden outburst rebellion europe middle fourteenth century early fifteenth seemed epidemic severe social unrest paris always nursery revolutions four separate risings etienne marcel however rather tribune people revolutionary leader came prominence followed jacquerie maillotins cabochiens rome know rienzi eventually became hardly popular demagogue florence outbreak ciompi bohemia excesses taborites england peasant revolt perfectly obvious series social disturbances nature leave economic literature succeeding period quite placid found notice now putting away questions mere academic character thinkers writers concern actual state people parliament answer problem long list statutes intended muzzle turbulent restless revolutionaries satisfy men set thought study lives circumstances consequently result notice rise school writers interest things economic conditions labour school easiest exponent describe antonino florence archbishop canonised saint four great volumes exposition moral law fascinating much quotations moralists contain actual theories saint archbishop cites almost every page contemporary contemporary say problems openly asserts read widely taken notes reading deliberately formed opinions judgments reasoned merely expressed authors read books realise antonino summing whole experience generation indeed particularly well placed wished information florence height renown brilliant despotism cosimo dei medici scene great events life antonino took place seen within city walls three popes patriarch constantinople emperors east west eminent men civilisations taken part general council church knew thinkers widely divergent giovanni dominici sylvius piccolomini therefore likely heard whatever theories proposed various great political statesmen europe whether churchmen lawyers consequently schemes might well expect startlingly advanced begins attacking growing spirit usury resulting idleness men finding new conditions governed money market possible make fortune without done day work sons aristocracy florence built merchant princes amassed fortunes honest trading tempted bankers put wealth interest live surplus profit ease security done made popular investment especially among young men fashion came simply inheritance large sums money consequence florence found first time history beginning possess wealthy class men never engaged profession old reverence therefore always existed city man laboured art guild began slacken longer eagerness noticeable used boast openly rewards consisted consciousness work well done instead idleness became badge gentility trade slur man reputation city long survive listless languid ideal archbishop therefore denounced new method usurious traffic hinted due fierce rebellion plunged florence horrors jacquerie wealth taught breed wealth toil honest labour labour labour oneself another proceeded argue husband lies labour trade greater portion day must necessarily passed outside circle family life breadwinner attend neither works piety charity way consequently wife must left supply defects must take place church amid slums poor must lift hands prayer dispense superfluous wealth succouring archbishop none soothing doctrine millionaire preaches mob asserts poverty good thing evil considered lead accidentally good therefore assumes form destitution every effort must made banish state become prevalent nation people pathway ruin politicians therefore make end endeavours though may ideal never fully brought realisation leave man state sufficiency whatever reason allowed become destitute even fault brought low must provided state however circumstances time duty punishing remarks cause poverty often unjust rate wages competition even days made men beat clamouring work given afforded employers opportunity taking workers willingly accepted inadequate scale remuneration state things considered unjustifiable unjust right make profit wretchedness poor human duty supporting life except hiring labour another therefore immutable laws justice used powers obliged conscience see powers fittingly sustained commodity exchanged employer bound take note employees received return labour compensate use payment promised given words now speak living wage mere margin additional rewards added according skill workman dangerous nature employment number children wages also paid promptly without delay may sometimes happen labour man contribute kind enable receive fair remuneration suffice bodily comfort saint thinking case enfeebled age illness work adequately perhaps done let state look reply community must law existence support members superfluous wealth must provide weaker citizens therefore labour harder need already possess riches suffice obliged natural law charity give less favourably circumstanced antonino therefore pretend advocate system rigid equality among men bound opinion variety among variety comes indeed harmony universe born rule others feebleness understanding fitted obey workman servant must faithfully discharge duties trade service quick receive command reverent obedience masters turn must forbearing language generous remuneration temperate commands business study powers employ measure work according capacity discoverable faithful labourer become ill employer must tend care hurry send hospital hospitals ideas least picked sanest find books conversation people come across insists strongly women matrons nurses manage institutions solely benefit women even men also received see incompatibility administered capable directors much commends custom chemists florence sundays holidays opening dispensaries turn even shops closed always place open medicines drugs obtained emergency education citizens another work state must consider something merely optional left judgment parent archbishop holds proper organisation duty prince education eyes means children must taught knowledge god letters arts crafts pursue life thought theory taxation admits necessity state obliged perform certain duties community obliged example make roads fit travelling render passable transfer merchandise bound clear away brigandage highway robbery like done merchant venture state territory people accordingly suffer hence deduces need sort army goods citizens may secured invader without security stimulus trade bridges must built fords kept repair since therefore state obliged incur expenses order attain objects state right indeed duty order community shall pay benefits receive hence follows taxation sees power demanding forced contributions wealthy members society needs safeguarding abuse careful insist taxation valid levied public authority else becomes sheer brigandage less reprobated ordered indeed public authority used public benefit happen prince ruler state extorted money subjects pretence keeping roads good order similar works advantage community yet neglected put contributions people use defrauding public guilty treason country lay heavier burdens subjects bear graduate scale fashion weigh heavily class another ruler aggravated form theft taxation must therefore decreed public authority arranged according reasonable measure rest motive benefiting social organisation citizens therefore elected settle incidence taxation must careful take account income man manage burden oppressive suggests percentage pound per hundred must deliberate attempt penalise political opponents make use taxation order avenge done citizens acting bound make restitution persons injured antonino takes case make false declaration income convicts injustice requires also make restitution state exception however allows happens custom make declaration income obviously real amount simply known obligation individual act differently neighbours injustice law evidently recognises practice hand announce full yearly wage earnings allow taxed beyond proper measure value refuse pay elude subterfuge just contribution man owes wealth easing public burdens eyes archbishop crime state act injustice theft heinous declares flash energy rousseau common good something almost divine dwelt rather length schemes economist may seem therefore overlooked writings others equally full interest reason florentine moralist stand perfectly whole school read omnivorously selected thoughts compares indeed passage volumes laborious ant tiny insect wanders gathers together thinks use community represents whole school represents best extreme dogmatism arguing grounds purely arbitrary principles knowledge people among laboured long fits speak real sufferings poor experience requires effectually put best advantage wielded whose judgment sober careful now antonino known day antonino counsellor decision advice straightness insight noticeable masterly way sums best earlier contemporary writers devised domain social economics just close period book deals rising school reformers grouped round foreshadowed others continued speculations men like harrington milton really belong band life changed greatly already become something far complex earlier writers consider seemed possibility reforming simple justice antonino fellows judged sufficient set things back golden age new writers rather political social greeks constitution must repaired whereas mediaeval socialists thought thomas indeed never wearied repeating unrest discontent continue form government whatever city changed constitution remained florence whether republic despotism equally happy equally sad spirit government alone eyes scholastic social writers made state happened modern sociologist finds akin mediaeval thinkers idealists parliamentary era england revolution france fixed hopes definite organisations government exact balance executive legislative powers scotus wycliff antonino cause evil far deeper personal form constitution division ruling authority union firm despot divine right kings nobles people security found nation peace rest faction achieved certainty conditions strict justice man man observance god commandments chapter vii theory almsgiving description mediaeval socialistic ideals contained reference mediaeval notions almsgiving complete almsgiving necessary corollary theories private possession passage already quoted thomas aquinas wherein sets forth theological aspect property makes use broad distinction calls power procuring dispensing exterior things use already length tried show economists meant first power now must establish significance intended second clearly well repeat words thomas briefly notes office man concerning exterior things use regard man hold exterior things common may portion readily others time need sentence summed whole mediaeval concept law almsdeeds private property allowed fact necessary human life certain conditions imply possession property belongs individual also use limited property private use common indeed common enjoyment justifies private possession obvious now inequalities life man born ease wealth great name whereas another came existence without advantages perhaps even hampered positive disadvantages henry langenstein famous de published among works gerson cologne tom iv fol draws variety fortune misfortune detailed fashion puts reader example example likely seen reason acknowledges fact proceeds build explanation world filled men differing circumstances now make life possible asserts private property necessary energetic insistence point without private property thinks continual strife might right greater probability success simultaneously corrective evils private property cause added condition common use say although mine yet put obstacle way reasonable use others course really ideal aristotle book makes reply plato communism plato judgment republic governed reverse way property private really make feature monastic life compulsory aristotle looking world observer human nature student human heart sets feasible practical phrase middle ages repeat property common economics religious house hardly kind thought mediaevalists suit ways fancies workaday world middle ages simply repeat christianise aristotle dominated categories thought perfect light new dispensation faith added politics love brotherhood made extend mere brutality economists teaching common use find philosophic name almsdeeds man hold exterior things common may portion readily others time need sentence almost literal translation takes fuller meaning softened unselfishness christ found aquinas let us take boldly passage thomas lays law almsgiving since love neighbour commanded us follows everything without love preserved also commanded us essential love neighbour merely wish well act well towards says john ep us love word tongue deed truth wish act well towards anyone implies succour need done almsgiving hence almsgiving matter precept precepts given things concern virtuous living almsgiving referred must kind shall promote virtuous living say must consonant right reason turn implies twofold consideration namely point view giver receiver regards giver must noted given necessary says luke superfluous give alms necessary mean individual needs depend man must first provide care succour rest necessitous without personal needs entail nature provides nutrition communicated first body secondly begotten regards receiver required really need else reason alms given since impossible man succour need obligation help otherwise provided case words ambrose become applicable dying starvation else shall held murderer hence matter precept give alms whosoever extreme necessity cases namely necessity extreme almsgiving simply counsel command temporal goods given man god regards possession regards use superfluous belong also others may provided hence st basil says admit god gave temporal goods god unjust unequally distributing favours abound another forced beg unless intended thereby merit generosity patience bread starving cling clothes naked hang locked wardrobe shoes barefooted ranged room silver needy hoard injuring whoever want ambrose repeats thing noticed find real meaning words man duty portioning readily another use belongs correlative right private property second quotation must made another passage closely following preceding time withhold alms commit mortal sin namely part receiver evident urgent necessity seem likely provided otherwise part giver superfluities probable immediate need future question looking morrow master forbidden matt interpreted according probable generally accepted meaning two meanings first implies something without thing exist interpreted sense man business give alms necessary example man enough wherewith feed sons others dependent give alms deprive life unless indeed sake prolonging life someone extreme importance church state case might praiseworthy expose life lives others grave risk common good preferred private interests secondly may mean without person considered uphold becomingly proper station dependent exact measure necessity precisely determined far things added may beyond necessity station things taken away give alms therefore matter precept counsel right give alms help others thereby rendered unable fulfil obligations state life live unbecomingly three exceptions however made first man wishes change state life act perfect virtue man purpose entering religious order distributed poor christ sake possessed secondly man gives alms necessary state life yet knowing easily supplied without much personal inconvenience thirdly private person still state gravest need cases praiseworthy man give seemingly required upkeep station life order provide far greater need passages possible construct theory vogue whole middle ages landholder considered possess property system feudal tenure obliged thereby certain acts suit service immediate lord eventually king besides burdens responsibility possession entailed others incumbent brotherhood christian folk owed debt merely superiors also equals interpretation christ commandment mediaeval theologians adopted voice declare give away needy superfluous act charity justice jerome words often quoted necessary food clothing give away consider acting art paying debt epist ad edilia others augustine superfluities retained property others retained psalm like sayings fathers constitute texts moral economic doctrine called scholastic school based albertus magnus vol iv sent lyons puts question whether give alms matter justice charity answer makes compressed finally sentence man give superfluities mere act justice rather steward poor owner thomas aquinas equally explicit another short sentence shall show ambrose says call common property referring use property hence adds man possesses necessary sufficient comfort holds violence view backed quotations henry ghent duns scotus bonaventure sermons wycliff almost every writer consequence age perhaps us decided tone may appear remarkable even evident whole trouble lies precise meaning attached expressions superfluous needy feel need guidance must confessed authors venture speak much definiteness instance indeed man placed extreme necessity quote explain nearly identical language anyone reduced last circumstances without means subsistence sufficient wealth acquire may fact must take anywhere whatever suffices immediate requirements begs necessities life withheld expression necessities life interpreted nicely says albertus magnus mean necessary without live also without maintain household exercise duties proper condition art generous interpretation phrase pretty generally given chief writers period course saw practical difficulties way manner acting possible determine whether real need answer given evident man placed option giving almsdeeds became precept convincing signs absolute need obligation ceased almsgiving command became counsel instance extreme nature difficult decide matter becomes perilously complicated attempt made gauge relative importance need superfluity concrete cases much need must first endured man just claim another superfluity standard superfluities judged obvious need among whole population general things possessed richer classes normal circumstances might considered luxuries instantly become however words taken however strictly laxly interpreted must always remembered terms used scholastics really solve problem suggest standards define give names tell us precise meaning say way failed place book kind sit judgment various theories quoted test see far hold good extent disregarded bare recital mere historic views considered object simply tell systems thought held without attempting apprize measure value point far applicable modern times affair almsdeeds perhaps well note scholastics make much defence vagueness cases kind might say face face human nature abstract thing concrete personal existence circumstances must therefore differ single instance general laws laid distinct understanding mere principles direction words nothing general laws scholastics mediaeval writers every school except manichean brood sects admitted necessity almsgiving looked moral point view high virtue economic standpoint correlative individualistic ideas private property without unjust alone unworkable together mutually independent make state fair perfect thing fix exact proportion two terms held duty individual case came notice give man superfluities needy held undoubtedly bounden duty make attempt apprize definite language receiver meant need giver superfluity made pretence thereby showed wisdom obviously thing done yet must note last drew list principles shall set sum sentences wit mediaeval economists spirit orderly arrangement unanimous opinion man moral obligations man obliged help another extreme need even risk grave inconvenience ii man obliged help another though extreme need yet considerable distress risk grave inconvenience iii man obliged help another whose necessity slight even though risk quite trifling words need fellow must adjusted inconvenience need great inconvenience must least great excuse just debt alms possession superfluities compel part unless real want expected supply fine mediaevalists contend almsgiving necessary implies two conditions concomitant giver possess superfluities receiver need suppositions fulfilled duty almsgiving becomes matter charity justice bibliography among original works mediaeval writers economic subjects found greater libraries england place following recuperatione terre pierre du bois edited langlois paris politicos albertus magnus vol iv lyons thomas aquinas translated english dominicans published washborne london parts deal aquinas theories property yet published regimine probably ptolomeo de lucca found printed among works thomas aquinas wrote first chapters portion consulted book iv de civili wycliff published four vols london works john edited oxford three vols edited roll series help elucidating exact meaning wycliff relation insurgents edited goldast hanover gives collection writers including ockham cesena roselli antonino florence contains great deal economic moralising whole four volumes verona must searched among modern books consulted profit mediaeval reginald lane poole london theories middle maitland cambridge mediaeval political carlyle oxford unfinished english pollock maitland cambridge english economic ashley london politique au moyen brandts louvain mgr deploige revue louvain thomas kirkup london revolt oman oxford gairdner three vols london age trevelyan london clayton london sympathetic account ball cade unwin oxford economic history meredith london aid mediaeval prince kropotkin nineteenth century review vol xxxvi index albertus magnus albigensians almsgiving ambrose antonino aquinas thomas aristotle augustine authority ball john bavaria louis beghards beguins benedict black death bois pierre du bonaventure bourbon etienne de bracton cabochiens cesena michael de ciompi communism destitution dominicans education fall fathers church feudalism francis franciscans friars froissart ghent henry harrington hildebrand hospitals innocent iv jacquerie jerome john xxii king labourers landless langenstein henry langland law nations law nature lawyers legalists lucca ptolomeo de maillotins manicheans manor marcel etienne meziers philip de milton moerbeke monasticism sir thomas necessities ockham oresme nichole parliament peasant revolt plato property rienzi ripa john de roselli antonio schoolmen scotus duns slavery socialism straw jack superfluities taborites taxation tyler wat vaudois wages women wycliff printed ballantyne hanson edinburgh london advertisements people books first hundred volumes volumes issued spring marked asterisk science foundations science whetham embryology beginnings gerald leighton life biology science life henderson zoology study animal macbride life botany modern study stopes plants bacteriology carnegie dickson structure earth rev bonney evolution goodrich darwin garstang heredity watson inorganic chemistry baly organic chemistry cohen principles electricity norman campbell radiation phillips science stars maunder science light phillips lempfert hypnotism 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church england rev canon masterman manning foster free churches rev edward shillito judaism ephraim levine theosophy annie besant history growth freedom nevinson bismarck powicke oliver cromwell hilda johnstone mary queen scots cecil rhodes ian colvin julius hilary hardinge history england making hearnshaw england middle ages monarchy people waugh industrial revolution jones empire democracy veitch home rule redmond howard nelson wilson wellington waterloo major redway history greece fearenside luther reformation agate discovery kirkman new world turkey eastern john macdonald question history architecture arthur bell social economic women suffrage fawcett working british ramsay muir system government introduction economic meredith science socialism kirkman mediaeval socialism rev jarrett syndicalism harley labour wages hallsworth joseph clayton insurance investment robertson training child spiller trade unions joseph clayton everyday law adams letters shakespeare herford wordsworth rosaline masson pure gold choice lyrics sonnets francis bacon skemp brontã flora masson carlyle rev maclean watt dante ferrers howell ruskin blyth webster common faults writing skemp english dictionary synonyms austin gray classical dictionary stirling history english literature browning skemp charles lamb flora masson goethe herford balzac frank harris rousseau sacher ibsen hilary hardinge tennyson aaron watson stevenson rosaline masson shelley sydney waterlow william morris blyth webster london edinburgh jack new york dodge publishing co produced images generously made available internet archive mediæval byways illustration sat portrait matthew mediæval byways salzmann author industries middle ages illustrated george kruger boston new york houghton mifflin company dedicate studies lighter side middle ages wife whose study lighten middle age forewords sundry personal observations importance original research amongst legal documents preserved public record office similar depositories ancient archives pursuit friends politely assume interesting chiefly believe undertake dull occupation interesting must admitted grounds looking askance work begin financial results historical research usually negligible even negative therefore clearly undesirable positively reprehensible employment perfectly true vast majority records dry dust accumulates many cases interest possess adventitious due association particular person place whose identity appeals us even trivial technical details suit william francis forging signature become absorbing interest stood shakespeare bacon chances hundred stand smith brown time thoroughly unpractical searcher allows attention distracted confine strict object search constantly rewarded discovery entries quaint amusing grimly significant throwing light lives men women whose names perished memory centuries ago dim light may yet illumination got elsewhere writers history big concerned doings kings statesmen people importance records tell us something life day like us centre microcosm made figure eyes world think much claim intimacy nation records use word widest sense include also records written face land stone timber even earthen bank hedgerow conception obtained mediæval spirit spirit subtle thing though leading characteristics extraordinary directness simplicity easily understood explained even easy matter dissect analyse mediæval spirit ticketing much simplicity percentage humour many parts fear god many fear devil forth done though book written purpose purpose instruct edify rather interest amuse far higher mission reader laying feels acquired knowledge probably due large measure work artist translated line something material details incidents writer strung together far essays follow concerned origin almost spontaneous topsy like grew fortune spend much time searching ancient documents every kind indeed probably hardly single class records preserved chancery lane fetter lane delved moreover unmethodical nature practice even hard pressed time allow eye caught strange unusual entry nothing object search may admit passing rarely look word english many interesting words pages way notebooks became full queer fascinating little bits ancientry many clad quaint garb archaic english lends piquancy occasionally touch unintentional humour presentment feeling pity treasures continue concealment strung together amplifying material parallel passages less known chronicles printed sources resulting essays published cambridge believe gave certain amount pleasure readers rate urged republish book form along intended cambridge kindly gave permission even encouragement decided book illustrated two attempts procure services various artists providentially failed introduced fortunate hour george kruger whose work superfluous praise particular sources tales drawn range wide may interest curious know proceedings court chancery later date jarndyce jarndyce afforded dickens material proved fruitful class purposes due fact class records equally early date vernacular common occurrence must admitted many incidents read dully formal latin atrocious language legal french acquire merit told vulgar tongue eccentric orthography fifteenth sixteenth century historical point view great thing legal records type completely free unprejudice expects plaintiff defendant impartial nothing hopelessly misleading speaking historically impartiality thing unprejudiced historian practically bound uninteresting works judicially impartial historian present time far english history goes unreadable moreover although carefully accurate painstaking give totally wrong impression far give reformation written infinitely farther truth froude gasquet illustrate meaning contemporary events future historian undoubtedly write fairly impartially tariff reform women suffrage national insurance thereby completely miss significance movements propaganda personalities lloyd george pankhurst joseph chamberlain matters cool impartial consideration blessed gift prejudice future historian able enter feelings present generation obtain true atmosphere chronicles form chief subsidiary sources sufficiently full life prejudice human many old writers brilliant welsh gerald de barri worthy londoners gregory fabyan best rhymesters vigour wealth detail work endears view loss lydgate unreadable grandfather english poetry beowulf greater equanimity loss pieces account siege rouen john page wrote raffe ryme cause space hadde tyme poems equal piece spirited portrayal military operations fifteenth century two sides picture pageantry army sufferings contrasted remarkable dramatic power passage tells two pavilions pitched english camp walls city delegates appointed rival nations discuss terms peace syght solempnyte beholde eyther parte se hir pavylyons hir araye pepylle wallys laye oure pepylle owte howe thycke stode walkyd abowte also hyt solas sene herrowdys armys went twyne kyngys herrowdys pursefauntys cotys armys suauntys englysche beeste fraynysche floure portynggale castelle toure othyr cotys dyversyte lordys berys hys degre gayly golde begon ryght son sothe hyt schone thys syght bothe joye chere sorowe payne othyr pore pepylle put owte nought moche clowte clothes backe kepe rayne wotte weder payne alle tyme stode rayne men myght se grete pytte chylde ij yere iij go aboute begge hyt brede fadyr modyr bothe dede undyr sum watyr stode yet lay cryyng aftyr foode sum storvyn dethe sum stoppyde ther brethe sum crokyd kneys sum alle lene treys wemmen holden thir armys dede chyldryn hyr barmys thes syghtys dyfferauns joye penaunce helle hevyn ben partyd welle othyr wo whole poem shows love detail combined remarkable appreciation dramatic values true many rhyming chronicles political poems topical ballads example value poems interpreting mediæval spirit might instance light thrown days chivalry poem glorification great earl pembroke record monetary profits resulting prowess tournaments takes gilt gingerbread errant completely details wholesale slaughter subsequent sale bag fashionable strip gilt modern view eminently quotable character rhymes really rather remarkable made little use essays covering wide range subject also great pity much neglected whose business teach history intelligent use materials make history live unfortunately widespread idea dates history delusion fostered importance attached dates ordinary accursed examination whereas reality dates utterly unimportant value useful solely grasping sequence events instance significance whatever except possibly astrologers isolated facts black death occurred peasants rising happened great significance fact event generation however discussion right wrong methods teaching history rather big subject dragged end rambling remarks intended introduction essays follow readers followed unusual course starting introduction take leave point wish pleasant journey mediæval byways contents page wise men others ii highways iii coronations iv death doctors authority vi ivory apes peacocks illustrations page sat portrait matthew paris young novice priory robert berewold pillory sware othes took hair caused sytte large wyse gape thrust leaden bodkin head image ligatus wonderful sight impromptu entertainment three minstrels pilgrims piran crossed england badge young edward iii crowns ancient modern scrivelsby tiger mirror got arms round branch broken bough fell head man standing cast cauldron called secretly chamber dore gyrd abowte bodye iij places towells gyrdylls led middle city failed identify geese ducking drawn swords stood doorway incontinently fled compellyd devour writte thrust church agnus dei playing innumerable pranks lion looks becomes leopard unfortunate fowle hurten sore constructed pantomime dragon pattern real article showed injuries fully armed swords bucklers wise men others alchemists illustration cyclic tendency obvious nature least notable domain knowledge discovery era lost next reappear later day welcomed triumph modern ingenuity science maps three centuries ago nile shown rising great lakes atlases fathers used lakes vanished range imaginary mountains lies like little woolly caterpillar heart africa source nile replaced days great lakes dragons commonplaces ancient time fell undeserved contempt existence denied sceptical generation rescued rehabilitated recent years men science ashamed admit found fabulous monsters faery disguised polysyllabic nomenclature tales old herodotus scoffed superior minds unimaginative victorian era daily gaining acceptance king chedorlaomer worthies centuries blameless biblical existence conclusively demolished high german critics reappeared contemporary tablets imperishable clay unkindly disinterred archæological explorers mundane matters latest developments sanitary science prove anticipated trifle sixty centuries palaces crete alchemy transmutation base noble baser metals gold accepted feasible earliest historic times seventeenth century spread printing enabled many votaries science publish ideas theories belief alchemy swept away flood mystical nonsense now science back threshold knowledge transmutation old alchemists seem based theories belief metals indeed matter contained common element purest perfect form earth gold theory knocked head scientists discovered atomic theory proof positive adduced certain substances gold silver elements elements consisted simply solely agglomerations indivisible atoms possessed characteristics particular element words gold gold silver silver end now indivisible atoms beginning fly pieces skilful remorseless attack modern scientists surprising thing live see schooldays reduced combinations two three primary elements even primordial element great first cause weighed measured photographed gold silver split constituents might well possible recombine constituents manner silver become gold gold silver scientific mind two transmutations equal value philosopher aiming ever perfection sordid speculator aiming ever profit production gold baser metal always goal naturally hear little mediæval alchemists legal records proceedings inoffensive little calculated bring within jurisdiction court except possibly bankruptcy scarce exceptions rule silence occurred edward iv granted sir henry grey codnor derbyshire authority labour cunning philosophy transmutation metals things requisite cost provided answer king profit grow therefrom terms grant scarcely called liberal two years later king decided sir henry sufficient time experiments called render account gains philosopher probably little account appear case postponed term term five years last date fixed appear court middle october date lord king certain necessary urgent causes moving made journey realm england foreign parts leaving regent guardian realm wherefore barons exchequer come hear pleas reading courtly sentence hard realise october king edward words speed host besides nottingham passing washes towards lynne greater difficulties befitting prince adventure without order taken realme two hulkes holland english ship destitute necessary provisions set sail towards burgundy way encountered easterlings england great enemies much adoe clear surprize politer version legal roll written entry although completely erased may sure set henry vi recovered realm edward fact right alchemy pen roseate lancastrian version faded colourless statement yorkists successful may well believe ever alchemy sir henry grey spite sir henry grey king licensed david beaupee john merchaunt practise four years natural science generation gold silver mercury alchemy indeed clearly flourishing fifteenth century richard carter received authority practise art henry vi several licences granted edward cobbe authorised transmute imperfect metals kind art philosophy transubstantiate gold silver two years later sir edmund trafford sir thomas ashton empowered transmute metals john fauceby john kirkeby john rayny received royal permission search philosopher stone elixir life transmute metals presumably need royal licence cases based royal claim mines therefore sources precious metals covetous eyes cast alchemy possible source revenue least early thomas cary ordered bring king edward iii john le rous master william de dalby able make silver alchemy instruments things needful craft scientists philosophers heard although searched accounts bullion purchased mint may safely asserted revenue profited little science philosophy alchemy like many branches knowledge found home monasteries story abbot western counties time dissolution hid books manuscripts hermetic art wall returning thither fetch found grief loss lost also wits thomas ellis prior leighs essex took loss gain dabbling art rumours skill manipulating metals caused suspected coining give account interest theory alchemy derived reading books stimulated crawthorne goldsmyth lumbardstrete sayd ther prest callyd sir george made himselfe cunning suche matters priest turn introduced prior thomas peter clothworker london sayd syens alkemy well eny man yngland prior took valuation promised pay lessons art gave nobles advance master peter gave pupil silver quicksilver instructions treat metals prior ellis sealed hermetically glass vessel placed earthen pot full water kept hot ten weeks employing young novice priory edmund freke boy twelve keep continual fire master peter came time time see matters progressing doubt reported favourably prior yt falce crafte broke glass vessel sold silver fetch refused pay instructor remaining marks peter however better skilled making money men gold silver threatened action debt chanced offer marks made time prior lease rectory handed money master peter never medelyd hym syne crafte never wyll god wyllyng illustration young novice white magic days sherlock holmes scientific pursuit clues ways tracing lost stolen property devious varied recent times aid anthony padua often invoked good saint taken branch detective work know possibly confused namesake hermit whose pig might well trained search lost articles less holy pigs hunt truffles possibly man married five wives hobby however may known excellent results obtained promise candle repetition honour anthony prayer popular offering cheaper petitioner certain saint candle apt withheld property recovered candles even known go astray blaze altar anthony probably busy days looking cattle devotees trouble lost property man therefore supernatural assistance recovery strayed goods perforce seek aid sorcerers familiar often incompetent spirits unfortunately modern inquirer unsolicited testimonials bearing witness efficacy magicians appear survived failures brought unpleasant enduring prominence london naturally great centre occult detectives seem well patronised two silver dishes stolen duke york house application made john berkyng renegade jew performed certain incantations result accused duke servants william shadewater way lady despenser scarlet mantle stolen time berkyng hesitation denouncing robert trysdene john geyte repute doubt considerable two cases proved disastrous parties accused arrested found guilty deceit defamation stood pillory hour banished city case nothing means divination employed two cases occurred london particulars given simon gardiner lost mazer bowl employed german henry pot name trace made balls white clay appropriate incantations named nicholas freman cristine wife thieves mistake brought magician pillory fate befell robert berewold case also mazer stolen maud eye owner friend alan water carrier evidently high opinion robert power called robert took loaf fixed top round peg wood four knives four sides shape cross proceedings vaguely described magic resulted first accusation joan wolsey eventually appearance robert berewold pillory loaf hanging round neck connection mazers magic obvious john richardson parish clerk lost mazer worth sought assistance nicholas hanwode divers young children behold record damaged sufficiently legible show victim arrested imprisoned mayor invoke intervention court chancery accusers last case clearly instance divination glass crystal similar medium pool ink used remember right indians loaf knives seem vaguely familiar instruments divination though puzzled give correct ceremonial clay balls difficult place unless possibly used construction kind geomantic figure illustration berewold far dealing genuine inaccurate magicians case occurred london shows impostors even learned profession mistress alice trig lost paris kerchief suspected alice byntham stolen apparently without good reason two women seem fairly intimate alice byntham went cobbler william northamptone gave information certain private matters concerning alice william went round mistress trig posed wise man may skilled magic revealed knowledge private affairs duly impressed asked stolen kerchief replied whoever certainly alice byntham launching rashly prophecy told questioner drowned within month dismal prospect almost terrified early grave end survived see william standing pillory case recorded lincolnshire sixteenth century interesting showing local reputation enjoyed cunning men church holbeach robbed parishioners consulted john lamkyn man known knowledg sciens gramer taught children neighbourhood knowledge reasonable arts enchantment witchcraft sorcery request churchwardens went consult edmund nash wheeler famed expert man knowleg thynges stolen lived may either chichester cirencester called place another case long way lamkyn took pair leather gloves found vestry robbery nash made certain deductions therefrom caused suspicion fall john partridge complained lost friends reputation infamy slander owte credenz lamkyn version story made nash merely private detective following clues without recourse magic also hinted partridge reputation great loss little reason believe probably popular method ascertaining whereabouts lost property identity thief use astrology years ago bookshops time spent much spare time spare money offered manuscript volume formerly property william lilly famous shifty astrologer recorded scores investigations made clients mostly concerned recovery stolen goods figures neatly drawn interpretation written memory serves nothing show many cases investigations led practical result believe two similar volumes bodleian became particular copy know whether due unfair incidence taxation budget year permanent causes funds permit acquisition left sorrowfully company augsburg missal pine edition horace rare edition blunder however secure fludd aid might time mastery movements whirling spheres permitted open branch heavenly scotland yard illustration sware gret othes took early astrologers thanks cautious vagueness statements seem avoided clutches law magicians fell stars reveal names recording anticipation bertillon procedure measurements physical peculiarities thieves particulars querent jumps false conclusion accuses wrong man much worse stars interpreters blame hard words london astrologers robert cooke consulted cooke carrier kendale came south money much belonging men put john balenger house ives course day opened packs bought sold drank customers allowing number people quite casual way feel weight opening late night got bed john balenger ten clok went soper much every man pakked wares sooped went rooms house apparently pretty full cooke shared bed john foster draper others chamber next morning putting packs horses cooke suddenly noticed packs fastened different kind knot used thereupon suddenly exclaimed pak wrong knyt passhion god sith yesternight opening took precious found full stones sware othes took hair altogether carried mightily finally advow never ete fisshe ne fleissh saint rynyons scotland might goodes previous night rode cambridge make calculacion goodes seat learning coude find noo clerk person wold take hand calcle money however robert cooke got london difficulty finding astrologers expressed utmost confidence ability told shulde crafte astronomye wold hys eye arme joynte hys body thatt hadd robbed hym att hys pleasure ferocious promise may pointed merely meant astronomer give description particular physical traits necessary indentify robber particular instance description fair man large eyes hair neither curly straight large nose medium height good looking bright expression black teeth elaborate account astronomer becoming modesty submitted judgment others learned experienced guaranteed accuracy found correspond appearance john balenger younger son cooke host except latter blak toth hed yt apperith iff ony lust serch therfor order prove john balenger caused sytte large wyse gape open jowes duely seen due serch therin made yt appeared john alle teth whyte good maner proporconed adding fact good young man wele ruled slaundered neither dicyng carding ne misrule rather suspicious circumstance biggest stone found cooke supposed robbery piece ironstone kind found within forty miles ives plentiful kendale surprising magistrates dismissed case younger john balenger black tooth like print damning evidence present powerful acquittal absent justice peace contradict jupiter illustration caused sytte large wyse black magic considering large part magic supernatural played life people middle ages curious references thereto english judicial records prior reformation ancient chroniclers historians enlivened many dull page astonishing tales sin mystery vouched testimony eyes unimpeachable witnesses chains legal evidence powerless bind legendary sorcerers triple chains iron bind famous witch berkeley exception general vague accusations witchcraft levelled lollards kindred heretics references magic casual rare records courts reign elizabeth ceases true middle sixteenth century end seventeenth black arts attracted full share judicial magisterial attention probably twenty instances legal proceedings taken connection practices produced reformation every prior date part due fact local records later periods survived far greater number predecessors possibility case also arguable reformation abolished practical purposes belief miracles god saints natural craving unscientific man supernatural explanation abnormal satisfied belief miracles devil sinners may fact remains reformation witches warlocks became common holy nuns anchorities marvels reported class unsatisfactory scientific point view however chance references earlier date concerned suitably enough land murrell earliest instance comes sheriff essex made note expended woman accused sorcery record brief unsatisfactory telling neither details offence method trial result two last items get another case occurred norfolk agnes wife odo merchant appealed certain galiena sorcery galiena successfully cleared ordeal hot iron century magical offenders may brought trial eluded search began proceedings knights templars based largely accusations practising black magic england however nothing kind even held proved knights although sailor considered evidence also clerk thought priest soldier heard sailor say illustration thrust leaden bodkin head rather remarkable year great irish trial lady alice kyteler took place date fullest many ways interesting early english trials sorcery year robert marshall leicester arrest variety offences endeavoured save neck turning king evidence accusing former master john notingham number coventry citizens conspiring kill king two despensers prior two officials coventry magical arts marshall tale effect accused citizens came john notingham man skilled bargained death persons named paying certain sum giving seven pounds wax wax notingham marshall made six images proposed victims seventh richard de sowe selected experimental purposes work done secret old deserted house far coventry images ready magician bade assistant thrust leaden bodkin head image represented richard de sowe next day sent house richard found raving mad master john removed bodkin head image thrust heart within three days richard died point robert marshall story comes lame impotent conclusion word explanation give preliminary experiment proved successful go fell design unfortunate died prison case thrashed reported jury case citizens allowed fall even trial followed normal course probable plain enlightening verdict guilty robert marshall liar inventive genius accused two men assisting robbery murder merchant chester erlestrete coventry near white cellar profusion detail intended give artistic verisimilitude otherwise bald unconvincing narrative proved afterwards admitted utterly false two wild accusations also came nothing robert duly hanged say procedure described actually used case know quite accord orthodox methods magicians story believed time may conclude younger despenser wrote year pope complaining threatened magical secret dealings pope much good sense recommended turn god whole heart make good confession satisfaction enjoined adding remedies needful passing century find william lord botreaux complaining sir ralph botreaux william langkelly others salvation souls god eyes procured john alwode trottokeshull hugh bower kilmington chaplain john newport practise soothsaying necromancy art magic weaken subtly consume destroy arts complainant body commissioners appointed inquire matter proceedings may vanished best lying hid unsuspected corner record office another instance use magical ceremonies evil intent alluded fifty years later john knight chaplain complained arrested committed marshalsea going servants lord straunge search house alice wife john huntley long tyme used exercised feetes wychecraft sorcery southwark went house called lasour loke suthwerk kenstrete hospital founded originally lepers time used almshouse infirmary found dyvers mamettes wychecraft enchauntements stuff beryed deeply hydd erthe circumstances similar related case old woman turned almshouses rye using magical ceremonies including burial pieces raw beef intent beef decayed away might bodies enemies though possible case alice huntley objects buried secrecy years later still clearer case use images occurred wales bishop davids vainly remonstrated thomas wyriott tanglost william living advoutre imprisoned woman tanglost afterwards banished diocese went bristol hired margaret hackett practized wychecraft destroy bishop tanglost margaret went back wyriott house room called unsuitably paradise chamber made two images wax possibly thinking bishop take bewitchment ordinary mortal sent another woman thought cowde hadde cunning experiens made third image bishop penny worse delying ordered arrest tanglost heresy wyriott intervened getting imprisoned action debt order keep bishop clutches bishop invoke assistance court chancery three cases magic occurred may year order issued arrest thomas northfelde dominican friar worcester seizure books treating sorcery wickedness two days later brother john ashwell crutched friars london john virley priest margery jourdemain imprisoned windsor sorcery released cases likely sorcery consisted uncanny suspicious addiction unusual branches learning combined possibly experiments chemistry heretical tendencies alike dangerous eyes orthodox third case clearly matter bewitchment opinion victim facts quite simple john duram york field pond way incurred enmity thomas mell farmer latter divers artes erroneous et countre la foy catholice cest assavoir sorcery withdrew water john pond great injury cattle besides certain unnamed injuries wrought ymaginacion et sotell labour mell patronage men influence magical abilities duran dare bring action ordinary court therefore sought intervention court chancery success know far magicians must admitted rather commonplace people proceeding usual lines craft displaying little originality final instance far know unique manuscript possession formerly phillipps collection amongst mass extracts kinds records entry taken court rolls manor hatfield yorkshire according court held robert rotheram brought action john de ithen breach contract alleging certain day thorne john agreed sell devil bound certain bond ligatum quodam robert thereupon gave obolum possession devil remained robert receive delivery devil within four days came john latter refused hand devil wherefore robert claimed damages john appeared court deny contract steward holding plea lie christians parties hell hearing case amerced parties first question genuine extract rolls critic inclined think smells rat may confuted camden according rats ever known town hatfield extremely solid nature extracts volume almost guarantee good faith far eighteenth century copyist concerned probability took original strengthened place misread subsequently corrected error allowing occurred rolls genuine transaction facetious invention manor clerk incline believe genuine man invented case fill blank space roll almost certain elaborated hand noted adjournment case place use parliamentary language likely add parties fined granting action actually brought left doubt whether robert simple gull john amusing whether defendant really believed fulfil contract contract latin though admirably clear many respects suffers absence definite article difficult certain whether question devil devil judging price latter seems probable prince darkness seems absurdly little believe sometimes applied divining spirit imprisoned magic arts bottle crystal however may probable law court ever since asked decide question proprietary rights devil imps illustration ii highways much heard modern facilities travelling might almost think days cook thomas tickets polar mandeville englishman ever stirred abroad yet hardly questionable mediæval times proportion englishmen visited foreign lands far larger present day thanks military feudalism scarcely exaggeration say fourteenth fifteenth centuries country gentlemen seen service france taking contingents hired pressed men every village land peaceful classes attractions pilgrimage spiritual advantages outweighing dangers hardships journey rome celebrated shrine james compostella drawing thousands every year spain still earlier crusades drew pious martial alike yet farther afield journeyed east many return time pretty sharp limit set travels ordinary man seaboard palestine penetrated still deeper mysterious east therefore interesting follow geoffrey langley embassy tartar court back england piecing together story travels prosaic accounts paymaster towards end twelfth century tartars nomadic tribe inhabited district caucasus euphrates professed christianity nestorians came prominence europe fame khan celebrated john however killed terrible genghiz khan mogul turkestan whose successors adopted name two generations religion conquered tartars argon king emperor tartars accepted christianity alliance kings armenia georgia inflicted severe defeat forces soldan later year ambassadors reached europe charged preach new crusade ejection saracens palestine strengthened commendatory letters pope visited english court king edward made welcome wrote argon expressing delight proposed attack sultan babylon promising come person soon pope sanction going holy land cement alliance promised send king gerfalcons asked letter written september next year falcons duly dispatched hands sir geoffrey langley embassy reached trebizond middle june obtained quarters precious gerfalcons waiting tartar court king whereabouts uncertain nicholas de chartres geoffrey squire conrad nephew ambassador buskerell sent sea samsoun thence first kaisarieh sivas waited king last ready tent made cotton cloth scarlet grey material bought trebizond parasol purchased ambassador horse ride also mule cost three times much horse first stage journey tabriz see king thirty horses hired baiburt reached july number reduced baiburt zaratkana fourteen horses employed beyond giving presents tartars others including gift cloth lady erz roum little recorded journey tabriz city baths iced drinks spanish ambassadors timour bey found century later embassy left tabriz carrying leopard present tartar king friday september reached busy trading town khoi gonzalez de clavijo way samarcand saw giraffe deemed man never seen animal wonderful sight sunday night spent presumably nuskar monday village armenians evidently near lake van fish appear first time amongst provisions bought addition usual bread cheese fruit argish lake van boots bought three members suite horses shod stores laid including wine meat ducks eggs salt stopping night melasgird reached dismissed mounted escort argish proceeded fresh escort three nameless saracen villages erz roum reached monday october two days halt made laid stores clothes washed wear tear travelling began felt boots bought chaplain john clerk robert gerard another robert william martin grooms hat shoes willecok wednesday night stayed another saracen village entertained native minstrels following day reached baiburt john scullion boots gave lay stores next two halts fields away habitations illustration wonderful last monday october found back trebizond rested week invested largely new shoes well heavy bulky conveniences pots pans plates dishes stools dispense journey saracen porters carried baggage tabriz paid tartar rendered small service rewarded carpet ambassador suite received wages allowances linen head suite andrew balaban received scarlet robe addition wages martin latimer interpreter willecok chamberer john clerk walter cook martin lombard larderer michael jonot kitchen chyzerin copin tassin falconers jacques oliver grooms michael de suria theodoric manfred gerardin robert robekin two others learn nothing names altogether must twenty thirty persons sailed trebizond slow voyage reached constantinople sunday november constantinople accountant ingenious error derivation calls nobilis galley lay week possibly delayed adverse winds compensations delay oysters hares mallards chestnuts pears apples must welcome luxuries hardships monotony past weeks possibly coincidence doctor called attend richard even leopard fared daintily three chickens making pleasant change usual mutton last everything ready clothes washed john clerk hose mended persian cloth bought richard tabard parasol seems hardly necessary unless used umbrella weather cold eighteen sets wraps bought suite sir geoffrey procured robes vair gules white fox hood monday november galley set sail italy otranto reached saturday november ambassador part suite landed richard robert going brindisi boat galley waited long enough revictual allow cleaning leopard cage went rest suite heavier luggage genoa sunday bishop otranto kindly lent horses ambassador party started journey overland genoa reaching lecce time dinner impromptu entertainment three minstrels first four days december spent brindisi whence went east coast villanuova mola barletta turning inland sanctos may trinitapoli chiefly noteworthy dinner chicken pigeons sausages next morning wednesday december lunched san lorenzo way troja past albergum benevento far town two days brought monte sarchio acerra naples remained thursday land plenty feast pheasants partridges mallards hares pigeons skilfully seasoned sage parsley garlic saffron two mules dappled grey horse bought well glasses earthenware pots mugs party set capua sending silver plate ahead hands manfred oldebrand capua friday december tassin falconer died much regretted brother falconer hanekin owed offerings made good soul illustration impromptu entertainment three five days march mignano ceprano anagni place called identify brought rome rome spent christmas doctor called attend grooms medicine obtained horse possibly without avail two horses bought thirty florins merchants ricardi sunday journey resumed isola sutri forming first day march viterbo monte fiascone second acquapendente reached tuesday spent small box carry eel pies passing san quirico siena reached january road leading san cossiano pistoia buggione lucca lucca struck across coast avenza sarzana sestri rapallo recco genoa reached sunday january genoa found companions come round sea house hired pucino roncini galley unloaded paid cost trebizond genoa sum formidable appearance reality genoese pound english money tamorace tartar dismissed present silver cup remained leopard link east genoa series accounts terminates dispatch messenger marquess saluzzo suggests travellers going territory road henry bolingbroke earl derby afterwards king england followed just century later return venice east taking coincidence leopard case gone inland past novi asti turin chambéry savoy northwards châlons beaune châtillon paris thence probably made wissant across dover reaching england beginning september rather earlier two years almost continual travelling wonderful things saw yet wonderful things heard tales monstrous men uncanny beasts evil spirits adventures perils shipwreck perils robbers record survived something slow journeying trying desert marches vexatious delays contrary winds pleasantly varied relaxation halt great city managed piece together exceptional voyages geoffrey langley tabriz gonzalez de clavijo samarcand interesting rarity value another kind attaches embassy hugh de vere papal court placid uneventful journey seem merely without adventures without incidents beyond trifling worries attendant pack saddles harness required constant repairs trifling interest derived varying changes diet complication accounts caused existence entirely fresh monetary standard state travellers passed little record list stages journey however route followed main road rome along passed constant stream pilgrims prompted piety wish see world priests seeking benefices curses neighbours penitents desiring absolution appellants wallets stuffed deeds decrees legal precedents appellees carrying weightier argument english gold worth following embassy noting identical used henry bolingbroke return venice almost century later therefore evidently usual stages road illustration hugh de vere suite consisting two knights two chaplains clerk ten esquires thirty grooms attendants assembled paris good friday april next day rode far rozoy contenting journey fast day fish fruit next day easter sunday start dinner reached provins fifty miles paris evening provins roses cavalcade passed pavillon valley seine lent feasted meat pies flauns kind mediæval pancake particularly popular according haliwell soon entered burgundy turning south montbard followed distance route now taken canal de bourgogne innumerable locks halting night occurs bolingbroke account seem dwindled maps existence reached beaune still average thirty miles day came lyons stopping tournus bellville way monday april following valley rhone miles farther south turned eastwards near vienne georges voiron thence northwards passing close grande chartreuse across borders savoy chambéry far currency use turneis black money tours tournois equivalent tournois standard denominations reduced accounts coin worth approximately sterling now way savoy piedmont payments entered seventeen went tournois mountainous district savoy progress markedly slower sixty miles chambéry susa taking six days road travelled followed valley arc modern railway past montmélian la chambre michel mont cenis tunnel completed ambassador suite go farther east lansle bourg toiling mont cenis hospice founded road pious king louis first name dropping piedmont ancient town susa hardships day journey regaled et flaunes whether climbing flauns know next day sir hugh palfreman ill another servant put place avigliano friday april turin reached stay made following tuesday rest must welcome three weeks continuous travelling portmanteaux bags repaired clothes washed bodies reinvigorated varied choice food possible travelling shoulders mutton pigeons chickens figs grapes fruit bought cook prepared evidently ancestress aristocratic charlotte russe rather plebeian namesake apple charlotte constituents milk eggs journey resumed wednesday april route lying eastwards chivasso moncalvo unidentifiable place evidently just across po lombardy coinage becomes required twenty make tournois lomello pavia piacenza borgo san donnino first time note purchase cheese district still famous parma reggio modena follow uneventful succession instead continuing along line bologna modern traveller embassy now turned sharply sassuolo countrified district rate exchange fell tournois worth eighteen instead twenty compensation accountant notes frassinoro next station road picturesque valley secchia expenses four days small thanks presents marcoys clear identity marquess part italy mass little lordships principalities part lords dukes marquess carrara seems reasonable suggestion right thinking person confusing marquess carabas occurrence history presumably noble catalonia lucca reached eve ascension day feast spent pistoia coinage use tournois worth pisan money currency continued use florence siena introduced tournois worth money however use two days halts made acquapendente santa cristina town shore lake bolsena name commemorates saint escape martyrdom drowning thanks miraculous buoyancy millstone floated shore piran floated stone delectable duchy cornwall accounts kept viterbo papal money equivalent tournois changing next day last time way passing sutri isola rome reached whit monday found master thomas southwark sent ahead hire lodgings furniture spent six weeks illustration pope boniface agreed act arbiter kings france england sir hugh de vere mission accomplished embassy left rome afternoon thursday july count savoy accompanying far isola first route followed far pistoia taken way rather shorter stages several party appear knocked heat san quirico acquapendente siena hackneys hired invalids special dishes prepared eggs honey apples bought make appilmus well peresill et autre sause ten miles pistoia buggiano halt made rooms hired sick members party left others went lucca fortnight stay made journey resumed august progress slow possibly order get benefit sea air different route followed point halt lucca restored strength invalids party crept five miles day stopping insignificant villages sent pere lucca camajore coast pietrasanta sarzana matillane sarzana three days halt made borghetto seem particularly bad piece road sestri sir hugh sick persons taken boat sestri chiavari whole week spent halt wilkoc clerk sent genoa fetch doctor sir hugh time money run short fresh supplies obtained pistoian merchants resident town fortunately genoa well furnished cash curatives richest ports europe shared rival venice fame producing possessed many healing virtues quack compounds now make england hideous railway traveller halts rapallo recco nervi genoa reached september rested two weeks treacle apparently proved ineffectual even supplemented leitwaires especeries emplastres et totes manieres de medicines seven members party still ill sent sea savona comrades came land joined left coast turned north cortemiglia suppose castagnole villanova rivoli ten miles west turin susa two days spent johan carbonel jak le gigneur dined guests know susa chambéry route followed embassy travelled way chambéry took easterly road belley rambert bourg rejoining former route tournus paris somewhere tournan four men sent ahead secure accommodation night spent paris travellers pressed northwards hodancourt etrépagny oisemont neufchâtel boulogne wissant reached last day october whence crossed england week later regaling meanwhile whelks mustard necessarily eaten together illustration crossed sir hugh company england eight months journey rome occupying seven weeks return trip covering four months hint adventures details anything food shows roads safe travellers good englishmen iii coronations present time coronation rome towards roads lead walk oxford street lands us among cuffs collars soaps souvenirs expected mediæval byway bring us subject coronations survivals surrounded conservative country coronation ceremonies though shorn much grandeur significance last hundred years still unchanged spirit detail thing restore london brief period predominant feature mediæval life colour days city silkes banners crownes pals tapers lampes certaine wonders wit strange showes though baulked fulness sad clothes spectators blaze gaiety pleasing appeal primitive instincts disregard business utilitarianism illustration proceedings connection coronation mediæval kings began tower significant taking formal possession throne king took practical possession fortress claim crown rested partly force strong hand rested also elective people accordingly day coronation king rode tower westminster palace show subjects might see sort man choosing king naturally processional ride made magnificent impressive possible king went crowd nobles horseback conspicuous amongst recipients honours knights bath usually thirty forty number honour knighthood bestowed accompaniment robes gifts apparel previous day richard whose cavalcade eclipsed splendour predecessors accompanied three dukes nine earls hundred knights lords gorgeously attired duke buckingham farre exceeded caparison horse charged embroydered worke gold borne ground certaine footmen thereto appointed henry though careful even parsimonious matters spare expense procession arrayed rich cloth gold purple ground ten yards bought jerome friscobaldi prodigious price yard caparison charger made crimson damask cloth gold costing either another trappour adorned henry badge often repeated walls chapel abbey made doucheman king head canopy cloth gold gilded staves carried relays knights changed frequent intervals many might partake honourable arduous duty attendance dressed crimson satin costing yard white cloth gold embroidered royal arms designs christian poynter also executed twelve armes herauldes beten wrought oyle colours fyne gold twelve similar trumpet banners henchmen led spare charger reason always formed part royal procession possibly state charger george made white cloth gold blue velvet red roses worked venice gold dragons red velvet arms cadwallader clearly belonged queen portion procession clad white damask cloth gold reclining cushions material litter drawn two horses white harness trappings canopy white damask silver staves five henchmen crimson blue led palfrey estate came three carriages containing four ladies draped crimson seven ladies blue velvet crimson satin riding palfreys colour harness crimson cloth gold suite displaying splendour colour formed excellent foil silvery radiance illustration sovereigns longer start fortress ascend throne show loyal subjects crowned instead ceremony fear may prove unacceptable people none dream challenging right buckingham palace less satisfactory tower artists consider latter picturesque things improved ancestors chief amongst police arrangements longer necessary proclaim done edward ii crowned shall dare carry sword pointed knife dagger mace club arms pain imprisonment year day weapon offence sternly prohibited aeroplane threat similar penalty needed ensure polite treatment foreigners attending coronation certain amount severity doubt required counteract effects nine conduits cheap running red white wine auxiliary fountains westminster however weak wine may modern coronations auspicated richard blood many jews number dared sacrilegiously gaze king privilege notoriously accorded cats evidently forbidden dog jew hand spared disastrous overcrowding occurred coronation edward king go palace back door avoid crush pressure crowd within abbey stout earthen wall broken prominent citizen deth area reserved ceremony invaded seem instance just quoted temporary erections made ancestors occasions passed tests may also flatter never capable hiding churches public buildings sea ingeniously constructed deal seats still carpenters upholsterers kept pretty busy abbey little time ceremony though tradesmen benefited leading mercers supply great quantities cloth gold velvet turkish italian silks samite fine linen tripoli within abbey crossing transepts high stage erected chair state king sat full view people first part service stage covered rugs hung round silken cloth gold chair state also provided golden canopy silken cushions several varieties cloth gold used bill material coronation edward amounting much bought john de perers might well father alice perers infatuated king declining years expensive variety cloth gold nak place meant nak say certainty just conceivably might nasik close bombay much material came least far east turkey whatever place origin used king hose shoes little tent shrine high altar within ceremony anointing attendant disrobing took place next valuable kind described presumably though word found ducange mediæval latin oxford sir james murray modern english used covering archbishop chair third variety diapered damask whole cloth offered high altar two cloths sewed together used cover tomb king grandfather edward others diaper cloths purple velvet cloth tartar armenian silk used chancel round high altar canvas cloth gold mixed precious kinds employed less important positions illustration young edward king ride westminster palace partook light supper retired chamber already knighted prepared ceremony usual though invariable preliminary coronation keeping vigil room young edward iii rested provided red rugs royal arms worked corners three bench covers like design red green murrey blue bath covered silken cloth gold though bath henry vii flemish linen considered good enough morning coronation day king ceremonial bath put spotless raiment signify body glistens washing beauty vestments may soul shine went westminster hall lifted lords throne presently royal procession king walking barefoot various nobles carrying regalia started covered way carpeted coarse burrell cloth candlewykstrete now cannon street much carpet lay outside church perquisite lord manor bedford almoner day met monks clergy conducted abbey details ceremony ensued circumstaunce shewe ordre wolde aske longe leysoure interested must time well acquainted often fully described illustration ancient ceremonial investiture performed regalia edward preserved abbey treasury regarded sacred lay hands touch procession carried set covered board close service king laid aside crown edward assumed royal crown resemble glittering monstrosity now render sovereigns heads uncomfortable slightly absurd dignified artistic circlet type known heraldic writers ducal coronet edward iii three crowns gold chief described pawned flanders eight rubies emeralds four great orient pearls eight sprays balas rubies orient sapphires second given queen philippa ten rubies emeralds groups emeralds six pearls third strictly speaking crown chaplet unflowered circlet nine groups great oriental pearls midst beautiful ruby wearing crown attended nobles bearing insignia royalty newly anointed king returned westminster palace great business coronation banquet event westminster hall prepared royal throne set king upper end covered cloth gold handsome material canopy benches lower tables covered red blue cloth material hung behind guests mediæval equivalent call dodo running round wall behind royal seat cloth gold protected dampness walls lining canvas guests seated order precedence earl marshal attendants ridden hall make room attendants banquet began course number nobles lords manors duty privilege discharging various services king receiving rule valuable perquisites table laid lord manor return service kept salt cellar knives spoons cloths napkins provided lord ashley essex chief napier remained property important post chief butler filled earl arundel though coronation queen eleanor place taken earl surrey excommunicated archbishop canterbury quarrel sporting rights lord wimondley privilege passing first cup wine king withdrew favour mayor london acted chief cupbearer without reward coronation feast edward iii mayor received fee gold cup enamelled royal arms gold ewer ornamented enamel two scottish pearls feast earl lancaster steward secured four silver chargers stamped arms harclay four others bearing badge countess hereford ten silver skewers eight marked royal leopard chamberlain carried two basins parcel gilt enamelled arms england scotland lord addington supplied dish gruel lord liston essex wafers persons brought water held basins towels head family dymoke scrivelsby rode hall full armour punning crest moke ears helm offered fight deny king sovereignty illustration main thing feast food plentiful even banquet edward waiting disgraceful coronation feast edward sent orders sheriffs different counties provide chickens oxen thousand pigs sheep besides instructing prelates send many swans peacocks cranes rabbits kids possible also giving large orders salmon pike eels lampreys surprising cook hugh malvern required six oaks six beeches made tables kitchen suggests certain grossness feeding study actual menu might dissipate certainly banquets later sovereigns sufficiently elaborate varied henry vi crowned early age nine served three first included boiled beef mutton capons herons cygnets venyson viand royall plantyd losynges golde bore hedes castellys golde enarmed rede leche lyons coruyn therin words pink jelly mould ornamented lions crowning glory royall lyoparde golde syttynge therein holdynge floure de lyce second course besides chickens partridges cranes peacock feathers rabbits contained endoryd gilded frytour garnysshed leopardes hede two estryche feders gely party wryten notyd te deum laudamus masterpiece whyte leche blancmange plantyd rede antelop crowne aboute necke chayne golde flampayne powderyd leopardes flower delyce golde third course creation wonderful bake mete lyke shylde quarteryd red whyte sette losenges gylte floures borage falls rather flat course presented elaborate device made presumably sugar pastry representing groups kings saints however compared coronation banquet katherine france queen henry banquet also three courses ye shall understand feest fysshe astonishing variety fish besides common fish salmon soles turbot lampreys comparison henry iii declared fish insipid welkes combination royal plebeian fried minnows mediæval whitebait conger now much neglected rostyd besides score kinds including certain mysterious burneux sweets included coloured columbyne floures kind raised pie flourished scochon royall therein three crownes golde plantyd floure delyce floures camemyll wrought confeccyons whyte leche flourysshed hawthorne levys redde hawys march payne garnysshed dyverse fygures aungellys amonge whiche set ymage seynt katheryne holdynge rason est escrit pur voir et dit per mariage pur cest guerre ne first showed pelican young image katherine alexandria holding book hand inscribed scroll second showed panther queen badge katherine usual emblem wheel third elaborate tigre lokyng mirrour man sittyng horse backe clene armyd holdyng armys tiger whelpe reason motto force sanz reson ie ay pryse ceste hande makynge countenaunce throwynge mirrours great tigre whiche helde reason de mirrour ma fete legend tiger mirror fully worked connection arms kentish family sybill druce great authority unnatural history appear known instance occurrence early bestiary informs us beast called tiger kind serpent suggests zoological classification railway porter dogs rabbits dogs tortoise hinsect beast nature courageous fierce living man dares approach beast young hunters watch see tiger go leave den young seize cubs place mirrors path just leave character tiger however angry may unable look mirror without gaze becoming fixed surely suggestive eve serpent believes cub sees mirror recognises figure great satisfaction believes positively found cub property mirror may explain puzzling question many ladies persist dressing like daughters hunters escape tiger stops think better follow tiger example illustration tiger iv death doctors read medical dictionary marvel man enjoy even brief intervals health many delicate organs body many diseases lying wait read pronouncements specialists diet dangers attend eating food drinking liquid marvel grows add extraordinary facility accidents occur margin life death becomes surprisingly narrow crew destroyer habitually separated world quarter inch steel us partition less obvious less constant uniform nearly thin places hardened must always feeling pleased surprise emerging safely side piccadilly circus embankment blackfriars true latter case paternal say grandmotherly council provided unexciting alternative subway leisurely athletes time energy descend reascend stairs average city man within inches seconds death every day inches seconds become fractional realises moment insecurity tenure just well every age dangers motor car unwitting apostle socialism brutal individualistic disregard rights others mediæval man inclined think ran risk quick temper fellows time time undesirable alien arrested stabbing enemy chance acquaintance annoyed magistrate brought comment patriotic pride nature offence true present time englishman rule emphasises disagreement opponent means fist boot rather knife certainly mediæval times call man boor nowadays may get black eye results disastrous thirteenth century john marsh found applied opprobrious term richard fraunkfee walking back church doncaster richard promptly knifed every man days carried knife dagger anelace baselard produced without hesitation angered needless say knife much evidence harvest feasts wakes especially visits tavern drunkenness english vice since fitz stephen twelfth century spoke inordinate drinking fools two plagues london far failing common sexes know casual references women taverns occur occasionally might blamelessly descendants modern far remember come across woman met death drunk yorkshire woman fell well time seeing good wyf taugte hir dougter fifteenth century ofte drunke falle schame looks occasional excess might condoned exception drunkenness moving cause innumerable murderous assaults rarely given rather curious two cases found men quarrelling fatal results woman occurred ironworks yorkshire illustration got arms round knives infrequently responsible deaths without evil intent part owners quite large number cases boys playing together knife fall sheath inflict mortal wound owner twelve theoretically go prison stay till received formal pardon king accidental manslaughter say practice culprit usually suspect meant went round corner village constable carefully looked wrong place unusual incident connected knife occurred dorset girl clearing table dinner picked tablecloth knife inside went room tripped fell knife stuck date suffolk peasant william le keu flung knife wall house bounded killed infant daughter lying mother lap front fire thrown knife wall appear people always throwing things hitting inoffensive instance man fling rake flail chicken hit child children fact unhappy knack coming round corner disastrous results especially elders playing quoits pennystone village street curious cases may call indirect accident two small boys went orchard get apples threw stone tree instead bringing apple hit stone thrown long fell cousin head killed another case unforeseen happened nottinghamshire thirteenth century richard palmer climbing tree churchyard take crow nest standing bough suddenly broke result might expected richard got arms round branch hanging long time came safely broken bough fell head man standing dog died illustration broken bough fell head man standing fire second fitz stephen played part preventing might expected framework huts wood roof thatch floor covered straw rushes woman went bed leaving lighted candle stuck wall hardly surprising paid carelessness life rule victims children old people often immediate cause chicken pig calf getting open hearth scattering fire floor mediæval peasant shared hut live stock though often man called separate two horses fighting kitchen actually happen man winchester usual peacemaker got worst fire acting indirectly medium water another frequent cause disaster astonishing number cases occurring persons usually children scalded death suppose cauldrons large insecurely balanced large may concluded frequency people fell cold water perhaps deadly agent yorkshire particular coroners rolls suggest number people fell bridges boats streams wells must seriously interfered purity water supply fortunately water rarely drunk days frequent cause drowning seems falling horse mediæval version proverb man ride horse water nine ten ca stay drinks taking number cases men watering horses get drowned allowing reasonable percentage thrown water scrambled standard mediæval riding must equal white knight horse stopped fell head went fell tail occasionally propelling agent speak human case clothworker tadcaster annoyed wife flung wharfe drowned measure seems extreme plead peril shipwreck excuse syracusan ponderous things exonerated ship flung wife sea greatest burden spite verdict help feeling little sceptical incident took place bedford william miller driving certain jews cart bridge cart fell water three jews drowned read story came mind sam weller conversation pickwick father remarkable accident voters wery bad road says father near canal think says gentleman believe sir wery day came woters coach upset wery spot every man turned canal occasionally also victim voluntary case john milner contempt consequences might expect name jumped ouse consequence became mantalini called demmed moist unpleasant corpse jury decided acted temptation devil displayed certain boldness arraigning devil procuring aiding abetting felony showed discretion another quarter man wife found struck lightning modern jury declared god mediæval jury preferred less dogmatic reasonable verdict suspected pleasant note another instance body man struck lightning first found wife jury expressly exonerated saying suspected done quite certain force verdict temptation devil case suicide seems house madness fact mediæval equivalent insanity invariable verdict modern times idea man must mad take life therefore suicides insane occurred mediæval mind evidently felt cases suicide although sufficiently outside beside considered absolute lunatic strange grim little stories madmen old records wanting pathos evidence good intentions diabolically twisted tells robert de bramwyk lunatic lucid intervals therefore probably closely guarded fit frenzy took sister denise deformed hunchbacked birth wishing make straight cast cauldron hot water taking bath trampled feet straighten limbs illustration cast exception madman empiric remember come across instance operation mentioned particular class coroner records richard de berneston surgeon nottingham cut arm william de brunnesley william afterwards died heart failure rather remarkable doctors seem hardly ever held responsible death patients though find thomas rasyn leech pernel wife pardoned death john panyers miller sidmouth killed ignorance art inclusion wife seems point mediæval nursing home rule probably patient died doctor care relations took matter philosophically assumed treatment correct died case patients survived made fuss instance thomas medewe vicar hertfordshire parish fifteenth century goddys visitacion infirmyte throte local practitioner equivalent probably woman unable deal vicar came london consulted john dayvyle surgeon gave plaster throat much good cost unfortunately parties surgeon finding patient hole result first experiment insisted another plaster charged make hole result disastrous patient suche infirmitye might speke like therby dyed called another doctor circumstances perhaps natural vicar expressed feelings strongly dayvyle sent bill attendance case also edmund broke southampton came london undergo operation put hands nicholas sax stipulated fee paid advance patient according account jeopardy life unkunnyng sax call john surgeon powlez cheyn cured paid incompetent attendant claimed due course another side question patients now ready promises ill fees well william robinson instance haberdasher lombard street fell ill pestilence sent william paronus promising save reward well ever rewarded cure month attendance well declined even pay doctor expenses incurred drugs sometimes cases difficult decide right case came court mauger le vavassour member leading yorkshire family fell ill wife agnes friends including uncle henry le chapeleyn sent master otto germany evidently doctor repute promising mark come see invalid six marks undertake treatment master otto paid visit went york apothecary compounded various medicines healing drinks gave mauger excellent effect patient convalescent master otto put strict diet strict mauger grew restive wife sympathised feelings gave various forbidden foods doctor finding orders disobeyed declined accept responsibility washed hands case withdrew question arose whether entitled fees whether shown neglect leaving patient fully cured jury decided master otto ordered strict diet mauger good suggested object keeping weak increasing bill attendance also found matter fact extra food patient good harm verdict parties judges puzzled reserved decision another rather curious point cropped middle fifteenth century eryk de vedica brethren grey friars london physician skill reputation sent alice wife william stede vintner seems bad way brother eryk saw understood age jubertous sikeness difficulty persuaded attempt cure however five weeks attention soo doon hys parte vnto thought wele amended body cowde hym grete thancke gave hym labour curmudgeon husband possibly particularly pleased recovery sued brother eryk taking money technically unfortunate friar defence common law supposeth every receiving husband goods money hands wife without licence command wrongful taking away hope court chancery whose assistance invoked common law friar justice unusual friars knowledge science medicine statement read day book recently published believe author mediæval doctors course monks singularly wide truth contrary even largest monasteries customary call doctor outside case serious illness greater houses frequently retained services secular physician cathedral monastery winchester instance fourteenth century made agreement master thomas shaftesbury attend convent return board lodging board may noticed including daily allowance half gallons best ale gallon smaller brew probable also master adam albans surgeon came priory ely attend king edward last illness lanercost cathedral doctor course medical attendants attached court salaries large surgeons first two edwards paid two pounds year perquisites shape furred robes gifts money silver goblets grateful patients substantial pickings shape ecclesiastical benefices favourite way pensioning court physician give prebends rectories occasionally pension took form landed estate edward iii gave land kildare surgeon john leche grant proved rather white elephant early next reign parliament seeing evils absenteeism ordered owners estates ireland reside person else pay man assist policing country two alternatives equally trying old surgeon feelings slender precarious remuneration excusable royal doctors sometimes eye main chance fabyan tells story master dominic physician much waiting elizabeth queen edward iv birth first child princess elizabeth master dominic positive boy time came stood outside queen room myght firste shulde brynge tydynges kynge byrth prynce entent greate thanke rewarde kynge lastly harde childe crye knockyd called secretly chamber dore frayned quene answeryd ladyes ever quenes grace wythin suer fole standithe withoute confused thys answere deperted wythoute seynge kynge tyme illustration called secretly chamber position medical man attached court nobleman suite rather obscure london fourteenth fifteenth centuries surgeons city control two master surgeons acted universal consultants surgeon undertaking case involving risk life limb obliged call masters see treatment correct way veterinary surgeons liberty call advice master farrier conceit negligence horse treating died responsible owner value country practitioner quite clear licensed take title whether merely assumed doubt certain number men learning provinces sir john savage able find fisission robert pilkington macclesfield certainly required result eating mess potage containing poison grete gyrd abowte bodye iij places towells gyrdylls prevent bursting man state thousand lives age little fish nicholas culpeper say physician grete cures hym recovered rule however probable country leech little knowledge healing art many patients must remembered knowledge simple herbal remedies pretty widely diffused acquaintance elaborate preparations formed part education upper classes lady manor almost days dispense medicines moral stimulants tenants whose simple minds received therefrom much benefit yea kynges sones noble men ben eximious phisicions british museum book full recipes plasters ointments composed henry viii half century bluff gouty monarch gude erl herforth holden gud surgen though seems tendency towards extravagant multiplication ingredients prescriptions humbler ranks life every monastery infirmarian though dependent outside assistance serious cases expected treat ordinary illnesses brethren least see always ginger cinnamon peony last effectual incubus nightmare cupboard noteworthy hundreds hospitals founded prior reformation leonard york two hundred beds downwards appears provision medical attendance wardens rarely medical men master thomas goldington surgeons edward iii made warden two hospitals derby carlisle result attended private practice neglected hospitals clearly rudiments nursing assumed known resident chaplain inmates particularly women wise women doctored time mind reign elizabeth even find isabel warick practising surgery york requiring protection male rivals century earlier alice shevington servant william gregory london hirself connyng helyng sore ighen spent much time attending neighbours eyes instead master house wherefore docked part munificent wages year illustration gyrd abowte bodye iij places towells course lay knowledge herbs forth enough andrew borde man wit sound learning quoting galen phisicions nothing astronomy geomatry logycke sciences coblers curryars lether carpenters smythes al manner people wolde leave theyr craftes phisicions apereth nowe dayes many coblers fye ones without knowledge astronomy culpeper discovered certain french quack like mars capricorne pomewater apple therefore fool important also comprehend mystical properties gems many exercised healing influence herb well recognised alice lunsford member old east sussex family whose later descendants endeavoured extend antiquity forging saxon ancestors delightfully improbable christian names david joseph fell ill sent philip daubigny borrowed three rings asked back begged love god take away without recover unfortunately troops louis dauphin plundered house shortly afterwards although recover philip lost rings sapphire taken marks gems held exercise beneficent influence worn rings held mouth also administered internally amongst long list medicines made edward last illness comforting electuary made ambergis musk pearls jacinths pure gold silver lower list occurs precious electuary called dyacameron book prescriptions shows composed ginger cinnamon clove spices black white long pepper musk ambergris bone stag heart coral pure gold shavings ivory amongst things book shows still elaborate preparation called duke electuary containing fifty ingredients mostly herbal precious indigestible others electuaries kind medicated sweetmeat seem taken large quantities richard de montpelier king edward apothecary prepared pounds electuaries made sugar cost shilling pound dyacameron ran pound four ounces rose comfits flavoured pearls coral cost oriental ambergris put king food claret another expensive item drugs care master nicholas de tyngewyk physician whose skill king held high opinion proved unavailing list drugs provided scottish expedition chiefly interest showing virtue name medicine recognised six centuries ponderevo hit sonorous items oxerocrosium diaterascos apostolicon dyaculon ceroneum popilion agrippa gracia dei compounds patent medicine types galbanum armoniak apoponak bedellum collofonium mastik dragon blood simpler vegetable preparations seruse calamine litharge tutie mineral substances tutie sparkles brasen furnaces whereinto store mineral calamine beaten dust cast preparations popilion called containing poplar leaves diaterascos plaster compounded pitch wax acetic acid various aromatics ceroneum similar plaster without acid containing rather aromatics also saffron aloes litharge dyaculon third variety plaster remotely connected adhesive diachylon plasters modern times oynment called agrippa still used fifteenth century deafness date apostolicon made follows take equal quantities wormwood smallache water parsley centori waybred plantain rote osmond als muche egremoyne agrimony others seethe vinegar add ounce beeswax multen woman milk favourite solvent added alum galbanum pitch turpentine whole worked ointment sufficiently elaborate purpose makyng gracia dei take betanye pympernel vervayn ilkon handfull bothe crope rote wasshe hem clene stamp hem smalle hem new erthen pote put therto galon white wyne may get white wyne take red sethe till yt come potell let cool strain canvas seethe add mede wax bot loke wax molten first woman milke knave child pond rosyn pond gome litarge pond galbanum pond popanelke opoponax pond arestolog rotundum unce mastike wel poudred stir well als mykill baume balsam als weies peny ferthyng lete sethe whil may say iij mei hole salme take fire add gum turpentine stir till melted strain skim dirt feather cold worked hands becomes sticky consistency spread clean linen leather good manner sores perilous another method preparing gracia dei used fermory killyngworth say infirmary kenilworth priory third devised gude erl herforth much elaborate herbs used vervayne pympernel comfrey osmond dayshy mousher weybrede rib rhubarb milfoile yarrow saxon leechdom seems held good everything headaches centory anence violete flos campi campion smalache sauge egremoyn illustration led middle simple remedies successful recourse always charms either sheer pagan gibberish rhyming prayers invocations saints obviously appropriate sufferer toothache appeal appolonia tortured teeth broken mallet less obvious man falling sickness cut little finger write blood names three kings jasper balthazar melchior piece parchment hang round neck know ss nichasius cassian invoked worme cropyn mans bed well case sure charm genuine roger atte hache found wife joan ill accepted word roger clerk wandsworth skilled medical lore paid undertake cure clerk took leaf parchment book sewed cloth gold bade joan put round neck got better husband grew suspicious summoned clerk fraud clerk asked explain value piece parchment good charm fever contained words christi sanctifica similar pious expressions examination found words proved ignorant physic illiterate adjudged led middle city trumpets pipes riding horse without saddle parchment whetstone recognised symbol liar hung round neck front unseemly emblem medical profession authority common delusion beg question producing evidence common opinion england olden times mean vague period words spelled end middle place idea held temporis find safer repine past never recovered enthuse future may arrive prove disappointing also energetic persons set make world enjoy imagine schemes compulsory happiness really restore lost gaiety nation life middle ages undoubtedly highly coloured varied picturesque merrier least doubtful assumption life people reflected arts may compare life middle ages quaint irregular lines unimproved village street older parts towns winchester guildford contrast era flattest dullest periods typified brixton frivolity present day portrayed outbreak white wood flimsinesses country picture complete background behind straight sameness terrace quirked joggled sameness avenue lies nothing terrible residence mansion behind picturesque cottages frowns shadow feudal fortress huxley remarked young man see difference made monkey must made lot difference without reason names batvilayne scorchevilayne maungevilayne found amongst landowning classes men beat scorch devour villeins centuries ago ancestor present lord ashburnham oppress tenants reduced literal beggary complained justices airily reply villeins short injury life limb need answer position bulk peasantry practice often suffer obviously advantage landlord prosperous tenants hands officials swarm stewards bailiffs catchpoles forth peasants yeomen smaller gentry suffered men secure protection chain superiors reaching back great noble lived neighbours wringing money every pretext favourite weapon jury list frequency juries summoned resulting inconvenience called away work made wealthy willing pay well exemption money obtained summoning four five times many jurors required taking bribes superfluous let go home another common object kind doubt lent appearance merriness life country just wriggling worm hook lent superficial air gaiety deceived old isaak walton questionable feasters really enjoyed knew ale formed main feature meal brewed malt unwillingly contributed paying compulsory privilege consuming produce townsmen escape entirely even five hundred years ago christmas box established extortion william sevenok mayor london forbid custom servants mayor sheriffs corporation begging gifts tradesmen christmas found used threats towards give accepted gifts others bribes overlook offences trading laws christmas servants city court fleece tradesmen doubtful privilege supplying royal court provisions frequently avoided gift purveyors result rogues time time went round breweries pretending court purveyors taking money leave ale alone rogue similar type turn humour william pykemyle went town house countess norfolk pretending royal messenger left word dine king leeds castle near maidstone next day received reward royal messengers always expecting substantial tip went countess bedford gave similar message making place dining eltham whether ladies kept appointments recorded gay deceiver caught committed newgate men middle ages nothing complain extortion threats trickery might merry enough bailiffs exercised powers arbitrary arrest imprisonment another matter sheriffs downwards little brief authority used unscrupulously fill pockets dragging men prison false accusations none causing convicted felons accuse innocent participation crimes release prison depended solely payment fine officer concerned almost easily available guilty innocent occasion powers law used assist criminal punish victim misrule last years henry wilkin gloseburne accused gilbert wood killing son gilbert promptly turned tables bribing gaoler york arrested wilkin charge theft bound naked post prison kept without food paid time suffolk man stole six geese belonging constance de barnaucle possibly argued geese species notoriously grew trees property must felt case weak ran away pursued lady servant thief caught bailiffs thingoe hundred either friends saw chance getting geese let go free pursuer came showed geese naturally failed identify talked big libel actions false accusations terrified unlucky man pockets illustration failed identify besides accusations actual misdeeds charges opposing predominant favouring fallen faction used purposes extortion towards end reign edward despensers power alan teesdale chamberlain younger despenser assistance geoffrey eston villainous gaoler york started report sir john de barton spoken ill hugh le despenser whereat hugh much moved furiously threatened sir john fear power give lands appease lord two scoundrels burnt part alan mills laid blame first sir john de barton thomas vipont finally abbot byland fear despenser paid heavy compensation extorted lands master thomas de leuesham threatening accuse partisan andrew de harclay winning earldom carlisle loyalty boroughbridge following year dramatically degraded executed traitor nearly century earlier robert passelewe justice jews extorted john le prestre wealthy jew threatening commit corfe castle financed bishop carlisle hubert de burgh disgrace jew passelewe extorted amongst things cameo worth marks seems appreciation jewels appropriated emerald belonging jew hanged made benedict crispin give another cameo afterwards gave queen crispin fleeced several persons high places part another cameos engraved chariot two angels peter de rievaux treasurer jews plundered may least put credit ancestors showed fine impartiality according similar treatment christian clergy sheriff yorkshire wishing persuade master henry de percy rector wharrom surrender church handed geoffrey eston gaoler york already something bound convicted criminal kept five days without food drink end time paid released kept church encouraged followed superior example brought rector whixley geoffrey confined horrible place prison produced marks prisons probably place usually underground dungeon pit gaol exeter newgate place king bench prison called grim humour fifteenth century alexander lokke detained holy tyme cristemasse begged removed prison apart dungeons comfort prisoners depended largely possession money majesty expense dependent money supplied friends alms charitable position gaoler tyrant unenviable reign henry viii keeper norwich gaol andrew asketell uncharitabill covetous mind oppressed poor prisoners charging twice much ale cost outside ale must remembered days really people food liquid form kind people sent potte ale prisoners made servants pour drink streets break vessels often litill boy haveng veray power woman moder prison brought ye prison wyndow crok ale edward rede alderman seeing drink snatched kindly sent cruse drynk arrival widow cruse annoyed keeper came alderman insulted calling bedlam man result saw prison life fresh point view two centuries earlier newgate controlled edmund le lorimer prisoners shockingly keeping short food depriving share common alms preventing communicating friends robbed taking roger martel gold cross four garnets crapaudyn precious jewel toad bears head invaluable antidote poison inflicted severe extort money many died including knight sir john de horn roger de colney loaded irons deprived food snatched knife companion cut throat authority brutes even recorded suffolk bailiff finding recovery illness deputy guilty extortion returned money dismissed deputy reports yorkshire fairly typical bailiff earl lincoln done acts oppression rapine injuries beyond belief things beyond number astonishing related devilish acts oppression accredited steward earl warenne earl man violence turned fifth part county sussex game preserve maintained armed keepers prevent peasants driving deer corn story well known king edward commissioners demanded title held lands produced rusty sword ancestors won lands defend like stories apocryphal case distaff appropriate lands descended heiress willing protect lands sword likely enough descendants earl surrey time henry viii seems inherited lawlessness charged lewde unsemely manner walking night abowght stretes breaking wyth stonebowes catapults certeyne wyndowes appear wanted peers fact admitted verye evyll done therein sent fleet prison life must certainly exciting merrier now peaceful sussex earl john de warenne alive carrying sort private war neighbour robert aguillon also bad terms neighbour william de braose west midhurst john de bohun displayed contempt law attacking luke de vienne high road ducking way hold court son namesake william de braose showed temper insulting justices king court given judgment edward man excuse conduct indeed banished prince wales court insolence towards judge braose walk penitential garb westminster hall court sitting apologise justice examples set lords surprising smaller men adopted attitude swagger arrogance riding armed followers markets fairs mere pleasure frightening people example apparently pointless insolence constable shrewsbury gave groom go village cressage calling wekare insult men women character insult obvious evidently clear concerned woman dared remonstrate groom struck wounded man came assistance fly shot lord obtained full compensation illustration ducking whatever meaning doubt insult conveyed robert sutton roger portland clerk sheriff london exclaimed full court tprhurt monosyllable trumpet blast contempt significance surely require emphasised robert thumb whether nose stated pity interesting find nose flourishing city officers particularly mayors aldermen touchy seeing punishing abominable abuse harmless retort sympathy certainly collard cobbler sent prison norwich mayor ordered take beard refused ones shaven made othe wolde never berde evell shaven still doubt however arbitrary authorities may also trials officials often abused powers another side question smaller men william de braose occasion tell judges thought henry de biskele came sussex county court asked leave say certain matters king behalf obtained silence attention whole court broke violent abuse justices calling liar using opprobrious terms lucky escape fine fifty years later violent act contempt court occurred pevensey john de molyns queen steward came hold court busy appointed deputy take place morning official seems irritated townsmen ordered withdraw outside bar contrary local custom roger porter replied challenging come outside fight luncheon interval deputy reported state affairs afternoon steward came court preceded portreeve carrying white wand office townsmen refused come summoned roger simon porter particular declaring bound attend last steward rose wrath started seize two porters fled house drawn swords stood doorway pitched battle ensued steward men several injured end victory rested law illustration drawn swords stood even king court westminster safe disturbance john parles acting attorney adam basset plea debt florence de aldham waiting great hall westminster court session sitting table sellers jewels seem lower end hall used stalls rate peddling jewellery even cases proceeding presently florence came two men abused john parles threatening kill abandon suit richard calware dragged table struck blow drew blood thomas newark whipped knife killed restrained john made way bar complained judges ordered arrest assailants struggled towards door joined thomas thornhamton sword drawn clerks court apprentices attorneys barred doors disarmed handed warden tower cases disturbers peace met prompt defeat sometimes successful though success usually temporary vengeance overtook sooner later courts seem unpopular church dealing moral offences touched lives people way must led constant irritation even archdeacons summoners unfair extortionate pretty general opinion mediæval englishmen chaucer contemporary john belgrave archdeacon leicester going hold court set church clearly written bill setting forth archdeacon officials might well rank judges condemned susannah giving unrighteous judgment oppressing innocent suffering evildoers terrified archdeacon officials possibly made cowards consciences dared hold courts civil courts also liable broken especially courts held sheriffs occasion fourteenth century sheriff sussex holding court john ashburnham rode small boy bearing tabard threatened sheriff incontinently fled hasten going ashburnham whistled fingers accomplishment must admit never managed attain spite repeated efforts whistle esquire men ambush suddenly rose even assize courts liable interfered especially north end reign edward ii lancashire several men position rode armed bands turned courts fifty sixty ruffians persuade adversaries proceed suits peaceful picketing proved unavailing terrorise justices chief sir walter bradshaw sworn adherents sir adam banaster rebellion assisted attack liverpool castle capture halton fled country defeat friends preston returning later carried private war sir richard de holand another ruffian kidney riding small armies oppressing tenants openly defying courts quarrels county families undoubtedly exciting process cutting another conducted swords instead averted eyes upturned noses whether conducive merriness rival retainers may doubted retainers may trust sir ralph evers always play parts politeness courtesy masters displayed fact occasion remonstrated sir roger hastings servant saying false hurson kaytyffes shall lerne curtesy knowe gentilman possible feeling irritated time lying wait ambush sir roger must annoying find caught servants sir roger seems rather grudge ralph jenner way church christmas day discovered ralph church decided season peace goodwill suitable occasion make end quarrel adversary vicar flung knees lady hastings ran ralph jenner exclaiming worthe man day chirche wolbe suspended slayn withoute flee away gette oute sighte whereupon ralph either consideration parishioners prudently fled illustration incontinently sometimes happened imperious gentry reaped reward lawlessness goaded oppressed tenants active rebellion early twelfth century sheriff hants found grimly entering accounts money spent justice peasants burned lord faccombe county john punchardon lord manor dragged bed sunday night carried fields done death case probably personal feeling matter murderers included five members family cosyn whose ancestors formerly held manor now come position labourers case motive rebellion clearly resentment oppression occurred preston sussex villeins simon de pierpoint set fire drawn knives flourished axes compelled swear gospels demand services without consent take action violence time destroyed lord tabard beat charger never used slew falcon wreaking wrath outward signs nobility revolts much common towns instance lynne robert muhaut tried exercise authority new direction crowd tradesmen leadership prior assaulted house dragged made stand stall swear host interfere town officers bristol also time burgesses quarrelled castellan barricaded streets erected embattled wall behind shot castle oxford watchmen several occasions shot arrows known recent times casual shot proctor lump sugar disastrous effects shooter illustration compellyd devour lords manors town officials judges occasionally found authority slighted persons endangered disrespect subservient trials compared inferior officers bailiffs fourteenth century philip berwick elected bailiff hailsham fly life escape certain john buckholt terrorised whole neighbourhood chasing vicar church killing several persons frightening coroner dared hold inquests men john buckholt known king among people life bailiff happy particular life exciting necessarily merry hardly cheering man serve writ drayton basset know offenders boasting ever wold bolde serve warrant shuld runne pycheforke also uncommon experience thomas talbot thomas gaiford served writ agnes motte upp neghburs wepyns drawen slee mordre bryngers writte compellyd devour writte ther sitting ther knees saving ther lyves eete writte bothe wex parchement fact number similar instances recorded almost seem must accustomed diet wax parchment seems also custom serving writs church unattended risk sacredness place seem always subdued temper recipient william nash served writ john archer ilmingdon churchyard retorted threatening make eat afterwards nash kneeling church came longenekked horesson goddes armes shalt hanged ere ete holy bred john cheyney also served writ church took server shoulders thrust church saying slit nose stove eyes crop ears hym curtall illustration thrust taking consideration injuries inflicted powerful men authority subject pains suffered responsibilities office without powers think mediæval populace always merry bright reading article still thinks england middle ages place say robert sutton tprhurt vi ivory apes peacocks sentence biblical account wonders solomon reign always fascination three years came navy tarshish bringing gold silver ivory apes peacocks fascination lies crude magnificence tusks ingots burnished brilliance peacocks uncanny human grotesqueness apes varied multitude unnamed articles must constituted cargo ships tarshish gaudy tissues interwoven strange shells swords carvings wood mysterious almug tree possibly almug tree mysterious man admit always carefully avoided looking might say purple cow never saw almug tree never want see certain prove vast disappointment unlading ship enlarged must admitted less personal version unpacking christmas hamper joy apportioned childhood nine cases ten maturer years lose appreciation disinterring unexpected swathings paper string straw opportunities denied us course given unpack ship may persons little imagination bill lading seems dull uninspiring every list potential hamper bill lading fifteenth century added something feeling turning drawer old forgotten bureau everyday objects time now unfamiliar ingenuity taxed guess use hand quite shock find things still use known long ago illustration agnus dei hold ship like poverty makes strange acquaint hundred distaves emblems peaceful came london port side side dozen swords latter gerard van barle must either armourer business large scale else army contractor six hundred oranges fifteen penny find sandwiched eight barrels varnish nine glass cups jar preserved dates thrust twelve yards linen cloth barrel containing seven half dozen beaver hats ship dieppe came winchelsea harbour damask satin pipes wine razors needles mantles leopard skins five gross eight gross latten dei last regret say seem considerably less valued books accompanied plaques stamped figure holy lamb seem common word became synonym plaque inventory jewels henry vii occurs agnus salutation lady way component parts rosary became intimately associated men minds prayers read list cargo amber coral tin impossible sure whether rosaries beads modern sense ornaments devotional objects naturally figured largely imports mediæval days images painted wood tin occurring frequency london customs accounts alabaster carvings england particular nottingham famous form quite interesting exports fifteenth century whole must admitted exports time dull compared imports cloth hides corn uninspiring merchandise although frequent mention ale beer might cheer heart belloc late calverley leaves cold item however interesting exports bristol constant occurrence cargoes ireland nowhere else casks wine looks like injustice ireland untempting liquor went good quantity honey possibly counteract acidity really things kettles may endeared irish imaginary connection assault exported cloth uninspiring lack variety charge brought imported stuffs room imagination cargo matthew clayson boat brought kerchiefs cyprus syria least interpret oriental kerchiefs glittering kerchiefs lb pins wherewith fasten also something satisfactory baudrik powdered cyprian gold even chamelet sarcenet delight old drapery terms whatever merits materials feel modern trade terms viyella eoline names feeble finicking besides arras bayes bewpers boulters borratoes buffins bustyans bombacyes calimancoes carrells dornicks frisadoes fustians grograines mockadoes minnikins makarells oliotts pomettes plumettes perpetuanas rashes russells sayes stamells tukes tamettes woadmolles similar words fascination partly fascination unknown grateful tell walter hake brought london port besides two barrels fourteen nests mazer cups recognisable goods carried three thousand five hundred ten hundred much puzzling eight thousand good work admit temptation endow work plurality set load good works opposition contemporary rabelaisian cargo portingale illustration playing innumerable far cargoes ships greatly resembled ships tarshish peacocks seek easily find ivory shape combs apes rye brought home four dozen baboons must however admitted baboons found home zoo fact little grotesque figures sense word occurs often mediæval inventories edward iii number pieces plate cup described gilt enamelled babwynrie time real monkey common enough object figures margin scores illuminated manuscripts playing innumerable pranks infrequently dress priest monk friar monkeys kept many nobles thomas becket went chancellor england embassy court france ape sat every pack horse gorgeous cavalcade merchandise venice included japes marmusettes tayled far ape common import many seaports monkeys figured customs lists due norwich small sum monkey lists also found bear norwich paid admission country bears even commoner sights monkeys performing bears charge itinerant showmen many poor brutes kept sport baited dogs probably purposes sport sir john bourchier earl bath kept bears reformation stabled dismantled priory black friars fisherton near salisbury lived happily according harry sutton keeper john davy agnes wife naughty persons broke close kept agnes thene wyckyd damnable disposicion scattered poisoned bread ground water bears drank result three bears died also poor man sow drank pond poor woman washed face water swelled like died take leave think exaggeration part harry sutton always another side every story according john davy lease part friary lands wife quite peaceably walking sutton frighten away untied grettyste terryble bere set whereat affrayed abashed ran away running fell sow poor man sow died sow lead received hurt died two versions singularly divergent sutton show three dead bears sow support story davy show dead wife support henry iii proud possessor polar bear used taken swim thames disport catch fish doubt great joy young londoners present king norway gifts strange beasts often made kings favourites naturally lions leopards allusion royal arms black prince occasion sending father lion leopard passing may remarked curious trait heraldic lion look man face lion looks becomes leopard admit sounds rather like schoolboy description tortuous river palestine jordan runs straight middle map look wriggles none less fact early heraldry lean fearsome beast duty lion seen profile called leopard full face shown true later generation heraldic writers converted three golden leopards england passant guardant leopards us prefer heraldry classic period debased jargonised descendant leopards remain time live lions hardly expected look continuously left shoulders royal menagerie tower usually stocked real leopards well lions generations indeed centuries lions tower enjoyed much privileged position eponymous bears berne emphatically sight country cousins humane version ad leones taken name became remains synonymous baedeker illustration lion looks becomes mediæval englishmen seem partiality strange beasts combined reluctance pay exorbitant fees seeing edward iii order mayor sheriffs london protect roger owery john want committed custody certain egyptian beast called various persons apparently wished see beast without paying threatened assault kill creature clear possibly aurochs buffalo borde beast bovy bohemia whatever keepers doubt looked forward making good thing exhibiting seem doubtful bargain fate befell thomas charles william lynde just century later obtained king keeping called estrich sent ostrich round country charge richard axsmith john piers disporte sight hym kynges true lieges incidentally though think worth mentioning put money pockets hit oother mysdoers certain places wher lite reverence doon shewed anything kinges dede hathe proven withoute cause wrongfully doon grete trespasses offenses wel foul richard axsmyth john piers royston mob egged prior assaulted keepers caused ostrich ben seyn alle peuple unfortunate sore may never hool hit hym wel appereth came norwich sheriffs cast prison flemings foul seyn common strete alle peuple list come seen hym nought better luck next town bury edmunds imprisoned bird exhibited nothing townsmen hem made hem hardy go kinges foule among peuple without commission seems end tour eastern counties illustration unfortunate fowle hurten sore ostrich often occur name egg often made cup name griffon egg ey edward iii de greffon henry iv possibly time term conventional true origin egg known mounted white ostriches griffin half eagle half lion popular mediæval beast specimen ever recorded taken round show may due fact beast much disdaineth vassalrey subjection never surprised alive appearance amongst jewels richard ii almsdish supported two griffons suggests analogy modern relation jubjub charity meetings stands door collects though subscribe doubt thrown examples griffon eggs still dubitable vessel made horn griffon mounted copper gilt belonged edward iii may well rank relic preserved cathedral priory rochester rod moses budded view fact aaron rod budded griffon horns forefathers never chance seeing griffon failed appreciate ostrich see question saw appreciated first elephant landed england present king louis france henry iii landed sandwich whence proceeded leisurely london filling beholders astonishment lived couple years successor came know suspect long interval england visited elephant lamented decease sat portrait matthew paris another contemporary chronicler resulting sketches quite recognisable elephant favourite subject mediæval artists though earl arundel piece tapestry probably oriental lions olyfauntes imagery wants know like go old house market street rye see just piece tapestry reproduced talking elephants learned man many years back wrote article fascinating title elephant became bishop matter fact dealt evolution chess title fairy tale elephants mediævally minded infallibly suggest dragons notorious bitter enmity elephants dragons subject dragons wide far know last western europe least killed roman campagna slayer dying poison breath less half century precise young dragon nine feet long wings just sprouting seen sussex faygate leonards forest course earlier times much numerous switzerland swarmed fact lucerne seems almost much happy dragon cockatrice now cook tourist northern counties especially durham northumberland also much pestered worms two estates held bishop durham early time exhibiting annually swords redoubtable ancestors tenants slain worm sockburn fearsome brawn brancepeth boar ordinary boars ordinary cattle dun cow slain guy warwick sword still shown warwick castle perhaps satisfactory dragon record slain rhodes deodatus de gonzago wily prudent knight constructed pantomine dragon pattern real article made two servants get inside work realistically manner accustomed horse dogs trouble rewarded death monster election mastership knights john another famous dragon tarask seems mary magdalene landed marseilles installed dragon cave dragon unceremoniously ejected went higher rhone luck first person met landing martha gave good dressing handed peasants slew immortalised name tarascon great many varieties dragons think curious met silver gilt belonging henry iv described guyse boterflie anything less like dragon butterfly difficult imagine time terrible beasts seem quite insignificant amphisbæna though developed bestiaries fearsome dragon head end started quite small worm small indeed whole carried person without inconvenience carried prevented wearer ever feeling chilly respect seem opposite salamander whose flesh cold quenched fire henry bought parrot two monkeys three salamanders fishmonger wonder salamanders squabby unattractive lizard black yellow spots now goes name fear king must disappointed experimented alleged ability live fire least extinguish fear disappointment shared salamanders illustration constructed pantomime dragon pattern real besides monsters land air course mediæval varieties matthew paris records monster bigger biggest whale thrown coast norfolk year first elephant came almost wondered two started fallen overboard drowned quite accident came legal case connected sea monster arising foreshore rights rights wreck showed creature whatever much alive first seen less six boats sunk effecting capture unfortunately description monster given probably great sperm whale fifteen years earlier according chronicler great battle whales mouth thames wounded came river just managed squeeze arches london bridge got far mortlake killed monster least started life river developed well afterwards took land terrible lambton worm seems nuisance danger long got trough full milk regularly content lie coiled round lambton hill terrible beasts basilisk always felt affection since saw portrait carpaccio church george sclavs much furious argument gondolier knew george giorgio maggiore venice cockatrice strange hybrid two basilcok known chiefly mean unrelenting enmity centichore yale strange now sits sat yore bridge hampton court terrible beasts none morally destructive noble friend man horse everybody knows famous derivation hypocrite two greek words hippos horse krites judge therefore deceiver archbishop york seem opinion inhibited cellarer newburg dealing horses ground fitting man religion negotiations buyer seller almost impossible avoid sin well john hill vicar coliton devon considered sold horse walter trouns horse contracted divers diseases incapable working description horse seem breed hired william driffeld thomas plevener london innkeeper warantized hakeney helth habilitie well trewlay carry master william walsingham whither going doubt pilgrimage spite warranty hackney covered twenty miles myght go ferther left ware died dyverse infyrmytes richard chapman similar experience hired horse christopher thomas carry york end first day hym morefounded probably hirers horses threw blame clients robert grene confused corsair pirate sold horse john bonauntre complained john rode hors result utterly destroyed though whether due delicacy horse intended ornament outrajus rydyng purchaser clear mules might expect occasionally gave much trouble horses welsh clergyman fifteenth century john yevan name brother clerk john grigge managed plant mule whiche wold gret labour desyre sir john grigge toke mule warantie shuld bere hym rome london orells paye therefore exactly happened journey revealed mule seem proved several degree aggravating modestine cevennes john yevan fayne glad make cambicion exchange waye gret hurte hynderance felt much injured called account missing mule return good man knowledge legal jargon seems oral rather literary invoked magic law demanding sorserare easy recognise writ illustration deadly vicarious insults crop tails adversary horses seem bad biblical custom cutting skirts messengers john enot archdeacon buckingham fifteenth century complained tearfully thomas coneloye lawless irish connelly prevented carrying duties punishment sinners caused tails horses cut similar insult thomas becket caused archbishop furious denunciation enemies led murder canonisation follows owe chaucer curtailment archbishop horses insult assault short journey horses brought many reminded point adventure vicar dog fell wise william russell vicar mere somerset time reign henry left church five good friday evening occupyed day hyryng confessions locked church turned homewards way met parishioners john totyn evil man dredyng god ne censers chirche totyn hand staff grete pyke yren end horryble grete dogge called lymer attacked vicar stered saide dogge renne hym callyng hym name saide hay dewgarde clear whether dog name dieugarde seems rather unlikely dugald possible rather incline idea totyn really dog provincial accent gude darg fact anyhow saide dogge knowyng condicions maister ran vicar bote hym arme iij places pullyd hym downe grounde twyes likely murthored saide john totyn dogge good vicar recollection exciting incident becomes oblivious grammar changes subject verbs god woold smote dogge chirche dore key ere dogge departed next day worthy william russell trotted patron abbot glastonbury showed injuries shurte beyng full blode gowne torne arme sore byten got cold comfort scant sympathy totyn abbot servant abbot doon doon defence man shall coste xl shalte man wrong lete wete wyll defende hym illustration showed dogs kinds greyhound mongrel grim hound spaniel brach lym bobtail tike trundle tail figure often enough old records often enough got owners trouble poaching frequently complained assault might expected remember coming across rather interesting case man complained neighbour dogs chased tame deer belonging daughter interfered rescue bitten hands keeping tame deer common enough edward iii tame hind brought albans woodstock occasion couple centuries later lincolnshire clergyman john barnardiston rector great coates recreation comfort amusement friends kept brought tame hynde calfe unfortunately annoyed sir christopher askew instigated william morecropp evyll disposed persons kill hind discovered frequented day night carried morecropp house assembled next day force aryms saye wyth staves bylles swordes bokelers almost excessive armament purpose slew unfortunate hind carried body sir christopher barnardiston complained wantonly made gret game sport therat threatened worse befall sit still sympathising rector loss pet difficult deny assembly ruffians fully armed swords bucklers tackle tame little fawn suggests tailors set kill snail without ludicrous side illustration fully armed swords printed constable printers majesty edinburgh university press footnotes june record man acts torture worth preserving though obvious reasons best left original latin unum vermem qui vocatur clok sheep tick et posuit infra virgam roberti de alverton et ligavit virgam cum parva corda et posuit ipsum robertum super unam cordam et ligavit cordam de una trabe ad aliam et fecit ipsum moveri super cordam predictam et membra sua frotari quousque finem fecit pro marcis transcriber notes passages italics indicated superscripted characters indicated superscript illustration philosophers mount olympus mediaeval lore bartholomew anglicus robert steele preface william morris holy haunted forest boughs holy air water fire keats preface long since middle ages literature book gives us curious examples supposed unaccountable phenomenon accidentally thrust betwixt two periods civilisation classical modern forming period without growth meaning period began time decay roman empire ended suddenly less unaccountably time reformation society period supposed lawless chaotic ethics mere conscious hypocrisy art gloomy barbarous fanaticism literature formless jargon savages science side human intelligence supposed invention time middle ages dead two hundred years light researches modern historians archaeologists bibliographers others let view middle ages dispersed cloud ignorance subject natural defects qualities learned men keen critics eighteenth early part nineteenth centuries whig theory life failing us branches human intelligence ethics politics art literature beginning regarded wider point view fathers grandfathers see many years growing reaction dull grey narrowness eighteenth century looked europe last thousand years riotous hopeless stupid prison true side art alone enlightenment began even side progressed slowly enough first sir walter scott feels obliged apologize pedantry instinctive love gothic architecture less true follies enough mingled really useful healthful birth romanticism art literature last study facts men neither artistic sentimental came help first glimmer instinct gradually something like true insight life middle ages gained see world europe running round circle now developing sometimes stupendous speed something different age succeeds different wherein live men times longer puzzles us understand aspirations sympathise lives time wish say hope put back clock start position held indeed characteristic times live whereas beginning romantic reaction supporters part mere temporis present time take pleasure studying life middle ages commonly found ranks pledged forward movement modern life vainly striving stem progress world careless past fearful future short history new sense modern times great compensation losses centuries now teaching us worthily making us feel past dead living us alive future now helping make mind therefore excuse needful attempt made following pages familiarise reading public famous middle ages reader enjoy must cast away exploded theory invincible wilful ignorance days written people time eagerly desirous knowledge teachers mostly intelligent men diligence laboriousness almost past belief properties things bartholomew englishman huge encyclopaedias written early middle age instruction wished learn reputation fellows shows much science day appreciated public large many wished learn even apart interest showing tendency men minds days science actually tell fairy tales book delightful english garb language simple author speaking word mouth time pleasant lacking certain quaint floweriness makes easier retain book altogether introduction study mediaeval encyclopaedia insight works give us thought past desire knowledge make book agreeable useful repeat hopeful sign times students science find drawn towards historical aspect world men show minds enlarged narrowed special studies defect apt mar qualities seekers natural facts must now hope called epoch intelligence dominated whig politics empirical science william morris introduction prologue translator mediaeval science mediaeval manners mediaeval medicine mediaeval geography mediaeval natural history trees mediaeval natural history birds fishes mediaeval natural history animals sources book bibliography glossary introduction book book offer public today drawn widely read books mediaeval times written english franciscan bartholomew middle thirteenth century probably speedily travelled europe translated french order charles spanish dutch english popularity almost unexampled explained scope work stated translator prologue written explain allusions natural objects met scriptures gloss fact account properties things general encyclopaedia similes benefit village preaching friar written men without deep sometimes without assuming previous information giving fairly clear statement state knowledge time book readily welcomed class designed small nucleus educated class slowly forming popularity remained full vigour invention printing less ten editions published fifteenth century latin copy alone four french translations dutch spanish english first years modern commercial system gave popularity characteristically mediaeval work though effort made revive attempt unsuccessful quite naturally since book written men desirous hear wonders strange lands give accurate account anything man bought cinnamon stourbridge fair felt poorer told shot phoenix nest leaden arrows merchant wished know grown much pay pound bought first hand attempt reconcile frames mind foredoomed failure interest bartholomew interest bartholomew work modern readers twofold value literature pure simple important documents help rebuild fabric mediaeval life charm style lies simple forcible language simplicity suits matter well hand forget translation translation hand mediaeval latin englishman english greatest difficulties way student place mental attitude man middle ages towards nature yet appreciate solutions philosophers time offered problems nature author affords perhaps simplest way learning chaucer perhaps shakespeare knew believed surroundings earth air sea plan work constructed led bartholomew order universe god angels fire water air earth therein obtain succinct account popular mediaeval theories astronomy physiology physics chemistry geography natural history unattainable otherwise aim chapter science give sufficient extracts mark theories mediaeval science based methods reasoning results arrived chapter medicine gives account popular cures notions day geography resumes traditions current foreign lands time ireland greater distance rome less known syria chapter mediaeval society perhaps daily life middle ages least ideal set pastors masters ideal direct relationship everyday facts life lord servant husband wife child find picture information obtained daily life time chapter natural history plants gives incidentally history animals student literature find richest mine allusions list similes shakespeare explained author fill volume like writers simply lift book wholesale chester du bartas write page page rhyme versified direct bartholomew jonson spenser marlowe massinger make ample use lyly drayton owe heavy debt considerations space forbid insertion every extract made editor collected several passages authors view illustrating immense importance book elizabethan literature without reason ireland chose justified making selection passages work modern readers altering text extent modernised spelling case entirely obsolete grammatical forms substituted modern ones case utterly dead word followed course substituting word root exists none found left unchanged text accordingly short glossary added includes many words may hope dead sleeping cases word inserted marked italics perhaps may allowed say word defence principle modernising earliest literature early english poetry general striking exceptions incapable written spelling days without losing makes verse reason dealing masterpieces early english prose maintaining obsolete forms spelling grammar hamper passage thought mind mind across centuries editors shakespeare bible general use long assumed privilege altering spelling except principle earlier works important read people leisure inclination familiarise eyes peculiarities middle english reason stopping century earlier point course number obsolete words becomes great text read without dictionary limit reached caxton trevisa many others well within good remove obstacles prevent ordinary reader feeling continuity mother tongue facts known author life summarised miss toulmin smith article national sixteenth century generally believed date belonged glanvilles honourable suffolk family middle ages seems authority whatever statement first hear letter provincial franciscans saxony provincial france asking bartholomew anglicus another friar sent assist province next year chronicle reports two sent bartholomew anglicus appointed teacher holy theology brethren province learn salimbene wrote chronicles parma professor theology university paris lectured whole bible subject treating referred elephant belonging emperor salimbene quotes passage elephant proprietatibus may quotation found roger bacon date date work seems fairly easy fix seen later amable jourdain fixes fact particular translations aristotle bartholomew quotes latin arabic went almost universally use hand quotations made albertus magnus paris written near year evident fact quotations made vincent beauvais thomas aquinas roger bacon egidius colonna paris second half thirteenth century earliest known ashmole collection written two french mss dated respectively beginning chapter work immediate lasting success bartholomew anglicus became known magister de proprietatibus rerum book list students borrow university chest probable much popularity due fact teacher many years grey friars popular human preachers day carried book stories wherever went chief sources author inspiration notable relies dionysius areopagite heaven angels aristotle physics natural history pliny natural history isidore seville etymology albumazar al faragus arab writers astronomy constantinus afer pantegna medical science physiologus bestiarium lapidarium properties gems animals etc besides quotes many writers list given appendix little known modern readers translation principles translation quote made sir thomas lord berkeley john trevisa chaplain owe good englishman something works english prose called existence yet printed may see another proof owe chaucer language stamped seal great poet henceforth sufficient people speak ample expression thoughts needs selecting book principles guided editor general reader desires offer fair representation work bartholomew anglicus preserving language style fair work must sometimes dull whole book many dull passages desired select passages interest quaint language views things often misrepresentations matters common knowledge bearing literature country student literature science find materials history growth read conclusion editor ventures hope work unwelcome numerous growing class love english sake noblest tongue earth desire forget rock hewn pit digged first selection naturally translator prologue shortened form berthelet present editor work avoid confusion printed small type throughout prologue translator true noble expert doctrine wise welllearned philosophers left remaining us writing know properties things follow ensue substance herefore order distinction substances order distinction properties things shall ensue things work books ensuing grace help assistance mighty god compiled made marvel ye witty eloquent readers thin wit void cunning translated book latin vulgar language thing profitable peradventure many understand latin knowledge properties things things approved books great cunning clerks experience witty noble philosophers properties things full necessary great value desirous understand obscurities darkness holy scriptures given us figures parables semblance likelihoods things natural artificial saint denys great philosopher solemn clerk book named heavenly hierarchies angels testifieth witnesseth saying manner ever man conject feign imagine suppose say thing impossible light heavenly divine clearness covered closed deity godhead shine us diversities holy covertures also possible wit intendment might ascend contemplation heavenly hierarchies immaterial wit led material thing man led hand forms visible wit may led consideration greatness magnitude excellent beauteous clarity divine invisible reciteth also blessed apostle paul epistles saying things visible made visible man may see know inward sight intellectual divine celestial godly things invisible natural sight devout doctors theology divinity consideration prudently wisely read use natural philosophy moral poets fictions feigned informations fine end likelihood similitude things visible wit understanding spiritually clear crafty utterance words may well ordered uttered things corporeal may coupled things spiritual things visible may conjoined things invisible excited causes edifying people contained christian faith almighty christ jesus whose majesty divine incomprehensible speak becometh man great excellent worship honour inward dreadful fear loth offend purpose say somewhat correction excellent learned doctors wise men every creature reasonable believe blessed christian faith endeth prologue mediaeval science following selections give idea natural science middle ages introducing editor attempt give connected account show though study seems involve difficulties explanation simple make great demand reader patience earliest times men asked two questions nature mediaeval science concerned former modern science thinks learnt answer question given concerns latter happens becomes sympathy thought time less interest self work past distinguished disregard think important striving unattainable goal however necessary enjoy chaucer dante shakespeare obtain notion system universe drew many analogies symbolism dante appears us unnaturally strained know science day saw everything symbolic appreciate strength chaucer metaphor firste moving cruel firmament diurnal swegh croudest ay hurtlest est til occident naturally wold hold another way without knowledge astronomy day first extracts explain deal mystery constitution substances fascinating us early greeks begin definitions matter form principal design early philosophers physics explain everything generated trace different states things pass become perfect observed thing generated indifferently example marble capable making flesh bodies compounded principles alone connected simple way imagined made simple compounds ultimate compounds may express elements number elements variously estimated generally taken four number arrived rather consideration sensations bodies awaken us study bodies aristotle gives us train thought number reached considers qualities observed senses classifying heat cold dryness hardness moistness capability becoming liquid may partially two time substance four possible combinations cold dry cold moist hot dry hot moist names prototypes earth water fire air distinguishing elements actual earth everyday life habit extending analogies beyond legitimate application source confusion early ages science superstitions primitive religion astrology alchemy arose source good example extension metaphor words words constant use scientific works nineteenth century began generation production substance corruption destruction substance ceasing fire generated wood corrupted latter burnt implicit metaphor use terms likens substances human body production destruction implies liability disease prepares way notion elixir first potion giving long life curing bodily ailments time remedy diseased metals philosopher stone seen theory mediaeval alchemist matter entity filling space different places different forms impressed elements preliminary grouping might present two three four time substance attempt ever made separate elements scientific men just attempt ever made isolate ether physical speculations theory modern physicists ether vortices answers almost exactly matter form ancients nature vortices conditioning matter extracts book xi bring us another class substances compound bodies classified imperfect perfect imperfect compounds meteors extent resemble elements fiery rainbow watery dew extract rainbow somewhat typical faults ancient science note taken rare occurrence lunar rainbow describing common error palpable kind made placing blue middle green lowest colour obviously wrong inexplicable know facts cut square theories old days next extract bartholomew account spirits animating man quoted length gives us mediaeval theory means life motion knowledge shown body every reader shakespeare chaucer becomes familiar vital animal natural spirits supposed communicate parts body means arteries wosen nimble spirits arteries sinews nerves word sinew way exactly equal word nerve ayenward author say hamlet bursts friends explains vigour rush spirit arteries makes petty artery body hardy nemean lion nerve natural spirit generated liver seat digestion nourishment administered passes heart manifests spirit life thence passes brain animal spirit spirit animate rossetti calls dwelling brain brain three ventricles chambers cell fantastike knight tale second logistic third chamber memory memory warder brain keeps watch passage spirit sinews moving foremost cell come perceptions sight hearing opportunity fantasy plays eyesight freak us pedant holofernes labour lost characteristically puts origin good things ventricle memory specimen physical science time editor gives extracts chapter light introduction extracts enough give idea mediaeval astronomy made large demands patience reader editor decided regret omit altogether universe considered sphere whose centre earth whose circumference revolved two fixed points author decide nice point dispute philosophers theologians former holding latter insisting seven fairy ethereal olympian fiery firmament watery empyrean firmament majestical roof fretted golden fire part heaven planets move carries round governs tides stood men type irresistible regularity planets naturally motion contrary direction firmament east west fixed stars move circles whose centre centre universe courses planets among moon reckoned depend circles called eccentric since centre elsewhere either centre circumference circle planet really moves applied circumference eccentric circle way movements planets fully explained author sorely puzzled account existence watery heavens fiery cold moist sure scriptural reasons ventures hypothesis presence may account sluggish evil properties saturn planet whose circle nearest considered simpler substances composed pure elemental forms resembling meteors turn perfect compounds assumed substantial forms metals stones etc author retains aristotelian classification earthy origin beasts roots trees earths may metals fossils metals defined hard bodies generated earth veins beaten hammer softened liquefied heat fossils include inanimate objects large number extracts made part subject book gives position positive distinguished speculative alchemy time editor desire show period system theory based practical knowledge day chemistry took rise science four hundred years era fragments two four books democritus probably earliest treatise chemical matters ever likely get hold whether work democritus much later writer uncertain merely taking representative work early stage chemistry remark receipts practicable little modified use goldsmith shops fragments remaining us manufacture gold silver receipt dyeing purple state science collection facts chief point purely chemical theory seems formed tradition confirmed latest researches associates stage egypt second stage history chemistry birth alchemy western world occurred egyptian practical receipts philosophies chinese dreams elixir vitae fused arab syriac writers period activity ranges seventh tenth centuries little really known arabic texts abundant europe translated classified scholar chemist standpoint many works translated latin end tenth century spurious fourth book treatises formed european speculation theoretical chemistry author derived third stage chemistry begins fourteenth ends sixteenth century characterized immense growth theory fertile imagination untiring industry reached height england represented reputed works lully vixit circ first appeared date period practical alchemy trial fourth stage begins boyle closes eighteenth century still dominion theoretical alchemy practical alchemy rejected interest concentrated collection facts led modern chemistry begins lavoisier introduction balance study chemical change chemical theory author time stood somewhat metals regarded elemental composition considered partake nature earth water air various proportions fossils things generated earth metals subdivided two classes liquefy heated sulphur nitre metals considered composed sulphur mercury substances compounds act elements composition metals sulphur represented combustible aspect also gave solid form mercury weight powers becoming fluid due theory due two main facts ores metals especially copper lead contain much sulphur either obtained pure recognised smell burning gave rise sulphur theory presence mercury inferred doubtless resemblance commonly molten metals silver tin lead quicksilver properties metal put presence substances list seven metals ancient times gold electrum silver copper tin lead iron clearly recognised electrum alloy gold silver facts book derived pliny isidore theory arab origin fact alone convince us consideration composition metals shows us tin nearest properties metals precious ones tin precisely metal chosen arab alchemists chrysopoeia beside scientific interest passages supplied many analogies troilus piling lover oaths cressida final words iron adamant earth centre chapter adamant supplies origin allusion part astronomy gives diamonds still unfortunately precious stones reconciliation love author bespeaks editor lengthened chapter extracts giving occult properties gems contented quoting chapter glass new simile old story matter form principles bodily things privation matter form naught else destruction things subtle high matter kind able receive form shape thick earthly feeble receive impression printing forms shapes matter principle beginning distinction diversity multiplying things gendered thing gendereth thing gendered diverse touching matter therefore thing gendered without matter thing gendereth thing gendered substance kind fareth persons trinity form diversity thing diverse another form essential accidental essential form cometh matter maketh perfect accordeth therewith perfection thing form thing form destroyed nothing substance thing found form accidental perfection things giveth form accidental needeth form substantial form simple actual noble matter form asketh shall printed matter matter disposed also arrayed fire shall made matter earth needeth matter earth made subtle pured simple form maketh matter known matter cause see things made nothing common general matter natheless nothing unknown matter matter never seen without form form may seen deed joined matter elements simple least particles body compound called least touching us perceived wits feeling least part last undoing body first composition called simple element simple without composition parts compound diverse kind number medlied bodies fareth metals parts diverse part air earth part fire fire others elements four four qualities elements every body composed made matter four elements earth water fire air proper qualities four called first principal qualities hot cold dry moist called first qualities slide first elements things made elements two qualities called active heat coldness others dry wetness called passive rainbow impression gendered hollow cloud dewy disposed rain endless many gutters shining mirror shapen bow sheweth divers colours gendered beams sun moon seldom gendered beams moon twice fifty years aristotle saith rainbow cause clearness seen divers forms kinds shapes contrary therefore bow seemeth coloured bede saith taketh colour four elements therein mirror shineth figures shapes kinds elements fire taketh red colour overmost part earth green nethermost air manner brown colour water somedeal blue middle first red colour cometh light beam touches outer part roundness cloud middle colour somedeal blue quality asketh mastery vapour middle cloud nethermost seemeth green colour nether part cloud vapour earthly colours principal others beda saith master stories forty years tofore doom rainbow shall seen shall token drying default elements though dew manner airy substance subtle outward natheless wonder manner strong working virtue besprinkleth earth maketh plenteous maketh flour pith marrow increase corn grains fatteth bringeth forth broad oysters shell fish sea namely dew spring time night spring time oysters open dew receive dew cometh two shells hold keep dew holden kept feedeth flesh maketh fat incorporation inner parts fish breedeth full precious gem stone called margarita also birds ravens whitish feathers ere black dew feedeth sustaineth gregory saith fumosities drawn waters earth strength heat heaven drawn nethermost part middle space air coldness place made thick heat dissolving departing moisture thereof wasting fumosities resolved fall turn rain showers rain temperate quality quantity agreeable time profitable infinite things rain maketh land bear fruit joineth together many chines therein assuageth tempereth strength heat cleareth air ceaseth stinteth winds fatteth fish helpeth comforteth dry complexion rain evil distemperate qualities discording place time grievous noyful many things maketh deepness uncleanness slipperiness ways paths bringeth forth much unprofitable herbs grass corrupteth destroyeth fruit seeds quencheth seeds natural heat maketh darkness thickness air taketh us sun beams gathereth mist clouds letteth work labouring men tarrieth letteth ripening corn fruits exciteth rheum running flux increaseth strengtheneth moist ills cause hunger famine corruption murrain beasts sheep corrupt showers corrupt grass herbs pasture whereof cometh needful corruption beasts impressions gendered air double vapour first thunder impression gendered watery substance cloud moving shaking hither thither hot vapour dry fleeth contrary beset constrained every side smit thereby set fire flame quencheth last cloud aristotle saith storm full strong winds cometh clouds whirling wind storm increaseth seeketh passage cleaveth breaketh cloud falleth great rese strong breaketh parts cloud cometh ears men beasts horrible dreadful breaking noise wonder though bladder light yet maketh great noise sound strongly blown afterward violently broken thunder cometh lightning lightning sooner seen clear bright thunder cometh later ears wit sight subtle wit hearing man seeth sooner stroke man heweth tree heareth noise stroke lightning called clarum wonderful kind catcheth draweth wine tuns toucheth vessel melteth gold silver purses melteth purse wits virtues needed ruling kind perfection thereof needeth needly spirits whose benefit continual moving wits virtues beasts ruled work deeds speak spirit spirit called certain substance subtle airy stirreth exciteth virtues body doings works spirit subtle body strength heat gendered man body giving life veins body veins pulses giveth beasts breath life pulses working wilful moving wit means sinews muscles bodies souls physicians say spirit gendered manner wise whiles heat working blood liver caused strong boiling seething thereof cometh smoke pured made subtle veins liver turneth subtle spiritual substance airly kind called natural spirit kindly might thereof maketh blood subtle lightness thereof moveth blood sendeth limbs spirit turneth heartward certain veins moving smiting together parts heart spirit pured turned subtle kind called physicians vital spirit heart wosen veins small ways spreadeth limbs body increaseth virtues spiritual ruleth keepeth works thereof den left side heart cometh artery vein moving departed two branches thereof goeth downward spreadeth many boughs sprays means vital spirit brought give life nether limbs body bough goeth upward departed three branches right bough thereof goeth right arm left bough left arm equally spreadeth divers sprays vital spirit spread body worketh artery veins pulses life middle bough extendeth brain higher parts giveth life spreadeth vital spirit parts spirit piercing passing forth dens brain directed made subtle changed animal spirit subtle animal spirit gendered foremost den brain somewhat spread limbs feeling yet nevertheless part thereof abideth aforesaid dens common sense common wit virtue imaginative may made perfect passeth forth middle den called logistic make intellect understanding perfect enformed intellect passeth forth den memory bearing prints likeness made dens layeth chamber memory hindermost parts brain pierceth passeth marrow ridge bone cometh sinews moving wilful moving may engendered parts nether body spirit named divers names working liver called natural spirit heart vital spirit head animal spirit may believe spirit man reasonable soul soothly saith austin car therof proper instrument means spirit soul joined body without service spirit act soul may perfectly exercise body therefore spirits impaired let working work accord body soul resolved reasonable spirit let works body seen amazed mad men frantic others oft lose use reason sight simple fiery knoweth suddenly things full far sight shapen manner middle eye black thereof certain humour pure clear philosophers call crystalloid taketh suddenly divers forms shapes colours crystal doth sight wit perceiving knowing colours figures shapes outer properties make sight perfect things needful wit cause efficient limb eye convenient thing shall seen air bringeth likeness eye taking heed easy moving cause efficient virtue called animal instrument limb humour like crystal either eye clear round clear clearness thereof eye may beshine spirit air round stronger withstand griefs outer thing helping work air without means sight may perfect needeth take heed soul occupied things longeth sight sight less perfect deemeth thing seen easy moving needful thing seen moveth swiftly sight cumbered disparcled swift continual moving oar seemeth broken water swift moving water three manners sight made manner straight lines likeness thing seen cometh sight another manner lines rebounded likeness thing cometh therefrom shewer bent shewer sight third manner lines though bent rebounded stretched thing seen sight yet pass always forthright whiles blench whether aside straight way divers manners spaces divers clearness thickness put sight thing seen aristotle rehearseth five mean colours white black name calleth first yellow second citrine third red fourth purple fifth green book meteorics little end aristotle saith gold metals matter subtle brimstone red quicksilver subtle white composition thereof sadness brimstone air moisture quicksilver therefore gold sad heavy silver composition silver commonly quicksilver white brimstone among metals nothing sad substance better compact gold therefore though put fire wasteth smoking vapours lesseth weight wasted fire melted strong heat filth therein cleansed thereof maketh gold pure shining metal stretcheth hammer work gold stretcheth anvil hammer without breaking rending pieces stretcheth gold foil among metals none fairer sight gold therefore among painters gold chief fairest sight embellisheth colour shape colour metals also among metals nothing effectual virtue gold plato describeth virtue thereof saith temperate pure metals virtue comfort cleanse superfluities gathered bodies therefore helpeth leprosy meselry filings gold taken meat drink medicine preserve let breeding leperhood namely hideth maketh unknown orpiment vein earth manner free stone cleaveth breaketh like gold colour called arsenic another name double red citron kind brimstone burning drying laid brass maketh brass white burneth wasteth bodies metal take gold though silver white yet maketh black lines strakes body scored therewith composition thereof quicksilver white brimstone therefore heavy gold two manner silvers simple compound simple fleeting called quicksilver silver compounded massy sad compounded quicksilver pure clean white brimstone burning aristotle saith quicksilver watery substance medlied strongly subtle earthly things may dissolved great dryness earth melteth plain thing therefore cleaveth thing toucheth doth thing watery substance thereof white clearness clear water whiteness subtle earth well digested also whiteness medlying air aforesaid things also quicksilver property curdeth kindly without brimstone brimstone substance lead congealed fastened together therefore quicksilver brimstone element wit matter melting metal made quicksilver matter metal therefore respect simple element isidore saith fleeting runneth specially found silver forges drops silver molten oft found old dirt sinks slime pits also made minium done caverns iron patent shell done thereunder vessel anointed therewith shall burning coals quicksilver shall drop without silver gold latten copper may overgilt great virtue strength though stone hundred pound weight quicksilver weight two pounds quicksilver anon withstandeth weight doest thereon scruple gold ravisheth lightness thereof appeareth weight nature obeyeth best kept glass vessels pierceth boreth fretteth matters adamant set iron suffereth iron come magnet draweth manner violence magnet though magnet draweth iron adamant draweth away magnet called precious stone reconciliation love woman away housebond trespasseth virtue stone sooner reconciled grace husband crystal bright stone clear watery colour men trowe snow ice made hard space many years stone set sun taketh fire insomuch dry tow put thereto setteth tow fire crystal materially made water gregory ezekiel saith water saith fleeting strength cold turned made stedfast crystal hereof aristotle telleth cause meteorics saith stony things substance ore water matter ricardus rufus saith stone ore water dryness earth things melt therefore frozen coldness water also dryness earth mingled therewith watery part earth glassy mastery water aforesaid cold victory mastery saint gregory reason true saith crystal may gendered water old time use iron known men eared land brass fought therewith war battle time gold silver forsaken gold now worship age passeth vadeth changeth times things brass copper made manner metals brimstone quicksilver happeneth brimstone quicksilver brimstone earthy pure red colour burning quicksilver mean subtle medlying brass gendered electrum metal name sunbeam shineth clear gold silver metal noble metals hereof three manners kinds third manner made three parts gold fourth silver kind electrum kind twinkling light shineth clear metal warneth venom dip therein maketh great chinking noise changeth oft divers colours rainbow suddenly heliotrope precious stone green sprinkled red drops veins colour blood put water sunbeams maketh water seethe vessel resolveth mist soon resolved also seemeth stone may wonders put basin clear water changeth sunbeams rebounding air seemeth shadow breedeth air red sanguine colour though sun eclypse darkened herb name certain enchantments doth beguile sight men look thereon maketh man beareth seen though iron cometh earth yet hard sad therefore beating smiting suppresseth dilateth metal maketh stretch length breadth iron gendered quicksilver thick clean full earthy holes brimstone great boisterous pure composition iron aforesaid brimstone quicksilver mastery cold dry earthy matter iron dry cold full well hard compact together parts iron less airy watery moisture metals therefore hard resolve make nesh fire use iron needful men many things use gold though covetous men love gold iron without iron commonalty sure enemies without dread iron common right governed iron innocent men defended wicked men chastised dread iron well nigh handiwork wrought without iron field eared without iron neither tilling craft used building builded without iron therefore isidore saith iron name thereby corn seed tilled sown without iron bread won earth bread departed ready without iron convenably man use lead two manner kinds white black white better first found islands atlantic sea old time now found many places france portugal manner black earth found full gravel small stones washed blown matter cometh substance lead also gold quarries matter gold small stones found gathered gold blown turn lead therefore gold heavy lead black lead double kind black lead cometh alone vein gendered silver medlied veins blown blowing first cometh tin silver leaveth blown turneth black lead aristotle saith brimstone boisterous swiftly pured troublous thick quicksilver substance lead gendered gendered mineral places uncleanness impure brimstone lead manner neshness smircheth hand toucheth wiping cleansing uncleanness lead may taken away time never always man may wipe uncleanness alway lead although seemeth silver strange qualities mastery therein beguile men make err therein men take sal ammoniac cleanse aristotle saith assigneth cause uncleanness saith boisterous lead evil quicksilver heavy fenny also brimstone thereof evil vapour stinking therefore freezeth well full hermes saith lead boiling undoeth hardness sad hard bodies also stone adamant aristotle speaketh lead meteorics saith lead without doubt molten quicksilver melteth without heat molten seemeth red wonder though lead pale brown yet burning refudation vinegar oft gendereth seemly colour fair tewly red therewith women paint seem fair colour sapphire precious stone blue colour like heaven fair weather clear best among precious stones apt able fingers kings virtue contrary venom quencheth every deal put addercop box hold sapphire ind mouth box virtue thereof addercop overcome dieth suddenly seen proved oft many divers places tin fire departeth metals divers kind departeth lead brass gold silver defendeth metals hot fire though brass iron hard kind yet strong fire without tin burn waste away brazen vessels tinned tin abateth venom rust amendeth savour also mirrors tempered tin white colour called ceruse made tin made lead aristotle saith tin compounded good quicksilver evil brimstone twain well medlied small parts compounded therefore tin colour silver sadness thereof book alchemy hermes saith tin breaketh metals bodies medlied great dryness tin destroyeth metal kind obedient hammer work medliest quicksilver therewith withstandeth crassing thereof maketh white afterward maketh black defileth also burnt tin gendereth red colour lead doth fire strong first matter tin cometh soon also though tin nesh silver hard lead yet lead may soon soldered lead brass iron without tin neither may soldered without grease tallow brimstone vein earth much air fire composition brimstone four kinds called digged shineth flourisheth among kinds thereof physicians use avicenna means brimstone hot dry fourth degree turned kind brimstone part water earth fire brimstone sometimes great boisterous full drausts sometimes pure white clear subtle sometimes mean diverse disposition divers metals gendered brimstone quicksilver glass avicen saith among stones fool among men taketh manner colour painting glass first found beside ptolomeida cliff beside river called vellus springeth foot mount carmel shipmen arrived gravel river shipmen made fire clods medlied bright gravel thereof ran streams new liquor beginning glass pliant taketh anon divers contrary shapes blast glazier sometimes beaten sometimes graven silver matter apt make mirrors glass receive painting broken may amended without melting long time past made glass pliant might amended wrought hammer brought vial made glass tofore tiberius emperor threw ground broken bent folded made right amended hammer emperor commanded smite head anon lest craft known gold better fen metal little worth certain glass vessels brittle accounted value vessels gold planets move double moving kind moving west east moving firmament moving east west ravishing firmament violence firmament ravished every day east west kindly moving labour move firmament fulfil course shorter time longer time courses less saturn abideth every sign xxx months full endeth course xxx years jupiter dwelleth every sign year full endeth course xii years mars abideth every sign xlv days full endeth course two years sun abideth every sign xxx days ten hours half full endeth course ccclxv days vi hours mercury abideth every sign xxviii days vi hours full endeth course cccxxxviii days venus abideth every sign days full endeth course days moon abideth every sign two days half six hours bisse less full endeth course point point days hours entering passing stars signs thereof everything bred corrupt nether world varied disposed therefore philosopher book mesalath read manner highest made world likeness sphere made highest circle moveable earth pight stedfast middle thereof withdrawing toward left side toward right side set elements moveable made move moving planets stars help planets working kind every creature earth manner inclination moving planets destruction cometh moving working planets working varieth diverse diversity climates countries work manner thing land blue men another land country slavens signs planets move abate double moving move accidental ravishing firmament east west kindly moving double first second first moving round moving planet maketh circle passeth never marks bounds circle second moving maketh zodiac passeth alway like great space like space time first moving planet made circle called eccentric called earth middle thereof middle circle called zodiac epicycle little circle planet describeth goeth therein moving body body planet goeth roundness thereof therefore sheweth sun planets move circles first alike swift though move diversely divers circles also circles manner moving planets full wisely found astronomers called direct stationary retrograde motion forthright moving part circle called epicycle backward nether part stinting abiding hoving middle ii mediaeval manners sixth book author deals conditions man passing review youth age male female serf lord extracts fall three groups first deals great measure relations family life account boy girl appeared friar orders grey infant nurse however may suspect bartholomew wishing provide text account bad boy consoling find enfant terrible counterpart thirteenth century well maiden known us demure soft speech well ware says second group presents mediaeval society us influence chivalry suitably enough beside lifelike pictures base superstructure system generous serf vile ungrateful kept order fear alone necessary counterpart splendid figure master writers today regretted absence chapter praise good man set beside solomon picture virtuous woman bartholomew certainly endeavoured two chapters quoted man good lord picture ideal good man chivalrous times may however permitted us look system underneath sympathise fellows struggled free bondage tyler john ball least much splendid oppressors recognise feudal system however necessary thirteenth century lost value lords ceased good lords author describes third group naturally consist passages illustrating daily life ancestors editor found difficulty getting together passages enough purpose without trenching confines chapters accordingly left scattered book persuaded reader feel import better seen context book open objections urged pictures mediaeval life drawn romances situations invented manners suited situation true written aim utilising knowledge common everywhere extracts little statements words cases crop giving us information kind impossible allude leaving reader notice met description mediaeval dinner concludes chapter chapter describing supper follows original long quotation vitiated desire draw analogies feature noteworthy among properties good supper ninth plenty light candles prickets torches shame sup darkness perillous also flies filth therefore candles prickets set candlesticks chandeliers lanterns lamps necessary burn little touch gives us reverse picture reminds us knight tower caution daughters behaviour feast children nesh flesh lithe pliant body able light moving witty learn lead lives without thought care set courages mirth liking dread perils beating rod love apple gold praised shamed blamed set little thereby stirring moving heat flesh humours lightly soon wroth soon pleased lightly forgive tenderness body soon hurt grieved may well endure hard travail since children tatched evil manners think things reck things shall love plays game vanity forsake winning profit things worthy repute least worthy least worthy worthy desire things contrary grievous set image child image man make sorrow woe weep loss apple loss heritage goodness done let pass mind desire things see pray ask voice hand love talking counsel children void company old men keep counsel tell hear see suddenly laugh suddenly weep always cry jangle jape unneth still sleep washed filth anon defile mother washeth combeth kick sprawl put feet hands withstand might desire drink always unneth bed cry meat anon men behove take heed maidens tender complexion small pliant fair disposition body shamefast fearful merry touching outward disposition well nurtured demure soft speech well ware say delicate apparel woman meeker man weepeth sooner envious laughing loving malice soul woman man feeble kind maketh lesings shamefast slow working moving man nurse name nourishing ordained nourish feed child therefore like mother nurse glad child glad heavy child sorry taketh child fall giveth suck weep kisseth lulleth still gathereth limbs bindeth together doth cleanse wash defiled speak nurse lispeth soundeth words teach easily child speak useth medicines bring child convenable estate sick lifteth now shoulders now hands now knees lap lifteth cry weep cheweth meat mouth maketh ready toothless child may easilier swallow meat feedeth child hungered pleaseth child whispering songs shall sleep swatheth sweet clothes righteth stretcheth man great love wife sake adventureth perils setteth love afore mother love dwelleth wife forsaketh father mother afore wedding spouse thinketh win love wooeth gifts certifieth letters messengers divers presents giveth many gifts much good cattle promiseth much please putteth divers plays games among gatherings men useth oft deeds arms might mastery maketh gay seemly divers clothing array prayed give love giveth doth anon might denieth petition made name love speaketh pleasantly beholdeth cheer face pleasing glad cheer sharp eye last assenteth telleth openly presence friends spouseth ring giveth gifts token contract wedding maketh charters deeds grants gifts maketh revels feasts spousals giveth many good gifts friends guests comforteth gladdeth guests songs pipes minstrelsy music afterward done bringeth privities chamber maketh fellow bed board maketh lady money house meinie less diligent careful specially lovingly adviseth amiss taketh good heed keep well taketh heed bearing going speaking looking passing ayencoming home man wealth good woman wife man woe evil wife crying jangling chiding scolding drunken lecherous unsteadfast contrary costly stout gay envious noyful leaping lands much suspicious wrathful good spouse wife behoveth conditions busy devout god service meek serviceable husband fairspeaking goodly meinie merciful good wretches needy easy peaceable neighbours ready wary wise things avoided mightiful patient suffering busy diligent mannerly clothing sober moving wary speaking chaste looking honest bearing sad going shamefast among people merry glad husband chaste privity wife worthy praised entendeth please husband womanly dues braided hairs desireth please virtues fair gay clothes useth goodness matrimony children fleshly liking liking children grace kind man loveth child feedeth nourisheth setteth board weaned teacheth youth speech words chasteneth beating setteth putteth learn ward keeping wardens tutors father sheweth glad cheer lest wax proud loveth son like looketh oft giveth children clothing meat drink age requireth purchaseth lands heritage children ceaseth make entaileth purchase leaveth heirs child cometh substance father mother taketh feeding nourishing profiteth neither liveth without help father loveth child busily teacheth chastiseth holdeth strait chastising lore child loved father seemeth loveth beateth grieveth oft lest draw evil manners tatches child like father better father loveth father ashamed hear foul thing told children father heart sore grieved children rebel feeding nourishing children stands business charge parents servants bond born bondage many pains law may sell give away good cattle nother make contracts nother take office dignity nother bear witness without leave lords wherefore though childhood oft punished pains childhood servants taken strangers aliens enemies bought sold held low yoke thraldom third manner servants bound freely good serve reward hire commonly called famuli name lord name sovereignty power might without lord might common profit stand secure neither company men might peaceable quiet power might rightful lords withholden taken away malice free goodness innocence never secure saith isidore rightful lord way rightful law heareth determineth causes pleas strifes subjects ordaineth every man draweth sword malice putteth forth shield righteousness defend innocents evil doers delivereth small children fatherless motherless widows overset pursueth robbers rievers thieves evil doers useth power ordaineth disposeth law asketh reason good king good lord country worshipped dreaded enhanced also also name lord name peace surety good lord ceaseth war battle fighting accordeth strife good strong peaceable lord men country secure safe dare man assail lordship ne manner break peace meat drink ordained convenient dinners feasts feasts first meat prepared arrayed guests called together forms stools set hall tables cloths towels ordained disposed made ready guests set lord chief place board sit board guests wash hands children set place servants table first knives spoons salts set board bread drink many divers messes household servants busily help everything diligently talk merrily together guests gladded lutes harps now wine now messes meat brought forth departed last cometh fruit spices eaten board cloths relief borne away guests wash wipe hands grace guests thank lord gladness comfort drink brought yet done meat men take leave go bed sleep go home lodgings iii mediaeval medicine seventh book de proprietatibus treats human body ailments first glance might seem subject repulsive either matter handling general reader today think found many points interest us proceed indicate mankind always felt deep interest certain diseases even now subject parts chapters leprosy hydrophobia reproduced accounts given frenzy madness interest us picture change manners example methods cure proposed throwing light many passages chaucer speaking arcite describes passion compounded melancholy deprives reason overflowing foremost cell brain cell fantastic causing act mad nought oonly lyke loveres maladye hereos rather lyk manye engendered humour malencolyk byforen selle fantastyk etc physicians recommend music cure mental troubles new discovery attested shakespeare author compare bartholomew says voice richard speech music mads let sound though holp madmen wits seems make wise men mad origin brutality towards madmen warred charles reade described romeo juliet mad bound madman shut prison kept without food whipp tormented seen extracts recall insistence bleeding head vein juvenal remark friend marry medici mediam pertundite venam space already devoted physiology human body chapter complete devote space explanations given working heart veins arteries time circulation blood unknown may amiss remind reader arteries carry blood heart returned veins passing fine network tubes called capillaries turning may called popular physiology time may note change since mediaeval times allocation properties organs body days heart brain set aside find organ mentioned connection various faculties body shakespeare time organ passion emotions much changed seats true love now reigns heart took rise liver friar much ado nothing says claudio ever love interest liver duke twelfth night speaking women love says alas love may call appetite motion liver palate heart hand considered seat wisdom spleen now almost synonym bitterness spirit used regarded source laughter isabella measure measure quotation man dressed little brief authority plays apish tricks make angels weep says laugh instead spleens spleens laugh mortal brain mediaeval times regarded home wits feeling senses points interest mediaeval medicine strange remedies prescribed way hit editor made many selections illustrate sought strange lastly chapters much may learnt customs time indications text signs frenzy woodness continual waking moving casting eyes raging stretching casting hands moving wagging head grinding gnashing together teeth always arise bed now sing now weep bite gladly rend keeper leech seldom still cry much perilously sick yet wot sick must soon holpen lest perish diet medicine diet shall full scarce crumbs bread must many times wet water medicine beginning patient head shaven washed lukewarm vinegar well kept bound dark place diverse shapes faces semblance painting shall shewed tofore lest tarred woodness shall commanded still silence men shall answer nice words beginning medicine shall let blood vein forehead bled much fill afore things virtue age suffereth shall bleed head vein things ointments balming men shall labour bring asleep head shaven shall plastered lungs swine wether sheep temples forehead shall anointed juice lettuce poppy medicines laid woodness dureth three days without sleep hope recovery madness infection foremost cell head privation imagination like melancholy infection middle cell head privation reason madness cometh sometime passions soul business great thoughts sorrow great study dread sometime biting wood hound venomous beast sometime melancholy meats sometime drink strong wine causes diverse tokens signs diverse cry leap hurt wound men darken hide privy secret places medicine bound hurt men namely shall refreshed comforted withdrawn cause matter dread busy thoughts must gladded instruments music somedeal occupied lord set token cain quaking head strabus saith gloss every man saith strabus findeth quaking head moving wood heart shall know guilty die among passions evils wits feeling blindness wretched without bond blindness prison blind blindness beguileth virtue imaginative knowing deeming white blind deem black ayenward letteth virtue avisement deeming deemeth aviseth casteth go eastward beguiled doom goeth westward blindness virtue affection desire men proffer blind silver penny copper choose better desireth choose silver penny chooseth copper blind man wretchedness much maketh subject child servant ruling leading also hound blind oft brought great need pass scape peril bridge ford compelled trust hound also oft perils men doubt dread blind man seeth peril secure like wise peril blind dreadeth spurneth oft plain way stumbleth oft heave foot boweth downward like wise set foot ground heaveth upward putteth forth hand groping grasping seeketh way hand staff seldom doth aught securely well nigh always doubteth dreadeth also blind man lieth sitteth thereout weeneth covert ofttimes thinketh hid everybody seeth also sometimes blind beateth smiteth grieveth child leadeth shall soon repent beating child child mind beating forsaketh leaveth alone middle bridge peril teacheth way void peril therefore blind wretched house dare nothing trustly way dreadeth lest fellow forsake universally evil leprosy much tokens signs flesh notably corrupt shape changed eyen become round eyelids revelled sight sparkleth nostrils straited revelled shrunk voice hoarse swelling groweth body many small botches whelks hard round legs utter parts feeling somedeal taken away nails boystous bunchy fingers shrink crook breath corrupt oft whole men infected stench thereof flesh skin fatty insomuch may throw water thereon wet water slides wet hide also body diverse specks now red now black now wan now pale tokens leprosy seen utter parts feet legs face namely wasting minishing brawns body heal hide leprosy best red adder white womb venom away tail head smitten body sod leeks oft taken eaten medicine helpeth many evils appeareth blind man wife gave adder garlick instead eel might slay ate much sweat recovered sight biting wood hound deadly venomous venom perilous long hidden unknown increaseth multiplieth sometimes unknown year end day hour biting cometh head breedeth frenzy bitten wood hound sleep dreadful sights fearful astonied wroth without cause dread seen men bark hounds dread water things afeared thereof full sore squeamous also biting wood hound wise men ready used make wounds bleed fire iron venom may come blood cometh wound consider shortly hereof physician visiteth oft houses countries sick men seeketh searcheth causes circumstances sicknesses arrayeth bringeth divers contrary medicines refuseth grope handle wipe cleanse wounds sick men behooteth men hope trust recovering health saith softly burn shall burnt cut shall cut lest whole part corrupt spareth burn cut part rotted part right side acheth spareth smite left side good leech leaveth cutting burning weeping patient hideth covereth bitterness medicine manner sweetness drinketh tasteth medicine though bitter sick man heart refraineth sick man meat drink letteth whose health neither hope trust recovering veins name ways conduits streams fleeting blood sheddeth body constantine saith veins spring liver arteries wosen heart sinews brain veins needful vessels blood bear bring blood liver feed nourish members body also needly veins tender nesh kind sinews therefore nigh liver may somewhat change blood cometh veins made curtel two arteries wosen arteries receive spirits keep save veins coming liver suck thereof mother feeding blood dealeth departeth feeding every member needeth veins spread parts body wonder wit kind service also among veins open privy vein called artery needful kind bear bring kindly heat heart members arteries made composed two small clothings skins called curtels like shape divers substance inner wrinkles folding overthwart substance hard boystous utter without wrinkles folding length substance hard needfulness moving opening closing opening doth receive heart wrinklings folding length closing doth put superfluous fumosity done wrinkling folding curtels overthwart breadth spirit drawn heart wherefore harder without veins needful lest break lightly soon also veins spring left hollowness heart twain side called pulsative innermost nesh skin vein needful bring great quantity blood spirits lungs receive air medley blood temper ferventness blood vein entereth lungs departed many manner wises artery first aristotle calleth horren artery cometh heart departed twain part cometh upward carrieth blood purified spirit life brain spirit feeling may bred nourished kept saved part goeth downward departed many manner wise toward right side toward left mark well vein bearer carrier blood keeper warden life beasts containeth four bloody humours clean pure ordained feeding parts body moreover vein hollow receive blood easily needeth kind vein bring give blood another vein also vein messager health sickness pulse arteries disposition veins physicians deem feebleness strength heart also vein corrupt containeth corrupt blood corrupteth infecteth body fareth lepers whose blood corrupt veins members fed sucking blood seeketh thereby corruption sickness incurable also vein arm oft grieved constrained wranged opened slit wounded relieve sickness body hurting vein spittle man fasting manner strength privy infection grieveth hurteth blood beast come bleeding wound medlied blood peradventure saith avicenna reason rawness raw humour medlied blood perfect digestion contrary thereto quality disturbeth temperance thereof authors say therefore holy men tell spittle fasting man slayeth serpents adders venom venomous beasts saith basil discording voice inordinate troubleth accord many voices according voices sweet ordinate gladden move love show passions soul witness strength virtue spiritual members show pureness good disposition relieve travail put disease sorrow make known male female get win praising change affection hearers fables orpheus pleased trees woods hills stones sweet melody voice also fair voice according friendly kind pleaseth men also brute beasts fareth oxen excited travail sweet song herd strokes pricks also sweet songs harmony accord music sick men frantic come oft wit health body men tell orpheus emperors pray feasts liking liking bend hearts wrath mildness sorrow gladness covetousness largeness dread boldness ordinance music known sweetness soul now known foresaid things profitable merry voice sweet contrariwise unordinate voice horrible gladdeth nother comforteth noyful discomforteth grieveth ears wit therefore constantine saith philosopher questioned horrible man heavy burden wit men say answered manner horrible man burden soul wit lungs bellows heart beateth opening may take breath thrusting together may put continual moving drawing breath lungs proper instrument heart keleth heart subtlety substance changeth air drawn maketh subtle lungs shapeth voice ceaseth never moving closeth spreadeth keepeth air help heat dens holes therefore beast may live water without stifling long may hold air gathered within lungs continual moving putteth air gathered within cleanseth purgeth ministereth continual convenable feeding vital spirit departeth heart instruments feeling breedeth foamy humours beclippeth aside half substance heart lungs grieved occasion speedeth deathward liver name fire place therein passeth anon brain cometh thence eyen wits limbs liver heat draweth woose juice turneth blood serveth body members therewith use feeding liver place voluptuousness liking flesh ends liver hight fibra straight passing tongs beclip stomach give heat digestion meat hight fibra necromancers brought altars god phoebus offered answers liver chief fundament kindly virtue greatest helper first digestion stomach liver maketh perfectly second digestion stomach hollowness substance departeth clean pured unclean unpured sendeth feeding members exciteth love bodily lust receiveth divers passions liver noble precious member whose alteration body altered liver sendeth feeding virtues feeding members nether without mean mean heart men ween milt cause laughing spleen moved laugh gall wroth heart wise brain feel liver love iv mediaeval geography fourteenth fifteenth books de proprietatibus treatises geography time words editor needed introduce modern readers may divided two classes interesting legends preserve us reflecting social life time first class represented accounts amazons india ireland finland outlines antres vast deserts idle rough quarries rocks hills whose heads touch heaven cannibals eat anthropophagi men whose heads grow beneath shoulders othello desdemona class accounts france paris frisians flanders scotland iceland countries well known thirteenth century feelings author gathered easily enough tone chapters england scotland enough alone prove bartholomew englishman reason think lake hight lake asphaltus also called dead sea greatness deepness breedeth ne receiveth thing life therefore nother fish ne fowls whensoever wouldst drowned therein anything life craft gin anon plungeth cometh though strongly thrust downward anon smitten upward moveth wind glue withstandeth wind storms glue water stint therein may ship row sail thing life sinketh ground sustaineth kind glued lantern without light sinketh therein telleth lantern light floateth master histories saith lake casteth black clots glue brim thereof trees grow apples whereof green till ripe ye cut ripe ye shall find ashes within gloss grow fair apples make men see liking eat take fade fall ashes smoke though burning olympus mount macedon full high clouds thereunder virgil saith mount departeth macedonia thracia high passeth storms passions air therefore philosophers went see course places stars might live sponges water make air thick throwing sprinkling water master histories saith amazonia women land country part asia part europe nigh albania name amazonia women wives men called goths men went nether scythia cruelly slain wives took husbands armour weapons resed enemies manly hearts took wreck death husbands dint sword slew young males old men children saved females departed prey purposed live ever without company males ensample husbands alway two kings women ordained two queens hight marsepia lampeta travail host fight enemies mean time govern rule communities made fierce warriors short time great part asia lordship nigh hundred years among suffered male live abide manner wise nations nigh chose husbands children went times ordained time done compel lovers go get places abide slay sons send fathers certain times saved daughters taught shoot hunt shooting arrows let great breasts year burnt breasts therefore called amazons hercules adaunted first fierceness achilles friendship strength contained deeds doings greeks amazons destroyed brought death great alexander story alexander saith alexander demanded tribute queen amazons wrote messengers manner wit wonder purposest fight women fortune side hap overcome art shamed evermore art overcome women gods wroth us overcomest us shall turn little worship mastery women noble king wondered answer seemly overcome women sword woodness rather fairness love therefore granted freedom made subject empire violence friendship love england island ocean beclipped sea departed roundness world hight sometimes albion name white rocks seen sea cliffs continuance time lords noble men troy troy destroyed went thence accompanied great navy fortuned cliffs foresaid island revelation feigned goddess pallas trojans fought giants long time dwelled therein overcame giants craft strength conquered island called land britain name brute prince host island hight britain island conquered brute time arms might brute offspring came mighty kings liking know deeds let read story brute long time saxons won island many divers hard battles strong offspring possession island britons slain exiled saxons departed island among gave every province name property name nation therefore cleped island anglia name engelia queen worthiest duke saxony daughter island possession many battles isidore saith land hight anglia name angulus corner land set end corner world saint gregory seeing english children sell rome christened hearing called english according name country answered truly english shine face right angels need send message word salvation beda saith noble kind land shone faces isidore saith britain now hight anglia island set afore france spain containeth times miles also therein many rivers great hot wells great plenty metals enough stones agates pearls ground special good apt bear corn good fruit namely many sheep good wool many harts wild beasts wolves none therefore many sheep may securely left without ward pasture fields beda saith england strong land sturdy plenteousest corner world rich land unneth needeth help land every land needeth help england england full mirth game men oft times able mirth game free men heart tongue hand better free tongue cedar name country dwelled ishmaelites children kedar ishmael eldest son truly clept agareni saraceni though mistake name sarah vain proud thereof though gendered sarah men build houses go large wildernesses wild men dwell tents live prey venison yet hereafter methodius saith shall gathered together go desert win hold roundness earth eight weeks years way shall called way anguish woe shall overcome cities kingdoms shall slay priests holy places lie women drink holy vessels tie beasts sepultures holy saints wickedness christian men shall time many things doth rehearse ishmaelites men kedar shall world wide ethiopia blue men land first name colour men sun nigh roasteth toasteth colour men showeth strength star continual heat south pole west full mountains middle full gravel east side desert wilderness stretcheth west atlas toward east ends egypt closed south ocean north river nile land many nations divers faces wonderly horribly shapen also therein many wild beasts serpents also rhinoceros beast hight cameleon beast many colours also cockatrices great dragons precious stones taken brains jacinth chrysophrase topaz many precious stones found parts cinnamon gathered two ethiopias east mauritania west near spain numidia province carthage getula last course sun south land hight ethiopia adusta burnt fables tell beyond antipodes men feet feet men ethiopia name black river river kind nilus breed reeds bullrushes rise wax time wilderness many men wonderly shapen oft curse sun bitterly rising downgoing behold sun curse always heat grieveth full sore trogodites dig dens caves dwell instead houses eat serpents may got noise fearful sounding voice others like beasts live without wedding dwell women without law called garamantes others go naked occupied travail called graphasantes called bennii heads eyes fixed breasts satyrs shape men manners mankind also ethiopia many wonders ethiops saith plinius among beasts brought forth without ears also elephants also hound king divine moving three four eyes foreheads kind feigned use principally looking sight arrows also hunt lions panthers live flesh king eye forehead men ethiopia live honeysuckles dried smoke sun live past forty years egypt many divers deserts many monstrous wonderful beasts pards tigers satyrs cockatrices horrible adders serpents ends egypt ethiopia fast well men suppose head nilus runneth egypt bred wild beasts hight cacothephas beast little body uncrafty members slow full heavy head therefore bear always downward toward earth ordinance kind salvation mankind wicked venomous man may behold right face die anon without remedy fraunce hight francia gallia also first name francia men germany called franci rhine germayn east side side mountains alpes pennini south province narbonne british ocean north island britain land france rank country plentiful trees vines corn fruits noble affluence rivers fountains borders land run two noble rivers wit rhone rhine therein noble quarries stones build rear buildings houses therein special manner stones namely ground paris passing namely manner stone hight gypsum men country call plaster language ground glassy bright mineral virtue turneth stone manner stone burnt tempered water turneth cement thereof made edifices vaults walls diverse pavements cement laid works waxeth hard anon stone france many noble famous cities among paris beareth prize sometime city athens mother liberal arts letters nurse philosophers well sciences made solemn science conditions among greeks doth paris time france also deal europe mother wisdom receiveth cometh every country world helpeth need ruleth peaceably servant soothness sheweth detty wise men unwise city full good mighty riches rejoiceth peace good air rivers according philosophers fair fields meads mountains refresh comfort eyen weary study convenable streets houses namely studiers nevertheless city sufficient receive feed others come thereto passeth cities things like though province little space yet wealthful many special things good land plenteous full pasture cattle beasts royal rich best towns havens sea famous rivers well nigh moisted scaldelia men thereof seemly fair body strong get many children rich manner merchandises chaffer generally fair seemly face mild fair speech sad bearing honest clothing peaceable neighbours true trusty strangers passing witty wool craft crafty working great part world succoured holpen woollen clothes principal wool england subtle craft made many noble cloths sent sea also land many diverse countries men germany call men land frisons germans great difference clothing manner wellnigh men shorn round noble worship account shorn high men high body strong virtue stern fierce heart swift quiver body use iron spears instead arrows men free subject lordship nations put peril death cause freedom liefer die yoke thraldom therefore forsake dignity knighthood suffer none rise greater among title knighthood subject judges chose year year rule community among love well chastity punish unchaste right grievously keep children chaste time full age wedded get manly children strong indians till earth use chivalry use merchandise lead chaffer rule govern community best kings justices doomsmen give principally religions learning wit wisdom among countries lands india greatest rich among lands india wonderful pliny saith india aboundeth wonders india many huge beasts bred greater hounds lands also high trees men may shoot top arrow maketh plenty fatness earth temperateness weather air water fig trees spread broad many great companies knights may sit meat shadow tree also great reeds long every piece two knots beareth sometime three men water also men great stature passing five cubits height never spit never headache toothache sore eyes grieved passing heat sun rather made hard sad therewith also philosophers call gymnosophists stand hot gravel morning till evening behold sun without blemishing eyes also mountains men soles feet turned backwards foot also viii toes foot also hounds heads clothed skins wild beasts bark hounds speak none wise live hunting fowling armed nails teeth full many six score thousand saith also among nations india women bear never child children wax whitehaired anon born satyrs men wondrously shapen also end east india rising ganges men without mouths clothed moss rough hairy things gather trees live commonly odour smell nostrils nother eat nother drink smell odour flowers wood apples live die anon evil odour smell live full long age never die middle age also hoar youth black age pliny rehearseth wonders many mo yrlonde hight hibernia island ocean europe nigh land britain narrow straight britain plenteous place land much plenty corn fields wells rivers fair meads woods metal precious stones gendered six cornered stone wit iris maketh rainbow air set sun jet found white pearls concerning wholesome air ireland good temperate country little none passing heat cold wonderful lakes ponds wells lake staff pole tree pight tarrieth long time therein part earth turneth iron part water turneth stone part water abideth still kind tree another lake throwest rods hazel turneth rods ash ayenward ye cast ashen rods therein turn hazel therein places dead carrions never rot abide always uncorrupt also ireland little island men die overcome age borne island die without ireland serpent frogs venomous addercop land contrary venemous beasts earth land brought another land spronge ground slayeth serpents toads also venomous beasts flee irish wool skins fells serpents toads brought ireland shipping die anon solinus speaketh ireland saith inhabitants thereof fierce lead unhuman life people use harbour guests warriors drink men blood slay wash first faces therewith right unright take men ireland singularly clothed unseemly arrayed scarcely fed cruel heart fierce cheer angry speech sharp nathless free hearted fair speech goodly nation namely men dwell woods marshes mountains men pleased flesh apples fruit meat milk drink give plays hunting work travail land scotia name scots dwell therein nation sometime first ireland according thereto tongue manners kind men light heart fierce courageous enemies love nigh well death thraldom account sloth die bed great worship virtue die field fighting enemies men scarce living many suffer hunger long time eat selde tofore sun going use flesh milk meats fish fruits britons use eat less bread though men seemly enough figure shape fair face generally kind yet scottish clothing disfigures full much scots tongue bodies painted cut slit old time marked divers figures shapes flesh skin made iron pricks cause medlying englishmen many changed old manners scots better manners part wild scots irish account great worship follow forefathers clothing tongue living manner despise somedeal usages men comparison usage laboureth detract blame envy deride blame men manners ashamed lie repute man nation blood puissance hardy valiant delight love peace land plenteous ground merry woods moist rivers wells many flocks beasts quantity place enow thanet little island ocean departed britain little arm sea wheat fields noble grounds name death serpents earth land carried country world slayeth serpents forthwith isidore saith finland country beside mountains norway toward east stretcheth cliff ocean full plenteous wood herbs grass men country strange somewhat wild fierce occupy witchcraft men sail coasts also men abide default wind proffer wind sailing sell wind use make clue thread make divers knots knit therein command draw clue three knots mo less wind soft strong misbelief fiends move air arise strong tempests soft draweth clue less knots sometimes move wind strongly wretches believe doings drowned rightful doom god iceland last region europe north beyond norway uttermost parts thereof always ice frozen stretcheth cliff ocean toward north sea frozen great strong cold iceland scythia east side norway south irish ocean west sea far north called iceland land ice glass mountains snow froze hard ice glass crystal found also region white bears great right fierce break ice glass claws make many holes therein dive sea take fish ice glass draw holes bring cliff live thereby land barren places valleys places unneth grow oats places men dwell grow herbs grass trees places breed beasts tame wild part men land live fish hunting flesh sheep may live cold therefore men land wear cold fells skins bears wild beasts take hunting clothing may come lands men full gross body strong full white give fishing hunting mediaeval natural history trees seventeenth book de proprietatibus deals properties plants sources bartholomew derives information aristotle albertus magnus gloss de vegetalibus albumazar pliny isaac foods hugo platearius text professes deal trees plants alone mentioned gloss many others incidentally mentioned enabled learn chief ancestors cereals time wheat barley oats rye just present day neither turnip cabbage potato supplied place parsnip cole rape garlic radishes lettuce widely used former valued proportion power overcoming odour flax seems widely grown rushlights luxury subject trees plants readily lend fables parts natural history refer reader accounts aloes pepper mandragora specimen tales told author says make things dear great price aloes tree good savour breedeth india sometime part thereof set afire altar stead incense found great river babylon joineth river paradise therefore many men trow aforesaid tree groweth among trees paradise cometh paradise hap drift river ind men dwell river take tree water nets keep use medicine good medicinal tree cannel cassia men told fables old time found birds nests specially phoenix nest may found falleth weight smitten lead arrows men feign make things dear great price sooth meaneth cannel groweth among trogodites little ethiopia cometh long space sea ships haven gelenites man leave gather thereof tofore sun going gathered priest measure dealeth branches taketh thereof part space time merchants buy deal tree bays speaketh master history saith rebecca gen xvii trembling nations seen perished laid manner laurel tree called tripodem head sat boughs herb hight agnus castus use revelations sights fantasies emperor tiberius caesar thundering lightning used garland laurel tree head dread lightning also plinius telleth wonder thing emperor sat drusilla empress certain garden eagle threw right high place wonder white hen empress lap whole sound hen held bill bough laurel tree full bays diviners took heed hen sowed bays kept wisely came wood called silva triumphans wood worship victory mastery green leaves thereof smell full well stamped heal stinging bees wasps away swellings keep books clothes among moths worms save fro fretting gnawing fruit laurel trees called bays brown red without white within unctuous hind taught first virtue diptannus eateth herb may calve easilier sooner hurt arrow seeketh herb eateth putteth iron wound ash great virtue serpents come shadow thereof morning even serpent set within fire ash leaves flee fire sooner leaves beans damned pythagoras sentence oft use thereof wits dulled cause many dreams else men mean dead men souls therein therefore varro saith bishop eat beans many medley beans bread corn make bread heavy stalk wheat called stipula ustipula name usta burnt gathered straw burnt help amend land kept fodder beasts called palea first meat laid tofore beasts namely countries tuscany pliny saith seed touched tallow grease spoilt lost among best wheat sometimes grow ill weeds venomous cockle also corrupt dew cleaveth leaves cometh corruption corn maketh red rusty among manner corn wheat beareth prize mankind nothing friendly nothing nourishing flax groweth even stalks bears yellow flowers blue cometh hops therein seed hop beginneth wax flax drawn gathered whole lined afterward made knots little bundles laid water lieth long time taken water laid abroad till dried twined wend sun bound pretty niches bundles afterward knocked beaten brayed carfled rodded gnodded ribbed heckled last spun thread sod bleached bucked oft laid drying wetted washed sprinkled water white divers working travail flax needful divers uses thereof made clothing wear sails sail nets fish hunt thread sew ropes bind strings shoot bonds bind lines mete measure sheets rest sacks bags purses put keep things none herb needful many divers uses mankind flax ryndes thereof mandragora sodden wine cause sleep abate manner soreness time man feeleth unneth though cut yet mandragora must warily used slayeth men take much thereof dig mandragora busy beware contrary winds dig make three circles sword abide digging sun going trow herb chief virtues papyrus manner rush dried kindle fire lanterns hight feeding fire herb put burn prickets tapers rind stripped pith dried little left rind side sustain tender pith less left rind clear pith burneth lamp sooner kindled memphis ind great rushes make boats thereof gloss saith alexander story saith rushes charters made epistles written sent messengers also rushes made paniers boxes cases baskets keep letters things also make thereof paper write pepper seed fruit tree groweth south side hill caucasus strong heat sun serpents keep woods pepper groweth woods pepper ripe men country set fire chase away serpents violence fire burning grain pepper white kind made black rively woods wild places waste desolate many trees grow without fruit also fruit woods oft wild beasts fowls therein grow herbs grass leas pasture namely medicinal herbs woods found summer woods beautied boughs branches herbs grass woods place deceit hunting therein wild beasts hunted watches deceits ordained set hounds hunters place hiding lurking oft woods thieves hid oft awaits deceits passing men come spoiled robbed oft slain many divers ways uncertain strange men oft err go way take uncertain ways way unknown tofore way known come oft place thieves lie await without peril therefore oft knots made trees bushes boughs branches trees token mark highway show certain sure way wayfaring men oft thieves turning meeting ways change knots signs beguile many men bring right way false tokens signs many hard twigs branches knots therewith often children chastised beaten bare buttocks loins boughs branches thereof besoms made sweep clean houses dust uncleanness wild men woods forests use seed stead bread tree much sour juice somewhat biting men use therefore springing time harvest slit rinds gather humour cometh thereof drink stead wine hards cleansing hemp flax much breaking heckling rubbing hards departed fro substance hemp flax great departed knotty short rough therefore full able spun thread thereof made nathless thereof thread spun full great uneven full knobs thereof made bonds bindings matches candles full dry taketh soon fire burneth board hight table areared set feet compassed list another manner table playing board men play dice games manner table double arrayed divers colours third manner thin plank plane therein letters writ colours sometimes small shingles planed made somedeal hollow either side filled full wax black green red write therein boards tables garnish houses nathless set solar floors serve men beasts therein dressed hewed planed made convenable use ships bridges hulks coffers many needful things building also shipbreach men flee board oft saved peril roofs trees areared stretched fro walls top house bear covering thereof stand wide beneath come together upwards nigh nearer nearer joined either top house holdeth heling slates shingle laths lath long somewhat broad plain thin nailed thwart rafters thereon hang slates tiles shingles rafters strong square hewn plain made fair within fair joists boards vineyard busily tilthed kept purged cleaned superfluities oft visited overseen earth tilthers keepers vines apaired neither destroyed beasts closed walls hedges wait set high place keep vineyard fruit destroyed left winter without keeper waiter harvest time many come haunt vineyard winter vineyard full pale waxeth green bloometh springing time summer smelleth full sweet pleasant fruit harvest time smell vineyard bloometh contrary venomous things therefore vineyard bloometh adders serpents flee toads also may sustain suffer noble savour thereof foxes lurk hide vine leaves gnaw covetously fret grapes vineyard namely keepers wards negligent reckless profiteth unwise men close within vineyard hounds adversaries foxes hounds closed waste destroy grapes many foxes destroy come eat thereof thievishly therefore wise wardens vineyards full busy keep swine tame hounds foxes come vineyard fretting gnawing flies worms vineyard may kept saved succour help thing pursueth power might keepeth saveth lordly mighty worthiness praising wine might bacchus describe full though alive among liquors juice trees wine beareth prize passing liquors wine moderately drunk comforteth body gladdeth heart saveth wounds evils wine strengtheneth members body giveth might strength deed working soul showeth declareth goodness wine wine breedeth soul forgetting anguish sorrow woe suffereth soul feel anguish woe wine sharpeth wit maketh cunning enquire things hard subtle maketh soul bold hardy passing nobility wine known use wine accordeth men ages times countries taken due manner disposition asketh drinketh red wine temperate qualities drunk temperately due manner helpeth kind gendreth good blood maketh savour meat drink exciteth desire appetite comforteth virtue life kind helpeth stomach appetite make good digestion quencheth thirst changeth passions soul thoughts evil good turneth soul cruelness mildness covetousness largeness pride meekness dread boldness shortly speak wine drunk measurably health body soul nothing worse passing measure andronides clear man wit wisdom wrote great alexander restrain wine kind drinking manner king mind drinkest blood earth wine drinking untemperately mankind heavy venomous alexander done counsel truly slain friend drunkenness wine often taken anon drunkenness quencheth sight reason comforteth beastly madness body abideth ship sea without stern without lodesman chivalry without prince duke vi mediaeval natural history birds fishes following plan describing productions element considering next order bartholomew led consider air products early scheme accordingly twelfth book devoted birds thirteenth inhabitants waters hardly reason books omitting part another except space editor hopes chosen put reader possession key common allusions literature editor spoke wholesale way author conveyed elizabethan poets mind following chapters single example show let reader compare account peacock following stanza chester love martyr proud peacocke feathers walkes along thinking king voice prognosticates weathers although god knows badly doth sing looks downe base blacke feete droopes asham things unmeet author knowledge birds largely derived authentic aristotle legendary fathers ambrose austin basil gregory gloss pliny legends seem pointed hebrew scriptures ps ciii youth renewed like eagle either gave rise refers tradition quoted account eagle likewise job xxxviii ps cxlvii seem responsible tradition account raven interesting learn whether independent traditions nature exist worth pointing author contributed gesta romanorum several stories wild tale warton calls elephant maidens well story storke wreker avouterie mentioned chaucer assemblie foules derived neckham similar tale lioness obtained wide circulation popularity bartholomew book interesting task trace tales origin neither place time editor similarly leaves lovers shakespeare pleasure proving intimate acquaintance book part chapter quoted thirteenth book editor tried get together stories impressed people minds tale remora remember jonson use poetaster death seized land remora stir move pleases tales remind us olaus magnus plainly eastern now pertaineth speak birds fowls particular first eagle principality among fowls among manner kinds divers fowls eagle liberal free heart prey taketh great hunger eateth alone putteth forth common fowls follow first taketh portion part therefore oft fowls follow eagle hope trust part prey prey taken sufficient king taketh heed community taketh bird next giveth among others serveth therewith austin saith plinius also age eagle darkness dimness eyen heaviness wings disadvantage taught kind seek well springing water flieth air far may till full hot heat air travail flight heat pores opened feathers chafed falleth suddenly well feathers changed dimness eyes wiped away purged taketh might strength eagle feathers done set among feathers wings birds corrupteth fretteth strings made done put lute harp among strings made destroy fret corrupt strings made set among lute harp pliny saith among fowls eagle virtue sight mighty strong eagle spirit sight temperate sharp act deed seeing beholding sun roundness circle without blemishing eyen sharpness sight rebounded clearness light sun nother disperpled manner eagle full sharp sight taketh birds claws maketh look even sun ere wings full grown except look stiffly steadfastly sun beateth setteth even tofore sun eye birds watereth looking sun slayeth though went kind else driveth nest despiseth setteth goshawk royal fowl armed boldness claws much kind taketh quantity body rewardeth boldness heart two kinds fowls tame wild tame taketh wild fowls taketh lord wild taketh tame fowls hawk disdainful kind fail hap prey reseth day unneth cometh lord hand must ordinate diet nother scarce ne full much meat waxeth ramaious slow disdaineth come reclaim meat scarce faileth feeble unmighty take prey also eyen birds oft seled closed hid bate oft hand beareth seeth bird desireth take also legs must fastened gesses shall fly freely every bird borne left hand may somewhat take right hand fed therewith tame hawks kept mews may discharged old feathers hard renewed fairness youth also men give meat manner flesh venomous may sooner change feathers smoke grieveth hawks doth harm therefore mews must far smoky places bodies grieved bitterness smoke feathers infect blackness smoke fed fresh flesh bloody men use give eat hearts fowls take alive strong mighty take prey beloved lords borne hands set perches stroked breast tail made plain smooth nourished great business diligence dead men hold unprofitable nothing worth eaten rather thrown dunghills properties bees wonderful noble worthy bees common kind children dwell habitation closed within gate travail common meat common common working common use fruit flight common generation common also maidenhood body without wem common birth also medlied service venus nother resolved lechery nother bruised sorrow birth children yet bring forth swarms children bees make among king ordain among common people though put set king yet free love king make kind love defend full great defence hold honour worship perish spilt king king great worship none dare go house get meat king pass take principality flight bees chose king worthy noble highness fairness clear mildness chief virtue king though king sting yet useth wreck also bees unobedient king deem doom die wound sting swarm bees none idle fight battle field bees busy meat watch coming showers behold concourse meting dues make wax flowers make cells now round now square wonder binding joining evenness yet nevertheless among diverse works none doth espy wait take travail neither taketh wrongfully neither stealeth meat seeketh gathereth flight travail among herbs flowers good convenable bees sit fruit flowers withered fresh new gather matter make honey wax flowers nigh spent send spies espy meat places night falleth journey lie upright defend wings rain dew may morrow tide fly swifter work wings dry able fly ordain watches manner castles rest night day till bee wake twice buzzing thrice manner trumping fly day fair morrow bees bring bear needful dread blasts wind fly therefore low ground charged lest letted manner blasts charge sometimes gravel small stones may stedfast blasts wind heaviness stones obedience bees wonderful king passeth forth swarm cluster passeth beclipped swarm host knights unneth seen time multitude followeth serveth people bees travail within governor goeth comfort others work bound travail certain bees stings champions continual wardens king body passeth selde swarm shall go outgoing known certain days tofore voice host arraying pass king culvour messager peace ensample simpleness clean kind plenteous children follower meekness friend company forgetter wrongs culvour forgetful therefore birds borne away forgetteth harm damage leaveth therefore build breed place also nicely curious sitting tree beholdeth looketh toward part fly bendeth neck taking avisement oft taketh avisement flight ere taketh flight arrow flieth body therefore faileth purpose gregory saith also ambrose saith egypt syria culvour taught bear letters messager province another loveth kindly place dwelling first fed nourished never far borne far countries always return home restored freedom oft culvour letter craftily bound wing let go flieth air ceaseth never till come first place bred sometimes way enemies know thereof let arrow letters beareth wounded slain beareth letter without peril oft letter borne cause occasion death crow bird long life diviners tell taketh heed spyings awaitings teacheth sheweth ways warneth shall fall full unlawful believe god sheweth privy counsel crows crows rule lead storks come routs fly storks defend fight birds fowls hate storks take battle birds peril open proof thereof time storks pass country crows seen places wont also come sore wounds voice blood well known signs tokens show strong fighting also mildness bird wonderful father mother age naked bare covering feathers young crows hide cover feathers gather meat feed raven beholdeth mouths birds yawn giveth meat ere know see likeness blackness colour feathers begin wax black afterward feedeth might strength ravens birds fed dew heaven time black feathers benefit age among fowls raven four sixty changings voice swan feigneth sweetness sweet songs accord voice singeth sweetly long neck diversely bent make divers notes countries called hyperborean harpers harping swans birds fly nests sing full merrily shipmen trow tokeneth good meet swans peril shipwreck always swan merriest bird divinations shipmen desire bird dippeth waves swan love seeketh female pleaseth beclipping neck draweth himward joineth neck female neck binding necks together phoenix bird kind wide world therefore lewd men wonder thereof among arabs bird bred called singular alone philosopher speaketh bird saith phoenix bird without make liveth three hundred five hundred years years past feeleth default feebleness maketh nest right sticks full dry summer western wind blows sticks nest set fire burning heat sun burn strongly bird phoenix cometh willfully burning nest burnt ashes among burning sticks within three days little worm gendered ashes waxeth little little taketh feathers shapen turned bird ambrose saith hexameron humours ashes phoenix ariseth new bird waxeth space time clothed feathers wings restored kind bird fairest bird like peacock feathers loveth wilderness gathereth meat clean grains fruits alan speaketh bird saith highest bishop onyas builded temple city heliopolis egypt likeness temple jerusalem first day easter gathered much wood set fire altar offer sacrifice men sight bird came suddenly fell middle fire burnt anon ashes fire sacrifice ashes abode busily kept saved commandments priests within three days ashes bred little worm took shape bird last flew wilderness crane bird great wings strong flight flieth high air see countries towards draw bird loveth birds kind living company together king among fly order leader company compelleth company fly aright crying blaming voice hap wax hoarse another crane cometh taketh office fall earth crying rest sit ground keep save ordain watches may rest surely wakers stand foot holdeth little stone foot high earth may waked falling stone hap sleep griffin accounted among flying things deut xiiii gloss saith griffin like eagle head wings like lion parts body dwelleth hills called hyperborean enemies horses men grieveth layeth nest stone hight smaragdus venomous beasts mountain pelican bird egypt dwelleth deserts beside river nile pelican eateth plungeth water foot plunged water putteth mouth foot hand pelican popinjay among fowls use foot instead hand pelican loveth much children children haught begin wax hoar smite father mother face wherefore mother smiteth slayeth third day mother smiteth side blood runneth sheddeth hot blood bodies children virtue blood birds dead quicken master jacobus de vitriaco book wonders eastern parts telleth another cause death pelicans birds saith serpent hateth kindly bird wherefore mother passeth nest get meat serpent climbeth tree stingeth infecteth birds mother cometh maketh sorrow three days birds saith smiteth breast springeth blood reareth death life great bleeding mother waxeth feeble birds compelled pass nest get meat kind love feed mother feeble unkind care mother mother taketh good heed thereto cometh strength nourisheth loveth birds fed need putteth away birds unworthy unkind suffereth dwell live peacock unsteadfast evil shapen head head serpent crest simple pace small neck areared blue breast tail full eyes distinguished high wonder fairness foulest feet rivelled wondereth fairness feathers areareth circle head looketh feet seeth foulness feet like ashamed letteth feathers fall suddenly tail downward though took heed fairness feathers saith voice fiend head serpent pace thief horrible voice bird vulture wit smelling best therefore smelling savoureth carrions far beyond sea ayenward therefore vulture followeth host may feed carrions men horses therefore diviner saith many vultures come fly together tokeneth battle know battle shall privy wit kind eateth raw flesh therefore fighteth fowls meat hunteth fro midday night resteth still fro sunrising time ageth bill waxeth long crooked nether dieth last hunger men say error old time vulture sometime man cruel pilgrims therefore pain bill dieth hunger lawful believe jorath saith great fish sea hight bellua casteth water jaws vapour good smell fish feel smell follow enter come jaws following smell swalloweth fed also saith dolphins know smell dead man sea ate ever dolphin kind dead man eat thereof eateth anon keepeth defendeth fro eating biting fish shoveth bringeth cliff working enchirius little fish unneth half foot long though full little body nathless virtue cleaveth ship holdeth still stedfastly sea though ship ground therein though winds blow waves arise strongly wood storms ship may move nother pass fish holdeth still ship craft cleaving ship fish knoweth feeleth tempests wind weather great cometh taketh great stone holdeth fast thereby anchor lest smitten away thrown waves sea shipmen see beware overset unwarily tempest storms crab enemy oyster liveth fish thereof wonderful wit may open hard shell oyster spieth awaiteth oyster openeth crab lieth await taketh little stone putteth shells oyster may close closing let crab eateth gnaweth flesh oyster whale great plenty sperm gendereth superfluity thereof fleeteth water gathered dried turneth substance amber age greatness body ridge powder earth gathered digged together herbs small trees bushes grow thereon great fish seemeth island shipmen come unwarily thereby unneth scape without peril throweth much water mouth ship overturneth sometime drowneth also fat smitten fishers darts feeleth wound passeth throughout fatness inner fish wounded easily taken may suffer bitterness salt water therefore draweth shoreward also huge quantity taken country better taking also loveth whelps wonder love leadeth sea long time happeth whelps let heaps gravel default water taketh much water mouth throweth delivereth wise peril bringeth deep sea defend putteth things meeteth noyful setteth always sun secure side strong tempest ariseth whelps tender young swalloweth womb tempest gone fair weather come casteth whole sound also jorath saith whale fighteth fish serpent kind venomous crocodile fish come whale tail whale overcome fish die venomous fish may overcome whale throweth jaws whale throweth mouth sweet smelling smoke putteth stinking smell defendeth saveth manner wise vii mediaeval natural history animals eighteenth book de proprietatibus devoted properties animals composed selections pliny aristotle works mediaeval physicians romancers magister jacobus de vitriaco historia alexandri magni de proeliis physiologus bestiarium editor obliged reduce extracts make room others among reader find many examples legends made popular natural history early days originally imported east spain italy memory survives even now popular locutions licked shape refers tale give account bear royal nature lion commonplace jonson spenser speak sweet breath panther drayton heroical epistles quotes siren hyena examples call aid lie wait hyena murthers deceit sweet enticement sudden death bring rocks th alluring mermaids sing trevisa invented adjective us expresses midnight caterwaul ghastful bartholomew probably suffered two minor curses humanity amorous cat wandering cur preserved us noble eulogy dog reference tale dog montargis standing example canine fidelity among chivalrous folk india beast wonderly shapen like bear body hair man face right red head full great mouth horrible either jaw three rows teeth distinguished atween outer limbs thereof outer limbs lion tail like wild scorpion sting smiteth hard bristle pricks wild swine horrible voice voice trumpet runneth full swiftly eateth men among beasts earth none found cruel wonderly shape avicenna saith beast called baricos greek boar fierce beast also cruel fierceness cruelness despiseth setteth nought death reseth full piteously point spear hunter though smitten sticked spear body yet greater ire cruelness heart reseth enemy taketh comfort heart strength wreak adversary tusks putteth peril death wonder fierceness weapon enemy mouth two crooked tusks right strong sharp breaketh rendeth cruelly withstandeth useth tusks instead sword hard shield broad thick right side putteth always weapon pursueth useth brawn instead shield defend spieth peril befall whetteth tusks frotteth assayeth fretting trees points tusks blunt feel blunt seeketh herb called origanum gnaweth cheweth cleanseth comforteth roots teeth therewith vertue thereof ass fair shape disposition young tender pass age elder ass fouler waxeth day day hairy rough melancholy beast cold dry therefore kindly heavy slow unlusty dull witless forgetful nathless beareth burdens may away travail thraldom useth vile meat little gathereth meat among briars thorns thistles ass another wretched condition known nigh men put travail beaten staves sticked pricked pricks mouth wrung bernacle led hither thither withdrawn leas pasture way oft refraining bernacle dieth last vain travails reward death service travail living much skin left taken away carrion thrown without sepulture burials much carrion eating devouring sometimes buried wombs hounds wolves adders lie await sleep find mouth open beasts creep love heat humour find adders little beast fighteth hight saura little ewt men mean lizard beast aware serpent present leapeth face sleepeth scratcheth feet wake warn serpent little beast waxeth old eyen wax blind goeth hole wall east openeth eyen afterward sun risen eyen heat take light slaying adder venomous wit love affection loveth mate love wedlock liveth well without company therefore slain pursueth slew busy wreak vengeance passeth weening knoweth slayer reseth never great company men people busieth slay passeth difficulties spaces ways wreak death mate let ne put swift flight waters rivers marcianus saith asp grieveth men africa moors take children suspect put adders children kind adder grieveth kind anon die venom adder oxherd hight bubulcus ordained office keep oxen feedeth nourisheth oxen bringeth leas home bindeth feet langhaldes spanells nigheth cloggeth pasture leas yoketh maketh draw plough pricketh slow goad maketh draw even pleaseth whistling song make bear yoke better liking melody voice herd driveth ruleth draw even teacheth make even furrows compelleth ear also tread thresh lead corn break straw threshing treading flour travail done unyoke bring stall tie stall feed thereat cockatrice hight basiliscus greek regulus latin name regulus little king king serpents afraid flee see slayeth smell breath slayeth also anything life breath sight sight fowl bird passeth harmless though far fowl yet burned devoured mouth overcome weasel men bring weasel cockatrice den lurketh hid father maker everything left nothing without remedy among hisperies ethiopians well many men trow head nile beside wild beast hight catoblefas little body nice members great head hanging always toward earth else great noying mankind see eyen die anon kind cockatrice serpent bred province sirena body length breadth cockatrice tail twelve inches long speck head precious stone feareth away serpents hissing presseth body much bowing course way forthright goeth mean drieth burneth leaves herbs touch also hissing blast rotteth corrupteth things great venom perilous slayeth wasteth nigheth length spear without tarrying yet weasel taketh overcometh biting weasel death cockatrice nevertheless biting cockatrice death weasel sooth weasel eat rue though cockatrice venomous without remedy alive yet loseth malice burnt ashes ashes accounted good profitable working alchemy namely turning changing metals nothing busy wittier hound wit beasts hounds know names love masters defend houses masters put wilfully peril death masters run take prey masters forsake dead bodies masters known hounds fought lords thieves sore wounded kept away beasts fowls masters bodies dead hound compelled slayer master barking biting acknowledge trespass guilt also read garamantus king came exile brought two hundred hounds fought enemies wondrous hardiness hounds flee avoid wood hound pestilence venom always exiled outlaw goeth alone wagging rolling drunken beast runneth yawning tongue hangeth mouth drivelleth foameth eyes overturned reared ears lie backward tail wrinkled legs thighs though eyes open yet stumbleth spurneth every thing barketh shadow pliny saith hound tongue lieth worm maketh hound wood worm taken tongue evil ceaseth also hound wrathful malicious awreak biteth oft stone thrown biteth stone great woodness breaketh teeth grieveth stone teeth full sore also guileful deceivable oft fickleth fawneth tail men pass way though friend biteth sore take none heed backward hound hateth stones rods bold hardy among knoweth busieth bite fear bold passeth among strangers also hound envious gathereth herbs privily right sorry man know virtue herbs also evil apaid strange hounds unknown come place dwelleth dreadeth lest fare worse hound presence fighteth therefore also covetous scarce busy lay hide relief leaveth therefore commoneth giveth flesh may devour hounds layeth busily hideth hungereth last hound violently drawn dunghill rope whip bound neck drowned river water endeth wretched life skin taken flesh eaten buried left finally flies divers worms pontus manner kind beasts dwelleth now land now water maketh houses dens arrayed wonder craft brinks rivers waters beasts live together flocks love beasts kind come together cut rods sticks teeth bring home dens wonder wise lay upright ground instead sled dray legs feet reared upward lay load sticks wood legs thighs draw home dens unlade discharge make dwelling places right strong great subtlety craft houses two chambers three distinguished three cellars dwell place water ariseth nether water away certain hole properly made cellar hole putteth tail water tail fishy kind may without water long kept without corruption crocodile findeth man brim water cliff slayeth may weepeth swalloweth last dragon greatest serpents oft drawn den riseth air air moved also sea swelleth venom crest little mouth draweth breath small pipes straight reareth tongue teeth like saw strength teeth also tail grieveth biting stinging much venom serpents end slay anything venom needful findeth slayeth elephant secure greatness body oft four five fasten tails together rear heads sail sea rivers get good meat elephants dragons everlasting fighting dragon tail bindeth spanneth elephant elephant foot nose throweth dragon dragon bindeth spanneth elephant legs maketh fall dragon buyeth full sore slayeth elephant elephant falleth slayeth also elephant seeing dragon tree busieth break tree smite dragon dragon leapeth elephant busieth bite nostrils assaileth elephant eyen maketh blind sometime leapeth sometime behind biteth sucketh blood last long fighting elephant waxeth feeble great blindness much falleth dragon slayeth dying dragon slayeth cause dragon desireth blood coldness elephant blood dragon desireth cool jerome saith dragon full thirsty beast insomuch unneth may water enough quench great thirst openeth mouth therefore wind quench burning thirst wise therefore seeth ships sail sea great wind flieth sail take cold wind overthroweth ship sometimes greatness body strong rese sail shipmen see dragon come nigh know coming water swelleth ayenge strike sail anon scape wise horses joyful fields smell battles comforted noise trumpets battle fighting excited run noise know sorry overcome glad mastery feeleth knoweth enemies battle far forth enemies biting smiting also know lords forget mildness lords overcome horses suffer man ride backs lords many horses weep lords dead horses weep sorrow right man doth kind horse man medlied also oft men shall fight take evidence divine guess shall befall sorrow joy horse maketh old men mean gentle horse noble men take heed four things shape fairness wilfulness colour forehead foaled found iconemor black skin quantity sedge hight also amor veneficium mother licketh tongue taketh away hideth eateth women witches use skin sayings excite man love colt littered straw curried horse comb arrayed trapping gay harness smitten spurs saddled saddle tamed bridle followeth mother freely eateth grass feet pierced nails suffered run hither thither freely last set work travail held tied led halters reins taken mother may suck dam teats taught many manner wise go easily soft set carts chariots cars travel bearing horsemen chivalry silly horse colt foaled divers hap fortune isidore saith horses sometime hallowed divers usage gods among beasts elephant virtue unneth among men great readiness found new moon come together great companies bathe wash river lowte turn places make young go tofore turning keep busily teach wise sick gather good herbs ere use herbs heave head look toward heaven pray help god certain religion good wit learn well easy teach insomuch taught know king worship busy reverence bend knees worship elephants see man coming way wilderness affray draw somewhat way stint pass little little tofore teach way dragon come fight dragon defend man put forth defend man strongly mightily namely young foals dread man seeketh foals therefore purpose first deliver man may securely feed children keep warily elephants best chivalry tame bear towers tree throw sheltrons overturn men arms wonderful dread men arms ranged battle dread flee voice least sound swine taken made tame mild barley cave ditch made earth pitfall elephant way unawares falleth therein hunters cometh beateth smiteth pricketh full sore another hunter cometh smiteth first hunter doth away defendeth elephant giveth barley eat eaten thrice four times loveth defended afterward mild obedient read physiologus book elephant beast passeth beasts quantity wit mind among doings elephants lie never sleeping weary lean tree rest somewhat men lie wait espy resting places privily cut tree side elephant cometh aware fraud leaneth tree breaketh weight body falleth breaking lieth seeth may help falling crieth roareth wonder manner noise crying come suddenly many young elephants rear old little little strength might arear wonder affection love bend might strength also another thing full wonderful among ethiopians countries elephants hunted wise go desert two maidens naked bare open hair head beareth vessel sword maidens begin sing alone beast liking heareth song cometh licketh teats falleth asleep anon liking song maid sticketh throat side sword taketh blood vessel blood people country dye cloth done colour therewith satyrs somewhat like men crooked nose horns forehead like goats feet saint anthony saw wilderness asked answered anthony deadly dwelleth wilderness wonderful beasts divers called cyno ce phali heads hounds seem working beasts rather men called cyclops name eye middle forehead headless noseless eyen shoulders plain faces without nostrils nether lips stretch hele therewith faces heat sun closed mouths breasts hole breathe suck pipes veins accounted tongueless use signs becks instead speaking also scythia great large ears spread ears cover bodies called panchios ethiopia foot great large beshadow foot lie gaping ground strong heat sun yet swift likened hounds swiftness running therefore among greeks called cynopodes also soles feet turned backward behind legs foot eight toes go stare desert lybia griffin beast wings four footed breedeth mountains hyperborean like lion parts body eagle head wings griffins keep mountains gems precious stones suffer taken thence hyena cruel beast like wolf devouring gluttony reseth dead men taketh carcase earth devoureth kind change sex now found male now female therefore unclean beast cometh hoveys night feigneth man voice may men trow man pliny saith year male another female bringeth forth brood without male common people trow aristotle denieth neck adder ridge elephant may bend bear body herds tell among stables feigneth speech mankind calleth man name rendeth without feigneth oft name man make hounds run may take eat shadow maketh hounds leave barking still come near beast hyena goeth thrice beast beast shall stint within steps pliny saith hyena hateth panther skins hanged together hair panther skin shall fall away beast hyena fleeth hunter draweth toward right side occupy trace man goeth cometh telleth goeth wit else man falleth horse turn hyena beast soon taken magicians tell also witches use heart beast liver many witchcrafts lions short crisp hair mane lions fight lions simple hair mane lions sharp fierce hearts foreheads tails virtue known beast stedfastness head beset hunters behold earth dread less hunters gins beset dreadeth noise rushing wheels dreadeth fire much sleep eyes wake go forth hele hide fores steps hunters find kind lions wroth man grieved hurt also mercy known many oft examples spare lie ground suffer pass homeward prisoners come thraldom eat man slay great hunger pliny saith lion gentleness nobility neck shoulders heled hair main gendered pard lacketh nobility lion knoweth smell pard gendereth lioness reseth lioness breaketh spousehood punisheth full sore wash river known lion liveth long known working wasting teeth age reseth man virtue might faileth pursue great beasts wild besiegeth cities ransom take men lions taken hanged lions dread manner pain old lion reseth woodly men grunteth women reseth seldom children great hunger peril lion gentle noble pursued hounds hunters lion lurketh hideth sitteth fields may seen arrayeth defence runneth wood covert swift running course though account vile shame lurk hide hideth dread dreadeth sometime dreaded pursueth man beast lands leapeth reseth wounded taketh wonderly heed knoweth first smiteth reseth smiter though never great multitude man shoot lion chaseth throweth woundeth hurteth hideth high mountains espieth thence prey seeth prey roareth full loud voice beasts dread stint suddenly maketh circle tail beasts dread pass line circle beasts stand astonied afraid abiding hest commandment king ashamed eat alone prey taketh therefore grace free heart leaveth prey beasts follow afar lion hunted wise double cave made fast second cave set whiche closeth full soon touched first den cave lamb set lion leapeth therein hungered take lamb seeth may break den ashamed beguiled enter second den lurk falleth smell pard gendereth lioness reseth lioness breaketh spousehood punisheth full sore wash river known lion liveth long known working wasting teeth age reseth man virtue might faileth pursue great beasts wild besiegeth cities ransom take men lions taken hanged lions dread manner pain old lion reseth woodly men grunteth women reseth seldom children great hunger peril lion gentle noble pursued hounds hunters lion lurketh hideth sitteth fields may seen arrayeth defence runneth wood covert swift running course though account vile shame lurk hide hideth dread dreadeth sometime dreaded pursueth man beast lands leapeth reseth wounded taketh wonderly heed knoweth first smiteth reseth smiter though never great multitude man shoot lion chaseth throweth woundeth hurteth hideth high mountains espieth thence prey seeth prey roareth full loud voice beasts dread stint suddenly maketh circle tail beasts dread pass line circle beasts stand astonied afraid abiding hest commandment king ashamed eat alone prey taketh therefore grace free heart leaveth prey beasts follow afar lion hunted wise double cave made fast second cave set whiche closeth full soon touched first den cave lamb set lion leapeth therein hungered take lamb seeth may break den ashamed beguiled enter second den lurk falleth closeth anon letteth pass thereof keepeth fast therein taken bound chains till tame lion cruel wood wroth biteth grieveth indignation gnasheth teeth namely hungreth spieth lieth wait take beasts pass way hideth privy caves reseth beasts unawares slayeth teeth claws breaketh members eateth piecemeal see come take away prey beclippeth prey grunteth smiteth earth tail nigheth leapeth overcometh turneth prey first drinketh licketh blood beast slayeth rendeth haleth limbmeal devoureth swalloweth leopard beast cruel gendered pard lioness pursueth prey startling leaping running taketh prey third leap fourth stinteth indignation goeth backward though overcome less body lion therefore dreadeth lion maketh cave earth double entering goeth goeth cave full wide large either entering narrow straight middle lion cometh fleeth falleth suddenly cave lion pursueth great rese entereth also cave weeneth mastery leopard greatness body may pass freely middle den full straight leopard knoweth lion let holden straight place goeth den forward cometh den side behind lion reseth behindforth biting claws leopard often wise mastery lion craft strength less beast oft mastery strong beast deceit guile den dare rese openly field homer saith book battles wiles beasts churls speak wolf say man loseth voice wolf seeth first therefore man suddenly still leaveth speak lupus est fabula wolf tale certainly know seen first loseth boldness hardihood fierceness wolf evil beast eateth resteth much hunger full hardy loveth well play child may take slayeth afterward eateth last wolf stoned taketh heed threw first stone stone grieveth slay grieveth may take throweth stone doth much harm harm doth wrath leaveth last wolf may bend neck backward month year may alone thundereth goeth night fold take prey goeth wind hounds smell happeth wise foot maketh noise treading anything chasteneth foot hard biting read book string made wolf gut put among harp strings made guts sheep destroyeth corrupteth eagle feathers put among culvours pulleth gnaweth left together long place cat full lecherous beast youth swift pliant merry leapeth reseth everything fore led straw playeth therewith right heavy beast age full sleepy lieth slyly wait mice aware smell sight hunteth reseth privy places taketh mouse playeth therewith eateth play time love hard fighting wives scratcheth rendeth grievously biting claws maketh ruthful noise ghastful proffereth fight another unneth hurt thrown high place fair skin proud thereof goeth fast skin burnt bideth home oft fair skin taken skinner slain flayed physiologus speaketh panther saith hateth dragon dragon fleeth eat enough full hideth den sleepeth continually nigh three days riseth three days crieth mouth cometh right good air savour passing measure sweet sweetness beasts follow dragon afeared heareth voice fleeth den may suffer smell thereof faileth looseth comfort weeneth smell venom beasts liking behold divers colours panther tiger horribleness heads therefore hide heads toll beasts fairness body take come tolled eat mermaid sea beast wonderly shapen draweth shipmen peril sweetness song gloss xiii saith sirens serpents crests men say fishes sea likeness women men feign three sirens maidens fowls claws wings singeth voice another pipe third harp please shipmen likeness song draw peril shipbreach sooth strong hores drew men passed poverty mischief physiologus saith beast sea wonderly shapen maid navel upward fish navel downward wonderful beast glad merry tempest sad heavy fair weather sweetness song beast maketh shipmen sleep seeth asleep goeth ship ravisheth may take bringeth dry place maketh first lie may slayeth eateth flesh wonderful beasts written great alexander story tiger swiftest beast flight arrow persees call arrow tigris beast distinguished divers specks wonderly strong swift pliny saith beasts dreadful swiftness namely known taken whelp glimy sinewy hunter lieth await taketh away whelps fleeth soon away swift horse may wild beast cometh findeth den void whelps away reseth headlong taketh fore beareth whelps away followeth smell hunter heareth grutching beast runneth throweth whelps mother taketh whelp mouth beareth den layeth therein runneth hunter meantime hunter taketh ship whelps scapeth wise beguiled fierceness standeth stead male taketh wood rese male recketh whelps bear away whelps leaveth way great mirrors mother followeth findeth mirrors way looketh seeth shadow image therein weeneth seeth children therein long occupied therefore deliver children glass hunter time space scape beguiled shadow followeth farther hunter deliver children avicenna saith bear bringeth forth piece flesh imperfect evil shapen mother licketh lump shapeth members licking whelp piece flesh little mouse neither eyes ears claws bourgeoning lump licketh shapeth whelp licking wonder tell thing theophrastus saith telleth bear flesh sodden time sleeping vanisheth laid token meat found almery little quantity humour taken made blind bright basin bound chains compelled play tamed beating unsteadfast beast unstable uneasy goeth therefore day stake strongly tied licketh sucketh feet liking juice thereof wonderly sty trees highest tops oft bees gather honey hollow trees bear findeth honey smell goeth place honey maketh way tree claws draweth honey eateth cometh oft custom place hunter taketh heed thereof pitcheth full sharp hooks stakes foot tree hangeth craftily right heavy hammer wedge tofore open way honey bear cometh anhungered log hangeth high letteth putteth away wedge despiteously removing wedge falleth hitteth ear indignation thereof putteth away wedge despiteously right fiercely wedge falleth smiteth harder striveth long wedge feeble head doth fail oft smiting wedge falleth pricks stakes slayeth wise theophrastus telleth manner hunting bears learned hunters country germany fox called vulpes name wallowing feet aside goeth never forthright always aslant fraud false beast deceiving lacketh meat feigneth dead fowls come carrion anon catcheth devoureth fox halteth always right legs shorter left legs skin right hairy rough hot tail great rough hound weeneth take tail taketh mouth full hair stoppeth fox doth fight brock dens defileth brock den mastery fraud deceit strength fox feigneth tame time need night waiteth time doeth shrewd deeds though right guileful malicious yet good profitable use medicine sources book adamantius fl origen quoted name commentaries old testament works quoted aegidius corboliensis corbeil doctor montpellier canon paris alanus de insulis de ryssel monk canterbury probably englishman principal work poem books called largely quoted middle age writers account given notes secreta secretorum also wrote de planctu naturae parabolae etc albertus magnus famous doctor university paris dominican theologian works quoted commentaries natural histories aristotle often printed teacher thomas aquinas contemporary author albumazar arab astronomer alcuin english theologian work quoted de septem artibus alexander neckham nequam principal work de naturis rerum book little known continent use bartholomew another proof english birth alfaragus cent arab astronomer whose work notable chief source celebrated astronomical treatise sphere johannes sacrobosco john halifax contemporary englishman popular three centuries well known euclid alfredus anglicus fl physician translator aristotle see jacob aesop discussion works al ghazel sceptic opponent averroes ambrose hexameron work used anselm theologian archbishop canterbury inventor scholasticism archelaus greek geographer aristotle refer reader jourdain early translations aristotle find mine information works writer used middle age augustine aurora metrical version bible petrus de riga canon rheims averroes moorish commentator aristotle avicebron ibn gebirol spanish jew author fontis vita work translated gundisalvi greatest influence metaphysic middle age see munck avicenna arab physician commentator aristotle aymon haymon english franciscan afterwards general order revised breviary rubrics basil hexameron bede work best known thirteenth century history works etc beleth john french writer ecclesiastical matters bernard bestiarium collection early myths animals eastern origin many different forms work founded physiologus boethius treatise arithmetic work quoted consolation almost unknown early middle age popularity resting translations aristotle treatises music arithmetic latter important work history science callisthenes author historia alexandri magni de preliis see budge syriac version work cassiodorus de septem disciplinis favourite middle age cato agriculture chalcidius cent commentator timaeus plato part preserved cicero somn scipionis constantinus afer benedictine monk monte cassino probably introducer arab medicine italy wrote viaticum pantegna books introduced arab medicine europe school salerno translating many arab authors cyprian syriac astrologer afterwards bishop antioch martyr diocletian persecution damascene cent quoted constantinus afer physician damascene john end cent arab physician damascius circ syrian commentator aristotle took refuge persia author work wonders quoted photius dioscorides dionysius areopagitus pseudo circ de celesti hierarchia de divinis nominibus donatus grammarian euficius circ disciple gregory fulgentius circ grammarian galen gilbertus circ celebrated english physician france wrote compendium medicinae gregory circ job haly circ jewish physician wrote pantegni complementum medicinae first medical work translated constantius afer hermes alchemia now extant hippocrates hugution pizanus jurisconsult writer grammar hyginus pseudo cent writer astronomy innocent iii wrote de contemptu mundi etc isaac circ arab physician translated many greek authors arabic isidore bishop seville wrote work etymology books popular works middle age jacobus de vitriaco crusading bishop afterwards cardinal legate wrote exemplar books eastern western history jerome joseph ben gorion abridgment jewish history containing many legends josephus jewish historian jorath de animalibus syriac writer lapidarium see marbodius de gemmis many treatises name leo ix see migne patrologia lucan popular latin poets middle age macer floridus cent virtues herbs macrobius circ commentary dream scipio favourite work medieval times martianus capella circ wrote poem marriage mercury philologia treating seven liberal arts standard century schools messahala circ methodius pseudo cent de agarini michael scot circ time concerned translation arabic works astronomy aristotle de coelo de mundo de anima historia naturalis commentaries misalath astrologus papias circ grammarian milan etc perspectiva sciencia say whether bacon peckham albertus magnus believe peckham englishman afterwards archbishop canterbury petrus comestor named magister historiarum master histories wrote account world creation translated french called mer des histoires favourite medieval book philaretus writer medicine physiologus syriac compilation moralities animal myths first appears western europe theobaldus de naturis xii animalium alexandrian origin dates fourth century appears altered writer platearius salernitanus circ johannes family physicians salerno work called practica book virtues herbs etc plato timaeus quoted probably chalcidius pliny natural history isidore work two chief sources medieval knowledge nature priscian circ grammarian physicist ptolemy circ alexandrian astronomer known arabic translations time etc rabanus maurus fulda pupil alcuin benedictine afterwards archbishop mayence wrote de universo mundo etc rasis arab physician perhaps greatest school etc remigius teacher grammar school paris grammar remained use four centuries wrote gloss marcianus capella ricardus de victor scottish theologian prior victor mystic considerable acuteness etc ricardus rufus circ cornishman doctor great renown oxford paris afterwards joined franciscans robertus celebrated bishop lincoln patron bacon taught paris oxford commentaries aristotle salustius de diis et mundo geographer schola salernitana circ treatise preservation health leonine verse popular use addressed robert england translated commented hundreds times middle age sensibly thought preservation disease branch medicine equally important cure secundus writer medicine solinus circ wrote account things stephanus circ commentary galen strabus benedictine abbot reichenau near constance authors gloss symon cornubiensis varro celebrated grammarian virgil william conches lectured paris grammar wrote de natura zeno circ writer medicine teacher alexandria list authorities cited given end complete work bibliography date place printer remarks hc pr pell july lyon philippi reinhard hc koelhoff hc lyon petrus hungary hc lyon philippi reinhard hc koelhoff may koberger strassburg press xv hc may heidelberg press strassburg panzer hc strassburg press xv hc june koberger strassburg panzer hc press viii circ formerly attributed zell hc basel ruppel circ strassburg husner may peypus venezia graesse iii paris graesse iii strassburg graesse iii frankfurt richter frankfurt stein bib nat hc haarlem bellaert note pr proctor version jehan corbichon date place printer remarks hc pr pell lyon huss hc lyon huss hc lyon le roy april lyon huss hc lyon huss lyon huss cop ii hc lyon le diamantier hc lyon siber lyon imperfect hc paris verard paris petit lenoir brunet ii rouen brunet ii paris petit lenoir paris lenoir may paris gandoul voynich paris paris longis paris brunet ii grasse says paris groulleau bib nat paris de banville bib nat paris bib nat version fr vincent de hc pr pell toulouse mayer toledo de avila version john trevisa hc pr westminster de worde london berthelet london east bibliography first edition selection published london edition unpaged leaves title table prologue book numbered leaves printer mark lucretia following errors pagination noted chief point interest bibliography question raised wynkyn de worde positive statement edition epilogue also charyte call remembraunce soule william caxton first prynter boke latin tonge coleyn hymself avaunce every well disposyd man may theron loke john tate yonger joy mote broke late hathe englond doo make paper thynne now englyssh boke prynted inne gordon duff disposed think caxton may worked undated cologne edition must case put finding link bruges type cologne presses work printed louvain contains type descriptions editions british museum copy berthelet edition autograph shakespeare ireland forgeries glossary accord harmony according punning harmony adamant diamond addercop spider afeard affrighted afore almery cupboard buttery anon immediately apaid served repaid apaired injured impaired areared upright assay try aught anything avisement forethought counsel away suffer awreak revenge ayencoming returning ayenge ayenward vice versa bate flutter wings preparing flight bays fruit laurel order beclip embrace enfold behind forth back front behooteth advises gives behove necessary bernacle bridle beshine illuminate bisse second blemish shrink blench blow obtain lead ores furnace boisterous boystous thick strong solid bourgeon bud burst forth bray pound brock badger buck wash busily carefully except car means instrument carfle pound carrions corpses cast intend chaffer trade chine chink cleft clarity clearness clepe call cliff shore clue clew hank yarn comfort strengthen common share food others ayenward conject conjecture coverture covering craftily skilfully culvour pigeon curtel kirtle short coat covering deadly mortal deeming judgment opinion default deficiency depart separate share despiteously contemptuously detty generous disperple scatter destroy done put don doomsman judge draust dross impurity ear reap else otherwise enform make even tofore opposite expert tried fare happen fear frighten fell undressed skin fen clay fine boundary fleet float swim flit flux flow catarrh fore trail spoor foor frot rub fumous vaporous cloudy fumosity vapour fundament foundation gentle noble gesses jesses cords fastening legs hawk gete goats ghastful frightful gin machine glad please glimy slimy gloss comment scripture compiled ninth century fathers glue glutinous substance gnod rub grieve hurt grutching growling gutter drop hale drag hap chance hards hirds tow haught hatched heckle straighten lint coarse comb hele cover heling hight called hoar feathered hop seed case flaxplant horrible unpleasant hear housebond husband hovey hovel cottage hoving staying infect spotted injured intendment understanding jape cry kele cool kind nature kindly natural naturally langhaldes ropes connecting fore hind legs horse cow stay jumping latten kind brass lea pasture land lesings untruths let hinder lewd ignorant liefer rather likelihood resemblance limb instrument limb law limbmeal limb limb piecemeal list limit border lodesman pilot lowte trumpet make mate manner manner kind mawmet idol toy mean intermediary means mean assert consider medley mix meinie domestics household merry fortunate meselry leprosy mess portion messager messenger mete measure apportion mews originally place hawks kept mewed mildness generosity minish narrow mirror seems used surface curved word shewer used plane mirror mistake take wrongly namely especially nathless nevertheless ne needly necessarily nerve sinew nesh soft nether lower nice silly small trifling nicely sillily nother neither noyful noxious hurtful noying harm ordinate ordered prescribed otherdeal otherwise overthwart crossed passing surpassing patent plate paten patine pight put pitched powder dust kind pricket spike used candlestick hence candle principles indecomposable elements pure purify pursueth suiteth quicken come life quiver nimble active ramaious slow ravish snatch reclaim calling back hawk refudation process vinegar poured lead distilled suffered act relief dessert rese rush anyone resolve loosen weaken dissolve rheum salt humour ribbed beaten rib dressing flax ridge back bone riever violent robber raider rivelled wrinkled rively wrinkled shrunk rodded separated tow redded routs crowds ruthful sorrowful sad steadfast solid sanguine scarce sparing avaricious seethe boil selde seldom sele cover shamefast shamefaced sheltrons palisades shern shore shewer shingle brushwood small boards shipbreach shipwreck shore shorn hair shrewd bitter shrew silly blessed innocent simple sinew nerve slubber anything carelessly smirch soil sod stewed solar upper floor solemn celebrated earnest somedeal somewhat sometime sooth truth spanells ropes connecting fore hind feet animal impede movements spousehood marriage spousebreach adultery spronge sprinkled stare stay startling leaping jumping stint stop stint stopped straight confined straited narrowed sty climb suspect suspicion tatch spot tatched spotted tewly livid tilth cultivate tilth tillage tofore toll entice trow believe trust unmighty unable unneth hardly uplandish rustic utter outer true wait guard wanhope despair warily carefully ween consider think wem blemish fault wend wound werish insipid whelk swelling whet sharpen whiche wych gate wilful set purpose wit sense wits witty sensibly wonder wondrous wonderly wondrously wood crazy frantic woodness madness woose fluid worship reverence authority wosen arteries wot knew wrang injured wrung wreak revenge wreck revenge wrecker avenger generously made available internet libraries magic middle ages viktor rydberg august hjalmar edgren new york henry holt company copyright henry holt co contents page cosmic philosophy middle ages historical development ii magic church iii magic learned iv magic people struggle church cosmic philosophy middle ages historical development introductory belief europe middle ages globe centre universe earth fixed immovable encompassed ten heavens successively encircling another except highest constant rotation centre highest immovable heaven enveloping others constituting boundary created things void infinite space beyond empyrean heaven fire named also platonizing philosophers world archetypes light enter god triune majesty sitting throne tones harmony nine revolving heavens beneath ascend like hymn glory universe creator next order empyrean heaven crystal sphere beneath revolves heaven fixed stars formed subtile elements universe devoid weight now angel imagined descend heaven straight earth centre coarsest particles creation collected still sink seven vaulted spaces form planetary world first remaining heavens found planet saturn second jupiter third mars fourth middle heaven belongs sun queen planets remaining three paths venus mercury finally moon measuring time waning increasing disk beneath heaven moon enveloping atmosphere earth earth lands seas four prime elements structure universe fire air water earth every thing existing material world peculiar compound elements possesses energy matter devoid quality force power spiritual flows spiritual source god communicated earth heavens earth things spiritual agents personal bodiless beings fill universe even prime elements derive energy called intelligences angels well heaven fixed stars held motion planets guided orbits angels energies plants metals stones objects derived intelligences god ordained guardians leaders works god source end power lends seal ideas ministering spirits faithfully executing divine stamp vital energy things committed care inevitable causation admitted every thing produced god upheld laws nature nothing precepts accordance angels execute charge obey love fear refractory spirit transgress given commandments cease activity power order nature changed great mechanism universe fall asunder unless god saw fit interpose sometimes god suspends agency immediate actor everywhere gives unusual commandments angels operations called miracles knowledge nature things consequently main knowledge angels innumerable hosts form nine choirs orders divided three hierarchies corresponding three worlds empyreal revolving heavens terrestrial orders seraphim cherubim thrones constitute first hierarchy nearest god surround throne like train attendants rejoice light countenance feel abundant inspiration wisdom love power chant eternal praises glory order thrones lowest empyreal hierarchy proclaims god middle hierarchy given rule movable heavens order dominion receives commands god power guides stars planets orbits brings pass celestial phenomena carries execution third empire wards every thing interfere accomplishment third lowest hierarchy embracing orders principalities archangels angels holds supremacy terrestrial things principalities name implies guardian spirits nations kingdoms archangels protect religion bear prayers saints high throne god angels finally care every mortal impart beasts plants stones metals peculiar nature together hierarchies orders form continuous chain intermingling activities structure universe resembles jacob ladder celestial powers mounting descending golden buckets ceaseless interchange terrestrial things images celestial celestial archetypes empyrean things earth composed coarsest matter things surrounding heavens finer substance accessible influence intelligences archetypes immaterial may filled without resistance spiritual forces give plenitude corresponding effigies worlds stars planets rays send forth abundance power objects earth represented every thing earth consequently guidance angel also influence stars planets archetypes universe vast lyre whose strings struck matter sure vibrate throughout length man god called forth four elements nothing fiat man fashioned wonderful earth elements six days man crown creation within narrow limits nature epitome things existing microcosm image supreme god since man microcosm must partake also coarsest matter within empyrean must fixed earth order might worthy receive adorned beauty paradise angels gazed heaven delight vales mountains lakes groves changing lights shadows shone now purple morning now gold sun silver moon place habitation explains symbolically position destiny man place kingdom god wherever wanders zenith still lingers head revolving heavens habitation centre dance stars fête honor sun moon exist shine pathway fill heart gladness first human beings lived paradise state highest happiness undepraved understanding filled immediate light intuition often angel sun sank gleaming orb towards horizon day growing cool god descended empyrean wander lovely trees paradise company favored ones world unbroken harmony sure contrast spirit matter yet none good evil long remain lucifer morning star highest angels prince seraphim favorite creator purity majesty power inferior holy trinity pride envy took possession known mighty spirit conceived plan overthrowing power god seating throne omnipotence angels orders won treason first beck reckless spirit numberless intelligences lower heavens earth assailed empyrean joined rebellious seraphim cherubim thrones flocked standard revolt heaven raged mighty contest vicissitudes covered veil mystery john however book revelation lifts single fold shows us michael head legions god battling lucifer contest ended overthrow rebel followers beautiful morning star fell heaven christ beheld faithful seraph hurled ramparts like clouds conquered annihilated calm consciousness omnipotence god inscrutably determined lucifer changed rebellion spirit wholly evil enjoy liberty action within certain limits activity fallen spirit consists desperate incessant warfare god gains beginning victory immeasurable consequence tempts man brings dominion humanity well beautiful earth abode curse god world longer unbroken harmony moral unity divided forever two antagonistic kingdoms good evil god wills permits inevitable consequences confirmed immediate change structure universe death sent forth commissioned destroy life hell opens jaws peaceful realms earth bosom filled fire burns every thing consumes nothing whole creation except spaces empyrean pure domain nothing corrupt enter lucifer still adheres claims throne every thing seeks imitate god fallen seraphim cherubim thrones constitute princely retinue council war rebel intelligences middle hierarchy now transformed demons still love rove among stars planets confided care war good angels now guide movements heavens demons float atmosphere causing storm thunder hail snow drouth awful omens whence devil prince controls weather others fill earth seas lakes fountains rivers woods groves meadows mountains pervade elements everywhere man chief occasion strife sad condition bodily pains sufferings earth since curse heaps path successive generations partakers adam sin must tread nothing compared perils sides assail threaten immortal souls dangers averted mortal indeed followed birth guardian angel promptings distinguished issue thousand hidden agents evil lucifer transform angel light demons entice voice counterfeits god conscience man power resist temptations depraved fall reason gives guidance darkened account man apostasy degenerates left satanic instrument heresy error feeling subjection matter already beginning opposed spirit shares curse wondered career man beginning conception sinful womb end behind portals death eternal torments hell myriads souls created god clothed garments clay microcosms glory creation infinite value form link link chain extending nothingness god created abyss brief life earth must tormented countless ages despairing cursing creator lucifer triumphs kingdom increases poor mortal right complain vessel must blame potter man looks heart discovers sinfulness depravity infinite punishments however severe law universe appears still bears impress divine justice therefore act pure grace god determines salvation mankind church prepared election jewish people founded jesus christ son god offered crucifixion atone sins men grown disseminated influences throughout regions demons gods heathen possessed temples idols altars church magic circle within alone salvation possible ecclesiam nullus within walls son god offers daily sacrifice transgressions humanity communion wine miracle changed blood bread flesh eaten members church promote growth holiness power resistance tempter church body animated holy spirit god member compensated surplus virtue deficiencies another holy men resigning sensual delights devoting lives practice penance severities contemplation spiritual things good accumulate thereby wealth supererogatory works deposited treasury church enables compound sins less members liberal hand grants remission sins living merely also dead race men may breathe freely multitude attach transient joys pleasures wretched life earth mortal plucks flowers pleasure bloom vale sorrows need fear much hidden poison remedy near hand knight castle yonder summit crag burgher beneath valley may without scruple take wife rear children live conviviality according means happy student may sing realize undaunted soldier may seek recompense hardships campaign merry life taverns women company even followers mary magdalene sinning expectation grace may obtain feet church absolution given model feet jesus provided grateful mercy christ made members church venerate mother partake sacraments seek aid continually increasing number cloisters homes rigorous uninterrupted penance mysterious contemplation guarantee inexhaustibleness works supererogation church possesses cloisters young maidens consecrated christ spiritual embrace intense impulses nature suppressed yearn away lives prayer toil pious recluse spends days nights men also going forth barefooted covered coarse mantles wearing ropes waists devote like apostles poverty preaching gospel receive charity door layman giving exchange food word god issue cloisters church mole tide sin christian reason exclaim hell victory although place torment continually filled lost spirits thousands thousands ransomed souls wing flight empyrean whether immediately way purgatory first among beatified mingling angels surround throne god called saints intercession efficacious even seraphim power contest demons surpasses cherubim therefore kingdoms communities orders corporations guilds yea even lawless disreputable professions needing grace intercession others patron saints individual finally protected saint whose name baptized church kingdom god earth ecclesiastical hierarchy image heavenly highest ruler pope god vicar destiny extension whole earth include lands nations within magic circle realized unless possessed power command kings armies christendom evident moreover spiritual power secular former protects soul latter body stand related another spirit related matter therefore must pope shall invest highest secular dignity roman cæsars feudal lord emperors emperor kings dukes free cities various rulers independent guardians religion woe great mass subjects sure multitudes placed earth disciplined humanity obedience indeed rights may insist since stand outside pale freedom hand oppression exercised limit unless church common mother reminded authority duty love cherish lowly indeed social order crumble dust higher power dependent sword compel stronger fulfil vows protect weaker made presence holy trinity existing rights privilege investiture founded absolutely sealed stipulations according doctrines church key salvation man received gift never attained science knowledge highest truths possessed knowledge must longer allow tempted devil engage efforts penetrate mysteries universe nothing aid darkened intellect attempts generally end error apostasy still allurement strong highest truths clothed garb human conceptions sometimes appear absurd must therefore submitted decisions reason arbitration faith faith alone able penetrate apprehend doctrines church assisted holy spirit promulgates since alone true offer believing investigator mine infinite treasures consequently possible within church system philosophy provided processes always postulating infallibility dogmas confined devout analysis humble contemplation religious tenets purpose adherent scholastic philosophy may employ aristotelian dialectics chooses wield lever syllogism pleasure even within pale orthodoxy may arise many many scholastic reasoner prove probable infallible pope synods sanction true deductions refute errors recanted forgiven best inquirer found researches propositions laid early fathers church succeeding generations build foundations laid predecessors long inasmuch follow dialectic method analysis synthesis whole subject pervaded masses grouped architectural order processes reared basis dogma philosophical superstructure resembling cupolas skilful masters masonry amaze eyes world grows worse church pardon sin hinder increase every generation inherits preceding burden evil dispositions habits examples lays turn still heavier shoulders posterity every son better reason sighing father happy died ere beholding light day tasted death ere experience life hosts satan assail church every side tower watchman zion looks world beholds billows history now lashed fiercely demons roll rock christ built temple great difficulty hosts europe repel invasion saracens whose coming prefigured pestilences portents emblem church ark tossed stormy sea amid tempest rain lightning history spiritual comedy enacted stage broad foreground like mysteries narrow background church god like beleaguered citadel points pinnacles turmoil towards gloomy sky defenders expect jesus angels come relief relief arrives iniquity shall reached height work already within sacred precincts church greater difficulty god vicar subdues inner outer enemies hand many man believes found reason conscience leading truths arrays without authority outside commandments come divine origin confirmed faith hundred generations places attitude opposition common faith originate heresies cancers body congregation must cured iron salves restore fire iron ineffective hand men overpowered passions abandon god rebukes become bondsmen another god shows favor pride fettered obscure descent keen appetite pleasure chained gratification penury privation shake shackles despair finally call morning star old assistance archfiend promises pleasures without stint power without limitation poor mortal dread pains afflict body urged destruction body formed dust accursed earth always centre sensual desires abandoned god prey assaults devil somebody loses eye somebody hand falls fire burned death water drowned another climbs ladder breaks neck another stumbles even ground breaks leg unforeseen accidents occurring daily devil thumps strokes inflicts us sheerest malice still demon able take possession thoroughly human body becomes second soul moves limbs utters blasphemies tongue even fiendish author tremble though man like pious job benefited afflictions although prayer powerful refuge still continually growing number driven cowardly dread might prince evil seek safety league much lends partial control elements means employment harm others dire pestilence sorcery multiplies victims black hours midnight hundreds thousands bear name christian mountains deserts perform clandestine rites honor satanic master time ripens advent antichrist day judgment final conflagration flames last day revolving heavens earth destroyed motion activity strife history end empyrean hell alone remain antipodal extremes former universe conflagration universal purifier annihilating existence separates forever gold dross kingdom devil continues exist prey evermore exists eternal existence means eternal punishment ruler well subjects new heavens new earth fiat god created escaped destruction ransomed spirits perceive gnashing teeth lamentation doomed brethren look tortures misery compassion joy recognize punishment vindication divine justice pain delight sight wretchedness doubles felicity depths gulf misery ascend without ceasing empyrean cries despair blasphemies defiance curses rage yet disturb hymns saints angels sing ever around throne god lamb intensify solemnity worship chief features cosmic philosophy middle ages abstractly considered existed reality many centuries among christian people guiding thoughts imagination feelings governing actions remains still apparent systems existing sects though incompatible new philosophy human mind laboring unfold ever since intellect christendom began free sixteenth century faith authority influence old views various forms life takes gradually declining many characteristics strangely contrast state society middle ages preceding hellenic subsequent modern european civilizations origin different theories universe mere chance encounter hand history greece many harmonious forms repose tranquil joy depicted every lineament countenance middle ages many beings buried deepest gloom exalted frenzied rapture dripping blood wounds glowing fever mystic emotion mere chance former age loves serene forms immortalizes heroic galleries latter worships eccentric figures describes legends saintly models mere accident art greece mirrors beautiful humanity middle ages loves dwell monstrosities throws extremes awful earnestness wild burlesque accident science greek rational discovers categories logic rears perfect structure rigid demonstration geometry science middle ages contrary doctrine correspondencies astrology alchemy sorcery greek universe harmonious unity law reason veiled name fate ruled gods variegated events myth lay far away distance even warp imagination poet occupied still less faith multitude least investigations thinker uninterrupted sequence events invited contemplation indulged readily pretended received gift complete system revealed truth freely authority forced individual choose system perdition general doubt entertained concerning ability reason penetrate inner essence things since knowledge fall man annihilated ability reached greeks regard knowledge greek consequently built evidence inner authority case regard morality convinced impulses promoted happiness domestic life good counteract least justified enjoyed moderation gifts nature without suspicion bountiful giver accursed ideal wisdom framed based inner experience whether joyous features epicurus severer lineaments zeno mild resigned expression epictetus exerted realize lives always proceeded supposition possible daily strengthening exertion put forth greeks attain purity virtue system gymnastics developing muscles brain power displayed endeavors palaestra sighs anguish strangers kind reformatory effort yet altogether fruitless old adage god helps help applied developed great powerful noble natures undeniable even christian fathers considering achievements began doubt way attaining perfection really succeeded convincing virtues gentiles shining vices harmonious personality greek rationality grecian science depended unity harmony cosmic views conceived whole unity diversity irreconcilable disunion two absolutely antagonistic principles contrary highest ruling power nature arbitrary divine caprice world lies open mankind ruled another purely fortuitous decrees interfered continually hostile influences infernal kingdom moreover struggle rages merely external world also core human nature vitiating reason feelings employ without agency means exaltation perdition indeed causality sought consequently field anywhere scientific investigation even thing science lie far beyond powers man since reason mere plaything demoniac powers trusted neither personality longer centre gravity within man excessive need institution deliverance church teaches divine authority arbitrarily decided good evil supernatural means grace sacraments afford power resisting evil absolve failings way external authority supplants inner torn roots ideal human perfection possible conditions actually arises native activity mind constantly endeavors bring accepted notions union places doctrine authority foundation accepts supernatural character ideal middle ages ascetic science magical directly consequent dualistic conception universe peculiar nature dualism middle ages derived persia essential idea zoroastrian doctrine finally long struggle unitarian notions greeks penetrates occident completely conquers victorious combat orient europe sum history cyrus constantine external events fill centuries obtain true significance within behind perceives struggle two conflicting systems ideas like concealed move unconscious champions board history cyrus sends home jewish prisoners rivers babylon mountains jerusalem gains dualism important mediterranean significance shown centuries progress battle adversary satan sometimes appears recent portions old testament written persian influence plays continually widening role rabbinical literature judaized ahriman demoniacs time christ abounded palestine testify persian dualism penetrated imagination feeling jews borne fruit side peaceful conquest great greece persia enacted although recognizedly religious war nevertheless ormuzd ahriman repelled marathon salamis platæa grecian unitarianism saved battles develop season undisturbed radiant beautiful culture shown already magic belief authority necessary consequences dualistic religion restriction annihilation free personality equally necessary consequences belief authority regarding conflict raged field marathon fail recognize clash two spiritual opposites two different systems ideas sees bands greeks drawn agorai places political discussion gymnasiums advance cheerfully garlanded without depreciating danger meet innumerable hosts orient driven scourge leaders side fully developed free personality origin harmonious conception nature blind submission external force side liberty despotism may add help logical conclusion though may seem removed side rationality magic strengthened victory europe goes seek enemy country alexander conquers asia new achilles fettered chains slave greek culture spreading surface conquered countries oriental spirit advances beneath contrary direction waves two ideal currents partly mingled libraries alexandria pergamus literatures orient occident flow together halls meet sages east west doctrinal systems zoroaster plato fancy speculation magic rationalism blended extraordinary way victory alexander warrior sober aristotle pupil philosophy blooms gnosticism monstrous bastard specifically different cosmical systems already begotten christianity springs palestine unites jewish dualism derived zoroaster proceeds conquer world weapons belief mean time rome extended established empire nationalities included mingled together various gods carried pantheon ideas brought face face universal empire maintain existence forced centralize despotism oriental type free forms state perished philosophical skepticism eudemonism abolished among cultured classes inherited notions religion accompaniments moral depravity material necessity prepared soil occident receiving seed new religion emptiness misery make difference ideality reality good evil perceptible even unitarian nations dualism prepared realms thought feeling spreads christian form irresistible force roman provinces innumerable masses poor oppressed devote philosophy barbarians orient greek thinker called christianity recognize experience life full assurance hope relief paganism offers fruitless resistance persecutions part state hasten spread christianity state perhaps hellenic culture philosophy may mutually hostile reconciled face common danger dying lamp antiquity flares brightens pure hearts profound minds otherwise despising myths superstition now grasp symbols higher truths philosophy goes forth form neoplatonism neoplatonism apostatized rational unitarian plotinus ammonius saccas try vain restore unwittingly helps adversary especially gain masses consents compete miracles jamblichus others practice secret arts order outrival christian magi glorify pythagoras appollonius tyana fit rank jesus nazareth miraculous gifts contribute spread magic principles dualism current oriental notions proceeds rapidly course triumph christian dualism already feels strong enough battle declared enemies also occidental elements culture beginnings received bosom procured entrance among intelligent classes feels instinctively even school thought sprung within church far unitarian rationalistic tolerated long run men clemens alexandria origen struck external imperishable christianity know separate dualistic form fight tragical battle union belief thought admitting christ immediate power wisdom god nevertheless wish save hellenic philosophy destruction fanaticism revelling certainty revelation directs every expression occidental culture whether national life art science point philosophy nothing else good furnish rational weapons assail faith real wall defence vineyard argument without effect philosophy devil yea everything true good life doctrine heathendom possessed declared fathers imposture satan diaboli quædam de divinis faith far independent thought better say believe improbable absurd impossible vain dying clemens exclaims even philosophy devil satan deceive men garb angel light must allure men appearance truth intermixture truth falsehood therefore seek recognize truth whatever source come even gift pagans god must consequently included divine plan educating humanity sin disorder attributable devil absurd make author giver good thing philosophy god gave law jews philosophy gentiles prepare coming christ words ring last dying echo hellenic culture humanity mere accident philosophy clemens origen also sought save unitarian principles far reject doctrine eternal punishment hell maintain devil finally become good god view command attention time christianity sharply consistently dualistic felt endangered wholly consistent dualism name manicheism advanced europe persian border although manicheism seemed incur defeat nevertheless former adherents augustine infused spirit church century followed germanic migration destroyed along last schools last vestiges culture barbarians persuaded receive baptism often means pomp deceit divinities formerly denizens olympus degraded evil demons every thing antecedent union church disconnected old experiences traditions converted nations condemned referred world evil dominion oriental dualism europe absolutely established long night dark ages set six centuries separate proclus last neoplatonican note augustine last fathers educated philosophy anselm founder scholasticism lies expanse gregory great scotus erigena almost stars means first magnitude deserts time well space says bacon feeble attempt scientific activity possible monkish scholar happy enough possess maculated leaves aristotle obtained directly arabs leaves read amazement admiration method logical investigation rest hermes trismegistus dionysius areopagita translation scotus erigena mystical works unknown hands touches neoplatonism inserted dreamy scholiast need material rounding cosmology principles found dogmas church matter course dark ages perceive still less admit intimate relation existing cosmic views zoroaster still dim suspicion detected learned men middle ages ascribed zoroaster founding magical sciences sprenger author malleus malificarum fatal work hereafter remigius jean bodin delrio several jurists theologians acquired sad notoriety judges writings ascribe origin witchcraft zoroaster dualistic notion modified entering christianity intensified religion zoroaster presupposes good first principle allows evil time arisen course time disappear ends doctrine shines faintly even new testament final restoration things greek apokatastasis pantôn consequence reduces evil something merely phenomenal doctrines church however established influence augustine manicheian evil though arisen time made eternal difference great practical significance explains dualism bear terrible fruits home orient occident awful separation contrast divina comedia middle ages ends wails curses arise hell intensify bliss redeemed form conception revolting incorporated thought feeling without rendering savage compassion benevolence love qualities man feels kinship divine lose significance despoiled eternal seal found longer maker except limited rather suspended action another quality pious man force call justice irrepressible voice innermost recesses soul calls cruelty must added important consideration servant ormuzd property devil earth treads sure surrounded every side treachery ahriman demons called already endowed power champion good earth placed tumult battle power good imparted constantly renewed prayer withal also may use without losing perplexing question liberty ceases grace begins every adhering doctrine light stands feet true every servant ormuzd zoroaster made respect distinction priest layman even belief authority encroachment free personality preserves form religion free inviolable arena church middle ages case different presented better following words vilmar preserve absolutely clergy power keep congregation together word sacraments ecclesiastical authority power cleave head sin single word power descend soul enemy spread gloom insanity force defiant knees maniac bend frenzied fists fold prayer yea power climax rather tame foregoing descend soul ancient enemy established abode fight insolent giant realms darkness face face eye eye continues vilmar unlike frantic conjurer wishing summon ghost dark ages grave power congregation ministry endowed requisite authority commission mandate power congregation laymen able look furious eyes devil prophesied last days even elect possible seduced applies greater force especial apparition satan world congregation scattered like flakes snow seduced terrified death clergy unterrified fearless rejected prince world placed us awful blasphemous scornful mouth infernally distorted face words pen fanatical dualist time well represent indicated commonly received views middle ages therefore wondered mediæval generations surrendering personality threw precipitately order saved arms magical institution deliverance phenomena delineated following pages seem arbitrary strange introductory glance philosophy might otherwise first sight even product inner necessity possible deplorable attempts wanting revive thoughts feelings imagination humanity dogmas mediæval times witness partial terrible scenes depict purely historic interest cautionary practical well ii magic church magic harbinger science history human development dim perception precedes clear dominion imagination reason latter take laborious task connecting together laws facts external internal experience philosophy natural science imagination bestirring creation magic like science magic original form based principle things existing concatenated science searches links union deductively inductively magic seeking support external resemblances existing things vague assurance power words establishes connection freely means arbitrary associations incongruous objects man engaged struggle physical existence aims less theoretical practical knowledge mysteries furnish means becoming acceptable god inaccessible injurious influences master present future existence destiny magical usages exist among every people present almost infinite variety forms end however reduced single type daily experience taught exists every cause effect certain proportionate amount force now since effect aimed resorting magic extraordinary nature means magical art prescribes must possess extraordinary efficacy reason predict neither inductive reasoning furthermore experience teaches us mere inert desire yet expressed action attain goal magical power therefore sought mere action working senses employs means reveals must added whether force original magic supposes depends mystical necessary connection corresponding object higher sphere example connection metals planets arbitrary decision god ordaining given means employed prescribed shall produce effect inconceivable reason employment magic enter consequently first subjective spiritual factor language church faith secondly sensuous means fetich amulet holy water host formula exorcism ceremony etc thirdly incomprehensible supernatural power means appropriated faith possesses magical act belief magic found among nations unitarian views destined forced background growth speculation natural science also form magic although possession secret considered able exercise useful injurious purpose alike among nations holding dualistic views meet magic two forms priests former good gift ormuzd latter evil gift ahriman christians middle ages magic former privilege church conferred god weapon aid conquest satan latter infernal art unbelief wickedness unitarian theory magic preparation natural philosophy gradually gives place confined lowest classes relic past stage development dualistic religious systems contrary blend intimate union magic give universally eternally valid power ascribe place throne form divine sacramental secret faith magic stamp whole ages periods culture peculiar seal separation celestial diabolical causal relation temporal eternal weal woe man placed become possessed absolute sovereignty imagination emotions people consideration magic may commence description celestial privileged magic say order may proceed natural order magic astrology alchemy sorcery persecuted magic church saw really diabolical form end account terrible catastrophe caused contest raged fault writer reader finds magic church caricature holy comical element overbalanced repulsive objective representation made unpleasant features become brief like thoughtful mother church cherishes cares man surrounds cradle grave safeguards magic shortly birth child priest must ready sprinkle holy water prayer conjuration purified pollution demons inhabiting even element feeble begotten sin nature lucifer property without grace baptism eternally lost heaven eternally doomed torments hell therefore conscientious servant church essayed devise means saving water might brought contact child saw light still precautionary measure never became officially adopted efficacy baptismal water exceeds pool bethesda removed bodily infirmities baptism saves millions souls hell foreseeing devil filled evil devices determined already rise christianity debase scorn sacrament making anticipation copy mithras mysteries instituted insolently imitate respects mysteries church baptism means consecrated priest water oil spittle priest baptism lets fall child efficacy derived mark vii salt milk honey besides sign cross conjuration drive tempter child prepare room holy ghost magic ceremonies child received church thenceforth becomes sharer protection gives evil baptismal holy water drunk sick infirm heals strengthens sprinkled fields promotes fertility given domestic animals affords protection witchcraft baptism first saving sanctifying sacrament offered man unction holy oil administered dying last eucharist perennial source power sanctification eucharist bread wine placed altar performed consecration god true flesh blood flesh perceptibly senses touched hands priest masticated teeth believer priest pronounced formula transformation elevates host now longer bread body christ congregation kneels ringing bells proclaims neighborhood greatest works magic accomplished eaten faithful flesh christ enters flesh blood wonderfully strengthens soul body heretics arras believed righteousness necessary salvation doubted doctrine transubstantiation converted soon bishop gerhard told time gregory great consecrated bread taken doubting woman shape christ bleeding finger pious hermit began afflicted doubt regained faith communion saw angel apply knife infant jesus moment priest broke bread much legends chronicles jews secretly procured host revenged christ proceeding pierce knife saw blood stream forth abundance sometimes indeed beautiful bleeding boy suddenly revealing stories freely circulated led severe persecutions namur eucharist partaking food strengthens faithful struggle sin sign cross considered sword sacred amulet armor cross sign christian shall conquer hoc signo must commence every act repels every attack demons wishes convinced concerning says athanasius needs make sign cross become ridiculous pagans mocking delusions demons deceits oracles magi immediately shall see devil flee oracles confounded magic sorcery revenged amulets employed church various medals bearing image mary consecrated images especially lambs god agnus dei manufacture sale papal bull reserves head roman church bring clergy immense sums money also possess great power protect dangers fire water storm hail sickness witchcraft along amulets carmelite monks sell small sum manifold use billets made consecrated paper heal swallowed diseases natural supernatural laid cradle guard child witchcraft buried corner field protect bad weather destructive insects put thresholds houses barns attached beer casks butter dishes avert sorcery fabricated monks according authenticated formulary characteristic comparatively brief deserves citation conjure paper parchment servest needs humanity servest depository god wonderful deeds holy laws also according divine command marriage contract tobias sarah written scriptures saying took paper signed marriage covenant paper also devil conquered angel adjure god lord universe sign cross son sign cross holy ghost sign cross spreads heavens parchment describes divine characters magnificence bless sign cross god sanctify sign cross paper may frustrate work devil person carries paper written holy words affixes house shall freed visitations satan cometh judge quick let us mighty resistless god god vengeance god fathers revealed moses prophets books ancient covenant many secrets kindness didst cause gospel son written evangelists apostles bless sign cross sanctify sign cross paper mercy may made known whatsoever soul shall bear sacred thing holy letters persecutions devil storms satanic witchcraft may frustrated christ lord paper sprinkled holy water amulets belong also armory church relics images saints god ordained graciously church shall give battle powers sin want weapons offensive defensive appliances manifold warriors priests like knights encased mail head foot armed lance sword dagger morning star almost every district treasure relics preserved shrines exhibited solemn occasions pious people constitutes palladium impedes prevents attack hostile forces assuages averts ravages plagues corporeal relics saints martyrs also every thing may touched lifetime yea even graves terror fiends means spiritual bodily strength faithful miraculous properties images recounted hundred legends direct agency divine power exists uninterruptedly persons represent mystical relation hieronymus throws light exclaims vigilantius blindly opposed worship images dare prescribe laws god presume put apostles chains kept even day judgment prison denied privilege lord although written shall wherever go lamb omnipresent must believe lamb omnipresent also devils demons rove world inconceivable rapidity motion present everywhere martyrs shedding blood remain confined coffins never able leave old age death consequences adam fall almost ailments produced power man corporeal nature conceded satan god pronounced curse race also remaining diseases infirmities man called either rightly wrongly natural cured greatest certainty invoking help god therefore mediator god men church servants sure legitimate physician sanandi est ecclesia per verba ritus exorcismos aquam salem herbas idque nedum contra diabolos et effectus magicos sed et morbos priest effects cures behalf church name god means prayer laying hands exorcism relics consecrated natural means especially water salt oil acts visible delegate unseen higher physician saint ordained god healer sickness every affliction physician among ranks saints valentine cures epilepsy gervasius rheumatic pains michael de sanatis cancer tumors judas coughs ovidius deafness sebastian contagious fevers poisonous bites apollonia toothache clara lucia rheum eyes legends relate wonderful effects healing powers possessed damianus patrick hubert terrible disease hydrophobia cured last named cloisters luxembourg named saint hydrophobia cured many years death bringing afflicted church progress service pressing hair saint mantle slight incision made occasion forehead benefit lived far cloister consecrated applied heated wound similar curative agencies might mentioned hundreds among afflictions state possessed devils occupies remarkable place annals church seen required powerful exorcisms cure ecclesiastical pathology declares disease devil unhidden others concealed exorciser expel fiend appears full priestly vesture incense consecrated wax tapers lighted objects surrounding demoniac sprinkled holy water air around purified pronunciation certain formulas follow fervent prayers finally desperate awful struggle demon now convulsively distorting limbs victim uttering lips harrowing blasphemies priest employs powerful adjurations victory finally secular medical art relying natural means either superfluous strongly tainted heresy must despised dissection order investigate structure human body presumption even asked reason argue contempt doctrine final resurrection secular art healing consequently long time confined infidel jews princes opulent weakly apprehending insufficiency word relics consecrated remedies begun keep physicians profane art medicine became lucrative profession schools cultivation established royal protection salerno warders zion regard without suspicion school prescribes pedantic rules diet diet protect attacks devil greek pagan hippocrates long time wandered jews arabs finds last settled abode within walls hippocrates assert demonianism nowise divine nowise infernal disease teacher must disciples church forbid absolutely practice medicine since may good case external injury time pestilence must keep strict watch orthodoxy cultivate art several councils rheims second lateran tours strenuously prohibited servants thing suspected profession experience taught however exaggerate dangers attending secular physicians must frequently concede sickness caused witchcraft consequently supernatural origin slanderers might allege declaration convenient investigation causes disease natural way less unpleasant acknowledging ignorance may concession implies recognition supernaturalism church may therefore rather recommended reprehended says thomas aquinas dogma faith demons produce wind storms rain fire heaven atmosphere angels devils latter work constant injury man former melioration consequence changeableness weather threatens frustrate hopes husbandry lucifer able bestow even man sorcerers wizards power destroy fields vineyards dwellings man rain hail lightning wondered church man protection devil whose especial calling fight sphere also counterpoise seek treasury divine power means adequate frustrate atmospheric mischiefs means belong church bells provided duly consecrated baptized aspiring steeples around cluster low dwellings men likened bells ringing hen spreading protecting wings chickens tones consecrated metal repel demons avert storm lightning voco mortuos sulphura frango common inscription church bells tillers soil desire especial protection church harvests pay tithes blessing protracted drought priests make intercession inaugurate images virgin borne fields sprinkled holy water chanted fields visited hurtful insects church remedies also commands name god depart obey regular process instituted ends exemplary punishment excommunicated church processes frequently resorted middle ages couple instances cited year committed great depredations neighborhood berne authorities city sought relief bishop lausanne benoit de montferrand scourge determined issue letter excommunication solemnly read priest churchyard berne irrational imperfect creature letter commenced whose kind never enclosed noah ark name gracious lord bishop lausanne power glorified trinity merits jesus christ obedience owe holy church command common particular depart places nourishment men cattle germinates grows letter ends summons insects present sixth day thereafter disappear time wivelsburg assume responsibility court gracious lord lausanne letter likewise read pulpit congregation kneeling repeated three paternosters three ave marias arrangements made beforehand legal trial strict attention professional forms among course accused lawyer advocate berne consent appear behalf insects bishop devised plan summoning hell shade infamous lawyer named perrodet died years previously directing plead cause diligence often displayed lifetime defence vile clients spite many summons neither perrodet clients deigned appear expiration time fixed beginning defence certain doubts concerning proper form procedure removed episcopal tribunal finally gave verdict excommunication name holy trinity accursed vermin called even counted among animals government ordered authorities afflicted district report concerning good effects excommunication chronicle time complains effect observed sins since neglect legal forms thought deprive judgment magical well legal power scrupulous care exercised conduct frequently recurring processes grasshoppers noxious vermin yet extant detailed luminous document learned bartholomeus chassanæus born question pests proceeded courts carefully considered whether appear personally deputy whether subject spiritual secular tribunal penalty excommunication applied proves many grounds jurisdiction accountable spiritual may properly excommunicated still question jurisdiction remained unsettled civil prosecution tyrol proves among things secular tribunal sometimes considered justified deciding suits peasant simon fliss appeared william hasslingen judge glurns mals plaintiff committing great depredations parish court appointed hans grinebner citizen glurns advocate accused furnished witnesses requisite commission thereupon plaintiff chose advocate schwarz minig obtained tribunal demand warrant authority likewise day trial wednesday philip james day many witnesses examined establishing rats caused great destruction schwarz minig made final plea noxious animals charged withdraw mischief otherwise people stilf pay annual tithes high patron grinebner counsel defence make exception testimony tried convince court clients enjoyed certain right usufruct hardly denied court another opinion considered best eject yet hoped first granted another place support besides given departure sufficient escort protect enemies whether cat dog adversaries also hoped rats pregnant time might allowed delivered afterwards depart safety progeny decision rendered following terms accusation defence statement contradiction due consideration pertains justice sentence determined noxious animals called must within two weeks promulgation judgment depart forever remain far aloof fields meadows stilf several animals pregnant unable account youth follow shall enjoy two weeks safety protection every body two weeks depart form impression immense power prayer exorcism consider influence idea expressed word power word mere form material word sound caught ear formula exercises magical effect without knowing meaning mass people ignorance official language church learning badly paternosters ave marias committed memory without understanding spiritually ineffectual latin mass congregation listens wanting edifying sanctifying power comprehended formularies church established different times various purposes reason high importance must followed conscientiously single proof extraordinary power may instanced year devil brought heavens huge comet threatened earth man drought pestilence pope solemnly banished forbidding omen behold short time disappeared day day diminished power papal anathema holy word may avail virtue sound alone indicated legend tame starling saved claws hawk just moment forced words learned repeat ave maria power word foundation rests papal custom consecrating bread wine oil salt tapers water bells fields meadows houses standards weapons abuses superstition diabolical arts priesthood filled papal ascendency complains old protestant theologian eye surplus magic catholic church possessed lutheran blind common welfare therefore things vogue even among common men chief thing mass words blessing priest pronounced four words six syllables est corpus body bread breathed made sign cross three times pretending bread thereby converted flesh christ way transformed wine chalice blood christ though power given syllables words bound holy ghost water salt oil tapers spices stone wood earth consecrated churches altars churchyards blessed meat eggs like easter eve consecrated fire damage though god save found village utterly consumed four days consecration baptized sanctified bells ringing might dispel evil influences quiet tempests like organization monasteries regarded defensive system church guarding protecting territory conquered devil mongolian irruption europe found innumerable steeps crowned strongly fortified castles number deterred attempt siege satan hosts find christian world strewn spiritual strongholds encloses arsenal filled mighty weapons offensive well defensive warfare every monastery master magician sells magic incense salt tapers consecrated candlemas day palms consecrated palm sunday flowers besprinkled holy water ascension day many appliances belonging great magical apparatus church consecrated enginery various complete might expected people content seek expedients constantly hand alas people magic infernal origin abroad rampant side holy magic church satan tempts careless curious irresolute even many priests tainted holy boniface many popes monkish chroniclers bitterly lament lower clergy compound practice divinatory arts using even holy appurtenances church host fortify efficacy diabolical charms since church tries reduce conditions life harmony naturally follows sets seal also human jurisprudence ordeals found employed nations converted exactly suit system receives consequently resting right idea makes common practice gives detailed rules concerning chants prayers conjurations masses accompanied person accusation suspicion undergo ordeal water example priest lead church cause kneeling pronounce three formulas god implored protection follow mass holy communion accused receives wafer priest says flesh lord test solemn procession throng witnesses repair spot test take place priest conjures water expelling demons common element commands obedient instrument god revealing innocence crime accused dressed clean garments kisses cross gospel recites paternoster makes sign cross ordeal hot water hand held boiling cauldron thrown hands pinioned rope waist river sink guilt proved ordeal fire consists walking glowing coals carrying iron dragged flames clad shirt saturated wax test fire genuineness relics also sometimes tested monks returned jerusalem exhibited towel disciples wiped feet christ doubts genuine character raised removed test common ordeals duel god invoked servants church keeps protecting hand innocence every doubt truth argues bordering atheism thought lies foundation different kinds ordeals also torture constantly extended intensified auspices church form trial sparing judge much labor leading goal surely collation testimony besides irksome hardly ever brings full assurance shadrach meshach abednego felt pain fiery furnace god gives innocence rack insensibility pain least strength endure even certain extent protect subjects case heretics witches therefore needful resort intensest torture exhaust speak last drop springs pain human nerves hand skilled tormentors instruments torture previously conjured sanctified priest stands side accused ready interrupt constant question diabolic formulas alleviation undoubtedly sufferer murmurs inwardly candid reliable confession may reasonably expected spite efforts contrary devil malleus malificarum ecclesiastical magical plan justice celebrates triumph work bearing sanction pope contains full directions judge presiding fact hammer crushes whatever falls judge carefully follows directions may confident satan save accusation god holy angels rescue direct miracle death flames finds judicial system appeals constantly intercession god questionable value may consider history church experiences saints servants succession divine miracles god chary miracles recognized servants church possession apostolic power mandate perform another question divine miracles distinguished infernal attempts acutest scholastics establish rule definite separation two kinds miracles failed revealed identical forms even moral perceptions detect difference since satan able transform angel light reason must also acknowledge incapacity even respect rely holy ghost ever active church especially head power divine truth inspiration poured apostles day pentecost transmitted like magnetic stream peter first bishop rome successors laying hands certain measure imparted sacrament ordination every member clerical hierarchy survey magic church presented perhaps completed pursuing tedious path lies us continued description ecclesiastical customs opinion simply formulating general truth symbol every external token attributed independent power sanctification immediate moral influence may protestant reader writing examine maxim far reformation aims restore internal authority reason individual rights succeeded task luther calvin assailed many magical usages pruned many branches tree dualism still allowed vigorous trunk remain unscathed dualistic religious system must account unreasonable cosmical theory rests sooner later attack inner authority make sole absolute external must necessity degenerate statuary fetichism fall complete unitarian reformation day witnesses conflict opposite ideas side belief personal spiritual adversary mankind preached masses thousand pulpits hangs suspended like sword damocles head civilization side philosophy science nature diffuse rational unitarian theory universe human existence constantly enlarging circle wishes take part struggle commend words noble bunsen wherever religion state civilization art science inner developed strenuously spiritual earnestly sought less transformation existing progress hand inner life comes external centre circumference also way leads life new paths opened soul genius lifts wings divine assurance true contrary must take place wherever external life exalted token supersedes essence symbol external work inner act conscience superficies taken content outer monotony life uniformity appearances truth luckless future waiting whatever aspect present iii magic learned find dismal labyrinth narrow winding streets now issuing open space church objects meet gaze strange city solicit pause reflection seen essentially type homes humanity many another city wandered search stone wisdom therefore continue way buildings university neighborhood turn corner right left come approaches professors draped stiff mantles wearing scholastic cap supremely wise foreheads wend way temples knowledge portals flocks students wait recognize various familiar types look usual cheeks still retaining glow early youth hearts still humble perhaps still held captive sweet delusion walls wait propylæa secrets earth heaven just readily recognized destined day shine lights church domain science whether now toil pale melancholic bear unfeigned precious weight lifts conspicuously ignorant mass mortals among throng first named still fresh youth already dried pedants find also third class students adventurers assembled quarters protection gentlemen bearded cheek faces swelled drinking scarred combat terribly long broad swords dangling side heroes never ending iliad apprentices learning guilds enact nightly darkness lanes may yet turn day pious conventical priors gravest doctors severest burgomasters christendom unless time meet fate gallows field battle ditch roadside shall enter listen lectures delivered letter academic membership open doors us desire left vaulted hall professor medicine commenced lecture astonishing subtlety penetration discusses highly important question propounded petrus de abano yet fully solved caput sit factum propter cerebrum vel whether head formed sake brain eyes right professor theology leads us dim mysteries church ventilating question peter done bread wine distributed elements body christ unchanged reality yet hanging cross little farther mouldy vault find workshop philosophy master art abstract reasoning deduces distinction ante yonder furthest room jurisconsult expounds passage perhaps rather choose smile sadly alas like good reason complaining faust alas philosophy jurisprudence cost theology ardent labor studied stand lore poor fool wiser add like hence now applied magic shall bring back minds object burning desires hope cheers us finally veil torn face shall behold unspeakable face face even though looks burn us ashes let us turn back seat learning everywhere else fools teaching young admire nonsense young despair knowledge far hence direct direct winding lanes permit great magician taken abode city feet master let us seat shall slake burning thirst least drops knowledge ages flowing subterranean channel though sources streams paradise disappointed well choose quench longing truth whirlpool pleasure adventure shall go monastery seek narrowest cells watch pray scourge forth blood streams shall go india sit ground stare tip nose stare never cease year year consciousness extinguished agreed arrived loneliest quarter town dreary limits quarter old crumbling houses group inextricable confusion along city wall gable windows fix vacant hypochondriacal looks open fields beyond tower crowning wall fort side now serves great scientist observatory dwelling given burgomaster council city long time private physician queen france now retired lonely place pleasures distinctions dangers life court order devote quietly research study protector resident city professor theology certified request strict orthodoxy city authorities thought persuade receive honorable lucrative position heeding assertion monks wizard black spaniel reality none devil magician never suffers interrupted labors whether engaged contemplating nature spirits watching heavens elaboration final essence crucibles oh hopes solemn emotions inexpressible tension soul must accompany investigations gold rules world falls tree knowledge fruit bosom master gold power possesses enjoyment commands compared ability control heaven earth spirits hell compared capacity summon means lustrations seals characters exorcisms angels hovering higher spheres tame obedience demons fill immensity space power compared pure celestial knowledge magic delivers key knowledge much transcending wisdom angels son place father house superior servant perchance magician moment deeply absorbed investigation within hair breadth revelation new dazzling truth let us consider venture ask admittance let us pause moment door recover breath ye men science nineteenth century miserable determined limit hopes minimum die gleaned contributed single straw harvest science fate subject among brought notice hitherto unknown snail flower deems lived vain discovered formula group phenomena arranged already triumph resignation makes among even greatest insignificant immense labor whose completion contemplate infinite remove outlines ignore resignation sublime though supremely painful aspiring soul individual laborer part abstains hope seeing whole truth works generation futurity even philosopher undertakes explain framework macrocosm see system final solution problem cosmical explanation link long chain development foresees fall theories satisfied perhaps traces error keep successor straighter path race individual works work continues grown weary forgotten collective activity like ants bees magician stands alone sure receives past may offer enclose treasure improve immense wealth mind believes immensity believes powers generations stored bosom individual hopes accomplish alone leave multitude incalculable centuries knocked door ponderous bolts iron opened unseen hand servant interposed either welcome remonstrance mounted dark spiral stairs unannounced entered hall great magician along arched ceiling rooms whose green window panes admitted scanty light floated fragrant vapor cell extreme background see magician clad mantle reaching feet standing solemnly beside head wore diadem engraved unspeakable name hand held metallic plate soon learned made electrum signed signatures coming centuries paused stammered word excuse interruption caused smile satisfaction broke face momentarily surveyed us bade us welcome persons whose arrival expecting cost much trouble summon spirits nineteenth century conjured appear man fifteenth called souls unborn await entrance earth images century future mortal life belongs dwell depths consciousness images shall show summoned wish cast glance future seized strange almost horrid feeling now remembered companions transported use means stirs entire reproductive forces imagination actual nineteenth century back fifteenth might see live eyes dissevered traits past age wont preserved books completeness right magician seemingly living hour hand clock time point moment granted time absolutely nothing conceptual form without independent reality long live time believe ordered course wish see golden thread entangled wish spirit summoned master degrade product imagination summoned courage exclaimed wandered many cities great magician find finally stand sanctuary see gloomy gothic arches heads see venerable figure us behold folios strange instruments surround look windows behold side towers fields meadows huts serfs yonder distance castle knight suspected trains merchants approach city things stand real present eyes nevertheless great magician included product magic power imagination magic order make acquaintance latter come answer questions magician smiled persisted view mine contested question decided laid aside along consciousness belonging period critical activity doubts awakened vivid hope moment ago finding magic key secrets fast fading away looked around home magician lay parchment commenced write horoscope following year beside desk celestial globe figures painted various colors window looking towards south hung astrolabe whose alidade long telescope course without lenses attached contained inconsiderable number folios versio vulgata volumes fathers virgil dionysius areopagita ptolemy hymns orpheus hermes trismegistus jamblichus pliny natural history large number works partly arabic astrology alchemy also hebrew manuscripts things found observatory also studio next observatory alchemical laboratory strangely appointed oven filled singular instruments reminding faust complaint instrumente freilich spottet mein mit rad und kämmen walz und bügel ich stand thor ihr solltet schlüssel sein zwar euer bart ist kraus doch hebt ihr nicht die lingered host informed us present suspended experiments alchemy hoped find shorter process combination substances distillation exhausted already many investigators led success acknowledged advanced farther art adepts extraction philosophic earth mixed philosophic water just much gold employed beginning experiment spite however worked daily oven melting purifying metals needed amulets magical rings preparing effective alloy called electrum laboratory host conducted us two apartments arched ceilings forming sort museum extraordinary curiosities skeletons dried limbs various animals fishes birds lizards frogs snakes etc herbs differently colored stones whole broken swords nails extracted coffins gallows flasks containing know arranged groups signs different planets beheld us wonderful rich apparatus practical magic arranged according rules entirely ignorant rules vainly sought treatises modern times occult sciences middle ages rules might perhaps contain simple principles underlying confusion evening drawing sun sinking behind western hills beginning grow dark among arches great magician imprisoned among dead withered relics fragments broken great living world without returned observatory opened window contemplated dreamy glances stars kindling another heavens twilight favorable time conversation kind preparing soon settled comfortable roomy discoursing earnestly man fifteenth century unborn souls nineteenth summoned might look future now used look back past spoke us science knowledge far far away behind hills behind snowy summits alps behind mountains garamantes nameless heights disappear among clouds temple truth built long ago fountain life flows temple demolished well know first human pair wandered sacred halls desires yearns patience sit margin stream time grasp draw ashore ruined temple drifting billows form fragments may determine structure whole wisdom roots past farther penetrate antiquity richer remains find highest human wisdom albertus magnus profound knowledge comparison angelic wisdom dionysius areopagita latter compared prophet denounced woes nineveh babylon yet divinely commissioned men gladly taught seventy elders allowed moses approach mountain god chose reveal receiving mystic knowledge cabala sinai however god secret veiled clouds lightnings terror moses permitted see behind obtain knowledge pupil schelling called knowledge added shown man dawn time extinguished first sin time every successive generation deteriorated predecessor parentum pejor avis tulit nos nequiores mox daturos progeniem darkness sin reason plunged constantly blacker depths individual seeker truth may gain enlightenment alone humanity therefore magician confines wisdom acquires bosom imparts single pupil buries obscure expressions commits parchment neither impart without reserve humanity whose path appears lead downward constantly deeper night even theologians speak pristine wisdom theologians practice occult science agree far simple suspicious among think remained time noah pristine wisdom saved ark obtained portion fairest wisdom prophecy cabala gospel belong sons shem jews even ham japhet left destitute priest sons ham guarded secrets isis secrets even christians must bow dust old testament hesitate exalt wisdom egyptians recognize moses pupil school hermes trismegistus egyptian magicians know transmuted whatever chose gold precious stones astonished apostle paul speaks treasures egypt travellers relate pyramids giant works pliny estimates number cities twenty thousand marcellinus amazed immense treasures cambyses carried away creation art hermes trismegistus even portion children japhet insignificant divided treasury zoroaster eleusinian mysteries coins treasure fell hands plato aristotle come possession porphyrius jamblichus theosophists scholastics diffused illumination bible inner secret meaning cabala fragments egyptian persian grecian wisdom collected united magic learning ancestors science pedigree noble royal family heard mention something necessity science investigation without presupposition really presume judge past generations thought believed transmitted sacred inheritance follow shrink idea human hunger truth must satisfied adam days nothing illusions children children children mere idiots fixed hopes faith convictions baseless falsehoods put godless plan investigation test openly theologians burn secret finally crave stake liberator terrible void science leave soul magician believes just devoutly theologian mellow twilight faith undertake operations whose success confirmation truth faith require stronger corroboration genuineness tenets find read stars wander silently past window fates men see fates accomplished potency magical means summon angels demons souls dead unborn men reveal eyes appear confess science looked surface resembles variegated carpet artfully interwoven threads limited number manipulations required produce remarkable texture also simple thoughts support doctrines products magic universe triple harmony godhead trinity aware live elemental world head celestial space various spheres revolves finally god enthroned purely spiritual world ideas unhappy scientists century narrow prejudice separated worlds another crowding together celestial elementary students nature investigate elementary world philosophers ideal former delving various forms matter never reach realm spiritual rather led disavow existence latter never dim world ideas summon concrete wealth nature vain students nature imagine physiology philosophers anthropology shall find transition world magicians contrary study worlds unit find combined two mighty bonds correspondence causality things elementary world antitype celestial celestial things corresponding ideas correspondences strung downwards strings harp universe harp causalities move like fingers player students nature seek chains causality direction horizontal runs things level connects things elementary world students magic search still greater diligence perpendicular chains causality run combine corresponding objects three worlds manner investigating perpendicular series resembles method examining horizontal slightly unnecessary trouble induction causes wish investigate nature manifestation force instance analyze great painstaking different factors strive isolate factors cause act part find contributed common expression force meet hindrances secret tradition presented us perpendicular lines causality almost entire able fill lacunæ tradition investigation impeded great difficulties investigation relies resemblances things similarity derived correspondence causality interwoven correspondence instance judge resemblance splendor gold sun gold celestial correspondence luminary sustains causal relation another example beetle bears causal relation moon increase wane also doubt intimate relation must vanish learn beetle hides eggs earth space days just long time required moon pass zodiac digs moon conjunction sun smile method investigation beware repeating mistake sense prone make seeing absurdities truths happen beyond horizon method founded idea nothing casual nature sure accept divine arbitrament means natural fortuity even slightest similarity existing objects meaningless accident even slightest stroke figures fix words thoughts writing without deep significance every thing work nature man cause effect make gesture say word without imparting vibrations whole universe upward downward vibrations may strong feeble perceptible imperceptible principle runs whole cosmical system thought must true even analyzers explaining fully magical use series correspondence causality wish show couple shall choose simplest time important commence scale holy tetrad table found correspondences four god name hebrew jehovah letters four world powers ties martyrs thrones empires archangels archetypes angels bliss angels four card elements four leo libra scorpio virgo aquarius pisces capra zodiac tarius celestial stars sun venus mercury stars moon qualities ency four four elements four four card kinds bodies world kinds parts plants iron tin silver hard opaque parent spirits hell demons four card see nets magic stretched empyrean abyss sacred numbers separate scale kind universe says pythagoras founded numbers boethius asserts thing created beginning time formed according relations certain numbers lying types mind creator consequently settled fact us numbers contain greater effective forces material things former mixture substances may purely formal entities stand immediate connection ideas divine reason recognized also fathers hieronymus augustine ambrosius athanasius bede others underlies words book revelation understanding count number beast varied relatively discordant objects form unity world arranged side side scale whereas things different groups different worlds correspond another form ascending descending series forget correspondence also implies reciprocal activity instance letter hebrew holy name god indicates power infused successive orders seraphim cherubim thrones imparted constellations leo sagittarius two wandering luminaries mars sun angels stars pour elementary world abundance power produces fire heat germs animal organisms kindles man reason faith order meet finally lowest region opposites cold destruction irrationality unbelief represented names fallen now show another table introduction study astrology treats detail certain parts preceding showing things elementary world microcosm subject planets showing remind verse regunt hominem sed regit astra stars guide man god guides table ii moon mercury venus sun mars water water cosmos juices juices juices vital juices power animals prey rapid strong sexual plants palm short laurel poisonous hyssop leaves trees vine rosemary many heliotrope stinging etc colored lotus flowers metals tin sulphuric bismuth metals stones white ruby stones colored lazuli carbuncle jasper etc etc amethyst magnet jupiter saturn water juices gentle nocturnal beech poplar gloomy cereals aspect etc foul odor silver tin brown colored clays value many tables clear now pronounce first practical principle magic creator universe diffuses us angels stars elements animals plants metals stones powers omnipotence also magician collecting objects elemental world bear relation mutual activity entity angel planet higher worlds combining powers according scientific rules intensifying means sacred religious ceremonies able influence higher attract principle sufficiently explains collected around strange things see instance plate lead engraved symbol planet beside leaden flask containing gall now take piece fine onyx marked dried add skin snake feather owl need look tables given find collected various things elementary world bear relation mutual activity saturn rightly combined attract powers planet angels connected greatest effect magic time triumph criterion truth successful incantation shall perform go necessary preparations shall view whole secret science certain alchemists still greater end view aspire produce retort man nay whole world men nineteenth century know reputation attempts produce perpetuum mobile count drops perspiration efforts wrung us something enchanting something overpowering alchemy gigantic aims depths dwells thought terrible threatens crush cosmic philosophy faith founded occupy elements idea steals us every thing dependent every thing creator created included every thing arises necessity passes away necessity collect crucible elements stirring chaos also produce crucible six days creation find spirit formed universe abandoned alchemy escape thought parchment sealed seven seals hidden secret corner vaults contains remarkable experiences experimenting preparations conjuration first met question hour favorable aspects oppose aspect relative position two planets every calendar centuries lie speaks aspects conjunction planets meridian consequently separated angular distance opposition directly opposite part heavens quadrature distance trigon hexagon mars pale saturn stand quadrature opposition another wandering stars portends destruction planets harmless aspects good mars first house consequently even kindly disposed even moon whose assistance needed house friendly star favorable quadrature jupiter meet consequently hindrances remains however side astrology find planets regents present year words planets form first aspect year look calendarium mars suits us better tuesday mars day hour soon day presides absolutely therefore importance use incantation martial part magical apparatus among elements fire martial shall therefore kindle fire altar among planets thorny poisonous martial shall therefore feed fire dry twigs among animals ferocious bold connected star see three belts lion hide fringed teeth tigers leopards bears provided clasps iron iron martial metal let us fasten belts time arrived waists among stones diamond amethyst jasper magnet martial show three diadems though pure iron sparkle stones furnished signs signatures planet three iron staves marked signs must bear hands studded amethysts whose hebrew inscriptions characters refer stars must wear hearts outside white clothing shall put incantation begins notice three diamond rings shall wear middle finger solemn awful moment preparing two bells place table reddish alloy furnished iron rings summons martial spirit hither made proportional alloy metals astral tincture added serves call celestial kinds needed require rings electrum bear name planet glorious blessed name god protection conjurers conjured spirit shall soon find observe terrible arsenal also necessary purpose mars star war murder passion demons mars corresponding nature exists tools work earth accomplished power attraction therefore heavy sword magic circle drawn therefore place rows skulls bones collected places execution nails extracted gallows daggers knives axes rusty stains blood must forget incense kindled altar shortly first citation different kind incense every planet demons appropriate mars composed euphorbia bdellium ammoniac magnet sulphur brains raven human blood blood cat highly important quality incense genuine might quote porphyrius says point confine pointing influence conjurer well surrounding objects saturates air breast conjurer substances connected planet demons draws conjured intoxicates divine influences act mind imagination matter course must prepare besides implements needed every incantation without bearing relation certain planet belong amulets inscribed names seraphs cherubs thrones sentences bible sacred books zoroaster belong magical candlestick electrum seven branches every branch bearing sign planet pentagrams figures fine points demon overstep shall place latter line fortification around magic circle must sure points broken inside circle table candlestick room tripod bowl holy water sprinkler made necessary preparations feast let us think guest invited air evening cool close window move study lamp table ask seated around must consult concerning invitation must follow directions given cabalistic manuscript found table first showed orders seraphim cherubim thrones related reciprocal activity mars three orders constitute highest celestial hierarchy remain constantly presence god must summoned hither even able may implore assistance orders dominions powers empires intelligences connected stars among must address spirits mars since mars regent year day intended incantation choice spirits ruled mars still open since purpose invoke supplication compel conjuration must choose wicked sin danger gives joy good angels see power god image adversaries force whole host mars demons appear circle must select among legion must well chosen therefore necessary know name spirits far men terrestrial things name implies essence qualities named cabala teaches us infinite significance words names proclaims demonstrates mysteries dwell holy names god reveals us mysteries appellations angels shows us even names men intimately related place creation temporal destiny bear even names material things show though less distinctly connection sound thing nature hear instance words without perceiving sound something airy oscillating hear without perception something stable firm let us hasten find name demon summoned astrology well cabala gives various methods purpose let us choose simplest perhaps also efficient must commence work pointing significance number number correspond languages elders synagogue interpreters old testament disciples lord number also closely connected sacred number twelve twelve signs zodiac divided six parts obtain celestial quinaries mystical names god infuse power presided number also corresponds joints human frame many correspondences well cabalists searching sacred inner meaning bible proceeded slowly starting beginning stopping every word every letter found every word every letter mine secrets finally lapse centuries came far verse chapter exodus commencing angel god went camp israel arose cabalistical rule says wherever bible angel spoken also name angel hidden among hebrew letters verse admonished pause consider first idea extraordinary discovery now point making attention attracted fact letters verse hebrew text still surprised found even following verse contained exactly letters surprise grew awe even verse showed number bible fortuity great secret hidden finally placing three verses letter letter middle verse written left right others conversely another god mystical names consisting three letters three verses discovered names provided suffix also names quinary angels god name cabalistic manuscript names preserved let us select random eye happens fall first take high name angel may invoke give us key name demon appear presently table help us three word el correspond three others planet mars contain name let us pronounce silently let us merely whisper name desired demon sum numerical value letters name remarkable number every figure reminding us mystical elements correspondences shall commune mightiest terrible among demons waxen tablet iron frame now inscribe name demon adding number peculiar strokes make signature time allow tell now rules signature formed name preparations now completed remains order apparatus array put implements order consecrated room cleansed bath put white robe wrapped red mantle around red color mars buckled girdle mars waists assumed diadem rings kindle altar magical light fire incense draw magical circle intense prayer protection god incantation conjurer hell open page martial incantations begin book placed within circle needed grasp left hand hold staff right gothic room incantation take place presented strange time solemn awful aspect magician arranged practiced hand things mentioned skulls bones men beasts murderous weapons martial various indescribable fragments kingdoms nature formed nearest walls different figures triangles squares pentagons red drapery hung naked walls midst room inside circularly arranged pentagram fire holy water table rear partly within circle magical lights burning diffused uncertain light objects near candlestick two bells arrayed garments face companion pale death probably mine also courage fortitude lost whispered magician whose eye beamed dark solemn determination whose every feature expressed moment terrible resolution last words incantation allowed answer nothing tried courageous soul shaken dreadful expectation prayer religious ceremonies performed bath change dress diminished intensified feeling night wind shook windows hidden behind heavy draperies seemed ghosts another world lurking behind gently waving curtains even skulls appeared bode sunken vacant eyes arrival something appalling attracted attention long time rather exercised influence eye bird approaches devour noticed eye metallic lustre gleam light reflected martial stone fastened skull mean time magician seized sword drew murmuring prayer threefold magical circle around pentagram circumferences wrote names angels year season day hour towards east made sign towards west divided circle cross four fields assigned two behind companions large enough kneel strictly enjoined leave allow even fold mantles wave outside circle forgetfulness respect cost us lives magician put aside sword triangle outside circle sprinkled us holy water read formularies incense thorn twigs kindled sign us give prayer must cease praying heard first word incantation incense spread dim transparent veil room condensed strange figures now human now fantastic animal shapes arose vaulted wall sank must something narcotical vapory clouds looked half dreaming state lips repeated inaudibly enjoined prayers aroused condition first word incantation struck soul like awakened full consciousness position significance hour blood veins seemed changed ice magician stood tall erect commanding taken now read hollow voice first citation begins long formulary invoking different mystical names god repeat quotation highest lowest divine infernal whose sacredness feel irrepressible reverence whose impiety experience deepest horror united solemn terrible words human tongue ever stammered now first began form idea power words name demon yet uttered nearer moment pronunciation approached deeper became voice magician now came formula invocation now resounded name appeared whispering echo vault corners room skulls repeated name magician became silent incense condensed assumed reddish tint gradually became diffused seemed hear thunder rolling first distance nearer finally heads tower shaken vault heads rent knees trembled suddenly flash lightning shot red mass magician extended staff wished stop raised voice anew strong powerful amidst continued peals thunder smoke grew thin wreaths appeared magician immediate vicinity circle opposite end staff dim apparition figure whose first aspect bereft reason felt fallen floor lost awakened perspiration agony forehead fortunately bed nineteenth century view window cheerful enlivening see river bears proud ships quays swarming men broad streets houses graceful light style lived present pleased best next dreaming future strove something great however learned magicians middle ages mighty imaginative creation lies ruins never arise crumbled testify belief human power knowledge learned magicians likewise restless distinct usual type learned time faust pedantic unaspiring wagner paid tribute weakness tradition formed system received dicta among presentiments future began stir longing clearer light scholastics doctors et felt well contented study ancient greece recommencing dawn appeared enthusiastic natures still groping among dreams magic art first began awake think feeling insufficiency ruling theology scholasticism driven temple secret philosophy since pillars brought diverse spheres culture distrust fear magic become universal directly ecclesiastical drunk deeply profane tradition christian considering flow divine source writers quote porphyrius side john pretender hermes side paul courage tried burst open portals served afterwards shores childhood belief venture ocean thought campanella vanini giordano bruno cardanus stand dividing line magic philosophy sense old greeks modern times already previously magicians old type died persecution wondered atheists vanini bruno must now ascend pile occult sciences middle ages origin paradise noah ark believed adherents ancient oriental culture power even strongest independent souls arise influence church levels thought may properly remind willing forget sad incontestable truth humanity may embrace course many long centuries candid faith construct immense labor system dogmas received without questioning contain false true great antiquity give claim validity possessed error arose yesterday vanished special divine influence saved save generations inheriting errors less acquired truths predecessors divine influence say impulse feel think order attain clearness iv magic people struggle church wherever religious thought divides empire world humanity two absolutely opposed powers good evil also distinguishes two kinds magic divine infernal persians knew white black magic also middle ages christianity greeks contrary knew nothing distinction world harmonious whole moral physical respects magic means finding using secret powers harmonious cosmos thought deriving powers evil source undoubtedly favorite gods equal heroes unworthy statues temples used art benefit humanity rest magical speculation greeks pushed aside philosophy scepticism rational investigation account nearer contact europe asia death alexander began exercise influence finally celebrated triumph dualistic form religion name christianity took possession occident struggle spirit orientalism waged march europe first hellenic paganism christian paganism penetrated church briefly sketched christianity spread later among germanic slavic nations arose new process attraction repulsion natural religions barbarians elements partly blended partly repelled gods transformed devils attributes festivities honor transferred saints pope gregory great ordained pagan festivities changed gradually christian imitated many respects time boniface many christian priests germany sacrificed thor baptized name jesus time especial influence rapid spread christianity maxim gregory particular choice proselytes hope placed better generations future allowed attend divine service buried churchyard necessary benediction priest gifts church pilgrimages repeating prayers latin opened gates heaven proselytes easier virtue bravery valhall heathen rest pagan enter community church retaining whole circle ideas church deny confirmed real existence every thing object faith treated objects accordance dualistic scheme sometimes elevating plane sanctity degrading something diabolical instance changed elementary spirits celts germans believed good morally indifferent natural beings fallen angels envying man heavenly inheritance thinking heathen accept reject existence beings pleasure now become proselyte became matter eternal bliss believe superstitious idea gross enough receive signet church nay grosser likely appropriated even cultured intellect augustine prominent fathers authors time declared insolent doubt existence fauns satyrs demoniac beings lie wait women intercourse children laid foundation immense labyrinth superstition darkness humanity groped thousand years middle ages rupture church natural religion northern peoples find certain sense spectacle repeated seen struggle christian culture neoplatonicians held appolonius tyana type christian sorcerers celts germans northmen also soothsayers endowed supernatural powers christian missionaries must excel power working miracles gain consideration new religion many accounts bishops priests worn gloves fire walked iron forth eyes astonished heathen miracles worked apostles christianity source divine agencies performed opponents must origin assistance devil already white magic stood opposed black magic immediate supernatural power god agents devil chief significance church institution deliverance devil magical usages sacrament amulet many weapons attacks pagan religions succumbed christianity nothing varied kinds priests seers physicians tools satan natural traditions pagan time church transformed appropriated banished within pale partly also every act supernatural effects ascribed performed christian priest name jesus referred black magic partly fine possibility immediate conscious league devil men elevated dogma struggle good evil god satan church paganism carried weapons miracles two directly opposed human representatives principles theme must necessity urge power creative imagination activity find also oldest monuments christian literature tale character simon peter rock church built fights simon magician samaria mentioned acts cities asia minor witnessed emulation decisive battle fought end rome presence assembled people simon magician attempts ascension heaven falls breaks legs simon peter commanded evil spirits carrying magician towards sky let drop fable appears still embellished later ecclesiastical authors soon accompanied others cyprianus theophilus militaris heliodorus many others love earthly glory abjure christ enter solemn covenants devil biography holy basilius archbishop cæsarea cappadocia contemporary apostate emperor julian story young man obtained heathen sorcerer letter recommendation satan young man according precept magician gone heathen grave taken letter suddenly taken borne place satan surrounded angels sat throne youth abjured writing baptism swore allegiance new master time apostate repented confessed holy basilius done bishop prayed forty days length day come satan according compact bear away victim bishop young man placed midst congregation satan arrived battle bishop followed battle carried people stretching forth hands imploring god assistance ended compact fell claws fiend torn bishop theophilus likewise pawned soul devil contract restored urgent supplication holy virgin warned experience led holy life became saint theophilus closed eyes early legends compacts devil men end see sinner salvation later now remember dogmas proclaimed church magical miraculous arts performed priests name jesus wrought devil gives adherents power nature demons seek obtain carnal intercourse human beings discover already ideas first christian centuries elements sorcery middle ages read accusations first christian sects hurled another learn party raised council nice orthodox position accused gnostics marcionites arians confederacy satan sorcery meet already union heresy sorcery church middle ages acquired fearful weapon dissenters union must looked mere casual invention wickedness theological hatred necessary consequence whole dualistic theory morals necessary fruit belief devils long time must required festivals common natural religions europe become extinct remodelled christian form external practices religious ideas obtain sensuous expression possess generally tenacious power existence ideas continue existence disappeared shell death nautilus certain religions natural development adoration sun moon important among celtic germanic slavic tribes among hebrews phoenicians divinities light adored kindling fires sacrifices banquets mountains groves especially time vernal equinox easter beginning may valpurge night night summer solstice fact traces custom still exist day though original significance lost safely assume continued exist without interruption openly first secret retaining significance spite efforts spiritual profane authorities extirpate assuming popular mind character church branded reminiscences heathen times finally ceased entirely changed seasons popular festivity dangerous suggestiveness even eyes church still remembrance demoniacal festivals mountain grove must inherited generation generation another step believe still continued participated persons practiced magical arts invested suspicious wisdom ancient valas druids female seers physicians pagans notion witches sabbath celebrated night first may paschal journey witches blokulla historical origin probable ecclesiastical literature first half middle ages leave us without significant hints apparently corroborating opinion egidius died speaks frequently practiced midsummer nights inherited pagan forefathers accompanied dancing invocation sun moon calls demons hercules diana worshipping groves trees springs crossroads apostle allemans firminus died preaches customs especially dwells pertinacity old women adhere infernal festivals magical songs dances modern authors subject question speak date back council ancyra enjoins bishops especially watch godless women deceived delusions demons imagine traverse night company diana herodias riding certain animals wide tracts country required assemble certain number nights command mistress although synodal decree spurious belongs far later period different locality referred first time ninth century work composed abbot regino old enough deserve attention decree appended number questions bishops must put women confession among following connect immediately heathen traditions followed practice inherited heathen considering course stars moon eclipses new moon imagined exclamation moon reproduce light wished pray resorted places church instance springs stones trees crossroads kindled fires sacrificed bread aught else john salisbury died writes women led assemble celebrate banquets relish children stolen cradles still supposed may really fact demoniacal illusions phantasmagorial tricks played devil empty dreams especially things happen among women among men possess stronger reason view case held william auvergne bishop paris died already life prelate belief reality sanctioned authority pope gregory every doubt regard declared heresy time connection heresy witchcraft revived confirmed church heretics considered sworn subjects devil initiated sorcery even though sorcerers witches necessarily heretics church time threatened several newly arisen sects recourse every expedient uphold hierarchy unity confession year gregory ix promulgated letter exhorted crusade stedinghs sect spread friesland lower saxony accused worshipping secret communion prince darkness according papal edict stedinghs considered devil real good deity expelled evil heaven returning thither fulness time usurper account extreme tyranny cruelty injustice made hated race men finally become convinced incapability powerlessness truth belief sprung strange everywhere power influence devil seen nowhere god bloody terrible laws oppressive social system declared spiritual profane authorities divine theory church sought save god attribute omnipotence theory consent according devil exercises power god permission theory suited augment confusion terror never says bunsen time divine universal government much despaired middle ages bunsen inclines view french historian michelet thirteenth fifteenth century waldenses albigenses france exterminated romish persecution lower classes reduced serfs religion despair real satanic sprang witches sabbath fact founded nightly congregations thousands brutalized men driven misery oppression gathered together order worship devil invoke aid exists absolutely certain historical fact prove meetings really taken place consider probable pointed witches sabbath lingering twilight constantly deepening constantly painted monstrous colors day degraded festivals religion nature incubus imagination oppressed bosom humanity buried world dreams nothing belief reality church sanctioned necessary produce phenomena describe waldenses albigenses treated like stedinghs let judges know writes inquisitor sorcerers witches almost waldenses waldenses profession essentially formally though conjurers still conjuration waldenseism much common highest authorities church constantly nourished awe devil tools filled mind without scruple seized terror john xxii promulgated two letters complains less countless numbers sheep danger life arts sorcerers send devils mirrors rings make away men words alone mentions especially enemies sought kill piercing dolls baptized name needles invoking aid devil needless point influence proclamations christ vicar infallible head church exercise common mind dualistic philosophy ripened terrible crisis broke fifteenth century crisis preceded trial templars several great local subsequent executions finally bull pope innocent ad forturan rei memoriam appeared bull companion malleus malificarum composed monk inquisitor sprenger brought evil climax hell longer mere product imagination see established earth dread reality stretching dominion christendom space allow us reproduce literal translation bull pope innocent written barbarous latin worthy subject must however give account contents serf god serfs begins testifying care guardian souls must exercise promoting growth catholic faith driving infamy heresy far proximity faithful continues without profound grief learned recently persons sexes forgetting eternal welfare erring catholic faith mix devils injure witch songs conjurations shameful practices revelries crimes unborn children women young animals harvests fields grapes vineyards fruit trees also destroy suffocate annihilate men women sheep cattle vineyards orchards meadows like visit men women cattle animals internal external pains sickness prevent men procreation women conception render entirely unfit mutual duties cause recant besides sacrilegious lips faith received baptism pope therefore appoints beloved sons professors theology henry institor jacob sprenger prime inquisitors absolute power districts contaminated diseases since knows persons ashamed insist perverse assertion crimes imaginary punished threatens whatever position dignity severest punishments case dare counteract way inquisitors interfere behalf accused finally proclaims appeal tribunals inquisitors courts even pope allowed inquisitors assistants invested unlimited power life death exhorted fulfil commission zeal severity bull contains indications judges proceed trial witches allowed establish norm procedure importance give résumé contents book since became juridical authority followed countries even protestant beginning eighteenth century spirit time better characterized book clearer tangible way shown whither supernatural ideas cosmic philosophy lead finally destroy reason morality human feeling change world book bull pope innocent diploma emperor maximilian serve commendatory introduction begins apology intended show author introduce thing novel untried theories entirely founded scriptures prove quotes passages old new testaments fathers decrees councils canonical letters writings thomas aquinas damianus others devil says power indeed suspend natural laws bible shows incontestably god vouchsafed wide dominion natural powers corporeal things witness history job temptation jesus desert existence many demoniacs spoken new testament proves satan dwell man use human body implement says constantly aiming deduce conclusions ostensibly according logic must confusion demoniacs witches existence former prove existence latter must demonstrated different way proof devil spiritual capable real corporeal contact must therefore make use instrument imparts power every bodily effect produced contact instruments sorcerers witches incontestable side power devil great accomplish nothing without aid sorcerers witches necessary conclusion must exist conclusion rest decisively confirmed bible moses ordains witches put death command entirely superfluous witches existed asserts witches must therefore rightly accounted heretic broaches question women especially addicted sorcery answers follows holy fathers often three things moderation good evil concerning woman evident ages made complaints wise solomon tempted idolatry women often writings given feminine sex sad true testimonial holy chrysostom says woman enemy friendship unavoidable punishment necessary coil natural temptation desirable affliction constantly flowing source tears wicked work nature covered shining varnish already first woman entered sort compact devil daughters also word woman means wanting means faith less since formed crooked rib entire spiritual nature distorted inclined towards sin virtue compare words seneca woman either loves hates third possibility easy see love god must resort opposite extreme hate clear women especially addicted practice sorcery might now asked possible god permits sorcery answers god allowed without detriment perfections fall angels first parents formerly sanctioned persecutions christians glory martyr might increased also now permits sorcery faith just may manifest crime witches exceeds unite person heretic apostate murderer proves worse devil fallen christ suffered devil sins therefore creator witch creator redeemer similar questions first part occupied second part describing various kinds effects witchcraft celebration witches sabbath prefaced account power witches produce hail thunder storms whenever wish fly air place another make insensible rack often subdue judge mind charms deprive men animals reproductive power see absent predict coming events fill pleasure human hearts relentless hatred passionate love destroy foetus womb cause miscarriages change others cats nay able enchant kill men beasts looks strongest passion eat flesh children still eat unchristened children time baptized child taken happens special divine concession compact devil two kinds either solemn entered formalities mere private contract former concluded follows witches assemble day set apart devil appears assembly exhorts faithfulness promises glory happiness long life orders older witches introduce novices puts test causes take oath allegiance whereupon teaches prepare limbs babes presents powder instructing used injury men beasts novice renewed ceremony allegiance next witch sabbath genuine witch children needed witches kettles sabbath banquets obtained follows victims killed looks powder lie cradle bed mothers simple people believe died natural cause sickness suffocation buried witches steal grave happened judges opened similar confessions grave found child cases judge must consider devil great taskmaster may cheated eyes servants justice order protect servants case confession witch forced torture prove easily deluded vision judge triumph supernaturalistic argumentation witch accomplishes aerial voyages says smearing vessel broom rake broomstick piece linen rising moves forth air visible invisible according choice reminds doubt matt iv related devil carried jesus air pinnacle temple now proceed third part criminal law gives instructions sorcerers witches heretics tried spiritual well civil tribunals regard preliminary forms procedure lays first trial may commence without previous accusation strength simple report witches found somewhere duty judge case fraught many dangers soul wait informer accuser institute immediate inquiry inquisitor comes city village must exhort every body means proclamations nailed doors churches threats excommunication punishment give information persons way suspected least connection practice witchcraft otherwise bad repute informers may rewarded inquisitor thinks well blessing church money box receive statements informers wish unknown placed church two three witnesses sufficient prove guilt case many present judge may take means find summon force tell truth oath also right examine witnesses previous actual trial qualifications necessary appear witnesses declares excommunicate accomplices outlawed runaway dissolute women irreproachable witnesses cases faith involved witch allowed testify witch wife husband husband wife children parents testimonies accomplices relatives advantage accused validity blood course thicker raven willingly pick eyes another allows accused advocate adds counsellor defends suspected client warmly right reasonable considered far criminal sorcerer witch say protector witches heretics dangerous sorcerer looked suspicion degree makes zealous defence trial may difficult enough without clogged hampered cunning advocate order confuse ensnare accused necessary says judge remember words apostle crafty caught show crafty informs judge five honest apostolical tricks words book consists embodying copy proceedings given defending lawyer number facts occurred trial mixing names witnesses means accused lawyer may confused nowise know thing among questions put person accusation recommends number quality may appreciated reading following examples know people hold witch observed precincts touched child cow happen child cow soon fell sick business outside house storm broke forth explain cow yields three times much milk cows others sprenger work gives detailed account treatment person accused sorcery handed judge must subjected trial accused must put rack order mind may inclined confession rather confess guilt allow torn asunder limb limb worst witches endurance explained supposition devil hardens tortures others less faithful abandons easily induced confess confession wrung witch first day quote literally torture continued second third day civil law forbids sure torture proof adduced may judge therefore use following formula ordain torture shall second day instruments torture exhibited accused attending priest shall read following adjuration adjure name holy trinity bitter tears jesus christ shed cross tears god saints elect shed world art innocent pour forth immediately abundant tears art guilty tears name god father son holy ghost amen person adjured seldom weeps occur judge see saliva fluid moistens eye witch witch must led backwards judge may see sees otherwise may enchant move criminal compassion examination witnesses accused must stripped clothing hair body shaved limbs must carefully examined ascertain bear marks devil marks must ascertained pricking needle part body devoid feeling sure sign witch still absence sign nowise proves innocence witch made confess means judge must send distant prison janitor friend chaste women persuaded visit prisoner promise help escape inform arts way remarks author many ensnared us conclude account sprenger dreadful book reader contemplated sufficiently fruit tree may fill us loathing consider teachings instructive may know tree fruit may tear roots roots yet abundantly watered men know fires bull pope innocent kindled europe threw weird light far times called modern far eighteenth century count victims stake impossible however sometimes attempted days archives searched discoveries made surpass every anticipation victims amount millions age spared children brought stake mothers silent gloomy presentiment seized every community proclamation church doors announced inquisitor arrived work shops fields ceased evil passions flared greater activity open enemy suspected secret envy knew beforehand lost considered better anticipate anticipated denouncing tribunal hardly commenced activity ere overcrowded informers commenced place burn witches says author seventeenth century found proportion burned various communities germany france women sent stake many instances went far princes potentates forced fear seeing subjects exterminated stay madness inquisitors greed brought fuel flames superstition hatred kindled quote example history scotch man named hopkins sent gallows convicted murder confessed brought two hundred women stake recompense twenty shillings sum judge rewarded heard europe many centuries single voice raised effort stay murder weapons reason religion share madness time fear paralyzed tongue learning religion far impeding evil yoked triumphal ear bible hands theologians sanctioned barbarous proceedings learned defended reasons drawn fathers subtle argumentation protestant theologians vied catholic learning even luther first reformers check promoted belief devils paganism described fathers satan work empire luther referred preceding life church beginning papacy sphere changed whole history humankind diabolical drama struggle reformation catholicism contributed still another way intensify faith devils religious contest stirred mind age innermost depths many occupied middle ground reforming preacher hand catholic priest hesitating old new many consciences already embraced new agitated uneasiness doubt catholic divine saw doubts beginning victory satanic error protestant theologian declared doubts inspired originator papacy devil appreciate state things reading luther tischreden men terrified instance dream strange noise night nothing required effect hurried pastor lay troubles informed hand dream voice caused devil apostacy bound satan trying frighten back errors abandoned cases archfiend agent castle knight palaces mighty libraries learned every page bible churches halls justice lawyer chambers laboratories physicians naturalists cottages farmyards stalls everywhere indeed everywhere christendom become hell belief devil says british author speaking subject effect rational knowledge disappeared sound philosophy denounced morality people poisoned humanity sunk whirlpool folly godlessness brutality classes carried away whirlpool god nature revelation longer reins world hand powers hell darkness born diseased imagination reigned earth throwing gloomy shadow even eighteenth century however middle ages belief sorcery sent deep mighty roots wondered men middle ages lived less real world magic world resembling paintings descriptions armidas isle air saturated demoniacal vapors popular literature consisted legends saints stories devil church general asylum devil saw taught people see everywhere play evil powers must conquered magical practices amidst ahriman hosts now established occident heirs horns tails pans fauns crowd native spirits moved imps giants trolls elves hobgoblins earth nicks water fiends air salamanders fire elementary spirits added whole fauna monsters dragons griffins conclude review spectres ghosts vampires spirits causing nightmare supernatural beings derived human world dimmer outlines preceding conclude motley procession mandrake place also deserves lines inasmuch now faded popular superstitions mandragora alrun originally rare herb hardly found except gallows pure youth hanged seeks herb know lower part shape human upper part consists broad leaves yellow flowers torn soil sighs shrieks moans piteously hears must die find go sunrise friday morning filled ears carefully cotton wax pitch bring black dog without white hair sign cross must made three times mandrake soil dug carefully around attached fine rootlets tied string tail dog attracted forward piece bread dog pulls plant earth falls dead struck terrible shriek mandragora brought home washed red wine wrapped red white silk laid shrine washed every friday dressed white frock mandragora reveals hidden things future events procures owner friendship men silver coin deposited evening doubled morning still coin must large size buy mandragora remains throw wherever sell keep till death must depart hell sold lower price bought therefore bought smallest existing coin irretrievably lost called mandragora see kind appeared still another form happened adventurers represented mandragoras account mystical origin gained success court first spiritually made human christian baptism lost baptism power greatly others pecuniary disadvantage still greater number adventurers middle ages asserted others bastards devils human beings led blameless life evincing firm belief dogmas church danger pedigree greater honor son fallen angel need bend head man noble birth demoniacal fauna middle ages plays important role passed silence terror rural districts men change time wolves rove hunting children belief ancient antique authors speak superstition among scythians among shepherds peasants eastern provinces change considered result certain herbs growing pontus middle ages devil wrapped wolf hide around witch enchanted person even belief embraced proclaimed augustine augustine father declared believe gospel authority church exhort found worthy sadducean pagan philosopher alone deny existence phenomenon emperor sigismund question investigated scientifically presence theologians came general agreement positive constant fact existence devil accepted reason deny authority fathers church general experience general experience finally became like belief sorcery raging mental disease epidemic infecting whole districts various parts europe sending many insane persons confessed courts imagined sin place execution nearly related lycanthropy horrible vampirism vampires according belief middle ages disembodied souls clothe buried bodies steal night houses suck nipple sleeping blood bereft vital fluid turn changed vampire visits preferably relatives corpse person suspected vampirism dug stomach pressed abundance fresh blood flows mouth corpse well preserved belief vampires likewise produced kind psychical pestilence yet eighteenth century spread terror austrian provinces sorcery imaginary people magic existed also real consisted infinite variety usages observances rules conditions life speak astrologers extensive calendars pointed constellations seasons days auspicious bathing bleeding shaving wooing engaging servants setting travels existed among people incredibly large mass rules living body avoid constant danger bringing misfortune family must know waking morning going asleep night maxims observed putting wrong foot first bed morning sure followed annoyances course day neglect place shoes heels toward bed night certain cause visit ghosts evil dreams children born must go open door without bringing fire trolls may find way exchange child entering must say word touched fire reason child unchristened must watched carefully every night fire must kept constantly burning hearth christening child must moved room another without putting steel beside two boys baptized occasion obtains name blessing first best endowed bodily mentally day christening mother avoid handling axe knife cutting instruments otherwise child time murdered floor cradle swept child bereft sleep cradle moved child child becomes peevish child yawns sign cross must made mouth words jesus god son added otherwise devil enter child looks window looks mirror night fall sick children punished sunday become disobedient child whipped good friday sunset become obedient child walks shoe mother sore back child walks runs backwards drives parents many steps hell child eating reading time gets bad memory suitor first gift betrothed consists shoes unfaithful stockings jealous nuptials mondays wednesdays saturdays unfortunate bridal procession comes stop reason married pair meet dissensions small misfortune store bridal pair dies first first kneels rises kneeling hold canopy must change hands touch bride crown prognosticates misfortune ennui going old woman carrying water met room table set bread must laid immediately bread must never placed upper crust great care must taken remove substances separated body hair nails blood must buried soil come contact diseased persons fall hands witches selected preceding observances rules examples thousands precepts conditions life collected investigations field mouths people full collection require large volume seen servile fear mysterious evil influences lurking sides whose power impotency regards man nowise depends morality way observes certain ethically indifferent acts many seem arisen faulty application theory causality others depend symbolical method contemplating nature difference popular wisdom stored gnomes greeks heathen havamal part former may likewise heirloom exuberantly superstitions grew centuries ripe glaring belief personified evil deeply struck root among people havamal saved flood time hand student among superstitions counted magical prognosis diseases death many tokens approaching scythe glass heard cawing crows ravens howling dogs chirping cricket regular ticking concealed wall horse priest riding visit sick person parish lowered head arriving house gnat caught gnawing clothing light suddenly went image fell glass mirror broken indicated approaching death house determine fate sick person piece bread eaten laid dark corner change color observed piece fat soles sick smeared offered dog stone lifted see thing concealed beneath bread became dark dog refused eat offered living thing stone sick person considered incurable nothing hoped even inherited medical skill wise old men women exercise skill consisted use along reading conjurations partly herbs less known efficiency partly also appears magnetic forces resorted mechanically without reflection medical art inherited among people generation generation subject none unprejudiced scientist medical profession treat left hitherto without investigation subject undoubtedly deserves least historical point view end middle ages among devotees galenic art man genius despairing find folios medical scholastics traces truth abandoned went forth world without order read book nature learn something medical instinct god believed must endowed men well animals must find true expression people living immediate reciprocity nature man paracelsus despised overwhelmed mockery coryphei days medical faculties disdain listen experience peasants old women vagabonds magnetical system constructed illumination nature light apothecary shop rest probability general principles found plurality sympathetic cures practiced among people reading cures accompanied paracelsus saw rightly nothing subjective moment means making faith imagination allies physician mass different diseases collected published various countries europe offer reader little nothing interest common usage middle ages measure sick person time cure another find disease decreasing increasing another means drag hole sick children pulled holes dug earth cleft sick sheep forced creep cleft oak another remedy many kinds sufferings binding thread band read around neck limb sick connected tying used evil intent bands different colors material required buried near dwelling person injured thought means limb bodily power enemy impaired french jurist pierre delancre complains days married couples france whose happiness marred means young men hardly dared marry fear hincmar archbishop rheims advised remedy influence diligent use sacraments french rituals effects prescribed hardly less universally custom make dolls rags dough wax clay baptize name hated person put fire pierce needles bury threshold individual order inflict sufferings diseases also transferred dolls reading certain formulæ placing inaccessible place running water diseases also dangers fire war love chase voyages like magical remedies freely resorted people complains bitterly criminal practice soldiers mutilating crucifixes order harden sword bullets executioner passau gained thirty years war wide reputation skill hardening human frame means scraps paper cabalistic figures passauer eaten belief hunters procured means conjurations common accuses various potentates pay diabolical archers hit mark long distance without aiming customary fires throw flames shields david plates two intersecting triangles motto agla initials four hebrew words meaning art strong eternally lord late middle last century magistrate leipzig ordered plates laid rathhaus used case fires catholic countries clergy took employment magical appliances fires hands processions singing bearing relics went around burning house three times salutary effect sure sign god allowed devil wield consuming element destruction extent treatise allow detailed exposition many divinatory arts adepts among people church preaching mightily arts representing devices devil father lies founder oracles however deny confirm biblical quotation power unveil futurity every thing described church black magic mystical practices among people whether resorted good evil purposes heal cure looked implying contempt divine magic church also league devil formal rate therefore possessors traditional popular art healing first sent stake wherever inquisition commenced trials terrorism eradicate popular magic long persecutors believed efficiency fought consecrated superstition outlawed counterfeit struggle superstition church well people reserved another time another theory universe morals wandering scholastics formed kind connecting link magic learned common people ruined adventurous students priests monks wandered rural districts european states especially germany representing selling amulets conjuring spirits divining stars healing men cattle adventurers associated regular guild like vagrant tradesmen lodgings hospitals cities dreaded competitors cloisters several times excommunicated church seem nearly disappeared commenced earnest person kind attached reflects popular opinions concerning power learned magicians period saw bull innocentius promulgated belief devils culminate gave birth saviour came world hour intensest need hellenic spirit born study classic literature classic art new messias putting heel head old serpent saving humanity power death devil people sitting darkness illumined lurid flames kindled inquisition saw great light stretched hands towards new dawn study ancients immense influence actual world different antique world exhumed monuments hellas revealed state systems feudal middle ages states organizations mere mechanical conglomerates conquerors conquered founded nobler basis given assumed privileges monuments revealed independent search truth placed tradition novel spectacle people middle ages revealed art harmony reigned spirit nature higher life sensuousness relative opposites middle ages conceived absolute placing another struggle wrecked beauty morality revealed large symmetrical characters free asceticism middle ages wild sensuality time ideas hailed enthusiasm transform appearance world overthrew darkness middle ages put devil hell flight drove spiritual kingdom present political reaction peer eagerly watching whether may bring great wide world power shall scarcely succeed long freedom thought scientific independence guarded foremost conditions spiritual health mankind shall utterly fail intelligence taught people premises inoculated popular mind show anew results depicted lead us back terrible times inquisition burning witches doubt even orthodox defenders belief impersonated evil principle desire observe history acts consistently cures general errors making long generations draw last consequences suffer full effect end index adam sin brings countless woes man agnus dei power ahriman affirmed judaized satan repelled marathon power man limited author magic alexander conquers asia helps triumph dualism ammonius sacca tries restore neoplatonism amulets employed angels belong lowest hierarchy care mortals appolonius tyana deemed peer christ gift miracles archangels part lowest hierarchy protect religion archetypes world empyrean celestial things empyrean immaterial aristotle method revives science astrology introduction table ii correspondences atmosphere earth situate next space moon augustine manicheian last fathers educated philosophy quoted baptism quoted existence fauns satyrs believes existence baptism copied anticipation mithras mysteries baptismal water various efficacy bartholomeus chassaneus instructs proceed courts common pests benoit de montferrand bishop lausanne excommunicates mystic meaning bethesda efficacy water pool inferior baptism bishop gerhard converts heretics arras boethius basis creation borrichius olaf borch cited bunsen gott der geschichte quoted cabalists method searching inner meaning bible discover mystical names god christian fathers doubts way attaining perfection declares every thing heathen thought devil church prepared election jews founded christ body accumulates wealth supererogatory works grants remission guilt also dead mole tide sin kingdom god earth destiny universal extension check growth sin emblem ark legitimate bodily physician forbids several councils secular practice medicine church bells power demons clemens alexandria fights union belief thought quoted mission philosophy rejects doctrine eternal punishment colquhoun quoted described conjurer hell contrast state society middle ages hellenic later european civilizations due different theories universe cosmic philosophy middle ages cyprianus others enter league satan delrio ascribes origin witchcraft zoroaster demonianism cured church demons fallen intelligences middle hierarchy war good angels cause storms drouth pervade elements entice man able take full possession men deutsche theologie quoted nature evil differences dualism zoroaster christian dissection prohibited dominion order angels receives commands god dualism middle ages affirmed derived persia conflict unitarian notions greece sum history cyrus constantine wins mediterranean return jews captivity testified many demoniacs time christ magic belief authority necessary consequences derived zoroaster spreads roman provinces advances europe manicheism finally absolute brings dark ages intensified entering christianity undergoes changes attacks inner authority earth encompassed ten heavens made paradise man explains symbolically man destiny egidius opposes elements four prime constitution things eleusinian mysteries fragments preserved magic learned empire third order angels ward hindrances empyrean heaven fire world archetypes remains final conflagration europe belief middle ages defeats dualism goes enemy country eucharist perennial source power sanctification faust quoted first proposed employ agrippa chief character prosecuted formula epilepsy formulary malediction used priests gnosticism springs god enthroned empyrean associates man gregory ix exhorts crusade stedinghs gregory great mentioned forbade abrogation pagan festivities heaven crystal next beneath empyrean fixed stars devoid weight hell becomes place punishment remains final conflagration henricus cornelius agrippa ab nettesheim god source power chosen represent magician heretics arras belief hermes trismegistus transmuted whatever chose gold hincmar archb rheims propounds remedy hippocrates mentioned historical development cosmic philosophy history spiritual comedy produced horst demonomagie quoted houses planets images miraculous properties incense appropriate mars inevitable causation admitted middle age cosmic philosophy isis secrets entrusted sons ham jacob ladder structure universe likened jamblichus practices secret arts outrival christian magi jean bodin ascribes witchcraft zoroaster john salisbury philosophy blooms jupiter belonging second planetary spaces knowledge highest truths revealed man lucifer prince seraphim revolts wars michael conquered permitted tempt man transformed angel light triumphs luther satanic malice cause accidents esteems highly deutsche theologie tischreden quoted referred lycanthropy middle ages magia divina quoted magic church enters employment white black magic celestial diabolical church defined magic learned derived various sources first principle magic people black magic devil worship magician learned century apartments described explains science performs incantation malice devil causes unforeseen accidents man microcosm must dwell earth first happy mandrake superstitions concerning manicheism new form dualism advances europe finds follower augustine marathon salamis platæa really religious war mars situate third planetary spaces matter devoid force quality excommunicated men often terrified alliance devil mercury path planetary world middle ages cosmic philosophy historical origin miracles defined mithras mysteries contain copy anticipation sacrament baptism imitate mysteries church moon path quoted native spirits popularly believed inhabit land air water nature knowledge knowledge angels neoplatonism arises nine revolving heavens nork sitten und gebräuche der deutschen quoted number significance number origen attempts unite belief thought rejects doctrine eternal punishment origin names days week ormuzd ahriman real adversaries repelled marathon author magic pentecost gifts transmitted peter de abano author important question mobile method producing pierre delancre complains philosophy system possible within church adherents scholastic may use aristotle dialectics planetary world next beneath fixed stars consisting seven heavens planets guided angels influence elements man plotinus tries restore neoplatonism pope feudal lord emperors determines true inductions philosophy sergius urban vitus pope john complains life endangered sorcerers pope innocent puts forth bull spread sorcery popular maxims superstition power spiritual source communicated heavens earth angels power order angels guide stars planets principalities archangels angels third lowest hierarchy hold supremacy terrestrial things principalities part lowest hierarchy angels guardian spirits nations proclus last neoplatonician pythagoras glorified fit rank christ miraculous gifts believed universe founded numbers middle ages reason darkened apostacy recognitiones divi clementis ad quoted reformation retains somewhat relics magical use remigius ascribes witchcraft zoroaster renaissance overthrew darkness superstition middle ages saints intercession effective seraphim disturbed misery damned control various diseases satan judaized ahriman saturn belonging first planetary spaces scale holy tetrad table god mystical names science greeks rational originates logic geometry middle ages scotus erigena mentioned seraphim cherubim thrones first hierarchy nearest god simon magus legend discomfiture peter sprenger author malleus malificarum ascribes origin witchcraft zoroaster stedinghs persecuted quoted delectation redeemed seeing misery damned sun belonging middle space planetary world superstitious prognostics disease death synodal decree ancyra table correspondences microcosmos things earth planets tekfael name demon summoned terrestrial things images celestial composed coarsest matter control special angels also influenced stars planets archetypes theologie der thatsachen wider die theologie der rhetorik vilmar quoted thomas aquinas acquiescence saints punishment lost power demons universe vast lyre unbroken harmony divided good evil university century described vampirism venus path planetary world vilmar restore clergy mediæval prerogatives virgil quoted von görres attempts restore belief vampirism contains directions judge witches sabbath supposed origin zoroaster reputed founder magic science believed author witchcraft religion allows evil disappear course time promises final restoration things zoroaster plato systems blended footnotes henricus cornelius agrippa ab nettesheim de occulta philosophia xiii henricus cornelius agrippa ab nettesheim de occulta philosophia xiii passage directed ruler assyria already interpreted early fathers reference satan lucifer latin translation morning star came name prince darkness luke de contemptu mundi sive de miseria humanæ conditionis little book written afterwards pope innocent iii words luther addition dualistic belief genuine son middle age though destroyer autocratic faith perishable unreal evil things regarded unknown author middle ages beautiful opuscule deutsche theologie says among things now may ask must love every thing must also love sin answer say every thing mean every thing good every thing exists good virtue existence devil good far exists sense nothing evil existence sin wish desire love thing else god now things essentially god essentially god therefore good real essence little work quoted expression deep pious soul struggling master dualism fettered age remarkable luther strongly influenced spirit although confesses next bible augustine found book learned see work summa theologica supplementum ad tertiam partem quæst prominent influential among theologians middle ages thomas aquinas ut beatitudo sanctorum eis magis complaceat et de ea uberiores gratias deo agant datur eis ut poenam impiorum perfecte videant beati qui erunt gloria nullam compassionem ad damnatos habebunt sancti de poenis impiorum gaudebunt considerando eis divinæ justitiæ ordinem et suam liberationem de qua gaudebunt may compared following execrable effusion another theologian beati coelites non tantum non cognatorum sed nec parentum sempiternis suppliciis ad ullam miserationem flectentur imo vero lætabuntur justi cum viderint vindictam manus lavabunt sanguine peccatorum tertullian denied far original teachings zoroaster concerned confirmed passage aristotle ch vilmar theologie der thatsachen wider die theologie der rhetorik marburg instance red lustre copper supposed indicate connected mars shines reddish light non baptisatis parvulis nemo promittat inter damnationem regnumque coelorum quietis vel felicitatis cujuslibet atque ubilibet quasi medium locum hoc enim eis etiam hæresis pelagiana promisit augustinus de anima et ejus origine ix letters augustine declares even parents hurry priest likewise hasten baptize child find dead obtained sacrament nevertheless doomed eternally tormented damned blaspheme name god found connection baptism heathen mysteries extract formula given council rome berengar tours forced swear penalty death wafer substituted twelfth century bread called host discovery made days danish theologian martensens food obtained supper lord soul also body nourishment really new pagan initiated mithras mysteries taught consecrated bread wine assimilated flesh blood gave immortality corporeal like presuppositions produce different times like ideas important question middle ages already argued great heat time petrus lombardus seventeenth century propounded follows rat eaten host thereby partaken christ body connection asked rat eaten christ body treated killed honored sacrament venerated even stomach rat consecrated bread found stomach rat duty eat must done immediately partaking sacrament attacked vomiting rat eat host devil also last products important investigations book published tübingen entitled exenteratus hoc est tractatus valde magistralis super quæstione quadam theologica spinosa et multum period political reaction schlegel de maistre praised middle ages man era bliss görres sought restore credence state period enlightenment forgotten ghost vampire stories clergy brussels celebrating processions solemnities anniversary persecution jews namur synod proclamation issued forbidding priests enter servile relations laymen shameful holy hands prepared flesh blood almighty god serve unconsecrated laity famous orator bourdaloue requested greater homage paid priest holy virgin god incarnated bosom hands priest daily often mass read oldest christian art dying spirit antiquity yet reveals represented jesus shepherd youth carrying lamb bosom many turn away sadly beaming world olympus new christian ideal must needs fain transfer new mild beauty former youthful mediator dionysus zagreus hymns still preserved us synesius combined person bishop greek still longs wisdom beauty doubtless known many readers kingsley novel hypatia sadness wonderful harmony christian devotion ruin antique world longing well capability satisfying ceased material symbol obtained thereafter prominent place phoenicians canaanites represented god corporeally powerful steer christians chose patient inoffensive lamb type council constantinople confirmed aaron made golden calf pope sergius iii procured lamb made gold ivory rebelled worship treated disorderly heretical time charlemagne bishop claudius turin waldenses derive origin complained perversorum dogmatum auctores agnos vivos volunt vorare et pariete pictos pope urban vitus presented byzantine emperor accompanying note described wonderful powers following hexameters et munda cera cum chrismatis unda conficiunt agnum quod munus tibi magnum fonte velut natum per mystica sanctificatum fulgura desursum depellit et omne malignum peccatum frangit ut christi sanguis et angit prægnans servatur simul et partus liberatur dona refert dignis virtutem destruit ignis portatus munde de fluctibus eripit late statute issued carl theodor elector pfalz referring magic power forbidding employment worldly remedies bite mad dogs year large held lüttich three times repeated failed effect supplication saints god mother forgotten new procession therefore sung rain immediately came violence devout procession clergy sometimes order produce rain lead donkey gate church hang litany neck put wafer mouth bury animal alive especially church middle ages rich awful formularies malediction testifying enormous brutalization thought feeling single specimen formularies sufficient illustrate might power authority god almighty father son holy ghost name holy virgin mother lord jesus christ holy angels archangels michael john baptist name holy apostle peter apostles name holy stephen holy martyrs adelgunda holy virgins saints heaven earth power given bind loose curse execrate exclude mother church bond malediction follows name persons may children orphaned may cursed field cursed city forest houses barns chamber bed village land sea may cursed church churchyard public square war whether talking sleeping waking eating drinking whether going resting thing let accursed soul body reason senses cursed progeny cursed fruit land cursed limbs head nose mouth teeth throat eyes eyelashes brain larynx tongue breast lungs liver legs arms skin hair cursed every thing living moving head foot etc conjure lucifer crew father son holy ghost incarnation birth christ conjure power virtue saints never leave quiet night day brought ruin destroyed water led gallows caused torn wild beasts throat cut enemies bodies destroyed fire etc biblical ground ordeals found numbers fully described hereafter student history neglect volume ripest fruit catholic dualism clearly shows results tends gott der geschichte iii yet days erasmus rotterdam theologians making great ado knotty problem confession cornelius agrippa makes occult philosophy theophrastus paracelsus others less modest reasoned late middle sixteenth century borrichius olaf borch professor chemistry university copenhagen wrote book wisdom egyptian hermes agrippa de occulta philosophia found following directions accomplishing mobile efficacy leave reader decide twelve nights christmas measures dew collected preserved well enclosed month march dew collected meadows preserved another phial dew collected may poured third rain thunderstorm summer fourth thereupon contents four phials mixed measure poured great transparent glass retort well covered must remain month becomes foul put fire subject heat second degree sufficiently distilled substance thick honey left residue poured four grains astral tincture mixture exposed heat first degree converted thick lump dissolved forming fluid vapor many colors figures seen soon disappear every thing changed water begins turn green green palaces constantly enlarging mountains lovely pastures appear water diminished now find dew rises earth within glass take water received distillation mix drachm astral tincture pour ounce mixture glass bulb every thing begins live grow add every month ounce mixture glass ball well closed stirred vapor gradually arises condensed two shining stars like sun moon like latter stars waxes wanes phenomena nature thunder lightning hail rain snow dew appear glass ball real world around happen keep great creator eyes heart conceal wicked world great secret second part goethe faust reader may remember doctor wagner faust former busily engaged alchemic furnace preparing artificial man quoted preceding directions allows us also trace secret learned wagner art producing homunculos philosophicos retort beautiful crystal glass poured measure purest collected moon crescent two measures blood youth three measures girl boy girl must hale possible chaste mixture fomented month transformed reddish clay formed top drawn means tubes hermetically attached retort gathered clean glass vessel mixed drachm animal tincture mixture poured retort kept month gentle heat sort bladder formed soon gradually covered organic net little veins nerves sprinkled every fourth week quoted bladder grows four months now notice peeping sound movements vitality glass look discover joy amazement beautiful pair boy girl contemplate admiration lovely work nature though height six inches move walk glass midst tree growing kinds pleasant fruits now pour retort every month two grains animal tincture keep alive six whole years year old inform many secrets nature benevolent disposition obey every thing end sixth year find beautiful pair eaten hitherto kinds fruit except growing tree sprang midst retort now begin eat also fruit vapor found retort grows denser assumes color emits flashes two terrified try hide finally every thing around parched die whole changed fuming mass glass large strong explodes causing great damage every planet among twelve signs zodiac house especially propitious abodes following table shows order dwells capricornus jupiter pisces sagittarius mars aries scorpio sun leo venus taurus ursa major mercurius virgo gemini moon cancer twelve signs thirty degrees arc heavens divided three faces ten degrees position planet auspicious first face house third favorable influence doubtful reader see first table given signs zodiac supposed sustain relation elements temperaments aries leo sagittarius warm dry fiery choleric mars entering signs excepting aries house auspicious must therefore bode draught conflagration pestilence taurus virgo capricornus cold dry earthy melancholic saturn second sign taurus might consequently betoken severe winter signs cancer scorpio pisces cold damp watery sanguine dominion zodiacal constellations human body divided follows aries presided head face taurus neck throat gemini shoulders arms hands cancer breast ribs lungs spleen leo upper part stomach back side virgo lower part stomach intestines scorpio generative organs sagittarius anus capricornus knees aquarius thighs pisces feet planets exercised influence houses elementary things subordinated planet considered auspicious aspects excellent remedies affections limbs presided planet series analogies given example therefore inexhaustible mines even physicians middle ages since instance capricornus presided knees house saturn crawling animals connected planet fat snakes effective remedy gout knees especially saturday day saturn days bear yet many languages names planets assigned gray antiquity astrology sunday dies solis day sun monday dies lunæ day moon tuesday dies martis day mars tiw wednesday dies mercurii day mercury thursday dies jovis day jupiter thor friday dies veneris day venus freja saturday dies saturni day saturn original names seem introduced romans later period republic idea derived egypt shown passage dion cassius compare roth geschichte userer abendländischer philosophie pag question introduced forefathers perhaps remain forever matter conjecture caused astonishment order days named planets though nations order supposed placed universe saturn jupiter mars sun venus mercury moon riddle solved passage dion cassius referred manner astrological origin nomenclature must undoubted relates namely egyptians devoted every hours certain planet first hour first saturday given uppermost planet saturn second jupiter third mars according order planets hour saturday consequently fell also mars first hour succeeding day sun day therefore named sunday hour sunday falls according calculation mercury first hour monday moon astrological distribution hours planets according successive order heavens explains apparent disorder occurs week magical works cornelius agrippa peter de albano others author availed tables concerning distribution hours found writers collected quarters least ptolemy alexandrians materials magical apparatus prescriptions perfumes found cornelius agrippa occulta philosophia found agrippa occulta philosophia iii cc many pages filled subtle speculations word first word old testament sensual world secondary world reflex ideal world cabalists proved showing holy writ commences first second letter alphabet namely hebrew form half square found number world therefore signifies accomplished separation spirit matter good evil transposition letters accordance method cabala two words obtained mean first tishri showing world created month tishri september sum numerical value letters word equals sum numerical value letters two words mean created law proof law instrumental cause world divided form two words meaning created six six days six millenniums six extensions universal space etc created ram according hebrew cabalists ram sacrificed instead isaac christians add lamb god gave sacrifice man table author amused extracting according rules name found occulta philosophia iii agrippa book gives subtle rules finding signs signatures reader must remember part played signs microcosmos goethe faust since newly converted accustomed slaughter many oxen horses feasts honor devils ancient gods necessary allow custom remain based another principle must likewise celebrated feast days church holy martyrs whose relics kept churches built heathen sacrificial groves perfectly similar festival enclosing place green trees preparing religious banquet still animals must sacrificed satan honor slaughtered praise god sake food giver good gifts must thanked fama est multique se expertos vel ab eis qui experti essent de quorum fide dubitandum non est audisse confirmant silvanos et faunos quos incubos vocant improbos sæpe exstitisse mulieribus et earum appetisse ac peregisse concubitum et quosdam dæmones quos dusios galli nuncupant hanc assidue immunditiam et tentare et efficere plures talesque asseverant ut hoc negare impudentiæ de civitate dei lib cap recognitiones divi clementis ad jacob lib ii view expressed already henoch book writings rabbi like even fathers interpreted sons god mentioned genesis fascinated daughters men fallen angels cyrillus anthenagoras irenæus lactantius turtullianus others just instanced quotation augustine greek mythology amours gods men destined give support luther free superstition time tells us often tischreden devil beget children connection human beings es ist wahrlich ein graülich schrecklich exempel says place dass der teufel kann die leute plagen dass er auch kinder zeuget reginonis libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis work republished leipzig year gott der geschichte iii found complete original form horst demonomagie ii many etymologies profound occur word devil derived two morsel explained devil fishes time two morsels soul body deduction replete indecencies handled occupies pages pretends convincing also sent women hundreds thousands death give reader clearer idea really diabolical blindness brutality characterizes terrible book giving account quote following statement inquisitors sprenger colleagues find women condemned flames voluntarily done harm sorcery generally forced devil confessed every thing rack generally attempt suicide taken stake devil tempts afraid repentance confession receive pardon god wily trick successful prevented destroying knows rob chance grace means namely smiting fury madness sudden death behold sample theological arguments founded superior natural influences used horst demonomagie colquhoun greek mêla mandragorou hebrew septuagint name leah regaled husband xxx pliny speaks mandragora poisonous herb dangerous dig now already columella knows mandragora man sagt wenn ein erbdieb dem wie den ziguenern das stehlen angeboren ist oder dessen mutter als sie mit ihm schwanger ging gestohlen oder doch gross gelüsten dazu gehabt nach einigen auch ein unschuldiger welcher der tortur sich für einen dieb bekennt und der ein reiner junggeselle ist gehänkt wird und das wasser lässt oder sein auf die erde fällt wächst solchem ort der nork sitten und gebräuche der deutschen und ihrer nachbarvölker propertius plinius virgil eclog viii makes shepherd sing herbas atque hæc ponto mihi lecta venena ipse dedit moeris nascuntur plurima ponto ego sæpe lupum fieri et se condere selvis vidi melancthon firmly believed reasoned way late vagabond named maréchal accused peasants longueville sorcerer trial mysterious excursions resolved thieving rambles maréchal condemned burglary galleys restauration dead rose sepulchres famous sought revive belief vampirism written work mighty learning wherein discourses profusely vegetative sources body asserts continue activity death enable soul deceased reoccupy reoperate old machinery popular forms conjuration latin though corrupted almost beyond recognition couple restored examples may given formula sanguis mane venis sicut christus poenis sanguis mane fixus sicut christus fuit crucifixus fever deus vos solvet sambuco panem et sal ego vobis adduco febrem tertianam et quotidianam accipite vos qui nolo eam epilepsy melchior balthaser portans hæc nomina caspar solvitur morbo domini pietate caduco perpetret et ternas defunctis psallere missas barachun barachagim destrue subalgat compare virgil ecl viii terna tibi hæc primum triplici diversa colore licia circumdo necte tribus nodis ternos amarylli colores necte amarylli modo et veneris dic vincula necto compare eclogue limus ut hic durescit et hæc ut cera liquescit uno eodemque igni sic nostro daphnis amore formed time reformation sought first employ heroes learned magic henricus cornelius agrippa chief character biography published pupil wierus dispelled fantastical halo enveloping personality creative desire sought obscure object transform according bizarre imaginations transcriber notes passages italics indicated passages fraktur font indicated original text includes greek characters text version letters replaced transliterations original text includes hebrew characters text version letters replaced hebrew euphorion studies antique mediæval renaissance vernon lee studies century italy belcaro vol walter pater appreciation expounding beautiful things past added beautiful things present table contents introduction sacrifice italy elizabethan dramatists poetry symmetria prisca introduction therefore parable impotent yearnings middle ages passionate aspiration desire fettered curiosity amid tramping limits imperfect knowledge irrational dogmatism indestructible beauty greek art whereof helen emblem became discovery classic poetry sculpture possession modern world mediævalism took helen wife offspring euphorion goethe drama spirit modern symonds renaissance italy vol ii euphorion name given goethe marvellous child born mystic marriage faust helena faust helena know faust man remember youth childhood seems come world evil spell already old faintness body mind heritage age every additional year mysterious study abortive effort made vacillating step uncertain sight hungry soul postponed repressed reclusion world desperate tension insoluble problems diverted channels mere thought vision boils within energy passion retarded youth appetites curiosities cramped intolerant foiled many sudden palsy limb mind torment mad visions unreal worlds mock dreams superhuman powers awakes impotent apathetic anguish cravings merely scholar wizard soldier poet monk mere man lawless desires seeks divert fails things flesh world things reason supersensuous desires beautiful intangible strives crush vain cynical scepticism science derides things grasp strange faustus made many conflicting instincts old man feelings youthfulness muddling secrets nature search impossibilities yet wilfully narrowed restlessly active yet often palsied apathetic faustus laboured much succeeded little feeling end summed studies foolish us learned recognize impersonated middle ages helena know also spirit antiquity personified dare scarcely say embodied ghost raised spells faustus simulacrum thing long dead yet continuing semblance life nay life real powers seems real vital living faustus yonder thing present little better spectre yet helena ages faust ever nay awful mystery like involve birth pagan gods evoked mother son given centuries somewhat life make faust strange mystery fate necromancy strange anomalies opposite living decrepit faust helena long dead young faust knowing much less plunged thoughts like scalpel mysteries life death yet knows much tell objects aims men things nay little unconscious faithfulness instinct placid brute give peace tormented conscience suffered struggled lashed every seeming baseness desire loathed every imagined microscopic soiling walked good evil letting vileness sin trickle unhidden soul quietly majestically thought evil vanishes wretch macerated flesh hidden beneath heavy garments mysticism philosophy suddenly feels presence unabashed nakedness like chaste parents faustus helena know son euphorion seems answer renaissance goethe indeed told us though rejuvenation faustus unknown old german legend marlowe bungling manner tale mystic marriage goethe tell us rightly even attempted real name offspring even short time ago middle ages beginning mere historical expression antiquity critically discovered renaissance vaguely seen quite unformulated first men gibbon roscoe perceived still virtually unknown goethe therefore might easily seemed antique helena just evoked union century birth real euphorion age living might born distance additional time height recent historical science enabled us stand easily see mistaken modern culture child faustus helena complex descendant strangely featured atavism various sides many various civilizations eighteenth century far faustus evoking bride long dead helen antiquity curiously varied grandchild marriage every moral feature every intellectual movement proclaiming much inherited antiquity allegory well know least historical allegory ever strained fit quite tight lives individuals centuries modes intermixture genesis inheritance far different allegory possess meaning must surely apply wherever fit easily completely beautiful allegory prepared tradition sixteenth century elaborating genius goethe real meaning explain faust representing middle ages helena antiquity euphorion child middle ages taking life reality born curiously nurtured spirit antiquity significant accident given name renaissance euphorion therefore christened book irrational conceit knowing fully aware know infinitely less writers life character wonderful child helena faustus merely particularly offspring miraculous marriage reference harmonies anomalies therefrom resulted euphorion exercised thoughts renaissance interested interests merely even sprang manner many things inherited middle ages renaissance tendencies necessities inherent every special civilization acted reacted united concord antagonism forming like gases chemist new things sometimes like sometimes unlike producing now unknown substance excellence utility times baneful element known well elsewhere unexpected watching often tragic meeting great fatalities inherited spirit habit equally fascinating almost watching elaboration period things little weight mere trifles artistic material bequeathed spiritual parents charm charm sometimes pleasurable sometimes also painful like imperious necessity sometimes feel see examine seemingly uselessly horrible evil charm mean involuntary compulsion attention often great following vicissitudes mere artistic item like carolingian stories bucolic element looking dissolution moral social elements tried understand curiosity awakened tried reconstruct fancy taken short studied renaissance civilization much little cared depends incompleteness irrelevancy unsatisfactoriness book depends also whatever addition knowledge pleasure may afford desirous giving complete clear notion complex civilization renaissance kind encyclopædic atlas period double power history alone possesses see whole extent shape historical territory time bosses mountain furrows valley exact composition various earths waters exact actual colour shape different vegetations speak big towns dotting villages desirous merely attempting work completely beyond faculties work moreover already carried perfection due specially adapted gifts infinite patience ingenuity occasionally amounting almost genius within wishes assuredly totally without powers besides marvels historic mapping described every find glance whatever may looking get whole topography geological botanical historic tract fingers ends yet kinds work may done period history like less extended real landscape actual chemically defined colours consider separate unaffected kind visual medium measurable distances also point look balloon like real landscape may also seen different points view different lights according stand features scene group ridge disappear behind valley open closed similarly according light wherein landscape seen relative scale colours tints objects due pervading light distances painters call values alter scene possess two predominant effects produce also two three case impressions art deals impressions tries seize real relative values colours tints given moment call doctrines works still subject reproach charlatanry yet truly realistic art giving thing appears given moment gives really ever rest result cunning abstraction representing scene always represents striking average never pretend questions history proceed principles modern landscape painting know elevations made perspective effects light created scales tints far distant country past safer certainly doubtless much useful strike average represent past seen neither neither light let man imagine historical perspective colour value best powers yet nevertheless certain past people miraculous map marvellous diagram constructed principle getting actual qualities things analysis must inhabitants series constantly varied perspectives constantly varied schemes colour according position individual light individual viewed attempt reconstruct various heights rearrange various lights last degree disastrous valleys existed mountains brilliant warm schemes colour may harmonies pale neutral tints still perspective colour valuation individual minds must since given us reproduce near spectator region never enter may yet sometimes console melancholy abstractness averageness scientific representations painting distant historic country distant indeed hill ranges shimmering plains really appear combination form colour height individual interest beneath light individual character see little time little appeared men past see least things yet manner saw see standpoints personal interest light personal temper scientifically doubtless lose past treated scientifically give us owe something mere understanding thing utterly dead fit scalpel microscope surely past give us give us merely ideas emotions healthy pleasure may make us light spirit pain may make us earnest mind seems necessary individual worthiness us watch past lie passive let slowly circulate around us must come sights reality train associations mind differently must gladden sense beauty put us sullen moral ache hate misunderstood perhaps anything else world speak dramatic emotion egotistic pleasure may get alternation cheerfulness terror excitement caused evil safely separated look enfuriate bulls arena history history especially renaissance made pander much pain speak pain must come every morally sentient creature contemplation horrible tangles evil still fouler intermeshing evil good history brings ever anon evil past true worst evil almost fact never past must ever remain present trouble indignation holy pain healthy holy healthy every vibration pain makes moral fibre sensitive every immunity sensation deadens higher nature holy healthy also just image pleasurable things pass us without gathering images beauty long lain individual mind also thought great injustice man accident signal whitewashing evil befouling good must striking soul put motion salutary thought injustice lying legitimation insidious pollution smaller indeed perhaps perhaps also nearer therefore hard written renaissance little attempt make matters scientifically complete much giving way personal perhaps sometimes irrelevant impressions pleasure pain followed pleasurable painful impressions rather sought discover exact geography historical tract gave consider moreover cause deficiency may also cause succeeded achieving anything personal impression led perhaps sometimes away direct road beckoned follow likely simply stirred pleasant impression painful sometimes painful efficacious know whether interest always taken old squabble real ideal enabled make clearer different characteristics painting sculpture renaissance portraiture relation art raphael art velasquez art whistler scarcely judge whether pleasure owe crowding together moving fancy heroes wizards hippogriffs old tales oberon ogier association knights ladies boiardo ariosto figure fresco pinturicchio picture dosso made easier difficult sum history mediæval romance renaissance italy whether recollection certain tuscan farms scent fennel mint droning song contadino ploughing pruning unseen valley snatches peasants rhymes outlines peasants faces things time yesterday whether running mind like many scribbly illustrations annotations along margin lorenzo dei medici poems made studies rustic poetry clear confused much know certainty never tried unravel causes renaissance horrible anomaly improvement degradation anomaly returned returned make wretched loathsome mixture good evil detestable alternative endurance vile solidarities souls intellectual forefathers unjust turning away men times whose moral degradation paid price moral dignity also certainty moral sickening sight moral anomaly enabled realize feelings nobler elizabethan playwrights sought epitomize single tales horror strange impressions left accomplished infamous italy day made possible express perhaps trouble filled mind webster tourneur merely expressing trouble filled following studies samples fragments tries hand large methodical scheme work mere impressions developed means study merely currents thought feeling singled multifold life renaissance currents thought feeling found swept along certain items renaissance lore renaissance small measure anything much series studies series impressions mastered history literature renaissance perfectly imperfectly abstract exact sought places things make abstraction somewhat concrete mind seen concrete things might call concrete realities thought feeling left behind renaissance tried obtain books notion original shape manner wearing relics rags tatters past civilization italy beggared maimed unthrift rapacity others order fate beginning sixteenth century never able weave new modern civilization nations shattered looms woofs made carried earnings things may bought accordingly go life old garments still half mediæval shape fashioned renaissance apparel best made beautiful strong many ways beautiful strong indeed impose people good long time make french germans spaniards english believe comparing brilliant tissues homespun providing must brand new latest fashion garments left italy latest middle ages call renaissance eternal wear tear new occupations rough usage nations rent sorely utter neglect long seventeenth century hasty patchings bits odd stuff manner coloured thread string harlequin jacket look queerer practicalness eighteenth century revolution reduced thoroughly rags rags renaissance civilization italy may still seen drape perhaps great centres garments modern civilization economical unpicturesque intended worn short time imported countries yet many places yes may still see rags renaissance plainly see tattered linen fluttering twisted iron hooks made display precious brocades carpets pageant days still remain stained whitewash seams battered bricks solid old escutcheoned palaces see sometimes displayed like squares discoloured embroidery curiosity dealers take musty oak presses sometimes dragging mere useless befouled odds ends like torn shreds lie among decaying kitchen refuse broken tiles plaster nameless filth ooze attracts flies every black archway every steep bricked lane descending precipitously high old houses old palaces almost strongholds still inhabited poor pull build plastered bandbox instead poems prose tales written told five hundred years ago edited printers come modern poems prose tales worth editing instead mediæval priest lore believed men women given anything believe instead fifteenth century scepticism yet replaced scientific socialistic disbelief puritanic iconoclastic sly savage habits vengeance still service among lower classes instead orderly chicanery modern justice things hundred others besides concrete spiritual things magnificent sordid irregular nauseous beautiful utterly unpractical times call rags renaissance italy still ekes scanty apparel modern thoughts things living among things turn turn delighted beauty offended foulness acquires habit spending part intellectual moral life present rest past impressions derived description thoughts suggested books juxtaposition concrete objects invites making theory jutting two branches invites spinning spider web find everywhere facts without opening book explanation tried give exact manner mediæval art influenced remains antiquity came like flash rainy morning pisan campo santo working testing explanation details matter going church gallery reference two vasari date fact necessary reading moment ask substantiation theory instead opening books take person sienese cathedral bid compare griffins arabesques delicate figure foliage ornaments carved wood marble latter middle ages griffins arabesques boldly bossed horsemen exquisite fruit garlands certain antique altar stone builders church used base pillar must study every draughtsman stoneworker siena facts ready working theoretic shape italy still affords make study renaissance almost involuntary habit certain places decay altered things four centuries ago perugia orvieto gimignano older quarters florence venice verona nowhere think much city siena purely mediæval suits rusted armour townsfolk patch bury august pageants subjected receive impressions past startlingly lifelike get quite interwoven impressions present moment past must share measure everyday thoughts give present city sudden withdrawal sacristan curtain many time much mere displaying picture sudden bringing us face face real life renaissance perhaps hour sauntered squares dawdled beneath porticos like see filled plumed citizens patricians jews ruffians pinturicchio dispersing make room followers æneas sylvius clambered rough lanes hedged oak woods oliveyards might almost swear ones winding sodoma cavalcades gallantly dressed gentlemen hawks hounds negro jesters apes beautiful pages cantering along shortnecked little horses silver bits scarlet trappings pretence kings east carrying gold myrrh infant christ seems astoundingly real magic actually going mix life past reality mere delusion deceit like dioramas children paying shilling suddenly introduced oasis desert recent things surprised us real palm trunks arabian water jars real fascines cannon balls lying us touch roads opening sides simulated desert simulated also seeming realities renaissance life touch things scattered foreground handle weapons furniture books musical instruments see think see plainly streets paths faces movements renaissance world try penetrate shall find slip solid ground beneath us around us canvas painted wall perspectived lit fancy try approach touch seemingly real men women eyes find daubs paint hands meet flat chilly stucco turn books seek therein spell whereby make simulacrum real think plaster still remain plaster stones still remain stone renaissance middle ages must never hope evoke spectres talk us nothing kind dim familiar ghosts often grotesque rather heroic come us books daubed portraits times nearer sit opposite us making us laugh also cry humdrum stories humdrum woes like ghosts renaissance left behind come us familiars faces meet us pages chronicles frames pictures painted records past may understand scanning well features understand perceive us impressions renaissance moral atmosphere days impossible us breathe physical atmosphere moon moment penetrate die asphyxia say may protestant reformation catholic reaction two began make atmosphere pure foul different middle ages renaissance atmosphere lived creatures like might penetrate crotchet perhaps feeling nevertheless renaissance say period must try evoke ghostly companions let us waste strength seeking satisfied teaches us strange truths scientific practical brilliant solemn personalities bright majestic art give us pleasure evils wrongs inevitable degradation move us pity indignation siena sacrifice ihr führt ins leben uns hinein ihr lässt den armen schuldig werden dann übergiebt ihr ihm der pein denn alle schuld rächt sich auf erden end fifteenth century italy centre european civilization nations still plunged feudal barbarism seems almost far removed sympathies condition american polynesian savages italians appear us possessing habits thought mode life political social literary institutions unlike men thoroughly understand whose ideas aims whose general views resemble main indefinable characteristic modern shaken morbid monastic ways feeling thrown aside crooked scholastic modes thinking trampled foot feudal institutions middle ages symbolical mists made see things vague strange distorted intellectual atmosphere clear saw less see appeared true shape proportions almost first time since ruin antique civilization show states artistically disciplined armies rationally devised laws scientifically conducted agriculture widely extended intelligently undertaken commerce first time also showed regularly built healthy commodious towns fields important hundreds miles country owned feudal lords citizens cultivated serfs free peasants rest europe men floundering among stagnant ideas crumbling institutions effete middle ages vague nature italians walked calmly life well arranged great towns bold inquisitive sceptical modern administrators modern soldiers modern politicians modern financiers scholars thinkers towards end fifteenth century italy seemed obtained philosophic literary artistic inheritance greece administrative legal military inheritance rome increased threefold strong original essentially modern activities yet time almost proportion advantages developed moral vitality italians rapidly decreasing horrible moral gangrene beginning spread liberty extinguished public good faith seemed dying even private morality flickered ominously every free state became subject despot always unscrupulous often infamous warfare became mere pretext rapine extortions mercenaries diplomacy grew mere swindle humanists inoculated literature filthiest refuse cast antiquity nay even civic family ties loosened assassinations fratricides began abound law human divine set defiance nations came contact italians opened eyes astonishment mingled admiration terror people nineteenth century filled feeling much stronger defined watch strange ebullition renaissance seething good evil contemplate enigmatic picture drawn puzzled historian picture people moving towards civilization towards chaos first feeling perplexity second feeling anger first know whether believe anomaly believe indignant existence accuse italians renaissance wilfully shamefully perverted powers wantonly corrupted civilization cynically destroyed national existence boldly called vengeance heaven lament accuse naturally enough perhaps justly let us ask renaissance really use produced necessarily ended let us try understand inherent nature nature surrounded taken together constitute inevitable fate let us seek explanation strange anomalous civilization life death death life renaissance inasmuch something define mere vague name certain epoch period condition apply word period particular condition peculiarly marked renaissance may defined phase mediæval history double influence feudal ecclesiastic gradually crushed spontaneous life early mediæval revival reduced dead sterile mass neutralized existence democratic secular communities phase existed yet large nations definite national feeling existed free towns civic democracies sense renaissance began exist earliest mediæval revival peculiar mission carried general revival come end sense also renaissance exist italy existed outside italy italy far universal elsewhere rule elsewhere exception renaissance savoy naples even rome north alps renaissance individual towns like nürnberg augsburg bruges ghent north renaissance dotted amidst stagnant middle ages italy middle ages intersect interrupt renaissance consequence north renaissance crushed middle ages whereas italy middle ages crushed renaissance wherever free town without direct dependence feudal ecclesiastical institutions governed citizens subsisting industry commerce wherever burghers built walls slung chains across streets raised cathedral wherever germany flanders england suspension deadly influences later middle ages greater less extent renaissance north rudimentary renaissance never suffered spread beyond walls single towns hemmed sides feudal ecclesiastical institutions restrained within definite limits free towns germany mostly dependent bishops archbishops politically important cities flanders suzerainty feudal family subject constant vexations suzerains existence endangered attempt independence liege destroyed supporters bishop ghent ruined revenge duke burgundy northern cities therefore commonwealth restricted sort mercantile corporation powerful within town powerless without outside town reigned feudalism robber nobles free companies bands outlawed peasants merchant princes bruges nürnberg scarcely protect wares political feebleness narrowness corresponded intellectual weakness pettiness burghers mere tradesfolk interests extend far beyond shops houses literature cramped guilds reflection imagination confined within narrow limits town life everything small scale renaissance moderate inefficient running great dangers achieving great conquests enough action produce reaction italian free states ground foreign tyrannies german flemish cities insensibly merged vast empire house austria also italians sixteenth century rushed moral religious confusion jesuitism discipline germans time quietly comfortably adopted reformation main cause difference main explanation fact north renaissance cramped enfeebled italy carried everything lies circumstance feudalism never took deep root italy conquered latin race enfeebled true far civilized conquering teutonic peoples barbarians came previous layer barbarians deep layer civilized men nomads north found italy people weakened corrupt long inextinguishable habit independence order industry country cultivated centuries barbarians turn desert inhabitants organized citizens thousand years barbarians reorganize feudally barbarians settled italy especially latest lombards minority immense disadvantage founded kingdoms dukedoms german spoken german laws enacted whenever tried communicate italian subjects found forced adopt latin language manners laws domination became real proportion ceased teutonic barbarian element swallowed remained roman civilization little little lombard monarchies without roots soil surrounded hostile influences died remained invaders certain number nobles whose descendants bear originally german names gherardesca rolandinghi soffredinghi lambertazzi guidi whose suzerains bavarian swabian dukes marquises tuscan meanwhile latin element revived towns rebuilt new latin language formed burghers young communities gradually wrested franchises privileges weak teutonic rulers required italian agriculture industry commerce without feudal retainers starved feudalism became speedily limited hilly country plain became property cities surrounded nobles turned mere robber chieftains mercenary soldiers finally towns gained importance gradually descended cities begged admission guilds artizans tradesfolk grew citizens italians long time kept hankering feudalism looking towards german emperors claimed inheritance lombard kings struggle guelphs ghibellines german feudal element latin civic ended complete annihilation former north centre italy nobles sank definitely merchants persisted keeping castles speedily ousted commissaries free towns history feudalism italy history barbarian minority engulphed latin civilization teutonic counts dukes turned robber nobles hunted hills townsfolk finally seeking admission guilds main explanation fact italian republics instead remaining restricted within city walls like north spread whole provinces became real politically organized states states free political military commercial life uncramped ecclesiastic feudal influence alone great revival human intelligence character thoroughly succeed commune species free government possible middle ages form resist utterly prostrating action later mediævalism feudalism stamped civilization monasticism warped open country burnt trampled uprooted cloister withered shrank perished within walls city protected storm without yet fresh atmosphere life develope flourish bear fruit system free town contained every institution seed death contained expanding element developes ripens rots finally dissolves living organisms little town formed midst feudal state pisa florence lucca bologna formed dominions lords tuscany govern protected without obtains privileges suzerain always glad oppose anything vassals unlike far removed feudal scale injure commune supreme jurisdiction land town develope regularly governing taxing defending encroaching neighbours gradually extends beyond walls liberates peasantry extends commerce extinguishes feudalism beats back suzerain buys privileges short lives vigorous young life early italian commonwealths now danger begins original system government every head family power state every man helps govern without representation substitution exist long commune remained small enough individual proportion long state remained small enough citizens assemble vote every man know every detail administration every inch land limits extended burgher deal towns villages men things know probably hated every small community hated neighbour witness horrible war lasting centuries two little towns dinant bouvines meuse still case important city subjugated town hated rival centre burghers florence inspired narrow town interest treated pisa according dictates tried stamp thence victorious communes came surrounded conquered communes dared trust degree power instead many allies case invasion merely focuses revolt best inert impediments similarly communes enlarged found indispensable delegate special men attend political matters thoroughly citizens constantly falling tyranny heads state else florence frightened continual danger system perpetual interference executive rendered helpless rule venice forms exception account exceptional position history earliest burghers turning intensely conservative civic aristocracy everywhere else feudal nobles turned petty burghers entirely subversive communal interests venice yet greater safeguard protected victorious enemies victorious generals however powerful mainland seriously endanger city remained centre reorganization time disaster venice entirely unique unique duration institutions independence towns italy existed naturally governing family class every citizen equal share government existed distinction save wealth influence constant tendency illegitimate preponderance every man every family rose average democratic mercantile state day passed without elevation systematic consolidated state power hands hereditary sovereign aristocracy rich merchant remains rich merchant victorious general remains victorious general eloquent orator remains eloquent orator shapeless flunctuating democracy like italy man influence whether money soldiers eloquence necessarily becomes head state everything free unoccupied little superior strength required push cosimo de medici many clients many correspondents many debtors bind people pecuniary obligations becomes prince sforza victorious army either hound city restrain protection interests becomes prince savonarola eloquence makes virtuous start wicked tremble becomes prince history italian commonwealths shows us thing people legal possessors political power giving bankers medici pepoli generals della torre visconti scaligeri monkish reformers fra bussolaro fra giovanni da vincenza savonarola occasional inevitable usurpers either momentarily finally disorganize state state every family hate every mercantile hostility means corresponding political division guilds sure rivals larger wishing exclude smaller government lower working classes florence wish upset guilds completely feudal nobles wish get back military power burghers wish entirely extirpate feudal nobles older families wish limit government newer prefer democracy cæsarism add complications private interests personal jealousies aversions private warfare inevitable town legal justice always forcible retaliation always within reach result constant party spirit insults scuffles conspiracies feudal nobles build towers streets burghers pull lower artizans set fire warehouses guilds magistrates take part contest blood spilt magistrates beheaded thrown windows foreign state entreated interfere number citizens banished victorious party latter result creates new terrible danger state persons many exiles ready anything join order return city drive enemies turn end constant upheavings whole population disarmed party suffering rival means offence defence moreover industry commerce develope citizens become unwilling fight hand invention firearms subverting whole system warfare renders special military training necessary days lombard league campaldino montaperti citizens fight hand hand round banner without much discipline required came fortifying towns cannon drilling bodies heavily armed cavalry acting mere dexterity movements war became science art citizen necessarily left adventurers poor nobles form armies mercenaries making warfare sole profession system mercenary troops bitterly inveighed machiavelli course entirely overlooked inevitable origin viewed voluntarily incurred pest added yet another perhaps worst danger civil liberty gave enormous irresistible power adventurers unscrupulous nature lawless education sole object whose career became obtain possession states means difficult enterprise considering fellows sole possessors military force country time system mercenaries perfected condition utter defencelessness gradual subjection rival cities violent party spirit general disarming burghers placed great italian cities troops wholly indifferent cause fighting turned war merest game dodges men killed great battle like anghiari time protracted campaigns beyond every limit without decisive action taking place result inevitable causes ruin commonwealths fell hands despots paralyzed interior factions number rebellious subject towns generals even absolutely betray employers never efficiently served condition civic disorder lasted throughout middle ages end fifteenth century without evils arising italians made endless wars conquered changed government without end fell power tyrants throughout changes civilization developed unimpeded although centres national life might momentarily crushed others remained activity infused vitality even feeble otherwise perished ups downs seemed stir life country vital danger appeared threaten long surrounding countries france germany spain remained mere vast feudal nebulae formless weightless immovable italians feared nothing call king france emperor germany without moment hesitation knew king bring france emperor bring germany miserable hungry retainers florence watch growth petty state scaligers venice look terror duke milan knew concentrated life organization wielded perfectly sword head state last decade fifteenth century italians called french put private enemies lodovico milan called charles viii rid nephew venetians venetians rid lodovico medici establish firmly florence party freedom drive medici state intended use french serve purpose send back charles viii little money great deal derision done kings emperors earlier days italian politicians suddenly discovered made fatal mistake reckoned ignorance instead army called nation interval since last appeal foreign interference great movement taken place consolidated heterogeneous feudal nebulae homogeneous compact kingdoms single small states relying mercenary troops moment resist shock agglomeration soldiery french successors spaniards germans sismondi asks indignantly italians form federation soon strangers appeared might well ask commonwealths turn modern monarchy habit security abroad jealousy within essential nature number rival trading centres made thing impossible execution impossible conception confederacies become possible burlamacchi decapitated imperialists popular resistance become reality feruccio massacred spaniards change national institutions feasible national institutions destroyed italians recognized irresistible force adversaries ceased form independent states larger smaller guilds characteristics italian civilization destroyed short late anything save theorize machiavelli guicciardini done must hastily accuse volition italians renaissance may egotistic timid certainly heroic utmost degree averted catastrophe nature civilization prevented averting peril even conceiving existence nature political forms necessitated dissolution commune grows within little speck gradually extends circumference may original centre less parts coalesce modern monarchy grows external pressure towards centre huge mass consolidating hard distinct shape thence follows commonwealth developes weaker grows tendency spread fall pieces whereas monarchy developes stronger becomes fills towards centre becomes vigorously knit together city ceases city extended hundreds miles nation becomes nation compressed towards central point entire political collapse italy sixteenth century inevitable essential nature civilization renaissance also indispensable order civilization might fulfil mission civilization spread long contained within national mould vanquished nation civilize victors greece pericles hellenize rome greece weak successors alexander rome cæsar romanize teutonic races rome theodosius amount colonizing among vanquished ever produce effect victorious army whole nation suddenly finding midst superior civilization conquered people michelet may well call campaign charles viii discovery italy imaginative mind seized vast importance descent french italy historians prone view light invasion moment dates may express north barbarous soldiers gaston de foix frundsberg gonsalvo unconscious bearers seeds ages elizabeth louis goethe stupid rapacious ruffians wantonly destroyed works italian civilization rendered possible existence montaigne shakespeare cervantes italy vast sheltered dangers mediæval destruction nations blindly fiercely working national existence inheritance antiquity produce earliest modern civilization peaceably garnered full gates torn open riches plundered disseminated intellectual starvelings north rest mankind feed riches regain develope mental life intellectual riches renaissance strong intellectual food revived energies enriched blood barbarians sixteenth century renaissance possessed germs every modern thing much far mere germ possessed habit equality law civic organization industry commerce developed immense superb proportions possessed science literature art produced produced thorough perception exists thorough consciousness freedom powers italy intellectual light enabling men see judge around enabling act wittingly deliberately lies immense greatness renaissance due achievements literature science art first time since dissolution antique civilization men free agents thought deed end palsying slavery middle ages slavery body mind slavery stultified ideas effete forms made men endure every degree evil believe every degree absurdity first time since antiquity man walks free political intellectual trammels erect conscious thoughts master actions ready seek truth across ocean like columbus across heavens like copernicus seek criticism analysis like machiavelli guicciardini boldly reproduce highest widest sense like michael angelo raphael men renaissance pay heavy price intellectual freedom enjoyed transmitted rest world price loss moral standard fixed public feeling thrown aside accepted rules criteria cast away faith traditional institutions destroyed yet rebuild instinctive universal disbelief taught lost respect opinion rule called right wrong otherwise discovered called right often unnatural called wrong often natural moral teachings remonstrances judgments belonged dogmatism broken loose schools churches foolish unnatural taught worshipped priests monks shamefully violated teachings profess morality hypocrite reprobate others much error mixed truth truth share discredit error many innocent things denounced sins sinful ones length ceased reprobated people often found sympathizing supposed criminals soon lost horror real ones damnation came disassociated moral indignation retribution unnatural immoral unlawful unlawful respect law made without reference reason instinct reason instinct set defiance silenced law soon acquiesced without morally supported little little moral feeling became warped already case dante day farinata condemned horrible punishment dante seems just accordance accepted code yet dante admire really hate nothing hate criminal yet respected fatal combination dante punishes francesca pier delle vigne brunetto latini shows personal horror case moral instinct refrains censuring comparatively innocent ceased revolt really infamous dante feel real indignation often cases unprovided religious codes low grovelling timid natures machiavelli admirer great villains fairly loses patience creatures dante personally despises punishes filthy devices passes words never addresses semiramis brutus capaneus toleration vice acquiescing legal punishment increased proportion development individual judgment cease till theories lawful unlawful completely demolished permit rebuilt solid bases work demolition yet ceased beginning sixteenth century moral confusion due increased various causes dependent political circumstances despots whose hands inevitable fate various commonwealths fall position immoral dealings violent fraudulent suspicious life constant unnatural tension feelings prone every species depravity hand feudal parts italy merely received superficial renaissance varnish imported places painters humanists naples rome greater part umbria marches upper classes got monstrous condition seems inevitable final product feudalism gave france armagnacs foix retz gave italy counterparts hideously depraved princelets malatestas varanos vitelli baglioni classes men despots feudal nobles wide field ambition among necessarily dissolved civic institutions easy success contributed confirm general tendency day say commines qui le succès confound two words ideas yet men renaissance discovered antique world wild blind enthusiasm ardent insatiable thirst literature swallowed eagerly dregs till drunk poisoned main causes immorality renaissance first general disbelief accepted doctrines due falseness unnaturalness hitherto prevalent secondly success unscrupulous talent condition political disorder thirdly wholesale unjudging enthusiasm remained antiquity good bad three great causes united general intellectual ebullition explanation worst feature renaissance wickedness numberless single individuals universal toleration people large men like sigismondo malatesta sixtus alexander cæsar borgia might passed exceptions monstrous aberrations affect judgment time nation general indifference towards vices shown contemporaries countrymen conclusive terrible proof moral chaos renaissance just presence much instinctive simplicity virtue childlike devotion great objects patriarchal simplicity manners loveable books men like vespasiano da bisticci leon battista albert much seems like realization idyllic home merchant life schiller song bell side hideous lawlessness vice despots humanists makes renaissance drearily painful spectacle presence good console us evil neither mitigates even shrinks merely lose pleasure good nature simplicity æneas sylvius see cool admiration man fraud violence like sforza begin mistrust purity integrity upright guarino da verona hear lenient judgment infamous beccadelli require virtuous incapable vice abhorrent even best men renaissance rarely state moral chaos constantly old effete mode thought required destroyed work always attended greater less degree subversion recognized authority indifference evil bold tasting forbidden eighteenth century france plays part played fifteenth italy meet rebellion consecrated time belief toleration evil praise abominable midst search good two great fever epochs modern history fever necessary subsequent steady growth gave back truth man man nature expense temporary moral uncertainty ruthless destruction renaissance reinstated individual human dignity thinking feeling acting eighteenth century reconstructed society homogeneous free existence expense individual degradation social disorder moments ebullition horrible things rose surface remained purer ever plea immorality renaissance evil none less evil inevitable necessary nevertheless well understand necessity certainly terrible admission must made evil part mechanism producing good arrangement universe entrusted us benevolent equitable people enlightened age doubtless invented system evolution progression differing includes machinery hurricanes pestilences carnage misery superstition license renaissance eighteenth century unfortunately nature organized less charitable intelligent fashion among evils required final attainment good find whole generations men condemned moral uncertainty error order generations may enjoy knowledge peacefully guiltlessly let us remember let us generous towards men wicked might enlightened let us bear mind judging renaissance sacrifice represents useful far complete irretrievable let us remember communal system government whose development renaissance mainly depended inevitably perished proportion developed absolute subjugation italy barbarous nations requisite dissemination civilization obtained italians politically annihilated time recover normal condition given crushed broken spirited taught righteousness spaniards jesuits short morality italians sacrificed obtain knowledge modern society depends political existence italy sacrificed diffusion knowledge nation doomed immorality doomed also inability reform perhaps think weigh tremendous sacrifice owe present intellectual advantages may still feel sad sad rather remorse indignation contemplating condition italy first years sixteenth century looking calm safe scientific position murder italian renaissance great noble heart cut pitilessly prime denied even hour repent amend hurried tribunal posterity suddenly unexpectedly still bearing weight unexpiated unrecognized guilt italy elizabethan dramatists chroniclers last years fifteenth century recorded soldiery charles viii france amused tedious leisure sullen suspicious occupation rome erecting camp stage planks performing thereon rude play improvised handful troopers motley invading army feudal cavalry burgundy strange steel monsters half bird half reptile steel beaked winged helmets steel shoes jointed steel corselet rustling steel mail coat infantry gascony rapid rapacious tattered doublets feet immensely plumed slashed furbelowed giants switzerland starved savages brittany marches multifaced army gathered rich cities north devastated fields south wilds rocks west east alike nothing save wonder dread delight horror strange invaded italy play performed entertainment encamped army ordinary play clerkly allegorical morality mouthing capering farce history joseph brethren birth saviour temptations anthony representation reigning borgia pope children rude hesitating moulding dramatic shape terrible rumours simony poison lust violence mysterious death abominable love met invaders first set feet italy become louder clearer every onward step peninsula now circulated around frightful distinctness capital christ vicar earth blundering french troopers earliest imaginative fruit first terrified fascinated glimpse men barbarous north strange italy renaissance first manifestation strong tragic impulse due sudden sight rude imaginative young nations splendid triumphant wickedness italy french saw wondered shuddered played camp stage tragedy borgias french remained italy became familiar ways soon merely shrugged shoulders smiled stared horror served flags sforzas borgias baglionis vitellis side bravos naples umbria saw princes wed daughters italian sovereigns princes children valois guises develope puny ambiguous ominous medicis gonzagas surrounded italian minions poison distillers buffoons french sixteenth century long neapolitan lombard wars negotiations time learn italy teach become refined subtle indifferent cynical bastard italians bastard italian art goujon philibert delorme bastard italian poetry du bellay ronsard french sixteenth century therefore translated machiavel ariosto bandello never attempted another play improvised listening tales alexander vi cæsar lucrezia camp meadows behind sant angelo spaniards came italy germans strong mediæval nations like french creative power middle ages still refreshed long rest dull fifteenth century spaniards germans came mere greedy besotten savage mercenaries scum countries careless italian sights deeds thinking torturing hidden treasure swilling southern wines returned spain germany persecutions moriscos plundering abbeys savage dull arrived smattering italian literature art manners carried back spain germany spanish german princes governors transmitted courtiers humanists imagination lower classes spain germany absorbed quixotic catholicism loyola biblical contemplation luther never came fertilizing contact decaying italy renaissance soldiers charles viii seemed destined remain isolated abortive attempt invasions exhausted political organization italy definitely broken material wealth exhausted french germans spaniards come gone returned gone left nothing annex pillage middle sixteenth century country began overrun new horde barbarians english english came neither invaders marauders peaceable students rich noblemen far trying extort money annex territory rather profited ruined italians work money squandered yet quiet profitable travellers italians might safely display remaining wealth reality covetous possessions italy resolute return home enriched tattered gascon gluttonous swiss grinding spaniards consciously unconsciously dragged italy irresistible instinct italy possessed required greed intellectual gain instinctively knew italy possessed must obtain mode thought habit form philosophy art civilization materials intellectual manipulation sixteenth century awakening long evil sleep haunted nightmare civil war fifteenth century english mind started vigour mature youth fed rested long inactivity slept period assimilation growth awakened first touch foreign influence grown every fresh contact outer world first glance plato xenophon suddenly opened erasmus colet bible suddenly opened cranmer grown sob indignation sight burning faggots surrounding martyrs joyous sight seas islands new world grown sudden passionate strain every nerve every muscle galleys philip sighted channel paused taken breath looked calmly around tumult sights sounds actions english mind time elizabeth found sudden blossomed superb manhood burning activities indefatigable powers found without materials work scholastic philosophy chivalric poetry middle ages remained little utilized bungled formulæ rhymes still remaining unintelligible spirit feudalism monasticism mysticism angevin english monkish latin written men sixteenth century intellectual wealth england remained created created nothing spenser shakespeare bacon produced scattered fragments chaucer scotus wycliffe materials english genius work must sought abroad abroad found italy demolished italy sixteenth century lay whole intellectual wealth world great legacy antiquity great work middle ages stored increased threefold sorted classified renaissance now national edifice dismantled dilapidated national activity languishing lay confusion awaiting hand carry away use italy therefore englishmen thought fancy dragged impulse adventure greed irresistible dragged antwerp hanse ports india america seekers gold soil italy flocked italy rambled prying greedily cranny mound civilization upturning avid curiosity rubbish filth seeking aching eyes itching fingers precious fragments intellectual splendour lingering fascinated glance broken remnants deep mysterious gulfs crumbling devastated civilization impatient intoxicating tantalizing search suddenly grown desperate clutched stored away everything returned home tattered soiled bedecked gold tinsel laden immense uncouth burden jewels broken wealth refuse ordure philosophy dantesque petrarchesque poetry renaissance science humanistic pedantry obscenity euphuistic conceits casuistic quibble art politics metaphysics civilization embedded manner rubbish abomination soiled manner ominous stains carry home throw fire english intellectual life mingling many northern alloy cleaning compounding casting shapes mediæval english strange corinthian brass made heterogeneous remnants classical italian saxon christian strange corinthian brass indeed various tint weight tone manifold varieties mixture moulds cast white delicate silver settling gracious poetic moulds sidney spenser glittering gold buy increase splendid heavy mould bacon prose copper iron silver gold wondrous mixture wondrous iridescences colour wondrous scale tone poured manifold moulds fantastic beautiful grand shakespeare long dross ore filth brought ruins italy mingling heat english genius yet imperfectly fused already purest best compounded portion poured shakespeare mould already remained seething residue long remained aught glowing fire molten mass pure metal bubbling scum frothing round nay dregs ever anon ladled gold dross filth indiscriminately cast shapes severe graceful uncouth somewhat pilfered make making made works shakespeare base noble still unfused already exhausted alloy became strange heterogeneous works elizabethan dramatists webster ford tourneur ben jonson beaumont fletcher minor brethren splendid ore marlowe half molten half freed dross shining metal smooth silvery tinsel massinger works elizabethans see assimilated intellectual wealth italy see deep impression indelible picture memory italy positive unallegorical essentially secular mode thought unascetic æsthetic eminently human mode feeling artistic desire clear harmonious form innumerable tendencies habits sever elizabethans completely middle ages bring near ancients making antique modern opposition mediæval essential characters vast bulk absolute scientific fact formula philosophic opinion artistic shape humanistic learning debt sixteenth century italy renaissance delicate form italian sonnet copied sidney bembo molza costanzo contained within exotic exquisite ideal passion vita nuova petrarch bright undulating stanza spenser received ariosto tasso richly coloured spirit italian descriptive epic splendid involutions machiavelli guicciardini prose bacon learned cool disimpassioned philosophy reading politian lorenzo dei medici sight psyche raphael europa veronese ariadne tintoret men like greene dorset learned revival luscious pictorial antique brought perfection shakespeare venus adonis marlowe sestiad platonists epicureans renaissance italy greatest dramatists learned cheerful serious love life solemn manly facing death sense finiteness man inexhaustibleness nature shines grand paganism olympian serenity bent brows smiling lips antique zeus shakespeare marlowe beaumont fletcher even sad savage webster abstract imbibed modes thought feeling imitated forms elizabethans brought back italy concrete individual personal filled works italian things whole plot play borrowed italian novel mere passing allusion italian habit mere quotation italian word picture actions italian men women mere sketch two three words bit italian garden group italian figures nay innumerable scraps tiny detail grotesque graceful richly coloured stuffed works allusions buffoons mask comedy singers dress venetian merchants step dance pomegranate garden cypress hillside mere names italian things dances ferry rialto bridge countless little touches trifling us brought home audience globe blackfriars wonderful italy every man day travelled least spirit loved least imagination wonderful italy englishmen days elizabeth james knew yet another side familiar whether travelled untravelled yet things besides buffoons singers dancers scholars learned ladies pomegranates cypresses roses nightingales fascinated something besides green lagoons clear summer nights soft spring evenings feel fascination words jessica portia juliet english knew haunted crimes italy terrible brilliant mysterious shadowy crimes lust blood gigantic union monstrous enthronement throne vicar christ first terrified glimpse awakened tragic impulse soldiers charles viii imagine innumerable english travellers went italy greedy life knowledge merely obeying fashion day travellers forced far closer contact natives men time walpole beckford met hosts lacqueys officials travellers also thirsting imbibe spirit country travellers seventeenth eighteenth centuries never thirsted imagine englishmen possessed morbid passion stories abominable unpunished crime crime learned refined splendid parts society italy deeply corrupted sixteenth century permeated imagine prosaic merchants clerks london perfumed dandies trying italian clothes rehearsing italian steps collecting italian oaths shakespeare gingleboys beaumont fletcher sent italy able gracefully kiss hand cry sweet lady say rome seen relics drunk verdea wine rid privileged creatures ferreted monstrous crimes horrify countrymen rich young lords returning home mincing steps lisp surrounded train venetian clowns deft sinister neapolitan fencing masters singing boys decoyed church cynical humanists escaped faggot gallows expected bring home together newest pastoral dramas lewd novels platonic philosophy madrigals set complicated counterpoint stories hideous wickedness murders rapes poisonings committed dukes duchesses nobles senators whose palaces lately supped danced crimes italy fascinated englishmen genius fascination even potent exercised vulgar imagination mere foppish swashbuckler lovers scandalous sensational fascinated attraction tragic grandeur psychological strangeness moral monstrosity generation passionate imagination playwright curiously blent metaphysical analysis philosopher ethical judgment puritan men ardent serious even profligacy imaginative passionate even puritanism sucking avidly newly found italian civilization wickedness italy morbidly attractive morbidly appalling imaginatively psychologically fascinating whether part action allusions webster two great plays occurs poisoning means leaves book poisoning poisoned lips picture poisoning helmet poisoning pommel saddle crimes multiplied means subordinate plots unnecessary incidents like double vengeance richardetto hippolita ford giovanni annabella characters absolutely unnecessary main story horrible love hero heroine like murders levidulcia sebastian tourneur atheist tragedy completely unnecessary though extremely pathetic death young marcello webster white devil plays brought close gradual extermination principal performers confidants dummies remained bury corpses strewed stage imaginary monsters fashioned neapolitan milanese princes ford beaumont fletcher middleton marston even light graceful philip massinger mythical villains ferdinands lodowicks fernezes yet fell short frightful realities men like sigismondo malatesta alexander pier luigi farnese nay typical monsters name save vices lussuriosos gelosos ambitiosos vindicis like drawn strong savage hand cyril tourneur nothing english stage display seemed minds english playwrights public give adequate picture abominations italy much heaped horrors combined artistic skill much forced sight yet remained abyss evil english tongue refused mention weighed english mind unspoken nay glory elizabethan dramatists excepting ford unhinted yet remained incubus consciousness playwrights public thoughts wrote heard savage misanthropic outbursts tourneur marston sense rottenness country whence obtaining intellectual nourishment haunted sort sickening fascination imaginative psychological minds late sixteenth century men time outgrow first cynical plunge rebellious immature intellects contemporaries greene peele marlowe dissolved civilization great men enthralled italy italian evil shakespeare massinger maintain regain serenity hopefulness spirit resist incubus horror shakespeare immense scope vision permitted pass base frightful parts human nature see purer higher sides massinger superficiality insight narrowness sympathies prevented ever thoroughly realizing horrors invented minds less elastic shakespeare less superficial massinger italian evil weighed like nightmare infinitely powerful passionate imagination exquisitely subtle faculty mental analysis lately freed dogma middle ages unsettled philosophy inclined wholesale classical reading sort negative atheism fatalistic mixture epicurism stoicism yet keenly alive study bible religious controversies questions right wrong highly wrought deeply perplexed minds elizabethan poets impressed wickedness italy horrible deeds accustomed venerate guide love benefactor admire superior sense frightful anomaly putrescence beauty splendour death life life death made english savage sombre cynical wrathful hopeless influence difference attitude slight due individual characters gloom webster mere grisly inventor radcliffian horrors apt think greatest dramatists shakespeare noble tender nature webster sense ineffable sadness unmarred cynicism unbrightened hope villains even successful till death overtake mere hideous wretched eminent things leave fame behind fall frost leave print victims tortured conscience worse still owners petrified hearts nothing envy none better good ferdinands bosolas brachianos flaminios perish miserably done death tender brave duchess gentle antonio chivalric marcello virtue earth justice heaven feeling webster bursts dying speech villain gloomy world shadow deep pit darkness doth womanish fearful mankind live let worthy minds stagger distrust suffer death shame just real justice life compensation another thought webster though puritan spirit christian faith ford influence different although equal perhaps genius webster surpassing even intense tragic passion far webster indeed far generation moral fibre sight evil fascinates conscience staggers sympathies bedraggled foulness chaos good evil loses reckoning recognizes superiority strength passion passion good evil incestuous giovanni daring enemies like wild beast bay cheating revenge murdering object horrible passion heroic eyes ford magnanimous princess sparta bearing unflinching spirit succession misfortunes poured leading dance messenger succeeds messenger evil till free duties queen sinks dead cyril tourneur john marston far incomplete genius either webster ford although tourneur sometimes obtains lurid ghastly tragic intensity equals ford best marston midst crabbedness dulness sometimes touches pathos michelangelesque foreshortenings metaphor worthy webster tourneur marston neither constant sympathy oppressed virtue author duchess malfy blind fury passion poet giovanni annabella look grim hopeless spectators world fatalistic insane wickedness created heroes heroines villains slowly entangled inextricable evil men women tourneur marston scarcely men women mere vague spectres showing grisly wounds moaning miserable fate around thick clammy moral darkness dispelled ghastly flashes lurid virtue maniacs like tourneur vindici hippolito moral stillness haunted strange evil murmurs broken hysterical sobs laughs marston antonios pandulphos issues depth mighty yell pain tremendous imprecation sinful man unsympathizing nature like marston old doge dethroned hunted crying aloud grey desolate marsh earth men gape till mouths throats dust charme breast let sinke look knocks andrugio calls deafe blinde wretch leane relief earth finde tragic sense sense utter blank evil stronger elizabethan painters italian crime perhaps tragic writers great sinister pictures webster ford tourneur marston spot light distant bright horizon loving suffering resigned suffer pardon like desdemona whose dying lips forgive beloved kills great love consoling affection like cordelia whose gentle embrace poor bruised soul may sink rest passionate union death beloved like union romeo juliet nothing implacable cruelty violent death received agonized protest best release unmitigated misery wretch become familiar tann galley slave oar neither plays solemn sense heavenly justice fatality hanging house broken guilt shall expiated lends sort serene background eternal justice terrible tales thebes argos men fatality save evil nature man justice save doubling crime compensation save revenge webster ford tourneur marston heaven wrathful placable gods revengeful just nothing earth defiled men felling trampling another blindly eternal darkness surrounds world great poets open world light air purifying storms lightnings darkened italian palace bars preventing escape embroidered carpets muffling foot steps hidden suddenly yawning trapdoors concealing masked ruffians garlands poisoned flowers long suites untenanted darkened rooms wretch pursued murderer cloistered court clanking armour stamping horses carved gilded hall viols lutes cornets make cheery triumphant concert drown cries victim ii italy renaissance see works tragic playwrights country mysterious horror sinister reputation lasted two hundred years lasted triumphantly throughout light finikin eighteenth century found latest expression grim ghastly romances school ann radcliff romances last puny grotesque descendants great stock italian tragedies born first meeting england elizabeth italy late renaissance impression received elizabethan playwrights correct impression italy sixteenth century land horrors reviewing memory literature art italian renaissance remembering innumerable impressions joyous healthy life filled us recalling bright thoughtless rhymes lorenzo dei medici politian bern ariosto sweet tender poetry bembo vittoria colonna tasso bluff sensuality novelists like bandello masuccio aristophanesque laughter comedy bibbiena beolco seeing mind eye stately sweet matrons noble senators titian virginal saints madonnas raphael joyous angels correggio recapitulating rapidly impressions splendid time exuberant vitality strong serene renaissance answer without hesitation smile contempt credulous ancestors italy renaissance things ever existed ever exist utterly unlike nightmare visions men webster ford marston tourneur elizabethan drama really represents italy renaissance comedy shakespeare beaumont fletcher ben jonson massinger renaissance belong clear sunny figures portias antonios gratianos violas petruchios bellarios almiras faces see canvases titian frescoes raphael real children italian renaissance frightful brachianos annabellas ferdinands corombonas vindicis pieros white devil duchess malfy revenger tragedy antonio mellida mere fantastic horrors false counts udolpho spalatros zastrozzis grotesquely ghastly brethren eighty years ago indeed italy renaissance represented literature art negation elizabethan horrors mystery colossal horror terror dramatists faintest trace intellectual productions italian renaissance art absolutely stainless scenes horror frightful martyrdoms germans albrecht dürer abominable butcheries bolognese seventeenth century macerated saints tattered assassins spaniards mystery contortion horrors vigorous serene beauty pure cheerful life real ideal wall canvas bronze marble literature analogous art less perfect tainted weakness humanity less ideal real essentially human largest sense word cease creatures like aretine humanly clean becomes merely swinish hircose never savage lust violence quite free element ferocity essentially light quiet well regulated sane reasonable never staggering blinded excess full intelligent discrimination intelligent leniency reserved sympathy civilized wide streets ferrara compared tortuous black alleys mediæval paris clean spacious palaces michelozzo bramante compared squalid unhealthy uncomfortable mediæval castles dürer etchings indeed trifle civilized civilized produce every kind artistic fruit comes crushing difference italian renaissance elizabethans pictures beautiful rich literature fifteenth sixteenth centuries completely deficient every tragic element intuition neither tragic event tragic character affords single tragic page poems novels incapable laborious conscientious study euripides seneca utterly miserably incapable producing single real tragedy anything sugary pastoral pompous rhetorical exercise epic poets italian renaissance pulci boiardo berni ariosto even stately sentimental tasso epic poets mere light amusing gossips absolute buffoons adventures hill dale mere riding parties fights mere festival tournaments enchantments mere pageant wonders events like death hector slaughter penelope suitors festive massacre chriemhilt horrible deceit alfonso chaste sending bernardo del carpio father corpse like never enter minds tragic events accident come narration cease tragic frittered away mere pretty conceits like death isabella sacrifice olympia orlando furioso melted vague pathos like burning olindo sofronia death clorinda sentimental tasso neither poet cheerfulness mild melancholy brings home conceives horror situation treats tragic spirit almost burlesque entirely spirit elegy novel writers professional retailers anecdotes pick subject fill volumes default pleasant stories filthy intrigue lewd jest men like cinthio bandello gabble occasionally tragic story picked history book recently heard gossip stories harmodius aristogeiton disdémona moorish captain roméo montecchio giulietta cappelletti cardinal duchess amalfi unknown grotesque persian sophis turkish bassas stories murder massacre rape incest anything everything prattled words vapid compassion stale moralizing serene cheerful chatty manner recount decameronian escapades rabelaisian repartees tragic action tragic character literature country suggested elizabethans colossal villains display conventional monsters swashbuckler rodomonts sultan malechs strutting puffing like grotesque villains aladins ismenos enchanters ogres fit put don quixote library mere conventional rag puppets doubtless valued shrewd contemporaries ariosto tasso inhabitants tasso world romance pale chivalric unrealities lifeless spenser knights ladies pulci ardenne forests cathay deserts buffoons florentine shopmen may trapped amusement rusty armour garlands sausages lifelike heroes heroines ariosto untragic unromantic men occasionally small scoundrels unintentionally part author show deep moral cancers display cheerfully petty dishonour small lusts renaissance regarded mere flesh blood characteristics also ariosto ladies charming bright women coquettish amazonian frail fickle degree permissible court lady neither prudish coquettish unchaste things listening unchaste words simply gracefully without prurience horror perfectly ariosto calls prudent also according notions day limiting imprudence adventure fiordispina ricciardetto branded english harlot behaviour roger towards lady just rescued blushingly attributed spenser satyrs escapades quite within ariosto notions permitted fiordispina roger like florimell sir calidore still less faintest degree resemble tourneur marston levidulcias isabellas lussuriosos exception perhaps heroine hero find great harm ariosto ladies gentlemen may indeed feel indignant think replace chaste noble impossibilities earlier romance rolands percivals beatrices lauras past consider represent ariosto bespattered spotless real ideal may awaken us contempt disgust consider figures realities compare evil figures drama find mere venial sinners light fickle amorous fibbing human faults human trifling mild monstrous like art products renaissance orlando innamorato boiardo contains part canto story horrible grotesque narrate monster born marchino murdered forms strange exception rule even instance matteo di giovanni massacre innocents story suggested ghastly nightmare frightful tale sigismondo malatesta beautiful borbona current boiardo day serene spotless art literature often impure always cheerful rational civilized italian renaissance displays seek spirits akin webster lope de vega holbein ribera find tragic must wait bolognese painters seventeenth century metastasio alfieri eighteenth useless seeking serene joyous renaissance midst spotless virgins noble saints brilliant joustings revels sweet sonneteering pastorals scurrilous adventures loose buffooneries italian renaissance horrors fascinated strangely english playwrights fratricides incests frightful crimes lust blood haunted half crazed genius tourneur marston brilliant courteous humane civilized nation gigantic villains whose terrible features drawn superb awfulness touch webster ford renaissance italian literature cheerful light conscience foul savage renaissance english tragedy art italy tell impossible universal lie art england victim impossible universal hallucination neither art neither tell lies victim hallucination horror exists exists unhealthiness healthiness weird story nathaniel hawthorne daughter paduan wizard nurtured sap fruit emanations poisonous plants till become natural sustenance thrives strong lovely youth bred ordinary pure air nourished ordinary wholesome food faints staggers soon breathes fatal odours poison garden sinks convulsed crazed first touch mistress blooming lips also italians steeped sin country seeing daily hourly remained intellectually healthy serene english coming purer moral atmosphere seized strange moral sickness horror seen forget nation chaste true wrote tales incest treachery nation foul false wrote poetry shepherds monstrous immorality italian renaissance elsewhere shown greater detail like immorality historical period formal rebellion god natural result evolution modern world italy renaissance many victims inevitable moral sequence dooms evil order others may learn good sacrifice consisted sin sacrifice requiring frightful expiation part victim italy subjected two centuries slow process moral destruction process whose various factors political disorganization religious indifference scientific scepticism wholesale enthusiasm antique mediæval standards excessive growth industry commerce speculative thought expense warlike religious habits time factors great advent modern civilization italy pioneer victim process whose result italy insensibly inevitably reduce chaos moral political organization nation rendering men completely unable discriminate good evil enabling certain proportion sin complete impunity creating hand moral indifference social irresponsibility civilization kept pace demoralization faculty reasoning cause effect developed expense faculty judging actions italians renaissance little little judge adaptation means given ends whether means ends legitimate illegitimate soon became unable perceive even unable ask success criterion action power limits active furious national wickedness mere moral inertia part people italians renaissance neither resisted evil rebelled virtue indifferent little pressure sufficed determine either governed classes law equal men industry commerce kept healthy activity pressure towards good artizans merchants lived decent lives endowed hospitals listened edifying sermons even moved moments men like san bernardino savonarola governing classes right lay force necessity induced treachery violence irresponsibility produced excess pressure towards evil princelets prelates mercenery generals indulged every sensuality turned treachery science violence instrument sometimes let intoxicated mad lust ferocity subjects occasionally intoxicated mad austerity mysticism excesses mad vice like excesses mad virtue lasted short time lasted individual saints men renaissance speedily regained level indifferent righteousness indifferent sinfulness righteousness sinfulness passive without power aggression resistance consequently strange dreadful peace wicked men dislike virtue good men vice villain admire saint saint condone villain prudery righteousness unknown cynicism evil good man like guarino da verona shrink foul man foul man like beccadelli despise pure man ideally righteous citizen agnolo pandolfini interfere ideally unrighteous prince machiavelli position conduct say whether positions exchanged conduct might exchanged also condition things evil ceases appear monstrous explained endured condoned stately philosophical historians stoically grand prattling local chroniclers highly coloured gentle graceful guicciardini machiavelli valori segni hand corio allegretti matarazzo infessura learn real existence immorality far universal abominable dramatists venture show relate quietly calmly analytical frigidness gossiping levity things often shrink repeating sometimes recoil believing great statesmanlike historians humble chattering chroniclers alike unaffected goes around collect anecdotes generalize events without fumes evil among seek materials dark places national local history ever going imagination ever making heart sicken faint fancy stagger reel life righteous least actively sinning men may hampered worried embittered even broken villainy except visionary monk life never poisoned mere knowledge evil town maybe betrayed enemy daughters may dishonoured poisoned sons massacred may old age cast starving world imprisoned broken torture complain fierce diatribe fiercest diatribe written pope renaissance perhaps platina paul saint compared successors sixtus alexander writer diatribe friends maltreated pope personally touched italians renaissance brook villainy poniard quickly despatches sovereigns like galeazzo maria sforza villainy remains abstract injures neither immediate surroundings awakens horror man commits means regarded fiend great criminals renaissance traitors murderers like lodovico sforza incestuous parricides like gianpaolo baglioni committers every iniquity heaven like cæsar borgia move scene renaissance history shown writers great small quietly serenely triumphantly gracious magnanimous bearing applauded admired least endured passage man historian chronicler unless agent hostile political faction rises confronts says man devil devils men judgment contemporaries morally completely perverted probably psychologically correct misjudged deeds rarely perhaps misjudged man us moderns english ancestors sixteenth century scarcely conceivable man devilish deeds necessarily devil evil italian princes renaissance borgias sforzas baglionis malatestas riarios appear mist horrified imagination many uncouth gigantic monsters nightmare shapes less like human beings like grand frightful angels evil gather round milton satan infernal council appear us succeed calmly looking seeing lurid lights shadows fancy daylight contemporary reality shall little little forced confess confession horrible men neither abnormal gigantic times monstrous clear variance moral atmosphere surrounded direct result social political condition may seem answer although know causes monster births monstrous none less mean existence men capable committing actions normal mean men committed conditions necessarily men exceptional character level immorality high man need giant reach seventh heaven iniquity massacre banquet number enemies enticed overtures peace considered cæsar borgia merely rather audacious holy action indicative brilliant powers diplomacy cæsar borgia required commit action little brilliant diplomatic endowment unhampered scruples timidity brave gracious prince like gianpaolo baglioni murder kinsmen commit incest sister without considered less gracious magnanimous gianpaolo baglioni might indeed indifferent villain treachery lust bloodshed although objected theory condoned practice regarded venial sins indulged might fact scarcely venial sinners short fiendish action might committed without perpetrator considered fiend need indeed great villains renaissance never take attitude fiends two like certain visconti aragonese madmen others less normal human beings barrier evil slipped remained became accustomed vicious determination wicked feeling fiend within like shakespeare richard gradual conscious irresistible absorption recognized iniquity like macbeth mere sense absolute power impunity together complete silence conscience public large make man strange things cæsar borgia free practise archery hares deer practise prisoners blame prevent mistress every woman might single among captives sister force carry plan man stand way complete facility commission actions quickly brings man limits legitimate universal cry tell limits universal arm pull back pushes little iniquity nothing prevents gratifying ambition avarice lust gratifies soon seeking gratification cut new paths villainy restrained man silent soon restrained longer nature whose voice man conscience pleasure wanton cruelty takes course prefers throw javelins men women throwing javelins bulls bears even prefers throwing javelins bulls bears rather targets excitement greater instinct soldiers spain france invariably preferred shooting valuable fresco like sodoma christ siena lo spagna madonna spoleto practising mere worthless piece wood man cæsar borgia plus renaissance villain takes absolute pleasure evil yet cæsar borgia fiend maniac restrain whenever circumstances policy require wise administrator just judge portraits show degraded criminal indeed criminal action necessarily criminal constitution fiendish man seem fiend machiavel astonished strange anomaly tastes deeds renaissance villains amazed portraits men frightful light misdeeds appear us complete demons complete madmen yet much amiable much sane stickle abominable lust yet bestial sybarites brave sober frugal enduring like puritan treacherous rapacious cruel utterly indifferent sufferings enemies yet gentle manner passionately fond letters art superb works public utility incapable genuinely admiring men pure life like bernardino savonarola often strange say like frightful baglionis perugia passionately admired loved countrymen bodily portraits men painted sternly realistic art fifteenth early sixteenth centuries even confusing ideas moral portraits drawn historians chroniclers cæsar borgia long fine features noble head gracious refined prince perhaps certain duplicity lips beard worn full peaked spanish fashion forms sort mask lower part face see noble intellectual sigismondo malatesta medals head whose scowl afforded opportunity various fine descriptions blood maniac head found expressive monster infinitely human head medals lionello mild cultivated decently behaved ferrarese princes flower precocious iniquity young baglionis vitellis orsinis grouped round signorelli preaching antichrist orvieto gallantly trimmed jerkins jewelled caps veriest assemblage harmless young dandies pretty insipid scarcely believe mild beardless striplings like girls sixteen terrible umbrian brigand condottieri gianpaolos simonettos vitellozzos astorres whose abominable deeds fill pages chronicles matarazzo frolliere monaldeschi nowhere among portraits renaissance monsters meet anything like roman emperors whose frightful effigies tumid vitelliuses caracallas fill museums marble bronze loathsome purple porphyry types foreign reality italian renaissance brachianos lussuriosos pieros corombonas italian fiction sixteenth century must anomalies type men deeds abominable crimes high qualities merely made subject grandiloquent disquisition man renaissance need monster monstrous things crime necessitate moral rebellion requires complete unity nature unmixed wickedness precipitate man ever moral abyss good ever enter seeing barrier legitimate illegitimate alternate almost unconsciously never shut evil never shut good judgment men dress convict jacket made evil companion lock moral dungeon ray righteousness enter condemned like branded harlot hopeless infamy need bad much long chose hence part renaissance necessity either violent rebellion sincere repentance hence absence characters tragic writer seeks developed moral struggle warped triumph vice consciously soiled virtue revenger tragedy might cyril tourneur made known details story alessandro de medici death vindici made murderer lorenzino strange lurid grandeur surrounded plottings pander brutus lorenzino de medici none feeling tourneur vindici none ghastly spirit hero tourneur attendance foul creature leads death lorenzino usual brutus mania day unmixed horror pander jester duke pain nature probably sense debasement knowledge either employer employment fasten alexander pretend devoted slave server lust piece loathsome acting merely enhanced ingenuity required attraction lorenzino act heroism ambition brutus bespattered part probably never occurred indifference good evil permitted men renaissance mix two without moral sickness permitted alternate without moral struggle wickedness renaissance superhuman fury lust cruelty like victor hugo lucrezia borgia indifferent characterless creature like lucrezia borgia history passive surrounding influences blind good evil infamous infamous rome among father brother courtesans grave gracious grave gracious ferrara among platonic poets pacific courtiers court estensi complete prose colourlessness reality evil renaissance understood represented man transmitted us pale delicate psychological masterpiece far loathsome elaborately hideous monster painting marston tourneur man conceived horrors italian renaissance spirit committed ford great play caught tone italian renaissance abominableness play consisting coarse slaughter scenes added merely please cockpit english theatre superficial innocence tone making evil lose appearance evil even men renaissance giovanni annabella make love romeo juliet scarcely struggle remorse weep pay compliments sigh melt true aminta style love brother sister neither ferocious heat tragic lust awful shudder unnatural evil lukewarm neither good bad abominable love eyes mere weakness flesh sense revolt man nature god neither dragged irresistible demoniac force held back grip conscience slip slide even like francesca paolo pay sweet mawkish compliments ferocious lust francesco cenci moral compared way trim youth giovanni praises annabella beauty blushing way annabella white soul acknowledges long love atrociousness strike word two scene may read perfect moral satisfaction impression really sacred love scenes ford wrote sweetness innocence truly diabolical shiver horror passing serene unconscious handling filthy without sense unclean extent incredible extent making giovanni annabella swear mother ashes eternal fidelity incest horror horrors walpurgis night abomination ever approach taking witness unutterable obscene beelzebub abominable words rites holiest holies ever englishman approached temper italian renaissance tourneur shelley cleansing hell fires tragic horror sweet gentle ford ever artistic picture approached reality man gianpaolo baglioni incestuous murderer frolliere chronicler enthusiastic like matarazzo admires beautiful person benign amiable manner lordly bearing certainly elaborately villainous francesco cenci shelley boasting like another satan enormous wickedness exhausting picture rhetoric horror committing final enormity merely complete crown atrocities glories tragic impossibility moral hideousness giovanni ford pearl virtuous studious youths spotless brave moment reasoning tramples vulgar prejudice shall peevish sound customary form man man brother sister bar eternal happiness sins clear conscience defies world dies bravely proudly sacred name annabella lips like chivalrous hero pious pure germany luther give world tragic type faustus devout savage spain cervantes give tragic type don juan damned mockery man death heaven puritan england milton give sublimely tragic type awful figure says evil good tragic type evil italy renaissance give world none miserable morbid compassionated giovanni ford us admire despise blindness evil constitutes criminality renaissance great give certain air innocence men time wicked solely complete sophistication ideas complete melting away owing slowly operating political intellectual tendencies moral barriers walked paths wickedness serenity trod ways righteousness seeing boundary exercising psychic limbs equally open permitted spaces forbidden plucked fruit evil without glance behind without desperate setting teeth plucked openly calmly plucked blackberries hedge bit ate perfect ease serenity saying prayers natural daily bread mentioned lord prayer grimace unseemly leer moral indigestion nightmare except rarely consequence hence serenity literature art men women italian renaissance portraits pleasing nobility aspect serene thoughtful healthy benign titian courtesans archetypes dignified womanhood might fancy portia isabella calm florid beauty wholly unmeretricious uncankered humanists priests lie outstretched sarcophagi desiderio rossellino flowers refined gentle men study youths botticelli adoration magi instance ideal boiardo chivalry rinaldos orlandos every corseleted generals renaissance calm stern frank bartolomeo colleoni verrocchio gattamelata giorgione giorgione pupil look fit take banner crusade gattamelata uffizi gallery especially looks like sort military milton give pair wings becomes signorelli archangel clothed heavenly steel unsheathing flaming sword god compare types holbein courtiers henry viii scrofulous hogs compare sanchez coello philip ii don carlos monomaniacs compare even dürer magnificent head willibald pirkheimer swine nature blended thinker swine subdued thinker triumph just contest conscious coarse brutal deeply stained germany time luther affording dürer holbein alas many besotten bestial types arise great conflict obscene leering death really skulk everywhere even prints day hideous powerful trying hog snout drive christ limbo known seen dreaded armed knight dürer turns away grimacings urges horse visits even best even luther wartburg good men open bibles cry vade retro throw inkstands showing terrified ruffled combat germans luther disgustingly fond blood horrors like see blood spirt decapitated trunk watch last contortions hammer dürer passion nails cross peel strips skin flagellation master pure charitable gentleness hare rabbit like luther kneel piously stag like saint hubert italians rarely never paint horrors death abominations flagellated christ sebastian never writhe howl pain indeed suffer none judith mantegna print puts head holophernes bag serenity muse head quite clean without loathsome drippings torn depending strings muscle unconvulsed sort plaster cast tragedy christ tragedy judith physical agency shadowing moral agony awfulness victim criminal whole tragic meaning unknown light cheerful contemporaries ariosto cold cynical contemporaries machiavelli tragic passion imagination noble grotesque immaturity middle ages murmured confusedly popular legends gave ezzelin fiend father death sin adversaries dice stammered awkwardly grandly school latin mussato tragedy eccerinis wept stormed imprecated laughed horror infinite tragedy pathetic grand grotesque like great tragedy dante tragic passion imagination sense horrible terrible forfeited italy renaissance lost sense right wrong italian renaissance supreme arts require subtle strong perception excellence mere lines colours lights shadows demand unflinching judgment material qualities condemned inferiority art requires subtle strong perception excellence human emotion action art demands unflinching judgment moral motives tragic spirit offspring conscience people sense imaginative grandeur evil may perhaps forerunner demoralization sense wonder awe imaginative fascination grandly superhumanly wicked necessity magnify villain demon archangelic splendour power evil exist minds pure strong braced virtue virgin evil certain childlike power wonder minds appears wicked requires powerful rebellion minds accustomed nature nature plainness unnatural subject sophistication cynicism wonder italy giraldi cinthio prattles gay party ladies gentlemen stories murder lust frightful titus andronicus giovanni annabella revenger tragedy intelligent bantering tone tells decameronian tales england marston superb prologue second part antonio mellida doubts whether audience rise conception terrible passions wishes display spirit breathes within round uncapable weighty passion winks shuts apprehension common sense men know men must let hurry amain black visaged shows shall affright eyes great criminals italy unconscious criminals nation unconscious sinful bembo sonnets fit reading lucrezia borgia pastorals guarini dramatic amusements rannuccio farnesi vittoria accoramboni francesco cenci read anything besides prayerbook ribald novels sugary aminta pastor fido tragedies webster shelley never understood italians renaissance walked placidly evil surrounded artists poets sky always blue sun always bright art poetry serene englishmen sixteenth century astonished fascinated evil italy dark pools horror dabs infamy met ever anon brilliant southern cities haunted like nightmare bespattered clear blue sky danced black horrible spots face sun remembrance italian wickedness weighed like incubus clung frightful fascination foulest criminals italy discussed platonic vapidnesses bembo sonnets wept sweet languid lamentations guarini shepherds nymphs strong englishmen time shakespeare men whose children unsheathe cromwell sword righteousness listened fascinated horror gloomy convulsed grand frightful plays webster tourneur sin renaissance art italy neither pourtray perceive appeared stage decked superb awful garb tragic imagination elizabethan england outdoor poetry thought winter bleak barren mind late year chary æsthetic food country bring ugliness terribly reduces simplifies things depriving beauty sweeping away last yellow leaves last crimson clouds bleaching last green grass effaces whole wealth colour deprives us still actually diminishing number forms summer left rich various complex winter reduces blank uniformity whole world lovely things shapes tints effects light colour perspective wood long capriciously divided thousand nooks crannies projecting boughs bushes hedges hanging leaves winter clears away reduces haussmanized simplicity plan smaller world yet quite big enough summer day hay field among barren oats seeded grasses sorrel buttercups making distance wonderful blent effect luminous brown lilac russet foamed white forming look close unlimited forest delicately separate stems bloom seed every plant detaching daintily undefinable background things like winter turns rusty brown green expanse bog field frozen upturned clods trees stripped leaves look prepared diagrams abstraction tree everything short reduced philosophically absolutely ultimate elements beauty got rid almost completely metaphysical definition æsthetic barrenness winter felt southern climates brings none harsh glitter glamour snow ice leaves frozen earth leafless trees merely bare without crisp sheen snow glint glimmer frost icicles forming denuded rigging branches fantastic system ropes folded sails south therefore unless go winter never comes autumn merely merges lengthened spring winter ever negative dreary barren fancy yet even southern winter gives things lovely things things scarcely notices perhaps yet baffle skilled painter imitate skilled poet describe instance peculiar kind morning means uncommon tuscany completely winter remnant autumn beginning spring cold windless sky full sun earth full mist sun mist uniting pale luminousness things lose body become mere outline bodiless hills taking shape touch sky curve clear line irregular houses projecting ilex roundings pointed cypresses marking separation hill sky scarcely solid corporeal hill almost blue sky sky almost vaporous hill tangible often ghostlike intangible sun smitten higher hills vapours partially rolled scarcely visible fold feet high hill yet rock earth swells sky something real fluid infinite elasticity front plain white mist pinkish grey unseen agglomeration bare tree boughs trunks sere field till nearer us trees become visible short vinebearing elms fields interlacing branches compressed distance clumps poplars scant far nearly serried compact afar occasional flush tawny vapour orange twigged osiers still nearer expanse sere field mottled yellowed grass grey brown leaves things summer winter burying make room spring along reaches river clumps leafless poplars grey pale palest blue sky grey warmth delicate brown almost rosiness grey also shingle river bed river either rain pale brown streaked pale blue sky reflections drought low grey luminous throughout surface might think metallic sheen vacillating sparkles sun smiting frets shifting mass scintillating facets gives impression luminousness silvery water must dull dead looking river gradually disappears place marked pale blue haze brownish grey spectre furthest poplar clumps effect winter produces nay even southern winter comparatively slight elements disposal see notice enjoy delicate loveliness think forget habit noticing nay power perceiving effects habits powers possess speak since yesterday possibility reproducing painting effects like truthfully wish reproduce scarcely old century perhaps latest born artistic wishes possibilities possibility visible effect perceived reproduced painter usually precedes least kind pictorial art already exists perception effects painters attempt reproduce means words care admit grandfathers unlike lest found unlike grandchildren hold metaphysic fiction man always circumstances changed admitting change circumstances implies something new man altered similarly shrink thought many things used never notice required class men endowed special powers vision find copy teach us see appreciate yet scarcely us debt towards painter writer first directing attention objects effects may abounded around unnoticed confused others painters men see keenly study seen naturally come first poet usually describe contemporary painter attempts paint exception might perhaps require made dante seem seen described many things left quite untouched giotto even raphael estimating dante must careful distinguish touches really belong great mass colour detail unconsciously added thereto borrowing experience innumerable pictures poems moment may least remember done shall led believe words suggest us clear coloured vision scenes often complex uncommon presented mind comparatively simple incomplete idea atmospheric effects requiring modern painter turner read lines inferno purgatorio probably existed little dante giotto poet seeing describing reality salient forms earth rock monotonous tint deficient air like backgrounds mediæval tuscan frescoes panels may fact grows daily men times seen degree nature always equally surrounded periods explicable reasons seen less successors also predecessors seen little manner conventional proportion monotony things certain historic epochs strangely silent much indeed breaking silence impresses us almost human breaking spell silence result grievous wrong moral disease half closes eyes fancy moral poison presents sorely aching eyes glimmer amid darkness singular instance conditions wish study causes effects great differences existing ancients hand men genuine middle ages degree interest taken respectively external nature seasons rural life seems bring us closest contact course considerable difference manner country aspects occupations treated poets antiquity day mode enjoying ancient read theocritus virgil tibullus modern whose mind unconsciously full influence wordsworth shelley ruskin mere difference mode greater think difference descriptions allegro descriptions men women difference love elizabethans minuter details country flowers stream birds bushes ferrets frogs lizards similar small creatures pleasure contemporaries larger shifting perplexing forms colours cloud sunlight earth rock description effects latter ones nay attention appreciation given things century even power desire painting landscape sense artists recent thing recent even works turner perhaps earliest landscape painter modern sense forced separate real rendering real effects great deal tints sky sea arranged distributed mere vast conventional piece decoration otherwise poetry painting landscape become separate substantive art interest mere ins outs human adventure mere structure movement human limbs considerably diminished room epic drama little scraps description make clearer without checking human action place fresco miracle little picture carousing singing bacchantes venetian dandies little bits laurel grove dim plain blue alpine crags introduced gaps head head figure figure therefore great difference must exist felt written country seasons ancient man sixteenth century contemporary difference however solely mode feel sure three men find something delight wherewith delight others among english meadows fiat cornfields central france vine olive yards short might find face face speak hand hand nature man middle ages unless perhaps italy whole middle ages merely earlier renaissance assurance nay might persuaded however great genius even gottfried von strassburg walther von der vogelweide unknown frenchman left us aucassin et nicolette bring back impressions two things authorized consecrated poetic routine contemporaries spring woods nothing characteristic mediæval poetry limitation autumn winter standing corn ripening fruit summer things dear ancients men modern times middle ages seem know nothing autumn harvests mists wondrous autumnal transfiguration humblest tree bracken bush white glittering splendour winter cosy life hearth stove drowsiness summer suddenly inspired wish shade dew water left stolid move required feeling spring strongest complete stirring impression temperate climates given nature whole pleasurableness warm air clear moist sky surprise shimmer pale green yellowing blossom tree tops first flicker faint shadow uniform colourless shadeless replacing long silence endless twitter trill birds endless way sea twitter trill every side depths depths every degree distance faintness sea bird song along sense infinite renovation earth man heart nature effects alone goes sparkling head alone finds response mediæval poetry spring spring endless spring three long centuries throughout world dreary green monotony spring france provence italy spain germany england spring spring nothing spring even mysterious countries governed grail king fairy morgana queen proserpine prester john nay new jerusalem kingdom heaven nothing spring till longs bare twig yellow leaf frozen gutter draught water desert green fields meadows enamelled painted flowers detests rejoice see well sprinkled frost burnt brown dry days birds birds warble every sonnet canzone sirventes glosa dance lay roundelay virelay rondel ballade whatsoever else may called wishes silent ever twitter tarantarantandei eternal german nightingale especially drowned good howling wind persistent study mediæval poetry feeling towards spring just similar morbid creature schubert müllerin stir home dreadful dreadful greenness fain bleach tears around ich möchte ziehn die welt hinaus hinaus die weite welt wenn nur grün grün nicht war da draussen wald und feld moreover mediæval spring spring neither shepherd farmer man spring brings work anxiety hope gain mere vague spring events burgesses taking pleasure lawns castle parks green holiday places close city much see first part faust sweet monotonous charm grass beneath green lime tree south elm plane seated poet fiddler playing singing young women hair woven chaplets fresh flowers dancing sward poet poet provençal italian german nithart ulrich even austere singer holy grail wolfram pouring verse verse songs praise spring make even girls wind garlands songs quaint graceful rythm now slowly circling now bounding along now stamping measure like feet dancers now winding turning wind twine arms mazes ideas old stale platitudes praise woman love pains joys dancing pleasure spring spring always spring eternal everlasting spring seem languidly follow life movement mere metre poets german provençal french early italian lyrists essentially venture speak heresy ideas emotions metre rythm rhyme just minimum necessary thought perpetually presented afresh just words often often repeated broken new combined piece music poetry truth sort music dance dirge hymn music case may anything else mediæval poetry seasons likewise country occupations spring forest forest mediæval poetry indeed much say perhaps familiar pleasures antiquity memorable forest heroes nibelungen go hunt followed waggons provisions wine siegfried overpowers bear returns laughing comrades huge thing chained saddle clear space see distinctly lawn blue black firs encroaching siegfried stoops drink spring beneath lime tree hagen drives boarspear straight nibelung back thick wood golden haze young green atmosphere birds song king mark discovers tristram iseult cave deceitful sword gottfried von strassburg relates wonderful luscious charm forest also bleak austere four outlawed sons aymon live roots wild animals build castle meuse lovely forest nicolette makes hut branches bracken flowers stars peep whiteness dreams lord aucassin forest huon meets oberon guy de lusignan good parzival finds snow feathers drops blood throw long owen discovers tomb merlin forest short extends interminable glades serried masses trunks arches green end mediæval poetry beautiful forest middle ages monotonous melancholy terrible eeriness endlessness nothing else meadows cows lie lazily fields red purple kerchiefs reapers overtop high corn orchards hayfields nothing like hill slopes wild herbs encroach vines goats corydon damoetas require kept mischief little lower athenian shopkeeper aristophanes goes daily look whether yesterday hard figs may ripened vine wreaths pruned last week grown lushly anything sort umbrian meadows virgil stop watch white bullocks splashing slowly shallow sedgy clitumnus still less like hamlets cornfields propertius stroll following jolting osier waggon procession garlands lights pales garden god nothing cultivated spots mediæval poetry city castle endless forest narrowness mediæval notions outdoor life inherited together mediæval subjects poets even sixteenth century must referred curious difference existing romance poets antiquity like homer odyssey romance poets boiardo ariosto tasso spenser camoens modern times matter shall express ideal life fortunate realms kennaqwhere homer ancients ideal country merely delightful reality inhabitants happier everyday men women poetry sprung middle ages always constructed mechanicians architects seen middle ages bequeath sixteenth century ideal peaceful outdoor enjoyment hence poetry sixteenth century still permeated mediæval traditions appalling artificiality delightfulness fallerina alcina armida acrasia imitated original calypso strong splendid living among fields orchards dainty ladies hidden elaborate gardens bedizened fashionable architecture regular palaces pleasaunces uncomfortable edifices artificial waterfalls labyrinths rare monstrous plants parrots apes giraffes childish splendours gardening engineering menageries meet already ogier dane huon bordeaux later poets epitomized endless descriptions colonna hypnerotomachia poliphili still frightful inventories amadis romances kind anticipated marly versailles prince elector friedrichsruhe nymphenburg clipped cypresses yews doubtless pales pan filled coloured plaster spas cascades spirting thanks fifty invisible pumps feet head vineyards cornfields swept away make solemn terraces cottages little wooden shrine humble enclosure sunflowers rosemary fruit trees buzzing hives barking dogs loved sung even town rakes like catullus smart coffeehouse wits like horace swept away replaced carefully constructed wire bowers aviaries porticoes frightful circular edifice è il ricco masterpiece palladian stucco work armida rinaldo acrasia knight drearily disport become calypso island orchards alcinous noble knights ladies ariosto spenser think say romantic dainty creatures meet nausicaa washed linen piled waggon alas take laundress terrible aristocratic idleness middle ages dreary delicacy hampers boiardo ariosto tasso spenser even midst unblushing plagiarisms antiquity heroes heroines brought surrounded equerries duennas elegant useless things best knights least good aristocratic warfare plough prune defile knightly hands wash cook ply loom like nausicaa calypso penelope mere thought sends nearly faint ladies mediæval romance must sit quiet idle may sing lute work hands must dreary strictly useless piece fancy work plants dainty folk eyes poets middle ages see among things nature seen predecessors first feels tempted think till recollection many vivid touches spring forest descriptions persuades enormous sway tradition among men always repeating mere conventional platitudes singular limitation mediæval perceptions nature limitation important almost make appear middle ages perceived nature frequently attributed prevalence asceticism according critics made mediæval men many repetitions bernard clairvaux written asked opinion lake leman answered surprise journey geneva rhone valley remarked lake whatever absorbed spiritual meditations predominance asceticism grossly exaggerated state moral tension exist uninterruptedly exist classes poetry written mischief done asceticism warping moral nature men æsthetic feelings influence vast numbers men women relished profane obscene fleshliness buffoonery stage plays fabliaux favoured delicate exquisite immoralities courtly poetry indeed presence whole classes writings things boccaccio tales wife bath villon ballades hand songs troubadours poem gottfried romance rather novel flamenca respectively conspicuous examples prove clearly middle ages asceticism gross æsthetic sensualism antiquity must therefore seek elsewhere asceticism necessarily limited excluding public explanation peculiarity mediæval poetry shall find think middle ages social condition really create universal habits thought feeling namely feudalism moral condition like asceticism must leave unbiassed minds incapable feeling social institution like feudalism walls life every individual forces intellectual movements given paths escape excepting places italy free towns north feudal conditions wholly partially unknown feudalism therefore ascribe appears first purely æsthetic opposed social characteristic middle ages ever since schiller gods greece spoke first time undivinized nature entgötterte fashion among certain critics fall foul christianity robbed fields woods gods reduced mere manured clods things held sacred antiquity desecrated long mediæval centuries nature may truly holy water christian priests desecrated fields meadows driven divinity greater pales vertumnus mighty pan divinity called terrible times civilization lowest things world newly allotted new allotment man man thinks loves hopes strives man fights sings shut fields meadows forbidden labour nay almost sight earth tending kine sowing crops occupations antiquity associated piety righteousness deemed worthy gods assigned rather condemned creature every advancing year untaught think love hope fight strive taught utterly suffer despair man difficult call mediæval serf lump earth detached field wrought semblance manhood merely soil part delved sown manured carcass blood man middle ages conceive serf even allowed human progenitors foul breed originated obscene miracle stupidity ferocity beasts cunning demoniac born god curse words paint wickedness persecutions exceed deserts whole world turned pale crime human creature nailed christ cross like hunger sores fox wolf hunger sores forgotten never noticed legal ecclesiastical narratives trials feudal lords crushing contaminating peasants peasants spitting trampling consecrated wafer give us large amount pedantically stated detail tell us misery begat vice filth starvation united families complicated meshes incest taught depopulation virtue necessity despair joy nature mercy god hounded men women unspeakable orgies obscene parodies devil worship horrible shreds judicial evidence tatters clothes hairs shoes murderer know little nothing life men women mediæval france germany work taught hesiod virgil tragedies literature middle ages ready show us town vice town horror dens prostitution creaking overweighted gibbets villon poems utters word hear yell mediæval poets noble plebeian french provençal german brutishness cunning cruelty hideousness heresy serf whose name becomes synonymous every baseness mock grammatical style declined every epithet wickedness whose punishment prayed god outrages existence hideous clamour indecent jibe brutal vituperation senseless accusation every form words furious hatred assume whose echoes reached even countries like tuscany serfdom well nigh unknown reached even us scraps epigram still bandied townsfolk peasants nay peasants monstrous rag doll dressed shreds villainy without recognizable human feature dragged mud pilloried unspeakable ordure paraded mock triumph like king fools burnt like antichrist image mediæval poetry left us creature pious rustic innocent husbandman whose threshold justice stopped fled towns antiquity reader may oppose views existence class poems french latin german provençal pastourela original type represent courting poet course knight beautiful shown us feeding sheep spinning distaff poems best knowledge single pattern extremely insincere artificial tone feel inclined class pastorals dresden china idylls men never looked live peasant face seventeenth eighteenth centuries distant descendants pastoral poetry antiquity chivalric poets may got indirect notions antique epics moreover extremely likely love poems successfully unsuccessfully poet usually offers bribe woman low degree conceal beneath conventional pastoral trappings intrigues minnesingers troubadours women small artizan village proprietor class real peasant woman female villain scarcely notice noblemen servants countries seigneurial rights vigour scarcely offered presents fine words regards innumerable poems peasantry may refer reader extremely curious publication carmina medii ævi recently made sig francesco novati contains besides selection specimens list references subject poems de natura rusticorum satirical declensions runs follows singulariter pluraliter nom hic villanus nom hi maledicti huius rustici horum tristium dat huic tferfero dat mendacibus acc hunc furem acc hos nequissimos voc latro voc pessimi abl ab hoc depredatore abl ab infidelibus accusation heresy crucifying christ evidently due prevalent among serfs alluded north italian poem probably borrowed french christo fo da villan crucifiò stagom sempre pioza vento neve perchè havom fato cosi gran peccà feeling exactly analogous existing nowadays countries jews idle hated industrious hated industry brought profit yet recall though occasion mediæval literature shows us serf place surely unexpected charming thirteenth century tale aucassin et nicolette beautiful essay story pater deliberately omitted episode indeed like spot mud perfect tissue silver flowers silver ground piece cruellest realism quite quiet unforced midst kind idyl almost childish love love beautiful son lord beaucaire beautiful saracen slave girl although aucassin nicolette often separated always disconsolate wonderfully frescoed vaulted room town prison always surrounding sort fairy land trees flowers constant song birds although wander woods tear delicate skin catch hair brambles briars always sense daisies bending beneath tread green leaves rustling aside heads covered hair blond et menu crespelé hardships lovely like hut flowering branches grapes nicolette builds whose fissures moonlight shines little stars twinkle much weep two beautiful dainty creatures listen singing sense grief pathetic little snatch melody midst idyl lovely things midst delicate patternings whose minuteness faint tint merge vague pleasurable impression stands unintentionally placed author little aware terrible tragic realism episode going translate aucassin wandered day forest without hearing news sweet love saw dusk spreading began bitterly weep riding along old road weeds grass grew thick high suddenly saw middle road man going describe tall ugly nay hideous quite marvellously face blacker smoked meat wide good palm distance eyes cheeks huge nostrils also big flat nose thick lips red embers long teeth yellow smoke colour wore leathern shoes gaiters kept string knees back coat leaning stout bludgeon aucassin startled fearful brother beau frère greeting corresponding modern bon homme god bless answered man dost asked aucassin answered man ask evil motive tell man weeping grief truly rich man like nothing world make weep dost know know aucassin son count tell weep tell tell willingly answered aucassin morning came hunt forest white leveret fairest world lost weeping cried man stinking hound waste tears body woe shall pity richest man country father wanted fifteen twenty white leverets get weeping mourning serious matters tell hired rich farmer drive plough dragged four bullocks three days ago lost red bullock best four left plough sought red bullock sides find three days neither eaten drunk wandering afraid going town put jail wherewith pay bullock possess clothes back mother poor woman nothing valuable since old smock wherewith cover poor old limbs torn smock back now lie straw afflicted may get money day red bullock may paid may never weep trifle ah woe betide shall make sorrow inserted merely give occasion show aucassin good heart paying twenty man red bullock perhaps reason certainly idea making lover misery seem comparison trifling nevertheless things literature striking meeting wood daintily nurtured boy weeping girl loves almost childish love fancy ragged tattered hideous serf whose aspect bel aucassin stops awe terror attitude grand unfortunate creature neither begs threatens scarcely complains merely tells sordid misfortune calm resignation used everyday miseries roused indignation sight tears youth shedding feel dreadful solemnity man words reproach thrown serf accustomed misfortunes lean ox blows delicate thing weeping lady love lady fancy occasion delicate fantastic mediæval love poetry fanciful wistful stripling king love middle ages keeps high court rides triumphal procession king love laughing fainting turns dapper artificiality woes confronted sordid reality tragic impersonation dumb miseries lives loves crushed defiled unnoticed peasantry days yes sing provençals minnesingers sicilians sing earthly lady paramour heaven hideous peasant whose naked granny starving straw looks dull tearless eyes crying posterity serf cries aucassin woe shall sorrow tears ii meanwhile centuries lie dark ages modern times middle ages inasmuch mean mere chronological period definite social mental condition fortunately exist everywhere existed almost impossible understand ever throughout europe come end favourite proverb catharine siena dead man bury another dead man middle ages tedious dying fifteenth century required shovelled tomb nay rather given final stroke renaissance foolishly call giving quite incorrect notion sudden miraculous birth renaissance limit time revival greek humanities really existed repeatedly suggested wherever mediæval centuries civilization twelfth thirteenth centuries big pressure feudalism monasticism made abortive stillborn low italy close dark ages much borrowed long precocious northern nations especially france provence italy nevertheless enormous advantage fact populations divided victor vanquished old latin institutions town country never replaced except certain northern southern districts feudal arrangements first thing strikes us obscure italian commonwealths early times resuscitated relics roman etruscan towns feeling feudal superiority inferiority lord consequently serf case merely within city walls never sufficiently appreciated difference italian free burghs germany flanders provence citizens depend remotest purely fictitious way kind suzerain moreover country instead belonging feudal nobles belong every day completely burghers peasant serf three things hired labourer possessor property farmer liable taxes paying rent sharing proprietor produce land latter system existing now throughout tuscany peasantry independent class land owned man commonwealths usually shopkeeper manufacturer town divided farms small enough cultivated vines olives corn fruit family peasants helped perhaps paid labourer thriftier less scrupulous peasants good seasons put sufficient profit share produce suffice years addition women might make washing spinning weaving plaiting straw hats accomplishment greatly insisted lorenzo dei medici forth purchase small strip land hence class farmers living another man land sharing produce cultivating paying taxes land belonging tuscan peasants get occasional glimpses mediæval italian novelists set people constant communication town sell corn oil vegetables wine easily getting confused lower class artizans doubtless largely intermarried peasants see tidy kilted tunics leathern gaiters driving bullock carts riding mules red city gates many florentine sienese painting fourteenth fifteenth centuries many respects better small artizans city heaped squalid houses oppressed greater smaller guilds agnolo pandolfini teaching thrift sons alberti charming treatise government family frequently groans insolence astuteness peasantry indeed seems consider impossible cope conclusion greatly astounded bailiffs feudal proprietors two sicilies beyond alps indeed impossible conceive stranger contrast northern peasant starved stunted serf holbein drew driving lean horses across hard furrow compassionate death helping along plough tuscan farmer shown us lorenzo dei medici young fellow minding cows hoeing field goes florence week offers sweetheart presents coral necklaces silk staylaces paint cheeks eyelashes promises please hair frizzled youths renaissance knew frizzled fuzzed barber even dimly hints day may appear silken jerkin tight hose like burgess greater contrast perhaps unless indeed compare sweetheart lorenzo beautiful nenciozza box full jewels sunday garb damask kirtle bodice almost queenly ways towards adorers wretched creature woman mere female animal cowering among starving children mud cottage looking forward dull lethargy morning full outrages castle night night heath lit mysterious flickers horrible joys sacrifice oppressed brings dethroned serf satan short compare peasant woman described lorenzo female serf resuscitated genius michelet nay poignant still mother dance death seated mud flood dismantled hovel stewing something fire twigs stretching vain arms poor tattered tripping step old nurse kindly skeleton leading away cruel world conditions peasantry great italian commonwealths much northern serfs reverse creatures pleasant deal pleasant watch upper classes hand differed quite much upper classes feudal countries remembered men business constantly contact working classes albizis strozzis pandolfinis guinigis tolomeis matter name men built palaces churches outdid magnificence northern princes might moment sent ambassadors florence lucca siena french english kings emperor pope spent large portion days office desk among bales warehouses behind counter shops wore dress habits spoke dialect weavers dyers carriers porters employed whose sons might talent industry amass fortune build palaces go ambassadors kings turn therefore merchant nobles turned country rest relief cares country existed feudal noble north boar stag hunts attraction quiet men business forests stocked wild beasts vineyard cornfield might extended seemed height wastefulness discomfort ugliness pacific businesslike merely transferred country habits thought life arisen city imitation feudal castle turreted moated cut dark irregular rooms yards filled noisy retainers stinking hounds gentle hillside palace rooms spacious lofty sparely windowed coolness summer neat cloistered court centre ventilating whole house affording cool place full scent flowers sound fountains burning afternoons belvedere tower also seek breeze stifling nights stars seem faint heat dim plumy heads cypress poplar motionless misty blue sky front broad terrace whence look towards beloved city vague fog roofs distance side behind elaborate garden walks walled high walls box oak laurel stand statues green niches gardens little channels bring water even droughts myrtles roses stocks clove pinks bend blossoms brilliant pale blue sky oleander pomegranate also aviaries cages full odd harmless creatures ferrets guinea pigs porcupines squirrels monkeys arbours wife daughters may sew make music neat lawns young men may play quoits football swordsticks bucklers sweeping round house gardens terraces undulating expanse field orchard olive bright green spring budding crops russet autumn sere vines burning noon rises incessant sawing noise cicalas ever anon high nasal melancholy chant peasant lying shade barn door fig tree till sun shall sink return labour house town spacious carved chapel painted banqueting hall large enough hold sons children brothers wives grandchildren whole host poor relatives wise father pandolfini teaches employs rather strangers clerks overseers town house pride italian burgess villa farms orchards real joy holiday paradise man read cool house cicala buzz fountain plash round greek latin authors discuss learned men watch games youths children reward years labour intelligence sweeter feel agnolo pandolfini speeches occupations city give buying selling plants grain kine meddling new grafted trees mending spaliers straightening fences going round impatience cockney see flowers opened fruit ripened walk oliveyards among vines pry stable taking handfuls drying grain breaking twigs olives see things long conversations peasants shrewd enough affect earnest attention master pleased vent knowledge agriculture gardening sweet also doubtless younger folk perhaps fonder teaching new lute tunes girls examining cabbages read dante boccaccio frequently cicero sallust though sweet perhaps vague concomitant lazy pleasures listen songs peasantry rising fields lying perhaps back shaded grass watching pigeons whirring belvedere tower vaguely pleasant also doubtless long vaguely two centuries burgesses italy held enthralled courtly poets countries listening reading first provençals sicilians italians like sordello pretending provence sicily even later enduring poets guittones cavalcantis cinos guinicellis nay even dante petrarch lyrics repetition however vivified genius old courtly love artificial spring poetry feudal nations time came provençal sicilian even tuscan poetry neglected revival greek latin letters made impossible rewrite threadbare mediæval prettinesses even write earnest modern tongue stiff thin seemed like grotesque painted saint compared splendidly fleshed antique languages turning twining graceful solemn involutions pyrrhic maidens dance period petrarch politian philologists now proved beyond dispute fashionable chivalric romance poetry provençal sicilian school cast upper classes gradually picked lower especially rural classes vagabond creatures wander house house mending broken pottery collecting rags selling small pedlar wares old clothesmen carried bits tarnished poetic finery people town constantly presence upper classes therefore sooner later aware fashion care long sentimental daintiness mediæval poetry besides satire scurrility inevitable town dogs gutters cats roofs townsfolk soon set buffoonish satirical ideas whatever remained music mediæval poetry already early fifteenth century sonnet become florentine artizans mere scurrilous epigram different country peasant least tuscan peasant eminently idealistic romantic literary tastes may intellectual life required utterances forms consequently accepts poetry ornament something pretty exotic valued proportion prettiness rarity reason whatever may certain nothing artificial please italian peasantry tales kings princesses fairies knights winged horses marvellous jewels forth songs almost without exception love constancy moon stars flowers things degraded familiarity parody town retain country folk vague charm like music automatic independent thorough comprehension belonging sphere marvellous hence repeated repeated almost religious servility may observe listen stories verses told sung even nowadays tuscan country glance splendid collections folklore made last twenty years things must suffer alteration people neither read write expected remember clearly details many cases must vaguest meaning stories split process telling completed bits stories details forgotten replaced happens poetry songs easily get jumbled together meaning partially obliterated restored attempt made bold men adapt seemingly adaptable old song new occasion old love ditty seems fit sing new names circumstances details require arranging purpose hence alterations now however much peasant may enjoy confused splendours court life courtly love best world restore details colouring happen become obliterated chance forget princess first met wizard riding forth jennet falcon glove nothing prevent describing walking meadow charge flock geese similarly happen forget courtly lover compares skin mistress ivory eyes cupid torches quite capable filling gap saying girl white turnip ferret details description metaphors also emotional social parts business peasant brought idea way gain woman affection stick glove helmet perform deeds prowess closely resembling don quixote sierra morena attempts ingratiate offering presents strawberries figs buttons similar desirable things peasant pay attentions married woman merely get noble husbands well bred dream sound horsewhipping perhaps even sharp knife thrust stomach takes good care address love songs marriageable young women way without deliberate attempt originality old courtly poetry becomes removed country thoroughly patched seamed rustic ideas feelings images never ceasing general stuff shape kind professional poets upper classes produce sicilian lyrics collected signor pitre still tuscan poems tigri charming volume therefore curious mixture sentiment dainty imagery artistic arrangements metre diction especially rispetto metrical involution accompanied logical involution refined mediæval sort hopes complaints farmer frame similes descriptions business field vineyard dairy suggest mixture jumble slow process assimilation alteration remembered peasant peasant understand sympathize welded courtly poetry sufficiently refined please people delighted exotic refinement short everything came perfectly simply unconsciously resulted good sooth may considered perfectly substantive independent form art beauties refinements indeed appears might say without much paradox peasant songs poetry minnesingers troubadours become thoroughly enjoyable conventionality feeling imagery corrected freshness straightforwardness nay even grotesqueness rural likings dislikings comparisons dainty beauty mediæval courtly poetry ever really satisfy wishes comparing together tigri collection tuscan folk poetry similar anthology might made german provençal early italian lyrics feel adoption courtly mediæval poetry italian peasantry renaissance compared significantly first seemed adoption fashionable garb country folk peasant pulled courtly lyrism oppressively tight conventional fit starched elaborate rhetorical embroideries turned inside twisted bit bit ripped open seam seam patched repatched stuffs stitches wore whole thing never intended worn poetic apparel stretched freer moral limbs natural folk faded stained weather earth new richer tints lost original fashionable stiffness crudeness colour fit acquired instead know grace unexpectedness picturesqueness ease sceptical courtly derivation italian popular song may besides consulting admirable book compare contents tigri famous canti popolari toscani following scraps sicilian early italian lyrics emperor frederick ii writes rosa di maggio colorita fresca occhi hai fini non rifini di gioie dare lo tuo parlare la gente innamora castella ed altura jacopo pugliesi says lady chiarita viso più che argento donami allegrezze ben eo son morto mal colto se non mi dai conforto dell inghilfredi siciliano gesù cristo ideolla paradiso poi la fece angelo incarnando gioia aggio preso di giglio novello vago che sormonta ogni ricchezza sua dottrina affrezza cosi mi coglie olezza come pantera le bestie selvagge jacopo da lentino di virtute tutte altre avanza somigliante stella è di splendore colla sua conta provençal gentille gaia innamoranza più bella è che rosa che fiore cristo le doni vita ed allegranza sì la cresca gran pregio ed onore must finish might much longer collection charming little scrap quite rispetto tone guinicelli vedut la lucente stella diana ch appare anzi che giorno renda albore ch preso forma di figura umana sovr ogni altra mi par che dia splendore viso di neve colorato grana occhi lucenti gai pien non credo che nel mondo sia cristiana si piena di beltate di valore well many year song peasants rise fields oliveyards unnoticed good townsfolk taking holiday tuscan villa day somewhere third quarter fifteenth century chant rispetto telling perhaps singer sweetheart beautiful star diana beautiful baby pope christened hands quavering nasal cadence stornello saying palm last waken attention lettered man man curious somewhat misshapen body mind features ugliness yet moody mystical earthiness man essentially senses yet imperfect without taste smell marvellously supple intellect weak coarse idealistic feebly slave times boldly spontaneously innovating quite unconscious innovation mixed nature rather nature many heterogeneous bits man letters artistic almost point actor natural every style morally connected style man lorenzo di piero dei medici posterity exclusively reserved civic title family similar town despots calling magnificent fashion present give lorenzo leavings admiration weaker less original nay considerably enervate humanistic exquisite politian absurd injustice appears show essence excellence lorenzo nowadays perceived renaissance produced several versatile charming poets midst classic imitation two certainly boiardo real freshness raciness new element renaissance element neither imitation antiquity revival mediæval original vital fruitful short modern lorenzo versatile example new renaissance modern merely quality round first place completely man impressions man uttering wonderful things elaborating exquisite ones artistically embodying marvellous versatility whatever strikes fancy feeling fancy feeling new untouched sculptor clay extraordinary temper art art sake rather effect effect form sake possible day man equally without strong passions without strong convictions naturally attracted opposed academic virgilian horatian petrarchesque æstheticism contemporaries essentially realist effects produces beauty charm beastliness work corresponds beauty charm beastliness reality things lorenzo writes moment carnival songs ribald dirtiness next hymns full holy solemnity think merely versatile artist takes pleasure trying whether face may painted grinning drunkenness elongated whitened ascetic gentleness instead seeking like contemporaries greek roman mediæval turns preferred trying various tricks thought feeling remarked among unlettered townsfolk realism naturally drew towards classes realism deal real affected deliberately attempted hence wonderful little poems carnival songs spinners shoemakers give us completely gracefully whole appearance work manner gesture people give us ease rapidity perfect scarcely know given almost forget verses song actually see pulling twisting cutting see hear shoemaker hands smoothing leather shoe hand convince customers pliability see smell dear little pale yellow pasties nestling neat white baskets stood watched dough kneaded chopped floured iron plates heated oven soft paste twisted bent nay feel almost eaten excellent things seem big mouthfuls squeezed crunched go like nothing hence mean love watching effects reproducing originated also masterpiece lorenzo dei medici nencia da barberino poem fifty octaves result tuscan peasant songs told curious courtly descent last struck fancy real poet lorenzo masterpiece necessarily must highest degree modern performance modern picture bastien lepage opera founded local music bizet manner means pastoral piece conventional poetic decoration just little realistic detail mere conventional realistic dominating according pastoral theocritus pastoral quinault metastasio reverse attempt obtain large complete detailed balanced impression cunning arrangement number small effects artist watched reality making kind little idyl something half narrative half drama distinct figures accessories background whole lot little fragments imitated peasant poetry set thin delicate rims imitation longer peasant songs peasant thoughts speech perfect piece impressionist art marred rare places attempt inevitable days force drawing colour caricature construction appears nowhere reality masterpiece without knowing shown actors background ups downs temper variation seasons shown heroine medium praises complaints narratives past imaginings future hero whose incoherent rhapsodizing constitutes whole poem valléra young farmer nencia daughter peasant folk castellated village barberino mugello madly love shy appearance awkward feel convinced speeches praise nenciozza blame indifference highly poetic flights practical adjurations see advantages good match young woman hears none valléra talking rather rehearsing things squeeze presence long poetic prosaic practical imaginative italian peasant lad sweetheart ideal thing beauty goddess whose shrine songs must sung wreaths twined substantial lass indifferent sixpenny presents conceive ultimately becoming sharer cottage cooker soup mender linen mother brats dream image effaced image thought expelled unfinished another like fairy morgana fairy kept much chivalry enchanted island like evening star cottage slowly pierces soft blue sky white brilliancy purer water well sweeter malmsey wine whiter miller flour heart hard pebble loves driving distraction whole lot youths dangle behind captives eyes also excellent housewife stand amount hard field labour makes lots money weaving beautiful woollen stuff see going church morning little pearl bodice damask petticoat bright colour kneels carefully may seen smart dances born dancer bouncing like little goat twirling finished makes curtsey citizen wife florence curtsey april first fell love picking salad garden begged little sent business las alas ever since peace gone sleep think follow become quite field work yet hears people around laughing saying course valléra get pay heed finer look pope whiter whitest wood core delectable young figs earwigs beautiful turnip flower sweeter honey love moth love lamp loves see perishing cut two without much pain just let see carries heart cut heart touched slender hand cry nencia nencia bella despised excellent labourer learned buying selling pigs play bagpipe beautifully rich willing go expense please nay even pay barber double hair may nice fuzzy crimping irons get tight hose silk jerkin good florentine burgess listen rather listens laughs yes sits bed night laughs death mere thought gets knows fellow keep sneaking valléra catch near cottage wo give taste long new knife nay rip throw bowels like pig dry roof sorry perhaps bores god bless nencia better go look sheep poetry renaissance peasant poem made reality songs valléra sang fields nencia must seek volume tigri rispetti stornelli rispetti stornelli four centuries ago much beautiful poetic lorenzo work lorenzo given us merely peasant given us peasant thoughts actions hopes fears given us peasant house fields sweetheart exist even now lorenzo gone greater paladins ladies boiardo ariosto followed saints virgins dante limbo fair unrealities greek roman heroes hundred years ago knights covenanters forty years since joined valléra exists still still flesh exists nenciozza everything changes except country peasant long farms southern tuscany double row blackened balcony tapestried heavy ingots indian corn spread among olives hillside twists rough bullock road protected vine trellis little farms queer double roofs pull face house blows hard pigeon towers show day must fortified florence farms pass every day sere trees round rough gardens bright dahlias chrysanthemums draggled autumn rains doubt still nencias magnificent creatures fit models amazons just trifle matronly real amazonian limbs firm delicate red purple striped print frocks creatures heads set necks like towers columns necks firm broad chest branches tree trunk great penthouses reddish yellow lustreless black crimped hair forehead forehead like cheeks furrowed good deal perhaps dainty people might say faded wrinkled work burning sun wind women see shovelling bread heated ovens plashing winter bare arms streams digging turnip field drizzle sunday standing listless door surrounded rolling squalling brats slowly look show us monumental faces strange smile light bright eyes white teeth smile us sophisticated townspeople puzzling certain sudden looks comely animal yet makes us understand instinctively us nencia husband yonder though now swears wife perhaps occasionally beats nevertheless day dreamed argued raged sung just like lorenzo valléra nencia da barberino certainly lorenzo dei medici masterpiece completely satisfactorily worked yet may strain possibilities point supposing however moment suppose nencia kind fluke accident beautiful seemingly appreciative poem resulted author mediæval realist superior villon sort intended piece utter grotesqueness important nencia lorenzo left behind another poem greatly inferior completeness settles beyond power doubt renaissance merely longer mediæval intensely modern poem ambra simply allegorical narrative inundation river ombrone portion called ambra great medicean villa poggio caiano lorenzo object evidently write poem kind common day common almost bearded crown reeds urn general dampness uproariousness temper quite correct nymph pursues prays virgin huntress save love just nick time metamorphosed mossy stone dimly showing former woman shape style thing charming graceful insipid every remember dozen instances immediately brings mind vision gardens among clipped ilexes cypress trunks great lumbering nymphs splash petrified covered melancholy ooze yellow lichen among stagnant grotto waters respects therefore ambra somewhat artificial early renaissance politian pontano warrant also several bits half graceful half awkward pedantic constrained childish delightful like rivers telling anecdotes ways customs respective countries especially charming dance zephyr flowers lawns cyprus must immediately suggest pictures piero di cosimo botticelli far therefore plenty enjoy nothing astonish ambra magnificent lorenzo extraordinary whim beginning allegory description stanzas long season floods description full infinitely delicate minute detail plants kept foliage others bare prickly juniper myrtle bay flocks cranes printing sky queer shapes fish ice eagle circling slowly round ponds little things affect us mixed manner stiff classic allusions much carefully painted daisies clover among embossed gilded unrealities certain old pictures rather finikin details lorenzo passes however details good deal details things little noticed almost recently varying effect olives hillside grey green mass silver ripple according wind stirs golden appearance serene summer air forth details longer short essentially however minute effects suddenly leaving things behind rushes midst real picture picture might call almost impressionistic growth rivers floods floods grand sight sight grand performance drama sometimes god knows tragedy last night warm hazy sky whose clouds big moon crept mountain stream vaguely visible dark riband wide shingly bed moon hidden narrow shallow broken stream sheets brilliant metallic sheen showers sparkling facets moon mere drowsy murmur mixing creaking rustling dry reeds warm wet wind evening look window next morning tremendous rushing mass waters thick turbid reddish ominous lustre coppery surface reflects moist blue sky now fills whole bed shaking short fringe foam tossing spray swirls round still projecting stone angrily tugging reeds alders flop draggled green surface eddying faster faster encircling higher rock sandbank covering last foaming red mass meanwhile sky covered vaporous grey clouds enshroud hills clear runnels dash green banks spirt walls break way across roads little mountain torrents dry summer descend raging rivers red hill soil every gust warm wind river rises higher rushes along tremendously impetuous plain eats angrily soft banks breaks muddy waters fringed surface sort ominous grime broken wood earth higher higher pierheads bridges shaking split masonry crowds men women look staring rising water planks tables beams cottage thatches nay whole trees hurls bridge piers perhaps terrible soft balmy persisting comes suddenly catastrophe embankment shaken resistless current cracks fissures gives way river rushes city already rushed fields spread constantly rising melancholy livid pools throughout streets squares lorenzo saw wonderful say soiled seething river torn crumbling banks dreadfulness things saw beauty grandeur saw merely struggle waters land heartless man laid hand even money orphan girls order keep splendour house bank saw misfortunes peasantry mill cottage riverside invaded flood doors burst open tremendous rushing stream stables garners filled thick oozy waters poor creatures yesterday prosperous clinging roof watching sheep cows hay straw flour hemp bleached summer linen spun woven long winter furniture chattels labour hope whirled along foaming river versatile lorenzo dei medici flippant egotistic artist despot last broken long spell middle ages renaissance sung longer knights spring peasants autumn immoral humanistic time immoral humanistic man length heart simpler ruder less favoured classes mankind eye bolder grander solemn sights nature modern times begun modern sympathies modern art full swing symmetria prisca mirator veterum discipulusque memor defuit mini symmetria prisca peregi quod potui veniam da mihi posteritas da vinci epitaph platino holy enclosure received precious shiploads earth calvary pisans thirteenth century carried fragments ancient sculpture brought rome greece gothic cloister enclosing green sward dark cypresses graveyard pisa art middle ages came first time face face art antiquity among pagan sarcophagi turned christian tombs heraldic devices chiselled arabesques vizored helmets surmounting garlands great unsigned artist fourteenth century orcagna florence lorenzetti siena painted typical masterpiece mediæval art great fresco triumph death wonderful realization character situation painted prosperous world dapper youths damsels seated dogs falcons beneath orchard trees amusing decameronian tales sound lute psaltery unconscious colossal scythe wielded gigantic dishevelled death second descend mow ground crowd beggars ragged maimed paralyzed leprous grovelling withered limbs see implore death cry stretching forth arms stumps crutches three kings long embroidered robes shovel caps lewis emperor uguccione pisa castruccio lucca retinue ladies squires hounds hawks riding quietly wood suddenly horses stop draw back emperor bay stretches long neck sniffing air kings strain forward see holding nose stench death meets three open coffins lie three loathsome stages corruption blue bloated putrescence fleshless decay three crowned corpses triumph death grim horrible jest middle ages equality decay kings emperors ladies knights beggars cripples come stinking corpses death lord just lasting sovereign reigns impartially opposite along sides painted cloister amazons wrestling youths stone sarcophagi chariots dashing forward tritons splashing marble waves bacchantæ striking timbrels dance satyrs birds pecking grapes goats nibbling vines life strong splendid marble eternity mutilated venus smiles towards broken hermes stalwart hercules resting club looks quietly smile beneath beard gods murmur stand cloister filled earth calvary hundreds men lie rotting beneath cypresses death triumph ever day come seen opposite two arts art born antiquity art born middle ages whether meeting friendly hostile merely indifferent question constant dispute mediæval art appeared led magician virgil mysteries nature christian beatrice alone guide kingdom heaven others seen mediæval art like strong chaste sir guyon turning away resolutely treacherous sorceress antiquity pursuing solitarily road true good antique impure goddess venus seducing corrupting christian artist antique others glorious helen unattainable perfection ever pursued mediæval craftsman seized phantom magician witch voluptuous destroying venus cold ungrasped helen antique art born middle ages developed renaissance relation tuition cool abstract fruitful love deluding damning example art came maturity late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries generated early mediæval revival seeds may indeed come antiquity remained nearly thousand years hidden withered rotting remains former vegetation till vegetation completely decomposed become part soil till putrefaction turned germination artistic organism timidly reappeared new developed new civilization surrounded manufacture commerce reappeared artizans merchants formed communities communities grew towns towns cities city arose cathedral lombard byzantine mouldings traceries cathedral gave birth mosaics gave birth painting every forward movement civilization unfolded new form detail art mediæval civilization reaching moment consolidation cathedrals lucca pisa stood completed niccolò giovanni pisano sculptured pulpits sepulchres painting hands cimabue duccio giotto guido da siena freed tradition mosaicists sculpture freed practice stood forth independent organic art painting born new civilization grew vital force thing middle ages original spontaneous contemporaneous mediæval revival resuscitation antiquity proportion new civilization developed old civilization exhumed real latin began studied real italian began written dante petrarca boccaccio founders modern literature exponents literature antiquity strong young present profit experience past literature likewise art purely mediæval sculpture sculpture just detached capitals porches cathedral direct pupil antique three great gothic sculptors niccolò giovanni andrea pisa learn fragments greek roman sculpture model figure redeemer chisel robe virgin spontaneous mediæval sculpture aided antique preceded full appearance mediæval painting study works pisan sculptors cimabue giotto learned depart mummified monstrosities hieratic byzantine roman style giunta berlinghieri sculpture pisans painting school giotto received teachings antiquity sculpture created painting painting now belonged painters hands giotto developed within years art seemed almost mature art dealing victoriously materials triumphantly solving problems executing miracle demanded giottesque art appeared perfect merely limited required required little asked reproduce real represent beautiful asked merely suggest character situation story artistic development nation exact parallel artistic development individual child uses pencil tell story satisfied balls sticks body head legs provided friends associate ideas minds youth sets copy sees reproduce forms effects without aim beyond mere pleasure copying mature artist strives obtain forms effects approves seeks beauty life italian painting generation men flourished beginning sixteenth century mature artists men fifteenth century inexperienced youths giottesques children children titanic children nevertheless like children learning perhaps years youth man learn lifetime like child giottesque painter wished show situation express story purpose absolute realization objects unnecessary giottesque art incorrect art generalized art art mere outline giottesques draw great accuracy hand form fingers bend limb give perfection whole gesture movement produce correct spirited outline within correct outline marked dark paint vague uniform mass pale colour body hand missing remains ghost visible indeed unsubstantial without weight warmth eluding grasp difference spectre hand giottesques sinewy muscular hand shake crush masaccio signorelli soft hand throbbing pulse warm pressure perugino bellini difference typical difference art fourteenth century art fifteenth century first suggests second realizes gives impalpable outlines gives tangible bodies giottesque cares figure inasmuch displays action reduces semblance phantom mere exponent idea man renaissance cares figure inasmuch living organism gives substance weight makes stand animate reality thence despite early triumphs giottesque style inherent nature forbade progress reached limits followers giotto look almost predecessors simple reason unable advance forced retrograde limited amount artistic realization required present mind spectator situation allegory obtained giotto bequeathed followers finding sufficient purposes incentive acquisition love form reality sake worked master materials composing recomposing adding nothing giotto observed nature passionate interest although representation means end means required mastered became sort secondary aim followers giotto merely utilized observations nature gradually conventionalized debased observations giotto forms wilfully incomplete aim mere suggestion conventional diagrams symbols thence giotto seems nearer renaissance latest followers excepting even orcagna painting made prodigious strides giunta cimabue cimabue giotto got enclosed within vicious circle moved nearly century neither backwards forwards painters satisfied suggestion long satisfied progress possible giottesque treadmill painting released intervention another art painters hopelessly mediocre art snatched sculptors orcagna perhaps giottesque gave painting onward push modelled cast bronze gates florence baptistery generation artists arose beginning fifteenth century opened period renaissance sculptors pupils sculptors see vigorous lovers nature heroic searchers truth suddenly pushing aside decrepit giottesque ask astonishment whence arisen artists effete art begotten generation giants whence come certainly studios giottesques issue workshops goldsmith worker bronze sculptor vasari preserved tradition masolino paolo uccello apprentices ghiberti remarked greatest contemporary masaccio trod steps brunelleschi donatello pollaiolo verrocchio know equally excellent painters workers bronze sculpture naturalistic constantly influence antique second time laboured painting subordinate art without much vitality without deep roots civilization sculpture destined remain unsuccessful pupil antique unsuccessful rival painting sculpture mission prepare road painting prepare painting antique influence noblest work ghiberti donatello masaccio lasting glory pisani giotto masaccio began study nature sake desire reproducing external objects without regard significance symbols parts story passionate wish arrive absolute realization merely suggestive outline art giottesques come end suggestion became matter indifference realization became paramount interest story forgotten telling religious thought lost search artistic form giottesques used debased conventionalism represent action wonderful narrative logical power artists early renaissance became unskilful narrators foolish allegorists almost proportion became skilful draughtsmen colourists saints become masaccio merely many lay figures cast drapery fra filippo madonna mere peasant model filippino lippi ghirlandajo miracle meant merely opportunity congregating number admirable portrait figures dress day baptism verrocchio significance study muscular legs arms sacrifice noah importance uccello save grand opportunity foreshortenings hands giottesques interested subject indifferent representation painting remained stationary eighty years eighty years develope hands men fifteenth century indifferent subject passionately interested representation unity appearance comparative perfection art disappeared limits within giottesques satisfied move instead intelligible solemn conventionalism giottesques see disorder ideas abortive attempts confusion reminds us enigmatic sheets leonardo michael angelo scrawled ideas drawings within drawings plans buildings scratched madonna heads single flowers upside next flayed arms calculations monsters sonnets chaos thoughts shapes plan artist inextricably lost mean everything nothing whose unintelligible network lines curves issued masterpieces foolish philosophical exchange intelligible hopelessly finished finite illustration bible book travels anatomy perspective colour drapery effects light water shadow forms trees flowers converging lines architecture absorbed distracted attention artists early renaissance studied copied calculated another thought began haunt another eager desire began pursue side nature manifold baffling bewildering rose another divinity another sphinx mysterious simplicity serenity antique exhumation antique seen contemporaneous birth painting nay study remains antique sculpture contributing form niccolò pisano indirectly helped form giotto painter triumph death inserted terrible fresco genii upholding scroll copied without alteration coarse roman sarcophagus may sustained usual manibus part sculptors painters constant study antique giottesque period study limited technicalities way affected conception art mediæval artists surrounded physical deformities seeing sanctity sickness dirt little accustomed observe human figure incapable men artists entering spirit antique art perceive superior beauty antique recognize superior science superior handicraft alone studied obtain giovanni pisano sculpturing unfleshed caried carcases devils leer writhe crunch tear outside orvieto cathedral giottesques painting terrible green macerated christs hanging livid broken cross abound tuscany umbria artists produced loathsome lugubrious works indubitably students antique learned love beautiful form noble drapery merely general shape limbs general fall garments anatomical science technical processes antiquity used produce intensely intensely mediæval works matters stood time giotto followers studied arrangement probably consulted antique little consulted nature contemporary sculptors brought constitution art close contact nature antique studied determination handed results labours painters fifteenth century two great factors art renaissance study nature study antique understand slowly imperfectly counteracting effect study nature now scaring away antique influence study antique now distorting imitation nature rival forces confusing artist marring work receive due corrected combined producing marriage living reality dead immortal beauty great art michael angelo raphael titian double like origin antique modern real ideal study antique placed opposite study nature comprehension works antiquity momentary antagonist comprehension works nature may seem strange consider antique art due perfect comprehension nature contradiction easily explained study nature carried renaissance comprised study effects remained unnoticed antiquity study statue colourless without light shade perspective hampered hampered study colour light shade perspective generation painters seek learn nature influence civilization renaissance civilization directly issued middle ages entirely variance influence antique civilization medium ancient art middle ages antiquity christianity paganism even opposed statue easel picture fresco first hostility painting sculpture modern ancient art antique art first place purely linear art colourless tintless without light shade next essentially art isolated figure without background grouping perspective linear art directly affect branch painting linear art isolated figure ever contradicted constantly developing arts perspective landscape antique never directly influenced venetians reasons geography culture fact venetian painting founded earliest times system colour affected antique sculpture based system modelled colourless form men saw form medium colour learn much purely linear form hence even certain amount antique imitation passed venetian painting medium mantegna venetian painters display comparatively little antique influence bellini carpaccio cima early masters features forms dress mainly modern venetian giorgione titian even eclectic tintoret interested bright lights steel breastplate shape limb preferred hearts shot brocade sixteenth century finest drapery ever modelled ancient antique influence naturally strongest among tuscan schools tuscan schools essentially schools drawing draughtsman recognized antique sculpture highest perfection linear form domain yet antique appealed linear schools even strongly influence purely linear part strong drawings weak paintings long artists pencil pen reproduce much linear perfection antique speak alone soon brought colour perspective scenery linear perfection lost attempts something new antique put flight modern botticelli crayon study venus almost antique tempera picture venus pale blue scaly sea laurel grove garments wisps tawny hair comparatively mediæval pinturicchio sketch pans satyrs contrasts strangely frescoes library siena mantegna supernaturally antique engravings becomes comparatively trivial modern might draw antique calculate proportions artists renaissance found baffled soon attempted apply result linear studies coloured pictures soon tried make antique unite modern two elements sure succumb botticelli draughtsman student though modern mediæval part art arisen middle ages invariably upper hand venus despite forms studied antique gesture imitated earlier discovered copy medicean venus prudery madonna abbess shivers physically morally unaccustomed nakedness goddess spring comes skipping beneath laurel copse well prepare mantle pallid tempera colour dismal background rippled sea mediæval venus indecent prudish pleasing sight allegory spring academy florence antique goddesses nymphs whose clinging garments gentle sandro botticelli assuredly studied old statue agrippina faustina strange livid tints beneath draperies eccentric gestures nymphs green ghostlike light illumines garden venus goddesses nymphs immortal women ancients conceived rather fantastic fairies nixen titanias undines incorporeal daughters dew gossamer mist sandro botticelli teachings statue forgotten distorted artist takes palette brushes greater contemporary andrea mantegna antique chills arrests vitality modern mantegna pupil ancient marbles squarcione workshop even pupil donatello studies paintings nature sculpture figures seen strange projection foreshortening like figures high relief seen despite mastery perspective seem hewn background despite rich colours displays veronese look like painted marbles hard clots stonelike hair beard vacant glance wonderful draperies clinging weighty like wet draperies ancient sculpture beautiful petrifactions vivified statues mantegna masterpiece sepia judith florence like exquisite pathetically lovely eurydice stepped unconscious lifeless praxitelian stranger works even judith strange statuesque fancies like fight marine monsters bacchanal among mantegna engravings group three wondrous creatures men fish gods grand even fantastic leonardo battle standard triton sturdy muscular beard hair wheels round finned horse preparing strike adversary bunch fish brandishes rushing careering osseous strange lank sinewy fury stretching every tendon feet striking flanks steed sharp head turned fiercely clenched teeth opponent stretching forth truncheon ready run enemy ship runs another young triton clotted hair heavy eyes seems ready sink wounded rippling wavelets massive head marble agony dying alexander enigmatic figures grand grotesque lean haggard vehement yet midst violence monstrosity unaccountably antique print called bacchanal background half dozen male figures stand separate naked leaning tub satyr growing wondrously half man half plant emptying cup heavy silenus prone ground faun seated vat supporting arms beautiful sinking youth another youth grand muscular grave statue stands side really bacchanal yes paunchy silenus fauns vat yet bacchanal compare rubens orgies overgrown rubicund men women fauns tumble tumultuous riotous intoxication bacchanal drinking magnificent brutes wine firing blood weighing heads different bacchanal mantegna heavy silenus supine like mass marble fauns shy mute youths grave sombre wine cups lees vat life magnificent colossal forms blood grandly bent lips light eyes drowsiness intoxication weighing youth sustained faun grapejuice gives strange vague glance drunk mortal drink grapes grown persephone garden vat contains fruits ripened beneath sun strange mute solemn revellers drunk lethe growing cold cold death marble ghosts dead ones antiquity revisiting artist renaissance paints thinking painting life paints reality death anomaly unsatisfactory character works botticelli mantegna mainly technical antique frustrated botticelli much christian mediæval modern mode feeling new methods aims new art disconcert methods aims old art arrests mantegna development painter spirit paganism deadening spirit christianity laws sculpture hampering painting technical contest two arts yet fully developed yet fully understood nothing compared contest two civilizations antique modern habits tendencies contemporaries artists renaissance artists habits tendencies antique artists contemporaries apt think renaissance period closely resembling antiquity misled inevitable similarity southern democratic countries whatever age misled still less pardonably ciceronian pedantries obscenities humanists arabesques capitals learned architects mere archaeological finery borrowed civilization entirely unlike ancient greece renaissance let us remember merely flowering time great mediæval movement germinated early twelfth century merely advanced stage civilization produced dante giotto civilization destined produce luther rabelais fifteenth century merely continuation fourteenth century fourteenth thirteenth growth improvement development modern diminishing mediæval elements despite growth changes due growth renaissance part parcel middle ages life thought aspirations habits mediæval opposed life physical training materialistic religion antiquity surroundings masaccio signorelli nay even raphael different phidias praxiteles let us think daily hourly impressions given renaissance artists large towns thousands human beings crowded together narrow gloomy streets strip blue visible projecting roofs cities incessant commercial activity relief save festivals churches brawls taverns carnival buffooneries men women pale meagre want air light movement undeveloped untrained bodies warped constant work loom desk best lumpish freedom soldier vulgar nimbleness prentice men women dressed dress middle ages gorgeous perhaps colour heavy miserable grotesque nay sometimes ludicrous form citizens lumpish robes caps ladies stiff foldless brocade hoops stomachers artizans striped hose padded jerkin soldiers lumbering leather shapeless shell iron bulging angular body buried successfully robes magistrates see men women renaissance works painters heavy ghirlandajo vulgarly jaunty filippino preposterously starched prim mantegna ludicrously undignified signorelli mediæval stiffness awkwardness absurdity reach acme perhaps little boys companions medici children introduced benozzo gozzoli building babel prosperous townsfolk among renaissance artist glad seek models besides lamentable sights mediæval beyond words every street corner dwarfs cripples maimed diseased beggars degrees loathsomeness lepers epileptics infinite numbers monks brown grey black frocks pointed hoods shaven crown cropped beard emaciated penance bloated gluttony painter sees daily hourly standard humanity finds way every picture living opposite arises dead let us turn aside crowd mediæval city look workmen just laid bare merchant just brought rome greece look corroded oxides battered stained earth group even whole statue neither head arms remaining mere broken fragment antique sculpture naked body fold two drapery phidias praxiteles may even greek may cheap copy made garden bath days hadrian artist fifteenth century revelation whole world world scarcely realize let us look reflect even may feel must felt man renaissance presence mutilated stained battered torso sees broken stump grandeur outline magnificence osseous structure breadth muscle sinew smooth firm covering flesh vainly seek living models sees delicate infinite variety indentures projections creases following bend every limb sees surface still exists intact elasticity skin buoyancy hidden life colours palette unable imitate piece drapery negligently gathered hips rolled arm sees magnificent alternation large folds small plaits straight lines broken lines curves sees sees broken torso merely world revelation world revelation antique civilization palaestra stadium sanctification body apotheosis man religion life nature joy revealed man middle ages hitherto seen untrained diseased despised body deformed piece baseness priests tell belongs worms satan taught monk living solitude celibacy filthy sick worn fastings bleeding flagellation nearest approach divinity seen divinity pale emaciated joyless hanging bleeding cross ever reminded kingdom godhead world passes mind artist surprise dawning doubts sickening fears longings remorse fruit sight antiquity yield resist forget saints christ give satan antiquity man boldly answered yes mantegna abjured faith abjured middle ages abjured belonged time cast away living art became lover worshipper shadows man turned completely aside antique demon man saint fra angelico da fiesole antique fra angelico rejected artistic influences aims time time giotto orcagna masaccio uccello pollaiolo donatello mild meek angelic monk dreaded life days dreaded leave cloister sunshine tempered noise reduced mere faint hum tidy prim dreaded soil rumple spotless white robe shining black cowl spiritual sybarite shrinking sight crowd seething streets shrinking idea stripping rags beggar order see tanned gnarled limbs shuddering thought seeking muscles dead body fearful every whiff life might mingle incense atmosphere chapel every cry human passion might break sweetness chants renaissance exist lived world diaphanous form colour character unsubstantial unruffled dreaming feebly sweetly madonnas limbs beneath robes saints beard placid vacant gaze seated masses holy purity inanity divine dolls pallid flaxen locks floating heaven earth playing lute viol psaltery raised faint visions angels blessed moving noiseless feelingless meaningless across flowerets paradise assemblies saints seated arrayed pure pink blue lilac atmosphere liquid gold glory fra angelico worked content dearly purchased science masters placid beatic effeminate æsthetical paradise paradise sloth sweetness paradise weak souls weak hearts weak eyes patiently repeating fleshless angels boneless saints bloodless virgins happy smoothing unmixed unshaded tints sky earth dresses laying gold fretted skies iridescent wings embroidering robes instruments music halos flowers threads gold sweet simple artist saint reducing art something akin delicate pearl silk embroidery pious nuns exquisite sweetmeat cookery pious monks something delicately gorgeous deliciously insipid human wear human food renaissance exist either study existing reality study antique beauty mantegna learned archæological pagan renounces times faith angelico monk saint shuts bolts monastery doors sprinkles holy water face antique two extremes exceptions innumerable artists renaissance remained hesitation tried court antique modern unite pagan christian like ghirlandajo cold indifference mere artistic science encrusting marble bacchanals walls virgin paternal house bringing together unthinkingly women carrying baskets noble strozzi ruccellai ladies gloved hands folded gold brocaded skirts others cheerful childlike pleasure antique modern like benozzo crowding together youths nymphs treading grapes scaling trellise florentine magnificos plaited skirts starched collars among pines porticos sprawling children barking dogs peacocks sunning partridges picking grain pisan frescoes yet others using antique mere pageant shows allegorical mummeries destined amuse duke ferrara marquis mantua together hurdle races jews hags riderless donkeys little little antique amalgamates modern art born middle ages absorbs art born paganism slowly fantastic ludicrous results first anatomical sculptor pollaiolo gives scenes naked roman martyrdoms sebastian pious perugino pious least brush dresses sleek hectic beardless archangels roman warriors makes stand straddling beatically thin little dapper legs wistfully gazing beneath wondrously ornamented helmets walls cambio perugia masquerades meditative fathers church socrates haggard anchorites numa pompilius ludicrous attires scantiest clinging antique drapery mild pensive madonnas daintily pointed toes places throne bashfully allegorical chariots venus diana long period amalgamation small results throughout long early renaissance mantegna piero della francesca melozzo ghirlandajo filippino botticelli verrocchio none shown us perfect fusion two elements whose union give us michael angelo raphael great perfect artists early sixteenth century two elements ever hostile modern vulgarizes antique antique paralyzes modern meanwhile fifteenth century century study conflict confusion rapidly drawing close eight ten years gone new century find antique still dead modern still mediæval antique modern met first time irreconcilable enemies cloisters pisa modern triumphed great mediæval fresco triumph death strange coincidence sublime jest accident antique modern destined meet time indissolubly united painting representing resurrection yes signorelli fresco orvieto cathedral indeed resurrection resurrection human beauty long middle ages artist seem dimly conscious great allegory painting strewn skulls skeletons stand leering remembrance ghastly past token former death magnificent youths breaking crust earth emerging taking shape flesh arising strong proud ready go forth bidding titanic angels announce high trumpet blast waving banners death world come end humanity arisen youth beauty antiquity ii signorelli frescoes orvieto latest works fifteenth century latest works old man nurtured traditions benozzo gozzoli piero della francesca mark beginning maturity perfection italian art michael angelo learns taught even master ghirlandajo grand cold realist learns learned orvieto teaches doubled force rome ceiling sixtine chapel superb heroic nudities majestic draperies reappearance modern art painting spirit hand phidias give new impulse hasten perfection doors chapel length opened raphael forgets perugino fra bartolomeo forgets botticelli sodoma forgets leonardo narrower hesitating styles fifteenth century abandoned great example disseminated throughout italy even tumult angels glory lombard correggio paint parma daringly simple bacchus ariadne tintoret decorate ducal palace fifty years later great bold spirit antiquity marks culmination renaissance art seems due impulse michael angelo example signorelli celestial horseman bounding avenging angels raphael heliodorus sebastian sodoma exquisite limbs head rich locks delicate brown umbrian sunset madonna andrea del sarto seated head drapery niobe sack flour annunziata cloister voluptuous goddess purple mantle half concealing body golden white leans sculptured fountain titian sacred profane love greenish blue sky hazy light evening behind extreme examples extreme schools lombardy venetia intense examples remotest schools tuscany umbria throughout art early sixteenth century thirty years years perfection see less marked always distinct union living art born middle ages dead art left antiquity union producing life perfection producing great art renaissance much clear easy definition neither clearly understood easily defined nature union manner antique modern amalgamate easy speak vague union spirit antique idea permeated modern explains little art metaphysical figment phases revolutions concrete speak physically explicable definable union antique modern meant simply absorption art renaissance elements civilization necessary perfection existing medieval civilization fifteenth century elements civilization gave civilization fifteenth century give colour perspective grouping landscape never afforded nude drapery gesture naked human body greeks trained studied idolized exist fifteenth century stead undressed body untrained pinched distorted garments just cast cramped bent sedentary occupations livid middle ages scarred whipmarks asceticism stripped body unseen unfit seen unaccustomed air eyes others shivered cowered cold shame giottesques ignored existence conceiving humanity bodiless creature face hands express emotion just enough malformed legs feet either standing moving beneath garments nothing realists fifteenth century tore clothes drew ugly thing beneath bought corpses stole gallows order see bone fitted bone muscle stretched muscle learned perfection anatomy human frame learn beauty became even reconciled ugliness accustomed see minds full antique examples verrocchio donatello pollaiolo ghirlandajo greatest anatomists fifteenth century imitated coarse living models imagined imitating antique marbles much nude drapery ancients understood delicate plaits greek chiton tunic grand folds roman toga fifteenth century show knew stiff scanty raiment active classes shapeless masses lined cloth merchants magistrates prudish ostentatious starched dress women coarse lumpish garb monks artist fifteenth century knew drapery exotic exotic whose representation habit seeing mediæval costume ever interfering stripped unseemly indecent body places stiffness artificiality drapery never seen living creature result awkwardness rigidity attitude gesture expect stripped artificially draped model none model scarce knows stand unaccustomed condition body artist must seek attitude gesture among townsfolk among find trivial awkward often vulgar movement never taught stand move grace dignity artist must study attitude gesture ground ghirlandajo found jauntily strutting idlers verrocchio brutally staggering constrained attitudinizing byzantine giottesque tradition imitation movements clodhoppers ragamuffins realist fifteenth century wander hopelessly antique genius science avail position christ baptism paintings verrocchio ghirlandajo mean servile movements signorelli lunettes inconceivable mixture brutish melodramatic comic magnificently drawn youth door prison filippino liberation peter gradually going sleep collapsing fashion truly ignoble applies sculptured figures figures standing isolated like statues greek ventured swaggering position legs apart elbows donatello george perugino michael young athenian assumed attitude verrocchio david tripping legs hand clapped hip sent sit corner saucy little ragamuffin coarse nude stiff drapery vulgar attitude fifteenth century offer artists antiquity offer different things naked body developed artistic training drapery natural refined attitude gesture regulated education careful artistic things antiquity give artists renaissance copy antique statues living naked men women corrected faults living models example statues copy antique stone draperies coloured pictures arranged robes models antique folds well memory give gestures statues living figures made living figures move accordance principles harmony found exemplified statues imitate antique studied obtained fragments antique sculpture glimpse life antiquity glimpse served correct vulgarism distortion mediæval life fifteenth century perfection italian painting union antique modern consummated perhaps difficult disentangle really antique modern earlier times two elements still separate see opposite compare works greatest artists wherever paintings early renaissance realism marked costume times ugliness form vulgarity movement idealism marked imitation antique nude drapery beauty dignity need compare filippino scene proconsul raising king son brancacci chapel grand attitude draperies ghirlandajo zachariah vulgar dress movements florentine citizens surrounding benozzo gozzoli noble naked figure noah ungainly hideously dressed figure cosimo de medici mantegna exquisite judith preposterous marquis mantua short purely realistic purely idealistic painting fifteenth century may give last instance signorelli orvieto frescoes figure young man aquiline features long crisp hair strongly developed throat reappears unmistakably compositions twice thrice various positions naked figure magnificent attitudes splendid head superb whether slowly painfully emerging earth staggered gasping newly infused life sinking oppressed ground broken crushed sound trumpet judgment whether moving forward ineffable longing towards angel award crown blessed positions heroically beautiful meet unmistakable different realistic group long lank youth body bounding forward grotesque strides uncouth heap dead bodies ungainly masses soles nostrils uppermost lying confusion youth something harlequin jumps ridiculous thin legs preposterous round body evidently model naked resurrection paradise handsome boy fifteenth century gave signorelli opposite living youth fifteenth century idealized study ancient sculpture just may scene street massacre signorelli might witnessed cortona perugia agonies hell grouped superb agonies taught antique just two archangels hell armour baglioni heavy cavalry may represent modern element archangels naked magnificent flying draperies blowing trumpets resurrection may show antique element renaissance art antique influence indeed equally strong throughout italy strongest tuscan school seeking perfection linear form found perfection antique weakest lombard venetian schools sought antique give light shade colour antique efficacious indispensable necessary tuscan strong charcoal pencil leonardo da vinci make imperfect figure beckoning mysteriously gloom fascinating finest drawn florentine madonna surround insignificant childish head wondrous sheen ripple hair aureole poetry also less necessary giorgione titian hide coarse limbs beneath draperies precious ruby transfigure liquid gold palettes peasant woman goddess even lombards even venetians required antique influence perhaps obtained direct like tuscans colourists masters light shade might never understood blank lines faint shadows marble received antique influence strong modified medium passed mantegna relentless antiquity great artist without use venetian padua mantegna influenced bellini giorgione lombard mantua influenced leonardo mantegna influence antique art renaissance without antique speculation vain antique influenced goading ever since earliest times present birth affected giotto niccolò pisano masaccio ghiberti antique influence conceived absent history italian painting far study impossible speculation respecting fate renaissance art influenced antique childishly useless lest forget antique influence exist lest grown ungrateful blind refuse immense share producing michael angelo raphael titian may well turn art born bred like italian art middle ages like full strength power unlike italian art influenced antique art great german art early sixteenth century art martin schongauer aldegrever altdorfer wohlgemuth kranach albrecht dürer hans holbein resemble pinturicchio lo spagna resemble perugino palma paris bordone resemble titian art born civilization less perfect indeed italy narrower nürnberg basle narrower florence resembling habits dress religion main characteristic mediæval masters great italian contemporaries technicalities art absolute honesty endeavour may show italian art sixteenth century might without antique let us therefore open portfolio wonderful minute yet grand engravings old germans part scriptural scenes allegories quite analogous italians purely realistic conscious world beyond imperial city year whole male female german shape scenes lives virgin saints short fat burghers enormous blotchy bloated faces little eyes set fat huge stomachs protruding jackets ladies tall thin wrinkled though old figures like hungry harpies stalking high headgears stiff gowns sitting side lean stunted pages singing dolorous voice lutes promenading trees gentlemen vacant sickly face long scraggy hair beard bony elbows sticking slashed doublets courtly figures culminate dürer magnificent plate wild man woods kissing hideous leering jezebel brocade jewels aristocratic women terrible prudish malicious licentious never modest always ugly even poor madonnas seated front village hovels windmills smile smile starved sickly sempstresses stunted society mediæval society burghers burghers wives air seems bad heavy light wanting physically morally old intellectual sickness well bodily musty gabled houses mediæval spirit blights revival healthiness may exist commonwealths feudalism outside gates brutal leering slashed puffed doublets heavy armour face dress unhuman possible standing grimacing blood spirting john baptist decapitated trunk kranach horrible print gaping spectators fill castles high rocks amidst woods miserable villages prodigal son wallows among swine tattered boors tumble drunkenness rest wearied spades middle ages full force germans days luther really thought beyond times country really knowledge antique heard learned men willibald pirkheimer ulrich von hutten world peopled naked gods goddesses nay year perhaps raphael handed engraver marc antonio magnificent drawing judgment paris lukas kranach bethought represent story good knight paris giving apple lady venus kranach took steady pencil sharp chisel strong clear minute lines black white showed us scene mount ida castellated rock distance charger paris browses beneath stunted larches trojan knight helmet monstrous beak plume lies ground near reclines paris lazy complete armour frizzled fashionable beard wrinkled grinning brutal lust comes another bearded knight wings vizored helmet sir mercury leading three goddesses short german wenches housemaids stripped clothes stupid brazen indifferent paris evidently prepared choice awards apple fattest among people like chosen gods men must needs fattest pagan scenes mere burlesques coarse mummeries may amused nürnberg augsburg shrovetide drunken louts figured bacchus sang drinking songs hans sachs reality belief pagan gods see haunting divinity german renaissance shall find prying prowling nearly every scene real life ever present king middle ages whose triumph seen cloister wall pisa lord death fleshless face peers behind bush zatzinger stunted lady imbecile gentleman sits grinning tree orso grafs allegory cynical knights haggard sensual faces crack dirty jokes fat brutish woman squatted puts hand basket dürer tattered pedlar leers hideously stirrup dürer armed stalwart knight gods youth nature hercules hermes venus invaded german territories invaded even palace pisa antique perverted dürer fellows perverted masaccio signorelli mantegna mediæval worship death italians seen antique let seduced despite civilization religion let us rejoice thereat indeed among great english critic irrefutable poet irrational becomes philosopher tell us union antique art art followers giotto embraced death rotted away ever others moderate less logical teach us uniting antique mediæval art fifteenth century purified sanctified beautiful evil child paganism goddess scopas athlete polyclete raised higher sphere raphael changed madonna michael angelo metamorphosed prophet schools criticism wrong every civilization inherent evil antiquity inherent evils middle ages antiquity may bequeathed renaissance bad good middle ages bequeathed renaissance good bad art antiquity evil good antiquity born strength purity incarnation noblest qualities purified spotless sanctified holy gain nothing art middle ages alternately strong brutal reality languid mystic inanity men renaissance influenced influence antique evil belonged inferior artistic civilization conscientiously seek spiritual improvements brought antique types shall see consist spoiling perfect proportions making necks longer muscles prominent rendering less flaccid meagre coarse grand delicate forms antique art examined purified art renaissance compared coolly equitably may perhaps confess renaissance added immense wealth beauty colour perspective grouping took away something perfection simple lines modest light shade antique may admit grandest saint raphael meagre stunted noblest virgin titian overblown sensual side amazons antique sculpture antique perfected art renaissance corrupt art renaissance fell indeed shameful degradation soon period triumphant union antique raphael grand gods goddesses exquisite eros radiant psyche farnesina indeed succeeded soon olympus giulio romano olympus harlots acrobats smirk mouth wriggle sprawl ignobly walls ceilings dismantled palace crumbles away among stunted willows stagnant pools rank grass marshes mantua fault antiquity fault middle ages fault great principle life change makes things organic physical intellectual germinate grow attain maturity fade wither rot dead art antiquity never brought art renaissance untimely end art renaissance decayed mature died lived studies mediæval life literature edward tompkins mclaughlin professor rhetoric yale university decoration putnam sons new york london west street bedford street strand knickerbocker press copyright sarah mclaughlin stationers hall putnam sons electrotyped printed bound knickerbocker press new york putnam sons decoration contents page introduction mediæval feeling nature ulrich von liechtenstein memoirs old german gallant neidhart von reuenthal bavarian peasants meier helmbrecht german farmer thirteenth century childhood mediæval literature mediæval woman appendix decoration decoration introduction edward tompkins mclaughlin writer essays contained volume born sharon connecticut may son reverend mclaughlin graduate yale college class mother maiden name mary whittlesey brownell daughter reverend grove brownell settled many years congregational church cromwell connecticut seen author work belonged sides oliver wendell holmes aptly called brahman caste new england time birth father pastor congregational church sharon connecticut left place morris county remained gave parish duties entirely retired litchfield thenceforward made permanent home exception short time spent litchfield academy son fitted college almost wholly father finished scholar latin greek entered yale autumn received degree beginning university life distinguished interest english literature entire course displayed remarkable proficiency pursuit study graduation fell highest honors college bestow department receiving bachelor degree remained another year new haven graduate student time devoted increased ardor special branches study outset interested following year made tutor english position held appointed assistant professor subject meeting corporation university may elected chair rhetoric happily married wife congenial tastes speedily learned sympathize studies made peculiarly every reason expect long career usefulness attended distinction confer distinction institution connected health never vigorous summer vacation following appointment fever came almost without warning seemed first slight importance carried illness lasted little week died july age lies buried litchfield brief sketch life author volume time death many projects hand partly carried contemplation edited volume selections english writers title criticism since death marlowe prepared left mainly manuscript come press measure tasks imposed needs students undertaken consequence inclinations last year life however devoting preparation publication following essays long student mediæval literature merely found english tongue much fuller varied work produced early period continent writers france germany italy belonging period truth familiar sometimes disposed assume general acquaintance part others fortune possess results study now set putting permanent form first rough draft essays printed finished fatal illness fell carried away intention apologizing either matter manner pieces contained volume need event published must stand fall merits yet barest justice author essays state single instance represent final form assumed lived review revise first sketches made case two nearest condition ultimately appear evidences incompleteness eyes plainly seen manuscripts particular passages sometimes whole paragraphs marginal notes indicating expression undergo alteration various kinds several instances place marked insertion transition paragraph apparently never written though character suggested course disregarded condition things furthermore much worse four fully completed two just mentioned case matter collected pieced together slight expenditure time trouble scattered leaves manuscript always easy trace exact order unfortunately essay intended longest important included volume professor mclaughlin many years ardent admirer dante study early life great italian poet devoted years patient research subject deepest interest expended labor purposed make essay dealing principal piece work preparing unnatural essay needed revising hand composer gaps numerous important justify insertion unfinished condition existed particular piece author set store reluctantly laid aside simple justice state facts just given must inferred essays unfinished even fragmentary might seemed writer appear reader detect part failed receive full attention entitled likely indeed sentiments expressed essays undergone material modification whatever changes might made manner set forth doubtless points now found amplified others retrenched views allusion made introduced still complete essays particulars thought incompleteness arrested attention save smallest possible number readers condition left mentioned introduction even essays needed much revising hand author none less cordially received familiar personal presence especially true students possessed literary taste instruction largely compliance wishes publication volume determined teacher professor mclaughlin though still young attained eminence particular rare quality inspiring zeal learning love literature animated teacher english must confessed set task special difficulty case tongues business translation verbal grammatical investigation implied must always constitute principal part work preparation skill knowledge performed necessity main element testing proficiency success student case english main part usual preparation reduced minimum business already done pupil hands knows least fashion meaning words even always comprehend meaning phrase sentence whole found hard task therefore given teacher english starting instruction point teacher languages ends furthermore make subject pleasure profit select body students eager gain pursuit benefit possible time expected exact degree labor whether fault fault others interest particular subject indeed interest subject whatever temptation naturally presents sacrifice former class latter especially appeal instructors deficient literary sense possessing lack ability arouse easy process resorted turning study purely linguistic character discussion words take place discussion literature cheap though convenient method teacher evade real work called perform may followed incidental advantages almost nature crime letters associate minds young men impressionable period lives writings great author drill mainly verbal philological rare fortune professor mclaughlin solved problem presented every instructor english felicity fall often lot engaged occupation much imparting knowledge peculiar distinction lay success inspiring interest subject zeal prosecution therefore especially teaching little volume addressed memorial many acknowledge due first bent minds received study appreciation best highest literature author accomplished remarkable powers acquisition assimilation lived carry perfect plans contemplation idle conjecture world cares little actually done field largely working expected concern never projected result labors shown volume prove interest known personally even comparatively imperfect state furnish suggestive intimation might lounsbury yale university march decoration mediæval life literature mediæval feeling nature april mt ventoux near avignon scene remarkable occurrence petrarch hero evening day impression yet strong wrote account friend incident nothing less climbing mountain æsthetic gratification cared showed petrarch outskirts mediævalism narrative interesting may translate part great humanist letters inaccessible general readers says thought climbing mountain many years since known country early boyhood great mass rocky cliff entirely rugged almost inaccessible constantly everywhere visible took brother two servants starting ascent fell aged shepherd tried dissuade fifty years climbed summit moved boyish impulse supposed ever done recollections full awe terror poet pressed beguiling weariness times amounted almost exhaustion moralizing labor type spiritual attainments summit highest peak moved deeply first vast spectacle affected unusual lightness air stood overwhelmed looked feet saw clouds thoughts turned classical myths history beloved italy recalled ten years day left bologna studies many changes ways wrong loves loved longer rather longer liked love thought future rejoicing gained regretful weakness pitying common instability human affections seemed forget come last turned occasion expedition sinking sun lengthening shadows admonished hour departure hand started sleep turned around looked west pyrenees eye reach far saw mountains lyonnais distinctly sea marseilles rhone observing closely now thinking things earth done body lifting mind high occurred take copy augustine always kept little volume unlimited value charm call god witness first words cast mine eyes go wonder heights mountains ocean floods rivers long courses ocean immensity revolutions stars care brother asked matter bade disturb closed book angry ceasing admire things earth instead remembering human soul beyond comparison subject admiration descended gazed back lofty summit mountain seemed scarcely cubit high compared sublime dignity man sentences find new life old mind action impossible genuine son middle ages petrarch stand mountain top outcome equally impossible feeling nature intense even sense charm ruggedness hills burckhardt refers letter work italian shows ample quotations intense lover nature nineteenth century though ethical sense deep wordsworth finds different influence scene indeed read wordsworth modern contrast ocean earth solid frame earth ocean liquid mass gladness lay beneath far wide clouds touched silent faces read unutterable love sound needed none voice joy spirit drank spectacle sensation soul form melted swallowed animal live live life access mind high hour visitation living god thought enjoyment expired thanks breathed proffered request rapt still communion transcends imperfect offices prayer praise far apart piety two poets different absorption identification human mood nature spiritual elation arises union thoroughly characteristic present century wordsworth peculiar beauty hartley coleridge told caroline fox consisted viewing things amongst mixing everything mentions admire man thing involved man hartley inspired father uttered great criticism modern feeling nature cried oh lady receive give life alone doth nature live literary contemporaries ever apart wordsworth byron yet note live become portion around mountains soul flee sky peak heaving plain ocean stars mingle vain discover sentiment delicately held keats sayings flowers shelley speaking longing response nature says discovery antitype invisible unattainable point love tends hence solitude state surrounded human beings yet sympathize us love flowers grass waters sky motions leaves spring blue air found secret correspondence heart awakens spirits dance breathless rapture brings tears mysterious tenderness eyes like enthusiasm patriotic rapture voice beloved singing alone yet spirit later poetry almost everywhere touched mysterious analogy human emotions phenomena world without us von humboldt expresses present comprehensiveness new literature feel mountains forests ocean mingled awe love ecstasy seems natural us hardly realize gray striking novel significant chord wrote grande chartreuse solemn romantic astonishing scenes precipice torrent cliff pregnant religion poetry petrarch letter observe deficiency absorbing enthusiasm grander forms nature well sense isolation sentiment true spiritual life yet letter significant indication possess middle ages capacity enjoying sublimity heights ruskin describing eagerness first sight alps boy written two three sentences may employ illustrate contrast petrarch predecessors till rousseau time love nature bernard la fontaine looking mont blanc child eyes sees mont blanc madonna bernard talloires lake annecy dead martigny aosta alps people alike beautiful snow humanity wanted neither sight thrones heaven rocks spirits heaven clouds others beside bernards men whose culture intelligence expect fine appreciation felt nothing august inspiring material world far record laureate first moderns climb mountain æsthetic pleasure view burckhardt suggestion honor belongs dante strength passage fourth canto surely tenable top bismantova possessed citadel dante time business may easily called middle ages lofty elevations central europe italy constantly crossed cultivated men going back forth couriers business church political relations especially italy germany kept continual stream travel yet recalls lines mediæval poem describe express sensations least interest concerning sights bowed strongest souls era felt thousands put words many poets indeed beginning passage famous scholar john salisbury apparent exception strange indifference clauses correct hasty judgment writing lombardy explained send letter great bernard mount jove hand looking heaven mountains shuddering hell valleys feeling much nearer heaven sure prayer heard yet due rapture soul lord restore brethren come place torment goes specify perils ice precipice cold nothing disturbs much ink frozen suggestion anything worth looking even cæsar von humboldt reminds us composed rhetorical treatise crossing alps poet vaucluse climb mountain love view fact æsthetic attention distracted ethical introspection indication serious sensibility destined become essential element feeling nature every wordsworthian summed second mood incapacity appreciating mountainous sublimity involved blindness rugged picturesque smaller scales minor chords combinations tone superficially discordant learned recognize nature richest harmonies marks development closely linked first modern passions nature indeed unified qualities strength massiveness feeling ocean great woods pleasure pathless woods rapture lonely shore society none intrudes deep sea music roar even deeper idea companionship mystical sense absorption physical world seems infinite soul finds remarkable manifestations intense almost defiant sensation human transitoriness unimportance frequently blended exultation reflection presently shall unified forever unconscious life stretches us rolled round earth diurnal course rocks stones trees strange fascination modern mind presence majesties nature thought humanity return innumerable generations come home many born may follow remains perhaps never serenely conscious self rare moments bear without pang thought losing personal identity something certainty least materialistic immortality impression infinite repose beauty projection immediate sensation long future silence suffuses nature pantheistic life eager buoyant thrills spiritual realization render grateful permitted gain sensation seems trivial cost feeling oneself mere creature day mood certainly comes seldom probably every ever experienced imaginative sensibility grand landscape recall heightened sensation beyond description still stranger failure catch finer suggestions strenuous forms nature way sights ignored southern europe mountains storms rocks ocean scarcely ever described even objects awe terror course story mentioned treatment brief matter fact heinrich von veldeke famous epic makes nothing necessary introduction storm sea gottfried indeed whole period epic people deserves stand near famous treats constantly ocean yet never feeling except dread shipwreck poem however shows northern tone two descriptions winter least elaborated scene instance herwig ortwin arrive shore hildeburg gudrun almost naked washing clothes cruel mistress find realistic touches trembling march wind hair streaming toiled beach sea full cakes ice broken early spring another connection poet compares something thick snowstorm driven mountain winds sense fitness sympathetic natural environment human action generally regarded literature shakespeare indeed occasionally found mediæval poetry interesting french romance relates trials heroine barely escapes life loss everything dear lady wood bitterly wails hears wolves howl cry lightens terribly thunder heavy rain hail wind wild lady alone exceptions occur now dante example impressed mountains readers need reminded experience climbing setting mood unrealized love lyrics winter among whitened hills wooed lady lovely grassy meadow surrounded lofty hills arbitrary verbal repetitions modify original face image mountains towering lover plain pensive beauty whole poem may connected allegory believe even dante never catch sense exultation earth power majesty modern feeling forests times sombre oppressive also derive sense sublime composure latter sentiment hardly shared mediævals dante following earlier poets located opening hell gloomy wood repeated metaphor life forest confusing gloomy dark accords feeling age appreciated chateaubriand left us however rare interesting reference soughing pines adriatic shows well ear interpret solemn beauty mystical moreover near close whose blossoms exquisitely defined indirectly reminds us exceptional mention fruit trees flower yet provençal french german lyrics constantly begin joyousness spring happy contrast season destroys flowers foliage nothing conventional nature preludes till close books impatiently hear reiterations charm spring summer slender kind grace sincerity lend interest many come lie together books wearisome uniformity dandelion april much prettier dandelions june preludes usually keeping follow cold imitative poets thought felt exterior generalities rather detachment inner consciousness typical landscape may seen passage gottfried von strassburg germany brilliant poets tristan isolde fled forest grotto fear king mark grotto fitted luxuriously keeping temper entire poem since wilderness far away roads paths description surroundings might certainly look sense picturesque far caring wild rugged gottfried even like quiet woodland simplicity entrance stood three broad lindens stretching slope innumerable trees hid retreat side level stretch fountain flowed fresh cool stream clearer sun stood three beautiful shady lindens shielded spring rain sun bright blossoms green grass struggled sweetly field caught also delightful songs birds sang delightfully anywhere else eye ear pleasure shade sun air breezes soft pleasing goes describe lovers passage translate opening waked slept side side ever kept morning dew softly field drew beside little pool flowers grass dewy cool cool fields pleased well pleased love tell straying idly thro glade hearing music strayed sweetly sang birds walk turned cool brook rippled listening melody flowed went across field bent sat hear resting murmur clear sunshine blazed rivulet gazed lines characteristic gottfried even lingering verbal repetition picture certainly pretty whole account lovers life follows nothing early german literature comes closer refined modern sensuousness gottfried best passages dreamy passion sometimes flash rich voluptuous strain poet general tone curiously modern showy phrase call middle ages poems dissimilar yet safe say think byron read contrast representative poets thirteenth nineteenth centuries matter feeling nature among german settings wild scene observe studiously modified conventional meadow trees uniform little groups grassy field sprinkled flowers spring little stream escapes instead tumbling rocky bed glen flows across field gottfried mentions mountains rocks lie round point types difficulties perils undergone reaching love shrine almost inaccessible retreat necessary shelter fugitives mark court poet done best obliterate reality turn byron look instance incomparable passage relates early love juan haidee observe voluntarily places lovers wild coast cliffs broad sandy shore guarded shoals rocks host creek whose aspect wore better welcome rarely ceased haughty billows roar wandered forth hand hand shining pebbles shells glided along smooth hardened sand worn wild receptacles worked storms yet worked planned hollow halls sparry roofs cells turned rest clasped arm yielded deep twilight purple charm pass description sky sea moon starlight follows elements notice scene juan sleeping lady watched lover hour love night ocean solitude soul united power amid barren sand rocks rude love made bower easy parallel two situations older means ends middle ages eden blissful bower exception modern poetry romantic age century counterparts conception untrained strenuous natural surroundings even happiest emotions occur every idle triteness inevitable scenes spring manifest poets comte de champagne declares foliage flowers service poets except rhyming amuse commonplace people great wolfram derides conventionality romance narratives falling spring early summer arthur man may event every lay happened whitsuntide may blooming wide uhland cites lives troubadours contemporaneous criticism minor poet twelfth century wrote old style leaves flowers song birds nothing account may recollect criticisms go far back middle ages horace glances contemporaries conventional descriptions stream hastening pleasant fields widely popular romances enid find illustrations welsh french german treatment hands leading authors point narrative may compare feeling natural environment readers tennyson recall passage wandering geraint struggles bandits comes lad carrying provisions chrestien treatment episode clear straightforward youth two comrades taking cheese cakes wine count meadows haymakers young man notices travellers worn appearance invites sit fair meadow ironwood trees rest eat hartmann von aue whose paraphrase french poem way far merit narrates incident manner omitting poetically specific touches haymaking shady spot field characteristically inserting courteous concern part young man comfort enid turn come something different early day left wood came open country meadows hand mowers mowing meadows river horses bent drank water went river lofty steep met slender stripling satchel neck saw something satchel knew small blue pitcher hand bowl mouth pitcher charming even lovely touch color know unremembered writer saw nature cared indeed mediæval welshman satisfies us quite well even tennyson transcript green gloom wood passed issuing open heavens beheld little town towers rock close beneath meadow gemlike chased brown wild mowers mowing rocky pathway place came youth hand bare victual mowers simplicity treated tennysonian artifice victual succeed correcting beautiful way though way perhaps fine prose yet notice modern spirit appreciation brown wild well meadow general evasive steep developed picturesque rocky pathway except interest establishing forms older original sources might satisfied illustrations chaucer early poems descriptions almost wholly derivative feeling smale softe swote gras sweetly embroidered flowers earth joyous oblivion cold enthusiasm may constant delight smale foules like purely conventional though unction writes shows real enjoyment touches chaucer however miss romance predecessors eye delicate effects interesting marking growth accurate observation sensitive rendering like description twilight white thynges wexen dymme donne lakke lyght graceful illustration poem sudden troubling mood right sonne shyneth brighte march chaungeth ofte tyme face cloude put wynde flyght overspret sonne space cloudy thought gan soule pace touch makes us feel modern yet love picturesque influence breton lay writes loveliest tales rugged whose high bank dorigen friends used walk since stood hire castel faste see look grisly rokkes blake apprehension lord safe return call grisly feendly rokkes blake feel even arviragus side never regarded coast regard still observe advance observation literary expression wild picturesque employed connote terrible poet statius boccaccio guides passage written lines setting temple god war first wal peynted forest dwelleth neither man best knotty knarry bareyne trees olde stubbes sharpe hidous biholde ther ran rumbel swough though storm sholde bresten every bough nothing even sketches desolating natural effects power yet chaucer superior sympathetic eye adequate expression stern stormy phases nature countryman perhaps never heard know name author gawayn grene poem marks whole noblest conception literature spenser possesses moral dignity romantic interest simplicity directness united deep seriousness style creative imagination dealing character nature chaucer wrote nothing spiritual though much course artistic poetically valuable regard matter interpretation nature difficult point passages whole range mediæval literature fine remarkable descriptions follow northern winter scenes gawayn passed weird mission forest full deep wild wonder high hills side crowded woods oaks hoar huge hundred together hazel hawthorne grown altogether everywhere coated moss ragged rough many birds bare branches unhappy enough piteously piped pain cold wondrous fair earth frost lay thereby mist ruddy gleams sun cast high coasted full clearly clouds sky beat along banks branches bare climbed along cliffs clingeth cold clouds yet held ugly beneath mist lowered moor dissolved mountains hill hat huge misty cloak brooks boiling breaking dashed banks shattered brightly shore find north english feeling sublime nothing new goes far back beyond lines generations seem misty air poets wont describe stopford brooke recent volume poetry makes unnecessary enter subject old england eye ear nature accounts sympathy bold fierce bear might guess without knowledge stern northern climate familiarity ocean life found large poetical expression luxury southern artifice sentiment literary manner invaded rugged men north delight describing elemental conflicts sometimes studied elaboration pictures german french poets uniform mildness marked stormy aspect exchange spring winter contrast holds true take scandinavian poets show much feeling power little susceptibility beauty gentleness grace brooke remarked similarity cynewulf shelley west closer parallel may observed among euganean helgi poet find curiously identical image rooks hawks flying early morning wings sparkling mists passed norse poems fond screaming eagles ravens high branches weird northern imagination vivid pictures shields shining waning moon nature also occasionally speaks personal moods harmony contrast poet boat swept fiercely tempest dies thoughts lady heart another watches sea dashing steep cliff thinks love control rival like early english feel exultation sea storm know intimately descriptions spirited faithful love love fiercely terribly women yet even human passions tranquillities rode steeds dewy dales dusky glens air sea mist shook passed linger behind storming horsemen moment look back silence steals dusky glens return real subject sentiment nature may term polite literatures mediævalism reason feeling winter summed latin student songs cold icy harshness winter fierceness dull miserable inactivity kept within interests concerns mainly poets ever singing praise spring much loved brought life gay easy seldom introduce touches appreciation descriptions wintry season snow may appeared lovely observe dante something singular compares talking ladies mingled sighs tears raindrops interspersed beautiful snowflakes memorable lines friend guido cavalcanti poems mentions dreamy sinking snow falling air windless gentlemen apparently hugged fire drank wyn ate brawn tusked swyn winter came instead watching snow little windows many phases nature seems us impossible notice enjoy seldom find trace expect large body lyrical verse still copious romance literature corresponds modern novel incident invitation bits passing local color clouds instance aside glory line mass grace loveliness lighter forms curious oddly suggestive antony reminds eros constantly eye yet let reader mediæval poetry recall imperceptible part play even plain facts description line latin songs expresses feeling thought clouds delightful see moonlight seldom dwelt poetical romantic touch comes mind connection chrestien de troyes shines reconciliation estranged lovers just find little notice sunrise sunset clouds moon find little feeling stars mentioned occasionally facile way though scarcely ever manifest sentiment two three passages however et show daintiest sort sentiment moonlight stars instance lovers confined sake thwarting love summer time month may days warm long clear nights calm cloudless nicolette lying night bed saw moon clearly shining window heard nightingale singing garden thought aucassin lover loved much making rope bedclothes lets garden caught gown hand front behind tucked account dew saw heavy grass went garden broke toes feet lay small foot even black feet legs white dear little girl along streets passed shadow moon shone clear went till came tower lover lover pursuit built lodge thought safe retreat know thoughts absorbed falls puts shoulder creeps vacant shelter looked break lodge saw stars sky saw brighter rest began say little star see moon leading nicolette darling golden hair god believe make beautiful eve yet even nothing deeper sensibility midnight sky common alike ancient modern seriousness yet find notes also hard example think giving genuineness dante letter refusing return florence rare touch everywhere seeing sun stars solis astrorumque specula ubique conspiciam bears evidences last word divine canticles fine proofs felt high wonder peace stars night doubt every deep nature always yet poetical evidence curiously scanty throughout centuries surprise come exclamation freidank constellations sweep heaven alive sun moon bright stars nothing wonderful indeed recall writer material world seems suggest inner sensations called freidank german much poet far verses go soul knew life mystery also made band reformers three centuries luther saw corruption church yet revered sacred institution spite faith christian rationalist sentences almost startle us words season pope forgive sins indulgence without repentance people stone allows go hell god constantly shaping new souls gives men lost soul deserve god wrath born haunted secret life soul made tells souls hand none see grasp glory earth heaven full godhead hell empty god whatever sun touches sunlight keeps pure however priest may mass still pure mass sunshine always pure never cease wondering soul made whence came whither fares path hidden nay know lord god grant may know also freidank hears roar wind invisible might reminds skepticism soul may well great though none see watches wide mist hand seize symbolism soul comes oppressed restless energy hearts beat unceasingly breaths seldom still thoughts dreams rides spring observes infinite diversity nature many hundred flowers alike none ever grew mark well leaf green just another hue many man looks stars tells wonders take place let tell now something closer hand weed garden tells truly shall ready believe germ tennyson crannied nature commonplaces hold heavenly mystery common bond subtle blendings outward inward vision come refined pensive spirit sums discipline life many time lips must smile heart weeps marked deficiencies descriptions nature indefiniteness terms employed minute accuracy dante sure world greatest masters elsewhere rarely come anything concrete specific centuries later indeed far nature goes find habitual composition eye object seems mediæval poets never carried observation beyond barest general impressions expect tennyson black ashbuds front march browning eye fact vine woolly red turn gray outer world open secret open enough make us demand minute attention surprising frequently record easy impressions inventions introduce definite details poetical effect even apparently prosaic precision times imaginative art kept later romanticists lyric however belonging believe twelfth century poet northern france written satire literature age contains two happy instances just missing trait charming translated whole though belongs essay lyrical romances instead nature light touch unknown writer shows dainty fancy sir thopas hardly parallel blending poetry humor humor gracious derisive whose genial satire sparkles dances meet sister wave sentiment beauty till ripple together seems absorbed opening stanza poet introduction olive may draw inference respecting local associations ye attend sing song love pretty thing made farms gentle knight made lay beneath olive shade love arms linen undergown wore white ermine mantle silken coat flowers may keep feet round ankles leggings neat lands remote girdle leafage green spring foliage fringing sheen gold underneath hung bloomy pendants featly strung gift love mule lady rode silver shoes shode saddle behind three set canopy shield head passed adown meads gentle childe knightly weeds cried fair wait region heritance replied france high estate father nightingale high within bosky pale branches sings mother canary sings high banks sea salt spray flings fair lady excellent birth comest chief earth high estate ah god father hadst given fair ladye wedded mate everything definite concrete delightful picture plastic art three unworthy great modern poets magic romantic definiteness reminds us five miles meandering alph sacred river kisses four pale loiterer shut eyes la belle dame sans merci description nightingale high branches noticeably accurate touch compare example coleridge nightingale descriptions explanation usual vague indefinite description found saying describe minutely meet abundant details material interests embroideries armor artistic emotion villehardouin account glorious sight constantinople rose crusaders just distinctly lord byron letter simple eyes nature failed suggest associated fancies like shakespeare wrinkled pebbles brook wordsworth ash soft slow waving boughs see natural objects units without lingering parts find example line marks jerky flight swallow surprised specific touch look almost vain landscape details colors autumn neidhart von reuenthal marking originality speaks red falling yellow want observation shallow sympathy nature shown poets dante much surprising preference placid effects unusual instance meet suggestive note association stanza frenchman gaces brulles birds land brittany hear seem understand distant near sweet champagne stand longer paraphrase indeed unworthy charming simplicity original surely matthew arnold made sweeping characterization mediæval poetry grotesque forgot straightforward evolution narrative quiet sentiment transparent expression find minor poets direct unadorned graceful almost impossible translate without substituting fresh delicate touch metaphysical warping idea rhetorical consciousness words instance elegantly remote grotesque literal translation brulles expression sensibility home birds country heard brittany song know well sweet champagne heard old may sum outline statements effect northern poets described storm winter ocean kindred subjects considerable force fulness cultivated literatures south natural description mainly confined agreeable forms beauty grand awesome inspiring scarcely felt literal fact physical expression hardly ever noticed exterior world made subject close observation poetic availability realized setting action interpreter emotion people north habituated severer weather merely fact climate rougher less politely organized habits living especially observe activity sea regarded violent seasons aspects nature sympathetic acquiescence custom moreover influence tended develop sturdier rugged character obviously part geographical result acts forces social organization especially affect moral qualities rude luxurious living vigorous character susceptible impressions native power well association interested recalling accordingly find early northern poetry anticipation seriousness modern english literature well unequalled recognition physical symbolisms sublime northern force blended southern lightness elegance find deeper poetic sentiment coincides moral earnestness find nature sensation poetry literature germans romance originals aim courtly levities artificialize sentiment thought well manner deeper spiritually sympathetic minds rule devote church drew sober service even though wrote close theological faith favorable poetic expansion little individualism artistic sensation modern complex inner consciousness still crude even existed point however observed inquiry reasons inadequateness ages feeling nature many latent sympathies may never found voice many centuries later ease publication may felt modern sensations without ever thinking putting words new movement art practice great leader expression needed men sheep leaders various admirations many genuine æsthetic tastes acquired stages less unconscious imitation browning puts acute sentence fra lippo lippi explains usefulness painter made love first see painted things passed perhaps hundred times cared see new departures little originality methods mediæval literature descriptions physical world field power sublimity fallen dead ears public never dreamed storm cliffs beautiful wordsworth tried support win fame singing castles easy though taste established describe sunset sublimity alps say beautiful grand seldom rare imagination tact genius necessary tell really need show sense physical sublimity complex distinctive element moral spiritual emotion full delineation requires subtle verbal repertory popular poets usually possessed yet modifications longer apply come dante superior interpretations predecessors miss even miss great poets four hundred years afterwards appreciation material world sublimity macaulay others man become master nature learned love stern violent aspects thunder storms example dangerous now ever least traveller still byron wrote raptures amid pindus mountains predecessors winter scarcely colder bleaker mediæval poets scottish peasants century ago yet burns sing winter bleak charms winds rave naked tree others accounted change era science close scrutiny world enthusiasm physical knowledge scientist masters world reality poet sees symbol two modern tendencies may result common cause recognition complexity disposition observe main fact man expansion better explanation may found believe modern refinement ethical sensitiveness side side new appreciation nature may observed steady growth sensibility modern moods inward contemplation famous modern zeal humanity lowest grades nay even tenderness brutes distinguishing marks poet guides learned appreciate new physical symbolisms human emotion modern melancholy well melancholy subtle thoughtful poetical mediævalism touched men pensive fascination philosophical pantheism wordsworth tennyson feels deity nature new christianity incarnates divinity universal man man used moods deeper thought freer seeks ardently old less constraint mystery lives moves longer quails majesty awe forever elusive presence knows though find enfolds love beauty cries back passion pain winter storm solemn mountains reminds unconquerable partner eternity decoration footnotes since passage written met following extract letter tennyson dated though direct reference experience associated nature intensity consciousness individuality individuality seemed dissolve fade away boundless confused state clearest clearest surest surest utterly beyond words death almost laughable impossibility loss personality seeming extinction true life student dante recalls lovely early sonnet vorrei che tu lapo ed compares shelley almost parallel conception lovers sailing away indivisible companionship latter part obtain excellent illustration difference feeling natural setting happy love dante sentiment vague peaceful shelley ideal haunt lovers admits owls bats old cavern hoar left unadorned mossy mountains quivering waves recall great countryman modern cry wohin es geht wer weiss es erinnert er sich doch kaum woher er kam decoration ulrich von liechtenstein memoirs old german gallant read freytag excellent studies german social life recall curious illustration first volume lawless violence knighthood imprisonment ulrich von liechtenstein liegeman pilgerin account proves author point goes suggest good deal besides victim unsophisticated plaintive manner misfortune fashion relates suffered allusions life character consolations love stimulating curiosity writer go mediæval shelves german library find curiosity satisfied long poem unfortunate ulrich immediately chivalric age wins romantic lustre devotion womanhood guesses truth beneath stories widowed ladies rescued bandits forest recreant knights lovely ladies rescued worse death capture castles prowess generous champions stories every knows incredulously likes send us study times composed find age stripped romantic embellishments actual life felt sentiment women unequalled earlier times wonder caused increase culture virgin beautiful beneficent phase mediæval religion larger development appears rather parallel expression common influence adorations divine human conceptions woman seeming mutually impulsive drawn alike undetermined tendency social spiritual refinement crusades german essayist suggested may count increase sentimentalism among many influences western europe beauty women luxurious habits east effeminate emotionalism finding impressionable subjects hearts stranger knights lying wakeful home beneath southern stars perhaps conjecture equally reasonable influence came french poets travelled early christian armies caught suggestions snatches oriental poetry yet seems natural regard growth knightly sentiment toward ladies delicate manifestation spontaneous increase social personality stimulated general motion mind heart observe progress chivalric crusadal life based must forget teutonic character whose ancient deference woman recorded tacitus side side account knighting youthful soldiers spear shield waive question origin find main expression old society protracted conventional wooing remember usually directed toward marriage gentlemen grew hyperbolical fantastic professions regard devotion feminine coquettishness love admiration naturally became fastidious exacting ladies grew arbitrary capricious began demand substantial proofs lovers concern became trait elegant culture lady pose inexorable still retaining control wooer complaisant sentimental fashion sighed cheerful melancholy obeyed adored waited mistress set tasks often trifles loyal subject must perform hard feats arms long perilous journeys abnegations pride comfort accomplished sometimes returned receive new test involving continued delay reward mediæval ladies pitiless mystic spiritual dictatress browning devotees seeking love end toil finding calm passion old statuesque regard fourteenth century something romantic tyranny survived find chaucer instance early poems mentioning praise heroine impose dangerous expeditions distant countries extravagant exploits lover saye now ryght ware may seyn worshippe ye come agayn extended probations courtships long enough satisfy ruskin established convention wolfram von eschenbach seventh book represents obie indignantly telling royal lover asked marry seems reasonable spent days five years hard service full armor distinction yes desire yielding soon jane austen novel trollope gave palm english fiction expressed collins address elizabeth exactly notion significance rejection held gentlemen six centuries earlier now learn replied collins formal wave hand usual young ladies reject addresses man secretly mean accept first applies favor sometimes refusal repeated second even third time therefore means discouraged just shall hope lead altar ere long exercises suggested usually directed toward altar characteristic age relation less sentimental married knight lady wife relation rather expected former countenanced latter peculiar dual system domestic knightly love may ascribed various influences prosaic influence early dowered marriages subject parental arrangement feudal life considerable periods kept gentlemen away homes residence larger castles idleness society popularity tend sentimentalize audience rate came fashionable idea highest love independent marriage poetically inclined troubadours minnesingers famous impassioned submissive service married ladies poets accounts learn phase mediævalism contented sufferings see joy romantic love lover although danger generalizing widely literary indications may believe chivalric society appreciably marked formal amatory disciplines nothing ceremonial disciplines don quixote prototypes trifled away frivolous days trivial anything help prince take cinderella ashes ashes fairy coach first drudge sentimental plaything last friend days perhaps always lover objectified love extent finding fact self probably called conscious life created another represented refined side thought shown old poets recurrent epithets constant chaste good made devotion refining dignifying experience especially days men women less common now lover often denied intimacy considerable time kept illusion devotee may half felt sentimental artificial may reply little peterkin good come last even commonplace servants abstract womanhood even visionary gleam left permanent illumination men better seeing brightening darkness now best gave mediæval knights consideration women measure gentleness stimulated fight hard fought anyway motive shade less brutal directly selfish eccentric social idea especially poetic exhilaration earlier hours passed sure bring extravagant sentimentalists whose romantic sensibility check practical judgment ran wild steeplechases nonsense example provençal poet peter vidal famous troubadours carried romantic infatuations far became name ladies lupa mistress wolf contented assuming wolfish device called wolf done nothing peculiar age occurred graceful symbol wear wolf skin procured quite covered got trotted street went charmingly day exhibiting fashion lady estate pack dogs deceived metaphor allegorical lover badly bitten rescue arrived detailed example mediæval gallantry presented work already mentioned autobiography minnesinger ulrich von liechtenstein poem prolix narrative amatory religion extending sixteen thousand lines containing large number lyrics composed wooing two ladies consecrated literary romantic life utterly tire commonplaces praises reflect single specific incident ever introduced illustrate inner character either descriptions color except heartlessness first beloved whose virtue humor alike ulrich apparently misses yet presumably undesigned caricature poetic chivalric love gives important suggestions times ulrich knight poet worth knowing impression romance makes modern reader something like beetle hovering lily played zany gentlemen early generation amused leisurely lives courtly emulated feats sentimental gallantry stumbled fell odd thing fall called tables meet set undoubtedly many marvelled admired looked others marvelled laughed perhaps mistook laughter applause may sound lost applause complacency yet though gallant born foolish horoscope life gained good fortune denied multitudes lived sensibly saw stars destiny loved combination caused silly career yet individually admirable simplicity nature theoretical reverence womanhood patient love regard stately old usages defective eyesight makes man fancy burdock rosebush tends cherishes absurd idealization least man sentiment roses earliest fact ulrich confided us childhood used ride sticks imitation knights simple age noticed poetry people read conversation wise men overheard kept declaring become worthy man without serving unwaveringly good ladies right happy unless loved dearly life whose virtue made fitly called woman whereupon thought simplicity since pure sweet women ennoble men lives whatever happened always serve ladies thoughts grew twelfth year began four five years term page lady good chaste gentle complete virtues beautiful high rank destined give ulrich much trouble lover sweet solicitude began started teens constant attention found nothing good charming feared boy thirteen might care ups downs fortune reported us popular mediæval form used example map late villon dialogue heart body heart hopeful body better wit yet even notice always serve late early interim childish bold knighthood grows gathers pretty summer flowers carries took white hand happy time came near leave household youth grew emotional table water poured lovely white hands transformed tumbler german laughed ulrich tender little teutonic blossom unfold youth longer sunshine stern father appeared transferred lover grief showing well power love service austrian margrave body departed heart remained ulrich pauses moment point strangeness paradox whenever rode walked heart never left saw times night day new master knightly gentleman professedly lessons ulrich caught child conversation father hall reinforced margrave henry taught best style riding refinements address ladies poetical composition assured whoever live worthily must lady true subject adorns youth sweet speech women succeed well sweet words true deeds four years instruction father death called home inherit property spent three years followed tourneying noviciate knighthood vienna great festival celebration marriage leopold daughter five thousand knights present tourneying entertainments chivalry mingled much dancing ulrich made two hundred fifty squires received spurs occasion otherwise memorable saw lady recognized told friends pleasure seeing become knight page little fellow mere simple foolish thought perhaps knight tells us sweet good put high spirits indeed contentment blushing young knight desired dreams true last live dreams ulrich wake anything practical speak face face gaily rode summer adventure twelve tournaments wherein invariably fared well thanks devotion german sentiment always shown butterfly sensibility winter rough weather last autumn ulrich spirit grows heavy longs see lady knows now speak tourneys distract care heart rose lay sat walked chanced cousin knew lovely taxing office lover confidante fell heavily remained years beating bush confessed truth receive advice give hopeless aspiration never contrary must help perseverance visiting lady presenting copy verses ulrich composing confession love cousin consented mission resulted scornful rejection suit softened compliments poem advised abandon quest lady seriously objected mouth nothing grim death drive serve life exclaimed felt criticism mouth fair determined pay attention poor ulrich much sentiment yet physical deficiencies correct perception use lips yet uninviting ones songs tells us lady lover looks smiles kiss shapes lips discover never joy great bliss transcends measure pleasures pleasure quite twenties experience blessedness must hopeless fancy feigned lips others ulrich confesses deformity calls three lips bad protagonist mediæval quixotism energy nerve well sentiment spite cousin dissuasions lady tells take body god given instead arrogantly improving creation ulrich rides find best surgeon country submit operation doctor decides time year unsuitable must wait winter past keep three lips may last spring comes ulrich returns doctor way meets page lady confides purpose journey whose presence secures witness early monday morning surgeon received patient laid instruments produced several straps sight latter martial dignity recoiled ulrich refused allow bound purpose told danger involved even twitch spirit came anything happened amiss alone blame whereupon sat calmly bench without tremor allowed surgeon cut mouth teeth farther cut like master endured like man ulrich describes discomfort experienced healing wound details give unpleasant notion methods mediæval surgery able eat drink scarcely anything wasted flesh comfort thought suffered confinement composed another dancing song honor recovery entrusted cousin forwarded letter presently answer came lady spend next monday night near course journey happy see friend relative learn things time changes significance letters among things note gave ulrich sentimental hope interests scholars earliest prose letter german tuesday morning ulrich appeared chapel lady chaplain singing mass bowed without speaking service rode ulrich found chance meet cousin however told everything favorable lady allow ride day galloped gay spirits soon overtook cavalcade alas reaches head drops find single word another knight riding ulrich heart makes speech body reproaching cowardice go without speaking now never good rides gets sweet glance still speak heart nudges body whispers speak now speak now speak now day body tries tries alas poet day mit gedanken wirt erworben niemer wîbes kint des enkan sî wizzen niht reach night wishes assist dismounting sufficiently flattered attentions accept says sick useless strong enough help attending gentlemen laugh merrily ever sweet constant good forth slides horse catches hold ulrich hair without noticing however done pulls lock roots take afraid whispers deceived accounts reproaching wishing god take life stood gawkily left absorbed remorse awkwardness knight admonished step aside allow ladies go rooms whereupon rode inn swore tossed restlessly night talked usual lamenting birth assuring live thousand years never happy speak word worthlessness lost lady morning rode street silence time grace gracious lady graciously gracious art joy abiding place festival joys like many shy people ulrich talked fluently enough started midst protestations lady interrupted hush young ride talking may hurt never help amiss others hear saying leave peace grow troublesome beckoned another knight directed never attended less two gentlemen book repulse discouragement morning says heroine bret harte parody morning flung boot now know loves ulrich rode thinking met good success telling part love interruption another summer passed tourneying another winter tried amuse making poetry lady time sent pretentious tribute first büchlein poem four hundred lines like kind formal sentimentally prolix supplicatory yet without certain pleasant interest begs wealth loveliness grant trifling favor never miss worse bloomy heath flowers sake garland break wishes messenger deliver little book fain comest changed fair white hand receives thine assemblement leaves glances shyly playing happy surveying red mouth comes close steal kiss die unsatisfactory manuscripts returned lady told bearer recognized merit poetry nothing like many poets days monks ladies constituted educated classes like predecessor great master high mediæval romance ulrich neither read write delicate personal affairs correspondence lady depended confidential clerk confidant passion absent büchlein came back eager eyes poet looked pages evidently wandered dismissed labors fate repeating lines memory looked characters interpret loving patience lady let speak looked detected addition sent appendix ten lines slighted letter found home bosom ten days awaited secretary return happy hopes ten days cheerful little response last interpreted away hopes cheerfulness make plainness trebly plain cruel correspondent copied three times sentiment whoever desires refused summer lover diversion sports chivalry interested details mediæval tournaments find ulrich narrative valuable lively record tourney held friesach sense material splendor well shown full accounts costuming tent equipments trustworthiness minor points may questioned recall composed thirty years later sketch chivalry doubt accurate heralds running hither thither shouting arranged contests cries good gallant knights risk honor goods life true women squires crowding ways loud noise drums blowing horns great trumpeting old picture made vivid english chaucer tennyson ulrich rode disguise prompted sentimentalist always delighted attracting attention making talked according account good hearty tourneying breaking ten spears antagonist seven another five third six fourth single day meeting continued ten days ulrich grows prolix particulars though modest enough exploits pronouncing neither best worst participants accidents jousting many left friesach broken limbs injuries misfortunes compelled others recourse jews loans disturb musical contestant end rode cheerfully cousin another song inattentive ear promised report sent great tourney excelled lyric poem modern german students old literature best pleased shall hardly dissent scherer commendation typical minnesong treatment nature love also fortunate union sentiment force finish ring personal meaning omitting two stanzas goes follows now little birds singing wood darling lay meadow flowers springing confident sunny may heart bright spirits seem flowers goodness doth embolden life grows golden poor man dream ah sweetness free turning true constant heart till possession banish yearning let dear hope depart grace pray wake tears sighs let comfort come laughter let joy slip away blissful may whole world anguish finds single weal yet pain whereof languish world canst heal least joy may ye impart dear good denied comforts ever hide life loving heart elegant tender original verses object returned slighting answer added messenger must sent people come suspicions ulrich made another set verses went another joust fingers seriously wounded anxiety save offered surgeon thousand pounds cure treatment unsuccessful showing good deal temper went new surgeon way beguiling pain composing another poem old theme shock hand friend divulged closely kept secret lady still unnamed us heart though friend believed lady cared head sank heart sighed mouth dumb terror lest might fault object devotion discovered secrecy first chivalric lover virtues even object passion yet pain without compensation inasmuch gentleman declared already kept secret two years half volunteered make another appeal home inexorable went anew story unflinching devotion loss finger tournament glory unmentioned ulrich cause pleaded fervor winning style lover praised prayed song sent even sung instead formally delivered faithful versatile legate proxy wooer purpose lady declared grow old entire ignorance love husband warned messenger ulrich find trouble persist annoying sentimental folly receive attentions even king news saddened cast refuses cried ulrich shall disturb hates serve later shall like give cold greeting little word drive away high hope sound mind manly mood whatever true sweet must grateful now another summer diverted pilgrimage rome easter returned way composing sweetly conceived rather pretty lyric ah see touch spring graced wood green see wide plain sweet flowers every spray birds rapture sing joy never seen departed pain comfort come may may comforts lives except man heart drives joys away life pleasure gives tears heart scan face tell smart pleasure stay vowed constantly woo high love good pursue see promise success pure lady constant true crown womanhood think graciously high worthiness knight passed summer steierland arms pleasant experiences sent messenger suit repelled coldness decision report even discouraging lady told losing finger service now learned still moved assurance almost useless desire keep wounded member led large expense money time cared longer set composition another long elegy explains heart loves weeps favor poor orphaned child weeps comfort ardently loves gladly sacrifices anything pledge constant fidelity sends fingers lost service born poem ready directed goldsmith make fine case enclosed put something convalescent finger amputated sent chiding critic proof lied saying lost yet even failed please unsympathetic mistress wondered foolish cut finger able serve ladies better keeping however retain token consideration thousand years service lost ulrich jubilant confident memento always think now large idea visits sanguine gentleman gone rome pilgrimage pretend rigs wallet staff obtains priest trudges something novel magnificent haunting ingenious mind venice goes cautiously observed arrival takes lodgings inn may hear spends winter making liberal expenditure costumes retinue dresses queen venus complete feminine attire even long braids hair figure prominently descriptions ladies age spring came sent courier route intended take journey homeward contained list thirty places lady venus appear joust contestants ring makes beautiful keeps true love offered whoever might break spear cast knight become loyal knight women everywhere overthrow give horse show face hand thirty days later started disguised errantry retinue consisted marshal cook two trumpeters three boys take charge three sumpters three squires three four finely dressed squires holding three spears two maids tells us two fiddlers raised spirits fiddling loud marching tune made proud behind rode dressed like entire cavalcade entirely white cape hood shirt coat reaching feet embroidered silk gloves hanging waist heart rejoiced serve lady narrative prolonged detailed tedious two three episodes need mentioned treviso crowd women gathered lodging comes way early mass takes comfort thinking church countess suggests kissing conformably kiss peace custom attraction stronger desire disguise lifts veil sees lady venus man kisses nevertheless raised spirits ulrich confides us lady kiss delightful goes say every ever kissed lady mouth knows nothing sweet kiss noble lady true woman red mouth fair body whenever kisses man judge lady kiss ever glad lady kiss still better good fills heart joy wonder many ladies collected inn bid sentimental knight prayers assures us gained good fortune god slight ladies petitions imputation gallantry god find curious mediæval parallels wherever knight goes numerous contestants awaiting idle age anything also assume disguises monk another female costume shield spear æsthetic flowers travelling combatant always winner point journey steals couple days place never mentioned previously namely home speaks unaffected simplicity joy rode away see wife just dear good woman received just lady receive dear husband made happy visit arrival taken away sadness glad see glad see kisses good woman received true woman glad see joyously took ease pleasure two days appears tautological also seems sincere wound store sensibility day gone retired place bath attendant gone bring suit left quite alone unprotected lady sent servant suit female garments piece tapestry coat girdle fine buckle garland ring ruby red lady sweet mouth letter receive gift lady love treason bade page take things away nay presently returned two others carrying fresh beautiful roses strewed ulrich bath raged fumed think insult offered unprotected condition think receiving gift lady gifts ring next present came received differently years neglect mistress life sent ulrich affectionate message ring white hand worn ten years token took part honors gaining rejoiced worthiness possibly knight name gaining currency genuinely valorous fancy ecstasy little ring shall ever lift heart well born found lady true sweet blissful lady joys brightness heart joys forth informed many knights waiting contest vienna harm happen since lady gracious every knight three master outside amorous knightly themes ulrich mind active occasionally shows philosophical observation social topics present context comments female vanity dress woman nature young old likes many clothes even wear pleased say liked better dressed people good clothes becoming beautiful women foolish masculine opinion man take pleasure dressing well since hold wife body certainly ulrich took pleasure dressing well ended ulrich counted results two hundred spears broken broken three hundred seven brought honor lady loyalty valor shown constant devotion even though momentarily fallen love bewitching woman taken advantage disguise kiss various fair ones mass possible anonymous heroine heard trivial infidelities rate next visit messenger brought bitter dismissal cruel charges inconstancy always hate never hold dear angry giving ring bade return alas poor ulrich never entertained false thought ever guilty wise survived sat weeping like child weeping almost blind wrung hands pitilessly distress limbs cracked snaps dry wood well may poet declare exhibition grief child play lover bosom friend sat weeping together ulrich admonished behavior disgraced name knight moreover reason melancholy now champion happy fine reputation just made women hear behaving always hate weak mood ulrich tried tell grief lady served long strain great blood truth burst mouth nose blood perhaps natural friend thank god death permitted see man truly loves yet bade courageous nothing helps much ladies good courage melancholy succeed joyousness always served well women water stable compared ulrich temperament close anguish renewed rejection goes home visit wife dear wife dearer even though another woman lady life within eight lines mercurial poet speaks comfort wife suffering heart another message dream brought renewed expression coldness felt kindly never grant favor another song messenger secure last promise interview yet notice conditions evidently lady humorist former page amusing less complaisant mood find tiresome perhaps thought accept terms says see come next sunday morning breakfast dressed poor clothes company squad lepers camp near castle even indulge hope love distance great thinks unable cover time told must women strange wish men constantly carry desires fails well disposed saturday rode miles lost two horses forced journey likely rough country wearied exertion hard effort succeeded soon reach neighborhood castle two companions put poor clothes shabbiest procure leper cups long knives safety among outcasts society go spot thirty lepers huddled together mediæval charity religion illustrated incident miserable beggars explain lady castle ill therefore often receive food money recompense prayers recovery beating clapper like goes toward castle gate meets envoy maid bids beware failing obey every command literally adds mistress see yet awhile personal vanity always marked submitted stains herbs disguise face well miserable ragged dress went servitude love sat among lepers ate drank among nay even went begging scraps however threw bush foul odors filthiness wretches made day almost insufferable last night came hid field grain getting well stung insects drenched cold storm told whoever troubles sweet anticipation endure morning went castle encouraged believe received evening returned ate beggars escaped wood true old german sat sun fell trees listened birds many singing forgot cold toward evening secured another interview maid received directions night companion hid ditch castle skulking observation patrol well dark signal light appeared certain window went beneath found rope made clothes hanging fastened hands began raise half way raise farther let ground happened three times yet guileless ulrich glimmering perhaps joke companion lighter lord occurred two better change places substitute lifted window waiting ladies ulrich arrived given coat accident compelled leave ground blissful moment ushered presence woman long served without even glimpse brilliant social scene broke enamoured eyes indeed brilliant social correspond lover sentiment dual solitude soul desire richly dressed sat couch surrounded bevy ladies husband true present absence tact must seemed ulrich fell talking complete happiness love mutual confidence strong quite willing receive visitors pleases added true mind served better safeguard put awkward line conversation made ulrich began tell story heart entreats respond devotion assured thought ever loving consented interview assure kindly feeling satisfy lips must cherish romantic hope continued ask love lose favor horrified declares started threat point interview withdraws talk cousin ladies adjoining apartment advised return plead abrupt dismissal sends moody reflection culminates desperate resolve now never sends word determination rushes tells say loves kill lady sees suicide compromising tries persuade perhaps may time ah coyness must confess love finally last resource thinks employing usual right courted woman putting lover test devotion already given many trifling merely formal serve now let just get lowered part way pulled back say loves glimmer suspicion flits mind gives hand pledge gets rope now hanging outside window still holding dear hand sweet things whispers leans knight ever dear now comes contentment troubles past now even coddles chin disengaged hand bids kiss kiss joy lets go hand holding throw arms neck suddenly dropped ground swiftly ran great peril life rooms score voices ringing laughter ground credulous child mars venus cursing day ulrich spies deep pool drown companion arrives little present sent lady promises gentleman afterward confesses falsehood preserve ulrich despair return three weeks assure real affection now near day must hasten providentially tournament awaiting distract attention sends friend back talk lady rather humorous mood says ulrich made much noise fell guard thought devil though laughs evidently enough fun tells messenger lord wishes favor must make journey ulrich agrees go warned almost hopeless dangers formidable pilgrimages reminded ever took perilous journey except god surely sacrifice soul lost life woman grows tired story runs ups downs long thirteen years ulrich served lady toward end period plainly growing impatient wrote lyrics suggest devotion without love return foolish contemplating change finally conceived treated shamefully told discourtesy idealize made final break old worship now time passed wearily felt must still lady serve joyfully days went alas longer service render happy ladies service makes knight learned lesson trials time arranges judicious passion runs female acquaintance see best select finally fixes course beautiful good wholly free change finished manners gentle ways chastity force character offers service accepts point ulrich memoirs increasing number lyrics likes complains two appreciated public though whoever clever enough understand poetry tells us appreciate perhaps clever enough understand songs says good dancing cheerful martial ones gladly sung jousts fire sprung helmets poems contribution graceful though minor work later minnesingers example wood heath field debonair now seen white brown green blue red yellow everywhere everything see spring joyously full delight whose pains dear love deigns favor happy wight knows love care free care well may year year brightness clear may shall see blithe gay play glad love shall fulfil joyous living giving high love rich joys still churl girl lovingly shall embrace cry blest none show face cure assure sorrows alarms alloy joy white pretty arms bestow charms sweet things behooving virtue brightness beauty meet little troubles loving art safe sweet couldst feel dainty lips steal sighs like mine deep real sir love prithee answer maid man explain sir looks though began long ago ask vain everything know explain may avoid pain sweet love strong mighty countries sway speak power rightly yet tell may good bad makes us happy makes us sad moods love always sir love care beguile us sorrowing distress fair living reconcile us gaiety worthiness power controlled everything just told sure grace manifold sweet love tell service rapture pays joys honors dwell learn dear virtue ways mirth heart bliss eye loves shall satisfy higher good deny sir fain win wages approval seek yet distress mind presages ah weak pain never sustain may favors gain sir way must explain sweet love cruel love must try make unit dual become mine thine sir hope resign mine latter part prolix autobiography occupied detailed account long tourneying trip contrived parallel time disguise king arthur narration ends last ulrich becomes reflective seasons lady whoever sorrows winter made glad summer lives like bird rejoices sunny may distressing bad weather yet whatever weather goodness gives joy storms disturb presently tells us feelings life around social critics mediævalism felt inequalities fortune happiness quite strongly social critics time earlier ulrich criticising number knights met showed noteworthily refined feeling generous qualities resistance hardness selfish aims spite belief cheerfulness well sad except sins wrote roughness age troubled troubled earlier greater authors nation instead good rich work another harm profession plundering service ladies forsaken young men spendthrifts pillaging consume youth indeed golden hour chivalry struck ulrich wrote later life just past middle thirteenth century sentimental absurdity whose fanciful devotion melodramatic moonings find preposterous kept strain higher manhood believed refined side life far knew rough time place loved gentleness though born large streak fool also pleasant element gentleman grew old amid fading ideals hung effeminately romantic faith brutal joyless hardness men perplexed saddened yet simplicity trouble best physician nature beauty goodness true womanhood sense inner virtue opposed worldly estimates poetry found comfort whatever people done happy sung love ulrich told story worldly sentimental career stops think cause career consecrated made mistake never beauty goodness unite woman admirable whose goodness clothed noble spirit wears best garments even though woman little beauty raiment goodness men yet call fair sure clothes better become lady goodness better beauty though excellent goodness poor woman become truly lady rich without nay shapely noble though may without still womanly woman whoever loves sight pretty women goes notice goodness bright charm like gathers pretty flowers bright beauty sake twines garland finding fragrant sorry gathered whoever understands plants lets grow sweet odor breaks fragrant flowers thirty years served ladies knows truth certain nothing equals mutual happiness true woman loving man yet sentiment play minor part life four main objects exertion ends book poet stops reflect grace god honor ease wealth strive another others aim ineffectively win none hate old german gallant say revelations life catch suggestions selfishness meanness fancying enacting high chivalric drama wearing cap bells motley lance left hand bauble right rôle well play finished now ulrich sitting thinking coat flung aside last jingle bells fall floor dropped bauble bows head musing runs fingers hair coxcomb falls speaks epilogue last class lived life trying give three desired even hoped might obtain four hope still deceived made fool day serve given soul life thought whatever next man strive honor wealth fourth day ease inconstant passed entire life nothing accomplished nothing even steadily aimed nothing characteristic buoyancy poet puts aside sombre mood dissatisfaction fifty odd years point least true book written lady commanded spoken many sweet words worthy women throughout life faithful love believe true sweet god high goodness think fidelity constant service decoration footnotes woman never won thoughts know nothing extravagant probably veracious incident naturally compares sacrifice guillem de balaun finger nail poet lovers seem frequently laughed instance pierre vidal promised amusement anything ladies loved na alazais indignant took encouragement steal kiss compelled flee go richard east decoration neidhart von reuenthal bavarian peasants liveliest pictures old german peasantry come expect singer knightly class masses fewer course less accomplished poets likely please audiences touching glamour fashionable life work cared make contemporary imitative realistic social transcripts usually come culture may neidhart von reuenthal brought ducal court castle good reason conjecturing origin among scenes country life describes courtly poets belonged lower class knights better order peasants wide dividing line indeed farmer little land four free ancestors von allen vieren anen ein gebûre neidhart says bitterly enemy swaggering ber old saxon law stood higher knight free blood agricultural class thirteenth century becoming impatient costly conflicts military superiors also suffering severely pillaging domestic raids lawless knights grew bolder established centres reckless attracted wayward youth middle classes cities also getting larger tradesmen joined established gentry thinking slightingly farming population accordingly jealousy side arrogance yet still two classes depleted nobles marry daughters wealthy peasants gentleman whose fief lay among farmers might easily meet social relations grant bavarian duke evidently isolated neidhart companions appears mingled freely peasantry though determine early contact began born latter part twelfth century may say perhaps exception absence leopold vii crusade apparently kept home native bavaria lost duke favor turned homeless wanderer austria received welcome another fief last date inferred songs connection emperor coming dead composition meier helmbrecht earlier far imitations prove popularity popular mediæval poets easy understand pleasure verses must given striking new field executed literary skill full verve humor appealing strong class prejudice must think gentleman fond society refined courtly habits aristocratic contempt pinchbeck upstarts yet unwilling now play acquaintance people though ranks knight tastes military lively satirical clever musical invention genuinely interested poetry moreover gave early evidence independent literary taste dared yawn methods practised great minnesingers youth singing obtained sufficient favor duke receive fief though away among peasantry yet rather relinquish home constant dream profession made merriest best time needed spend estate feeling spring largely animal sensation lambs pasture dogs green little children remind us comparison loving something goats love spring goes back greek literature also habitually associated physical sentiment splendid proëmium lucretius suggests buoyancy spirits emotional susceptibility serious minds touched poetry associated various deep beautiful moods moral element enters spring poems wordsworth present mediæval literature find poets feeling spring animals children lovers generations hunting riding fighting enjoying beneath open sky chief employments found winter travel hard beaten roads caused dreary interruption principal engagements large extent confined narrow quarters comfortably warmed spite amusements provided time must dragged romans cry ovid significance spring must season meant castled sons central europe strange instituted early times festival genial conqueror frost snow ceremony old superstitions died away continued graceful traditions village customs first flowers earliest boughs leaf served signal ceremonial welcome april may widely varying details youth parish stream fields woods come back singing spring catches dancing long skipping forward step practised carrying trophies season sometimes fastened first violet pole setting danced around sometimes danced first linden appeared leaf linden poets continually mentioning whether centre courtyard field tree suggests social life old times happily pine charlemagne sat great chanson suggests imperial master customs related herrick decoration houses favorites early greenery processions girls young men woods fields familiar germany long exercises welcome spring became social even far rude country songs went literary habit earlier ritual dance around altar symbol summer deity grew entertainment sense original significance passed away celebrations became main social feature warm months time partners appear taken year passage reminds us usage period us summons holiday dance large number church festivals made holidays frequent usually given musician playing singing street young men women infrequently elders came customary field dressed gaiety went along tossing catching balls favorite mentioned poet age sign spring especially entered girls often formed prelude dance thing gave girls way choosing partners man caught ball tossed girl according usages claim right dance anonymous poet thirteenth century gives lively picture scenes time young people passing ball street earliest sport summer play scream rustic lad gives shove rude darts flying chasing playing tricks ball two two hoppaldy dance fiddle wanted fly fellows holds ball pretty speeches girls make shriek wild get hesitating throw stretch hands now friend geveterlin throw jiutelin elsemuot hurry whoever gets best krumpolt ran cried throw back scrimmage girls get pushed accident happens eppe prettiest field picks tosses ball air scream catch girl play better judges ball well sure catch another way choosing partners presenting garlands prettiest spring customs walk fields woods flowers wreaths either give away wear latin songs describes young people going juvenes ut flores accipiant et se per odores reficiant virgines assumant alacriter et eant prata floribus ornata communiter certainly genial phase old times companionship lads lassies gathering flowers dancing chequered shade custom manner survived day england example thomas hardy introduced scenes pleasantly novels zest universality descended even elizabeth england forgot back thirteenth century amusements frowned away preachers moralists saw much evil summer gaieties old story nature puritanical likes bring tragedy pleasant comedy best satisfied take warning practice stay away play insane frenzies meadow dancing carried occasions especially riotous midsummer festival belong subject neidhart assumes flippant tone matters conduct treatment summer merrymakings usually innocent agreeable comes artist rude material provided traditional village songs occasions transfers polished verse germany already highly trained lyrical school fresh gay remote formal phrases courtly predecessors songs lyric introduction almost invariably epic dramatic later stanzas scarcely ever overstepping closely drawn lines whereas walther von der vogelweide work popular poetry retains lyrical mood throughout far less realistic never believe treating peasant element lyrical preludes attest neidhart deep sentiment nature feel spite conventionality rare merit occasional specific note touches even hackneyed expressions birds flowers contagious buoyancy look introductions hedges green gold heath dressed bright roses come fine girls may land linden well hung rich attire now hearken nightingale draws near time many year seen fairer cold winter many hearts rejoice felt chill woods leaf come linden dear summer thousand welcomes whatever heart wounded long winter healed pain gone comest welcome world lands rich poor lose sorrows winter go another loses effect neglect long swinging metre forest new foliage grey dress forsaken therefore now full many hearts pleasure must awaken birds winter brought dismay never sung well now praises may winter lovely heath last turned aside blossoms stand arrayed colors gaily pied may sweet dews lightly shed ah wish wreath dear friend lady stanza moves quickly forth houses children fair street wind sharp wind cold snow birds dreary singing cheerily forth woodland go opening stanzas comes action song almost always expression girl longing go dance mother unwillingness burden remonstrances song men deceivers ever though conversations amiable often two come high words even blows girl think going without best costume prudent old domestic management always carefully folded kept lock key gave right lock gown daughter demands spin thread key now open room finally obtained stealth took chest gown laid many small folds knight reuenthal threw colored ball neidhart grimly brings mother close another cries bring fine gown gentleman reuenthal sung us new song hear singing children must dance linden mother warns happened playmate jiute last year just mother gentleman sent lovely garland roses brought pair red stockings rhine wearing promised let teach dance another song represents two girls talking knight reuenthal know songs heard everywhere loves please lace trimly go mothers remonstrate wood well leaf mother let go tied feet rope must go children linden field mother overheard threatened punish little grasshopper whither wilt hop away nest sit sew sleeve girl impudent poem ends lively contest love strong kissed says root mouth lost senses perhaps poet bewitched often assures us plighted farmer whenever expects find home entertain joins dancers toward evening bend way street throws ball knightly singer even mothers sometimes caught desire dance least men linden two three neidhart sprightliest songs tables turned daughter tries keep mother gaieties years outgrown translated two summer dance songs exact rhythms literally make appear almost bald first nature opening may omitted mother deny field hie dance merry spring ages since heard crowd new carols sing nay daughter nay mine alone bosom carried now yield mother seek married show mother dear know haste ah knight reuenthal shall embraced green branches bending leafy weight seems rending trees thickly clad now assured dear mother mine take worthy lad dear mother burning love yearning ungrateful says prettiest france germany bare saw fields now flowers crowding thro clover length season love last year heath caught held roses roses summer brings good cheer thrushes nightingales hear singing loud music mount dale ringing dear summer jubilee brings bright sights pleasures without number heath fair thing see dewy grow meadows cried maiden branches lately bare greenly laden listen birds crowning may come play wierat leaves linden winter ween gone away year dance till twilight closes near wood great mass roses garland trimly made come jade hand hand fine knight see dance linden shade little daughter heed advances press among knights dances something befitting trouble coming little young farmer thinks nay trust rule knight armor listen farmer think peasant bride replied never woo liking never marry cried first neidhart seems maintained friendly relations young men district find addressing amicable terms even engelmar later became worst enemy complimenting room song apparently designed dance house difficult believe critical genius gone long without expression presently began amusing courting admirations others original snatches songs imitated humorous rustic often roughly personal verses evidently vogue among country people neidhart day jeering gibing bits peasant grow custom songs rural gatherings like parallel practice sometimes found us country personalities touched freedom anonymous privileged license readily imagine beginning hits another contained deeper offence inevitable tone amused sense ridiculous country gallants already jealous elegant rival whose gentlemanly prestige courtly accomplishments naturally make attractive sweethearts quick take umbrage boorishly ready manifest displeasure neidhart certainly enjoyed least much poetic dower hate hate scorn scorn must answered sullenness rudeness contempt falls sting gentility stung bad manners naturally composed sharper direct stanzas holding offended laughter men tittering damsels seem probable cutting individualized attacks written sung dances victims satire present consider violence recklessness historically marked whole class thirteenth century sure poet hardly survived recitations many probably composed gratify possibly irritated mood shall presently see displeasure deeper vexation wounded social pride strayed easily objects ridicule strolled along street carrying fiddle stopping amuse house another pretty girls found idle like may played sung piece just working minor singers must haunted grew better known catch repeat far wide witty verses piece working important sense poems professional labor natural comparison minnesinger farm ovid among goths loses force reflect neidhart absences various little romes sense pleasure must kept riding castle castle made frequent sojourns patron court exercise now established musical vocation better songs surer hold duke favor prestige might rise throughout country cordial greeting generous dismission whenever chose go mediæval poets careless rhymsters painstaking labor assumed necessary success poetry subtle difficult schoolmen philosophy though may care much either least respect skill mastered technical difficulties arnaut daniel contest wager another troubadour king richard decide produced cleverer poem illustrates statement time thought necessary composition provençal biography tells us contestants shut separate rooms ten days allowed preparing song neidhart seclusion fief naturally make studies important literary appearances studies well verse music large number poems least considered entirety must thought compositions intended courtly audiences presumed neidhart began writing conventional style sense humor originality vigorous allow continue polished monotonous manners school reached acme reinmar possessed creative faculty rude village lyrics sufficient suggestion new departure instituted consummated put place lyrical elegies lyrical snatches epic instead gathering epic materials already familiar even hackneyed cycles chivalry took real life growing life german villagers time boorish manners arrogant social pretensions vulgar assumptions elegance jealous recklessly brutal tempers sketches vividly touch called magical imaginative hauntings poems little fascination subtle poetry expression melodies rude subjects means treated rudely shows excellent technique elaborately built stanzas tone rather deepens shrills excited movements dash energy feeling retains artistic iconoclast sentimental poetry thought walther mind complaint new school invariably shows sentiment nature preludes well sympathetic tones character especially may call personal confessions indeed virtue combination qualities well novelty subject caught approval age romantic idealism dying long period coarse sensibility drawing yet still feeling sentiment intellectual appreciation artistic performance usual lapping first stages literary decadence accept view suggested least wholes many neidhart songs intended gentry may find easier meet question autobiographic actual significance possible unduly literal credulous historic reality whatever found old literature especially works minnesingers modern germans appear unconscious poet may relate fictitious experiences sensations remarked earlier essay cowley many mediæval prototypes seems necessity assuming fact behind neidhart statements reasonable suppose made call strike village characters occasionally invented continuations parallels may go far assert possibility continual reappearances engelmar neidhart recurrent character always associated beginning disasters due quite much fact early treatment famous snatching girl mirror proved virtue topic melody great favorite incident fateful influence life implied cases may term episode neidhart certainly seems referring popular earlier songs reason reference agreeable audience give sort continuity work instances almost pathetic poet old song comes hard several stanzas unusually serious tone says people ask sing told keep wondering become peasants used attempts conclude strain old satirical gaiety tell bold free ways limizun yet worse friend took friderun mirror bought mail awhile ago vienna mention popular achievements younger wit hide dull present mood appears may explain recurrent complaints unhappy loves desires frustrated another boors lover sorrows just expect poet neidhart relation fashionable love lyrics retains something tone despondent yearning deemed requisite predecessors yet gives piquant novelty substituting irony class animosities vague impersonal wailings sense humor courtly woes behalf mere peasant maidens livelier attraction knights ladies polite circles might suppose surely neidhart victim deep passion rustic heroines may amused even liked certainly enraged interfered baffled rivals rôle lothario true wooer imagine peasant large main apartment neidhart mind earliest winter songs engelmar room good chill dales winter hateful young farmers girls come trooping pairs little groups dressed best smiling gay better aid imagining scene desired defregger genial picture modern tyrolese peasant party change summer dances winter might drive us indoors broad linden winds cold lark quit singing frost snow nay alas green clover may loyal winter bane winter gives joy none love think change summer gatherings singer strums fiddle strikes nature prelude lyric prepare begin dance another opening translated stanza system original green grass flowers gone sun linden gives shade happy hours shady lawn various joys played none may play paths stray went together joy fled away winter weather hearts sad gay reminded herrick lines meadows ye fresh green ye fill flowers ye walks maids spent hours dance way now sometimes happened paid surprise visit guests taken hold made room ready clear benches stools set middle trestles fiddle dance till tired merry fools throw open windows air breeze softly please throat child debonair leaders grow weary sing say fiddler play us tune stylish apparently piled middle room place linden danced lawn singer goes remind preparation party advise friends consult children shall fun megenwart large room like holiday party daughter wishes us come tell rest engelmar shall lead dance around table let kunegunde know shall blamed tells forget hedwig come along children hademuot engelbrecht adelmar friderich tuoze guote wentel sisters three hildeburg pretty child jiutel cousin ermelint still cheerful early songs neidhart bitter tone came now children asked party jiutel shall tell step fiddle hilde great dance diemuot gisel going together wendel engelmuot heaven sake go call künze come tell man cares see time wishing let put little jacket cloak prefer come find home every day clothes künze tarried longer came engelmuot bade hurry quickly dressed sides gown red silk finest girls discover country glad give dear mother daughter haha pleased saw hair red lips asked sit dare told talk even sit go ask heilke vriderune hear dancing room sings another time crowd village women two fiddles pause gay outbreak talking laughing window goes hubbub adelber never dances two girls sometimes knightly guest entered gay interlude conversation entertaining merry screaming group moody vein vexation common man successful rivalry dulled social spirits stand apart go side peasant maids satirically note men scattered room young farmer assumption dress manners gentility carrying arms discarding rustic fashions affecting polite speech sîner rede er neidhart says talks like fine gentleman abroad ridiculous courtly poet sense humor associated bitterness social contempt look engelmar high holds head elegant style dance showy sword something different father batze son poor gawk rough head puffs like stuffed pigeon sits ever see gay peasant good lord first dance two hands broad proud enough new jacket four twenty small pieces cloth sleeves come hand two peasants wearing coats court style austrian cloth uoze never cut goes say perhaps like hear rustics dressed clothes place small coats wear small cloaks red hoods shoes buckles black hose silk carry pieces ginger make agreeable girls wear hair long privilege good birth put gloves come elbows appears fustian jacket green grass another flaunts red another carries sword long hemp flail wherever goes knob hilt mirror makes girls look poor clumsy louts girls endure tears partner veil another sticks sword hilt gown dancing enthusiastically dancing excited music awkward feet tread girls skirts even drag clumsy offensive kind pleasantry nothing less insult put hands wrong places tries get maiden ring actually wrenches finger treading bending angry insolence yet mind ring much hurt hand just engelmar snatched mirror neidhart darling vriderune last famous incident neidhart story dates misfortunes reverts bitterness hardly regarded merely ironical humor yet numerous references mystery affair cleared suggested vriderune way taking rudeness made clear neidhart peasant lover really liked seem natural associate occurrence something violent possibly poet indignation boorish familiarity led personal attack just another connection threatens strike obnoxious fellow resulting quarrel may taken friends serious consequences various annoyances followed part return insulting hits songs chances favor poet slighter man physically sneers sacks ride neck suggestions poetry helpers revenge imitations neidhart injury left legs cut evident exaggeration earlier imitation writer reminds hearers happened engelmar taking vriderune mirror lost left leg go crutches violent fights authentically reported merrymakings time aristocratic leader brawl neidhart doubt find subsequent residence among peasants uncongenial yet manifest reserve time mentions subject constantly referring long left bavaria possible jealousy hot blood drove underhanded attack way brilliant restoration poet tried punish supposed injury ill reputation aristocrat equally insolent treacherous might follow austria hardly pleased acknowledge poem done constant references injury insult vriderune misfortunes caused may regarded half defensive attempts excite sympathy instead disapproval much possible explanations curious literary enigma may make much already suggested neidhart may novelists sometimes repeat popular hit characterization rate vriderune seems lost lover ever time new neidhart constantly reverts peasants brutality eagerness fight look brutish fellow named ber tall scarcely get door fie brought nephew hildebolt bern pounded williher lanze got champion thought nothing resist put underneath coat mail snarling like bear goes ugly child withstood another wears sword cuts like shears good safety hat whoever may well keep way villagers look sword poisoned waidover sword wonder parties always end cheerfully resemblance modern slang neidhart tells threaten put sunshine lively episode quarrel rural gallant presenting young lady piece ginger neidhart says describe full came away began screaming friends called loudly gossip wezerant must great difficulty scream help heard hildebolt sister shriek brother brother another dance ends milder disagreement ruoprecht found egg ween devil gave threatened throw eppe got mad dared ruoprecht threw top head trickled sometimes evidently peacemakers interfered frideliep engelmar disagreement gotelint rivals fight though just like two silly geese went toward rest day like poets neidhart though says often lets us become indifferent acquaintances read mediæval lyrists without feeling sure detect single genuine personal note little modern sense individuality neidhart fare better yet hardly sure personal confessions formally humorously assumed yet trait left doubt strong german sense fatherland many bavarians went syria damietta crusade led leopold vii austria left us two songs though certainly different enough deep religious feeling crusade lyrics hartmann walther unmistakably sincere first opens minnesinger usual spring stanzas neidhart soon drops conventionality exclamation song foreign folk care ah blessings germany reminds us walther nothing like german home thinks sending messenger notice town castle village left loving heart constancy never wavers dear friends tell us quickly see us joyous enough except wide waves bear glad service mistress dear ladies say friends kinsmen well inquire things going us pilgrims tell dear boy ill foreign folk wrought us haste swift assuredly shall follow quick ever may god grant may live see happy day going home scarcely alive goes army half dead ah beloved gladly rest mine place may grow old cries breaks impatiently keep delaying august instead moving westward nowhere man better home parish last expedition dissatisfied worn returning crusaders always confines country imagine straggling company making way along minstrel riding among fingering old violin carried shoulders two years thinking new song still young man least approaching middle age thoughts home friendship love spring gaiety village life crowd buoyant thrills strikes strings firmly voice rings lyric full life feeling long bright days come birds long time since sang well gayer thirty years maidens ye children fine people let hearts free summer joy spring quickly carols dear herald homeward go woe near rhine neidhart poems readily classified two divisions songs summer winter probably sung accompaniment dances either peasants upper class though may doubt whether true winter songs almost invariably opens often elaborate temper songs always congenial season gay summer gloomy critical winter evidence difficulty engelmar occasion poet leaving bavaria unpopularity peasants seems something loss fief cast thought parting reuenthal sing longer since name merry lines known taken play word put undeservedly friends now leave free name settled frederich austrian fief adapted cheerfully new home medelicke spite sorry sang much eppe gumpe reuenthal duke gave money house response musical solicitations neidhart appealed exemption heavy taxes threatened consume children needed modern ideas system literary patronage mediæval poets depended usually required direct even pressing solicitation seems painful forget lately flourished days princely giving established custom differed system salaries mainly less regularly appointed income poet request gift scarcely modern author reminder unpaid claim nothing unmanly dependence coleridge earlier suppliants aid none asked gracefully even chaucer delicately suggestive neidhart lines whoever bird satisfied song year occasionally look give good food bird go singing sweet melodies always sang well meet may well cared summer winter even birds appreciate kind treatment times bad even box silver house put remission taxes keep poet gay passed later life composed penitential lyrics orthodox precedents almost always grew old seriously need linger though seems cry fuller farewell lady earth appeal pardon foolish songs lord god heaven give guidance might might now strengthen heart may win soul health partake joy sweet wail serious minds things going ever lenger wers christendom comes nowhere deeply neidhart allegorical joy world chiding change character long unrequited service false shameless folk nowadays people court old household truth chastity good manners none find longer lady honor lame fallen none rescue lies pool god make clean men wise mind guard church street women worth keep far away eighty new melodies sung service last joyous closing period may refer summer songs exception usually verses form seriousness noticeable setting spring panacea delightful may come alas neither priest layman rejoices arrival emperor come might rejoice trouble sorrow dwell austria something besides sense joyousness simple loyalty passing away attributes much social decline national confusion political unrestraint yet controversial social relations little walther von der vogelweide thoughtfulness energy patriotic polemics drifts stream sigh poem meyer elaborate study order work places last though conjecturally considers friends entreaty songs world goes sadly says must ask troestelin sing longer heart poetry yet pleasant story tell break troubles comes worthy praised may might something pathetic songs try assume cheerful strain poet now grown gloomy wrote young remind us stray leaves sometimes see caught old home among branches sudden march gust brown leaves never uncrumple green infancies hover moment sink hesitatingly back ground song nature stanzas transferred place prelude conclusion may conquered wood heath adorned lovely attire blue flowers roses ends old thought joyousness virtuous honor go together idle fancy pleasant consider regard final words knightly singer mediæval country scenes last great figures old german group parting reminder philosophy happy life mediæval lyrists often maintained earnestly secret good living blitheness heart life spring summer many old poets two terms convertible creed surely simple decoration footnote must remember unwillingness upper grade society peasants assume styles dress went far ducal edicts issued forbidding use coats mail helmets carry weapons bitter complaints made wearing stuffs fine silk clothes stylishly cut decoration meier helmbrecht german farmer thirteenth century usual conception middle ages seems consist facts theories feudal system crusades names possibly traits eminent public figures general impression confusion obscurity supplementing central idea usually sees panel picture either side sunshine flashing spears armor knights tilting tournaments watched dimly beautiful women distance solitary knight pricking plain guided wail unseen lovely captive making way forest haunts giants gnomes lowering twilight overhanging gloomy monastery walls shelter melancholy hypocrisy manuscript illuminations barren difficult philosophy sunshine twilight either hand background impenetrable mist concealing great masses humanity well concrete actual lives even great little information little romance unsatisfactory artists sketch mediævalism soon discover great deal behind picture soldiers living wars tourneying pretence war schoolmen contending brilliant logical panoply within without spectral philosophic fastnesses hermits nuns monks fighting god present might win future marauders beating helplessness innocence yet may study middle ages laboriously find still confronted mist hangs rank file curiosity forgotten multitudes teases us lived ask distant prototypes wordsworth peasant come discover much behind slight old notion chivalry monasticism though seven hundred years changed conditions life now yet less different thought find difficult acquire much information social substrata learned polite classes rested clio aristocratic ladies nine instinct vitality whereby count fame something desirable makes us think certain compassion great armies generations filing sullenly individuals whole masses grave oblivion little know makes us sure wretched lives gloomy lives gloomy ages may read thousands pages literature days scarcely addition knowledge world poetry romantic imitative phases mainly reflection courtly customs character middle ages germany france anything uncivilized poetry secondary cultivation last essay likely prefer idealistic interpretation finest development democratic realism yet student finds time time interesting material account average life poet essay designed introduce modern audience obtain extended study side field literary interpretation wrote high life middle classes romance literal yet time artistic manner may call heightened realism appears people poet possibly made living reciting poems incident singing merrymakings though evidence thought german scholars may monk indications make rather view know fact nothing whatever except single line tells us name wernher gardener poem remarkable heightened treatment plain story peasant classes little remarkable liveliness simple force treatment artist though works chalks instead unornamented unassuming produces impression personal power moral seriousness clear eye saw power state directly marks later developed age little dramatic liveliness sense humor pleasantest love plain beauties character tells story farmer helmbrecht wayward son boy admiration peasant family oldest child notable splendid yellow hair full life spirit time poem opens grown early manhood dissatisfied hidden laborious life tiller soil vain appearance fond fine dress ambitious live easily admired petted indulged mother sister gotelint desires hood part masculine costume much affected gallant youths provide fine becomes famous far near embroidery every knows acquainted mediæval arts artistic accomplishment period ladies learned embroider weave complicated elaborate devices handicraftsmen sorts put work representations copious sometimes wonders whether literary descriptions exaggerations frequency detail passages wonder faintly remembered tradition devices put homer shield achilles vergil gates rising carthage rate tapestries cloths garments say nothing saddles like covered picture picture almost every important poem age young peasant helmbrecht hood embroidered course rude country fingers mother sister clever nun run away nunnery enjoy pleasures lively youth many wages persuaded fit young man hood covered birds parrots doves side representations siege troy escape æneas stout deeds charlemagne roland oliver wars heathen moors behind adventures old german legendary heroes cycle dietrich bern front dances knights ladies maidens young esquires favorite mediæval dance gentleman stood two ladies holding hand acquisition boy became ambitious still finery indulged elaborate costume need described white linen splendid blue coat covered buttons gilded ones double rows back around collar front silver shoulders little bells hung rang merrily sprang ah glances cast women girls dance last fully equipped love sacrifice family happy elegance contented capricious boy pleased suddenly simple household thrown grief anxiety announcement going leave home must horse none farm complete outfit gentleman ride away court seek fortune vain remonstrate dear father help mother sister helped shall love life father troubled hear resolved go give fast horse outfit good hedges ditches court buy willingly find sale dear son now give going court ways hard used time children dear son now drive team rather hold plough drive let us till farm come grave full honors like least hope surely honest loyal every year pay tithes lived life without hate without envy son replied dear father keep quiet stop talking way going find things smack court sacks load back longer wo load manure wagon god hate ever yoke oxen sow oats thing long yellow hair curly locks coat fine hood silk doves women worked wo help farm longer son stay certain farmer ruoprecht give daughter lots sheep swine ten cattle old young court hungry lie hard give comforts now take advice interests credit seldom happens man gets along well rebels station station plough son swear genuine make fun dear child say give horse shall get well court ways born saw hood head swear thousand oaths never worked drove plough furrow whenever put clothes mother sister gave yesterday look much ever took flail thresh wheat barn floor ever drove stakes get legs feet hose cordovan boots nobody know ever made fence else let horse farmer ruoprecht may go without give future wife father goes pleading boy take advice keep disorderly life likely get court silent assumption new master people pillage peasantry get suggestion lawlessness country grown worse long absenteeism frederic ii peasants catch tells son energy fare much worse gentlemen take quickest revenge think god service find kind stealing son goes repeat leave farm talks just ambitious country fellow talk slow life small profits becomes bolder insolent wretched horse riding rest across fields dragging peasants hedges cattle lowing drove says endure poverty longer raising colt ox three years selling just nothing father traded large piece homespun four good cows two oxen three steers four bushels wheat worth ten pounds horse sold three alas wasted seven young man put finery tossed head looking around jauntily declared bite stone eat iron felt fierce catch emperor duke money coming manage saxon easier calls father release family control latter assents though old reluctance indeed let go without appeal give liberty son take care yonder hurts hood silk doves viciously tears long yellow hair afraid end following staff little boy leading pause comes abrupt son dear boy give going shall live live mother gives drink water dear son steal buy wine austrian pie fool wise man tell food fit gentlemen eat dear child instead giving ox stolen chicken mother cook good broth eat instead giving stolen horse goose son mix rye oats sooner eat fish dishonored life obey go though win wealth great honors never share misfortune alone drink water father drink wine eat mush eat call fricasseed chicken white wheat bread oats say rome child takes godfather mine knight thank god giving high noble ideas old farmer replied liked much better man right remained constant even though birth might rather humble please world better king son without virtue honor honest man lowly rank nobleman courteous honorable let two come land neither known child lowly birth outrank son noble word counsel noble deeds good life crown nobility old thought common literature ancient authors poet lady clara vere de vere especially favorite writers middle age possibly caught boëthius expressed testament wise generous character left world confinement pavia proved singularly congenial mediæval mind need certainly require aid origins account frequency aristocratic many phases times number important evening influences conspicuously two church whose monastery cloisters rich poor met together brothers impartial discipline whose ranks members low birth might rise peers dukes orders chivalry received approved squires middle class addition aristocracy birth conditional gentility claim merit might aspire though thought desert descent test nobility obvious days position carried strong connotation power upper strata society bore hard haughtily lower always feel satisfaction coming trim statement fine old commonplace whose best mediæval expression quote poet language look moost vertuous alway pryvee apert moost entendeth ay gentil dedes kan taak hym grettest gentil man mother bore farmer exclaimed boy answer appeal declare hair hood better fitted dance plough harrow wilt leave best worst goes contrast man lives god good others followed every curses man helps world along trying night day good life thereby honors god wherever may turn love god world son says man might yield till plough plenty people better life poor rich nay even wolf eagle everything lives earth many woman must made beautiful farmer many king must crowned produce farm indeed noble pride small thing except farmer natural sounds agriculture basis society tillage soil alike useful honorable quiet manliness old german talks dignity labor touch modern arrogance discontent existing social condition keep rank life loyal station yet though looks interest wonder great world reflects follows plough without great world pride small thing quality still finer undercurrent perception gospel service honesty best policy though peasant shrewd appreciates practical side conversation boy breathes best spirit duty making life valuable others sentence working night day useful thereby honoring god commonplace century say nothing thirteenth something pretty touch sympathy animal world way feels even birds beasts must better good farmer times seem often savage cruelties recklessness giving pain gentle side well may seen tales cited montalembert friendly relations monks wild beasts examples collected uhland essay old german animal literature pleasant connection barbarities shall presently reminded poem recall myth versified longfellow great minnesinger legacy monastery conditioned brethren every day placing grain water birds grave authentic story told like abbot hirsan snow deep winter take oats barn feed birds young helmbrecht begged god release soon father preaching real preacher might got whole army sermons crusade explained instead keeping ploughing resolved white hands longer need feel mortified whenever holds ladies hands dance father resorts last resource appeal superstition keeping reserve tells dreaming three dreams interprets ominous loss sight feet arms worst final dream sights common many centuries made less dreadful familiarity hanging tree feet fathom ground head bough sat raven side crow hair tangled right hand raven combed head left crow hopeful rode gaily bars came castle warlike lord glad receive addition force stayed year leading extreme bandit life whose outrages oppressions read much troubled period quickly obtained reputation daring merciless sack stuffed everything nothing small nothing great helmbrecht took rough smooth crooked straight took horses cattle jacket sword cloak coat goats sheep women stripped everything well enough ship went first year sails full people wont think going home took leave court commended good god heard farm coming visit accordance ancient custom giving present bearer good news messenger received shirt pair hose young man arrived received step forward meet nay ran together crowded past another father mother sprang never care touching notice suggestiveness single line poet description scene plain people understood son longer knew earlier false pride must grown year absence outer world anxiety everything gratify brilliant wayward eldest son admiration hope nothing interfere pleased gracious yearning timid love knowing homely heartiness joy seeing young master two servants treat old familiar way equality instructed man woman thought polite salutation guest appeared woman man cry back helmbrecht nay told god name welcome touch humor rushing forward first greet rude also get sense tenderness seeing father mother keeping background behind daughter gotelint little education middle ages people fully appreciated elegance well utility knowledge foreign languages accomplishment held desirable especially germans representing outlying civilization send sons still boys french court serve pages acquire especially language well branches knightly culture praises various heroes french well german romances give linguistic attainments high place gottfried example account training tristan typical gentleman romances says age seven fourteen studying languages care tutor travelling different lands since fashion imitations sure become popular thin veneering foreign speech became mark pinchbeck culture just frequently since accordingly servants cried master god name welcome gotelint thrown arms brother young gallant calls dear little sister phrase salutation touched low dutch follows elegant gratia vester younger children ran last farmer wife greeted addressed father french deu sal mother bohemian dobraytra looked four strange languages together must mistake housewife dear son bohemian slav husband replied frenchman son commended god certainly yet looks like gotelint suggested answered latin may priest put hired man caught phrase dialect lived saxony brabant liebe susterkindekin must saxon old peasant devoted loving resolution told accomplished youth take son must talk german declare helmbrecht well good chicken boiled another roasted horse well cared bohemian slav saxon brabanter frenchman priest given nothing youth began reflect getting late place near go concluded waive elegant manners speak old style shrewd peasant feigns incredulity decides test son little vain young man protests helmbrecht gentility must stoop vulgar peasant identification tell knows oxen farm rattles four grazer rascal little praise two reconciliation accomplished thereupon repressed fondness devotion obtain free expression father hurried attend horse mother sent daughter pillow cushion run now walk makes couch bench close stove may nap preparing dinner boy woke meal ready wernher assures us gentleman might enjoyed washing hands usual first step meal dish put bacon fat lean rich mellow cheese fat goose ever roasted spit provided extraordinary peasant luxury roasted boiled chicken knight hunting happening meal like well besides managed get delicacies peasants never think indulging wine drunk farmer added noble union dignity simplicity sentiment plain homely blessings appreciated loved life dear son now take drink water best spring ever came earth know spring fit compared except wankhûsen son continued went dinner wait ask court fashions tell used young son busy eating stop talk allowed father relate early reminiscences boy began grandfather helmbrecht sent court cheese eggs just farmer took note knights marked ways courteous cheerful rascality days many men women now knights custom make pleasing ladies called jousting man court explained asked called two companies come together opposite directions riding mad drive spears must pierce nothing days like saw dance dancing sang lively songs made time go quickly presently playman came forward struck fiddle ladies jumped knights went meet took hold hands pleasant sight overflowing delight ladies gentlemen dancing gaily poor rich man came read called ernest whatever liked took bows shot target others went hunting end kinds pleasure worst best us now times false vicious people turn right tricks nowadays wise man cheat lie position money honor court much man lives justly strives god grace find many places thirteenth century poetry already looking back just seen walther ulrich bewailing lost sunshine chivalry wernher laments honesty gone knightly honorable joys already halo chivalric court ladies honored knights tourneyed pleasure dancing attracted gentlemen quite beyond drinking bouts poet narratives old german heroes yet fashion seems amusing young man sappy fashions thinks manly swagger new ways tell fashionable cry trinkà herre trinkà trinc used good breeding dangle pretty ladies correct thing now just drink kind dear little fill cups fool man wastes life women instead good wine genteel thing sharp tongue get best people tell clever lies old man hears sigh wishes back day gentlemen shouted hey ritter wis et fro tourneys instead new cries riotry pillage son tell ridden far wishes go sleep linen sheets gotelint spread newly washed shirt bed slept high day next morning displayed gifts brought father whetstone scythe axe mother gotelint band silk gold better fitted nobleman child shoes straps wife cloth cover hair red ribband remained home week became restless return father took entreaties begging tenderest tones stay bitter sour life leading long lives share even young man nothing sit still wash hands must go back go back much rich man ridden field another rich man eaten bread crullers still third eating bishop table loosened girdle must taught better manners wholesale plunder cattle sheep swine say nothing boor blew foam beer friends give good training runs list bandit companions cant names borne lambswallow hellbag coweater wolfthroat last name may pass exploits boasts children peasants near eat father eyes puts beards draws pincers binds smokes chimney forth revolting list barbarities youth uncloaks desperado father short stern warning god name vengeance throws passion declares though hitherto raids kept companions farm instead longer give father mother reveals main motive visit arrangement made comrade lambswallow let marry gotelint brilliant match father conduct deprived girl also never find another man give luxuries dress fare moreover sister worthy husband stops repeat tribute paid discussing alliance friend lines bring us weird mediæval scene reckless looked forward assured end dreaded lurid light thrown superstition picture ghastly swinging corpses gibbet rain drenched washed us villon says two hundred years later sun dried blackened us magpies crows hollowed eyes plucked away beards eyebrows troubled less thought falling bones must lie unburied lives followed religious rites mitigate eternal justice french poetry interpreted phase crime misery villon english interpreted tennyson intense piteous poems free early ballad pathetic expression literature mother love kept category greatest poems intolerable anguish emotion old german story find interpretation briefest much simplest yet without unobtrusive power young helmbrecht declares told comrade might trust gotelint never make repent choice know represents saying loyal may count never leave hanging long cut hands carry grave incense myrrh sure nightly whole year go less fortunate blinded crippled loss hands feet good pure girl guide hand paths every land every morning bring crutches bed cut even till die bread meat first gotelint fascination brother hears long account life wife lambswallow must live calls young helmbrecht aside arranges run away home marry friend appointed time great wedding feast provided cost many widows orphans follows curious mediæval marriage ceremony midst strange foreshadowing evil comes wishes back father simple fare cabbage better luxury lambswallow fish tells bridegroom afraid strangers hand harm even players receiving gifts sheriff force break revellers meet quick justice nine hung helmbrecht tenth sent blind foot hand forsaken bride suffered let tell saw story works conclusion temper better fitted thirteenth century poet feels complaisance obstinate says god worker wonders proper lot youth called father old peasant mother worthless woman stop exclamation tells detail blind maimed fellow brought boy farm receive father taunts mocking brutal distressing passage seems true age character sturdy old farmer hope borne every insult pleaded persistently tenderly every limit generosity devotion youth proved susceptible claims virtue humanity last stroke evil seduced sister honorable life pity seems sentimentalism boy first departure father warned take part prosperity misfortunes came must borne alone foreign phrases father lips time sightless cripple creeps door runs proud speeches ended shame misery listen entreaties shelter even beggar single night country round cruel alas now god name give charity give poor sick man farmer laughed scoffingly even though broke heart flesh child stood blind struck boy leading wretch drove yet went away mother put loaf bread hand child year crawled skulking woods living might day wandered scene worst crimes set peasants catch sight recount another farms babes daughters suffered outlaw band talk tremble hate rage catching rope fulfil last dreams tormented anxious night father just son rode rich clothes fine horse wonderful hood covering long beautiful hair seek fortune court worth introduce english readers peasant tale middle ages account antiquarian value though full interesting suggestions old manners primarily account literary significance notwithstanding tact nervous directness wernher style heightened realism treatment gives distinction beside romanticists time main importance us lies sense human unity derive story time remote aspects different many influences render man life desirable organized society respect property personal safety ease living humanitarian sensibility even guiltiest suffering miss missing rejoice progress age toward light traits whereby life ages becomes estimable simplicity character contentment station birth live dignity usefulness frugality integrity natural love grows tender yearning kinship moral worthiness seems danger dissolution best possession identity manhood now makes us feel less strange among distant dimly remembered generations serious writers offer study many notable interesting thoughts courtly poets find scores delightful pictures gracious noble dames knights moving pleasures pains ideal world also pleasant listen poet among people touch rough hand old german farmer whose brilliant recollection time boy carried eggs cheese courts chivalry whose virtue cast decadent era looked life sternly yet whose austerity softened homely simplicity whose grace grew old heart true plain home life family even assurance drink refreshing water spring farm decoration footnote la pluye nous debuez et lavez et le soleil dessechez et noirciz pies corbeaulx nous ont les yeux cavez et arrachez la barbe et les sourcilz decoration childhood mediæval literature homer described pretty fright astyanax nurse arms amid parting hector andromache vergil made damon recall day little boy just able reach branches saw mother child fate gathering apples hyacinths theocritus daintier struck two chords feeling charming deeper richer started vibrations whenever met sympathetic reader ever since susceptible poetry childhood pleased find ancient poets also cared adds personal touch feeling gives us thrill immortality heart simplest purest sentiment may element fictitious feeling childhood heaven may infancy sweet early days may long twenty days now may types innocence simplicity loveliness race taken first hand nature fancy something beyond fallacy sentiment purer refined moods sensitive like whiff spring smoke woodsy odors reminder early life sometimes throw us revery recollection write well children without sensibility youthful emotion love family life whoever looks back genial wistfulness early days enjoys renewing playthings fancy hardly without vein quiet refinement age listens pleasure sketches barren homely affections uniformly given restless unlawful passions wanders poetry middle ages observes frequency mentions children passages judged absolutely may remarkable insight tenderness days emotional subjects treated crudely yet often interesting show fact many seem question sentiments simple family life felt poets people much written critics worse side society chivalry well recognize aspect affections public frequently assured days knew nothing true family sentiment much truth statement fashionable love disregarded marriage shown preceding essay grounds disbelieve general society permeated artificial gallantry even testimony lyrical lovers uniform must recollect conventional poets composed formal lines impersonally spite pronouns troubadours indeed denied possible husband theme challenged lonely place hunting liege truth tell whether lady love sire replied sing unless loved poems business ambitious art nature large number poets impress us just little emotional veracity writing cowley moreover even school poetry conventionalized treat romantic sensational sentiment exclusion domestic prove nothing cynical critics centuries hence give coventry patmore place encyclopedias simply ground exception belief love ended bridal altar possibly time love poetry fiction may deal mainly domestic emotions marriage romances likely appear strange point view centuries akin undeveloped life prepared represent europe seven hundred years ago seems like vast nursery abandoned governess people like children various ages sizes degrees education innate sense right wrong children impulsive passionate selfish brutally inconsiderate sometimes religious find apparently sporadic susceptibility isolation prayer cry trifles cheeks still wet smiling bright simple things please fickle impatient love lively music tired playing nothing pleases like story listen intently credulously spring comes help running dancing grass sunbeams brook gentler sit meadow making posies rougher setting traps racing fighting sometimes rough boys come play meadow pleasant girls traits children apply mediæval character barbarisms ethical inconsistencies delight stories age ever cared story telling love play passion spring rest undoubtedly popular impression gives period little joyousness mercurial childhood capacity sudden pleasures even life goes ill life frequently went well even mystery grace motherhood dawning life likely appeal calmer retrospective age seriousness takes pleasure contemplating childhood serene pensive usual moods era undeveloped emotionally matter surprise literary remains days left us mainly incidental references children plain facts many instance little ones entertained pet dogs birds squirrels apparently never cats mice harnessed toy wagon clay wooden images animals tiny vessels kitchen models toy men women children tops marbles played blind man buff many games attended songs early interesting latin poem called et least popular version walther von der vogelweide liked find hero appealing hagen memory boyish games whiled away childhood never quarrelled obtain considerable information customs education also attention paid languages girl french romance understood fourteen tongues isolde knew french latin well irish boys sent travels early going especially paris weinhold quotation hugo von trimberg illustrates dangers beset pursuit culture even many boys go paris learn little spend much yet doubt see paris sir philip sidney derided contemporary drama habit carrying play large part hero lifetime instead restricting action developed episode made poor criticism tune parts criticism genius elizabethan poetry passage interesting reminder relation great literature romances runs back middle ages later greek writings narrations introduce central characters still children whether transmitted influence independently course pursued important romance poems mediæval france germany practice owe pleasant domestic scenes many hero early life sometimes indeed narration early joys sorrows parents love gottfried von strassburg example begins well birth subject noteworthy romantic episodes brilliant poem account early years chivalry typical fine gentleman illustrates admiration paid intellectual training time polite society general well educated tristan spent first seven years care learning various lessons good behavior rual li foitenant provided master sent acquire foreign languages lands well luxurious temper chronicler stops long sigh hardship training years joyousness best exclaims studied style many youth life first bloom freedom away constrained go free blossom seven years young prince constantly kept busy exercises arms horsemanship addition formal studies also learned hunting courtly arts especially music called home prepared political career education children assisted treatises manners morals old english called usually manuals etiquette mediæval prototypes modern works chaucer prioress evidently studied sections table proprieties gentility might well developed admonishments ethical passages often accompanied tender age many precepts depressing gravest mature works called sequel girls advice solomon moralizes certainly well analogues stanza instance shows homely dignity bright candle mark son burns wastes away life doth run say true day day memory let dwell life rule soul may well though wealth exalt name shall follow linen cloth hide shame gnomic writings running developed didacticism illustrated song walther von der vogelweide restraint eye ear tongue whether poet teacher young king henry thought gained experience humbler ways evidently knew trials pedagogue oh boy cries small put work field big whip way go sleep flogging prince minnesingers took side matthew feildes boyers switch child education bring well word good blow apropos teacher view also find pupil feeling teacher recorded little poem english late morning explained master mother told stop milk ducks boy recounts details follows afterwards instead taking interrupted studies words master turned hare books hounds boy goes hunting grain humor least modern reader much sentimental minnesinger hadlaub though mainly echoes love singers wrote hundred years first songs collection poems raises hope something ordinary though leads us disappointment rest pieces something natural picture lover catching sight disdainful fair playing little child reached arms caught close took face white hands pressed lips mouth lovely cheek ah deliciously kissed child just done threw arms around happy let little go lover went kissed just lips went heart poor fellow serve since children nearest apparently ever came seals love instead delaying estrays pleasant scraps like left us heinrich von morungen instance minnesingers really cares may pass three four detailed examples thirteenth century household love sympathy poetry childhood first translate simple sesame opening early gates poet known wild alexander mood gentle gracious revery boyhood came children used play thro meadows away looking grassy maze violets days long ago saw grow now sees cattle graze remember fared thro blossoms compared prettiest might little things see ground wreaths bound goes youth stick stone went till sunny day spent hunting strawberries skirrs beeches firs till hello children go home cry foresters goes tell childhood took pleasure hurts stings received hunted strawberries recall warnings snakes herdsman sometimes shouted branches apart graceful manner breezy freshness universal childhood poem specific touches unusual beeches firs instance sound mediæval aside surprise german omitted linden need old lamb look back touch desire child background perhaps glamour sentiment familiar association childhood purity moral grace yet feeling appeals us true beyond mere beauty many may read responsiveness lines hitherto unprinted whose lips just parted song silence laid finger answer love like thine earth heaven anew heart dear child mine place love us two bright things tired eyes vainly shine grief pure heaven simple blue alas lips past joy wine find blessing god dew dawning summits crystalline lookest makest sign toward bleak vale wander answer pure shrine childhood though love true hidden dim confine must hope clearer view sky earth wrinkled brine wear fresher hue answer love like thine spiritual subtlety mood certainly beyond mediæval poets yet find pleasant proofs sensibility tender unselfish nature loving child nowhere detail perhaps familiar middle high german poems hartmann von aue story known longfellow place discuss poem contains charming passages poet treatment may far satisfactory yet calls original beautiful mediæval legends certainly shows satisfactory side extreme estimate goethe curious fling poem may notice read modernized form says gave pain adds notion fine girl sacrificing leper affected felt poisoned book judgment pronounced goethe later life consistent habitual want sympathy mediæval romantic literature shows moreover lack historical adjustment dreadful disease common twelfth century repulsiveness blurred hartmann yet mentions greatest reserve though description appearance hardly painful famous conclusion rerum reminded goethe visit assisi interesting situation remains classical architecture hartmann von aue ranks two great companions german narrative poetry translator either gottfried wolfram distinction style agreeable way telling story quiet charm diction clear pure crystal words always must gottfried tribute come feel personal liking unaffected interest characters unassuming ways tact lightens deepens accentuation feel gentleman wonder kind regard fellow poets held like refined moral seriousness calm temperament speaks original lost though introduction claims merit beyond careful selection many books takes pains tell us learned enough read probably justified feeling took heart partnership made version receiving touches find earlier treatment appreciate poem put harmony credulous mystically religious world seven hundred years ago hartmann simple earnestness unobtrusive tenderness piety constitute ideal manner legend ease soul hoped come prayers read poem death perhaps equally well secured knows verses touch sophisticated sense actuated writing desire soften hard hours way honor god might make dear others succeeded honor god wins affection others poet leads readers little well pure unselfish love hedged child religious faith hero legend gentleman position feudal possessions whose free generous career cut short incurable leprosy vain consults masters montpelier salerno famous seats medicine honor affection genial life established among friends save becoming social outcast disposes wealth poor church retires fief whose tenant willing receive suzerain guest little estate away contact world gay lord resigns companionship farmer wife whose gratitude kindness past distinguishes among multitude amiable disposition made benefactor friend children family eldest girl eight years old henry came hearts loyal parents kind kept close loved always found feet affectionate nature liked companionship bought hand mirror riband hair belt finger ring whatever children care gifts attached yet main secret love sweet spirit god given three years family sitting together day guest farmer asked given hopelessly disease henry laid aside reserve told first time visit great physician salerno remedy impossible might indeed healed unless virgin made voluntary offering life alas god physician little girl inseparable companion jestingly called bride listened holding sick lord feet lap get head old german idiom better heart rest day night lay usual place father mother feet felt sorry dear lord cried warm tears fell parents feet woke asked matter thought sorry happen lord die else farm ever kind told true good lament dear child grieve feel badly alas help hushed night next day continued unhappy whatever else kept thinking went bed cried till finally resolved lived till morning surely give life lord straightway thought became happy felt free cares occurred perhaps henry parents permit make sacrifice whereupon poor little girl burst crying wakened parents done night difficulty drew simple speech lord might get well way told us let needs cured maid rather see pass away die long dialogue follows parents remonstrate daughter replies strain spiritual elation appeals parents worldly dependence master goodness also desire highest welfare much better pass eternal life unstained childhood anticipating death must come time less unwelcome late soon parents ceased remonstrate felt holy ghost speaking listened visionary cry instead taking two three years hence neighbor husband choose franklin wooing home plough runs easily abundance horses cattle never lost wailing children suffer neither warm cold old grow young frost hunger kind pain joy without toil thither haste forsake farm whose tillage fire hail flood destroy ruins labor year let go lord jesus christ whose grace sure loves poor like queen unlike modern analysts character hartmann stop comment art delineation possible miss tact keeps heroine renunciation consistent child nature hartmann treating character inartistically mere instrument religious culture earnest speech thoughtful parish priest phrases caught conversation lord touched sorrows age feeling contemptu might supplied sentiments seem beyond child invention children emotions sometimes precocious especially seems morbid religious development years faith credulous belief burns white light knowledge child faith man superstition peasant maid imagination sees heaven salvation fact infinitely desirable dread death eliminated path love joyousness sacrifice instead romantic exaggeration far truer life willingness touched pain hesitation noble dread austerely controlled lies calvary dignity pathos gratitude impetuous love seems simple mind superior infinitely deserving object reached finest pitch selfishness becomes demand impulsive egotism enthusiastic temperament love passionate altruism may consummate little maid came away deliverance though happy lord restoration less happy went die tyranny undeniable love broke opposition parents although henry indeed hesitated pleaded anxiously drew eloquent sketch advantage gladness death value life compared last genial affectionate temptation live sacrifice mere child life feudal sense possession overlooked strong resisted compare scene bellario wishes offer man loves hopeless earthly sentiment life piece childhood thrown away continuance life game must lost nameless german girl pathos living beyond thought master death sentiment childlike began eight years old love flame burns impatiently away taper feeds generous passion beautiful devoted wilfulness parents wept lose lord wept weak hesitation wept tears won day rode henry salerno unhappy journey long great physician took hand led alone barred bolted room tried frighten induce retract consent laughed became afraid part whereupon broke indignant scorn unmanly weakness bade undress without blush bound table took knife wished render death easy told taking whetstone make knife sharper slowly whetted pretext delaying gentleman outside found restless listened tried look last crevice wall saw little bride main companion comfort three wretched years fine touch nature poet makes sight perfect loveliness lay waiting celestial bridal force broke selfish charm enchained manliness beat door called response came burst way child lovely die god done now trial came wailed beat wildly body force life unwilling take talked bitterly peevishly cheated heaven cruelty vain dressed rich garments procured sacrificial journey set return distant home sobbing girl leper rode along divine might seemed near mediæval faith companion touching incurable disease fulfilled love miracle henry took daughter back peasants gave rich gifts presented land farmed serfs chattels went back estates welcome world waiting give people insisted marry called conference choose numerous suggestions advisers agree listened telling unless approve choice never marry stepped side dear little wife loved leper romance et goes back though present form twelfth century enjoyed popularity translated almost every european tongue indeed languages found version story tells saracen prince whose royal father interrupts smooth course true love christian girl daughter captive lady palace queen royal boy bond girl born day birth mother blanchefleur became fleur nurse pagan law required must suckled heathen ways infants treated like twins slept cradle eat drink given food grew together five years old king seeing child fine promising boy found land decided time begin education selected master fleur bidden study burst tears cried sire blanchefleur teach never learn without king answered since loved blanchefleur go school went came together joy love still uninterrupted wonder see two studied neither learned anything without straightway telling nature earliest concern love quick learning well remembered pagan books spake love read together delight hastened along understanding joy love way home school put arms kiss king garden bright plants flowers various hues went play every morning eat dinner eaten listened birds singing trees went way back school happy walk found school took ivory tablets might seen writing letters verses love wax deftly gold silver styles made letters greeting love songs birds flowers cared five years fifteen days learned write neatly parchment talk latin well understand follow poem along find different versions many familiar romance expedients conventional incidents pathetic exciting marvellous charm unwavering love twins hour birth breathed together even sleep yet kin blending brotherhood sisterhood love man woman perfection since neither knew beginning way mediæval romance even ideal beaumont gerard violante passed sentiment childhood innocently first lovers ere fell gerard affection began heroine tells ferdinand infancy uncle brought oft long clothes hither another little boy kiss child say loved give toys bracelets rings sweetmeats rosy smiles stand stare eyes play locks swear loved sure methought little love wooed prettily innocence warmed fancy felt glimmering beam love kindle blood time since made flame flood early stages fleur parents attempted persuade blanchefleur dead give confirmation assertions caused superb tomb constructed style considerable interest study literary origins obviously oriental tone without delaying rich curious eastern details may yet notice sentiment figures boy girl placed never seen images fairer children like lovers image blanchefleur holds flower fleur lover holds fair rose fine bright gold fleur holds blanched golden close sit sweet look faces mechanical device contrived wind blew touched children embraced kissed necromancy spoke childhood fleur blanchefleur kiss sweet kissing replied love world story fleur blanchefleur popular became identified characters another romance sung parents heroine attractive legend mythical mother charlemagne poem relates misfortunes sent hungary france wife pepin find suggestion depth sentiment always associated legendary parents france almost nine years without heard blanchefleur determines undertake journey see child dies king without opposing desire expresses half remonstrance may add proofs mediæval poetry true love modern sense familiar throughout eras oh lady shall able live long without let us believe utopia lovers loved birth resided found sharp trials trials daughter safely serene old age passed unconsciously night sleeping away arms love boy girl attractive old narrative poets greatest touched soul young romance sigune schionatulander alas still young pain yet love youth lasts wolfram gives us pretty touches childhood far back nursery like mother ladies playing baby children learning stand taking hold chairs creeping floor reach sigune care take box dolls went away whoever saw little girl thought glimpse may among dewy flowers grew older describes assuming airs young lady breasts rounding light wavy hair began turn dark grew proud dignified though always keeping womanlike sweetness story love schionatulander delightful stanzas long dialogue much truer minnesingers work restraint girl coy sweetness earlier dorigen watches beloved come wasting many evening window gazing fields climbing housetop look distinguishes author sentiment something romance children dear wife dearer idea love consists dante platonic mysticism passion inconstancy without transcendentalism dominant tone spiritual compare earlier lover cry loveliest french romances heaven never go without nicolette sweet darling love much hell fine gentlemen go pretty ladies love compare parisian type feeling wolfram love man woman house earth pure guidance leads us god heaven love everywhere save hell poet naturally turn deepest mediæval note treatment childhood listen vain difference women wolfram exclaims seems way modern womanhood disloyal worldly selfish like men days writes chief poem lady herzeloide husband death wars sun cloud world joy lost night day alike heavenly riches chose earthly poverty leaving estates went retainers far unreclaimed forest bring infant safe strife wiles men heritage lost lord boy parzival trusted hiding away knowledge world might always keep exacted oath servants never let hear knights knighthood cleared farming land heart woods cared child desolate place looking meadows flowers gave thought wreaths whether red yellow child grew boyhood indulged making bows arrows played woods shot birds saw dead remembered sung cried every morning went stream bathe nothing trouble except singing birds head sweet breast grew strained feeling ran mother tears asked ailed like children even now may tell kept riddle heart day found gazing trees listening birds saw breast heaved sang seemed hated know wanted stop singing bade farm hands snare kill birds quick remained kept singing boy asked mother harm birds war might cease kissed lips opposing highest god shall birds lose happiness nay mother god son brighter day took likeness man trouble comes pray faithfulness upholds world devil darkness turn thoughts unbelief passage wolfram invention brilliant gallic poet whose romance followed contrived sympathy nature belongs later era seems less strange meet keats boy apollo wanders alone morning twilight nightingale ceased stars lingering heavens thrush began throughout isle covert retired cave unhaunted murmurous noise waves though scarcely heard many green recess listened wept bright tears went trickling golden bow held recalls nothing two centuries wolfram touches equals picture mother watching child baptism sad precious gift soul stands gazing upward forest trance listening dawning perplexities teaching first religious lesson jealous birds dreamy love dimly warned mysterious growing soul remain within simple call lines faith womankind trust things high come easy son good mother certainly appropriate parzival whose faith held true simple whole career foremost knight chivalric legend living spiritual ideal unseduced beauty ways courts loyalty first wedlock true kindred points heaven home description parzival meeting knights mistaking bright armor angels eagerness make way arthur court narrated chrestien excellent vivacity wolfram follows welsh version story peredur though disappointing contains naïve sketch boy rustic attempt imitate knight trappings full tenderness mother parting goes home fierce world must turn german kisses rides away runs steps till galloped sight closes forever eyes whose light motherhood shone like star sea tumultuous years centuries poems virgin especially latin manifest similar sensibility infancy motherhood pleasing belongs england written commixture latin modern tongue occasionally produces quaintly pretty effects glorified christ summons mother memory kisses calmed sweet song come crowned pulcra ut luna lovely moonlight veni coronaberis perhaps delicate sketches comes unexpected source young lawyer town todi whose early life combined pleasure sufficient study gain doctorate turned aside prosperous public career tragical loss bride matthew arnold given symbolism story death sonnet beginning son italy tried blow dante came trump sacred song sorrow struck deep even point partial mania gay young man forsook world devoted years seclusion religious culture later entered order minorites ranks delirious enthusiasts mystic poet reckless satirist evils high places fanatic asceticism made glory bodily torments world scorn nickname jacapone carried proudly even harshness boniface viii quell zest martyrdom scarcely look sympathy sweet gaieties nursery yet little sketch virgin life christ child came hand wrote sorrows ah sweet sweet love within heart breast nursing infant lay gentle actions sweetly loving play thine holy child apart little sometimes slept eager awake paradise soft soft hear crept laidest lips close eyes smile maternal calling nay naughty sleep longer wake say almost incoherent repetition word love poems suggestive man despair human love led absorption divine sweetly sounds sacred meditation echo recollection nights childhood told mother waked make light come lean bed till sometimes eyes open see watching father spare rod careless boy later years father soul divine motherhood memory present faith bent yearning eyes may sure anxious sleep prison ascetic cell greatest poets leave us lovely image soul comes forth simplicity hand loves birth playing like young girl weeps smiles yet dante principal sensation childhood helplessness mother eyes throw aureole infancy seem held tenderest meaning never gone beyond original ten lines phantom delight gives beauty child frightened eyes meet mother certainly vision whether real imagined toward close please forever straying love recalled old faithfulness strong imagination little figure habited red just appeared perhaps folco florentine garden boy quite nine fell love girl eight perhaps boccaccio story falcon familiar quote though illustrates domestic love well unmentioned hardly choose best touches bright account boy running fields mother lover hawked always eying boy eagerness ownership famous falcon remnant frederick gay wealthy life lost unsuccessful love picture mother begging child lay ill tell something desired might obtain feverish imagination persuaded wonderful falcon make well thought impoverished gentleman whose devotion lasted years exile little farm hope departed suddenly visited widowed love finding nothing larder money even anything valuable enough pledge secure entertainment desperately wrung neck precious bird delicate hesitation awkwardness lady came explain errand struggle love child bent pride pity lover broken heart found excess devotion cost opportunity pleasing whole may read little play tennyson later years among wayside much better read narrative certaldesian tuscany sent us tenderer story decoration footnotes quote goethe famous disparagement context indicates uttered petulantly still certainly care dante appreciate though recognized eminence may worth noting wolfram substitutes french original usual conventionality pretty watered meadow harder appropriate setting tennyson might suitably enough marriage parzival condiuiramur mind writing prince aspiration reign world great bridals chaste calm passages wolfram poem book iv line book may commended critics see nothing mediæval love pure faithful modern sense marriage decoration mediæval woman heloise born just twelfth century opened abelard experience deepest ecstacies poignant distress whose union life become famous mediæval woman young man came rather family brittany father though active soldier interested letters took pains children instructed ornaments well defence life eldest son attracted early lessons determined sacrifice rights primogeniture renounce distinction knightly career life study yet youth started multitude wandered town town hear lectures seven topics made educational curriculum age entire epoch generation generation practice student vagrancy continued now intellectual centre england now france now germany sometimes two three teachers draw crowds exclusion schools sometimes numbers divide among scores masters poor rich coarse refined indolent stupid scholars impostors student crowds extraordinary medley realize irregularity strangeness lives read story freytag quotes thomas platter wandering scholar fifteenth century german students perhaps lower grade young men travelled france three hundred years standard scholarship may inferior general experiences must similar abelard companions doubt mentally crude arrogant superstitious many dissipated even brutal yet touched love truth vigorous minds well trained application majority better men course hedged palisades catholic tradition sought knowledge past rather independent present thought whose ideas bolder kept proposing questions teachers answer deferential attention roscellinus william champeaux listened broken handsome youth abelard appeared schools leaders european thought strength dialectics topic held intellectual interest practical disregard almost every subject except theology played took opposite sides absorbing problem general terms school abelard rose disputant challenged teacher argue equal triumphed turn extreme nominalist extreme realist set schools moved place place intolerant hostility vanquished chiefs upholders required reputation steadily rose drew largest enthusiastic following keenest young thought generation recognized natural leader independence liberality mind must estimated relatively age concerned outlook abelard seems narrow constrained thinker churchman opening twelfth century rationalist daring explorer sacred mysteries must accepted sealed eye faith absurd exclaims teach give reasons believing tried make belief matter intellectual comprehension argued others asserted made bold modify current opinions ingenuity often childishly simple explain noble grasp conceptions far beyond reach antagonists independently developed ethical doctrine value conduct motive act taught main worth incarnation present model perfect life man christ jesus member trinity love god freely bestowed sinner saint god prevent evil done sufferings endured teaching pupils use credulity unflinching independent thought reflections even theology deserves grateful admiration abelard years old height reputation technical abstruse intellectual interests appears anything though logician trained severely precision speech hesitating way talking exact thinkers fall seems escaped letter written time canon named fulcus dwelling abelard intellectual cleverness power subtlety expression makes special mention sweetness eloquence philosophiæ calls philosophy clearest fountain easy agreeable speaker also advantages attractive presence man prime life now twenty years hero schools philosophic theological leaders age overthrown trampled audiences first successful drawing steadily increased established paris without controversy canon church chair philosophical throne france lectured best pupils europe fulcus letter abelard described geographical extent influence rome sent sons taught former teacher arts confessing wise distance height mountains depth valleys road hard travel perilous robbers hindered scholars hastening english students frightened tempestuous waves sea every peril despised soon name known remote britons angevins picts gascons spaniards people normandy flanders teutons suevi paris france near remote thirsted taught learn nowhere else eminence come without effort close worker secluding society assiduity application study says prevented associating refined ladies hardly acquaintance women outside church purity morals less famous intellect says notion associating many churchmen time coarse women odious suddenly man already might suppose established mentally physically came reaction reputation become old story enthusiasm philosophy seemed dwindle believed first philosopher world doubt intellectual pressure work worn make change interests impulsive abelard turned divert immoral indulgences began life passion several years story begun circulate another canon fulbert name remarkable niece little girl nunnery argenteuil year year accounts precocity grew astonishing time sixteen told talked whole kingdom heloise uncle people know whether prouder fonder brought back house near cathedral abelard met find reports learning exaggerated something interesting find merely scholar genius modern accounts famous story seen mere imitations two authors really taken trouble study originals declare heloise uncommonly beautiful seems authority abelard says faciem non lowest beauty literary culture highest making allowance rhetorical contrast may say without intensives attractive well brilliant read good many indecent chronicles get thoroughly familiar don juan prototypes find story seduction follows abelard pen told perfectly calm language narrative without slightest tremor confession delighted loveliness youth innocence fame brilliancy says believed woman might honor regard resist combination personal qualities reputation wished cultivated congenial companionship amours deliberately resolved betray girl sixteen disguise teacher application fulbert received lodger board paid private instruction niece gave lamb wolf abelard metaphor taught hours day night tutor found convenient obey everything thought fit enjoined discipline rod extent abelard remarks blinded trust niece reputation strict morality nothing repulsive coldly deliberate wickedness abelard plan time thrown away attempt extenuation crime committed relief find something addition brute passion present unscrupulous seducer girl fascinated won complete love nature capable giving week week resigned happiness neglected school lectures repetition formerly acquired views wooed philosophy new truths even perfunctory teaching grew irksome knowledge great sadness groans lamentations tells arose among followers powerless break spell spell intellectual man superficial affections heart given philosophy permanent passion life ambition little praise little extent credit planned holiday mental moral severity enjoy relaxation selfishly viciously heloise undivided cost found better nature captured loveliest representative womanhood fullest exceptional combination elements mediæval history made known us abelard wholly destitute moral sensibilities believe narrator story called attention love old home brittany family devotion reliance guidance tenderness mentions mother spite viciousness early hardness later treatment heloise may credit real affection early days crime man abelard force finish mind refined companionship must first pleasures traditions accepted credulously heloise larger scholar lover read hebrew greek rarest accomplishments mediæval learning least knew latin literature well abundant evidence positive proof scholarship refined appreciative felt poetry well understood mind responded also theological interests thinkers age home church fathers learned abelard main principles philosophical doctrine trying conceive character information fragmentary doubt danger making fanciful biography three letters several abelard autobiography slight contemporary hints materials leave important points character undeveloped given certain suggestions imaginative instincts go far wrong provided inferences sympathetic interpretation held check judgment guides teach us see girl heloise extraordinary combination thoughtfulness bright temper active thinking religious deference accurate scholarship fashion mediæval schools æsthetic sensibility passion maidenly delicacy last quality abelard borne complete testimony letters supply evidence needed absorbed though whole nature love lover let us know modesty conquered blows mind mastered greatness reputation eye taken beauty imagination fascinated universal charm wonder flattered bewitched loving completeness devotion ecstatic love gave wonder generous faith though undeserving object communicates ineffective results life ideal value supreme rendered worthy always remembered abelard stormy life stormy age scholars fought quite bitterly soldiers last years heloise life tragedy buried alive unable die months year found perfect happiness pretty picture outlined us way time went abelard says used books open talked love reading kisses ideas love made pictures us eyes often turned eyes books every now great philosopher appeared new rôle highest men nature given great deal brains wonderfully fine voice fond music poets days went poet stopped constructing dialectics mind inactive took art wrote many almost directly praise heloise content praise ears alone man past prudence violence new absorption let others hear doubt hateful egotism flattered thought fascinating girl france become known mistress lyrics caught popular fancy hear spreading country sung everywhere many years later heloise wrote woman heart resisted abelard magic read songs hear sing surely conquered neglect work notoriety made public abelard real relation pupil yet time world large understood devoted uncle guardian girl heard nothing rumors begin reach obstinately refused believe nothing whole history shows essential goodness heloise significantly canon fulbert complete incredulity event proved nature gentle repudiate harsh thoughts without strongest prepossessions truth forced distress intense even abelard compelled pity abelard pitied uncle much greater distress niece greater still unfortunately apprehension egotist proved proved also heloise real lover first lived together house says last soul crash public disgrace neither us complained personal suffering suffering came bodily separation ensued says touch real feeling greatest linking souls soon separation abelard discovered heloise required care comforts embittered fulbert likely provide devised carried plan take back country sister house amid scenes lover boyhood brittany whose legend poetry blessed us many loveliest romances heroine deeper romance fiction found home several months may guess home pleasant lady lived afterwards entered abbey heloise prioress abelard meanwhile continuing lectures paris fearing seems times great deal coward personal violence heloise family fierce habits age gave reason anticipate last distress fulbert touched better feeling wish give comfort long separation heloise found hard support fear revenge constantly increased motives induced promise rectify offence marriage made condition marriage secret whole perhaps favorable exhibition abelard ever made deductions selfish considerations reasonable allow weight moral feeling good deal devotion girl renders sadder find sixteen years later referring best act life feeble apology let entreats wonder offer marriage felt power love known greatest men overthrown woman even feeling heloise seems strongest see selfish ambition stronger still secular tastes bound church intellectual side still hoped rise ecclesiastical dignities power early times disposition celibate clergy strong five years abelard birth hildebrand declared married priest part celebration mass quite apart questions marriage abelard seems scarcely chance distinguished clerical dignity student crowds might follow leaders church dead set rationalism feared hated arrogant progressive thinker abelard acted like man openly chosen married love girl whose mind heart either better best life gifts misfortunes distressed later career might avoided heloise happy lovely life remembered flowers gathered birds heard sing man quite unprincipled yet true brought death good name heloise melancholy life paid dear remembrance love ages given selfishness owe sweetest saddest story middle ages bequeathed us think words demodocus recites odyssey story heroes dead gods contrived ordained destruction people times come might song mind made abelard started brittany see son whose birth just heard take back mother bride resolution known heloise met unexpected opposition wish marry persisted refusal unwomanly appear unwillingness heloise become lover wife knew abelard vehement ambition impossibility satisfied known married man practical certainty family prefer redemption reputation husband success told abelard marry dangerous still disgraceful talked rôle learned ascetic mediæval preacher seems draw monk rough robe girlish figure disguise tones muffle bright face cowl long formally rendered objections crowd citations bible cicero theophrastus jerome josephus augustine prove marriage less honorable celibacy devotion knowledge duty interfered responsibilities annoyances family conformity rules church highest obligation desire greatness completely overshadows passion love already first philosophers outrivalled others must go surpass must quiet solitude freedom thought quotes roman maxim things neglected philosophy monks endure love god thinker endure devotion truth laymen gentiles lived continently bound religious profession become clerk canon regard god least care philosophy harmony asks scholar nurse cradle books absorbed religious philosophic meditation endure hearing children cry listen lullabies woman soothes rich people get along abundant room plenty servants scholars rich difficulty keeping disguised excess feeling throws arms discloses gracious outline unselfish woman reasoning come personal pleadings sacrificing content now holds free gift love favor claim marriage believe feels disgraced relation called mistress dear ennobling years later past middle life wrote abelard name mistress even harlot sweeter holier name wife greater humiliation might gain greater favor less injure fame call god witness augustus set head whole world seemed dear noble called mistress empress argument authority protestation sacrifice choice tries conquer decision nay throws aside cowl entirely natural bright humor tries banter acquiescence think says substance plague wife man imagine laughs abelard laughs inconceivable grotesqueness idea imagine shrew might turn might treat xanthippe treated philosopher reminds passage jerome tells story socrates wife fretted scolded raged day house desperate temper wound throwing basin dirty water took patiently wiped head follows thunder abelard credit impassioned unselfishness strengthened instead weakening resolution heloise forced yield instincts saw dark shadows gathering sobs tears exclaimed ruin us less pain follow love came leaving child aunt lovers returned paris married great secrecy separated met seldom careful precautions interviews becoming known heloise family however feared determined redeem good name announcing abelard made honorable reparation people came asked really true canon wife denied story angrily uncle relatives contradicted contradiction girl took religion holiest name vain asseverations abelard husband fulbert lost patience attempted cruelty indignity drive confess truth told abelard suffered night contrived steal away uncle carry back old nunnery argenteuil assumed dress order received occasional visits conjecture abelard designed keep soon attachment weaned make take vows save trouble suggests us greater force occurred people immediately concerned rage uncle friends abelard treachery first last heartlessness toward girl whose worth understood well grew uncontrollable bribed servant admit house night avenged abelard spirit broken saw hopes ecclesiastical promotion end fame turned notoriety heretofore public appearances made sensation king region burn see asked heloise walked abroad hurry look rising tiptoe straining eyes now every look fancied scornful wild age always refuge victims world monasteries flocked classes fashionable knights broken unsuccessful weary conflict clowns sheltered utilized husbands forsook wives wives fled husbands take shelter religious life early part twelfth century monastic houses multiplying like hives bees constantly sending colonies quickly became parents others time tendency easier discipline traditional last asceticism blazed anew rich luxurious cluny paled popularity clairveaux grande chartreuse single century cistercians expanded abbey eight hundred single controlled seven hundred benefices meal day hard manual labor restricted sleep wearisome routine prayer reading penance won severity mystical impression sanctity immortal safety brooded retired prisons sin oh hide gloom profound ye solemn seats holy pain cry multitudes approached gates emancipate freedom satisfy ben jonson fear lest inclination god might weariness life love realized case numbers convertites quite equalling probably far exceeding entered ascetic orders enthusiasm visionaries retirement screen world curiosity fancied mocks abelard now resolved withdraw father mother later lives done jealousy leave heloise behind told purpose hoped volunteer imitate heloise made offer every way mind beyond age unnatural harshness cloistral discipline artificial dreariness hope merit heaven making earth hell seemed fine insight untrue though suffered yet tune life heart assured innocent pleasure soul hymn praise god bitterly shared husband misery saw reason separating life revolted notion professing religion abelard urged insisted even commanded seeing wish yielded told responsible husband afflictions except prosperity continued undimmed day fixed old nunnery take vows perpetual seclusion must strange scene chapel argenteuil abelard still habit mere secular priest make sure heloise impulses burst cast back world sunshine bishop attended priests stands altar lies newly consecrated veil nuns kneeling accustomed places praying wait votaress detained crowd friends many abelard told us endure girl personally charming perhaps accomplished intellectually women france consummate sacrifice already large measure made knew love bright things life beautiful zest joyous sympathetic eagerness study grace strong sweet seriousness nature might time bewildered loss love famous men living yet little keep face unhidden veil might forget delay outside chapel pleading heart made pleas presently door pushed open enters oratory friends still even sacred place continue entreaties abelard glance anxiously eyes downcast pitied told us kept trying hold back youth yoke monastic rule punishment intolerable bishop seems half pitiful half impatient nuns look praying world renewed hold snatch god longer attract last moment hesitating hesitating world hold god god never attracted ceremonials catholic church none combined sacrilege loftiness feeling scene followed silent even wistful hearing giving friends heloise suddenly starts away waking reverie moves dreamy gesture toward husband lips part last words lady world scriptural exhortation friends follow follows christ cry exultant renunciation wilds life ocean contentment holy calm bosom church girl weeping tries control speak misery overcomes bursts loud sobs must surprising listening ecclesiastics hear words last got expression probably time church history novice taken last vows prelude quotation love speech pagan poem directing bleeding effigy present eternal master hanging altar human lover side heloise broke tears sobs passage later books lucan surely spoke lines voice grew steady eyes looked bravely tears husband lord worthy bed fortune cast dear head fated make wretched become wife accept penalty endure gladly fancy abelard quite much impressed brilliant young mind make apt scholarly quotation roman classics heart dared margin altar fling back world god protestation unfaltering human love took vows religion motive impose torture offering god abelard spoke verses hurried altar poenas quas sponte voice died away bishop received covered forever veil heloise eighteen convent gates shut sight next ten eleven years nunnery become prioress broken unfavorable decision suit land buildings occupied decade brought abundant misery abelard heresies theology exposed compelled burn treasured book expounded council imprisoned abbey boasted haughtiness tamed course vigorous whipping administered abbot supervision something pitiful thought physical mental pride control fanatical monks ignorant coarse glad escape desert east troyes hermit taught intervals years season notable renewal early success near troyes built reeds stubble desolate region infested wild animals covert robbers vagrant student found intellectual champion reported paris discovery news spread soon desert populous students built house master apparently commodious made temporary structures shelter younger class scholars besieged instruction older men ecclesiastics told wont grasp instead giving paid generously toward constructing home great philosopher soon retired bleak monastery atlantic lower part brittany became abbot set monks resented austere rule tells us tried repeatedly poison interfered profligacy learned heloise loss nunnery established religious sisters buildings champagne standing unoccupied since broke last school paraclete called home special invocation holy spirit tribute temporary comfort received possibly conducted wife thither equally likely see forced church ten years appears struggled brittany intellectual associations none notoriety long pampered terror life yet still working philosophy religion last impelled talk endured still enduring speak bitterness soul get perhaps consolation pity composed long immensely interesting autobiography telling whole story youth later triumphs logical acumen love disgrace injustice condemnation conservative church tumult experiences lonely monastery gildas creditable pages calmly written shameful unflinchingly tells tremendous love heloise says nothing loving still narrative reveals egotist reveals certainly striking characters middle ages find inevitably speculating life heloise sixteen years whose recorded event removal argenteuil paraclete might reaction love follow grim captivity dreaded became yet hateful realization might lose old gentleness might become hopeless try adjust spirit new conditions devote even submissive piety contemporary testimony sure possibilities come true won respect even devotion abbess house prospered financially husband undisguised surprise admiration life pure least fleck reproach criticism quarter may go farther say spirit adjust new conditions lose pain submissive piety result find many parallels mediæval religion numerous accounts cavilled legendary prove monasteries souls suffered found peace nay many nun among refined groups mediæval women driven way another forsake hope love earthly happiness secured delight heart sort spiritual romance emotion grew subtilized asceticism burned away material impulse gentlest poetically endowed religious recluses acquired mystical compensation loneliest sacrifice life divinely idealized personal love magical friendship impassioned mutual worship sexes mysteriously spiritualized translated womanhood rest last breast christ final vow religious consecration nun betrothal divine man make beautiful bride wasted body fasting scarred scourge rough lath cross wall cell love token love messages came dreams prostrated chapel flagging indited prayers scarcely needed verse become lyrics mystic contemplation cloister sanctity seemed worldly exhausted body found walk cell chapel long journey compelled stay coffin years nights sweetly reminded sure untwining soul sense hear faintly sisters thin chanting hours felt spirit quivering new sensations vague awed eager understood waiting time espousal hand failing eyes see white processionals come lead banqueting house banner love shall music dying often hear marriage melody ringing angelic harps dulcimers strength grace mantled new raiment floats upward desire space traversed immortal vision bursts great poet put words last thought side heaven lifts golden doors flashes come go heaven bursts starry floors strows light deepens gates roll back far within heavenly bridegroom waits make pure sin sabbaths eternity sabbath deep wide light shining sea bridegroom bride heloise resource natures ethereal constitutionally religious fancies dreams appeal main feature matured heloise sanity balanced womanhood strong intense sentimentalist nature caught clouds whirlwind love beguile memory storm rapture visionary tempest raised fan yet satisfaction conceive adjusting spiritual life closer accord passing even gates superstitious hallucination harsh religion day inner sanctuary whose solemn shadow better sun finding outlet quick emotions personal love new master heloise nun sixteen years showed abelard apparently husband forbidden write though kept long silence lover death account abelard sufferings perils broke constraint help writing comfort beg news safety equal intensity tenderness womanliness final appeals broken love nervous pliancy may learn nowhere else reality browning infinite passion pain finite hearts yearn appears also strength nature woman knows man continues set far rest humanity wronging chides long complete neglect marvellous sweetness caressing reproaches tells remember peculiar bonds holds sacred obligation marriage love devotion owes gave honor please sacrificed tender age harshness monastic life piety submission desire time writes people doubted whether amour yielded love passion end shows began please denied pleasures points differently end interprets feeling common talk says felt gross emotions toward stop indulgence love vanished dearest appeared every might soothed hearing others excuse devise excuses appears entertain hope visit though hints longingly possibility least much others obligations far slighter much example church fathers regarding women flocks teaches write tell comfort love appeals monk may listen even lover send spiritual admonition uphold slipping soul heart put rest much freer divine service wooed pleasures earth reminds sent letter letter many songs put heloise speech every street house echoed much now excite toward god aroused sin tells complete absorption make either sad happy comforter whole world knows much loved turns reminiscence day became nun god sacrifice god look reward consider vain trial win nothing woman sixteen years nun calls god remember god mediæval superstition witness followed abelard gone seen hastening hell letters evidently moved monk replies full good advice surface gave indications tender regard affection find colorless formal word husband gentleness warmth phrase hint cherishes happy memories old days union letters old man absorbed worn world capacity anything deeper kind feeling calls sister dear world now dearer christ begs prayers living dead entreats whenever may die body carried abbey constant sight grave may move spiritual daughters pray salvation gulps exquisite love small beer pietistic commonplace looks disappointed find ignores soul letters composes complacent treatises ecclesiastical discipline designed subject mechanical lifeless asceticism heloise answer reproaches talk death like brave heart bidding anticipation suffer time knowledge husband unhappiness renewed affliction owns nothing sorrow life like daring titaness exclaims god administration world lived sin indulged us married forced us separate let creatures rejoice count safe inclement clemency god almost dare call cruel every way safe used weapons wrath none rage others remained find place wherein strike sixteen years silence woman broken speech unmasked confessions inner spirit longer restrained goes carried cyclone winds tells lover nuns terror eternal death ever brought confide confessors scarcely audible whisper calls scenes union confesses visions life constantly bemoans thoughts haunt sometimes even holy mass calm northern woman nothing temperament shakespeare compared icicle curdied frost purest snow hangs dian temple made walk love summer moonlight sister percivale forget thwarted desire prayer beneath frosty stars winter help cries victim gloomy religion find penance appease god still accuse greatest cruelty easy confess torture body hard tear soul desires mind keeps wish sin sweet happiness sorry wretched life endured much vain destined recompense hereafter heloise woman heloise abbess fight old problem whether training life use gifts rejection shall play full organ harsh reed stops church taught condemn nature taught justify religious authority dark ages confronted woman instincts life honor quell yet conceive wretchedness anguish mental struggle living middle catholic mediævalism scanty rest left cell midnight artificial conscience attended long chapel service followed pointed austere pages bent study service kept calling hypocrite chided instructed nuns ruled wisely snatched food wine hungry lips fast pitiless lashing wielded whip penance haunted sleep stern face yet pleasures time still honorable world good love beautiful conscience prayed forgiveness heart sang known hear bewildered voice crying abelard prayers spite world praise virtue thinks hypocrite oh pray sorry loved hear makes glad time passed identifying devil world laughter god sobbing lived abbess paraclete years buried husband believe set feelings cooled age spiritual emotions grew impulsive years followed last letter abelard doubt mechanically went life monastic duty intellectual accord church leading increasingly calm performance routine piety heart silent never dead fancy main utterance anticipation cry clough submit submit kindling spiritual ardor confessed religious ambition rise high wish crown victory god strength made perfect weakness lived faithful successful life abbess paraclete comforted may hope continuance intellectual consolations youth honored know church world imaginary biography ever safe may employ fancy came die repeated years quite content given just corner heaven think lay waiting received dreamed looking ineffable glory human face stationed highest among masters divine philosophy highest among masters less hundred fifty years later great poem mediævalism forgot give abelard place even among penitents purgatory except special students remembered heloise unworthy lover decoration footnotes abælardi historia calamitatum petri abælardi et heloissæ aus der deutschen decoration appendix suggestion publishers following brief notices works authors mentioned essays added convenience reference æthiopica oldest famous greek romances narrates loves theagenes charicleia written youth heliodorus emesa flourished end fourth century died bishop tricca thessaly alexander termed mss wild alexander poet thirteenth century life scarcely anything known chrestien de troyes french trouvère flourished second half twelfth century may regarded popularizer french form cycle tales centre round table important poems bearing title le contes del comte de see thibaut arnaud daniel provençal poet died distinguished complicated character versification particular inventor verse called lived time court richard england dante canto puts head provençal poets also highly praised petrarch daphnis chloe greek pastoral romance prototype pastoral romances written various languages composition usually ascribed certain longus greek sophist flourished beginning fifth century freidank composer middle high german didactic poem belongs first half thirteenth century name considered merely allegorical work entitled consists four thousand verses discusses religious political social questions exceedingly popular work middle ages gaces brulles french trouvère early part thirteenth century born champagne spent portion life brittany seventy extant gottfried von strassburg german poet flourished end twelfth beginning thirteenth century great work epic entitled und continued others death took place somewhere gottfried wrote also many lyric poems guillaume de balaun balazun provençal poet twelfth century lover lady joviac gévaudan alienation sprung account assumed real indifference mistress restore favor unless agree extract nail longest finger right hand come present poem composed expressly occasion condition fulfilled johann hadlaub german poet flourished end thirteenth beginning fourteenth century life spent mainly zurich compositions principally popular songs dealing pleasures autumn harvest statue erected zurich hartmann von aue middle high german belonging birth noble swabian family born died wrote basing french poem title chrestien de troyes another poem belonging also arthurian cycle popular works modern students arme details story made known english readers longfellow founded another work entitled vom heinrich von morungen german minnesinger knight thuringia flourished end twelfth beginning thirteenth century last years spent court meissen wrote many many owe existence troubadours heinrich von veldeke german poet twelfth century noble family settled near maastricht lower rhine besides pieces wrote composer epic first poem middle high german epic poetry reached highest development writings hartmann von aue wolfram von eschenbach gottfried von strassburg hugo von trimberg german poet flourished end thirteenth beginning fourteenth century rector collegiate school theuerstadt suburb bamberg known composer didactic poem manners customs time largely depicted prevailing vices severely censured jacopo da todi jacopone italian poet born middle thirteenth century todi duchy spoleto belonged noble family benedetti began life advocate account sudden accidental death wife devoted religious life entered order franciscans wrote many religious poems italian also latin particular ascribed composition famous mater neidhart von reuenthal german lyric poet thirteenth century noble bavarian family spent part life austria poems written special interest descriptions give customs times thibaut count champagne king navarre born troyes died noted early french poets ulrich von liechtenstein middle high german poet born died author poem entitled described volume also didactic poem called waltharius et hiltgunde simply waltharius latin poem tenth century hexameter verse consisting fourteen hundred fifteen hundred lines authorship unknown walther von der vogelweide greatest german poet middle ages born died knightly family though poor much life spent courts several german princes emperors wrote contest went imperialists papacy supported side former patriotic verses slight influence contemporary opinion matter manner stood head poets called minnesingers wernher gardener german poet thirteenth century composed story nothing known certainty life wolfram von eschenbach german poet noble birth latter half twelfth century beginning thirteenth died greatest work completed founded according statement partly del chrestien de troyes particularly work poet calls kyot supposed guyot de provins whose romance extant assumed original wolfram poem another poems unfinished contains tale love schionatulander sigune decoration transcriber notes spelling punctuation errors repaired ellipses poetry spaced preserve appearance original ellipses standardized colons liechtenstein helmbrecht contents page variant punctuation terms chapter headings retained cp original end line beginning next punctuation original midst prostestations changed midst protestations original reficient changed reficiant original changed frequent merrymakings original wezerant changed wezerant single quote added hey indicates lower case macron text version change indentation poetry beginning lookest faithful original sister thin chanting changed sisters thin chanting original tristran und isolde changed tristan und isolde original von lichtenstein changed frequent von liechtenstein following variant spellings used original equally retained godfather riband ribband second use quoting use rosebush wendel wentel arnaud daniel arnaut daniel aethiopica æthiopica jacapone jacopone sestine sestina euphorion studies antique medieval renaissance vernon lee studies century italy belcaro table contents portrait art school boiardo mediæval love epilogue appendix portrait art real ideal handy terms admiring disapproving criticism claps random facility every imaginable school artist group artists goes real upright noble trumpery filthy real artist group artists seeks ideal ideal may mean sublimity platitude summon every living artist state whether realist idealist classify dead artists realists idealists treat matter almost moral importance now fact case question realism idealism calmly assume already settled easy settle sense right wrong tangled questions moreover amount theory historic fact ever set right begin find realism idealism coming us different ways different meaning importance art addressing decrepit art forced faculties spontaneously properly appeal art decorative ornamental idealistic therefore since consciously unconsciously aims merely reproducing already existing producing something shall repay looking something shall ornament place least lives making ornamental worth looking necessarily implies selection arrangement say idealism time art aims definitely sense decorative art may possibly aim immediately merely reproducing without selection arrangement actually existing things world order obtain mere power representation short art idealistic master yet realistic scholar decorates achieves copies studies half question certain whole schools may described idealistic others realistic tendency study achievement school obviously contented forms unselected vulgar others go little way search yet others must emphatically call idealistic squeamish last degree choice adaptation form anxious get best make best yet thinking shall find realistic idealistic schools achievements equally striving something mere reproduction already existing striving short decoration pupil perugino indeed wait patiently begin work find model fit god goddess rembrandt satisfied first dirty old jew besotten barmaid comes hand realistic dutchman therefore less smitten beauty less eager ornamental idealistic italian man woman takes indeed indifference places italian shall perhaps never dreamed expended science skill fancy gives addition beautiful things art atmosphere light everyday atmosphere light patiently sought carefully perfected god goddess model raphael everyday jew everyday barmaid rembrandt ideal man quite coarsely realistic figures exists air light colour saying speak turned page quickly forestalled expression prove later disconnection comparative realism idealism kind realism let us remember exist great art personal bias artist intimate dependence constitution tendency art preoccupations form colour light given country given moment now wish resume orderly treatment subject lead us time second half question respecting realism idealism considerations come connection portrait art renaissance simply portrait curious bastard art sprung side desire artistic nay anything opposed whole nature function art desire mere likeness individual union interloping tendency foreign whole aristocratic temper art produced portrait position hybrid least far regularly bred creature amount real artistic quality beauty permitted retain various schools art even treatment similar social interlopers estimate necessities tendencies various states society judge conditions various schools art struggle object lives beautiful art realistic periods moments study essentially case even school many respects unmistakably decorative idealistic intention school giotto giottesques decorative artists decorators literal sense painting merely several arts crafts enslaved mediæval architecture subservient architectural effects art really successfully architecturally decorative appreciate must contrast fifteenth century subsequent times masaccio ghirlandajo signorelli turn wall mere badly made frame gigantic piece cardboard well better colours melt another figures detach various degrees relief ceiling pendentives frequently upside yet figures difficult see worth seeing relation position masonry longer covered carved rendered uneven cavities protrusions perspective mantegna frescoes wall becomes slanting theatre scene cunningly perspectived like palladio teatro olimpico correggio wall masonry everything dissolved side cupola church becomes rent clouds streaming light giottesque frescoes wall vault triumphant masonry always present felt beneath straight flat bands uniform colour symmetrical compartments pentacles triangles segments borders histories whose figures never project whose colours separate mosaic giottesque frescoes tiers compartments dark blue vague figures dressed simple ultramarines greens dull reds purples geometrical borders pearlings cover walls ribbed arched ceilings pointed raftering almost like beautiful brown blue tarnished gold figures outlined dark paint almost appearance stencilled even stamped wall giottesque painting art merely essentially decorative moreover painting sculpture remained throughout gothic period subservient decorative effect another art art subordinated architectural effect form colour figures houses dramatic scenes awful dramas everything turned kind colossal sublime art lead us expect little realism little deliberate slavish imitation existing yet wherever life gothic art horrible tendency piously unobserved critics stagnate blundering repetition thing wherever progress details grandiose idealistic decoration realism crudest kind giottesque workers content kind gothic byzantinism really handed something vital successors fifteenth century repeating old idealistical decorations studying extraordinary crudeness realism everything conventional ornament type portrait portrait scanty technical means artist every meagre line thin dab colour every timid stroke brush pencil went towards merciless delineation merely body soul greater artist cruel portrait cruellest representation utter spiritual baseness two greatest idealistic decorators giotto latest disciple fra angelico like give couple examples giotto frescoes santa croce lovely pieces mere architectural decoration conceivable around dying dead francis two groups monks astoundingly realistic solemn ending ideally beautiful life sanctity fresh memory giotto contemporaries nothing beyond set portraits absolutely mediocre creatures moral intellectual creatures utterly incapable religious enthusiasm ever made religion livelihood gather round dying dead francis noble figure ecstatic seraphic pure strong worn wise righteous labour man thought action whose hands feet stigmata supernatural rapture mere absurdity monks presumably immediate disciples fervent delicate poetic natures read fioretti di san francesco represent giotto painted likeness first friars may met streets near santa croce caricatures ideals portraits giotto attempted neither exalt degrade sort bodily spiritual interestingness low bestial extremely stupid various degrees dull sly routinist prosaic pedantic noteworthy characteristic certainly men called god scandal church honour sloth stupidity sensualism cunning yet risen dignity vice look dying dead saint indifference want understanding gape bright look stupid miscomprehension stigmata even perceive saint different frescoes giotto wish compare fra angelico great ceremonial crucifixion cloister chapel san marco florence displays extraordinary degree juxtaposition conventionally idealistic pious decorativeness realism straightforward unreflecting heartless point becoming perfectly grotesque fresco divided two scenes side crucifixion mystic actors drama holy men admitted contemplation sense holy things respect byzantine inanity invariable haunted giottesques capacity idealistic decorators men replaced frescoes solemn lifeless splendours mosaic kind prudery made angelico able foreshorten powerfully brawny crucified thieves represent saviour dangling cross bleached boneless shapeless thing dead never alive holy persons around stand rigid vacant blue nowhere background vague expanses pink face looking neither way mere modernized copies strange vapid beings old italian mosaics representation actual reality crucifixion like tintoret superb picture rocco dürer print many others show hill people hangman ladders ropes hammers tweezers sort mystic repetition subjective may say existing contemplation saints opposite side spectators sense contemplative christian may mystic spectator passion thing painter represent fervent contemplation ecstatic realization past force ardent love belief condition mind francis catherine siena madame guyon revelation great tragedy heaven soul mystic now fra angelico represent row saints founders orders kneel behind side stand apostles doctors church admitting sight gesture bland indifferent vacuity cameriere segreto monsignore introduces troop pilgrims pope privileged persons respect keep decorum raise eyes compress lips ceremonious reverence lord gone often familiar look longer gaze listlessly yawn well bred others meanwhile sainted pilgrims men whose journey sharp stones among pricking brambles life wilderness finds final reward admission presence holiest kneel various expressions stupid delight religious sightseer vanity satisfied next draw rosary pocket get blessed christ recount friends home another dull gaping clown walked barefoot valencia rome got imbecile way yet another prim dapper rest indifferent looking restlessly feet hands perhaps exchanging mute remarks length time kept waiting end kneeling procession peter martyr giovanni gualberto especially bored listless devout look priestlets train bishop figures standing ones introduce kneeling ones introduced perfect types various states dull commonplace mediocre routinist superstition many camerlenghi hand many passionist propagandists first aristocratic bland bored second dull listless mumbling chewing latin prayers never meant much minds now mean nothing perfectly reverential proper behaviour possibility individual fervour belief individual levity disbelief church exists decrepitude last giottesques painter glorified madonnas dancing angels saint represent saints admitted behold supreme tragedy redemption much giottesques tuscans early renaissance developed utmost assisted goldsmiths sculptors taught modelling anatomy realistic element giottesque painting ideal decorative part become impossible painting longer decoration architecture yet means ornamental art achieve merely studied among exercises anatomy modelling perspective forth always laborious frequently abortive spontaneous satisfactory mature production portrait work portraits burghers black robes hoods youths red caps stuck fuzzy heads bald wrinkled scholars magnificoes thinly bearded artizans people stand round preaching baptist crucified saviour look miracle martyrdom stolid heedless background towered walled cypressed city buttressed square street ugly real interesting powerful among grotesque agglomerations nudities bunched draperies architecture early renaissance frescoes best among prettinesses cypresses vine trellises inlaid house fronts rabbits grass peacocks roofs early renaissance exception masaccio reality childish time art giving us horrors blunders abortions varied delights nursery wonderland maturity power achieving perception something worthy perception comes later generation immediately preceding age raphael michael angelo ghirlandajo signorelli filippino botticelli perugino contemporaries period childish immature everything rather various arts exist together period stage development painting immature ugliness ideal sculpture works like verrocchio donatello david cleverer experienced less legitimate kind painting painting successful present possible future almost separate art arises left masters developing yet greater perfection gives marble equivalent painting able produce much later realistic art decorative beautiful works made ugly materials vicissitudes renaissance sculpture strange life power depend death art developed burying vault cloister cemetery middle ages sculpture reason vital possibility something influence nay keep alive architecture disappearance gothic building disappears also possibility sculpture covers portals chartres belfry florence colonnades entablatures thin bastard ionic corinthian aberti bramante require sculpture little supply unfleshed greengrocer garlands scallopings stray siren two bloated emperors heads amply sufficed hand mediæval civilization christian dogma encourage production naked draped ideal statues like antiquity stuck countless temple fronts erected every corner square street garden people middle ages grievously ill grown distorted hideous otherwise indecent nudity may instinct kind ugly knew must yet found forms like verrocchio david insufficient beauty give much pleasure besides middle ages left moral room ideal sculpture freed service architecture still less provided physical place things set churches moderate number statues wanted monuments narrow space still gothic city fact ideal heroic statues early renaissance fortunately ugly comparatively number remained therefore sculpture unless contented dwindle brass gold miniature work regular employment save connected sepulchral monuments real middle ages still gothic north ornamentation tomb belonged architecture superb miniature minsters pillared pinnacled sculptured cathedrals within cathedral humbler foliated arched canopy protecting simple sarcophagus corner many street lombardy sculptor work low relief church flags timidly carved outlined knight praying priest flattened pillow ashamed even amount prominence hurry trodden obliterated ghostly outlines humiliated prostrate image flat thing doomed obliteration came sculptor renaissance bade simulacrum fill expand raise lift elbow arise take possession bed state catafalque raised high crowd draped brocade carved rich devices leaves beasts heraldry roofed daïs almost triumphal arch garlanded fruits flowers illustrious dead shown people made eternal eternal magnificence guarded hour liveried pages chaunting monks winged genii eternity people know call degradation say result corrupt pride refusal dear illustrious dead scraped longer every ruffian rubbed knees every kitchen wench seems due merely fact sculpture lost former employment great art thank heaven pietistically may sculpture renaissance found new singularly noble line work great unique unsurpassed untutored worked without models suit modern requirements modern spirit sculpture modern sculpture talked something original genuine valuable side antique sculpture greek antiquity evaded death neglected dead garland mænads fauns among ivy leaves battle amazons centaurs late platonic days orphic emblem genius exquisite tombs keramikos athens figure youth prancing steed like phidian monument dexileus maiden draped bearing urn neither youth maiden inmate tomb types living types portraits nay even antiquity shows us death hermes gently leading away beloved spirit ghost dead unindividual sarkophagen und urnen bekränzte der heide mit leben goethe life everlasting typical life relinquished buried life world danced forgetful round ashes romans contrary graver retentive folk greeks well domestic less living appear inherited etruscans desire preserve effigy dead desire unknown greeks monuments husband wife stare forth togaed stolaed half reduced conventional grim stiff sitting unwillingly portrait reclining neither dead asleep yet alive awake hieratic mummy stare little æsthetic sympathetic value early renaissance first bethought representing real individual real death slumber question whether anything fitting placed tomb effigy dead saw just closed give see little moment longer continue exist fancy within grave morbid feelings beloved never suffer decay whereas portrait man life throning popes peter seems heartless derisive monuments striking us conceived ordered inmates alive like michael angelo pope julius browning bishop preoccupied tomb praxed church renaissance late middle ages felt better extreme pinnacle high roof might indeed place russet brick blue sky amid hum life movement air living man like scaligers mailed knight charger lance rest church funereal pall place body may lain bier figure bier great work renaissance sculpture inanimate vulgar heroic figures tried emulate ancients sculptors fifteenth century found line modesty simplicity awful beautiful repose dead individual character cleared conflicting meannesses death simplified idealized memory survivors things belong renaissance greeks gave strong smooth circulating heroes men fifteenth century give gentle harmonious ebbing death sepulchral monuments things difficult describe must seen remembered monument now museum ravenna sculptor whose name known surely among greatest condottiere braccioforte body prone heavy case armour yet laid state may found evening battle tree carried die went back fight head fallen back weighed helmet even unbuckled face austere features visible beneath withdrawn vizor eyes closed things exquisite solemn sculpture indication longer seeing eyes broken glance beneath lids rossellino cardinal portugal miniato monte slight body draped episcopal robes lying delicate folded hands gracious decorum youthful sanctity strong delicate head clear feature gentle furrow suffering thought face infinite purity strength strength still ungnarled action young priest virginal dignity almost noble woman ilaria guinigi jacopo della quercia man natural affinity antique sculptors may see shattered remains fonte gaia siena lady stretched bed state corner lucca cathedral feet sleeping dog sweet girlish head wavy plaits hair encircled diadem lying low round cushions bed gently giving way beneath beautiful body round soft robe chastely gathered across arms demurely folded beautiful lady whose majestic tread palace rooms well imagine art fifteenth century recorded carlo marsuppini desiderio da settignano humanist secretary commonwealth lying sarcophagus superb shell fretwork curling acanthus santa croce florence youthful beauty cardinal portugal lady ilaria commonplace compared refinement worn old face scant wavy hair thin gently furrowed means features slight figure looks life must seemed almost transparent hands pathetic noble firm hands subtle vein wrist crossed simply neither prayer agony gentle weariness book breast book certainly rather volume plato cicero last moments noble old man longed glance familiar pages placed book breast late drowsiness death overtaken last sigh gently folded hands volume faint last clinging things beloved world portrait sculpture early renaissance sculpture except exquisite work babies angels just nursery robbias real achievement achieved art great just things antiquity things shall say sentiment fine art tact antique art certainly pathos quiet figure dead man woman however rudely carved pathos nay pathos poor puling hysterical art makes angels draw curtains fine ladies bedchambers fine ladies hoop limp grecian dress faint smelling bottle betty lord coffin pathos decently constituted human wherever despite absurdities imagine lies bitter see departing bitter depart pathos therefore question choose call sentiment reality sentiment line curve stone light great question men renaissance make dead people look beautiful beautiful life ugly folk grow beautiful merely dead cardinal portugal beautiful ilaria sketch profile place side matter ordinary antique greatly fall short call sculpturesque beauty many others old humanists priests lawyers emphatically ugly snub absurdly hooked noses retreating deformedly overhanging foreheads fleshy noses flabby cheeks blear eyes mouths perfect network wrinkles creases hard say scooped merely age low mind fretting triumphant animalism now means sculptor sculptor unacquainted sculptural beauty witness ugly ideal statues able like man turned successors alexander race leonine though crazy insidiously idealize ugly insignificant features means turn dead men things beautiful see took art antiquity left remark say add much roman greek greek sculpture nurtured habit perfect form art beauty cheap necessity invariably idealized portrait idealized beauty inanity greek art run course beauty form exhausted begun pall certain artists presumably greeks working romans began produce portrait work quite new wonderful sort beautiful portraits ugly old men snub little boys work clearly right time swamped idealized portraits insipid nay inane elegant revivalist busts hadrian marcus aurelius bonnet blocks lower empire roman portrait art certain heads little cæsar brats sly wrinkled old men things ugly yet beautiful say least perhaps unformulated think renaissance secret beauty busts also renaissance portrait sculpture beauty quite different kind beauty greek ideal sculpture obtained quite different means essentially kind beauty began saying belonged realistic art art squeamish object represents squeamish manner medium indifferent object represented kind beauty therefore akin rembrandt velasquez michael angelo raphael beauty large lines harmonies beauty residing real model forms beauty real wholesale man marble flesh given position moving beauty combinations light surface beauty texture opposed texture probably unperceived presence regal beauty line colour harmonies obtain latter employ much conducive larger beauties beauty texture opposed texture light combined surface real thing great reality renaissance sculpture beauty resulting combination instance commonplace face roughness coarser pore close shaven lips chin smoothness waxy hanging cheeks catching light breaking ribbed forked penumbra perfection kind work benedetto da maiano bust pietro mellini bargello florence elderly head strongly marked osseous structure yet fleshed abundant flaccid flesh hanging folds creases round mouth chin yet flobbery floppy solid though yielding creased wrinkled crevassed rather sandy hillside crevassed trickling waters promising slight resistance waxy yielding touch flesh gravitated lower part face conglomerated rather draped mouth firmer sunken teeth shaving skin remained alone across head wrinkled yet drawn tight folds across skull flesh disappeared bone also enlarged temples flesh thick bone seemingly slight now skin drawn recently feel every day radiation minute creases bone flesh last struggle now head little beauty line man never much character sense strongly marked mental moral personality know care manner man may individuality mind flesh interests attaches character temperament bone skin creases folds flesh herein also lies beauty work mean interest mere technical skill mean distinctly visible artistic beauty sculptor renaissance get beauty visible beauty psychologic interest plain human beauty distinguishing point must call realistic decorative art exist necessarily plain human merely affords beginning pattern artist may able carry person may making really beautiful bust yet ugly just person may afford subject splendid painting execrable piece sculpture wrinkles creases face like benedetto da maiano mellini probably ugly perhaps disgusting real reddish flaccid discoloured flesh admirable solid marble warm delicate bistre yellow material extraordinary effect form colour though positive element sculpture immense negative power accentuating obliterating mere line form becomes vague soft dairy flaccidness modern ivory clear powerful dark terra cotta ennoble even fattest flattest faces wonderful faculty making mere surface markings mere crowsfeet interesting also bronze polished worked bronze fine chocolate burnish reddish reflections mars beauty line different unchased merely rough cast greenish infinite delicate greys browns making instance head old woman like exquisite withered shrivelled veined autumnal leaf moreover question combination surface light art makes beautiful busts ugly men ideal statue greeks intended open air fit looked light high low brilliant veiled indeed prepared look well light look well light means use particular relation light ally surface kept modestly subordinated features features must needs look well moments points view renaissance sculptor knew work placed calculate effect light falling invariably window make light present draw obliterate features liked bid sweep away surfaces broad stream cut deep shadow caress smooth chiselling rough grainings mark nail large strokes point gave firmness strained muscle stretched skin model plain old burgess docile friend light make quite new thing new pattern bosses cavities smooth sweeps tracked lines creases folds flesh pliable linen rough brocade dress something new something without single feature straightened shortened yet changed completely value whole assemblage features something undreamed nature moulding ugly old merchant humanist art produced works like desiderio da settignano carlo marsuppini benedetto da maiano pietro mellini intimately connected art great medallists renaissance pasti guacialotti niccolò fiorentino greatest pisanello excellence depends precisely independence ideal work antiquity nay even fact ancients striking coins chased metal dies obtained astonishing minuteness clearness every separate little stroke dint therefore forced almost sculptural perfection mere line mere profile throat elaborately composed hair sort sublime abstraction possible beauty human face coins syracuse also alexander men fifteenth century employed process casting bronze concave mould obtained melting away medallion wax wax taking living impress artist finger recalling firm yet soft texture real substance human face insensibly led medallist seek sharp abstract lines simple strongly moulded bosses ideal beauty real appearance life moreover significant fact men half century later made fine characterless medals imitation antique caradossi benvenuto instance goldsmiths sculptors workers chisel artists seeking essentially abstract elegance line two greatest medallists early renaissance vittore pisano matteo di pasti painters painters northern italian school colour texture important linear form matter indifference indeed look best work may call wax mould medallists fifteenth century even magnificent marble medallions head sigismund malatesta pillars church rimini modelled pasti shall see men preoccupied almost exclusively almost pictorial effect flesh various degrees boss reaction light character beauty even attained essentially due skilful manipulation texture surface light might almost say colour know pisanello famous heads malatesti rimini saturnine sigismund delicate dapper novello powerful yet beautiful isotta renaissance medals illustrate meaning even better connect feelings subject branch art clearly feelings towards work benedetto pietro mellini foremost among perhaps somewhat imperfect decidedly grotesque astonishingly powerful naïf characteristic lorenzo dei medici niccolò real grandeur whose conception coarse yet imaginative head may profitably contrasted classicizing efforts successor alexander pollaiolo famous medal pazzi conspiracy next place medal guacialotti bishop niccolò palmieri motto nudus egressus sic redibo singularly appropriate shameless fleshliness personage naked fat chest shoulders fat cheeks bald head hideous beast yet magnificent bestiality like huge fattened porker medals give us bust pietro mellini beauty portrait despite ugliness original two medals time pisanello seems perhaps masterpieces show quite peculiar way homely charm portraiture amalgamates form homogeneous seemingly simple whole homely charm certain kinds pure simple youthful types reverse fantastically represents four elements wooded earth starry sky rippled sea sun sphere portrait don inigo cecilia gonzaga slender beardless boy spanish shovel hat wisp scarf twisted round throat tall girl sloping shoulders still bosom speak brother sister art pisanello wonderful genius relief two medals extremely low certain lights effigies vanish almost completely sink pale green surface bronze portraits mere film sort haze arisen bronze gathered human likeness film scarce perceptible relief made perceive slender osseous structure smooth sleek childish blond flesh hair delicate undecided pallor extreme youth purity even might elaborate portrait velasquez healthiness velasquez painting lymphatic hapsburgs rarely renaissance art medals side branch great realistic portraiture stone benedettos desiderios rossellinos perfect thing muse connection important works fifteenth century sculpture perhaps lead us think sculpture antiquity superb idealism devotion perfect line curve beauty achieved highest mere colourless art achieve thanks purity sternness narrowness sculpturesque feeling also perhaps modern sculpture ever must continuation tendencies renaissance must humbler sister painting must seek realistic portrait begin perhaps realistic medal ii kind realism model ugly portrait beautiful seeks decorative value means intrinsic excellence form object represented kind realism quite different sort realisms immature art aiming nothing beyond faithful copy content producing ugly picture ugly thing now latter kind realism endured painting time decorative realism described reached perfection sculpture till later crude scholastic realism completely come end became even partially possible painting decorative realism analogous noticed sculpture till close italian renaissance period painters arose spain netherlands able treat subjects uncompromising decorative realism desiderio rosellino benedetto da maiano purely imitative realism painters early renaissance succeeded italy idealism matured great art intrinsically beautiful linear form michael angelo raphael great art intrinsically beautiful colour form giorgione titian two schools bound degree idealistic complete power mere representation tint colour obtained realistic drudgery early renaissance selection objects represented naturally arisen study antique hastened directed movement art longer study achieve decorative decorative longer subservience architecture separate art painting selection therefore practical kind idealism begun soon painting possessed power representing objects relations line colour amount light shadow requisite just appreciation relations form just relations colour now art stops short point representation must inevitably decorative idealistically decorative must squeamish respecting objects represented respecting real structure colour position grouping visible impressions received object far intrinsic others suppose see woman beautiful structure body beautiful colour person draperies standing light call beautiful interesting three qualities intrinsic woman second considerably third let us call woman away replace immediately another woman chosen random shall immediately perceive lost pleasurable impression beautiful bodily structure woman taken away body next shall perceive notable diminution second pleasurable impression woman taken indeed garments may bestowed successor beautifully coloured skin hair pleasing remain much due may retained original woman clothes look third pleasurable impression beautiful light shall find unchanged whether fall magnificently arrayed goddess sordid slut conversely beautiful woman withdrawn light placed equally lovely form even cast plaster lose colour skin hair leave beautiful tints flesh hair splendidly coloured garments shall still whatsoever light magnificent piece colour recall poor ugly creature succeeded fine effect light shall nothing hideous form invested hideous colour rough diagram sufficient explain thought respecting relative degree art dealing linear form dealing colour dealing light medium form colour perceived respectively bound idealistically realistically decorative now painting æsthetically mature possessed means achieve great beauty time three modes representation yet developed linear form colour possibility necessity immediately achieving achieved means delayed long time development third mode representation representation objects appear reference light seen beginning indeed made certain correggio effects light even occasional manner treating flesh hair reducing form colour kind vague boss vague sheen really present given effects light something define roughly eminently modern painting clustered cherubs certainly beginning school velasquez still case andrea del sarto man genius critics love despatch mediocrity art art altogether eyes innovated contemporaries afford excuse irrelevancies ornamental criticism appearance form colour acted light relative values flesh draperies consist reference surrounding medium becomes evident preoccupation basis decorative effects give certain works almost startling air modern tendency comes nothing men sixteenth century appear scarcely perceived wherein lay true excellence andrea senza errori deeming essentially artist linear perfection innovations correggio way showing relations flesh tones light ended mere coarse gala illuminations successors made seraphs plunge sprawl much done good bad way mere linear form mere colour art mere linear form colour indifferent else art italian renaissance run seed beginning paper degree art strictly idealistic measured terms make portrait portrait due desire represent person quite apart person affording material decoration evident art call assistance decorative materials independent represented individual possibly make beautiful picture ugly man art deals visible peculiarities inherent individual kind outlet cornered make repulsive original repulsive picture analogy already noticed sculpture antique sculpture considering linear bosses existed equally living man statue afford represent plain people renaissance sculpture extracting large amount beauty combinations surface light able long arrange artificial combination dispense great perfection model nay except renaissance statuary kind separate art may say independence object portrayed kind analytic test enabling us judge glance degree independence model degree art removed mere line boss antique sculpture statue standing free light may chance come every form must beautiful every point proportion new elements painting enter proportion actual linear form boss marked helped grouping colour light shade actual perfection model become less important reign light chief factor becomes altogether indifferent fact lies rational foundation notion made popular hegel painting art beauty much less account sculpture failing understand sum total beauty remained whether dependent concentration single element obtained several consequently less singly important elements return question portrait art seen clear art requires perfection form reduced ugliness cramped obtaining perfection whereas art obtain beauty means still chance reduced imitate ugly object hence realistically decorative art seventeenth century make actually beautiful things portraits ugly people idealistically decorative art renaissance produces portraits cruelly ugly proportion art purely idealistic yet even idealism degrees art confined mere linear form exclusion colour uglier portraits michael angelo difficulty simplified impossibility paint portrait sculptured portraits two medicean dukes lorenzo evaded attempt likeness making two men scarcely two architectural monsters cousins fantastic creatures keep watch belfries gurgoyles gothic cathedral almost impossible think michael angelo attempting portrait man genius constrained mere ugliness come idealized grandiose monstrosity men like titian tintoret end scale ideal decoration bordering domain realism hence raise interest mere power colour many insignificant type yet even incapable dealing absolute ugliness absence fine colour deal immediate improvement model appearance truthfulness goes absolute incapacity dealing ugliness michael angelo power compromising titian tintoret raphael stands call assistance colour just sufficiently create setting carefully harmonized draperies accessories beautiful enough allow filling cruelly ugly likeness painter ever painted far much written raphael general half enough raphael side eclectic idealist combined balanced beauty almost insipidity terribly inflexibly veracious ever compared sternly straightforward portraits florentine roman time ugliness baseness never attenuated tittle alloyed nobility amiability finer models like two donis husband wife bibbiena never purified troubling element compared venetian portraits mere insincere enormously idealized pieces nay portraits velasquez mere hints given rapidly sickened painter striving make scrofulous hapsburgs longer mere men keynotes harmonies light people really velasquez seems show us temperament potentiality people leave us kind dignified melancholy silence find life feelings actions temperament implies raphael shows us temperament character real active creature marks present temper habits indications immediate actions completely without humour bitterness without smallest tendency twist reality caricature monstrosity nay perhaps without much psychologic analysis tell exact meaning painting going straight point utterly ruthless sheer absence alternative otherwise nothing cruelly realistic world cruel base originals feelings spectator harmony villainies various combinations black bestiality fox cunning ferocity wicked human thought raphael enshrined splendid harmony scarlet silk crimson satin purple velvet dull white brocade portraits leo cardinals rossi dei medici idealistic painter accustomed rely intrinsic beauty hitherto able select create accustomed also think form something quite independent medium seen scarcely conscious existence light air habit concentrating attention figure placed sort vacuum indifference idealistic artist left without resources bid paint ugly man woman realistic artist man woman utterly indifferent medium seen everything case just reversed let arrange light atmospheric effect work pattern matter plain repulsive wretch velasquez flaccid yellowish fair flesh grey downy shadows limp pale drab hair grey light scarcely perceptibly blond shade unhealthy bloodless feebly living effete mass humanity called philip iv spain shivering moral anæmia like dog thorough bred nothingness becomes merely foundation splendid harmony pale tints poor little baby princess scarce visible features seemingly kneaded sufficiently pinched modelled wet ashes da frock different dresses painted raphael titian dingy gloomy enough abbess cameriera major childish personification courtly dreariness certainly born ash wednesday becomes principal strands marvellous tissue silvery ashy light tinged yellowish hair bluish eyes downy cheeks pale red lips rose hair something match beauty must think rarely seen veined jaspered rainy twilight hazy winter morning ugliness nay repulsiveness vanish subdued beauty even noxious gases may subdued substances cunning chemist difference portraits portraits raphael however consist merely beauty also fact take velasquez portraits frame reconstitute living individual bid walk forth whatsoever light may fall something infinitely different portrait distinct feeling fine portrait might made creature whereas matter complete indifference whether see raphael leo flesh gilded frame whatever may fairly respecting relative value idealistic realistic decorative art really also connected latter point considering realistic art merely obtaining beauty attention factors preoccupy idealistic art fulfils neglects taking matter point view seem two kinds arts speak morally equal vague sense mysterious superior dignity clinging idealistic art mere shred long discarded pedantry realistic art merely bring play powers unknown idealistic art becomes possession powers utterly indifferent intrinsic value forms represented certain making everything lovely harmonies light atmosphere almost prefers choose inferior things purpose thinking present picture forget dutchman national gallery representing separate compartments five creatures symbolical five senses ugly brutish know suggestion detestable temperament bloodshot flesh vermilion lips whole man saturated appetite yet dutchman found means making degraded types something care look look account beauty even lesser degree rubens always managed make us feel towards flaccid women something feel towards goddesses parthenon towards ladies meditative face beneath crimped auburn hair titian viewed way kind nobility fact realistic art make us pardon redeem nay almost sanctify much right pardon redeem sanctify bring inferior level superior nay rather wrong teach us endure much meanness ugliness creatures account nobility represented vitiating feelings blunting desire better repugnance worse great charitable art realistic art seventeenth century respected tenderness towards scorned castaway things reality accustoming us perhaps much like charitable reclaiming impulses certain unworthy contacts strange contrast herein narrow ascetic aristocratic art idealism isolated impoverished though may always dignity immaculate purity unswerving judgment obstinate determination deal best hard task judge may singular richnesses italian renaissance knew tendencies painting gave equivalent rigid idealism greeks make compromise ugliness sculpture possessed equivalent realism velasquez make beauty ugly things even chemist make sugar vitriol school boiardo le donne cavalieri armi gli amori throughout tales charlemagne warriors overtopping far crowd paladins knights move two colossal mailed vizored figures roland italians call orlando spaniards roldan son milon charlemagne sister renaud rinaldo lord montauban eldest famous four sons aymon two representative heroes equal opposed achilles odysseus siegfried dietrich carolingian epic personified unconscious genius early middle ages great political movements heroic struggles feudalism existed feudalism two forces centripetal centrifugal force made supremacy kingly overlordship force made independence great vassals hence poetry poetry feudalism two distinct currents feeling two distinct epics epic devoted loyalty heroes france wise mighty emperor charlemagne triumphant even misfortune epic hopeless resistance craven capricious despot charles righteous among feudatories epic roland epic renaud first remains us inflexible iron solemnity original rhymed narrative chanson de roland may read perhaps almost words sung normans william night watch great battle centripetal force feudalism gained upper hand song great empire great deeds loyal prowess consecrated feudal monarchy case different tale resistance rebellion story renaud soon became dangerous lesson great barons fell hands nobles humbler folk preserved us longer mediæval verse prose version doubtless fifteenth century name familiar stalls village fairs quatre fils aymon renaud equal roland humble prose tale nevertheless equal great song roncevaux even now difficult task decide grander tale loyalty tale resistance tales chanson de roland quatre fils aymon contained picture respective hero sums whole noble character book picture dying roland picture dying renaud fain bring speaking roland renaud orlando ariosto rinaldo boiardo traitor ganelon enabled king marsile overtake heathenness charlemagne granite walls roncevaux franks massacred saracens routed roland last ceded prayers oliver archbishop turpin three times put mouth oliphant blown blast call back charlemagne vengeance till blood foamed round lips temple burst oliver dead archbishop dying roland slowly bleeding death goes defile heaped corpses seeks bodies principal paladins ivon ivaire gascon engelier gérier gérin bérenger otho anseis salamon old gerard rousillon drags archbishop lies dying knights roland last added beloved comrade oliver bids archbishop bless dead die reverently crossed turpin beautiful priestly hands breast goes forth shatter sword durendal rocks good sword cut rock without shivering coldness death steals roland stretches hillock looking towards spain prays forgiveness sins durendal ivory horn side stretches glove right hand god stretched forth god glove right hand gabriel received head sunk arm gone clasped hands end god sends cherubim michael peril gabriel come carry soul count paradise solitary solemn sad even end hero great rebel renaud montauban length lifetime wasted fruitless attempts resist iniquity emperor baffle power shame magnanimity justice four sons aymon given youth manhood dearest things heart respect father loyalty sovereign rather countenance injustice charlemagne kinsman last obtained pardoned pardoned heroes dastardly tyrant quietly sink nothingness eldest renaud returning exile holy land finds wife clarisse pined died putting away armour dressing pilgrim frock made purple serge dead lady robe goes forth wander world old years peace solitude heart evening arrives cologne imagine old knight half aware sunshine evening noise streets looks crowd great minster rising midst town rhine cries noise chipping masons unconscious half away brothers hiding ardennes living roots berries bay charlemagne wandering ragged famishing france king yon brilliant toulouse seeing perhaps first time bride clarisse towers montauban rising workmen hands thinking perhaps frightful siege eaten fortress children aymonnet yonnet thin white knelt begged slaughter horse bayard might eat perhaps journey brothers robes roses hands rode prisoners king charles across plain vaucouleurs perhaps galloped gallows montfaucon cut loose brother richard daring ride paris horse won race snatched prize charlemagne sped crying winner renaud montauban perhaps seeing sad sweet face lady clarisse burned precious stuffs tires lay dead without kiss cold mouth seeing good horse bayard kissed stall giving killed charlemagne thinking past seeing within mind seeing little present low yellow light helped bread workmen heave great beams carry great stones cathedral split huge marble masses stared astonished envy sat unconscious mutterings eating dry bread porridge building docks river wearied sunk sleep dreaming perchance evil life dream awakening therefrom happiness strength jealous workmen came killed base tools cast rhine say huge body floated water surrounded great halo men banks seeing reverently fished found noble corpse untouched decay still surrounded light glory seems renaud rebel baron whose reality know nothing floated surrounded halo poetry black flood middle ages much sunk look face see beauty strength solemness feel like people rhine bank inclined weep say mysterious corpse surely great saint heroes shown us middle ages italian renaissance also hand two greatest poets given us picture first roland count orlando told messer lodovico ariosto consequence discovered certain pleasant grotto among ferns maidenhair words graven rock interrupted doubtless lover kisses revealed princess angelica cathay disdained medoro page king moors count orlando went straightway mind hanging armour stripping clothes galloped horse slaughtering cows sheep instead saracens pleased god moved danger christendom prayers charlemagne permit astolfo ride hippogriffs back moon bring back thence wits great paladin contained small phial know merry tale renaissance say renaud montauban even stranger fantastic day says matteo boiardo fifteenth canto second part orlando innamorato rinaldo montalbano contemner love riding ardennes came clearing forest close fountain merlin wonderful sight met eyes flowery meadow dancing three naked damsels singing danced also naked youth dark eyes fair hair first lips might others rinaldo approach broke singing dancing rushed pelting roses hyacinths violets baskets beating great sheaves lilies burnt like flames plates armour marrow bones dragged tied garlands feet round round meadow wings eyed eyes peacock eyes lovely damsels suddenly sprouted shoulders flew leaving poor baron bruised grass meditate vanity future resistance love things middle ages renaissance found tell us two great heroes carolingian poetry explanation came pass roland song roncevaux substituted orlando ariosto renaud quatre fils aymon rinaldo matteo boiardo means simply desire study metamorphoses mediæval romance stuffs especially vicissitudes cycle charlemagne ii apt think middle ages antiquity ideal correspondence exists two periods antiquity piece middle ages contrary heterogeneous chaotic antiquity steady uniform development civilization direction meaning great differences various epochs differences budding blossoming fading stages plant life varies middle ages hand series false starts interruptions new departures perpetual confusion think shall see centuries called mediæval occupied effort people generation put rights settle among much save civilization antiquity sudden overwhelming people generation another puts elaborate arrangements disarray adds ruins antiquity ruins recent times destroying generation tries put things straight settle turn interrupted advent new comer begins game afresh peoples also ideas scarcely scheme life philosophy art taken shape consistence inexhaustible chaos mediæval thought feeling issue new necessities new aspirations put confusion previous ones middle ages like financial crisis little time little credit money fructify wealth reappear difficult moment tided civilization unfortunately wealth ideas began accumulate storehouse just long enough bring rout creditors people rifled bank went home consume invest money order succeeded others hence matter civilization middle ages ended extraordinary slow ruin bankruptcy like overtook france france restored bold seizure breaking property revolution world restored bold breaking feudal spiritual mortmain restoring wasted energies utility great double revolution renaissance reformation may mankind throughout middle ages appears chronic condition packing unpacking packing another nation race philosophy political system came front pushed back limbo germans kelts latins french civilization day abélard provençal civilization days raymonds brilliant evanescent hohenstauffen supremacy papacy canossa avignon templars triumphant templars persecuted scholasticism mysticism feudalism democracy communism influences perpetually rising trodden till rotted away great stagnation fifteenth century part world conflict speedily ended set tendencies early triumphed stability temporarily obtained italy alone civilization continue nurtured developed benefit mankind state affairs things flourish mature safe called want better expression perpetual unpacking repacking perpetual move middle ages among things foremost art essential art times architecture belonging small towns infinite minority democracy worked made money let great changes pass heads thrived almost something insignificant notice different literature cathedrals built easily changed new peoples new ideas must accept poetry thing every nation insists suit taste thing every nation every generation carries hither thither thing altered suit every passing whim poetry fluctuating things middle ages perhaps fluctuating fluctuating also none various nations tendencies aspirations dominated sufficiently long produce highly organized art remained standard works nothing recognizedly perfect kept perfection gather round imitations form nucleus homogeneous tradition middle ages full fashions literary matters possessed classics minnesingers knew nothing stern old teutonic war songs meistersängers forgotten minnesingers trouvères troubadours knew nothing chanson de roland villon knew nothing italy middle ages came end renaissance began lombard league established tradition excellence men like dante petrarch boccaccio handed generation generation even north came strange modification substituted french rabelais french chrestien de troyes german luther german wolfram von eschenbach italian language ciullo almost boiardo lorenzo dei medici remained virtually identical result may call heterogeneousness instability middle ages merely literary forms ever arising superseded literary subject matter continually undergoing process transformation antiquity great epic tragic stuffs remained unaltered stories valerius flaccus apollonius rhodius merely stories current since days homer course middle ages every epic cycle every tale belonging thereunto gradually adulterated mingled swamped cycle tale nay rather every cycle every tale older ones trying save popularity admixture recent till last mythical significance historical meaning national character psychological reality lost chaotic result meanwhile absence stable language durable literary fashion middle ages unable give epic stuffs period life metamorphose form sufficiently artistically valuable secure anything beyond momentary vogue secure immortality great greek tales adventure warfare love came epic cycle charlemagne supplanting men minds grand sagas pagan north supplanted arthurian cycle frankish stories absorbed wholly discrepant elements fortunate keltic rivals cycles lost character fusion obliteration time became meaningless generation generation year year middle ages come end great poets renaissance ready give old mediæval epic stuff definitive durable artistic shape came hands boiardo ariosto tasso spenser strange trumpery material muddled jongleurs romance writers reduced mere fairy stuff taken seriously don quixote authors volumes insane twaddle called amadis gaul kinsmen condition perpetual change explains belief mediæval epic subjects wanted made clear examples shall therefore try show transformations undergone two principal mediæval epic subjects result mixture epic cycles gradual adaptation new state civilization finally gradual separation kind reality real interests first let us look epic cycle although known us poems older trouvères minnesingers sang charlemagne arthur reality far ancient account antiquity consequent disconnection mediæval religious political interests thrown aside even nations belonged scandinavians took writing sagas wars charlemagne saracens germans preferred hear adventures welsh briton launcelots tristrams alluding stories connected family life hero called sigurd scandinavians siegfried germans possess norse version called volsunga saga magnificently done english william morris although written end twelfth century time therefore chrestien de troyes wolfram von eschenbach gottfried von strassburg subsequently presumed writing chanson de roland nibelungenlied shows us reality product people distant scandinavians iceland five six hundred years behind french germans english twelfth century volsunga saga neither christianity feudalism yet dreamed reason wish compare nibelungenlied order show enormously old epic stuff altered new civilization whole social moral condition two versions different old scandinavian civilization viking surrounded served clansmen feeling blood relationship strongest people hearts strangely fearfully shown introductory tale signy order avenge father volsung killed husband murders children latter altered face magic arts goes forth woods brother sigmund may beget man fit avenge volsungs sends boy sinfjotli man hitherto considered merely uncle bidding latter kill prove unworthy incestuous birth train vengeance three together murder husband legitimate children signy set palace fire done queen accomplished duty kin accomplishes towards husband calmly returns die burning hall apparently case children sigurd brynhilt incest becomes family virtue frightful preponderance feeling blood relationship quite natural scandinavian chriemhilt called volsunga saga gudrun resent murder husband siegfried sigurd brothers instigation jealous brynhilt manner sigurd wife made chriemhilt eldest brother far seeking revenge second husband atli sends brothers order rob murder first vainly warn plot massacred kill atli children order avenge brothers slackening tribal feeling idea fidelity love sanctity marriage belonging christianity feudalism rendered story unintelligible germans othos henrys nibelungenlied whole story massacre brothers changed chriemhilt never forgives murder siegfried etzel atli sake plunder sake revenge decoys brothers murders hand cuts head gunther expiate murder siegfried feelings akin feudal christians franconia tribal scandinavians edda second version far intelligible interesting story gentle loving chriemhilt turned murder beloved fury plotting avenge death death kinsfolk must much grander pathetic story strange gudrun sits patiently beneath injury done brothers savagely avenges new husband innocent children us persistence tribal feeling destroying indignation love merely unnatural confusing repulsive alteration better incidents tale mere fluke whole main plot originally central figures completely obliterated new state civilization rendered merely trivial grotesque volsunga saga sigurd overcome enchantments forgotten wife mistress vague mythical relationship sense past obliterated made brother new wife gudrun brynhilt kills faithless love dissolve second marriage reunited death nibelungenlied siegfried although flower knighthood conquers foul play amazon brunhilt reward gunther hand sister nay comic loathsome scene forces embraces craven gunther gets killed brunhilt machinations unqueenly bickerings proud amazon brutally told siegfried wife dirty trick given gunther impossible realize siegfried murdered sympathies called side utterly blackguardly behaviour brought hero death similarly conception character position brynhilt entirely disfigured rendered inane nibelungenlied superb scandinavians burnt pyre falcons dogs horses slaves side sigurd loved killed lest door valhalla swinging shut presence remains german mediæval poem virago like giantesses amadis romances enraged defeated grotesquely grossly pummelled wedlock man husband slanged like fishwife envious old consistent grandly tragic tale mysterious incests revenges race lost sense point attempt arrange suit christian feudal ideas really fine portions nibelungenlied exactly real connection original story gratuitous additions mediæval poets delicately indicated falling love siegfried chriemhilt struggles markgraf rüdger obedience feudal superior fidelity towards friends guests canto death siegfried last different intensely different rugged dreary monotony rest poetical almost spenserian ariostesque realization scene beautiful picture though worked needle rather pencil brush wood hunt solitary fountain odenwald spear leaned siegfried struck clover flowers writhed hagen steel back canto certainly interpolated poet least gottfried walther passage savage old droning song death suggested piece new art like fragments exquisitely chiselled leafage figures sometimes find encrusted wherefore quite isolated midst rough stones rude lombard church rest nibelungenlied gives impression effeteness definiteness idea volsunga saga battles mere vague slaughter action realized movement excepting rüdger realized motive conduct shape colour seem obliterated repetition alteration yet even alterations make tale siegfried survive among germans middle ages nay alterations less interest want consistency colour due rearrangement merely accelerated throwing aside subject dating pagan tribal times become repugnant new generations mutilations world make old scandinavian tales betrayed trust revenge triumphant bloodshed sympathetic men whose religious social ideals forgiveness fidelity even stripped incestuous mysteries fearful tribal love tale sigurd brynhilt reduced tale chriemhilt revenge unpalatable attempts made poems walther gottfried wolfram ulrich tannhäuser full references stories carolingian arthurian cycles nay antique oriental tales contain allusion personages nibelungenlied old epic gothic races pushed aside triumphant epic obscure conquered kelts phenomena history ideas forms singular sudden conquest poetry dominant distant nations poetic subjects comparatively small race sheared political importance restricted trifling territory deprived language found striking example sudden ousting carolingian epic cycle arthur kelts britain ireland possessed epic cycle came notice dispossessed last strongholds saxons normans immediately spread astounding rapidity europe vanquished race became fashionable art poetry began sought precious loot heroic tales kelts transcribed welsh translated latin order norman angevine kings glad seem oppose old briton saxon element keltic songs carried france breton bards whose music rhymes general idea subjects franks listened sort stolid satisfaction english germans hundred years ago listened italians singing metastasio verses soon songs tales translated french poets imitated language northern southern graceful metres keltic lays altered arranged subjects short time france germany inundated keltic stories triumph vanquished race without reason kelts early civilized rome christianity set stories set heroes extremely accordance mediæval ideas requiring little alteration considerable age civilization long obliterated traces pagan tribal feeling tales heroes originally like people divinities intimately connected natural phenomena long lost cosmic characteristics long ceased gods manipulated fancy race whose greatness quite thing past become sort golden age ideals men distant period glory adorned every kind perfection till became unreal fairyland fairyland good sooth country keltic tales sort symbolical significance fact lawgiver merlin emperor arthur dead like sigurd like dietrich like charlemagne roland lying enchanted sleep long inaction idleness refined idealized heroes keltic race race brilliant fancy almost southern mobility softened long time contact roman colonists christian priests brutal combatants active fighting age like heroes edda carolingian cycles particular military work belonging people huddled away inactivity sole occupation extend abroad ideal happiness reigned ideal court arthur go forth loose see folk might yet required subdued taught manners happy kingdom poor insignificant kelts connected princelet centuries may momentarily repelled pagan saxons hence keltic stories exist versions previous conquest norman kings previous also communications peoples distinct beginning later called heroes creations inactive nation special military duties going forth good may random unforced necessity following mere plan perfecting deeds valour become worthy god king lady religion loyalty love three mere æsthetic abstractions becoming goal essentially æsthetic unpractical system utterly incompatible real serious business life idle poetic fancies inert people knights round table mission save poetically perfect spirit keltic poetry happened spirit satisfied imaginative wants mediæval society just moment political events diffused countries knowledge arthurian legends old teutonic tales sigurd gudrun dietrich long ceased appeal mutilated obliterated condition society tribal feeling pagan heroism odious whose religion distinctly reproved revenge tales replaced another cycle purely realistic epic arisen struggles christian west pagan mohammedan south originating short narrating exploits predecessors charlemagne constituted large narratives song roland represents artistic culmination narratives mere military exploits battles strong feudal aristocracy animated feudal loyalty fury invading heathenness perfectly satisfied men earliest middle ages times feudalism established church reformed strong military princelets north embarking barons conquer new kingdoms england italy greece whole feudal europe hurled asia first crusades condition things soon altered feudal hierarchy broken number little kingdoms principalities struggling assistance industrial mercantile classes become absolute monarchies princes mere generals became diplomatists studious taxation intrigue surrounded longer armed vassals essentially urban court constant communication burghers religion also instead matter fighting infidel invaders turned fantastic sectarianism emotional mysticism sense futility disappointment attendant later crusades came also habit roaming strange countries isolated adventure search wealth information love distant equivocal perhaps even hankering mysterious compromise religion europe religions east appears existed among templars franks settled asia throughout feudal society sort enervated languor morbid longing something new now old ceased possible proved futile great excitement crusades impossible either sedately idle quietly active even us days weariness restlessness long journey society strongly realistic carolingian epic ceased appeal tales welsh breton bards repeated trouvère jongleur troubadour minnesinger came revelation fatigued disappointed morbid imaginative society later crusades recognized fairyland epic long refined long idle nay effete race realization ideal activity unhampered aim organization sentiment emotion action quite useless unnecessary purely subservient imaginative gratification arthurs launcelots tristrams kays gawains fantastic phantoms also far artistically malleable iron rolands olivers renauds earlier days unknown kingdom britain much easily made impossible ideal longing squeamish lazy minds might refuse coarser reality moreover listened tales chivalry different listened carolingian stories therefore required something different courtiers half women now carolingian tales originally sung camps castles mere soldiers first possessed female characters gradually introduced coarsest barrack style keltic tales contrary whether national tradition rather longer familiarity christian culture greater idleness life naturally made women women love goal great many adventures effete nation longer ascribe patriotic movements religious feeling day extremely inclined mysticism æsthetic erotic kinds morbid tendencies united anything else tinged quietism longing passive ecstasy nirvâna religious side mediæval life also gratified arthurian romances oddly enough existed old welsh breton tale boy peredur complete simpleton became prince chivalry many adventures connected certain mysterious lance still mysterious basin allusion de la villemarqué contained originally keltic name percival possessed magic properties akin purse fortunatus pipkin story little pot boil story whose original mythical meaning lost several centuries christianity decayed obscure fact blood lance murdered kinsman peredur basin containing head person cut gloucester witches evidently insufficient account mystery objects surrounded french poets middle ages strongly imbued oriental legends brought back crusaders saw glance meaning whole story lance lance longinus pierced saviour side grail cup received blood nay cup last supper tale preservation precious relics joseph arimathæa immediately connected therewith theory set doubtless aid quite unchristian oriental legends kind kingdom keepers grail vague state bliss connected service grail fed knights templars mysteries later frightfully misused certainly come play food body soul keltic peredur bent massacring gloucester witches avenge uncle turned saintly knight seeking throughout perfect life kingdom grail perceval chrestien de troyes parzifal wolfram von eschenbach later romance writers wishing connect everything closely arthur court replaced sir galahad morte guest grail became sort general mission several knights sort spiritual crusade whose successful champions percival bors galahad middle ages hesitate add launcelot arthurian tales answer requirements languid dreamy courtly religiously mystic sons grandsons earlier crusaders whose aspirations expressed rough solemn heroes carolingian tales carolingian tales thrown aside kept noble mediæval poets condition original meaning completely defaced wholesale admixture manners adventures belonging arthurian cycles paladins forced disport fairyland knights round table many mediæval poems heroes like ogier denmark huon bordeaux already existed carolingian tales reality romantic loves useless adventures morgana castles oberon horns offshoots keltic stories rich every kind supernatural fact pagan myths turned fairy tales genuine carolingian subjects whose origin entirely historical completely devoid things arthur ladies knights guenevere elaine enid yseult launcelot geraint kay gawain tristram real heroes heroines courtly nobles courtly poets second phase mediæval life teuton charlemagne roland oliver completely forgotten poets met memorable combat wartburg teuton sigurd dietrich carolingian cycle survived however much altered think must thanks burghers artizans netherlands provence bluff heroism simple gross illegitimate amours carolingian heroes satisfactory mystic quest grail refined adultery guenevere yseult inevitable fate mediæval epics awaited triumphant arthurian cycle fate obliterated passing nation civilization another long existence poetic art adequate treatment take example mediæval poems greatest reputation masterpiece according critics find difficult presence poet like gottfried von strassburg agree probably really poetical earnest school poetry middle ages possessed parzifal wolfram von eschenbach paramount impression say strongest strong impressions incompatible work left masterpiece wolfram von eschenbach astonishing vagueness fluidity haziness vaporousness reading looks back rudely hewn extremely obliterated nibelungenlied something quite astonishingly clear detailed strongly marked something distinctly artistic indeed side parzifal everything seems artistic hartmann von aue reads like chaucer aucassin et nicolette living cymbeline chevy chase seems good battles homer narrative vague mooning knight illiterate merely like fellow minnesingers way reading writing sense complete absence habit literary form extremely noble pure mind chaste gentle funny puzzled sense humour reminding distantly jean paul drowsy moments courts perfectly childlike poor easily pleased good bad herr wolfram von eschenbach real personality poem narrates mooning digressive drowsy tone rare awaking interest story heard else else series elses chrestien de troyes legendary provençal chiot guyot perhaps even original welsh bard muddled monotonous droning events persons without sense relative importance anything without clear perception least without power keeping matter straight reader story point fact story mere series rambling adventures adventures scarcely adventures point plot various people much connection individuality gachmuret parzifal gawain loherangrein anfortas feirefis pale ghosts beings moving country kennaqwhere aquitaine anjou brittany wales spain heaven knows wondrous oriental places misty country woods towns castles infinitely far apart yet quite near seem sail like cloud castles round solid place book plimizöl arthur court round table constantly spread ever established place nowhere yet full details minute inventories splendid furniture castles castles reached infinitely inferior matter even nibelungenlied made feel vividly modern therefore clear things therein long dreary road worms bechlarn thence etzelburg though none anything beyond name nibelungen story localized narrator audience reality country lived might seek abbey siegfried buried well odenwald near stabbed knew merchant pilgrim road taken nibelungs santen worms burgundians worms hungary parzifal mere vague world anywhere world keltic oriental romance become mere cloudland thuringian knight similarly heroes nations arthurs gawains gachmurets wales anjou become mere vague names become liquified lost shape local habitation mere names ladies knights herr wolfram names fair pink white faces names magnificently draped bejewelled oriental stuffs embossed armour home work nothing remarkable characteristic parzifal makes typical process growing inane overmuch alteration prevented mediæval epics ever turning iliad odyssey essentially idle nothing feudal relations strongly marked german nibelungenlied melted away like distinctions race every knight independent vassal captain volker hagen roland renaud followed men isolated individual without even squire wandering alone hazy land nowhere time great guelph ghibelline struggles every bit ideal spenser cervantes difference sir calidore sir artegal appointed task blatant beast nuisance overcome don quixote general rescuing oppressed princesse micomiconas destruction windmills capturing helmets mambrino establishing world worship dulcinea knights wolfram von eschenbach mission missions missions rüdger roland riding random without particular pagans necromancers dragons pursue service holy grail main interest poem consists nothing apparently except living virtuously castle montselväsche virtuously eating drinking victuals provided miraculously admitted service initiation mission nothing preliminary seems required parzifal merely wanders vaguely without specified thing fact poem become purely ideal ideal point utter vacuity connection human business heroes heroines hear perfectly chaste truthful upright never put situation test qualities never placed way temptation never made fight evil decide good religion holy grail consists nothing word relieving poor oppressed tending sick delivering holy sepulchre defending great injured christ grail knight even grail king means exactly vague dreamland passive purity heroism untempted chastity untried honour earthly trials tristram guenevere rüdger renaud moral struggles middle ages godfrey francis dominick nowhere disappeared melted away christianity paganism melted away easy meeting pagan feirefis christian parzifal double marriage gachmuret indian belakane welsh herzeloid remains kind buddhistic nirvâna vague passive perfection without renunciation world devoid evil full excellent brocade armour eatables lovely maidens dress undress chastely kiss mouth world without desire aspiration combat vacantly happy virtuous world purely ideal divorced reality unsubstantial like kingdom gloriana unlike spenser quite unshadowed puritan sadness sense evil untroubled allegorical vices cheerful serene filled flowers song birds unreal illuminated arabesques missal truth perhaps compared eighteenth century pastoral ideal created almost opposition reality dream passiveness liberty light leaves blown ideal fiercely troubled struggling tightly fettered feudal world ideal perhaps moment scarcely whole civilization rather express feeling accidental combination instant spectre vapour arisen mixture kelt teuton frank moslem christian pagan mohammedan none vaporous chaos incongruous conflicting elements poem virtue without object knighthood without work religion without belief like central interest grail mystery cup stone thing heals feeds speaks animate inanimate stone caaba chalice sacrament merely mysterious holy holies good goods everything nothings means nothing requires nothing nothing iii obliterated national traditional meaning heroic cycle arthur process slow adaptation new intellectual requirements completely wiped men memory heroic tales siegfried entirely altered originally realistic character epic charlemagne unreal ideal become tales round table disconnected national tradition time came even sufficiently independent reality satisfy capricious imagination later middle ages end fourteenth century written probably portuguese vasco de lobeira tale amadis de gaula followed forty fifty similar books telling adventures brothers nephews sons grandsons sons infinite succession original amadis translated languages presently multiplied press seem usurped place arthurian stories feudal countries middle sixteenth century succeeded stories heroes realistic comic novels type lazarillo de tormes buffoon philosophic extravaganzas gargantua indeed impossible go mediæval idealism amadises compared arthurian stories perfect historical documents remains longer connection whatsoever reality historical geographical whole world seems expeditiously emptied contents make room kingdoms gaul rome firm island sobradisa less like land west moon east sun like sancho panza island real mankind past present future similarly swept away replaced miraculous race amadises lisvarts galaors gradasilias orianas pintiquinestras fradalons forth flit across vision company indispensable necromancers fairies dwarfs giants duennas like huge ballet things without character passions pathos knights never wounded killed princesses always end marrying right man enchanters whose heads always chopped foundlings always reinstated kingdom inane paper puppets bespangled impossible sentiment tinsel rags driven like chaff romance advent amadises coming kingdom nonsense sign last days chivalric romance come little licentiate alonzo perez take seat don quixote library nicholas barber light faggots yard compensation usurpation victims carolingian tales pushed way arthurian cycle destined perish thrown aside contempt upper classes engrossed round table holy grail tales charlemagne paladins largely adulterated arthurian elements apparently cherished lower class society burgesses artizans arthurian world far etherial delicately immoral circumstance due fact humiliated carolingian tales eventually received artistic embodiment given arthurian stories troubadours minnesingers busy court arthur grave latinists like rusticiano pisa wrote launcelot guenevere carolingian epics seem mainly sung illiterate jongleurs busied pens prose hackwriters benefit townsfolk free towns netherlands germany appear full unfashionable literature carolingian cycle become democratic inasmuch literature longer knights courtiers artizans shopkeepers went course democratic country middle ages italy time italian yet recognized language men women talked tuscan lombard venetian dialects wrote latin french francesca paolo read story launcelot probably good mediæval befitted people high birth jongleurs collected crowds large bar streets require interference bolognese magistrates sang roland oliver sort french lombard french jongleurs singing impossible italian jongleurs singing impossible french paduan writing carolingian cyclical novels french paris assuredly padua comical hideous jabber hybrid languages carolingian stories became popular italy meanwhile day came romantic arthurian tales dislodge italy invasion classic epic troy rome thebes replaced tintagil cærleon interest cultured classes long beginning fifteenth century poggio midst classic revival still told comically engrossed audience surrounded vagabonds singing orlando rinaldo effete arthurian cycle superseded spain france amadis romances speedily forgotten italy carolingian stories remained italian poetry arose long interregnum petrarch lorenzo dei medici looked subjects laid hand second half fifteenth century old tales charlemagne received many centuries alterations ephemeral embodiments artistic form middle ages unable give stories way regarded totally different time theroulde anonymous author quatre fils aymon renaissance keen artistic sense made carolingian tales real works art works art playthings begin carolingian stories saturated arthurian colour furnished gallantry enchantments fairies giants necromancers keltic legends moreover lost infinite repetition political realism meaning striking chanson de roland quatre fils aymon confusion unreality increased fact italians original connection tales real men plans better imaginary ones minstrels sang laborious compiled collections called reali di francia equally free alterations adaptations creating unknown relationships inventing new adventures suppressing essential historical points object save amusing audience readers new stories familiar heroes condition stories attitude public towards middle fifteenth century complete incredulity frivolous amusement paladins unreal heroes granny fairy tale people wanted hear wonderful battles adventures enchantments wanted also laugh sceptical practical democratic artizans shopkeepers florence paying expensive mercenaries stole poultry never got wounded account chivalry real military honour veriest nursery rubbish people crowded round must indeed found much amuse tales different age crowds penetrated listen watch even magnificent lorenzo elbowed among carnival ragamuffins florence slid among peasants poggio caiano learned man poet intimate medicis politian ficino pico della mirandola messer luigi pulci written poem lorenzo dei medici gala tournament taste house medici together platonic philosophy classical erudition religious hymns hebrew kabbala certain kind realism language mode thinking lower classes reaction petrarchesque conventionality magnificent lorenzo fancy string together artistic shape quaint graceful love poems hyperbolical realistic tender abusive tuscan peasantry also messer luigi pulci appears smitten notion trying hand chivalric poem like friends listened among butchers fishmongers frying booths market giving impression ideas language people strains sung luigi pulci vastly less gifted poet lorenzo dei medici florentine prentices less æsthetically pleasing tuscan peasants morgante maggiore piece work sort utterly inferior nencia da barberino still morgante maggiore remains remain remarkable production grotesque art just lorenzo dei medici certainly without deliberate purpose selecting quaintness gracefulness peasant life even perhaps luigi pulci must deliberate intention producing ludicrous effect cases deliberate attempt little perceptible nencia da barberino genius lorenzo morgante maggiore stolidity pulci morgante parts probably written mere sample amuse supper party became interesting pulci mere matter inventing stringing together new incidents despite ludicrous passages must seriously written seriously listened friends similar production men renaissance matter philosophized cultured retained pleasure mere incident moderns seem given children savages lorenzo ficino politian probably listened adventures luigi pulci paladins giants much interest little conscious sense grotesqueness crowd market listened cristofano dell altissimo similar morgante maggiore therefore neither really comic really serious piece realistic grotesqueness like gargantua pantagruel serious ideal work like amadis de gaula proportion deliberately sought effects small great bulk serious comic seems come quite random caricatured reproduction poems chivalry sung market probably serious stately bald occasional joke reproduction joint impression received absurd unpractical world chivalry poet real world prose buffoonish coarseness itinerant poet surrounded paladins don quixotes princesses dulcineas battles real battles language florentine housewives ragamuffins crammed slang heavy jokes perpetual sententious aphorism moreover prominence given food eating unrivalled except rabelais poet must lounged delight narrow mediæval lanes crowded booths barrows sniffing rapture mingled scents cheese pork fish spices hundred strange concomitant market smells market classic alas finally condemned destroyed modern sanitary prudishness seen conceive full barbarous nay barbaric pantagruelian splendour food blood stenches florence think throughout poem messer luigi comes narrate real gravity due invocation virgin trinity saints tremendous disaster roncevaux uses words similes neighing horses clash hurtling armour yells combatants suddenly hear nasal florentine chaffer oaths laughter gluttonous crowd pouring lanes calimala pellicceria nay horrible grotesque miracle seems rise confused darkness valley seems disengage mist chaos heaped bodies flash steel among whirlwinds dust vision distinct familiar crowded square black houses ornamented angels lilies painted madonnas black butchers dens outside hang ghastly disembowelled sheep fleeces huge hearts livers piles cabbage rows tin ware copper saucepans heaps maccaroni pastes spices drugs garlands onions red peppers piles apples fetid sliminess fish tressels rough pavement oozy black slippery puddled bullock blood strewn plucked feathers bright blue sky giotto belfry soaring high vision finally deep dens walls covered majolica plates dishes flashing trenchers dark depths crackles perennially ruddy fire huge spit revolves offering flames now now side scores legs mutton rounds beef larded chickens trickling butter unceasingly ladled cooks roncisvalle charlemagne paladins paganism christendom believe capon roast boiled sometimes done butter mead must believe pasty pastykins mother children things believe good wine margutte snuffles catechism saracens paladins past present future fig meanwhile florentine burgesses artizans humorists may think italy renaissance something besides florence school poetry disconnected realisms lorenzo pulci ovidian petrarchisms politian ferrara lying northern apennine slopes modena euganean hills dominions house este appear first sight merely part parcel lombardy expect nothing different expect milan bologna padua truth different round ferrara indeed stretches fertile flatness lombard cornfields produce infallibly produce sacks grain tuns wine heaps silk cocoon intellectual social equivalents things renaissance italy industry wealth comfort scepticism art either side defiles euganean hills north widening torrent valleys modenese apennines south marquisate este stretches feudalism chivalry imaginative kingdom middle ages mediævalism feudalism chivalry indeed modified sort different france germany differ plains forests moors north italian mountain slopes along vines crawl long trellises chestnuts rise endlessly superposed tiers terraces cultivated peasant serf equal sharer profits master soil fertile looking narrow valley shimmer corn elms born year matteo maria boiardo village gave title highest estensian dominions count scandiano apennines scandiano fortified village also castle doubtless half turned renaissance villa mediæval feudal nevertheless name scandiano belongs also know reason certain little palace outskirts ferrara beautifully painted pageant frescoes cosimo tura enclosing sweet tangled place duke borso duke ercole wont retire amusement ferrarese given name schifanoia means fly cares little coincidence scandiano feudal castle apennines scandiano little pleasure palace ferrara seems give accidental allegory fair idea double nature matteo boiardo ferrarese court belonged school poetry including notable less original work ariosto genius man character court succeeded together producing understand boiardo must compare ariosto understand ariosto must compare boiardo belong school men similar genius leaves begins first order understand character poetry main identical boiardo successful less fascinating pupil ariosto let us understand ferrara late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries chivalric town ariostesque chivalry feudalism turned courtly elegant moreover liberal comfortable preponderance democratic industrial habits military court brave mercenary captains full dash adventure mere brigands marauders studied strategy like little umbrian chieftains court orderly elegant brilliant prince risen behind counter like medicis petruccis blood like baglionis sforzas noble old house whose beginnings lost mist real chivalry real paladinism duke pretence feudal honour decorum whose court men brave ladies chaste little licenses baseness gallantry admitted renaissance chivalry bright brilliant court close fifteenth century stable might rivalled feltrian court urbino small lost among umbrian bandits bright brilliant town also ferrara mercantile like florence mere barracks like perugia capital essentially rich green plain widened po broad handsome streets different mediæval exchanges bologna feudal alleys perugia houses safe modern needing neither iron window bars protected except stray murder estensi duke police houses gardens like many paris hôtels grand russet brick castle military moat towers urban belvederes balconies middle well placed sweep away guns wonderful guns duke making riot tidily cleanly without nasty heap bodies slop blood narrow streets towns imagine bright capital placed moreover richest centre lombardy glitter chivalry euganean hills apennines castellated este monselice canossa boiardo scandiano gorgeous rarities commerce venice milan central unique spot natural home chivalrous poets renaissance boiardo ariosto tasso florence politians pulcis hellenism venice literature lust jests cynicism adventure aretine beolco calmo garden white butterflies crowd among fruit trees bowed tall grass palace schifanoia garden neither grand classic elegiac charming imagine boiardo ariosto reading poems just goodly company giraldi cinthio ferrarese fond romance describes prologue ecatomiti gentle sprightful ladies splendid brocaded robes golden hair dosso dossi wonderful alcina circe graceful youths like princely john benvenuto garofalo jesters like dosso modena brilliant captains like george michael little crowd pages doublets sleeves laced gold tags sedate magistrates fur robes scarlet caps maids instruments music embroidery frames hand looms like cosimo tura painted duke borso walls schifanoia palace audience now poems stuff boiardo ariosto old mediæval stuff carolingian poems coloured scented arthurian chivalry wonder keltic tales cleverly blended military organization carolingian cycle paladins saracens ingeniously manoeuvred now scattered little groups twos threes encounter adventures style sir launcelot amadis now gathered compact army crash roncevaux else wildly flung poet alight fairyland find caverns jamschid isles oberon mother kept cæsar morgana kept ogier boats entering subterranean channels sindbad huon bordeaux constant alternation individual adventure wholesale organized campaigns conceived carried admirable ingenuity much deeds arms deeds love also compounded carolingian arthurian flavoured special renaissance feeling great deal rapid gallant knights impressionable ladies licentious amours moderns lay door boiardo ariosto knowing licentiousness olivers ogiers guerins huons mediæval poetry sentimental amadises galaors lisvarts fourteenth century renaissance toned rogers rinaldos ricciardettos many degrees worse moral improvement also immorality renaissance eschewing adultery arthurian romances appropriation legitimately faithful love poetical devotion tristram launcelot bear men wives added ariosto boiardo two essentially italian elements something nobility passion platonic sonneteers good dose ironical scurrilous moralizing immoral anecdote gossiping boccaccio sacchetti stuff conception though rarely comic sometimes serious never earnest purely artistic world world decorative arabesque incident intended please scarcely ever move move like decameronian tale isabella basil plant constance martuccio hand none grotesque irreverence pulci boiardo ariosto earnest well aware heroes heroines mere modern men women tricked pretty chivalric trappings driven wildly paris cathay spain orkneys tony lumpkin principle driving mother round round garden plot till thought heath six miles without ever really changing place like pulci make fun characters write chivalry romances florentine gallant ladies gentlemen duels tournaments serenades fine speeches chivalry admired name though longer respected reality heroes boiardo ariosto always bold gallant glittering spirit romance giant sancho panza like morgante redolent sausage cheese never admitted society ferrarese orlando art boiardo ariosto eminently pageant art sentiment heroism element among many pretence reality although good deal incidental realism thought interest subject persons goes reality masquerade whose men women must think imagined kind artistic fancy costume mixture renaissance dress antique see prints contemporary pageants venetian ferrarese pictures circe dosso borghese gallery rome seated stately gold patterned brocade little mysterious wood ideal falerinas alcinas enchantresses boiardo ariosto pageant people ferrarese poets play forests deserts children play volcanoes nursery fire kind dressing masquerading fancy disguising order deceive rather laying hold pretty brilliant impressive garb comes hand putting conjunction many odds ends artist guests might silks velvets oriental properties studio knights ladies ever tearing scotland india never point fact get apennine slopes boiardo born ariosto governed garfagnana ride ever supposed ardennes egypt across velvet moss turf patterned minute starry clovers fallen white ropy chestnut blossom amidst bracken beneath slender chestnut trees pale blue sky looking spreading branches lose way intricacies seaside pineta feet slip fallen needles sun slants along vistas serried red scaly trunks among juniper gorse dry grass flowers growing sea sand vast mediæval forests germany france boiardo ariosto fancy never penetrated school school represented typical character boiardo ariosto belong nevertheless whatever differences tasso spenser camoens poets renaissance romance now two leaders thereof feel speak personally tell personal impressions preferences comparing together boiardo ariosto course aware infinite advantages latter ariosto man far varied genius artist boiardo amateur learned arranging ornamenting knows alternate various styles begin end moreover scholarly person scholarly time familiar classics important familiar language writing writes exquisitely harmonious supple brilliant tuscan verse infinite richness diction poor boiardo jogs along language lombard dialect speaks uncouth awkward every pure language provincial indeed much pedantic tuscans require berni make tuscan elegant infinite loss quaintness charm orlando innamorato poor ferrarese boiardo moreover ariosto many qualities unknown boiardo wit malice stateliness decided eloquence power simile apostrophe symphony full orchestra boiardo mere melody played single fiddle good authorities dare contest italians condemn anything tuscan jargon pronounce cremona advantages ariosto certainly quarrel prefer many distinctly take away pleasure confess bored beautifully written moral allegorical preludes ariosto cantos willingly give aphorism mythology get quickly story also resent admirable rhetorical flourishes patrons ercoles ippolitos isabellas ring false dreadfully false studied boiardo quickly despatched friendly greeting friends courteous knights gentle ladies pleases much better moreover consciousness existence homer virgil nay statius lucan every trumpery antique annoys giving uncomfortable doubt whether ariosto try make nonsense serious romance epic occasional virgilian stateliness alternated kind polished decameronian gossipy cynicism diverts attention turns paladins princesses much gentlemen bandello ladies sixteenth century picture painted ariosto finer see much painter patrons take nearly whole foreground affected idealized faces dignified senatorial poses many reasons personally prefer boiardo perhaps best reason preference irrational gives pleasure preferences impressions matter much less critical personal hence speak boiardo affects first read boiardo conscious curious phenomenon must confess reading books usually ardent rather weary manner either way hurry finish happened borrowed boiardo great many things hand required time attention yet make mind return book finished though intention merely satisfy curiosity dip went without eager desire know follows novel drowsily absolute reluctance leave like reluctance rise grass beneath trees butterflies shadows watch reluctance put aside fairy book walter crane like strolling quaint old garden finding fresh flowers fresh bits lichened walls fresh fragments broken earthenware ornaments rather like morning cathedral library siena place gorgeous choir books kept illuminated like missal pages pinturicchio amused delighted moved fascinated finding every moment something new charming piece gilding sweet plumed head quaint little tree town making journey lazy discovery sort world prince charmings real realm färy queen quite different enchantment country spenser gloriana pale allegoric ladies knights allegorical ogres giants real fairyland boiardo mere outskirts ferrara real playfully cynical ferrarese men women tricked paladins amazons making fun disguise ariosto wonderland tasso enchanted gardens copied bolognese pictures miraculous forests learned theatre mechanicians wonders imitated great poet cardboard firework wonders bianca cappello wedding feasts real fairyland wonderland mediæval romance persian arabian tales longer solemn awful brilliant sunny half believed fairyland renaissance superficially artistic lightest brightest fancies charming realities cloistered painted courts plashing fountains tapestried inlaid rooms towered belvedered villas quaint clipped gardens full strange oriental plants beasts transported country wonders gardens hesperides fountain merlin tomb narcissus castle every quaint beautiful fancy antique mediæval mixed together renaissance picture botticelli rosselli filippino knights armour descend pegasus roman temples swarthy turks oddly trousers jewelled caftans youths like genii descended pensive wondering antique sarcophagus dapper princelets stalwart knights citizens monks crowd round altar macone apolline trevigante comic dreadful apish figure mummed garb else led dainty panel botticelli maidens dance white clinging clothes strewing flowers turf poliphilo vignettes gentle ladies seated lute viol welcome young gallant poet knight world boiardo spenser twice peeped painted given us exquisite little pictures malecasta castle hung mythological tapestries enchanted chamber britomart sir calidore meeting graces hellenore dancing satyrs spenser done rarely trembling return dreary allegories equal single pictures spenser boiardo two keeps us permanently world pictures painted boiardo great artist like spenser wizard better leads us unceasingly little dreamy laurelwoods meet damsels tied terrible dragons enchanted wells whose translucent green waters see brocaded rooms full fair ladies ferries us ever anon across shallow streams castles wave kerchiefs pillared belvedere slips us unseen camps splendidly trapped saracens like many figures filippino frescoes conducts us across bridges giants stand warders mysterious carved tombs whence issue green crested snakes kissed paladin turn lovely enchantresses takes us beneath beds rivers bowels earth kings knights turned statues gold sit round tables covered jewels illumined carbuncles wonderful jamschid mazes fairy gardens every ear corn cut turns wild beast every fallen leaf bird hydras watch waters lamias rear grass orlando must fill helmet roses lest hear voice sirens wonders antiquity circes sirens hydras fauns live strangely changed something infinitely quaint graceful still yet already keltic midst fairyland merlin oberon live move transform afresh damsels stripling knights delicate like pinturicchio prince charmings gallop ever enchanted coursers within enchanted armour invincible invulnerable sky always blue unceasing spring ever onwards new adventures adventures noble gentle castellan scandiano poet knight humorist philanthropical philosopher almost sheer goodness heart yet little crazy capable setting church bells ringing honour invention name rodomonte relates dully ungrateful alfonso ippolito guests brilliant knights ladies ever anon effort make feel verse joyous feelings bubble remembers wander may morning fair field hillside overlooking sea tremulous light among roses green damsel singing love singing sweetly sweetness still touches heart touches heart makes think great delight listen fain repeat song indeed echo sweetness runs verse meanwhile stanza pours stanza adventure grows adventure wonderful gorgeous predecessor listen ladies white girdled dresses crimped golden locks youths soft beardless faces framed hair daggers hips plumed hats fingers serious bearded men silken robes drawing nearer poet letting go lute violin listen villa terrace darkened room sunset sky turns behind pillared window roses hang trellise cloister four hundred years ago now rejoice great stalwart naked forms greece longer leap wrestle carry baskets washed linen us mailed vizored knights nibelungen longer clash armour sound volker red glorified souls dante longer move mystic mazes light eyes fancy gone fairyland renaissance matteo boiardo count scandiano goes adding adventure adventure stanza stanza castle villa palace ferrara suddenly stops bright fiddle lute music jars ends singing redeeming god see italy set fire gauls coming ravage know fresh place earlier hopeful renaissance fifteenth century matteo boiardo broke orlando innamorato perfect delight play gentle serious eminently kindly nature gives half charm boiardo work seems become impossible ruin italian liberty prosperity frightful showing italy moral social political insignificance beginning sixteenth century lombardy especially became permanent towns mere garrison places french german spanish swiss barbarians whose presence meant slaughter pillage every foulest outrage horrors unresisted invasions unresisted exactions came plague famine industry commerce gradually died princes subsidised guarded french imperialists kept appearance cheerfulness courts even grew gloomy people grew miserable joking resonant laughter ariosto boiardo much less serenity cheerfulness ever anon sort bitterness dreary moralizing tendency still dreary fit prophesying future good belief comes ariosto berni rewrote orlando innamorato choice tuscan underlined every faintly marked jest boiardo evident preoccupation ludicrous effects morgante maggiore berni even keep spirits middle boiardo serene fairyland adventures inserted description sack rome simply harrowing real cheerfulness departed people replaced pleasure debaucheries buffoonish obscenity aretino bandello forth men dying italy renaissance listened roysterers plague florence mortal sickness almost may listened filthy songs trolled drunkenness best poor starved bruised battered humiliated nation may tried cheerful principle harlequin playwright beolco honest ariostos bibbienas aretines came forward stage planks padua describing ruin wretchedness country sense dreariness desolation made young folk careless marriage nightingales thought careless song recommended audience since even cry thoroughly feel better laugh still able boiardo forgotten spirit unsuited depression gloomy brutality gloomy sentimentality grew every day italy settled cinders fasting long lent spanish jesuit rule still style boiardo yet exhausted peculiar kind fairy epic peculiar combination chivalric classic elements orlando innamorato orlando furioso great examples still fascinated poets public renaissance remained now longer confined italy spread paler diluted shallower rest europe follow filiation schools understand intellectual relationships individuals latter half sixteenth century becomes necessary move country another two brother poets family boiardo two last much saddened representatives came write different languages different circumstances two tasso spenser poets school orlando innamorato poets reaction kind purified renaissance late italian renaissance emasculated council trent spain english renaissance youth truly individual case spenser timidly drawn aside excesses buoyant life around days dramatists flesh blood democracy spenser steeps christianity chivalry even tasso following fleshly levity scepticism boiardo berni ariosto poets paleness certain diaphanous weakness absence strong tint fibre perfume tasso pallor autumn spenser paleness spring autumn left sad leafless voluptuous heat fruitfulness summer spring still pale pinched winter timid nipped grass unripe stiff buds catkins never suggest tangle bush grasses magnificent flowers fruits sweet splendid poisonous sun make renaissance past tasso proximate visible future spenser frightened cynicism bestiality men like machiavelli aretino godless muscular lustiness marlowe greene peele seen glimpse tasso spenser given shock sensitive nature made turn away hide second sight take refuge land fiction romance realities dread splash world unsubstantial diaphanous almost passionless make beauty heroism purity alembicize refine never enters vital element anything give flesh bone pulsing life mere soap bubble beautiful world making negative even move imagination calm serene vacant almost sad something wanting remembrance reality jostled splashed delicate souls comes back haunts evil thought laugh worse smile men incipient puritanism yet terrible brawny reality bunyan vague grey spectre haunts spenser puritanism don quixote vague melancholy fantastic reverting evil world impossible world chivalry troubling sight tasso go crazy like don quixote instead grows melancholy believe ideals give life spenser give life allegoric knights ladies life fetched tasso flesh ariosto spenser blood marlowe tasso spenser shrink thought might inoculated transfused rest satisfied phantoms phantoms spenser shadowy much utterly devoid human character almost metaphysical abstractions therefore sadden us unlike living things seem lifeless phantoms tasso fain make realities works every detail character history geography may make people real spenser elves wizards flitting nameless fairyland characterless passionless historical creatures captains soldiers country mapped geographer phantoms melancholy beautiful heroic clorindas erminias tancreds godfreys real world around tasso peopled brachianos corombonas annabellas giovannis creatures webster ford world chivalry italy false world amadis esplandian toboso barcelona poor don quixote melancholy therefore dreamy tasso spenser nothing fully love reality see tainted reality evil without cheerful falling back everyday life ariosto shakespeare strange fancy fairyland distant happy islands brandan isles country fountain youth country vague reports come back ships raleigh ponce de leon tasso spenser happiest calm melancholy way let go talk things believe diamond shields stun monsters ointments cure ills body soul enchanted groves whose trees sound voices lutes boats steered fairies glide across scarcely rippled summer sea watching ruins past time reality left behind set sail strange land bliss sensuousness love men vagueness melancholy constant sense fleeting eternal passage translated languidly sweet italian perfection tasso timid almost scentless english spenser cosi trapassa al trapassar giorno passeth passing day mortall life leafe bud flowre doth florish first decay earst sought deck bed bowre many lady many paramowre gather therefore rose whilest yet prime soone comes age pride deflowre gather rose love whitest yet time whitest loving mayest loved withe equall crime sense evanescence dreamlikeness quite different thoughtless enjoyment boiardo bold manly facing future solemn strong sense life death waking realities elizabethan dramatists even weaklings like massinger beaumont tasso spenser joyousness solemnity dreamy watching regret scarcely regret evanescence pale beauty pale life joys feebly felt evils meekly borne tasso spenser comes close school boiardo small number real artists finally gave enduring beautiful shape strangely mixed altered material romantic epic left behind middle ages comes end least till day appreciative deliberate imitation selection rearrangement artistic forms past revival much study criticism poets arthur gudrun fortunate isles world enough mediæval romance chivalry avowedly ended chamberlainry devotion women official routine last romance late renaissance clung made sympathize huon ogier orlando rinaldo made take delight still fairyland oberon fallerina alcina armida acrasia romance new world also turned prose prose filth humanistic rationalistic men renaissance doubtless early begun turn noses dainty dilettantism scientific contempt later called montaigne ces lancelots du lac ces amadis ces huons et tels fatras di livres à quoy ben jonson public nothings abortives fabulous dark cloister sent poison courts infect public large constant still retained love mediæval romance humanities scientific scepticism religious puritanism slow dispelling illusion eldorado fortunate isles mankind set sail america brilliant knightly gear believing fountains youth brandan isles ariosto tasso spenser still pockets returns america either tattered ruffian vulgar fat upstart spanish comedy returns without honour shame holding money next money negroes greater account insignia paladinship round table brutal vulgar cynical best sad gets written delectation novels rapscallions panders prostitutes lazarillo de tormes gil blas gil blas tom jones finally replace romances launcelots galahads rinaldos orlandos mediæval stuffs suffer alteration adulteration loss character throughout long period middle ages without ever receiving artistic shape make men preserve cherish thing makes men preserve cherish things never wasted quality beauty middle ages powerless endow therewith subjects subjects wait altering every passing day till coming renaissance time subjects ceased serious meaning whatever roland song roncevaux become crazy orlando ariosto renaud quatre fils aymon become rinaldo thrashed sheaves lilies cupid matteo boiardo renaissance took old materials made works art works art playthings gets written delectation novels rapscallions panders prostitutes lazarillo de tormes gil bias gil bias tom jones finally replace romances launcelots galahads rinaldos orlandos medieval love laying vita nuova soul first filled resounding love beatrice whatever habits capacities noble loving may lurk within awakened solemn music book sung unison dante love till ceased hear voice passion heard voice excitement diminished grown able separate feelings feelings man dead five centuries half realize strangeness obsoleteness love moment seemed love new phase impressions set vita nuova inspires us mere passionate awe awe passion feel longer far distant us rarer stratum atmosphere awe woman creates rather creation even dante fancied people florence bodily presence lady came across path cast glance image beatrice passes across mind nay glory felt really reading meagre words book stored away heart clothes faint aureole lady ever life chance meet though dante tells us nothing stature features eyes hair seem recognize likeness whose passage ogni lingua divien tremando muta gli occhi non ardiscon di guardare passion like paraphrase line rossetti genius arouses look peculiar sense wonder love raising contemplates accompanies contemplation genius may day feel instead wonder indeed wonder mingled doubt ideal love craves union object seeks merely see nay satisfied mere thinking beloved strike us cold barren glitter miraculous beatrice gaze prove reality flesh blood like form modelled semblance real living woman died six centuries ago substance white fire dante love thought arise purely intellectual love youth woman thing belong life neither sweetening ennobling real relations dazzling purity whiteness fact mere strange sterile death light world exist twice lest ever tempted think ideal love beatrice wonderful beautiful scarcely natural useful phenomenon wish study story origin influence wish show burned strangely concentrated pure poets succeeding ages taken white flame love dante set alight grave beatrice spark ideal passion noblest literature made desire man woman woman man burn clear towards heaven leaving behind noisome ashes vapours earthly lust centuries made us forcing us new practices teaching us new habits creating us new capacities wants adding ever anon soul organism mankind features first accidental peculiarities became little little qualities deliberately sought lengths inborn hereditary characteristics call middle ages invented stress circumstances elaborated effort bequeathed unalienable habit new manner loving women classical antiquity appear us poetry imaginative literature two things wife mistress wife penelope andromache alkestis nay even charming young bride xenophon oeconomics excluded many concerns distinctly reverenced loved household capacity reverence sort man feels parents household gods affection calm gently rebuking like children mistress hand object passion often vehement always either simply fleshly merely fancifully æsthetic entirely precludes save degrading influence sensual suspicious lover even tibullus love matters modern among ancients capable painting many charming delicate little domestic idyls even connection mere bought mistress perpetually accusing delia selling higher bidder sighing high probability abandoning illyrian prætor rich amateur pretty women barbarous north whose songs come us either like volsunga saga translated morris original pagan version else nibelungenlied recast early middle ages north tells us nothing venal paramour knows nothing also beyond wedded wife independent mighty perhaps counterpart classical antiquity although often bought like brynhilt gudrun expense tremendous adventures cherished scarcely passionately wives odysseus hector middle ages existed rule holy indifferent utterly unlyrical love women equals husbands wooed usually family solemnly given marriage without much consultation wishes highly passionate singing completely profligate debasing desire mercenary though cultivated creatures like delias cynthlas tibullus propertius highborn women descended like catullus lesbia brazen dishonour level women towards possibly exist part lovers sense equality much less inferiority two kinds love chaste cold passionate unchaste middle ages added rather opposed new manner loving although mere passing phenomenon left clearest traces throughout whole mode feeling writing describe mediæval love difficult matter describe except negations next impossibility conceive consist certain sentimental romantic idealistic attitude towards women means incompatible however grossest animalism attitude presupposing complete moral æsthetical social superiority part whole sex inspiring highest respect admiration independently individual qualities reaching point actual worship varying adoration queen courtier adoration shrine pilgrim case particular lady happens beloved attitude relations sexes results love becoming indispensable part noble life devoted attachment individual woman necessary requisite gentlemanly training mediæval love merely passion desire affection habit perfect occupation absorbs supposed absorb individual permeates life like religion interests life rather life phases whole life interests actions either sinking unsingable region merely embroidering variegated pattern golden background mediæval love therefore never obtains object however much may obtain woman object mediæval love mediæval religious mysticism particular act series acts exercise various incidents drama man woman merely many results definite stages like love men classical antiquity heroic time north stages seeking obtaining cherishing guarding always point always condition adoration whether triumphantly successful sighingly despairing man woman rather say knight lady mediæval love aristocratic privilege love lower folk theme song knight lady therefore seem always however knit together habit nay inextricable meshes guilt somehow distance another seen loved passion burns always evenly burns least theoretically eternity seems almost woman mere shrine mysterious receptacle ineffable grail cup consecrated wafer ineffable always mediæval love however fleshly incidents produces certain platonic element say craving pursuit something abstraction abstraction impossible define constant shifting shimmering seems moment social standard religious ideal merges ever dazzling vague sheen eternal feminine hence distinctive features mediæval love extraordinary sameness intonation making difficult distinguish passion man risks life honour mere conventional gallantry knight sticks lady glove helmet compliment rank nay impure adoration adulterous lamia like yseult mystical adoration glorified mother god women ladies therefore greatest poet early middle ages gottfried von strassburg sings religious respect hysterical rapture mediæval love furthermore deliberately expected received necessity man life accident much less incidental occurrence lightly taken possibly avoided absolutely indispensable man social training moral æsthetical part parcel manhood knighthood hence arise man full notion love rare come soon sought ulrich von liechtenstein curious autobiography written late twelfth century relates ever since childhood aware necessity loyal love service lady accomplishment knightly duties soon old enough love looked around lady might serve proceeding renewed prosaic days curious pedantic smack lorenzo dei medici perhaps last time knight la mancha memorable discussion ended enthronement heart queen unrivalled dulcinea toboso lady service name given ulrich von liechtenstein mediæval quixote outshining far mad provençals rudel vidal memoirs delightfully done modern german ludwig tieck lady service highest occupation knightly leisure subject immense bulk mediæval poetry lady service deeds arms song constant praise defence beloved heroic enterprise madcap mummery submission terror wondrous creature humble servant lover never calls sacred name speaking words unknown antiquity dame frowe words original sense almost forgotten although cleave even now ideas higher associated ancients heroic days lady mistress titles mother god mystical soul paramour mediæval world lady service almost technical word expressing position bonds complete humility faithfulness hopes reward patience displeasure pride livery servitude utter absorption life individual life another constitute provence france germany england italy fabulous kingdoms arthur charlemagne strange new thing named mediæval love thing really existed mediæval poets leagued together huge conspiracy deceive us possible strong men wept fainted mere woman name like count nevers flamenca mind swooned away months reverie like parzifal eschenbach poem worldly wise witty men shipped died sea love unseen woman like jaufre rudel dressed wolf hide lurked fled peire vidal mangled face cut finger clothing rags frightful nessus robe mixed untouchable band lepers like ulrich von liechtenstein possible believe insane enterprises amadises lisvarts felixmartes late mediæval romance behaviour don quixote sierra morena ever serious models reality nay difficult still believe whole madness individuals credible whole world possible believe poems innumerable trouvères troubadours minnesingers italian poets legion mediæval romances cycles charlemagne arthur amadis long period time society enthralled hysterical visionary artificial incredible religion mediæval love grotesque beautiful high low credible first impulse closing catechisms breviaries legendaries strange new creed protest love poems must allegories love romances solar myths courts love historical bungles mediæval world love figment misinterpretation falsehood seek mere casual impression instead feeling sceptical two fragments evidence attempt collect largest possible number facts together read mediæval love story twenty half dozen mediæval love poems several scores really investigate origin apparent myth case speedily alters little little inconceivable becomes merely intelligible inevitable myth becomes historical phenomenon obvious necessary sort mediæval love seemed us poetic fiction turned reality reality alas prosaic let us look mediæval love first revealed sudden almost simultaneous burst song like twitter trill dear trouvères troubadours minnesingers fills woods yesterday silent dead greeted earliest sunshine earliest faint green long winter numbness dark ages boisterous gales earliest crusade french provençals sang first germans later sicilians last although may say deliberate analysis form story known country appeared imitation suggestion rapid regard french provençals germans least impression simultaneous sicilians beginning distinctly later forerunners new love lyric wholly different trouvères troubadours minnesingers italians latter thirteenth century simultaneous revelation mediæval love takes place last quarter twelfth century northern france already consolidated powerful monarchy paris teachings abélard recognized intellectual metropolis europe south loire brilliant angevine kings held overlordship cultured raymonds toulouse reviving latin municipalities provence germany welded compact feudal mass powerful stauffens papacy built gregory alexander political wall frederick henry vainly battered italian commonwealths grew slowly surely yet still far guessing day come democracy produce new civilization supersede triumphant mediæval civilization early capetiens angevines hohenstauffens europe setting forth east longer ignorant enthusiastic hordes peter hermit asia great field adventure great teacher new luxuries eldorado grand tour brilliant inquisitive unscrupulous chivalry day west insidiously entering habits modes thought east throughout germany provence throughout still obscure free burghs italy spreading first indication emotional mysticism twenty thirty years later burst frenzy spiritual love francis followers moment remarkable history premature promise twelfth century intellectual revival delayed throughout northern europe sixteenth moment society settled anarchy eight hundred years feudal basis basis fallaciously solid whose presence might guess true definitive renaissance arise democratic civilization italy moment first hear almost universal song mediæval love song comes triumphantly reorganized portion society part slowly working way reorganization timidly encroaching burghers nobles reign town poetry fabliaux meistersang comes later poets early middle ages trouvères troubadours minnesingers barely two exceptions knights song comes castle now order understand mediæval love must reflect moment feudal castle kind life love poets late twelfth early thirteenth century whether lords like bertram de born guillaume de poitiers among troubadours vidame de chartres meurisses de craon duke brabant among trouvères northern france like ulrich von liechtenstein among minnesingers retainers like bernard de ventadour armand de mareulh like chrestiens de troyes gaisses brulez quienes de béthune like walther wolfram tannhäuser great small good bad saw mixed castle castle great feudatory early middle ages whether north south loire austria franconia like miniature copy garrison town barbarous countries enormous numerical preponderance men women chiefs command overlord perhaps two principal kinsmen adjutants permitted luxury wife rest gentlemen subalterns younger sons without means youths sent learn military duty ways world whole pack men without wives without homes usually without fortune high deferential male crowd moves lady castle highborn proud brought husband dower fiefs often equal vassals devoted race equals daughters scarcely nurse hands given away marriage companions companions may called waiting ladies poor gentlewomen situated maid honour ladies maid like brangwaine yseult sacrifices intrigue tristram damsels flamenca gives squires lover guillems best wife husband subalterns sister aunt widow kept charity round lady stately proud lady perpetually described mediæval poets flutters swarm young men day long path serving meals guarding apartments nay pages admitted even secret chamber meeting ever narrowness castle life every unnecessary woman burden usurping place soldier possible replaced man servants lacqueys enjoying privileges ubiquity lacqueys yet time men good birth high breeding good sword lute bound amuse highborn woman fading away monotony feudal life books read unable read far household concerns devolve butler cellarer steward gentleman honourably employed servant young men young women age associate absolutely unmarried girls desirable match lady castle speedily becomes goddess impersonation feudal superiority bow social perfection commanded seek womankind castle affords examples please lazy bored highbred woman squeamishness caprice high birth laziness becomes ideal favourably noticed highest glory loved wretched mortals divinity thought must often pass brain terrify delicious audacity oh thing possible lady first perhaps often singles pastime young knight squire page way corrects rebukes deficiencies undertakes teach duty servant romance petit jehan de saintre written fifteenth century telling delicacy cynicism worthy balzac must old old story whole feudal middle ages shows manner feeling trained knightly courtesy honour young man service great feudal lady gradually taught dissimulation lying intrigue initiated woman looms like saint foulness adultery adultery ugly word must strike almost like handful mud face whosoever approached subject mediæval love admiration strange delicacy enthusiasm yet word must spoken explanation whole origin character passion burst song early middle ages almost religious love love conceives higher honour service beloved higher virtue eternal fidelity love love another man wife unmarried young men young women kept carefully apart system gives away girl without consent rich suitor possibility love early feudal courts amours however licentious kings daughters brave knights carolingian tales belong different rank society prose romances made fourteenth century burgesses cities intrigues ending marriage princes princesses cycle amadis belong different period fifteenth century courts feudal society scarcely exists squires young knights hang great baronial establishment twelfth thirteenth centuries still make fortune dream marriage husband hand great lord successful knightly adventurer married late life married necessity ever pressing feudal proprietor adding new fiefs new immunities increasing importance independence proportion hourly increasing strength claims overlord king casts covetous eyes husband married love love affairs wives men day may still lady mere feudal necessity required give dower give heir husband love much less wife married scarce knowing marriage man much older probably never seen mere investment nay even love ancients wife housekeeper woman works man house may rich decorous even nurse children children speedily given squires duennas woman another family come stranger must respected typical mediæval wife eleanor guienne respected husbands account fiefs vassals kinsfolk loved love man wife love man wife answer mine fantastically deduced mediæval poetry answer solemnly made solemnly asked question court love held countess champagne registered master andrew king france chaplain dicimus enim et stabilito tenore firmamus amorem non posse inter duos jugales suas extendere vires reason alleged judgment brings us back whole conception mediæval love respectful service humbly waiting reward pursues decision published andré le chapelain whereas lovers grant favours freely legal necessity married people duty obeying wishes refusing nothing another love possible man wife repeat courts love consisting highborn ladies province presided mighty queen princess represent social opinions day lady says knight miles love tribunal queen eleanor promised ever lose love lover take place wedded man lover come claim fulfilment promise court discusses awhile answers queen eleanor go countess champagne decision love exist man wife therefore desire lady fulfil promise give love come court love viscountess narbonne knight lady desire know whether married since divorced love engagement honourable viscountess decides love married together since divorced another deemed reprehensible nay considered honourable courts love remarked frequently held occasion marriage great personages instance louis vii eleanor poitiers poetry early middle ages follows implicitly decisions tribunals reveal state society nearest modern approach italy eighteenth century goldoni parini show us stendhal whose de may taken modern breviari expounds impropriety possible long lady beloved except husband love therefore unmarried people cyclical romances stated amadises belong another time social condition real exception rule think lovely french tale aucassin et nicolette love man wife love must love consequently love married woman man husband feudal lady married without consulted without chance knowing love yet lives know love lives taught many bachelors bound flutter military service social duty lives teach powerful fiefs kinsmen powerful public opinion approves supports hampered husband husband indeed grown habits known marrying customs sanctioned courts love knight man wife day right object days italian early mediæval lover might say goldoni don alfonso don roberto wife another serves mine harm io servo vostra moglie don eugenio favorisce la mia che male quoting memory fact hear little jealousy amusement en barral peire vidal came kissed sleeping wife indignation provence murder guillems de cabestanh buried tomb lady made eat heart showing opposite sides society accustomed courts love looked duties husbands social life feudal courts whence first arises song mediæval love case proved whole huge body early mediæval poetry must judge either poems much earlier date like nibelungen carolingian de merely received new form early middle ages still less prose romances mélusine milles et amys palemon arcite host others elaborated later influence quite unfeudal habits great cities least strange late southern cycle amadises odd seems many notions chivalric love ancestors satirists burlesque poets sixteenth seventeenth centuries inherited must look tales constantly told trouvères troubadours minnesingers fashionable reading feudal classes twelfth thirteenth centuries tales best known us colourless respectability collection made reign edward iv sir thomas malory called morte ladies knights arthur court quest grail spotless knights bastards fathers bastards intrigues tristram lyoness queen yseult launcelot guenevere tales francesca paolo read together must look lyric poetry france provence germany sicily early middle ages vos qui très bien ameis petit mentendeis por de ihesu les pucelles ameis nos trouvons en escris de sainte auctoriteis ke pucelle est la fleur de loyaulment ameir strange entreaty love maidens sake christ love protest nameless northern french poet wackernagel altfranzösische lieder leiche ix adulterous passion contemporaries comes us pathetically enough solitary faint unnoticed vast chorus boundless like spring song birds sound waves poets singing love men wives may objected tell love songs carefully avoiding mention names addressed desired bride legitimate wife poet several reasons mainly crushing evidence undefinable something tells us reasons easily stated know feudal habits never allowed unmarried women women married scarcely childhood opportunities relations obviously exist poet lady accident young knight might fall love girl address parents since middle ages indifferent adultery like southern nations among married woman expected virtuous extreme sticklers purity unmarried womankind instance unmarried woman ever addressed early middle ages terms social respect domna frowe essentially belong mistress household stately names fit theory make us believe lady addressed poet jealously guarded daughter house plotting secret marriage elopement end marriage way romeo speaks juliet even princesses cyclical romances amadises wooed bridegrooms language lover broaching love hopes however timidly consummate world marriage obviously language man either towards woman taking pleasure keeping dangling without favours implicitly explicitly promised towards woman momentarily withholding favours lover habitually enjoyed large proportion cases poems trouvères troubadours minnesingers expression fortunate love fond recollection eager expectation meetings beloved evidently connected wooing however stealthy however bride still less explained reference love within wedlock man however loving worship wife social superior address titles stiff respect sigh weep supplicate love due remind wife owes return loyal humble discreet service man except absurd comedy perhaps husband age love wife dares admit society holds love married folk husband repeat beg arrange look forward recall triumph sadness secret meetings wife now secret meeting nearly every aristocratic poet early poetry inevitable result humble praises humble requests kindness obviously reward poet always importuning mediæval love poetry compared love poetry antiquity love poetry revival letters lyric form decidedly chaste perfectly explicit metaphysical tendencies absence clearly painted pictures furthest possible removed platonic important characteristic artistically charming categories mediæval love lyrics comprising provençal counterparts minnesingers category love poetry may defined drama four acts illicit love faithful lover received lady answer love place hour appointed day evening bring honour goes heavy hearted sighing day much grow grief evening evening long hope kills far evening song guiraut riquier lovely anonymous whose refrain oi deus oi deus de alba tan tost ve familiar every smatterer provençal shows us lady knight orchard beneath hawthorn giving taking last kisses birds sing sky whitens dawn lady gracious pleasant many look beauty heart loving loyally alas alas dawn soon comes oi deus oi deus de tan tost ve real german song squire friend posted garden gate outside castle wall warning lovers separate fair comrade bel companho call singing hear birds announcing day trees fear jealous may find moment day companho come window look signs sky know faithful messenger harm moment dawn et ades sera alba bel companho since left slept raised knees prayed god son saint mary send back faithful comrade moment dawn guiraut de borneulh lover comes last window cries watching comrade happy care either dawn jealous german even explicit must away without delay sings watchman poem wolfram austere singer parzifal grail quest let go sweet lady let away love keep honour life trusted bring safely hence day sing wilt watchman answers lady leave far superior also far less chaste poem heinrich von morungen lady alone melancholy wakes remembering sad white light morning sad cry watchman separated knight still frankly poem real masterpieces minnesang lady walther von der vogelweide der linden der heide narrates meeting wood passed us shall never known never save yes little nightingale sang little bird surely discreet songs light love another wife troubadour trouvère minnesinger seem squeezed together sweet acrid perfume speak sublimated recently discovered early provençal narrative poem called flamenca like tristram gottfried von strassburg like light mediæval love speaking rhymed story flamenca pale simple perfect petalled daisy come sort moral intellectual dell winter middle ages dell meet hollows even southern hills round earth frozen short grass nibbled away frost may found even christmas bright sheen budding wheat beneath olives slope yellow haze sun grass little aromatic shoots fennel mint marigold pattern greenness sere brown leafless fruit trees rosy tinge blue sky tufted little osiers flame joyous orange greenness hill spots many winter middle ages though rain beats snow wind tugs grow struggling bitterness great things day philosophy abélard love man francis patriotism lombard communes lie dormant fertilized cold earth great things art thought great things come arise delicate winter flowers prize tender pale things without much life things either come soon stayed late among flamenca roses nipped wrinkled stained brighter red frost pluck december march beautiful bright scentless roses scarce bud already fall pieces hand flamenca simply narrative loves beautiful wife bearish jealous count archambautz guillems de nevers brilliant young knight hears lady sore captivity enamoured sees dresses priest clerk speaks word presenting mass book kissed every holiday finally deceives vigilance husband means subterranean corridor gets built inn lady famous waters world flamenca truth world romaunt rose morte love poets early france germany conjugal morality responsibility simply exist seems unreal shadowy guardian impalpable us gross moderns called honour seems love reigns love mystic melancholy god vita nuova foppish young deity sentimental sensual fashionable feudal life god people apparent duties towards others unconscious restraints save vague thing called honour whose highest mission knight put english romaunt rose might alle witte wymmen ladies plese thyng may hem ese lady expressed perfect simplicity shamelessness flamenca damsels teaching woman must yield pleasure lover now love young speak just born able feed newborn child milk without hungering solid food looks words sighs love young godhead devotion pretty delicate piece æstheticism flamenca certainly exists neither god christ complete absentees whose priest becomes courteous lover valet whose church place amorous rendezvous whose sacrifice mass prayer becomes means amorous correspondence cupid shape slave guillems de nevers become zealot love peeping shaven golden head behind missal touching lady hand whispering words spiritual peace declaration love appointment meeting god christ repeat absentees know perhaps rhine lollards weavers dens alps cell francis certainly become mere slaves love king love long mere infant sweet gracious divinity surrounded somewhat freshness hawthorn sweetness spring seem accompany favourite guillems guillems de nevers still grow brilliant knight troubadour white silken crimson purple garments soundless shoes embroidered flowers prince tournaments hearing sorrows beautiful flamenca loves unseen sits sighing sight prison bower faints like hero arabian nights name visions francis christ younger brighter sir launcelot ideal little figure might mistake love described romaunt rose love avatar incarnation whose appearance year blooms spring fruit trees blossom birds sing girls dance eve round maypoles behind reading poem seem see corn shine green beneath olives branches slant across blue sky incarnation chivalry beauty love much king love quite young unfortunately speedily weaned baby food mere blushing glances names aspect kingdom aspect aspect votaries undergoes change profane charming game loving clerk missal exchanged coarse hidden causeways tightened bolts jealous husbands guarding useless door guillems becomes ordinary don juan lovelace flamenca sorry sneaking adulteress gracious damsels mere common sluts curtseying loan interview nobler folk gallant squires scent may fresh leaves fallen blossoms get nauseous vapours alas king love lost aureole wings turned keeper hot springs sought gouty lepers closing book delightfully begun sicken whiff hot fetid moral air sicken passing outlet polluted hot water use telling us reader ask every knows illicit passion existed exists chroniclers singers prose verse poetry common adultery book like nuova strange new thing lifelong worship woman call mediæval love much illicit love gross looks alone arises possibility vita nuova arises possibility romantic love middle ages rather let us say mere loose love flamenca substratum nay flesh blood spiritual passion later days owe book beatrice harsh thing say sociology teaches us exists sensual relation produce ennoblement certain amount passion also exist passion phædrus prove vile loathsome unable weave glamour ideal sentiment poets middle ages strove criminal possession another man wife however veiled fine delicate poetic expressions thing wait sigh implore reward supremely honouring almost sanctifying reward lady refuse knight faithfully humbly served whole bulk love lyrics early middle ages prove allusions sufficiently clear enlightened may study discussions allegorical persons even english later version guillaume de lorris roman de la rose turn call guillaume li viniers among mätzner altfranzösische catastrophe ulrich von liechtenstein frowendienst lady virtuous pure pleased call making cut finger dress leper clothes chop part upper lip go marvellous quixotic antics dressed satin pearls false hair queen venus jousting costume every knight venice styria honour glory pulls gallant basket window lets drop moat better sewer grotesque tragically resented end ulrich first speaks volumes point stones nostradamus lives troubadours incidents gottfried tristan und isolde nay adventures even expunged english morte relating birth sir galahad explicit anything brantôme queen navarre delicate love songs provence germany cobwebs spun round decameronian situations permitted admitted sanctioned feudal society even noble italian ladies sanctioned society seventeenth eighteenth centuries mediæval castle seen lady separated sex surrounded swarm young men without chance marriage bound make agreeable wife military superior woman soon ceases exclusive property husband husband speedily discovers majority hence public ridicule attempt monopolizing adultery becomes seen accepted institution name like social institutions developes morality morality within immorality faithfulness within infidelity lady must true knight knight must true lady courts love solemnly banish society woman known lover faithfulness first essential virtue mediæval love virtue unknown erotic poets antiquity modern times inherited middle ages requisite even reproaches poets alfred de musset school teach us completely illicit love tristram launcelot two paragons knighthood inviolably constant mistress husband may must deceived wife helps deceive yseult brittany elaine mother galahad succeed breaking vows made yseult fair queen guenevere beautiful lady hawthorn son cor en amar lejalmens loyal loving knight warned depart certainly husband whose despite bels dous amios baizem nos eu vos aval els pratzon chantols auzellos fassam en despeit del meeting ladies minnesingers pure good faithful pure good faithful long resist point view lover husband indeed husband permitted point view fidelity essential virtue adulterous connections infidelity greatest crime woman even man commit greatest misfortune fate send unhappy knight leaves faithful mistress behind hope knight taking cross departs meet scimitars saladin followers fevers plagues many miserable deaths unknown east lady unfaithful says quienes de béthune unfaithful base wretch et les dames ki castement vivront se loiauté font ceus qui iront et seles font par mal conseil folaje lasques gens et mauvais le feront car tout li bon iront en cest voiage taken cross account sins sings albrecht von johansdorf earnest minnesingers now let god help till return woman great sorrow account order may find possessed honour let grant prayer change life take bad courses may god forbid ever returning lady bound courts love decide point honour reward faithful lover knight says lady anonymous german song published bartsch served according much time elapse must reward nay world object must way und waerez al der werlte leit muoz sîn wille mir ergän hand favoured knight bound protect lady good fame se jai mamie en tel point mis que tout motroit sans esformer tant doi je miex sonnor interlocutors french published mätzner rule may judge behaviour tristram launcelot last remnants mediæval love lore modern french novels means simply completely man induced woman deceive husband stoutly bound deny lies rows blows ever done anything sort find established fundamental necessity socially recognized adultery reciprocity fidelity lover mistress antiquity never dreamed even husband wife agamemnon perfect right briseis chryseis clytæmnestra right aegisthus indeed scarcely arise moral obligation except woman bound love man wife behaviour towards depended wholly pleasure say satisfaction behaviour towards seems us obvious every day furnishes us example relations modern suitor wife time women married family arrangement arise except result illegitimate love horrible seems examine subject mediæval love shall see whole code grandisonian chivalry lovers intend marriage derived practice launcelots gueneveres married people may remember manner gunther woos wife brunhilt nibelungenlied former ages nay shall recognize feeling constitutes virtuous love modern poets derived illegitimate loves middle ages let us examine habits feeling thinking grow reciprocal fidelity due absence legal pressure illegitimate socially legitimated love early middle ages added necessities illicit connection lover right favours mistress obliged order win keep please humility fidelity knightly qualities ideal plumage man must bring home showing world colours victorious serious warfare scarcely less dangerous play tournaments making beauty virtues illustrious song women songs lovers must bring home worthy servant rivals must determine select adhere selection now mediæval husbands select wives instead selected woman dowry hands trouble little whether approved hand mistress appears lover invested imaginative ideal advantages surround eyes husband nearly every case superior station desired many beholders bound tie may grow prosaic wearisome appears domestic capacity never descend female drudge possession prevented growing stale personality becoming commonplace difficulty rareness mystery adventure danger even days courts love attach illicit amours man neither housewife mother remains essentially continually mistress beloved similarly relations knight lady untroubled domestic worries pecuniary difficulties squabbles children remain exist merely love relations relations people whose highest sole desire please another moreover important consideration lady mere inexperienced immature girl first meets husband mature woman character passions developed independence conjugal social life meets lover whatever power dignity character may possess ripe whatever intensity aspiration passion may latent ready come forth first time equality love equality ah woman wife feudal superior woman surrounded state feudal sovereignty woman however young already known much life woman whose love free gift grace obscure trembling vassal right even noticed lady mediæval love must always remain immeasurably lover long watching thinks unseen singing thinks unheard cluster round figure mistily seen fancy vague splendours surround new sovereign middle ages queen heaven mingles raptures first kind glance first encouraging word ineffable passion stored christian heart immortal beings days bernard francis descend earth fill cells saints unendurable glory baseness habitual adultery arises early mediæval poetry new kind love subtler imaginative passionate love fancy heart love stimulating perfection individual religion nay religion appealing completely complete man flesh soul even mystical beliefs middle ages fantastic song ritter tannhäuser whose liege lady legend tells dame venus lady bids knight go forth fetch green water washed setting sun salamanders snatched flame stars heaven seem new power world poetically worshipped woman sent forth mankind seek wonderful new virtues never seen earth nay rather snowflakes became green leaves frost blossoms red blue flowers winter wind breeze bernard de ventadorn greeted mistress also seem first greeting world new love mediæval winter turned summer budded forth flowered new ideal manly virtue new ideal womanly grace evil evil evil fruit circumstances hitherto unknown circumstances come first time owing necessities illegitimate passion arisen certain new nobler characters sexual love certain new beautiful conceptions manly womanly nature circumstances owed pure circumstances modern times characterized perfectly legitimate passion lovers held asunder social law mere accidental barriers romeo juliet master ravenswood lucy ashton pure far spiritual results circumstances due early middle ages fact adultery new ideal love clung even purity superior nobility element corruption unknown gross corrupt antiquity delicacy nobility mediæval love poetical pathetic mediæval love stories incarnation lyric tragic new kind passion story told retold score poets prose writers loves yseult ireland sir tristram knight bringing princess uncle affianced king mark cornwall drank together fatal mistake philter made partook common inseparable lovers even death every knows result yseult came husband already paramour tristram brangwaine damsel feeling unhallowed passion due reach potion intended king queen cornwall devoted price maidenhood connive amours lovers made king mark deceived doubted deceived tristram fled brittany despite seeming marriage another equally lovely yseult remained faithful queen cornwall version tells mark slew nephew sat harping queen yseult another tristram died grief scorned though wedded wife told ship bearing mistress meet bore black sail meant board versions think agree ending fact growing tomb slowly trailed flowers thorns along till reached also grave knit together love knit together sweet blossoms sharp spines two fated lovers middle ages enthralled tale also occasionally little shocked poets prose writers tampered every now incidents characters seeking make appear owing substitution neglect wedded princess brittany yseult never belonged man save tristram tristram woman save yseult king mark sent nephew woo irish queen daughter merely hopes perishing attempt whole subsequent conduct due mere unnatural hatred better knight touching view justifying excusing degree long series deceits constituted whole story timid less gifted first years thirteenth century greatest mediæval poet preceded dante greatest german poet preceded goethe meister gottfried von strassburg took hand old threadbare story tristan und isolde despised alterations sort accepted original tale complete crudeness consciously unconsciously gottfried conceived story thing wholly unknown time longer subject necessities constant rearrangement tormented mediæval poets conceived tale novel gottfried probably little aware poem writing probably fell category poems men us experience many different forms narrative must evident tristan und isolde new departure inasmuch story deeds people like true epic homer nibelungen story people adventures happened like romance poetry palemon arcite orlando furioso contrary story psychological relations gradual metamorphosis soul soul two persons long introductory story tristram youth must mislead us minute narrations killing dragons drinking love philters gottfried must remember certainly deliberate innovator thing mere inevitable externalities mediæval poetry preserved dull slavish care tale enclosing reality something essentially startlingly modern history passion spiritual changes brings victims meet purely psychological interest must skip whole rest middle ages nay skip even great period dramatic literature stopping till come end seventeenth beginning eighteenth century princesse de clèves clarissa harlowe nay really nouvelle heloise even shakespeare always interest importance action reaction subsidiary characters event accidental intrigue chance misunderstanding fate active agencies othello hamlet king lear romeo helpless victims even psychological english drama elizabethans fate shape iago shape ghost shape brothers webster duchess fate shape ring letter drug fate always tristan und isolde gottfried von strassburg fate also love potion intended king mark given mistake brangwaine mark bride nephew objection naturally occur reader acquainted poem gottfried simply answer love potion play part instance drugs friar laurence intercepted letter suppose friar narcotic less enduring action message reached safety juliet awake instead asleep romeo supposed dead instead suicide two lovers successful carying juliet romeo gottfried philter great deal talked merely old threadbare trappings original story lazy suppress merely reader allegorical signal outburst passion subsequent knowledge tristram yseult shows us absolutely inevitable gottfried poem drinking potion signifies merely rambling mediæval prelude distinguished stories morte half romances middle ages come close may forgotten real work great poet real matchless tragedy four actors tristram yseult mark brangwaine begun yet seek account astonishing impression modernness receive gottfried poem recognize due something far important mere precocious psychological interest nay rather psychological interest dependent fact makes tristan und isolde modern feelings fact simply poem gottfried earliest yet perhaps almost completest example literary anomaly antiquity abominations know glorification fidelity adultery glorification excellence within compass guilt older times distant spirit though necessarily years presented us many themes guilt guilt exists according moral standard according narrator magnificently tragic icelandic incest story sigmund signy guilt come well knows unfortunate circumstance leaving sinner virtually stainless eyes eyes others like homeric helen heroic guilt heroism seems due sinner innocence judith struggling remorseful guilt hopelessly overcome fate nature phædra dull dogged guilt making sinner scarce mere physical others murderer hagen nibelungenlied finally perverse guilt delighting consciousness demons like richard iago libidinous furies like heroines tourneur marston guilt theme tristan und isolde falls none special categories theme unguessed even shakespeare virtuous behaviour towards another two individuals united sinning every else gottfried von strassburg narrates greatest detail tristram leads unsuspecting king unblushing unremorseful woman polluted embraces yseult substitutes wedding night spotless damsel brangwaine sullied self terrified lest poor victim dishonour ever reveal attempts barbarously murdered finally seeing nothing shake heroic creature faith admits remorseful amours narrates tristram dresses pilgrim carries queen ship shore order yseult may call christ bear witness miracle innocent adultery never touched save pilgrim husband followers king mark surrounded grotto wood tristram places drawn sword sleeping queen symbol chastity king honest suspect draws psychological power truly extraordinary beginning thirteenth century two figures love drama king mark cheated dishonoured oscillating horrible doubt ignominious suspicion ignominious credulity love wife trust nephew incapacity conceiving fraud gentleness generosity nature made pander guilt believe side brangwaine melancholy mute victim fidelity yseult weak heroic soul rewarded cruel ingratitude condemned screen help sin loathes assumes awful responsibility gottfried yet without ever seeming perceive baseness wickedness tissue lies equivocations perjuries lovers hide passion without ever seeming guess pathos nobility man woman mere trumpery obstacles trumpery aids amours heaps tristram yseult extravagant praises flower knighthood kindest gentlest purest noblest women insists wickedness world ever waging war passion holds execration seek spy secret gottfried genuinely overcome ideal beauty inextinguishable devotion sublimity love holds whole world dross crimes lovers mere culminating point moral grandeur ceased know guilt save absence love virtue save loving serene old minnesinger persuasion obscures judgment troubles heart even reader tempted ask laying book whether indeed sinful love tristram yseult triumphed everything world quenched death circle hell sinfully loved whirled incessantly perse dark stormy air appeared eyes even dante place less punishment glory especially since middle ages mankind looks particular admiration rather loathing herein consists even deceptions practised king mark ingratitude manifested towards brangwaine sinfulness tristram yseult sinfulness finite like individual lives offends infinite immortal heart judgment perverts tale told tale gottfried von strassburg makes us sympathize fidelity devotion man woman care nothing world save dragged glued together desire habit mutual pleasure makes us admire readiness die rather parted whole life concentrated reciprocal sin miserable natures enjoy care know miserable love makes us wink leniency dishonour baseness cruelty easy virtue due sympathy admiration leniency howsoever short time may remain soul leave ever leave completely utterly less strong less clean us lazy tendency approve virtue costs trouble contemplate others spurious moral satisfaction development virtuous quality souls deteriorating undoubted criminal us bottom hearts fellow feeling human affection sinfulness sinners like tristram yseult lies largely fact pervert legitimate holy sympathy dangerous leniency strong consistent love morbid admiration irresistible mutual passion making us forget love moral value may often innocent ever holy great mediæval german poem tristram yseult remained centuries unique phenomenon john ford perhaps grander darker twin spirit gottfried von strassburg reviving even among morbidly psychological followers shakespeare new theme evil heroism unlawful love gottfried merely manipulated precocious analytical power mode feeling thinking universal feudal middle ages great epic adultery forgotten sympathetic admiring interest illegitimate passion remained transmitted wherever renaissance reformation break transmission mediæval habits almost inborn instinct father son mother daughter may doubt whether important class men women write read novels illicit love ever existed psychological artists modern times rousseau george sand stendhal octave feuillet found ready prepared countries protestantism assoiation romance heroism ideality mere adulterous passion unknown corruption antiquity lawlessness dark ages remained fatal alloy legacy mere spiritual love left world love poets early feudalism ii love troubadours minnesingers arthurian tales show love narrative form seen polluted selfishness deceitfulness many unclean necessities adulterous passion elevated exquisite though really purify relations man woman since impure nay see influence grave simple married love earlier tales chivalry love siegfried chriemhilt roland bride belle aude renaud wife clarisse gradually replaced later fiction irregular huon bordeaux ogier dane artus brittany come last extraordinary series amadis romances every hero without exception bastard virtuous parents subsequently marry discover foundling state things even corrupt renaissance boiardo ariosto found necessary reform romantic poems idealizing refinement chivalric love french provençal german poets brings also kind demoralization point view makes spotless songs bernard de ventadour armaud de mareulh ulrich von liechtenstein frauenlob less pure licentious poems addressed greeks romans women least wives men shall idealizing refinement almost religious fervour new poetic element chivalric love remain useless serve subtly pollute pretending purify great singing passion prevent waste pure precious mission another country another civilization wholly different cycle poets receiving new element mediæval love passed sifted number hands shall cleanse recreate fire intellectual almost abstract passion producing wonderful essence love juices squeezed alchemists jewels purified body ills shall purify away diseases human soul troubadours minnesingers singing courts angevine kings hohenstauffen emperors counts toulouse dukes austria new civilization new political social system gradually developing free burghs italy new life entirely reverse life feudal countries italian cities communities manufacturers merchants gradually sacrifice every aristocratic privilege habit certain number originally foreign feudatories gradually absorbed community consisted number mercantile families equal law illustrious obscure according talents riches whose members instead scattered wide area like members feudal nobility often gathered together roof sons brothers nephews daughters sisters forming hierarchy attending business factory orders father family economy superintendence mother manner living patriarchal expounded pounded interlocutors alberti governo della famiglia lasted dissolution commonwealths almost times habits imply social organization intercourse men women code domestic morality exact opposite feudal countries italian cities young men bound loiter far homes round wife military superior rank isolation neighbours give idleness solitude young men business usually kinsfolk employer house office opportunity seeing woman dawn till sunset women side mainly employed home whole domestic arrangement depends keeps hands constantly full working working company female relatives friends men women free comparatively little free together places hence opportunities early italian poetry fond showing us young poet reading verses explaining passion gentle compassionate women learned love meet troop beautiful vague faces consoling dante vita nuova reminding guido cavalcanti lady far toulouse women almost invariably form group approached singly state society inevitably produces high strict morality early italian cities case fidelity punished ruthlessly lover banished killed wife ever lost world perhaps condemned solitude lingering death fever tracts like pia dei tolomei complacent deceived husband even ridiculous deceived husband notoriously chief laughing stock mediæval free towns jealous husband among authorized recognized feudal court indeed respect marriage vows inevitable busy democratic mediæval life strong long commonwealths turned despotisms every social tie dissolved renaissance wives daughters men stained every libidinous vice nay despots tiberiuses neros smaller scale remain spotless midst evil authorized adultery begins italy spanish rule late sixteenth century manners morals italian commonwealths middle thirteenth century men tuscany now free prosperous suddenly awoke consciousness soul desired song language spontaneously singing moment painting beginning claim figures real men women walls vaulted spaces whence hitherto glowered vacant faces huge ghostlike eyes mosaic figures shimmering golden ground moment pisan artists sculptured solemnly draped madonnas kings quite unworthy carved sarcophagi stood around moment merging together old byzantine traditions northern examples architects florence siena orvieto conceived style made cathedrals marvellous huge reliquaries marble jasper alabaster mosaics mediæval flowering time come late late italy atmosphere warmer soil richer italy put forth succession exquisite superb immortal flowers art artistic sap countries begun exhausted italians tuscans audacious arts diffident regard poetry architecture painting sculpture undisputed field plebeian craftsmen belonging exclusively free burghs disdained feudal castles poetry essentially aristocratic feudal art cultivated knights cultivated kings barons probably unspoken sense fact caused early tuscan poets misgive powers turn wistfully shyly towards poets provence sicily beyond seas last lords toulouse brilliant mongrel hohenstauffen princes courts knights ladies tradition courtly art poetry sons florentine sienese merchants clodhoppers gallantry song hope learn correct style thing hence history italian lyric dante history series transformations connect style poetry absolutely feudal feudally immoral hitherto platonic love subtleties vita nuova curious looking collections early italian lyrists note alteration tone sicily feudal courts left behind ciullo alcamo flourishing poet absolutely contemporaneous earlier better trouvères troubadours minnesingers also resembles closely famous beginning rosa fresca aulentissima tolerably faithful translation heads beautiful collection late rossetti indeed explicitly gross immoral majority provençal german loose many serenas even many less special forms german provençal poetry acquainted none comes singular dialogue man refusing marry woman little little wins wishes makes brazenly invite dishonour ciullo alcamo successors gap time corresponding want gradation yet sicilian poets courts hohenstauffen anjou recognizable name name town inghilfredi manfredi ranieri ruggierone da palermo tommaso matteo da messina guglielmotto otranto rinaldo peir delle vigne either maintain altogether unchanged tone troubadours gradually remarkable case notary lentino approximate platonic poets tuscany songs archetype sicilian singers emperor frederick completely provençal feeling form though infinitely inferior execution always pleasure hopes lady pleasure quando ambidue stavamo allegranza alla dolce fera pregovi donna mia per vostra cortesia pregovi che sia quello che lo core disia sospiro sto rancura ch io son si disioso pauroso mi fate penare ma tanto assicura lo suo viso amoroso lo gioioso riso lo sguardare lo parlare di questa criatura che per paura mi fate penare di morare tant è fina pura tanto è saggia cortese non credo che pensasse nè distornasse di ciò impromise earliest italian poetry like refined poetry troubadours minnesingers eminently importuning highborn loosely living women sicily apulia poetry goes first might expected probably sculpture went seaport pisa thence neighbouring lucca considerably reaching florence becomes italian urban becomes also strict vigilance burgher husbands considerably platonic bologna city jurists acquires remark mine merely belongs also carducci strong flavour legal quibbling distinguishes otherwise charming guido guinicelli florence among subtle subtle tuscans becomes remained even dante saturated metaphysics woman longer paramount subordinated love personified abstraction amor serious melancholy son pagan philosophy christian mysticism tuscans imported provence sicily new element mediæval love life devotion soul absorption loving sing must sing kind love time italy still read relished provençals lanfranc cicala sordel mantua unfashionable unendurable italian commonwealths seen poets forced platonic importuning poem found may send tuscan lady convent like pia maremma interrupted calimara silk spinner lucca may mean imprudent poet found weltering blood archway next morning chivalric sentimentality feudalism must restrained little little pressure different social habits grows veritable platonic passion poets must sing order sing must adore men actually begin seek adore make happy wretched women hope social distinctions purely æsthetic passion goes side nay rather top humdrum conjugal life loosest libertinage petrarch bastards born reign madonna laura slight infidelity madonna heaven laura right ideal sentiments ideal relations poet liberty carry material preferences elsewhere love exist genuine mind indubitably perceptions desires physical moral beauty element passion akin love love mere lust perception craving beauty real imaginary identical merely æsthetic perceptions cravings hence possibility wish passion present kind love mainly æsthetic views beloved gratifying merely wish physical spiritual loveliness concentrates exquisite reality dreams ideal perfection moreover comes nobler natures love dawning brightening delicate flushing soul actual appearance beloved horizon beautiful fascinating clearness pallor coldness unearthly purity pale amber green ashy rose streaks heavens sunrise love early tuscan poets must count guinicelli virtue language tuscan restrained social necessities first habit deliberate æsthetic choice within limits dawning state state fed mere spiritual food acquired strange intensity mere intellectual passions give excessive weight days spontaneity things apt think accidental unsought vital true many things truest matters imagination heart desire experience sentiment powerfully conduce production even give strength due long incubation wish ideal love tuscan poets probably none weaker rather stronger desire felt sing passion nay rather hear singing love man wife bride bridegroom still domain prose adulterous love forbidden tradition fervent wish romantic passion troubadours consumed strong artistic craving platonic love possible doubly possible souls tense poetic wants became reality strength wish imaginative passions intellectual motives much fuel case necessity logically explaining bodiless passion platonic lady understanding felt manner hitherto unknown gross mankind tended greatly increase love tuscans bring chastity pitch fervour fleshly passions mingling æsthetic emotions already souls mystical theorizings transcendental metaphysics ecstasy mediæval religion must remember italy country merely manufacturers bankers philosophers also saints among italians thirteenth century revival antique literature already full swing france germany provence lyric poetry least trace classic lore whereas trouvères troubadours possessed light intellectual luggage military aristocracy minnesingers part absolutely ignorant reading writing wolfram says ulrich von liechtenstein relates carried lady letter days unread return secretary poets italy brunetto latini petrarch eminently scholars men however much might politicians ringleaders like cavalcanti donati dante whatever existed antique learning thoroughly well known men familiar whatever yet survived transcendental theories plato plotinus seized mythic metaphysics antenatal condition typical ideas divine essence beauty mystic discussions love soul philosophical explanation seemingly inexplicable passion unapproachable woman lady poetic fervour mediæval love inherited provence france now expended social reasons placed quite beyond reach anything save poet soul words evidently beloved sake much divine essence contained nature loved purely spiritual reasons loved visible living embodiment virtue beauty human piece godhead far therefore attachment absurd absurd seemed troubadours minnesingers never served lady save called reward became eyes platonizing italians triumph soul soon necessary complement dignities talents wealth highest occupation liberal mind smattering platonic philosophy supply tuscan poets logical reality otherwise unreal passion something democratic philosophizing italy gulf separated chivalric poets men sword books great world religious mysticism though minnesingers especially extremely devout sang many strange virgin knew know nothing contemplative religion eckhardt disciples humble transcendental spirits whose words treasured sedentary dreamy townsfolk rhine conveyed meaning even poet grail epic battles feasts booted spurred slapdash morality wolfram von eschenbach great manufacturing cities italy religious mysticism spread never spread feudal courts became familiar mere passionate sermons songs wandering friars subtle dialectics divines became familiar poets now essence contemplative theology middle ages triumphantly held argumentation scholastic rationalism love love assuredly meant different things different minds passionate benevolence towards man beast godlike simpletons like francis assisi mere creative impassive activity divinity deep see strange passionate eyes lips reflected dark well knowledge almost pantheistic thinkers like master eckhardt love nevertheless love amor amore ardo amore francis sung wild rhapsody sort mystic dance kind furious divine love wish know god let love qui vult habere notitiam dei amet written hugo victor subtlest mystics amor oculus est master eckhardt love love love highest human faculties must act loving perceiving god essence creature virtue soul beauty beauty body virtue noblest business noble life argued poets argument mixing phædrus bonaventura schools alexandria courts love provence resulted adding fervid reality philosophical religious aspiration clear cold phantom disembodied love woman little little therefore together carnal desires provençals sicilians tuscan poets put behind little coquetries style manner complications metre rhythm learned fantastic woman plaited braided hair metaphors similes like bright flowers shining golden ribbons dropped lady bosom head eagerly snatched lover still find curiously transformed scented rosemary thyme country lanes peasant poetry modern tuscany little little love poetry italians reject ornaments cloth pale garment pale stately heavy folds like nun friar weeds pure radiant solemn garment painted angel learned know vita nuova describe poetry immediate precursors contemporaries dante last degree difficult described symbols symbols mislead us dante rossetti translating exquisite beauty finest poems school showed read spirit drew beautiful design frontispiece collection two lovers youth kneeling cloth silver robe lifting long throbbing neck towards beloved lady stooping towards raising kissing mingled cloud waving hair four hands four tightly glued lips profile hidden profile passion pathos eager wistful faces nay splendour brocade robes jewels sweetness blooming rose spaliers suitable illustrate group sonnets house life false false efflorescence luxuriance passion splendour colour accessory poetry early tuscans imaginative poetry certainly passionate indeed concentration imaginative passion imagination passion unlike poets perhaps rigorously reduced elements imagination purely heart passion purely intellect neither senses love essential condition just essence purged earthly alloys rarefied sublimated cultus philosophy poems might nearly written man possible man vary absolute platitude something like genius homogeneous tone everywhere meet simplicity diction struggling complication subtlety thought abstract speculation strangely mingled individual personal pathos mode thinking feeling conception large characteristics love small incidents poets constantly vita nuova dante seem invented felt nothing unknown immediate predecessors contemporaries merely concentrated thoughts feelings greater intenseness genius platonic love dante days passion sublimated philosophy cultus philosophy love engages much poets attention treated guido cavalcanti dante elder brother poetry love chief theologian explains eckhardt bonaventura might explain mysteries god nature operation love love enamours us excellence arises pure virtue soul equals us god tells us subtly developes theme case nothing mistaken suppose little sense love blind goes blindly da sentir poco da credenza vana si move il dir di cotal grossa gente ch amor fa cieco andar per lo suo regno love omniscient since love born knowledge recognition excellence love true source happiness since alone raises man level divinity cavalcanti merely subtlety scornfulness great divine wrath worship defend different god love knows bounds know say adores goddess born saturn love fire seems sweet result bitter evil may indeed call happy delights mingles much baseness god love descended dante heart caused spirit life tremble terribly secret chamber trembling cry lo god stronger coming rule ecce deus fortior qui veniens dominabitur mihi god chaste formidable archangel amor true subject poets adoration woman descends mystic miracle beauty virtue becomes henceforward invested somewhat awful radiance gentle gracious lady lovable loving woman describing whose eyes colour snow tinted pomegranate older tuscans fain linger comparing rose morning star golden summer air purity snowflakes falling silently serene sky sense divinity residing within becomes strong eyes dart spirits strike awe heart lips come words make men sigh passage poet casts eyes notions familiar vita nuova belong cavalcanti lapo gianni nay even guinicelli quite much dante poet bids verse go forth softly stand bended head mother god miracle thing sent heaven spirit dante says beautiful sonnets summing poets circle lady tanto gentile tanto onesta pare passes along street beautiful gracious says guinicelli humbles pride greets makes faith yet believe base man come presence tell another virtue man think evil long looks noble mind feel account youthful lady appeared makes despise baseness vileness says lapo gianni women surround glorified glory glorified womanhood companionship ladies around says cavalcanti dear sake love pray courteous honour indeed scarcely woman something saint avatar incarnation amor born virtue beauty raises men minds heaven cavalcanti speaks lady portrait behind blazing tapers orsanmichele seems natural altar madonna place idea mysterious incarnation love lady mystic relationship love returns poets lapo gianni tells us first amor sister speaks amor bride nay love theology thirteenth century arises kind confusion mystic disputes nature godhead sienese poet ugo da massa goes far say amor thing heart amor mind think saying things subtlety non pensate ch io dica per arte certainly true love slay slay love together knowledge public life scholastic theories together love occult cabalistic science craft provençal poetry dante received florence thirteenth century knowledge new exotic esoteric intellectual love mission genius gather undying whole model perfect form thoughts feelings perceptions less highly endowed men surround dante moulded love passion love philosophy day vita nuova whether story narrated book fact whether real woman called beatrice ever existed praiseworthy persons prowl past put poor fleshless bones acids sublimates laboratory gravely doubted doubts affect us story vita nuova romance beatrice mere romance heroine real meaning value book change eyes since concoct tale dante must number real experiences fully tale equivalent conceive create figure beatrice passion inspires poet must felt poignant reality desire lady capacity love tale merely soul soul movements actions vita nuova matter never exist save spirit spirit creation intensity vision love vision merely conceived never realized hence futility wish destroy faith pleasure saying never took place fools tell take place poet mind may vita nuova thank heaven exists thank heaven exists reality feelings ideal perfection whose love cavalcanti raises us god seemed gather human shape real surrounded halo perfection emanated poet soul vague visions glory suddenly taken body woman seen rarely distance woman child poet child already looked strange ideal fascination sometimes experience childhood people apt smile opening vita nuova put aside narrative childish love together pathetic little pedantries learned poetry kabbala long gloses poem elaborate calculations recurrence combination number nine curious little bit encyclopædic display syrian month much pretty local colouring obsolete silliness nothing laugh childish fascinations wonderful perfect open us children afterwards word picture snatch music us ineffable mysterious meaning much human often brilliant child whose immediate contact severed circumstance perhaps consciousness inferiority makes appear strangely distant us moving world glory scarcely hope approach child sometimes sometimes grown person beautiful brilliant sings talks looks us child ways understand like fairy goddess indeed nothing laugh first blossoming love higher beautiful things us trodden left wither maturer selves nothing make us laugh nay rather make us sigh later see well see others much real level scrutinize much much alas best imperfect creature state fascination child dante see child beatrice strange glorious little vision childish sphere quite treasuring vision till growth expands grows beautiful noble none less fascinating full awfulness therefore grave young poet full yearning paradise paradise vaguer sweeter less metaphysic theological paradise manhood yet gracious learned youth terrible moral muscle still undeveloped struggle noble delicate dreamer giotto fresco long thin almost womanish face marked dreamy eyes lips wandering young florence middle ages say meets long years noble gentle woman serious cheerful candid told child queen goddess childish fancies vague glory soul filled expands enwraps beloved figure familiar yet new blood retreats veins trembles vague god within half allegory half reality cries new life begun beatrice become ideal beatrice real woman ceased exist beatrice imagination remains piece soul embodied gracious beautiful reality follows seeks never tries approach real woman asks nothing word throughout vita nuova entreaty complaint shadow desire syllable reproaches cruelty petrarch ever showering laura desires nothing beatrice beatrice act wrongly perfection perfection makes contemplates humble proud glorifying spirit indeed wish might listen reason think fallen esteem seemed base uncourteous eyes explain wish address never occurs ever feel way towards enough feels towards let go smile graciously salute friends sight grave pure regalness nay rather divinity womanhood suffices joy nay later consciousness comes sufficient know existence love even without seeing must case ideal passion action wholly mind lover first ashamed afraid feels terror lest love known excite scorn horror lest misunderstood befouled jests around even gentle women afterwards addresses praise beatrice afraid exposing air reality ideal flower passion moment comes hide longer behold passion flower soul opens gloriously sunlight world proud passion worship feels dignity glory priest love women round beautiful courteous women just now dreadfully afraid become friends confidants quite astonished half love perhaps young poet strange way loving sympathize admire love love beatrice speaks rather men womanhood share lady consecrates eyes without jealousy towards ideal woman though perhaps without longing ideal love listen might listen new unaccountably sweet music touched honoured feeling towards dante towards beautiful thing talks sings happy strangest thing intensely real narrative real love complete satisfaction passion existence complete absence desire hope happiness interrupted sudden terrible thought day must cease horrible logical necessity coming straight home day must die di necessità conviene che la gentilissima beatrice alcuna volta si muoia nothing truer intensely pathetic literature frightful pang evil real first imagined frightful nightmare vision end coming reality still happy us time felt horrible shudder sudden perception happiness must end beloved living must die thing present clasp tight arms throbs breast moments gone vanished leaving us grasp mere phantom recollections compared blow actual death beatrice gentle truthfulness narration yearning empty heart hungering poor lost realities happiness occasional glimpse lady rare catching voice blessed consciousness existence little little lets consoled cradled sleep like child sobbed sympathy vague love another donna della finestra speaks beatrice sudden terrified starting shaking base consolation wrath mental infidelity dead indignant impatience weakness baseness understanding enough beatrice lived loved feeling glory joy ineffaceable past sufficient present future revolution gradually merges grave final resolve sudden seeing beatrice glorified solemn quiet brief determination say yet till show transfigured paradise sonnet appeared marvellous vision beheld things made propose speak blessed time might worthily treat may come pass strive endeavour even truly knows please things live life continue several years hope say things never lady may please lord courtesy soul shall go forth see glory lady say blessed beatrice gloriously looks face est per omnia sæcula ends vita nuova book find equivalent whose reality completeness passion though passion woman poet scarcely knows desires nothing must go back merest fleshly love antiquity sappho catullus modern times hesitating weak least seems fact think matter shall find earthly love find reality completeness possible love like dante unreality reality imagination leaves mysticism idealism room falsehood kind love may set aside silenced activity mind love dante constitutes activity reading last page transcribed closing latin words echo mind like benediction altar feel rising knees secret chapel bright tapers dim incense among crowd kneeling like yet solitary conscious glory seen tasted love est per omnia scecula iii right feel right love containing within potentialities many things sadly needed cold real world patience tenderness devotion right love carried away ordinary life enclosed sacred thing contemplation shrine chapel imaginary beatrice hand right holy places soul places come face face unattainable ideal conduct may strive something nobler mere present pleasure profit right holy places destined abstract perfection placed mere vaguely seen woman short vita nuova mere false ideal works art beautiful get worshipped holy question grave worthy make us pause world full instances fatal waste feelings misapplied human affections human sympathy compassion terribly necessary man wasted various religious systems christ god religious aspirations contemplation worship absorption necessary improvement soul wasted various artistic poetic crazes mere pleasant works pleasant fancies man wastefulness emotions wastefulness time constitute mankind history explain vast amount evil past present present question therefore becomes vita nuova merely another instance lamentable carrying precious feelings channels result longer fertilization corruption middle ages especially religion philosophy nay love writing succession acts wastefulness question come many time left much doubt trouble reflection prepared answer doubts may safely cast behind us may trust instinct whenever lay vita nuova tells us felt loved book spiritual gains life come may never lost entirely vita nuova represents exceptional exceptional moral intellectual conditions dante love beatrice great measure regarded extraordinary exquisite work art produced volition man accidental combination circumstances suited ordinary life golden ivory goddess phidias suited wife mortal man may therefore useless nay may highest utility may serve high utilitarian mission art correct real ideal mould thing semblance thing herein let remembered consists value necessity abstract ideal long history evolution now reached stage selection longer mere hands unconscious nature conscious man makes made mankind according merely physical necessities intellectual necessity realizing ideal pursuing object imitating model man ever find living counterpart chryselephantine goddess greeks ivory gold nay marble fashioned artist thing flesh another flesh fashioned mere blind accident man beheld phidian goddess felt full perfection easily satisfied mere commonplace living woman sought seeking likelihood finding woman flesh blood nearest approached ivory gold perfection case similar vita nuova earthly affection natural love man woman entire human body soul another entire human ever counterpart passion beatrice passion mere mind mere mental ideal old evil world diminish rather increase every love man woman woman man tend utmost possibility resemble love vita nuova mankind gradually separated brute kind merely development possibilities intellectual moral passion animal got animal man never cease man daily become obscene creature commonly see turned something like certain antique fauns beautiful creature noticeably beast beast smallest portion nature order may come pass coming pass means let us remember enormous increase happiness diminution misery earth necessary day day year year enter man feelings emotions habits whole life greater proportion shared animal actions preferences great bulk conscious existence busied things soul truth good beauty things body hence love gradually improving humanizing man gradually improving humanizing woman become much possible connection higher human rather lower bestial portions nature tend reciprocal stimulation make man man woman woman make less mere male female animals brief love increase instead like oftenest profanes love name diminishing power aspiration may exist within us now tend tend towards love vita nuova tend towards love vita nuova tend towards say irresistible force original constitution remains certain history witness mankind say mankind lies initiative good mankind judge select possesses faculty feeling acting accordance standard feeling action faculty great measure becoming thinks desirable become now perceived even imaginary existence passion dante beatrice must perceive first step towards attempting bring reality something passion real passion conceived remembrance ideal passion still mind bear certain resemblance even according ancients children born mothers whose rooms contained image apollo adonis reflex however faint beauty whose presence came existence short seems vita nuova embodies utmost ideal absolutely spiritual love spiritualize love must long remain chief moral necessities world exists book moral force moral value power unearthly passion purity much anything deliberately unselfish ethical must acknowledge honour holy love read felt vita nuova strive towards purer nature also love poets sang became also nobler influence strange tuscan school platonic lyrists spread throughout literature bringing men knowledge kind love born idealizing worshipping passion middle ages mediæval love chastened manners stern democracy passed sieve christian mysticism pagan philosophy influence vita nuova vita nuova concentrated intensest characteristics dante immediate predecessors contemporaries causing become useless forgotten influence vita nuova perhaps striking example poet constituted nature mere continuator romantically gallant tradition troubadours became hence importance glory mediator dante centuries followed man gave mankind incapable yet appreciating enduring spiritual essence vita nuova essence intellectual love immortal dilution speak course petrarch passion neither ideal strong man love love existing borderland loving loving beautiful woman elegant refined altogether courtly mind delighted curly yellow hair good red white beauty never even told dante beatrice beautiful yet much lovelier laura descended ladies troubadours manner amiability purity dignity ecclesiastical babylon called avignon maintains love frequenting house writing sonnet sonnet rhetorical exercises studies antique provençal part born mere troubadour like ventadour folquet becomes influence dante type poet abate poetic good weak man aspirations failing get better laura virtue doubtless consoles elsewhere returns habitual contemplation constitutionally troubadour italian priest turned partly provençal vexed becoming mistress made mind little set quite pleased refusal turns kind beatrice poor man heaven help kind dante dante use world large goes visiting laura writing sonnet regularly many times week best carefully selected feel distinctly persuaded regular intervals determined cultus sort affectation something equivalent lighting lamp conspicuous shrine humanities provençal lore go poems written decidedly reason read effusions amiable weak priestlet feels nothing doubtless also handed round society new sonnet canzone charming learned man abate petrarch considerable emptiness praises laura chastity grows impatient praises adores calls cruel goddess joy torment really want vacuity feeling thinks calls alternately flat abusive eulogistic names mean nothing plays loud soft absence desire fiddle faddles descriptions passionate burning delicately undressed sees chaste eyes bath envies veil neither violently intellectually embraces humbly bows imagination trifles gracefully modestly finger tips locks hair forth fancy dante abusing beatrice fancy dante talking beatrice bath mere idea indignation shame makes shameful indignant thought perfect laura beatrice sham ideal figure merely figure idealized imaginative passion merely unreal compare instance suggestion laura possible death suggestion possible death beatrice petrarch love sufficiently guess loss laura die petrarch rises severing dear old habits absence sweet reality terrible sense death great poetizer giver love philters makes love laura never loved poor weak creature like troubadour go seek new mistress old fails feels dreadfully alone world dreadfully dreary around sits cries crying genuine making tears come also eyes laura becomes distant ideal becomes nobler though noble faint earthly graciousness comparable glory living beatrice goes growing older weaker desolate thought glorified laura glorified even eyes weakest death begins haunt dante haunted thought beatrice alive yet even time come doubts lawfulness adored thought adored mortal woman know whether may vanity folly tries turn thoughts away laura god perhaps may called account given much life mere earthly love laura reappears beautified memory tremblingly away weak sad helpless alone heart empty knows think feel sobs cry nowhere found stranger contrast nostalgic craving dead laura vacillating troubled fear sin doubt unworthiness object solemn ending vita nuova name beatrice pronounced last time glorified paradise dante devotes life becoming worthy saying words never lady ideal woman unchangeable glory unchangeable passion lover sweet dead laura whose purity beauty cruelty sung without tremor life poor weak petrarch begins doubt worthiness love dead dying man petrarch yet irresistible purifying elevating power vita nuova man came write added provence sonnets canzoni four centuries taught world coarse yet receive dante passion first hand nobler spiritual love petrarch gradual change takes place poetic conception love except learned revivalisms loose buffooneries mere fleshly love antiquity disappears literature equally though slower process gradual transformation vanishes also adoring undisguisedly adulterous love troubadours minnesingers love instincts mankind mingled however much diluted drops spiritual passion dante antiquity noble dame feudal days succeeded latin countries italy france spain portugal imitated petrarch imitated petrarch dante shadowy figures veiled veil madonna laura ladies beloved lorenzo michael angelo ariosto tasso camoens cervantes passes world nay even ronsard pagan troubadour airs dignity mystery make us almost think dainty coquettish french body marie helene cassandrette really may immortal soul renaissance movement half mediæval democratic progress half antique revivalism reality belongs merely petrarch dante every tuscan poets guinicelli lapo gianni cavalcanti broke feudal poetry provence sicily renaissance rather end comes close moment really creative activity latin peoples domain poetry things two centuries italy france spain portugal must remember sake camoens continue produce developments parts left untouched refinements extreme detail case particularly french poets sixteenth century poetry receives races nothing new vital fresh ideal fruitful marriage ideals begins uniting scattered powers northern poetry great unexpected action england slept singing period middle ages awakened germany provence italy boccaccio petrarch spoke dreams england chaucer voice made answer renaissance drawn close far sixteenth century english poetry reawakened italy time completely wakened arose slept great fruitful things achieved english poetry final awakening give world new modern perhaps definitive final ideal love england drank deep draught deep see sidney spenser sonnets petrarch pleasant dilution tasted felt burning essence vita nuova though dante remained poet poet heaven hell happy petrarch full two centuries completely driven oblivion young dante loved beatrice england magnificent marvellous outburst manifold poetic energy stored quintupled long period inertness however foreign imported ideal love possibility new series spectral lauras shadows projected shadow already long ago first call petrarch chaucer side merely mediæval love types brutish lust doglike devotion wife bath griseldis kind modern love love become romeo hamlet story palemon arcite among poetic material existed england close sixteenth century old domestic love quiet undemonstrative essentially unsinging early northern indeed also greek hindoo epics domestic love social condition closely resembling even italian democracies preceded among people permitted woman choose husband forbade man wooing another man wife already ballads folk poetry begun song love man woman hope marry strong tender still coleridge remarked several lesser elizabethan playwrights outspokenly carnal united pure spirit spenser unerring genius shakespeare vivifying drop burning spiritual love taken vita nuova floated like sovereign essential oil top petrarch henceforward world possesses new kind love love romeo hamlet bassanio viola juliet love love poems shelley tennyson browning browning wife love whose blindness exaggeration passion might made foolish impracticable leads longer folly sin intenser activity mankind imagination good beautiful momentary realization fancy vague dreams perfection love though may cool imperceptibly pale intenseness like sunrise fires serene sky left glory round head wife glory heart husband however fleeting vision beauty made beauty real owing creation storing purification platonic poets tuscany strange seemingly artificial unreal thing mediæval love forms themes whose poetry indignantly put aside early italian lyrists unconsciously revived purified consecrated two loveliest love poems elizabethan poetry evening song impatient expectation spenser epithalamium dawn song hurried parting balcony scene romeo juliet let us recapitulate feudal middle ages gave mankind refined spiritual love love chivalry fidelity adoration love steeped poison adultery save pure noble portions mediæval love became mission tuscan poets strange school platonic love loveliness may sometimes seem unnatural sterile reducing mediæval love mere intellectual passion seeking woman merely embodiment cravings perfection cleansed away deep stain adultery quadrupled intensity ideal element distilled essential spirit poetic passion drops even diluted petrarch precipitated mingled earthly passion future poets bottom longer seen tasted baser ingredients poems minnesingers troubadours ceased appeal us remain merely charm verse graceful conceit poetry written italians thirteenth century women whose love imaginative fervour remains concentrated vita nuova remain time sovereign purifier world must recourse whenever precipitate baser instincts thickened like slime love poetry antiquity shall rise sully purity love poetry epilogue year elapsed since moment fancying series studies must complete attempted explain introductory chapter nature book mine fain hoped studies complete companions without need explicit explanation whole idea become plain others time even instead become obvious carefully sought reduce question unity connected questions solution separate problem arisen new set problems infinitely complicated main lessons deduced study civilization remembering brilliant mysterious offspring faustus helena given name euphorion hence seems necessity words explanation introductory pages written fifteen months ago tried bring home reader sense haunted throughout writing volume namely instead deliberately made mind study renaissance makes mind visit greece egypt holy land contrary quite accidentally unconsciously found wandering spirit among monuments particular historic region even might wander streets siena wrote last year florence whence write present wandering among things little little feeling particular interest another according happened catch fancy recall already known thing now want better word just called monuments just now less clearly also less foolishly merely things reality merely individual really existing buildings books pictures statues individual really registered men women events mental conceptions extracted realities intellectual types made mediæval symbols justice made visible paraphernalia robe scales sword judging weighing punishing impressions left mind buildings books pictures statues men women events iniquities particular despot scandalous sayings particular humanist general moral chaos italian fifteenth sixteenth centuries poem pulci boiardo ariosto especial vast imaginary poem made mediæval saints angelico pagan michael angelo two tremendous abstractions spirit mediævalism art spirit antiquity interest distressed soul interest flourishing body thoughts gone back antiquity onwards times nevertheless tuscan art fifteenth century nucleus notes busts benedetto da maiano portraits raphael modes feeling forms art tried explain life character man woman moral scepticism italy tragic spirit elizabethan dramatists tried write biography romance poetry middle ages realism great portrait painters sculptors renaissance persona let repeat abstractions exist mind minds think like hence like abstractions represent essence question completeness may see reality hence frequently passed exceptions rule stating explanation exceptions involved formulating number apparently irrelevant propositions please may accuse inexactness give instance cover margins essay mediæval love whole list virtuous love stories middle ages else ferret raynouard von der hagen dozen pages mediæval poems praise rustic life objections perfectly correct far knowledge permitted might puzzled reader remains none less certain main mediæval love virtuous mediæval peasantry admired poets none less certain think also describing characteristics origin abstract thing mediæval love mediæval feeling towards country country folk business state rule let alone exceptions another matter gives far greater concern creating dealing abstraction frequently forced may use expression cut subject two bring sides full light leave darkness nay speak harshly side art man without able speak admiringly another side apparent injustice judgment cases remedied fact treated study things forced omit another study two separate essays pointed first extreme inferiority renaissance sculpture sculpture antiquity regard absolute beauty form immeasurable superiority renaissance antique sculpture matter beauty interest dependent mere arrangement handling wherein lies power realistic schools often shown side merely artist art feeling without showing case inevitable weighed almost like personal guilt almost made postpone publication book greek kalends hopes able explain atone alluding fra angelico spoke study progress mere beautiful form naked human form moreover art renaissance looked work mind full unapproachable superiority antique form judged condemned artist reference superb movement towards nature form bodily beauty universal movement fifteenth century lost patience saint turn pagan pushed aside seek classic olympus exquisite dreams mediæval paradise taken part chronicler art seeks mere plastic perfection art angelico retro sathana intention close even volume study poetical conception early renaissance painting strange kind painting thing imperfect mere symbol lovely ideas brings home mind rush associations sense beauty wonder greater perhaps receive sober reality perfect form german masters great engravers kranach altdorfer aldegrever especially absolute pleasure ugly women filthy delight horrors immense amount ill wonderful intuition dramatic situation instinct poetry common things magnificently imaginative rendering landscape hope day say equal amount good spoken lesson may derived studies even humble studies mine since opinion treat history mere art though history alone gives us tragedy ceased exist stage wonder ceased exist poetry seek mere selfish enjoyment imagination emotion without soul great injury cheating great indignations great lessons make stronger supple practical affairs life studies mine brings lesson artistic ethical important unimportant lesson seeking certainty moral opinions beauty whatever forms art spirituality love besides seem perceive another deduction historical fact practical application see result merely perhaps studies book fruit studies subtler sides mediæval renaissance life art present occupy mind may day add another series essays lesson still vague satisfactorily unsatisfactorily shall nevertheless attempt explain indeed requires brought home reader forms feeling imagination treated things different another feeling nature chivalric poem modern art idealism realism modern love forms emotional artistic antiquity know knew little reader may observed almost invariably traced origin deep fruitful cosmopolitan chaos due mingling still unused remains antiquity untouched intellectual moral riches barbarous nations give name middle ages invariably followed development precious forms definitive efflorescence particular country certain mediæval conditions ceased exist namely italy words seemed things studied originally produced middle ages consequently mediæval countries france germany provence attain maturity except portion middle ages mediæval longer already half modern renaissance began italy establishment despotisms coming greek humanists independence free towns revival roman tradition appears watching lines thought converging point exceptions middle ages rich great beginnings indeed good half makes present civilization seems issue poor complete achievements full seeds modern institutions arts thoughts feelings yet show us rarely complete growth fruitful nile flood must cease drown wash away must subside germs brought shoot forth mature sense comes home powerfully whenever think mediæval poetry mediæval painting songs troubadours minnesingers feelings pleasant even occasionally beautiful empty lamentably empty charming arrangements words poetry fills mind touches heart comes tuscan lyrists thirteenth century applies mediæval two exceptions half exceptions chanson de roland gottfried tristan und isolde decidedly wearisome thing study scarcely thing delight mean say old legends wales scandinavia subsequently embodied french german poets middle ages without imaginative emotional interest nothing thoughts nibelung story possesses norse middle high german version tragic fascination quaint interest every now rising charm decameronian possessed many keltic tales whether briefly told mabinogion lengthily detailed chrestien de troyes wolfram von eschenbach interest mere story enjoy almost much story related poet peasant fascination mere theme added fascination unconscious filling colouring details poem whence extract theme remains part uninteresting figures vague almost shapeless colourless mental moral anatomy speak act writer seems clear conception motives tempers make even child pictures horses gallop men run houses stand without indication muscles move horse muscles hold man solid ground built nay rather planted house hatred hagen devotion rüdger passionate piety parzival things particularly see follow reasons event character make men sacrifice others weep storm forth nay even reasons clear circumstances shown action mechanism see brunhilt wroth chriemhilt revengeful herzeloid devoted parzival vast majority mediæval poetry clear conception construction functions people character hence conception either actions reactions various moral organs bottom events related herein lies difference forms middle ages antiquity perfectly felt understood every feeling every action homeric heroes perfectly indicated see manner reason conflict achilles agamemnon behaviour returned odysseus clearly see manner reason movements fighting centaurs lapithæ amazons nay even minute mood comparatively unimportant figures helen brisei nausicaa indicated moral anatomy attitude distinctly manner maidens parthenon frieze slowly restrain steps boys curb steeds old men balance oil jars nothing mediæval literature except perhaps flamenca tristan motive action mere imaginative desire explains everything people clearly interest perception connected character valorous woman chivalrous knight insolent steward jealous husband faithful retainer things recognized outline made speak act according fixed tradition without knowledge internal mechanism motive sufficed hence mediæval poetry always like mediæval painting painting continued mediæval giotto pupils long poetry ceased mediæval dante school virgin sits holds child without body wherewith sit arms wherewith hold angels flutter forward kneel conventional greeting obviously bended knees beneath robes nay knees waist armpits anywhere men ride horses without flat back processions blessed come forth guided fiddling seraphs vague faint faces sweet grand heads might wave like pieces paper necks arms legs clearly belonging creatures marching soaring flying singing fiddling without bone muscle wherewith meanwhile mediæval poetry mediæval painting yards yards elaborate preciousness embossed velvets brocades silks satins stuffs universe cast stiffly phantom men women phantom horses horsemen turn italy northern man chaucer entirely italian influence obtain approach antique clearness perception comprehension obtain dante something akin muscularities signorelli michael angelo boccaccio chaucer cavalca petrarch equivalent movement situation simple realistic poetic sketches filippino botticelli say mere impression explanation still less explanation may afford lesson strange inconclusiveness mediæval things till moment comes cease mediæval richness germs poverty mature fruit without reason reason mind lies word terrible word since means suffering hopelessness word haunted mind ever since looked mediæval things word wastefulness wastefulness frightful characteristic times rich poor explanation long starvation sickness mankind mankind concerns art poetry science life endured things fed revived nurtured existed close hand profusion wastefulness great period confusion precious things possess time thought feeling refused realities world lavished figments imagination vagueness imperfection mediæval representations life even men eyes withdrawn temporal institutions days sight fields meadows left blind dumb thing called serf also thoughts mankind sympathy intentions withdrawn mere earthly souls mere earthly wrongs woes men great institution mediæval religion pity body christ held bondage infidel love god study unknowable things heaven noblest employments mediæval soul much pity love may remain man much study knowable wastefulness like misapplication mind ending almost palsy must ascribe think strange sterility mediæval art deals merely pattern reality man body soul might thankful wanderings among mediæval things seen starving art artistic instincts soul man lain starving also starving knowledge sought divine things starving love given god explanation therefore lesson may summed word wastefulness fruitfulness renaissance given us art thought feeling vita nuova fruit due seems fact renaissance simply condition civilization thanks civil liberty spiritual liberty inherited rome inherited greece man energies thought feeling withdrawn unknowable knowable heaven earth devoted developing marvellous new things antiquity known lain neglected wasted middle ages florence appendix seen pictures statues towns described read books attempt give impression original research may called comes end trusted impressions taken others everything may called historical fact distinguished history form thought art tried elaborate references therefore standard historical works editions poets prose writers come hands much endebted genius michelet nay rather much however unimportant thing made every see judge regard positive information must express great obligations works jacob burckhardt villari symonds everything concerns political history social condition renaissance symonds name placed last although means order importance three writers appear mind vanity compels state deprived pleasure profit reading volumes italian literature fear finding doubtless forestalled various appreciations might deprive essays feel principal merit namely spontaneity wholeness personal impression regard philological lore may refer among number works gaston paris work cycle charlemagne de la villemarqué companion volume keltic romances professor rajna fonti dell ariosto knowledge troubadours trouvères minnesingers obtained mainly great collections raynouard wackernagel mätzner bartsch von der hagen bartsch simrock editions versions gottfried von strassburg hartmann von aue wolfram von eschenbach flamenca read professor paul meyer beautiful edition text translation aucassin et nicolette edition published remember rightly janet also happy translation contained delvau huge collection romans de chevalerie contains unfortunately sometimes garbled many prose stories carolingian amadis cycle events endure read early italian poets excepting carducci cino da pistoia references rossetti dante cycle especially rime antiche poeti del primo secolo professor pleasant volume greatly helped history transformation courtly poetry early middle ages folk poetry tuscany owe good deal also regard essay outdoor poetry roskoff famous geschichte des teufels signor novati recently published carmina medii italian bandello cinthio set used florentine editions masuccio edited de sanctis essay italian renaissance elizabethan stage recourse chiefly fifteenth century chronicles archivio storico italiano dyce webster hartley coleridge massinger ford churton collins cyril tourneur halliwell marston essays art naturally profited now inevitable crowe cavalcaselle part work relied little books received equivalent information obtained writers suggestions explanations friend nelson maclean made possible mere creature pens ink follow differences sculptors medallists fifteenth century word thanks also various suggestions come painter old friend john sargent paris must conclude acknowledgments thanking editors british permission republish essays fragments essays already appeared periodicals end medieval people eileen power reader history university london sometime fellow lecturer girton college counsel shut heart library charles lamb published published eighth printing colleagues students girton college cambridge heuene erthe ese soule cloistere scole many skilles fynde cloistre cometh man chide ne fizte alle buxomnesse bokes rede lerne scole scorne clerke wil lerne grete loue lykynge eche hem loueth langland social history sometimes suffers reproach vague general unable compete attractions political history either student general reader lack outstanding personalities point fact often much material reconstructing life quite ordinary person writing history robert normandy philippa hainault lives ordinary people reconstructed less spectacular certainly less interesting believe social history lends particularly may called personal treatment past may made live general reader effectively personifying presenting form learned treatises development manor medieval trade essential specialist history valuable far lives maeterlinck cry dead always historian motto idea history dead people worse still movements conditions seem vaguely related labours passions flesh blood driven history bookshelves historical novel still finds welcome place following series sketches tried illustrate time various aspects social life middle ages various classes historical material bodo illustrates peasant life early phase typical medieval estate marco polo venetian trade east madame eglentyne monastic life ménagier wife domestic life home medieval ideas women thomas betson wool trade activities great english trading company merchants staple thomas paycocke cloth industry east anglia quite ordinary people unknown fame exception marco polo types historical evidence illustrated estate book manorial lord chronicle traveller tale bishop register didactic treatise household management collection family letters houses brasses wills end book added bibliography sources form raw material reconstructions additional notes references hope modest attempt bring life fathers begat us may perhaps interest hour two general reader teacher wishes make concrete personification general facts medieval social economic history thanks due publishers methuen allowing incorporate chapter vi greater part chapter book paycockes coggeshall cambridge university press similarly allowing repeat chapter iii sentences study english nunneries also thank friends miss jones miss murray girton college cambridge various suggestions criticisms sister miss rhoda power making index eileen power school economics political science university tenth years first edition come eileen power collected notes made plans several essays included enlarged edition book essays precursors written full died now added present edition published form every respect identical author original text essay taking shape munich came went war drawing near historian writing time rome menaced barbarians least historian sensitive world eileen power helped noting similarities roman empire fifth sixth centuries europe end finished essay decided withold publication time present instead friendly audience tract times meeting cambridge history club winter occasion replaced opening concluding pages original essay passages rather notes passages suited purpose sure never intended passages perpetuated therefore done replace reconstructed version first draft reconstruction done somewhat disjointed notes therefore readers must therefore bear mind first two last page essay mere approximations eileen power fact wrote postan precursors ii bodo frankish peasant time charlemagne iii marco polo venetian traveller thirteenth century iv madame eglentyne chaucer prioress real life ménagier wife paris housewife fourteenth century vi thomas betson merchant staple fifteenth century vii thomas paycocke coggeshall essex clothier days henry vii notes sources notes illustrations index bodo work tit pt british museum ii embarkation polos venice oxford iii part landscape chao original british museum iv madame eglentyne home add british museum ménagier wife garden party british museum vi ménagier wife cooks supper aid book royal british museum vii calais time thomas betson vol british museum viii thomas paycocke house coggeshall paycockes eileen power methuen map journeys polos let us now praise famous men fathers begat us left name behind praises might reported memorial perished though never become though never born children merciful men whose righteousness forgotten seed shall continually remain good inheritance children within covenant seed standeth fast children sakes seed shall remain ever glory shall blotted bodies buried peace name liveth evermore ecclesiasticus xliv chapter rome decline every schoolboy knows middle ages arose ruins roman empire decline rome preceded ways prepared rise kingdoms cultures composed medieval system yet spite truth historical preposition know little life thought watershed years europe ceasing roman yet medieval know felt watch decline rome even know whether men watched knew saw though quite certain none foretold indeed foreseen shape world take later centuries yet tragic story main themes protagonists see observer failed notice roman empire fourth fifth centuries longer roman empire great antonine augustan age lost hold territories economic cohesion menaced barbarians end overwhelm territory roman empire height stretched lands bordering north sea lands northern fringes sahara atlantic coast europe central asiatic steppes comprised regions former hellenic iranian phoenician empires either ruled kept check great clusters peoples principalities beyond gallic north african frontiers farthest frontiers rome fourth century retreated still retreating within frontiers great currents commerce earlier centuries flowed along routes bound provinces empire rome provinces third century onwards economic unity empire dissolution fifth century great currents trade ceased flow provinces districts thrown resources wealth provinces reduced commerce restricted great provincial cities also declined population wealth political power yet last days empire endeavoured defend frontiers converging barbarians barbarian conquests like conquests threaten destruction ruin way life barbarians stood denial roman civilization though alas gradually ceasing however material things contemporaries found found sharpest conflict rome barbarian prospects roman civilization civilization mind behind long tradition thought intellectual achievement legacy greece turn made contribution roman world world schools universities writers builders barbarian world world mind infancy infancy long battle sagas race disappeared survived legends worked later age rude laws needed regulate personal relationships hardly civilization roman sense king chilperic trying make verses style sedulius though distinguish long foot short hobbled charlemagne going bed slate pillow order practice watches night art writing never mastered common julius caesar marcus aurelius great julian called apostate sum persons whole wide gulf yawned germany rome rome barbarians protagonists two different attitudes life civilization barbarism discuss detail question clash two civilization perished barbarism prevailed important remember empire tried defend frontiers barbarian hosts gradually opened barbarian settlers peaceful infiltration barbarians altered whole character society invaded impossible course society stricken disease disease plain enough see third century shows internecine civil wars civilization rends province province army army shows great inflationary crisis taxation gradually crushed smaller bourgeoisie fortunes rich escaped net shows gradual sinking back economy based free exchange primitive conditions every province seeks barter takes place trade shows decline farming workless city population kept quiet dole bread circuses whose life contrasted dramatically terribly haughty senatorial families great landowners palatial villas town houses shows rise mystical faiths ruins philosophy superstition especially astrology ruins reason religion particular grew mighty clasping sacred book addressing words hope victims social injustice although able bring comfort individuals nothing indeed try give new strength inspiration embattled civilization true ethos impartial barbarian roman romans prospered ruled outside pale obvious manifestation roman society decline dwindling numbers roman citizens empire depopulated long end period peace prosperity stretched augustus marcus aurelius augustus summon poor man fiesole family eight children grandchildren eighteen great grandchildren organize honour fête capitol accompanied great deal publicity tacitus describing noble savage eye fellow citizens remark among germans accounted shameful thing limit number children long duration augustus legislation raise birthrate significant successful fact maintained statute book systematically revised developed three centuries shows least accounted necessary true course mortality rate far important factor days mortality pestilence civil war marcus aurelius onwards exceptional plain proportion celibates high roman empire fall fertility marriages going childless marriage small family system contemporary writers deplore seeley striking phrase human harvest bad bad classes decline marked upper ranks educated civilized potential leaders race terrible words swift facing madness roman empire might cried shall die like tree top downwards insistent question forces civilization lose power reproduce polybius people preferred amusements children wished bring children comfort hardly marked among rich poor rich best worlds people grown discouraged disheartened longer believing civilization loath bring children darkness disaster world know see connection falling population evils empire heavy cost administration relatively heavier density population low empty fields dwindling legions suffice guard frontier cure sickness population roman rulers knew way dose barbarian vigour just small injection begin till end blood flowed veins roman barbarian came germans settle frontier till fields enlist first auxiliaries legions fill great offices state army barbarized modern writer mr moss quoted effectively complaint egyptian mother clamouring get back son says gone barbarians means enlisted roman legions legions barbarized barbarize emperor longer majestic embodiment law leader führer raise shields side side barbarization army goes barbarization civil manners honorius pass edict forbidding wearing german fashions within precincts rome end half barbarian barbarians defend barbarism general picture great ruin civilization amidst romans fourth fifth sixth centuries lived feel like live time civilization going forces barbarism people realize happening gloom dark ages cast shadow happens answer questions clearly fix eyes particular part empire famous highly civilized province gaul catch decline three points three consecutive centuries writers left us picture life times fourth century ausonius fifth sidonius apollinarius sixth gregory tours fortunatus stranger italy made home poitiers show us auvergne bordelais evening light fourth fifth sixth centuries going going gone ausonius going world ausonius france latter half fourth century indian summer ages storm wreckage ausonius scholar gentleman friend alike pagan symmachus st paulinus nela thirty years professor rhetoric university bordeaux time tutor prince praetorian prefect gaul consul last years just old man contentedly living estates famous poem description moselle literary affectations evokes magically smiling countryside background life high river either bank stand villas country houses courts lawns pillared porticos hot baths plunge stream sunny hillside covered vines slope husbandmen call wayfarer towpath bargemen floating shout rude jests loitering vinedressers far midstream fisherman trails dripping net rock shore angler plies rod twilight falls deepening shadow green hillside reflected water gazing downward boatman almost count trembling vines almost see swelling grapes equally peaceful equally pleasant life ausonius estate bordelais little patrimony calls although thousand acres vineyard tillage wood miss waddell reminded us authority saintsbury else day boasts two best st emilion clarets tends roses sends boy round neighbours bid luncheon interviews cook six including host right number meal melée relatives commemorated verse grandfather grandmother sisters cousins aunts especially aunts family circle palls senior common room fall back professors bordeaux celebrated turn professors important people empire fourth century symmachus says mark flourishing state good salaries paid professors though exactly deduce light history hesitate say ausonius writes collection poems professors bordeaux celebrated minervius orator prodigious memory game backgammon wont conduct every move anastasius grammarian foolish leave bordeaux provincial university thenceforth languished obscurity attius tiro delphidius retired legal career professorial chair never got take trouble men disappointment parents jocundus grammarian really deserve title kind man commemorate among men worth although strictly speaking unequal job exuperius whose eloquence sounded superb examined found meant nothing dynamius slipped paths virtue married lady bordeaux left place rather hastily fortunately fell feet spain victorius usher liked abstruse historical problems pedigree sacrificial priest cureo long numa day castor say shadowy kings never got far tully virgil though might done gone reading long enough death cut soon seem oddly familiar figures except course dynamius chronicler contrives make live world depicted us ausonius pleasant country house senior common room life going calmly find happening history books ausonius man nearly fifty germans swarmed across rhine pillaging flourishing cities pitching camps banks moselle seen great julian take arms plato plato task philosopher series brilliant campaigns drive ten years later tutor gratian accompanied emperor valentinian another campaign foes preening consulship ten years later still must heard disastrous battle adrianople east goths defeated roman army slew emperor died within twelve years death host germans burst across rhine gaul smoking funeral pyre goths gates rome ausonius correspondents say word ausonius symmachus set ignore barbarians completely novels jane austen ignore napoleonic wars sidonius apollinaris going going years death ausonius midst disastrous sixth century born sidonius apollinaris aristocrat emperor sometime prefect rome end bishop clermont sidonius apollinaris thereabouts perhaps years later much happened death ausonius birth lights going europe barbarian kingdoms planted gaul spain rome sacked goths lifetime collapse went ever swiftly young man twenty ultimate horror broke west inroad attila huns passed away vandals sacked rome saw terrible german ricimer throne unthrone series puppet emperors saw last remnant gallic independence thrown away become barbarian subject saw years died fall empire west sidonius friends ignore ausonius friends something happening empire men fifth century concerned disasters console according kind think last say empire tight place always got end risen supreme enemies sidonius year sacked city rome endured much porsenna brennus hannibal time rome get others tried use disasters castigate sins society salvian marseilles doubt called gloomy dean bishop decadent roman civilization needs copy virtues fresh young barbarian people familiar figure orosius defending barbarians argument roman empire founded founded blood conquest ill afford throw stones barbarians barbarians bad unhappy people despoiled content little left conquerors cherish friends brothers others especially thoughtful churchmen much concerned explain empire flourished paganism beset christianity others desert empire altogether like st augustine put hope city made hands though ambrose true let fall pregnant observation god people saved pleased god save people dialectic living read letters written sidonius period living estate auvergne realize surface going exactly gaul shrunk true mere remnant three barbarian kingdoms save might back days ausonius luxurious villa hot baths swimming pool suites rooms views lake sidonius inviting friends stay sending round compositions professors bishops sport games popular sidonius rides swims hunts plays tennis letter tells correspondent spending days country cousin old friend whose estates adjoin sent scouts catch bring back week took turns entertain games tennis lawn breakfast backgammon older men hour two library sit excellent luncheon followed siesta go riding return hot bath plunge river like describe luscious dinner parties concludes paper however come stay us shall hear clearly britain sixth century people camped abandoned villas cooked food floors principal rooms yet gone long way downhill since days ausonius sidonius now ignore existence barbarians indeed left notable protraits especially king visigoths burgundians ruled lyons born whenever went stay complains flocked embarrassing friendliness breathing leeks onions dressing hair rancid butter appears constrained choose spears butter compose six foot metres asks many seven foot patrons around singing expecting admire uncouth stream words shrug shoulder genial contempt conscious infinite superiority clear reminded verse verlaine je suis la fin de la decadence qui regarde passer les grands barbares blancs sidonius good nature rudely shaken barbarians friendly giants visigoths next door new king euric turned covetous eyes auvergne sidonius two years bishop clermont organize defence city attack avernians stood gallantly fight starve defend last stronghold rome gaul small people resist successfully must help rome lest anyone suspect twisting story give words sidonius editor writing twenty years ago julius nepos alive danger euric might cross rhône weak resources hope secure peace negotiation quaestor licinianus sent gaul investigate condition affairs spot now returned soon clear hopes based intervention likely fulfilled find sidonius writing information began fear something going behind back real danger auvergne came longer determined enemies pusillanimous friends suspicions well founded receipt quaestor report council held determine policy empire towards visigothic king empire feel strong enough support auvergne decided cede whole territory euric apparently without condition despair sidonius knew bounds writes nobly indignant letter bishop concerned negotiations state unhappy region miserable indeed everyone declares things better wartime now peace concluded enslavement made price security third party enslavement ah shame avernians time stood forth alone stay advance common enemy men whose common soldiers good captains never reaped benefit victories handed consolation crushing burden defeat bear reward braving destitution fire sword pestilence fleshing swords enemy blood going starved battle famous peace dreamed tore grass crannies walls eat proofs devotion seem made sacrifice may live blush peace without either honour advantage auvergne sacrificed save rome rome enjoy peace honour long things took place last emperor desposed barbarian empire west came end sidonius goths imprisoned time recover estate write panegyric king euric written panegyrics three roman emperors clear old country house life went though men exchanged letters epigrams now barbarian rule letter shortly death breaks sidonius single line unpacks heart neccessitas abjecta nascendi vivendi misera dura humiliating necessity birth sad necessity living hard necessity dying shortly died within twenty years clovis embarked career conquest theodoric ruler italy fortunatus gregory tours going going gone time heart look moment frankish kingdom gaul survey world fortunatus gregory tours born just century later sidonius moment look fortunatus think world sixth century world sidonius entertained friends epigrams tennis fortunatus versatile gentle genial gourmet somehow managed write two magnificent hymns christian church came italy visit gaul never left travelled frankish lands germania well gaul trier toulouse made way ease river road might ausonius fortunatus writes poem moselle smiling countryside terraced vineyards sloping quiet stream smoke villas rising woods fortunatus made round country houses especially sumptuous villas belonging leontius bishop bordeaux great aristocrat whose grandfather friend sidonius hot baths pillared porticos lawns sloping river feasts even magnificent upset fortunatus digestion badly talk still literature intelligent barbarian lords imitated refined luxurious life best may franks well welcome little eager fortunatus every count wants set latin verses dedicated plain old country house life least survived apollinaris set still enjoys hot baths tennis dill puts barbarian might rule land laws polite society administered look realize merely know even remnants social material civilization rome soon die away tragedy sixth century looms dark look surface see life gone soul inflamed dead nothing now left empty shell men welcome fortunatus just comes italy rot gone less far still survives reputation learning culture slake nostalgia little presence lost civilization world gregory tours may read rule lives rule horrible merovingian kings side side villas barbarism spreads flourishes like jungle growth learning dying hardly ghost university left gregory came great family bishop bewails ignorance grammar towns shrinking crouched behind defences synagogues flaming first step taken tragic tale proscription tallage tallage expulsion seems must never end politics leader retinue rule franks purge bloodbath mark every stage rivalry merovingian princes worst devils like chilperic fredegond best still barbarians like king guntram fills many indulgent pages gregory tours vaguely contemporary figure fat voluble man now purring jovial good nature now bursting explosions wrath violence strange mixture bonhomie brutality ironic commentary happened civilization gregory regard affection known king guntram church actually canonized death good king guntram michelet summed phrase bon roi à qui ne reprochait que deux ou trois meurtres conclusion men lived centuries roman fall barbarian triumph virtue elevated position learning talents seen foretold course events yet contemplates world ausonius sidonius time gregory tours already dead think impelled ask oneself question apparently blind happening big country houses go luncheon tennis parties little professors universities go giving lectures writing books games increasingly popular theatres always full ausonius seen germans overrun gaul never speaks danger may recur sidonius lives world already half barbarian yet year western empire falls still dreaming consulship son realize magnitude disaster befalling indeed question almost absorbing question civilization fell perhaps question several answers may suggested explanation first place process disintegration slow whole tempo life slow might take decades time took centuries look back vantage point much later age see inexorable pattern events forming long cry dead people corridor ages warning make stand late hearing answering echo heal thyself suffered fatal myopia contemporaries affairs moment occupied danger moment must averted recognize compromise defeat link chain dragging abyss point barbarism within become wasting disease yet first skinclad german taken legion great barbarian patricians italy making unmaking emperors chain unbroken point assault without attack become fatal withdrawal dacia allow barbarians sphere influence east europe fling recruit romania satiated leave west alone settlement goths within empire beginning compromise roman empire germans bury says masked transition rule rule federate states within empire independent states replacing policy appeasement fatal error removal legions britain distant people roman senator might know nothing fatal combination spain africa vandals ensconced provinces vandal fleet majorca islands bases cut rome corn supplies broke backbone ancient civilization mediterranean sea alone history europe triumph hostile rule africa spain spelt disaster civilization gradualness process misled romans equally potent reasons blindness potent fact mistook entirely nature civilization making mistake people thought rome swallow barbarism absorb life without diluting civilization people ran busily saying barbarians bad fellows finding good points regime castigate romans crying except ye become little barbarians ye shall attain salvation people observe half respublica romanorum ceased exist nourished fiction barbarian kings exercising power delegated emperor people deluded error belief rome civilization age mere historical fact beginning end condition nature like air breathed earth tread roma magnificent disastrous creeds fact romans blinded happening perfection material culture created around solidity comfort material existence antithesis barbarism foresee day norman chronicler marvel broken hypocausts caerleon imagine anything solid might conceivably disappear roads grew better statesmanship grew worse central heating triumphed civilization fell still responsible unawareness educational system reared ausonius sidonius friends highly educated men gaul famous schools universities education gave consisted study grammar rhetoric necessary alike civil service polite society difficult imagine education entirely touch contemporary life less suited inculcate qualities might enabled men deal fatal study rhetoric links reality long since severed concentrated whole attention men intellect form rather matter things learned schools relation things going world outside bred fatal illusion tomorrow yesterday everything whereas everything different take leave going going gone gone altogether perhaps hundreds years barbarism elapse new society arose capable matching even excelling rome material wealth arts sciences gentler modes existence de la say date marked moment final recovery men represent advancing civilization fully ausonius gregory tours represented civilization retreat dante shakespeare capernicus newton many centuries perhaps whole millennium western europe scaled heights men now stood gradually raising depths decline ascent slow also discontinuous yet sufficient establish within centuries gregory tours social order different rome less glorious behold across thousand years history nevertheless sufficiently exalted draw interest even command admiration still later ages culture social order much ausonius sidonius even fortunatus represented brought life albeit form always recognized extent least epigones rome true precursors middle ages chapter ii peasant bodo life country estate time charlemagne three slender things best support world slender stream milk cow dug pail slender blade green corn ground slender thread hand skilled woman three sounds increase lowing cow milk din smithy swish plough triads century economic history know newest branches history middle last century chief interest historian public alike lay political constitutional history political events wars dynasties political institutions development substantially therefore history concerned ruling classes us now praise famous men historian motto forgot add fathers begat us care probe obscure lives activities great mass humanity whose slow toil built prosperity world hidden foundation political constitutional edifice reared famous men praised speak ordinary people beneath dignity history carlyle struck significant note revolt thing want see lists court calendars parliamentary registers life man england men thought suffered enjoyed mournful truth behold business called history enlightened illuminated times still continues gather read till eyes go dimmest shadow answer great question men lived economically wages got bought unhappily history stands bound gilt volumes shade instructive wooden volumes carlyle voice crying wilderness today new history whose way prepared come present age differs centuries vivid realization person man street often earliest ages man hoe today historian interested social life past wars intrigues princes modern writer fourteenth century instance merely century hundred years war black prince edward iii significantly era slow decay villeinage england fact long run struggle french provinces still praise famous men poor historian spare great figures shed glory romance page history praise due recognition fact great individuals people whole unnamed undistinguished masses people now sleeping unknown graves also concerned story fathers begat us come last acton put great historian now takes meals kitchen book chiefly concerned kitchens history first shall visit country estate beginning ninth century happens know surprising amount estate partly charlemagne issued set orders instructing royal stewards manage lands telling everything necessary know vegetables plant garden chief source knowledge wonderful estate book irminon abbot st germain des prés near paris drew abbey might know exactly lands belonged lived lands much william drew estate book whole kingdom called estate book set name every little estate called belonging abbey description land worked steward profit land held tenants names tenants wives children exact services rents plank egg land know today name almost every man woman child living little time charlemagne great deal daily lives consider moment estate lived organized lands abbey st germain divided number estates called convenient size administered steward land divided seigniorial tributary lands first administered monks steward officer second possessed various tenants received held abbey tributary lands divided numbers little farms called manses occupied families paid visit chief seigniorial manse monks kept hands found little house three four rooms probably built stone facing inner court side seen special group houses hedged round women serfs belonging house lived work round also seen little wooden houses household serfs lived workrooms kitchen bakehouse barns stables farm buildings round whole hedge carefully planted trees make kind enclosure court attached central manse considerable amount land ploughland meadows vineyards orchards almost woods forests estate clearly great deal labour needed cultivate lands labour provided servile workers attached chief manse lived court household serfs nearly enough work monks land far greater part done services paid landowners estate illustration illustration breaking illustration illustration threshing bodo work illustration ii embarkation polos venice beside seigniorial manse number little dependent manses belonged men women various stages freedom except fact work land chief manse need trouble different classes practice little difference couple centuries merged common class medieval villeins important people called personally free say counted free men law bound soil never leave farms sold estate sold dependent manses held either family two three families clubbed together work consisted house houses farm buildings like chief manse poorer made wood ploughland meadow perhaps little piece vineyard attached return holdings owner joint owners every manse work land chief manse three days week steward chief business see work properly every right demand two kinds labour first every year man bound fixed amount ploughing domain land called later also give called say unfixed amount ploughing steward demand every week needed distinction corresponds distinction later middle ages second kind labour every owner farm monks land called handwork say help repair buildings cut trees gather fruit make ale carry loads anything fact wanted steward told services monks got seigniorial farm cultivated days week tenants free cultivate little farms may sure put twice much elbow grease business obligation end pay services also pay certain rents big house state taxes days every man pay army due charlemagne exacted abbey abbey exacted tenants took form ox certain number sheep equivalent money pays host two shillings silver comes first every freeman list obligations farmers also pay return special privileges granted monks carry load wood big house return allowed gather firewood woods jealously preserved use abbey pay hogsheads wine right pasture pigs precious woods every third year give sheep right graze fields chief manse pay sort head addition special rents every farmer also pay rents produce every year owed big house three chickens fifteen eggs large number planks repair buildings often give couple pigs sometimes corn wine honey wax soap oil farmer also artisan made things pay produce craft smith make lances abbey contingent army carpenter make barrels hoops vine props wheelwright make cart even wives farmers kept busy happened serfs servile women obliged spin cloth make garment big house every year things exacted collected steward called mayor man reads seventy separate particular injunctions charlemagne addressed stewards help feeling sorry get right services tenants tell week see careful brought right number eggs pigs house foist warped badly planed planks look household serfs set work see storing selling sending monastery produce estate tenants rents every year present full detailed account stewardship abbot manse services rents due charlemagne exhorted stewards prompt payments set good example probably official duties left little time work farm put man work charlemagne bade stewards often however subordinate officials called sometimes work receiving looking stores big house done special cellarer words way monks st germain frankish landowners time charlemagne managed estates let us try now look estates human point view see life like farmer lived abbey possessed little estate called villaris near paris place now occupied park saint cloud turn pages estate book dealing villaris find man called bodo living wife called ermentrude three children called wido gerbert hildegard owned little farm arable meadow land vines know nearly much bodo work know smallholder france today let us try imagine day life fine spring morning towards end charlemagne reign bodo gets early day go work monks farm dare late fear steward sure probably given steward present eggs vegetables week keep good temper monks allow stewards take big bribes sometimes done estates bodo knows allowed go late work day plough takes big ox little wido run side goad joins friends farms near going work big house assemble horses oxen mattocks hoes spades axes scythes go gangs work fields meadows woods seigniorial manse according steward orders manse next door bodo held group families frambert ermoin ragenold wives children bodo bids good morning passes frambert going make fence round wood prevent rabbits coming eating young crops ermoin told cart great load firewood house ragenold mending hole roof barn bodo goes whistling cold oxen little boy use follow farther ploughs day eats meal tree ploughmen monotonous let us go back see bodo wife ermentrude busy day due fat pullet five eggs leaves second son aged nine look baby hildegard calls neighbours go big house neighbour serf take steward piece woollen cloth sent away st germain make habit monk husband working day lord vineyards estate serfs generally tend vines freemen ploughing ermentrude serf wife go together house busy men workshop several clever workmen shoemaker carpenter blacksmith two silversmiths best artisans estates st germain live walls abbey work monks spot save labour carriage always craftsmen every estate either attached serfs big house living manses good landowners tried many clever craftsmen possible charlemagne ordered stewards district workmen namely blacksmiths goldsmiths silversmiths shoemakers turners carpenters swordmakers fishermen foilers soapmakers men know make beer cider perry kinds beverages bakers make pasty table netmakers know make nets hunting fishing fowling others many named workmen found working monks estate villaris ermentrude stop men workshop finds steward bobs curtsy gives fowl eggs hurries women part house gossip serfs franks used time keep women household separate quarter work considered suitable women much greeks antiquity used frankish noble lived big house wife looked work lived stone house villaris steward oversee women quarter consisted little group houses workroom whole surrounded thick hedge strong bolted gate like harem come without leave workrooms comfortable places warmed stoves ermentrude woman allowed go found dozen servile women spinning dyeing cloth sewing garments every week harassed steward brought raw materials work took away made charlemagne gives stewards several instructions women attached manses may sure monks st germain model estates women work says charlemagne give proper time materials linen wool woad vermilion madder wool combs teasels soap grease vessels objects necessary let women quarters well looked furnished houses rooms stoves cellars let surrounded good hedge let doors strong women work properly ermentrude however hurry away gossip must goes back farm sets work little vineyard hour two goes back get children meal spend rest day weaving warm woollen clothes friends either working fields husbands farms else looking poultry vegetables sewing home women work just hard men country farm charlemagne time instance nearly sheep shearing last bodo comes back supper soon sun goes go bed candle gives flicker light early morning de quincey pointed inimitable manner ancients everywhere went bed good boys seven nine went bed early ages simply worthy mother earth afford candles good old lady certainly shuddered hear nations asking candles candles indeed ever heard thing much excellent daylight running waste provided wretches want next something situation prevailed even bodo time bodo ermentrude usually passed working day may complained well know estates peasants lived rents pay services feel think amuse working rents services outside things estate book describes routine idle try picture life university study lecture list equally idle try describe life bodo estate book masters good taking meals kitchen never talk servants true arrive bodo thoughts feelings holiday amusements must bid goodbye abbot irminon estate book peer dark corners indeed though aid chaucer langland court rolls possible know great deal feelings peasant six centuries later material scarce ninth century necessary remember secret invisible ink bodo certainly plenty feelings strong ones got frost cold morning drive plough abbot acres calling work often shivered shook rime beard wished big house land bottom sea matter fact never seen imagine else wished abbot huntsman hunting forest monk st germain singing sweetly abbey church merchant taking bales cloaks girdles along high road paris anything fact poor ploughman ploughing people land writer imagined dialogue ploughman work sir work hard go dawning driving oxen field yoke plough winter never stark dare stay home fear lord every day must plough full acre yoked oxen fastened share coulter plough mate boy drives oxen goad now hoarse cold shouting poor little wido well hard work indeed hard work nevertheless hard work bodo sang lustily cheer wido related clerk singing emperor presence charles turned bishops saying clerk singing well whereat rude bishop replied clown countryside drones well oxen ploughing certain bodo agreed names great charles gave months year frankish tongue called january february march april may june july august september october november december bodo superstitious creature franks christian now many years christian though peasants clung old beliefs superstitions estates holy monks st germain found country people saying charms hoary age parts lay sung frankish ploughman bewitched land long marched southwards roman empire parts spell performed swarmed bees shores baltic sea christianity coloured charms effaced heathen origin tilling soil oldest unchanging human occupations old beliefs superstitions cling old gods stalk brown furrows long vanished houses roads abbot irminon estates muttered charms sick cattle sick children incantations fields make fertile followed behind bodo broke first furrow probably seen take jerkin little cake baked ermentrude different kinds meal seen stoop lay furrow sing earth earth earth earth mother may grant acres upwards pregnant corn plenteous strength hosts grain shafts glittering plants broad barley blossoms white wheat ears waxing whole land harvest acre bring forth fodder men blossoming brightly blessed become god wrought earth grant us gift growing corns may come need drive plough acre church wisely interfere old rites taught bodo pray instead father heaven virgin mary instead mother earth changes let old spell learned ancestors serve still taught instance call christ mary charm bees ermentrude heard bees swarming stood outside cottage little charm christ swarm bees outside fly hither little cattle blest peace god protection come home safe sound sit sit bee st mary commanded shalt leave shalt fly wood shalt escape go away sit still wait god bodo way home saw bees caught brier bush immediately stood still wished people wish today go ladder church taught bodo add lord end charm pain now ancestors generations behind believed stitch side bad pain anywhere came worm marrow bones eating way get rid worm put knife piece metal sore place wheedle worm blade saying charm charm bodo heathen ancestors always bodo went saying little wido pain worm nine little worms marrow bone bone flesh flesh skin skin arrow obedience church added lord sometimes possible read christian meaning bodo doings sometimes paid visits man thought wizard powers superstitiously reverenced twisted tree hung old stories never quite forgotten church stern went confession priest ask consulted magicians enchanters made vows trees fountains drunk magic philtre confess last time cow sick church kind well stern serfs come find bishop telling priests must give many fasts perform rich men put half penance church knew well enough bodo drive plough day empty stomach hunting drinking feasting frankish nobles afford lose meal stern yet kind church bodo got holidays church made pious emperor decree sundays saints days servile works done charlemagne son repeated decree runs ordain according law god command father blessed memory edicts servile works shall done sundays neither shall men perform rustic labours tending vines ploughing fields reaping corn mowing hay setting hedges fencing woods cutting trees working quarries building houses shall work garden come law courts follow chase three lawful sunday wit carrying army carrying food carrying need body lord grave item women shall textile works cut clothes stitch together needle card wool beat hemp wash clothes public shear sheep may rest lord day let come together sides mass church praise god good things us day unfortunately however bodo ermentrude friends content go quietly church saints days quietly home used spend holidays dancing singing buffoonery country folk always done gloomier age merry refined place always chose dances churchyard unluckily songs sang danced ring old pagan songs forefathers left old mayday festivities forget ribald church disliked find church councils complaining peasants sometimes priests singing songs chorus dancing women holding dancings evil wanton songs lures devil bishops forbade songs dances vain every country europe right middle ages time reformation country folk continued sing dance churchyard two hundred years charlemagne death grew legend dancers kölbigk danced christmas eve churchyard spite warning priest got rooted spot year till archbishop cologne released men say rooted standing spot go dancing whole year released danced ground people used repeat little latin verse singing equitabat bovo per silvam frondosam ducebat sibi merswindem formosam quid stamus cur non imus leafy forest bovo went pretty merswind trotted beside standing still ca go away another later story still told priest worcestershire kept awake night people dancing churchyard singing song refrain pity get head next morning mass instead saying vobiscum pity dreadful scandal got chronicle sometimes bodo dance listened songs wandering minstrels priests approve minstrels certainly go hell singing profane secular songs great deeds heathen heroes frankish race instead christian hymns bodo loved bodo betters church councils sometimes even rebuke abbots abbesses listening songs worst great emperor good charlemagne loved always listen minstrel biographer einhard tells us wrote barbarous ancient songs acts kings wars sung committed memory least old sagas liked men write preserved cover latin manuscript monk scribbled spare time son louis pious different rejected national poems learnt youth read recited taught allow minstrels justice law courts forbade idle dances songs tales public places sundays also dragged father kingdom disgrace ruin minstrels repaid charlemagne kindness gave everlasting fame middle ages legend charlemagne grew shares king arthur honour hero greatest middle ages every different century clad anew dress sang new lays monkish chroniclers cells never charlemagne despised accursed minstrels gave perhaps desirable lasting place gave place legend every emperor rules realms gold keats spoke well kingdoms world realms gold charlemagne reigns king arthur peers joust knights round table bodo rate benefited charles love minstrels probable heard lifetime emperor first beginnings legends afterwards clung name charlemagne imagine churchyard listening fabulous stories charles iron march pavia gossiping old monk st gall afterwards wrote chronicle likely enough legends nearest bodo ever came seeing emperor even poor serfs never followed court camp proud charles great traveller like monarchs early middle ages spent time warring trekking round kingdom staying estates household literally eaten way passing another sometimes varied procedure paying visit estates bishops nobles entertained royally may day came visit bodo masters stopped big house way paris bodo saw plain charlemagne come riding along road jerkin otter skin plain blue cloak einhard tells us hated grand clothes ordinary days dressed like common people come three sons bodyguard five daughters einhard also told us care upbringing sons daughters never dined without home never travelled without sons rode along daughters followed rear guards chosen purpose watched end line march daughters travelled beautiful much beloved father therefore strange give marriage either among people foreign state death kept home saying forgo society luck bodo quaking knees might even behold portent new experience emperor elephant haroun el raschid great sultan nights sent charles accompanied progresses name arabic word means father intelligence died hero death expedition danes certain ever afterwards ermentrude quelled little gerbert naughty threat come long nose carry wido aged eight professed felt fear confronted elephant admitted pressed greatly preferred haroun el raschid present emperor friendly dog answered name footnote remarkable name suffered corruption chronicles busy time bodo great folk came everything cleaned arrival pastry cooks summoned great feast prepared though household serfs work probable help gossipy old monk st gall given us amusing pictures excitement charles suddenly paid visit subjects certain bishopric lay full charles path journeyed indeed hardly avoid bishop place always anxious give satisfaction put everything charles disposal emperor came quite unexpectedly bishop great anxiety fly hither thither like swallow palaces houses also courts squares swept cleaned tired irritated came meet pious charles noticed examining various details bishop kind host always everything splendidly cleaned arrival bishop divinely inspired bowed head grasped king right hand hiding irritation kissed right lord wherever come things thoroughly cleansed charles kings wisest understanding state affairs empty also fill added may estate lies close bishopric successors may end time journey came bishop lived place must needs pass now day sixth day week willing eat flesh beast bird bishop reason nature place unable procure fish sudden ordered excellent cheese rich creamy placed charles readiness showed everywhere occasions spared blushes bishop required better fare taking knife cut skin thought unsavoury fell white cheese thereupon bishop standing near like servant drew closer lord emperor throwing away best part charles deceived believe anyone deceive persuasion bishop put piece skin mouth slowly ate swallowed like butter approving advice bishop true good host added sure send every year aix two cartloads just cheeses bishop alarmed impossibility task fearful losing rank office rejoined lord procure cheeses tell quality another much fear lest fall censure charles whose penetration skill nothing escape however new strange might spoke bishop childhood known cheeses yet test two fasten together skewer find right quality keep cellar time send rest may keep family done two years king ordered present cheeses taken without remark third year bishop brought person laboriously collected cheeses just charles pitied labour anxiety added bishopric excellent estate whence successors might provide corn wine may feel sorry poor flustered bishop collecting two cartloads cheeses possible real sympathy go bodo probably pay extra rent cheeses satisfy emperor taste got excellent estate recompense visit emperor however rare event life talked years told grandchildren event happened annually certainly looked excitement bodo friends year king itinerant justices came round hold court see local counts justice two come bishop count perhaps stay night big house guests abbot next day go paris sit justice open square church district round great men small nobles freemen bring grievances demand redress bodo go anyone injured robbed make complaint judges canny go trusting justice alone charlemagne strict unless exceptionally honest pious averse taking bribes theodulf bishop orleans emperor left us entertaining latin poem describes attempts clergy laymen flocked court buy justice every according means brought present rich offered money precious stones fine materials eastern carpets arms horses antique vases gold silver chiselled representations labours hercules poor brought skins cordova leather tanned untanned excellent pieces cloth linen poor ermentrude must worked hard month justices came boxes wax cries shocked bishop theodulf hope break wall soul thought shake shaken judges indeed picture true royal justices must followed regular caravan carts horses carry presents even theodulf admit order hurt people feelings obliged accept certain unconsidered trifles shape eggs bread wine chickens little birds bodies says smacking lips small good eat seems detect anxious face bodo behind eggs little birds another treat bodo happened year regularly ninth october began great fair st denys went whole month outside gates paris week fair little booths sheds sprang open fronts merchants display wares abbey st denys right take toll merchants came sell saw fair well enclosed fences came gates paid money wily merchants sometimes known burrow fences climb avoid toll streets paris crowded merchants bringing goods packed carts horses oxen opening day regular trade paris stopped month every parisian shopkeeper booth somewhere fair exchanging corn wine honey district rarer goods foreign parts bodo abbey probably stall fair sold pieces cloth woven serfs women quarter cheeses salted meat prepared estates wine paid rent bodo bodo certainly take holiday go fair fact steward probably great difficulty keeping men work month charlemagne give special order stewards careful men properly work lawful exact waste time running markets fairs bodo ermentrude three children attired best consider waste time go fair even twice three times pretended wanted buy salt salt winter meat vermilion dye colour frock baby really wanted wander along little rows booths look strange things assembled merchants came st denys sell rich goods distant east bodo betters wealthy frankish nobles bargained purple silken robes orange borders stamped leather jerkins peacock feathers scarlet plumage flamingos called skins scents pearls spices almonds raisins monkeys wives play sometimes merchants venetians often syrians crafty jews bodo fellows laughed loudly story jewish merchant tricked certain bishop craved latest novelties stuffing mouse spices offering sale saying brought precious animal judea refusing take less whole measure silver exchange luxuries merchants took away frisian cloth greatly esteemed corn hunting dogs sometimes piece fine goldsmith work made monastic workshop bodo hear hundred dialects tongues men saxony frisia spain provence rouen lombardy perhaps englishman two jostled little streets time time came also irish scholar manuscript sell strange sweet songs ireland lips hedge trees surrounds blackbird lay sings lined booklet thrilling birds chant grey mantle top bushes cuckoo sings verily may lord shield write greenwood always jugglers tumblers men performing bears minstrels wheedle bodo pence pocket tired happy family trundled home cart bed dull kitchen quite finished emperor peerage really worth spend moments bodo little manse history largely made bodos chapter iii venetian traveller thirteenth century et por ce veul ie que un et autre sachent tos iors mais les euvres des veneciens et qui il furent et dont il vindrent et qui il sont et comment il firent la noble cite que apele venise qui est orendroit la plus bele dou siecle la place de monseignor saint marc est orendroit la plus bele place qui soit en tot li monde que de vers li soleil levant est la plus bele yglise qui soit el monde de monseignor saint marc et de les cele yglise est li paleis de monseignor li dus grant biaus mervoilles martino da canale kinsai hangchow greatest city whole world great indeed scarcely venture tell met venice people plenty anyone desire tell vastness great marvels city good quire paper hold matter trow greatest noblest city finest merchandise whole world containeth odoric pordenone let us go back mind go back body year year makes great stir history books serve us well days venice lay lagoons city cassiodurus long ago saw like nest afloat shallow waves city like ship moored land home seas proudest city western world consider position lying head adriatic east west great sea thoroughfare medieval commerce mediterranean seaport yet set far north almost heart europe venice gathered harbour trade routes overland overseas travel ships sail merchants bringing silk spices camphor ivory pearls scents carpets levant hot lands beyond came port venice whether came way egypt sailing low banks nile jolting camels alexandria whether came rich pleasant land persia syrian desert antioch tyre whether slowly pushed way long thin caravan across highlands central asia south caspian sea trebizond sailed black sea dardanelles venice natural focus constantinople might rivalled constantinople conquered venice therefore drawn magnet came spoils east venice went horse across alps brenner st gothard passes germany france galleys way straits gibraltar england flanders galleys came back venice laden metals germany furs scandinavia fine wools england cloth flanders wine france footnote vobis aquatilium avium domus est geography gave venice unrivalled site venetians rest early years history defied constantinople east pope holy roman emperor west sometimes turning sometimes stubbornly bent independence replying invited become subjects help protector saved us dwell waters venice raised lagoons mighty habitation power emperor prince touch us apt threatened retire islands derisively fire cannon balls bread mainland force sought starve always conscious future lay waters east whose colour crept civilization warmed blood eastern western venetians hot hearts loving conquering icy heads scheming ruling bit bit secured ring mainland behind keeping bay saracen slav sea rovers whose ships terror mediterranean descended pirates dalmatia harassed trading vessels took dalmatian coast doge venice became duke dalmatia says chronicles adriatic sea duchy venice called venice now first instituted magnificent symbolical ceremony wedding sea proud words te mare signum veri perpetuique domini maiden city bright free guile seduced force violate took mate must espouse everlasting sea truly seemed though sea sworn honour obey came crusades europe forgot differences threw paynim held holy places faith men lands marched behind banner cross towers jerusalem real tower babel now last venice saw dream within hand venice provided galleys venice provided convoys commissariat soldiers good round sum time came division spoil venice demanded every captured town palestine syria church right trade without tolls great chance came fourth crusade old blind doge enrico dandolo whose blindness nelson touch pretext crusaders pay transport fees agreed turned whole crusade use venice conquered first zara dared revolt ancient rival immortal byzantium true pope excommunicated venetians first turned armies zara matter looted constantinople brought back four great gilded horses st mark st mark compared robbers cave crowded booty levant held sacred body saint stolen alexandria venetians nearly four centuries concealed tub pickled pork order elude moslems venetian patriarch now mass st sophia venice received proud title half quarter roman empire partis et dimidiæ totius imperii romaniæ words ring trumpets doge buskined scarlet like ancient roman emperors now ruled supreme four seas adriatic aegean sea marmora black sea venetian factories studded levantine coasts tripoli tyre salonica adrianople constantinople trebizond black sea even caffa far crimea whence ran mysterious road russia crete rhodes cyprus galleys swept pirates seas brooked rivals trade east must pass venice venice trading cities italy struggled genoa came near rivalling utterly defeated genoese fleet city without fish mountains without woods men without faith women without shame bit horses st mark venice seemed supreme byzantium washpot levant cast shoe truly chronicler might write dalmatia albania rumania greece trebizond syria armenia egypt cyprus candia apulia sicily countries kingdoms islands fruitful gardens proud castles people found pleasure profit security venetians went sea across sea places wheresoever water runs bought merchandise brought venice every side came venice germans bavarians french lombards tuscans hungarians every people lives merchandise took countries small wonder later traveller observed venetians proud great rule son born venetian wont say among signor born world true say venice proudest city earth noble cite que apele venise qui est orendroit la plus bele dou life fair splendid thing merchant princes held gorgeous east fee year grace year traders great stone lapped waters canals checking book hand sacks cloves mace nutmegs cinnamon ginger indies ebony chessmen indo china ambergris madagascar musk tibet year dealers jewels setting prices diamonds golconda rubies lapis lazuli badakhshan pearls fisheries ceylon silk merchants stacking bales silk muslin brocade bagdad yezd malabar china year young gallants rialto scented gallants like shakespeare antonio ship venturing port somewhere levant rubbed elbows men nations heard travellers tales lands dawn slipped along canals gondolas black days painted hung silk saluting morning songs ladies venice centuries later titian loved paint went trailing marble steps palaces brocades persia backs perfumes arabia sweeten little hands year martino da canale clerk customs house began busy like chaucer less accounts writing delectable french language ce que lengue franceise cort parmi le monde et est la plus delitable lire et oir que nule autre chronicle venice water watery canale chronicle like ariel dirge indeed intenseness feeling seems resolve elements contemplates nothing indeed surge thunder odyssey lovely words sparkle like sun waters mediterranean like refrain singing narrative phrase recurs tens estoit clers et biaus et lors quant il furent en mer li mariniers drecerent les voiles au vent et lesserent core ploine voiles les mes parmi la mer la force dou vent much history venice enacted deck passing proud chronicle canale well knew citizen mean city says every know ever works venetians whence came made noble city called venice day fairest world now living come know noble city builded good things abound sire venetians noble doge powerful nobility found therein prowess venetian people perfect faith jesu christ obedient holy church never disobey commandment holy church within noble venice dares dwell neither heretic usurer murderer thief robber tell names doges venice honour holy church noble city tell names noble captains noble doges sent time lay low enemies concerning victories won know fitting year incarnation lord jesu christ mcclxvii years time milord renier zeno high doge venice laboured strove found ancient history venetians whence came first builded noble city called venice today fairest pleasantest world full beauty good things merchandise flows noble city even water flows fountains salt water runs round places save houses streets citizens go abroad return houses land water parts come merchandise merchants buy merchandise take back countries within town found food great plenty bread wine land fowl river fowl fresh meat salt sea fish river fish may find within fair town many men gentle birth old men young plenty merchants buy sell money changers citizens crafts therewith mariners sorts ships carry lands galleys lay low enemies fair town also great plenty ladies damsels maidens richly apparelled happened new doge year year lorenzo tiepolo name great procession gilds took place palace piazza st mark welcome accession martino da canale watching wrote chronicle first came navy sailing past harbour fifty galleys ships crews cheering shouting deck came gilds foot first master smiths garlands heads banners trumpets furriers apparelled samite scarlet silk mantles ermine vair weavers richly bedight ten master tailors white crimson stars master clothworkers passed carrying boughs olive wearing crowns olive heads fustian makers furred robes weaving quilt makers garlands gilt beads white cloaks sewn marching two two little children singing came makers cloth gold cloth gold servants cloth gold purple followed mercers silk butchers scarlet fish sellers robed furred garlanded master barbers two riders attired four captive damsels strangely garbed came scarlet furred vair hoods rich garlands pearls carrying flasks goblets famous venetian glass comb lantern makers lantern full birds let loose doge presence goldsmiths wearing wreaths necklaces gold silver beads sapphires emeralds diamonds topazes jacinths amethysts rubies jasper carbuncles master servants alike sumptuously clad almost wore gold fringes hoods garlands gilded beads craft accompanied band divers instruments bore silver cups flagons wine marched fair order singing ballads songs greeting saluted doge dogaressa turn crying live lord noble doge lorenzo tiepolo gild gild marched splendour lovely alike ear eye week fled rejoicings ended passed procession canale surpasses loved state ceremonies gives paragraph advance gild salutation withdrawal cumulative effect paragraphs enchanting like prose ballade repeated refrain end every verse lived venice merchants kings st mark doges used wed sea rings listening magnificent salutation doge priests st mark vince criste regne criste inpere notre signor laurens teuples des gracie inclit dus de venise dalmace atque groace et dominator de la quarte partie et demi de tot de romanie sauvement honor vie et victoire saint marc tu le aie hearing doubted venice defier rome conqueror constantinople finest richest beautiful powerful city world listen judge thousands miles away venice across lands seas asia little south yangtze river close sea stood city kinsai hangchow capital sung emperors ruled southern china yet conquered tartars like venice kinsai stood lagoons water intersected innumerable canals hundred miles circuit counting suburbs stretched round span ground well peopled twelve great gates twelve quarters lay within gates greater whole venice main street two hundred feet wide ran end end city broken every four miles great square lined houses gardens palaces shops artisans ruled twelve great craft gilds parallel main street chief canal beside stood stone warehouses merchants traded india twelve thousand stone bridges spanned waterways principal canals high enough allow ships tapering masts pass carts horses passed overhead men chaffered game peaches wine made rice spices lower part surrounding houses shops spices drugs silk pearls every sort manufactured article sold streets kinsai moved lords merchants clad silk beautiful ladies world swayed languidly past embroidered litters jade pins black hair jewelled earrings swinging smooth cheeks side city lay beautiful lake famous chinese history still fairest prospects earth studded wooded islands stood pavilions charming names prospect chambers house eight genii delight like venetians men kinsai came pleasure parties barges nobly hung furnished cabins painted flowers mountain landscapes looking saw side whole expanse city palaces temples convents gardens stretch clear water crowded coloured pleasure boats came echoing high clear voices tinkling instruments revellers space tell king palace gardens orchards painted pavilions groves palace ladies coursed game dogs tired pastime flung robes ran lake disported like shoal silver fishes word must junks came sailing harbour four twenty miles away river city great concourse ships came zaiton perhaps modern amoy port province every year came hundred times pepper came whole christendom levantine ports indo china indies came spices aloes sandalwood nutmegs spikenard ebony riches beyond mention big junks laded things together musk tibet bales silk cities mansi sailed away east india archipelago breezes billowing sails ceylon merchants malabar great trading cities southern india took aboard cargoes sold turn arab merchants turn sold venetians levantine ports europeans saw zaiton chinese seaports years wont say even venetian picture multitude trading vessels sailed eastern seas crowded chinese harbours also accord kinsai without doubt finest richest noblest city world men kinsai venice little suburb levant backyard whole east trading field wealth civilization already old venice handful mud huts peopled fishermen footnote mansi manji southern china cathay northern china boundary lying along river east southern boundary shensi west kinsai alone unmatched wonder beauty three days journey stood sugui today call suchow lying also great canal circumference twenty miles prodigious multitudes swarming streets physicians philosophers magicians sugui ginger common forty pounds might bought price venetian silver groat silk manufactured vast quantities citizens dressed still ships laden sailed away sugui whose jurisdiction sixteen wealthy cities trade arts flourished seen hangchow city world venice constantinople another worthy named breath sugui chinese indeed seeing riches beauty two cities doubted whether even pleasant courts heaven show equal proudly quoted proverb yeu hia yeu su paradise true hang su kinsai seems far enough away conscience venice year venice unwitting existence far beyond sunrise yet city lagoons year watching procession gilds canale watched boy destined link ever minds men lean lad fourteen marco polo name always kicking heels quay bothering foreign sailors tales distant lands heard tell willingly storing active brain curiosity insatiable always tales heard willingly tartars time tartars height power west east tartars ruled peking northern china corea mongolia manchuria tibet took tribute java tartars spread central asia holding sway turkestan afghanistan golden horde ruled caucasus large part russia piece siberia tartars held sway persia georgia armenia part asia minor great mangu khan died empire lay spread across asia europe yellow river danube nothing like world nothing like russian empire modern times beginning split four kingdoms china central asia russia persia still people now attitude west tartars time interesting first feared new scourge god like attila huns overran poland ravaged hungary seemed break like great flood west overwhelm utterly tide rolled back gradually west lost first stupefaction terror began look hopefully towards tartars possible ally foe moslem christians west knew tartars laid moslem power low length breadth asia knew tartars sharply defined faith curious beliefs came way gradually west became convinced tartars might converted christianity fight side side beneath cross hated crescent grew strange legend prester john christian ruling somewhere heart asia indeed little groups nestorian christians still survive eastern asia time embassies began pass tartar khans western monarchs began also great series missions franciscan friars tartary men ethnologists geographers heart well missionaries left us priceless accounts lands visited year grace much known central asia pope sent italian friar john plano carpini thither another friar william rubruck french fleming sent saintly louis king france got far karakorum tartar camp borders northern china though enter china brought back innumerable stories nomad conquerors carried tents carts drank fermented mares milk greatness khan welcome strangers west interest listened preaching tales common property now marco polo must listened marco polo always talking tartars always asking indeed reason interested year grace eight years indeed say fifteen years father nicolo polo uncle maffeo vanished tartary rich merchants trading ship constantinople decided go commercial venture lands golden horde lay north black sea sailed crimea soldaia taking store costly jewels jewel merchants set horseback visit khan west tartars much venetians knew word come back soldaia venture never returned marco kicking heels quay caught sleeve asked wild horsemen mares milk magicians droves cattle asked wondered father uncle whether dead lost ever wilds tartary even asked wondered kicked heels quay doge tiepolo watching procession gilds clerk canale adding customs dues writing ancient history venetians moment two polos slowly wearily making way across heights central asia caravan mules camels drawing near golden samarcand teeming bazaars coming nearer nearer west following year reached acre took ship venice last came home strange story tell stranger better anything lean inquisitive boy heard quays soon disposed jewels spent year camp khan golden horde kipchak mighty river volga war broke ruler khan ruled persian khanate cut way back marco curiosity inherited venetian ever averse seeing strange lands seeking new opportunities trade polos decided go visit khan central asia chagatai perhaps make way back constantinople unfrequented route struggled plains peopled tartars herds last reached noble city bokhara must followed line oxus river reverse marvellous description matthew arnold wrote river course shall picture polos journey majestic river floated mist hum low land frosty starlight moved rejoicing hush chorasmian waste solitary moon flow right polar star past orgunjè brimming bright large sands begin hem watery march dam streams split currents many league shorn parcell oxus strains along beds sand matted rushy forgetting bright speed high mountain cradle pamere foil circuitous wanderer till last dash waves heard wide luminous home waters opens bright tranquil whose floor stars emerge shine aral sea three years polos remained bokhara day happened embassy came city way back khan persia great khan kublai ruled china tartar rulers owed allegiance chief ambassador struck talents charm brothers now become proficient tartar language persuaded accompany journey presence great khan never yet set eyes man west assured receive honourably venetians refused opportunity taking venetian servants journeyed year tartar embassy across heart asia reached great kublai khan many years later marco described reception told introduced presence grand khan kublai travellers received condescension affability belonged character first latins made appearance country entertained feasts honoured marks distinction entering graciously conversations made earnest inquiries subject western parts world emperor romans christian kings princes questioned particularly respecting pope affairs church religious worship doctrine christians well instructed discreet men gave appropriate answers points perfectly acquainted tartar language expressed always becoming terms insomuch grand khan holding high estimation frequently commanded attendance illustration iii part landscape chao great khan finally decided send two intelligent strangers back land mission pope asking hundred men learning sent teach preach tartars holy oil lamp burned christ sepulchre jerusalem provided golden tablet honour acted passport secured entertained journey facilitated city city dominions set forth homeward journey delayed dangers difficulties travel extreme cold snow ice flooding rivers three years last reached acre april finding pope died year election yet made immediately accomplish mission decided visit home went back venice nicolo found wife child departure dead leaving behind son marco young haunter quays illustration iv madame eglentyne home marvellous tale marco drank lips father uncle marvels come two years venetians remained home awaiting election pope order deliver great khan letters election made last fearing kublai might suspect playing false decided return east time took marco now lad sixteen seventeen years bright eye looked everywhere took everything observant sober beyond age got far ayas gulf scanderoon news brought election tebaldo di piacenza pope gregory tebaldo already interested mission returned speed acre obtained letters khan already visited jerusalem provided holy oil two dominican friars letters science well profound theologians though hundred men learning khan asked set acre november dominicans may profound theologians somewhat adventurers rumours reached wars district armenia pass hastily handed letters venetians put protection knights templars scuttled back coast safety fast go leaving polos perils difficulties long inured proceed alone assuredly st francis crows st dominic somewhere courts heaven friars never feared skins travelled blithely heat india cold central asia easy imagine comments fat william rubruck flight profound theologians account second journey polos may read wonderful book marco afterwards wrote describe wonders world went lajazzo turcomania past mount ararat marco heard tell noah ark rested first heard also oil wells baku great inland sea caspian past mosul bagdad went persia brocades woven merchants bring caravan caravan treasures hormuz persian gulf port put ships india laden spices drugs scented woods jewels gold tissues elephants teeth meant take ship desisted perhaps feared trust flimsy nailless vessels arabs braved dangers indian ocean turned north prepared make journey land traversed salt desert kerman balk khorassan badakhshan horses bred alexander great steed bucephalus ruby mines lapis lazuli land beautiful mountains wide plains trout streams good hunting brothers sojourned nearly year young marco fallen ill hot plains breath mountain air blows page describes amid clean winds health came back well went ascended upper oxus highlands pamir roof world called time land icy cold marco saw described great horned sheep hunters naturalists still call land traveller save benedict goës described lieutenant john wood indian navy went thence descended kashgar yarkand khotan jade found regions visited khotan pushed vicinity lake lob never reached russian explorer got halted load asses camels provisions sinking hearts began terrible thirty days journey across gobi desert marco gives vivid description terrors voices seem call traveller name march phantom cavalcades lures road night spirits fill air sounds music drums gongs clash arms illusions human beings heard seen feared every desert every age might thousand fantasies begin throng memory calling shapes beckoning shadows dire airy tongues syllable men names sands shores desert wildernesses last arrived safely tangut extreme china skirting frontier across great steppes mongolia greeted khan people sent forward meet distance forty days journey last reached presence may journeyed three years half great khan received polos kindly listened attentively account gave mission commended zeal fidelity received holy oil pope gifts reverence observed boy marco now gallant personable enough doubt inquired nicolo made answer servant son khan replied welcome much pleases enrolled marco among attendants beginning long close association kublai khan soon found marco polo discreet intelligent began employ various missions moreover marco part found great khan always desirous learning manners customs many tribes ruled kublai full noble curiosity beginning wisdom irked exceedingly envoys good conscientious men followed noses business looking neither right left like never even noticed among aboriginal hill tribes interior called miaotzu prevailed peculiar entertaining custom wherein chinese go bed lie ladies stead prince consequence says marco better fools dolts say far liever hearken strange things manners different countries seen merely told business went different habit venetian lad lent ear readily swarthy sailors rialto quickly picked several languages current great khan empire account proceedings mission foreign parts perceiving great khan took pleasure hearing accounts whatever new respecting customs manners people peculiar circumstances distant countries endeavoured wherever went obtain correct information subjects made notes saw heard order gratify curiosity master short seventeen years continued service rendered useful employed confidential missions every part empire dependencies sometimes also travelled private account always consent sanctioned authority grand khan circumstances marco polo opportunity acquiring knowledge either observation collected others many things time unknown respecting eastern parts world diligently regularly committed writing means obtained much honour provoked jealousy officers court small wonder first lad came back reports great khan courtiers marvelled exclaimed young man live assuredly person great worth ability various public missions marco polo journeyed provinces shansi shensi szechuen skirted edge tibet yunnan entered northern burma lands unknown west three years governor great city yangchow towns jurisdiction full traders makers arms military accoutrements visited karakorum mongolia old tartar capital uncle maffeo spent three years tangut another occasion went mission cochin china sea southern states india left vivid picture great trading cities malabar might indeed pondered ulysses become name always roaming hungry heart much seen known cities men manners climates countries governments least honoured describes great capital cambaluc peking north beautiful kinsai hangchow south describes khan summer palace shandu woods gardens marble palace bamboo pavilion swung like tent two hundred silken cords stud white mares magicians indeed description summer palace better known englishmen part work shandu xanadu coleridge saw dream reading marco book wove wonderful verse xanadu kubla khan stately pleasure dome decree alph sacred river ran past caverns measureless man sunless sea gardens bright sinuous rills blossomed many incense bearing tree forests ancient hills enfolding sunny spots greenery palaces marco polo describes tells great canal inland river trade china exports imports harbours paper money system posts caravanserais linked together gives unsurpassed picture huge rich peaceful empire full wealth commerce learned men beautiful things ruler kublai khan noblest monarchs ever sat throne since sea salts rivers flow far barbarous mongol khan truth chinese emperor whose house called chinese dynasty takes place among great dynasties china even marco polo tells us must indeed seen impersonality greater part book blemish fain know lived china evidence consorted mongol conquerors rather chinese chinese languages learned makes mention several characteristic chinese customs compressed feet women fishing cormorants described ordoric pordenone travelled tea districts never mentions word say even great wall typical european ways keen interest new strange things says peaceful merchants scholars suchow pusillanimous race solely occupied trade manufactures indeed display considerable ability enterprising manly warlike ingenious prodigious number might subdue whole province carry rule still nearly five hundred years later find judgement expressed different words fifty years europe cycle cathay answer question rather pusillanimous chinese painted landscape roll portion reproduced opposite page enterprising manly warlike european period whose highest achievement pictorial art picture marco polo embarkation reproduced opposite page civilization progress yet marco polo shows throughout book far unable appreciate standards land religion buddha says christian great saint lord jesus christ honour kublai great khan deserved nevertheless although marco polo shows less knowledge chinese might expect extraordinary detail fidelity observation directions must known many charming cultivated people kinsai cambaluc city governed among others must known great artist painted roll mentioned chao chinese called ksüeh tao pine trees snow lineal descendant founder sung dynasty hereditary official dynasty last fell tartars friend hsüan man jade pool roaring torrent retired private life chao summoned court kublai khan indignation friend returned became secretary board war occupying time post must marco polo thought painting marvellous pictures became great favourite khan always court marco polo must known well perhaps watched work painting matchless landscapes pictures horses men famous marco loved horses indeed loved kinds sport plenty khan great hunter hawker left word picture white brood mares shansi may set beside chao brush picture horses park kublai khan knew perhaps chao wife lady kuan painted exquisitely graceful bamboo peony loved chinese artists related watch moving shadows sprays thrown moon paper windows transfer fugitive outlines paper strokes supple brush every smallest scrap work mounted albums models others copy chao lady kuan son chao yung special interest us painted picture tangut hunter marco polo also given description tartar horsemen province tangut saw described musk deer yak must return history polos china time time marco book hear also father uncle travelling empire growing rich trade amassing store jewels value skilled even helping khan reduce rebel town constructing siege engines european model handy venetians lay hands anything without doubt proud marco inquisitive lad grown wise observant man risen high position seventeen years three polos abode khan service china long months slipped last began feel longing see venice lagoons hear mass beneath majestic roof st mark died moreover kublai khan growing old favour always shown excited jealousy among people feared might happen died old khan adamant prayers wealth honours asking let go might indeed died china west might never heard marco polo kublai khan mere accident stroke fate gave chance arghun khan persia lost death favourite wife bolgana according dying wish sent ambassadors court peking ask another bride mongol tribe overland route home endangered war therefore proposed return sea just moment marco polo happened return voyage sent spoke assurance ease accomplished three ambassadors conceived strong desire take three ingenious venetians seemed know much ships great khan prevailed reluctantly let go early set sail busy port zaiton fourteen big chinese junks marco writing shipping indian china seas left excellent description three envoys princess beautiful girl seventeen bèle dame avenant says marco eye pretty ladies large suite attendants version marco book says took also daughter king mansi sung princesses happier days wandered beside lake hangchow doubt brought cambaluc care kublai khan favourite queen lady jamui voyage long difficult suffered lengthy delays sumatra ceylon southern india occupied marco studying sea charts coast india arab pilots showed adding knowledge parts already visited two years junks reached persia two three envoys large number suite died way last landed found arghun prospective bridegroom meanwhile died leaving throne charge regent young son regent advice convenient solution difficulty found handing princess prince marco uncles duly conducted province timochain marco polo noticed women opinion beautiful world stood famed solitary men still told tales great alexander darius took leave princess come long voyage love like fathers marco says wept sorely parted still persia stayed nine months handing princess polos received news death great khan served faithfully many years died ripe age eighty death shadow fell central asia darkening shining yellow roofs cambaluc barren plains sericana chineses drive sails wind cany waggons light minarets persia tents wild kipchak tartars galloping russian steppes wide sway kublai khan shadow fell also heart marco polo though door clanged behind never open course journey says travellers received intelligence great khan departed life entirely put end prospects revisiting regions elders went way tabriz trebizond constantinople venice sailed city lagoons long last end strange legend come us return polos got thither says ramusio edited marco book fifteenth century fate befell befell ulysses returned twenty years wanderings native ithaca recognized nobody clad uncouth tartar garb three polos knocked doors ca polo recognized greatest difficulty persuading relatives indeed polos believed dead many years story goes satisfactorily established identity inviting kinsmen great banquet course put garment magnificent last finally bringing coarse tartar coats ripped open seams lining thereof poured forth great quantity precious stones rubies sapphires carbuncles diamonds emeralds sewn coat great care nobody suspected anything exhibition extraordinary infinite treasure jewels precious stones covered table filled present astonishment dumb almost beside surprise recognized honoured venerated gentlemen ca polo first doubted received greatest honour reverence human nature changed little since thirteenth century precious stones legend doubt polos brought many jewel merchants trade ample opportunities business china great khan loaded handsome jewels great value boot jewels convenient form brought home wealth inquiring marco brought things also tickle curiosity venetians lets fall time time book brought example specimens silky hair tangut yak countrymen much admired dried head feet musk deer seeds dye plant probably indigo sumatra sowed venice never came climate sufficiently warm brought presents also doge inventory made things found palace marino faliero includes among others ring given kublai khan tartar collar sword indian brocade book hand aforesaid marco called locis mirabilibus rest marco polo life quickly told legend goes youth venice used resort ca polo order hear stories even among foreign sailors quays boy marco wandered asked tartars stories like heard always talking greatness kublai khan dominions millions revenue millions junks millions riders millions towns cities gave nickname jestingly called marco interpreted marco name even crept public documents republic courtyard house became known return legend history ancient rivalry venice genoa growing marco polo absence venice always prevailed often galleys sailed dipping deep famagusta hidden sun rings black cyprus lake fire questing brown slaves syrian oranges pirate genoese hell raked till rolled blood water fruit corpses hold last three years marco return genoese fleet lamba doria sailed adriatic bate pride venice sea venetians fitted great fleet meet marco polo handy man knew much navigation albeit skilled chinese junks western ships went gentleman commander galley result encounter shattering victory genoese curzola venetian galleys burnt seven thousand prisoners haled genoa among marco polo now taste results enterprise manliness warfare whose absence deprecated men suchow soon began run streets courtyards genoa rumour prison lay certain venetian captain tales wonderful beguile passing hours none tire hearing anon gallants sages bold ladies genoa flocking just men rialto flocked hear stories kublai khan lord fruits tartary rivers lord hills tartary glen thicket wood dale flashing stars scented breeze trembling lakes like foamless seas every purple vale marco runs ramusio account tradition lingered venice day position witnessing general eagerness hear cathay great khan indeed compelled daily repeat story till weary advised put matter writing found means get letter written father venice desired latter send notes memoranda brought home happened prison marco polo lay certain pisan writer romances rusticiano name probably taken prisoner battle melaria many pisan captives carried genoa saying arose see pisa let go genoa rusticiano skilled writing french language romances written versions round table tales marco polo found ready scribe took stories told midst crowd venetian prisoners genoese gentlemen raptly drinking wonders kublai khan just instinct written rusticiano prefixed tale address lords gentlemen world bidding take heed listen wont set beginning tales tristan lancelot king arthur lords emperors kings dukes marquises counts knights burgesses ye men desire know divers races men diversities different regions world take ye book cause read shall ye find greatest marvels adds polo wise learned citizen venice states distinctly things saw things heard others book truthful marco polo truthful marvels wonderful even exploits arthur knights possibly better suited respectable rusticiano pen claim distinction eyes posterity seems abridgment romance lancelot entirely omits episode episode called loves lancelot guinevere remarks french editor copy lancelot fell hands poor francesca rimini expurgated rusticiano marco polo released prison must mourning palaces genoa returned venice end year sometimes hereafter name occurs records venice moves lawful occasions find marchus polo milioni standing surety wine smuggler suing dishonest agent owes money sale musk marco seen musk deer lair concerned dispute party wall know wife named donata three daughters fantina bellela moreta loved alien skies youth spent languid exquisite lady china hardy tartar maid profited strange marriage customs tibet remarks rare gleams humour cele contree aurent bien aler les jeume de seize anz en vingt quatre fantina bellela moreta flying gerfalcons quails shores lake khan hunted telling tales half legendary father sailed away ever boys days kublai khan things know ever guess whether regretted daughters sprang loins city lagoons venetian son go venturing country assuredly left good half heart perhaps talked sometimes peter tartar servant freed death bondage completely pray god release mine soul sin guilt thought brought peter tartar east thought pleasant likely bought italy venetians inveterate captive tartars held slaves strongest best life passed marco polo died honoured much making still preserved library st mark characteristic story related dominican friar jacopo acqui wrote time later told book says jacopo much really seen tongues detractors ready impose lies others hasty set lies perversity disbelieve understand many great strange things book reckoned past credence asked friends correct book removing everything went beyond facts reply told really seen well see last indignant flash dying observer long years youth taken notes strange tribes customs wise gracious kublai khan little men now dared doubt indeed modern discovery entirely confirmed exactitude marco polo observation true sometimes repeated tall stories told men andaman islands female islands beloved medieval geographers sailors yarns marco polo reports seen eyes reports complete accuracy ever pretend seen place visited explorers day aurel stein ellsworth huntington sven hedin travelling central asia triumphantly vindicated says eminent french historian though originals old photographs suddenly rediscovered old descriptions things unchanged perfectly superimposed present reality huntington aurel stein took inaccessible districts central asia book chinese pilgrim hiwen thsang seventh century book marco polo found accurate descriptions indeed almost impossible exaggerate extent marco polo accomplishment best estimated words sir henry yule whose edition book great works english scholarship first traveller trace route across whole longitude asia naming describing kingdom kingdom seen eyes desert persia flowering plateaux wild gorges badakhshan rivers khotan mongol steppes cradle power lately threatened swallow christendom new brilliant court established cambaluc first travellers reveal china wealth vastness mighty rivers huge cities rich manufactures swarming population inconceivably vast fleets quickened seas inland waters tell us nations borders eccentricities manners worship tibet sordid devotees burma golden pagodas tinkling crowns laos siam cochin china japan eastern thule rosy pearls palaces first speak museum beauty wonder still imperfectly ransacked indian archipelago source aromatics highly prized whose origin dark java pearl islands sumatra many kings strange costly products cannibal races naked savages nicobar andaman ceylon isle gems sacred mountain tomb adam india great dreamland alexandrian fables country seen partially explored virtuous brahmans obscene ascetics diamonds strange tales acquisition pearl powerful sun first modern times give distinct account secluded christian empire abyssinia speak though indeed dimly zanzibar negroes ivory vast distant madagascar bordering dark ocean south ruc monstrosities remotely opposite region siberia arctic ocean white bears tunguses knowledge marco polo brought europe intercourse east west experience shown desirable continued grow merchants missionaries alike travelled land sea eastward cathay another indomitable franciscan friars john monte corvino went age fifty became archbishop peking churches houses friars founded chinese cities odoric pordenone another friar good observer set forth sailed round india spice islands sea route polos brought tartar princess back persia reached canton city big three venices italy amount craft city left wonderful account travels china including descriptions peking hangchow ends stories words day day prepare return countries content die pleaseth good things come doubt left heart died udine italy later went another friar john marignolli papal legate peking missionaries went cathay odoric speaking wonders hangchow refers confirmation venetian traders visited tis greatest city whole world great indeed scarcely venture tell met venice people plenty john monte corvino accompanied master peter lucolongo great merchant john marignolli mentions use christian merchants attached franciscan convents zaiton francis balducci pegolotti intrepid factor served great commercial house bardi florence wrote priceless handbook use merchants gives detailed instructions guidance merchant wishes proceed tana black sea overland route across asia cathay back worth silk caravan remarks casually passing road travel tana cathay perfectly safe whether day night according merchants say used chanmino dandare dana tana al ghattajo think means marco polo travelling man set foot till twentieth century bells christian church ringing sweetly ears great khan peking long road across central asia perfectly safe merchants persons venice walked streets hangchow late thirteenth early fourteenth centuries despised hidebound middle ages takes gilt columbus vasco da gama age forsooth change came everything middle fourteenth century darkness fell swallowed peking hangchow great ports crowding junks noble civilization longer great trade route longer christian friars chant masses zaiton tartar dynasty fell new rulers china reverted old policy moreover islam spread conquests central asia lay like rampart far east west great wall intolerance hatred stronger far great wall stone chinese built keep tartars marco polo marvels became legend traveller tale great adventurer done yet nearly century half marco death genoese sea captain sat poring new printed books men beginning buy hand among book reading latin version marco polo travels reading intentness indeed passion read made notes margin seventy pages made notes time time frowned turned back read tale great ports cathay palaces cipangu always wondered lands might reached now wall darkness covered central asia anarchy blocked road persian gulf day may see lifted head smote hand table sail west shall find lost island antilha western ocean maybe far rim shall indeed come cipangu world round somewhere great seas beyond coast europe must lie marco polo rich cathay beseech kings england spain ship ship company silk spices wealth shall sail west genoese sea captain smote thigh sail west west west last messer marco marvels discovered china thirteenth century alive fifteenth dead discovered america chapter iv chaucer prioress real life ther also nonne prioresse smyling ful simple coy hir grettest ooth ne sëynt loy cleped madame eglentyne ful wel song service divyne entuned hir nose ful semely frensh spak ful faire fetisly scole stratford atte bowe frensh paris hir unknowe mete wel leet morsel hir lippes falle ne wette hir fingres hir sauce depe wel coude carie morsel wel kepe drope ne fille hir brest curteisye set ful muche hir lest hir lippe wyped clene hir coppe ferthing sene grece whan dronken haddie hir draughte ful semely hir mete raughte sikerly greet disport ful plesaunt amiable port peyned hir countrefete chere court estatlich manere holden digne reverence speken hir conscience charitable pitous wolde wepe sawe mous caught trap deed bledde smale houndes fedde rosted flesh milk sore weep oon hem deed men smoot yerde smerte al conscience tendre herte ful semely hir wimpel pinched hir nose tretys eyen greye glas hir mouth ful smal softe reed sikerly hadde fair foreheed almost spanne brood trowe hardily nat undergrowe ful fetis hir cloke war smal coral aboute hir arm bar peire bedes gauded al grene heng broche gold ful shene ther first write crowned vincit omnia geoffrey chaucer every knows chaucer description prioress madame eglentyne rode motley talkative company way canterbury portrait gallery given rise diverse comment among critics interprets cutting attack worldliness church another thinks chaucer meant draw charming sympathetic picture womanly gentleness says caricature another ideal american professor even finds psychological study thwarted maternal instinct apparently madame eglentyne fond little dogs told story schoolboy mere historian may excused following vagaries chaucer prioress like chaucer monk chaucer friar simply instance almost photographic accuracy poet observation rippling undercurrent satire always chaucer peculiar satire mellow amused uncondemning subtle kind satire depend exaggeration literary critic chaucer words heart sometimes low spoken desire original guide judgement historian knows sorts historical sources study nunneries meets chaucer prioress every turn bishop registers long time historians foolishly imagined kings wars parliaments jury system alone history liked chronicles acts parliament strike go look dusty episcopal archives big books medieval bishops entered letters wrote complicated business running dioceses historians think looking found mine priceless information almost every side social ecclesiastical life dig course almost worth knowing mined like precious metals rock nugget miner often grub days underground mass dullness got grub heart else understand historians found fine gold bishops registers persuaded beneath dignity grub found descriptions vicarages furniture gardens found marriage disputes found wills full entertaining legacies people dead hundreds years ago found excommunications found indulgences men relieving poor repairing roads building bridges long poor law county council found trials heresy witchcraft found accounts miracles worked tombs saints even quite unsaintly people thomas lancaster edward ii simon de montfort found lists travelling expenses bishops rode round dioceses even found minute account personal appearance queen philippa little girl father court hainault bishop exeter sent inspect order see pretty good enough marry edward iii nine years old bishop second teeth whiter first teeth nose broad snub reassuring edward last least historians found multitude documents monasteries among documents found visitation records among visitation records found chaucer prioress smiling full simple coy fair forehead wimple necklace little dogs though stepped stuffy register mistake longing get reason madame eglentyne got register middle ages nunneries england great many monasteries used visited intervals bishop diocese somebody sent order see whether behaving properly rather like periodical visitation school majesty inspectors happened different majesty inspector comes sit state hall call inmates front another head mistress smallest child first form invite say way think school properly run complaints make mistresses girl habitually breaks rules breathed softly privately ear overhear bishop came visit nunnery precisely happened first sent letter say coming bid nuns prepare came clerks learned official two met solemnly prioress nuns preached sermon church entertained perhaps dinner prepared examine came order rank beginning prioress tell tales wanted find prioress ruling well services properly performed finances good order discipline maintained nun complaint time make nuns full complaints modern schoolgirl go pale horror capacity nun boxed sister ears another cut church another much given entertaining friends another went without licence another run away wandering fluteplayer bishop sure hear unless whole convent disorderly state nuns made compact wink peccadilloes betray bishop occasionally happened prioress unpopular quite certain hear fares splendidly room never invites us says nun favourites says another makes corrections passes lightly likes speedily punishes dislikes fearful scold says third dresses like secular person nun wears rings necklaces says fourth goes riding see friends far often says fifth spoons wonder never consults us business go like pages bishop must often wanted put fingers ears shout stop especially prioress probably spent half hour part telling disobedient thoroughly badly behaved nuns tales bishop clerk solemnly wrote big book examination bishop summoned nuns together answered well sometimes mentioned trivial faults commended went way shown things really bad way investigated particular charges scolded culprits ordered amend got back palace manor staying wrote set injunctions based complaints saying exactly things improved injunctions copy entered register another sent hand nuns supposed read aloud intervals obey everything many bishops registers lists injunctions copied bishops clerks notably splendid lincoln register belonging good bishop alnwick also evidence nuns just taken chattering mouths human amusing medieval records easy see important historical documents visitation reports especially diocese like lincoln possesses almost unbroken series registers ranging three centuries dissolution trace whole history nunneries successive visitations let us see light registers throw madame eglentyne chaucer observed mounting horse outside tabard inn doubtless first came nunnery quite little girl girls counted grown fifteen middle ages married hand twelve become nuns ever fourteen probably eglentyne father three daughters marry dowry gay young spark son spent lot money fashionable suits embroidered mede ful fresshe flowers white rede thought better settle youngest got together dowry rarely possible get nunnery without though church law really forbade anything except voluntary offerings taking eglentyne hand summer day popped nunnery miles founded ancestors may even know cost rather select aristocratic house pay entrance fee modern money give eglentyne new habit bed furniture make feast day became nun invite nuns friends tip friar preached sermon altogether great affair feast come eglentyne remain novice years old enough take vows stay convent taught sing read talk french school novices perhaps youngest girls often enter convent old enough decide whether wanted nuns certainly quite tiny novices learning lessons occasionally little girl like whose sad fate recorded dull shut nunnery wicked stepfather wanted inheritance nun inherit land supposed dead world told nuns devil fly away tried set foot outside door however eglentyne sunny disposition liked life nunnery natural aptitude pretty table manners learnt well talking french though prim liked gay clothes pet dogs used see home mother bower still hesitation taking veil fifteen indeed rather liked fuss made called courtesy title always given nun years passed eglentyne life jogged along peacefully enough behind convent walls great purpose nunneries existed fulfilled unworthily praise god eglentyne spent great deal time singing praying convent church know ful wel song service divyne entuned hir nose ful semely nuns seven monastic offices say every day night office got bed bell rang went cold dark church choir matins followed immediately lauds went back bed just dawn breaking sky slept three hours got good six prime followed tierce sext none vespers compline spread intervals day last service compline winter summer nuns supposed go straight bed dorter connexion nun rule ordains shall push another wilfully spit stairs going tread forthwith eight hours sleep broken middle night service three meals light repast bread beer prime morning solid dinner accompaniment reading aloud middle day short supper immediately vespers winter summer eglentyne sisters supposed devote manual brain work interspersed certain amount sober godly recreation spin embroider vestments crowned monogram blessed virgin blue gold thread make little silken purses friends finely sewn bands bind round arms bleeding read psalter saints lives convent possessed written french english latin weak though construe vincit perhaps convent took little schoolgirls learn letters good manners nuns grew older helped teach read sing though happy receive extensive education good sisters summer eglentyne sometimes allowed work convent garden even go haymaking nuns came back confide confessor seen cellaress returning therefrom seated behind chaplain nag thought fun must jog behind stout dan john except certain periods relaxation strict silence supposed observed convent large part day eglentyne desired communicate sisters urged means signs persons drew lists signs use medieval monastic houses however combined preternatural ingenuity extremely exiguous sense humour sort dumb pandemonium went eglentyne dinner table must often speech sister desired fish hands displayed sidelings manner fish tail wanted milk left little finger manner milking mustard nose upper part right fist rub another salt right thumb forefinger left thumb another desirous wine forefinger end thumb afore eye guilty sacristan struck thought provided incense mass two fingers nostrils table drawn nuns less signs whole surprising rule nuns enjoins never lawful use without reason profitable need hurt evil word offence may god nuns course human sometimes grown little weary services silence religious life intended easy mere means escape work responsibility early golden age monasticism men women vocation say real genius monastic life entered convents moreover worked hard hand brain well soul got variety occupation good holiday basis wise st benedict rule nicely adjusted combination variety regularity knew human nature monks nuns find services monotonous indeed regarded far best part day later middle ages chaucer lived young people begun enter monastic houses rather profession vocation many truly spiritual men women still took vows came others little suited monastic life lowered standard hard uncongenial eglentyne became nun father want trouble expense finding husband nun career lady marry moreover time monks nuns grown lazy little work hands still less heads particularly nunneries early tradition learning died many nuns hardly understand latin services written result monastic life began lose essential variety st benedict designed result regularity sometimes became irksome series services degenerated mere routine peculiar monotony many singers longer keep alive spiritual fervour sometimes must imagined happened even majority houses services became empty forms hurried scant devotion occasionally scandalous irreverence almost inevitable reaction much routine carelessness performance monastic hours exceedingly common fault later middle ages though monks always worse nuns sometimes services sometimes behaved utmost levity exeter canons giggled joked quarrelled services dropped hot candle wax upper stalls shaven heads singers stalls sometimes came late matins small hours midnight fault common nunneries nuns always insist private drinkings gossipings evening compline instead going straight bed rule demanded habit conduce wakefulness consequently somewhat sleepy matins found almost johnsonian difficulty getting early wise st benedict foresaw difficulty wrote rule rise divine office let gently encourage another excuses made drowsy nunnery stainfield bishop discovered half hour sometimes elapsed last stroke bell beginning service nuns sing dozed partly enough candles chiefly went late bed whoever without sin among us let cast first stone tendency also among monks nuns slip end service good bad excuse see dinner gardens needed weeding feel well common fault gabble services quickly order get left syllables beginning end words omitted dipsalma pause two verses side choir beginning second half side finished first skipped sentences mumbled slurred nose ful semely altogether made terrible mess stately plainsong prevalent fault gabbling father evil obliged charter special devil called tittivillus whose sole business collect dropped syllables carry back master big bag way another good deal information always letting seen holy men generally sharp eye devils latin rhyme distinguishes carefully contents sack wickedly corrupt holy psalms dangler gasper leaper galloper dragger mumbler tittivillus collecteth fragments men words indeed holy cistercian abbot interviewed poor little devil heard alarming industry story told myroure oure written delectation nuns syon fifteenth century read holy abbot order citeaux stood choir matins saw fiend long great poke hanging neck went choir another waited busily letters syllables words failings made gathered diligently put poke came abbot waiting aught escaped might gotten put bag abbot astonied afeard foulness misshape art answered poor devil name tittivillus mine office committed thine office abbot answered must day bring master thousand pokes full failings negligences syllables words done order reading singing else must sore beaten reason suppose often got beating though may sure madame eglentyne busily chanting nose never gave slightest help spare moments engaged picking unconsidered trifles monks let fall psalms tittivillus used fill odd corners sack idle talk people gossiped church also sat aloft collected high notes vain tenors sang glory instead glory god pitched chants three notes higher cracked voices elders rise monotony convent life sometimes make nuns unconscious contributors tittivillus sack sometimes played havoc tempers nuns chosen convent life saints immune tantrums wife bath charity village wives went church sometimes got terribly others nerves readers remember seven deadly sins come wrath tells cook prioress convent says wycked wordes wrath wordes imade til lixte lixte lopen oute ones eyther hitte vnder cheke hadde thei knyves cryst eyther killed sure often hear anything bad prioress used drag nuns round choir veils middle service screaming lady used kick hit head fists put stocks prioresses plesaunt amiable port stately manner records monastic visitations show bad temper petty bickering sometimes broke peace convent life must back eglentyne went living ten twelve years simple nun sang services nicely sweet temper pretty manners popular moreover good birth chaucer tells us great deal beautiful behaviour table courtesy shows lady born bred indeed description might taken straight feudal books deportment girls even personal beauty straight nose grey eyes little red mouth conforms courtly standard convents apt rather snobbish ladies rich burgesses daughters got poor girls never nuns probably pretty ways good temper aristocratic connexions good thing choose prioress old prioress died prioress years chaucer met first exciting eglentyne liked called nuns older private room sit visitors entertain soon found means bed roses great deal business done head house looking internal discipline convent also superintending money matters giving orders bailiffs estates seeing farms paying well tithes coming churches belonged nunnery italian merchants came buy wool sheeps backs gave good price business supposed take advice nuns meeting business transacted afraid sometimes eglentyne used think much better things seal documents convent seal without telling always distrust head office school society says air much satisfactory thing depute proper subordinates either means autocrat else organize madame eglentyne rather autocrat sort way besides hated bother always consult nuns fear many researches past chaucer forgot mention often tried evade rendering account income expenditure every year supposed nuns course objected first time bishop came rounds complained bad business woman got debt short money used sell woods belonging convent promise annual pensions various people return lump sums lease farms long time low rates various things convent lose long run besides let roof church get ill repair rain came holes heads singing lord bishop please look holes clothes tell provide new ones wicked prioresses used sometimes even pawn plate jewels convent get money private purposes eglentyne wicked dishonest though bad manager fact head figures head figures got read chaucer description know mathematician besides nuns exaggerating clothes holes just little threadbare madame eglentyne far fastidious allow ragged clothes roof church meant save enough money tiles put really hard make two ends meet medieval nunnery especially repeat head figures probably bishop saw land lay ordered never anything without consulting convent shut common seal box three different sorts locks madame eglentyne two senior nuns keys open alone seal business agreement without consent ordered keep accounts present every year bundles accounts still preserved record office finally deputed neighbouring rector act custodian business affairs house always help things went better eglentyne seems never really interested business quite pleased time taken looking internal affairs entertaining visitors occasional jaunt outside see estates getting began find lead much freer gayer life now prioress prioress convent rooms instead sharing common dormitory refectory sometimes even sort little house private kitchen abbess great nunnery winchester sixteenth century staff look cook cook housemaid gentlewoman wait like great lady world never dined nuns except state occasions superior generally nun act companion assist choir witness good behaviour nun called chaplain supposed changed every year prevent favouritism remembered madame eglentyne went pilgrimage took nun chaplain well three priests nun ever allowed go alone madame eglentyne duties prioress entertain visitors celebrated cheer court may sure great many sisters now grand ladies husbands manors old father great people county came congratulate used often drop dinner chickens wine wastel bread passed house journey sometimes spent night two ladies whose husbands away wars pilgrimage rome even came paying guests convent lived whole year nothing pleased country gentlemen wealthy burgesses better use nunneries disturbing peace quiet nuns especially disturbing boarders wore gay clothes pet dogs callers set frivolous example nuns nunnery find bishop ordering felmersham wife whole household women utterly removed monastery within year seeing cause disturbance nuns occasion bad example reason attire come visit easily imagined bishops objected much reception worldly married women boarders just substitute wife wife bath explained lady person prioress lightly refuse list pilgrimages alone give nunnery smiling smile riding easily ambler enter gates month excitement pass rode away sure taught madame eglentyne fashionable way pinch wimple certainly introduced hats broad buckler targe scarlet stockings nunneries bishops disliked much never succeeded turning boarders efforts nuns always needed money paid board lodging easy understand constant intercourse worldly visitors give rise spread worldly habits madame eglentyne nunnery nuns women amiable vanities sex authority large consider vanities amiable view authority devil dispatched three lesser damnation nuns three dances dresses dogs medieval england famous dancing mumming minstrelsy merry england however plague pestilence famine cruelties man man might darken life still loved things two views possible church thought dancing accurately summed moralist aphorism devil inventor governor disposer dances dancing yet look accounts madame eglentyne rendered render nuns end every year shall find payments wassail new year twelfth night may games bread ale bonfire nights harpers players christmas present boy bishop rounds perhaps extra pittance youngest schoolgirl allowed dress act abbess convent whole innocents day look bishops registers shall find madame eglentyne forbidden manner minstrelsy interludes dancing revelling within holy place fortunate indeed bishop make exception christmas honest times recreation among used absence seculars wise somehow feels insistent conviction cheer court included dancing fashionable dresses visitors introduced nunneries quite certain madame eglentyne unmoved sad fact began think monastic habit black ugly monastic life strict decide little amenities imported penny worse perhaps bishop notice chaucer met ful fetis hir cloke war smal coral aboute hir arm bar peire bedes gauded al grene heng broche gold ful shene unfortunately however bishop notice registers indeed full clothes madame eglentyne even frivolous ones wore privacy house six weary centuries bishops waged holy war fashion cloister waged vain long nuns mingled freely secular women impossible prevent adopting secular modes occasionally wretched bishop find floundering unhandily masculine bewilderment something like complete catalogue contemporary fashions order specify nuns wear synods sat solemnly bishops archbishops shook grey heads golden hairpins silver belts jewelled rings laced shoes slashed tunics low necks long trains gay colours costly cloth valuable furs nuns supposed wear veils pinned tightly eyebrows foreheads completely hidden high foreheads happened fashionable among worldly ladies even shaved make higher result nuns resist lifting spreading veils otherwise chaucer madame eglentyne fair forehead spanne broad trowe wearing veil properly invisible father english poetry may observed discreetly plainly winking eye puts little touch contemporaries see point quickly brooch fetis cloak nuns told bishop lincoln prioress fifty years chaucer wrote prioress sanctimonious air wears golden rings exceeding costly divers precious stones also girdles silvered gilded silken veils carries veil high forehead forehead entirely uncovered seen wears furs vair also wears shifts cloth rennes costs sixteen pence ell also wears kirtles laced silk tiring pins silver silver gilt made nuns wear like also wears veil cap estate furred budge item neck long silken band english lace hangs breast golden ring diamond madame eglentyne life nothing escaped good dan chaucer eye rode always looking ground moreover dress prioress sister nuns aped fashions world great ladies day loved amuse pet animals nuns quick follow example smale houndes fedde rosted flesh milk sore weep oon hem deed men smoot yerde smerte visitation reports full little dogs animals many readers prologue know smale houndes like fair forehead brooch gold full sheen strictly rules bishops regarded pets bad discipline century century tried turn animals convents without slightest success nuns just waited till bishop gone whistled dogs back dogs easily favourite pets though monkeys squirrels rabbits birds rarely cats also kept archbishop forbid abbess visited keep number chamber charged time stinting nuns food guess became roasted flesh milk common medieval practice bring animals church ladies often attended service dog lap men hawk wrist just highland farmer brings collie today happened nunneries sometimes convents brought pets pathetic complaint nuns house lady audley boards great abundance dogs insomuch whenever comes church follow twelve dogs make great uproar church hindering nuns psalmody nuns thereby terrified often enough nuns transgressed injunctions bringing pet dogs choir occur several visitation reports amusing instance contained sent romsey abbey william wykeham just year chaucer writing runs injunction convinced clear proofs nuns house bring church birds rabbits hounds like frivolous things whereunto give heed offices church frequent hindrance psalmody fellow nuns grievous peril souls therefore strictly forbid several virtue obedience due us ye presume henceforward bring church birds hounds rabbits frivolous things promote indiscipline item whereas hunting dogs hounds abiding within monastic precincts alms given poor devoured church cloister foully defiled whereas inordinate noise divine service frequently troubled therefore strictly command enjoin lady abbess remove dogs altogether suffer never henceforth hounds abide within precincts nunnery useless bishop order madame eglentyne give dogs even parted pilgrimage though must great nuisance inns especially fussy food chaucer prioress must admit rather worldly lady though pretty clothes little dogs harmless enough modern standards sympathies bishops probably became worldly time went many opportunities social intercourse entertain visitors convent often business house took away journeys offered many opportunities hobnobbing neighbours sometimes go london see great excursion another nun perhaps two priest several yeomen look sometimes go see bishop get permission take little schoolgirls sometimes went funeral great man father knew left twenty shillings silver cup sometimes went wedding sisters godmother babies though bishops like worldly ties dances accompanied weddings christenings indeed nuns occasionally complained journeys though pretended business house doubts bishop please just look nunnery find nuns complaining house debt principally owing costly expenses prioress frequently rides abroad pretends common business house although train attendants much large tarries long abroad feasts sumptuously abroad home choice dress fur trimmings mantle worth matter fact nothing church disapproved habit shared monks nuns wandering outside cloisters moralists considered intercourse world root evil crept monastic system orthodox saying monk cloister like fish water remembered chaucer monk thought text worth oyster indeed monks managed swim well air nuns persisted taking every sort excuse wandering world right middle ages council council bishop bishop reformer reformer tried vain keep shut greatest attempt began pope published bull ordering nuns never save exceptional circumstances leave convents secular person allowed go visit without special licence good reason make modern reader pity poor nuns need nobody ever succeeded putting force five minutes though bishops spent two centuries trying still trying vain king henry viii dissolved nunneries turned nuns world ever whether liked nunnery lincoln diocese bishop came deposited copy bull house ordered nuns obey ran gate riding away threw bull head screaming never observe practical bishops indeed soon stopped trying enforce bull stood contented ordering nuns go pay visits often without companion without licence without good reason even successful nuns prolific excellent reasons go sometimes parents ill go away smooth pillow sick sometimes go market buy herrings sometimes go confession monastery sometimes really difficult imagine think instance giddy nun monday night pass night austin friars northampton dance play lute place midnight night following passed night friars preachers northampton luting dancing like manner chaucer told us friar loved harping eyes twinkled like stars head sang failed perhaps observe lured madame eglentyne dance indeed difficult see excuses nuns made wandering streets fields people houses sorely feared either much handful madame eglentyne else winked doings somehow suspects great opinion bishops chaucer never met managed circumvent since excuse wandering bishops thoroughly disapproved precisely excuse pilgrimages madame eglentyne quite simple coy looked many literary critics chuckle know never got prologue church quite clear mind pilgrimages nuns discouraged early council forbidden practice another york decreed order opportunity wandering may taken nuns forbid take path pilgrimage archbishop york strictly forbade nuns convent leave house reason vow pilgrimage might taken taken vows say many psalters taken days perform pilgrimage rashly vowed melancholy vision poor madame eglentyne saying psalters interminably tretys nose instead jogging along gaily motley companions telling prettily tale little st hugh prohibitions might multiplied medieval records indeed unnecessary go chaucer understand bishops offered strenuous opposition pilgrimages nuns remember folk whose company prioress travelled tales told certain instance rode time nun priests least knight poor parson town also miller summoner worst cheerful engaging sinner wife bath really quite disturbing think additional details wife bath may given prioress five husbands chaucer prioress real life poet drew wonderful observers whole english literature may wade hundreds visitation reports injunctions everywhere grey eyes prioress twinkle us pages end must always go chaucer picture sum everything historical records taught us bishop found saw aristocratic worldly taking pains court liking pretty clothes little dogs lady importance attended nun three priests spoken respect none host corpus dominus bones devel wey neer lady prioress lady prioresse leve wiste sholde yow nat greve wolde demen ye tellen sholde tale next ye wolde now wol ye lady dere talks else like save perhaps knight religious perhaps save singing divine service lovely address virgin beginning tale chaucer find little say point speken hir conscience says charitable pitous waiting hear almsgiving poor weep mouse trap beaten puppy says chaucer good ruler house doubtless chaucer met house ruling somewhere ende world full fish water fourteenth century sëynt loy madame eglentyne swearing greatest oath like chaucer monk held famous text worth oyster take leave characteristically road canterbury chapter ménagier paris housewife fourteenth century sphere woman home men middle indeed ages including fond writing books deportment telling women behave circumstances existence particularly relations husbands many books survived among particular interest robust good sense writer intimate lively picture gives bourgeois home books deportment written speak air women general written particular husband particular wife drawn life full detail showing throughout individuality compeers often lack parallel sought perhaps found medieval treatise passages xenophon isomachus describes socrates training perfect greek wife ménagier de paris householder goodman paris might say wrote book instruction young wife wealthy man without learning great experience affairs obviously member solid enlightened french monarchy coming lean confidence wrote must approaching old age certainly sixty recently married young wife higher birth orphan different province speaks several times great youth kept sort help direct management house indeed like wife isomachus fifteen years old married modern opinion shocked discrepancy age husband wife middle ages time de familiar ménagier says see ever old man marry young woman yet attitude towards young wife shows us may compensations even marriage may january time time book sounds note tenderness paternal rather marital sympathetic understanding feelings wedded child younger man might compassed counsels seems hang something mellow sadness autumn evening beauty death go ever hand hand wife function make comfortable declining years make task easy constantly repeats assurance ask overweening respect service humble hard due desires care neighbours kinswomen take husbands belongeth none save common service less prologue addressed gives charming picture scene led write book age fifteen years week wed pray please indulgent youth small ignorant service mewards seen learned hastening whereof promise set care diligence praying humbly bed remember love god correct harshly strangers folk correct night day day chamber show unseemly foolish things done day days past chastise pleased fail amend according teaching correction power according thought well praise thank often remembered since know dear sister know done since wed day shall hereafter good intent good well pleased pleases shall please youth excuses wise still excuse everything good intent please know doth displease rather pleases roses grow violets care make chaplets dance sing well continue among friends estate right seemly pass time feminine youth provided desire offer go feasts dances great lords seemly suitable estate mine footnote addresses throughout term affectionate respect meanwhile forgotten request teach correct private writes little book big book finished show comport sorry child long neither father mother far kinswomen might counsel says taken kinsfolk land birth often deliberated matter now easy general introduction whole art wife housewife perfect lady characteristic reason apart desire help comfortable set ways gives trouble recurs time time surely strangest ever given husband instructing wife old says must die positively essential credit second husband reflection accompanied successor mass collar crumpled knew keep fleas blankets order supper twelve lent characteristic ménagier reasonableness solid sense regards young wife second marriage equanimity sections headed loving husband whether another example sarah rebecca rachel different husbands anxious future children possibly harsh stepfather whose wills often reveal trying bind wives perpetual celibacy deaths husbands william earl pembroke died admonishing lady wyfe ye remember promise take ordere wydowhood ye may better mastre owne performe wylle plan book three sections containing nineteen principal articles exhaustive first section deals religious moral duties words ménagier first section necessary gain love god salvation soul also win love husband give world peace marriage two things wit salvation soul comfort husband two things chiefly necessary therefore placed first follows series articles telling lady say morning prayer rises bear mass form make confession priest together long somewhat alarming discursus seven deadly sins assuredly never entered sleek little head commit another corresponding virtues greater part section deals subject wife duty husband loving humble obedient careful thoughtful person silent regarding secrets patient foolish allow heart stray towards women whole section illustrated series stories known middle ages culled bible common stock anecdotes possessed jongleur preacher alike interesting ménagier experience among ménagier longer illustrations favourite intolerably dull moral tale melibeu prudence albertano brescia translated french renault de louens whose version ménagier copied adapted jean de meung de la turn chaucer took tell canterbury pilgrims also found petrarch famous tale patient griselda chaucer also took gave wider fame long poem written jean bruyant notary châtelet paris called way poverty wealth inculcating diligence prudence second section book deals household management far interesting range ménagier knowledge leaves reader gasping man perfect mrs beeton section comprises detailed treatise gardening another principles govern engagement servants method managed hired modern problem servants leave seem presented instructions mend air clean dresses furs get grease spots catch fleas keep flies bedroom look wine superintend management farm point breaks addressing wife leave rest play speak disport elsewhere speak master john steward looks possessions anything wrong horses whether plough riding necessary buy exchange horse may know little behoves know matter follow several pages wise advice good points horses examine find ages defects eye horse dealer practical man evidently knew loved horses together advice treatment various diseases among various recipes ménagier gives intent two charms instance horse glanders must say three words three paternosters etc last least magnificent cookery book arranged form sacred cookery books day beginning list specimen menus dinners suppers hot cold fast feast summer winter giving hints choice meat poultry spices ending long series recipes manner soups stews sauces viands excursus invalid cookery third section book intended ménagier contain three parts first number parlour games indoor amusement secondly treatise hawking favourite outdoor amusement ladies thirdly list amusing riddles games arithmetical kind counting numbering subtle find guess presumably nature old friend herring half cost three unfortunately ménagier seems never finished book section treatise hawking survived great pity several treatises interesting account indoor games riddles might may guess passage ménagier version story lucrece describes roman ladies gossiping others playing others others others cards games pleasure neighbours others supped together singing songs telling fables stories wagers others street neighbours playing blind man buff several games kind days invention printing made books plentiful medieval ladies largely dependent amusement telling listening stories asking riddles playing games long ago banished nursery plentiful repertoire amusements desirable hostess ménagier clearly anxious wife shine amenities well duties social life monumental work ménagier de paris able present awed admiring wife though sadly neglected historians deserves well known gives us picture medieval housewife hard indeed surpass hardly side daily life touch may now advantage look closely see turn perfect lady whose deportment manners credit breeding perfect wife whose submission husband equalled skill ministering ease perfect mistress whose servants love run house like clockwork perfect housewife mrs beeton fifteenth century ménagier views deportment incongruously sandwiched section spiritual duties general headings getting morning going church ideas subject clothes clearly defined sweet disorder dress way taste know dear sister wish follow advice great care regard afford according estate care honestly clad without new devices without much little frippery leave chamber house take care first collar shift hang happens certain drunken foolish witless women care honour honesty estate husbands walk roving eyes head horribly reared like lion teste espoventablement levée comme un lyon hair straggling wimples collars shifts crumpled walk mannishly bear uncouthly folk without shame speaks excuse ground industry humility saying diligent hardworking humble care lie care much honourable company never willing men wait less wiser ladies like lineage fewer salutations bows reverences speech rest rather desire unworthy know maintain honourable fame nay fame husbands lineage bring shame therefore fair sister care hair wimple kerchief hood rest attire well arranged decently ordered none see laugh mock others may find example fair simple decent array go town church go suitably accompanied honourable women according estate flee suspicious company never allowing ill famed woman seen presence go bear head upright eyelids low without fluttering look straight front four rods ahead without looking round man woman right left looking glancing place place stopping speak anyone road model female deportment middle ages let us pass lady wife attitude wife husband ménagier ideas much rest age may summed submission obedience constant attention must buxom bed board even circumstances buxomness hides heavy heart good sense burgess prevent likening wife love husband fidelity domestic animals towards masters domestic animals see greyhound mastiff little dog whether road table bed always keeps near person takes food leaves shy fierce others dog afar always heart eye master even master whip throw stones dog follows wagging tail lying master seeks mollify rivers woods thieves battles follows wherefore better stronger reason women god given natural sense reasonable perfect solemn love husbands pray loving privy husband shall patience essential quality wives however sorely tried must never complain ménagier tells three stories illustrate wife bear order win back love unfaithful husband famous tale griselda two others drawn says experience first tells wife famous paris saw nurture marriage husband illegitimate daughter ever perceive reproach angry ugly word second charmingly told story john quentin wife won back husband heart poor spinner wool strayed seem show ménagier simile little dog selected care medieval wife like dog expected lick hand smote nevertheless subscribing usual standards age ménagier robust sense hold realities life kept pushing far comment another realist chaucer tale patient griselda remembered grisilde deed eek hire pacience bothe ones buryed ytaille crie open audience wedded man hardy wyves pacience hope fynde grisildes certein shal faille noble wyves ful heigh prudence lat noon humylitee youre tonge naill ne lat clerk cause diligence write yow stone swich mervaille grisildis pacient kynde lest chichivache yow swelwe hire entraille footnote chichevache lean cow fed patient wives mate bicorne grew fat humble husbands pollard creation wife bath even pointed commentary ménagier say young wife subject put tale griselda teach put apply worthy thereof marquis taken beggar foolish conceited lacking sense know assault assay like manner god keep trying colour false simulations forgive story speaks opinion great cruelty beyond reason know never befel tale runs may correct alter wiser made desire since others read also may know able talk everything even folk moreover spite ideal submission sets wife ménagier charming words say love sigh perhaps advanced though crabbed age glance younger husband future shall day enjoy little bride god name says believe two good honourable people wed loves put far destroyed forgotten save love meseems presence look others clasp hold willingly speak make sign save separated think say hearts see shall say shall beseech concerning special pleasure chief desire perfect joy pleasure obedience love another greater part ménagier book concerned however theoretical niceties wifely submission creature comforts instructions make husband comfortable positively palpitate life time something indescribably homely touching tell real life burgess wife hundred tales patient griselda jehanne la quentine consider picture typical product masculine imagination stout buffeted weathers amid discomforts nobly pursuing task earning living fortified recollection domesticated little wife darning stockings home fire prepared lavish attentions weary hero evening passage excellent example ménagier vivid simple style use incidents drawn everyday life illustrate thesis chief charms book fair sister another husband know think much comfort woman lost first husband commonly finds difficult find another according estate remains lonely disconsolate long time still lose second wherefore cherish person husband carefully pray keep clean linen business care outside affairs lieth men must husband take heed go come journey hither thither rain wind snow hail now drenched now dry now sweating now shivering nothing harms upheld hope wife care return ease joys pleasures cause done presence shoes removed good fire feet washed fresh shoes stockings given good food drink well served well looked well bedded white sheets well covered good furs assuaged joys amusements privities loves secrets concerning silent next day fresh shirts garments certes fair sister service maketh man love desire return home see goodwife distant women footnote seems contrary experience therefore counsel make cheer husband comings goings persevere therein also peaceable remember rustic proverb saith three things drive goodman home wit dripping roof smoking chimney scolding woman wherefore fair sister pray order keep love good favour husband gentle amiable debonair good simple women country say done sons lads set love elsewhere mothers wean certain fathers mothers dead stepfathers stepmothers argue stepsons scold repulse take thought sleeping food drink hose shirts needs affairs children find elsewhere good home good counsel woman receives takes thought warm poor gruel give bed keep tidy mending hosen breeches shirts garments lads cleave desire sleep warm breasts altogether estranged mothers fathers took heed now want get back may children hold dear company strangers think care kinsfolk care parents lament weep say women bewitched children spellbound leave never easy save enchantresses whatever may witchcraft reason love care intimacies joys pleasures women ways lads soul enchantment wherefore dear sister pray bewitch bewitch husband beware dripping roof smoking fire scold gentle amiable peaceable careful winter good fire without smoke let rest well well covered breasts bewitch shall preserve guard discomforts give ease serve cause well served house shall look outside things good man take even care trouble wish make always miss heart loving service shun houses women services households naught save alone think aforesaid road husbands think wives trouble burden hope love wives long see even poor hermits penitents fasting monks long see face christ jesus husbands served never desire abide elsewhere company withhold withdraw abstain rest seem bed stones compared home enough perhaps quoted show ménagier idea perfect wife idea perfect housewife contained mass instructions make excellently entertaining reading modern tone section management servants account ways advice dealing often rubs eyes sure reading really book written five centuries ago old burgess paris ménagier evidently fairly large household probably owned country well town house speaks several times overseeing village assist wife superintending large staff called master john steward duenna half housekeeper half chaperon young mistress called dame agnes bailiff foreman look farm ménagier divides servants workmen three classes first engaged day season special work porters carriers reapers winnowers coopers secondly engaged piecework tailors furriers bakers shoemakers hired medieval households wealth make needed raw material purchased fairs shops city thirdly ordinary domestic servants hired year lived master house says none gladly seek work master footnote béguines sort religious order correctly lay sisterhood standing lay monastic life somewhat analogous franciscan tertiaries third order gives amusing account evidently based bitter experience wiles hired workman says commonly lazy rough quick back arrogant except payday ready break insults unsatisfied pay warns wife bid master john always take peaceable ones always bargain beforehand pay work know often want bargain want get work without bargain made say gently nothing need pay well shall content think fit master john take work finished say thought take given break shouting angry words spread abroad evil report concerning worst know various ordinances fixing wages time black death onwards labour troubles acute france well england end fourteenth century ménagier advice throws interesting sidelight situation however observations engagement management maidservants wisdom serpent apparent incidentally gives account servants hired paris shows registry office character means modern phenomena women holding call registry offices paris time ordinance fixing wages black death allows take placing chambermaid nurse servant maid wage time year shoes ménagier counsels wife delicate subject interviewing engaging domestic chambermaids serving men know dear sister says order may obey better fear anger leave rule authority chosen dame agnes béguine whichever women please receive service hire pleasure pay keep service please dismiss nathless privily speak act according advice young might deceived people know chambermaids place many offer clamour seek urgently masters mistresses take none first know last place send people get character wit whether talked drank much long place work accustomed whether homes friends town sort people part country come long left work past shall find hope expectation may work future know women distant parts country blamed fault part world brings service distance find report master mistress neighbours others girl need find cause master john register account book day engage name father mother kinsfolk place live birthplace references servants afraid wrong know recording things leave without permission guilty offence write complain justice country friends withstanding bear mind saying philosopher called bertrand old says engage maid man high proud answers shall know leaves miscall contrary flattering blandishments trust league someone else trick blushes silent shamefast correct love daughter ménagier instructions look servants engaged equally practical good order maintained quarrels bad language prevented morals guarded work assigned promptly order something now servants answer plenty time shall done shall done tomorrow hold forgotten must begun nought also give general order every wait work servants carefully superintended mistress dame agnes ménagier tells wife order teach wise ripe behaviour serve instruct particular give charge matter show careful benevolent looking health happiness proper hour cause sit hearty meal sort meat avoiding rich viands kind drink must nourishing intoxicating cup cheers inebriates probably case light ale habitual drink middle ages admonish eat drink fill soon begin tell stories argue lean elbows order béguine make rise take away table common folk saying varlet holds forth table horse grazes ditch time take away fill evening afternoon work another hearty meal winter time may warm fire take ease lock house pack bed arrange first beside bed candlestick put candle wisely taught extinguish mouth hand getting bed means shirts also admonished taught must begin next day must rise morning set work ménagier advises wife chambermaids fifteen twenty years age foolish girls know world always cause sleep near antechamber room without skylight low window looking street make get go bed time adds god please wise time must keep near moreover servants fall ill laying aside cares lovingly charitably care visit study diligently bring cure perhaps capacity mrs beeton ménagier amusing infinite variety household knowledge shown incidental recipes gives describing measures wife must take lord comfort work servants elaborate instructions concerning costly medieval garments worn year year lifetime often bequeathed owner instructions cleaning dresses furs preserving moths instructions removing stains grease spots ménagier gives seven recipes taking grease spots rather sceptical two evidently copied book without trying get rid stains dress silk satin camlet damask cloth another runs wash stain verjuice stain go even dress faded regain colour believe chief impression left however medieval housewife engaged constant warfare fleas ménagier infallible rules keeping husband happy home give good fire winter keep bed free fleas summer gives six recipes getting rid small livestock must indeed common trial forefathers summer take heed fleas chamber bed may six ways heard tell heard several persons room scattered alder leaves fleas get caught therein item heard tell night two trenchers bread covered birdlime turpentine put room lighted candle set midst trencher come get stuck thereto another way found true take rough cloth spread room bed fleas may hop caught carry cloth wheresoever item sheepskins item seen blankets placed straw bed black fleas jumped sooner found killed white best way guard oneself within coverlets furs stuff dresses wherewith covered know tried coverlets furs dresses fleas folded shut tightly chest straitly bound straps bag well tied pressed otherwise compressed fleas without light air kept imprisoned perish die similar war also waged flies mosquitoes rendered summer miserable sometimes says ménagier seen several chambers gone bed full mosquitoes smoke breath came sit faces slept sting fain get light fire hay smoke pests also six infallible recipes wit mosquito net bed sprigs fern hung flies settle bowl filled mixture milk hare gall juice raw onions kill bottle containing rag dipped honey else string dipped honey hang fly whisks drive away closing windows oiled cloth parchment section cookery contains ménagier injunctions feeding brute longest book gives extraordinarily interesting picture domestic economy ancestors ménagier must brother chaucer franklin owene sone housholdere greet seint julian contree breed ale alwey oon bettre envyned man nowher noon withoute bake mete never hous fissh flessh plenteuous snewed hous mete drynke alle deyntees men koude thynke sondry sesons yeer chaunged mete soper ful many fat partrich muwe many breem many luce stuwe wo cook sauce poynaunt sharpe redy al geere table dormant hal alway stood redy covered al longe day medieval cookery books strikes modern reader length elaboration huge feasts many courses dishes richness highly spiced viands black puddings sausages venison beef eels herrings fresh water fish round sea fish flat sea fish common pottages unspiced spiced pottages meat pottages meatless pottages roasts pastries entremets divers sauces boiled unboiled pottages invalids sound delicious others ruin degenerate digestions today pungent sauces vinegar verjuice wine much favoured cloves cinnamon galingale pepper ginger appear unexpectedly meat dishes almonds favourite ingredient sorts dishes still china parts east might well used lavishly modern european cookery true race ménagier includes recipes cooking frogs snails modern cook directions may appear somewhat vague bids cook boil something long takes say paternoster yet clockless kitchens pious age clearer indication man give worse hot oven still finds place many modern cookery books know better instructions detailed enough valuable passage gives list meat markets paris together number butchers found number sheep oxen pigs calves sold every week adding also interest amount meat poultry consumed weekly households king queen royal children dukes orleans berry burgundy bourbon elsewhere also speaks markets milk market place de grève sell coal firewood meat market best place buy fish salt green herbs branches adorn rooms wife guidance ménagier sets careful specification catering arrangements several great feasts wit dinner given abbot lagny bishop paris members king council feast comprising dinner supper master elias evidently grave reverend like master john made wedding jean du chesne tuesday may arrangements another wedding les nopces hautecourt month september ménagier observes widower widow wed early black robes put others anxious widow correct thing second wedding description wedding feast arranged master elias particularly detailed valuable careful ménagier perhaps foresaw big entertainment must give burgesses gentlemen paris perhaps delightful interest details material life set length menu dinner supper long account ingredients needed quantities prices shops markets must bought reader see eyes cooks going round stall stall visiting butcher baker poulterer saucemaker vintner wafer maker sold wafers pastries dear medieval ladies spicer whose shop heavy scents east ménagier sets also esquires varlets waiters needed serve feast master cook comfortably stout walking disposedly queen elizabeth danced brain pan stuffed full delectable recipes hand ravishing lightness pastries eye nose skilled say capon done turn warranted without rival boille chiknes marybones tart galyngale koude rooste seethe boille frye maken martreux wel bake pye blankmanger made beste brought varlets paris took two francs hire perquisites pregnant addition ushers strong keep doors clerk add account two squires serve dresser kitchen plates dishes handed two others hall dresser give spoons drinking cups pour wine guests two others pantry give wine varlet kept drawing two set silver high table four great gilded goblets four dozen hanaps four dozen silver spoons ewers alms mugs sweetmeat dishes usher guests places head waiter two servitors table flower girl make chaplets flowers guests women see linen deck bridal bed washerwoman floors strewn violets green herbs rooms decked branches may bought market early morning good stock torches candles small candles stand supper tables great torches set sconces walls carried procession guests supper ended singing wine spices lighted torches occasion eight francs given minstrels spoons presents made meal also acrobats mimes amuse guests prepare great feast master john little mistress go far wrong fail please genial epicure set ménagier copied many recipes cookery books must got details entertainment master elias see grey heads wagging enjoyment talked wrote cookery book ends section containing recipes making ménagier calls things necessities various sorts jams mostly made honey middle ages vegetables evidently much prepared way ménagier speaks turnip carrot pumpkin jam delicious syrup mixed spices least palate faith must believe delicious powder ginger cinnamon cloves cardamom sugar sifted food sugar sifted today recipe hippocras wafers candied oranges various sage pieces advice seasons certain foods best ways cooking serving amusing number recipes culinary nature wit making glue marking ink bringing small birds aviaries cages preparing sand making drying roses lay among dresses lay lavender today curing curing bite mad dog latter charm type ménagier horse charms crust bread write follows bestie nay brigonay dictera sagragan es domina siat siat let us remember however nation produced four centuries later produced pasteur illustration ménagier wife garden party enough entrancing book show vividly brings ménagier ménagier young wife eyes many years morning rises much earlier ladies rise nowadays though early nuns must say matins husband tells fitting hour married women leave beds washes much less ladies nowadays hands face perchance says orisons dresses neatly knows whose eye goes dame agnes béguine mass eyes ground hands folded painted primer mass perhaps confession back see servants work swept dusted hall rooms beaten cushions coverlets forms tidied everything afterwards interview master john steward order dinner supper sends dame agnes see pet dogs birds speak must speak think country house must take thought farm animals dame agnes must superintend charge robin shepherd josson oxherd arnoul cowherd jehanneton milkmaid eudeline farmer wife looks poultry yard town house maids take dresses furs great chests spread sun garden courtyard air beating little rods shaking breeze taking spots stains master tried recipes pouncing lynx eyes moth sprightly flea illustration vi ménagier wife cooks supper aid book comes dinner serious meal day eaten ancestors ménagier wife gives lord master depend time year whether meat fast day know lack menus choose dinner sees servants set dine busy housewife may become lady leisure amuse country may ride hawking gay party neighbours town winter day may romp play married ladies tender years exchange riddles tell stories round fire loves wander garden weaving garlands flowers violets gilly flowers roses thyme rosemary gathering fruit season likes raspberries cherries passing gardeners weighty advice planting pumpkins april water courteously transplant gardeners give much attention gardeners always given give still ever shall give world without end wishes employers tires busy gathers together dame agnes maids sit carved beams hall mending mastership doublet embroidering vestment priest family chantry tapestry hanging bedchamber perhaps simply spin since words wife bath god given women three talents deceit weeping spinning awes tale griselda voice rising falling steady hum wheels last evening back comes lord master bustle pother meant know well since know expected running fetching bowls warm water wash feet comfortable shoes ease hanging words admiring labours comes supper bevy guests alone westering sunlight smacks connoisseur lips roast crane blankmanger nibbles sweet wafers afterwards hour twilight tells passed day asks shall silly young housemaid caught talking tailor low window looks road warm affection look turns round little face puckered anxiety housemaid dimpling smile commends warm affection pride look old man turns night falls go round house together locking doors seeing servants safe abed ancestors sparing candlelight bed may take leave couple ménagier wife evidently full life respit husbands weather may send huswiues affaires haue neuer end room idleness lovely ladies long fingers langland admonished sew poor moreover exaggerated husband ideas wifely submission appear today book leaves strong impression good sense respect well love ménagier want wife pedestal like troubadour lady licking shoes like griselda wants helpmeet chaucer wommen nat goode hir conseils goode profitable oure lord god hevene wolde never han wroght hem ne called hem help man rather confusioun man ecclesiastical jeremiahs often wont use characteristically medieval argument god meant woman position superiority taken adam head rather side ménagier agreed logical peter lombard observed taken adam head intended ruler feet either intended slave side precisely intended companion something spirit ménagier attitude towards little wife makes book charming causes stand head shoulders medieval books behaviour women social historical value lies fact gives us hues undimmed time full length portrait medieval housewife place large history concerning historians almost invariably silent chapter vi merchant staple fifteenth century men noble stock made glory murder blade praise science art like honourable trade james elroy flecker golden journey visitor house lords looking respectfully august assembly fail struck stout ungainly object facing throne ungainly object full session parliament observe seated lord chancellor england object woolsack stuffed full pure history office lord chancellor reminds generation greatness england built flimsy plant comes manufactured far east west world harsh metal delved bowels wool generation generation grown backs sheep first form raw material sought eagerly europe form manufacture carried towns villages sent far wide ships wool foundation england greatness right time industrial revolution cotton iron took place look old pictures house lords henry viii reign elizabeth see woolsack throne see visit house today lord chancellor england seated woolsack woolsack fair land rose prosperity remarkable body traders england middle ages merchants staple traded wool wool trade long largest lucrative body trade country kings england particularly interested customs revenue drawn largely wool wool fells moreover desired borrow money anticipation revenue wool merchants turned wool merchants wealthiest traders country reasons government adopted custom fixing staple towns acted centres distribution export trade forced go location staple altered time time sometimes bruges sometimes antwerp sometimes england usually calais first fixed finally established staple wool wool fells hides leather tin pass organization system complete body wool merchants whose hands lay bulk staple trade finally incorporated governance mayor system convenient crown merchants alike crown concentrate customs officers place collect customs easily particularly method gradually developed custom subsidy wool paid royal officials fellowship staple collected individual members merchants hand benefited concentration trade able travel groups organize convoys protect wool fleets pirates swarmed narrow seas england france members powerful corporation secure privileges protection flanders moreover wool buyers also benefited arrangement rendered possible careful surveillance crown company staple quality wool offered sale series regulations fraud must remembered days trade stood need protection government yet able give nothing unpopular idea giving monopoly staple trade members single company companies natural englishmen wrote bacon four centuries great trading companies nurtured english trade made country commercial leader world wool trade throve england close middle ages throughout fifteenth century staplers beginning feel competition another company famous merchant adventurers taking advantage growth native cloth manufacture previous century begun great trade export cloth obnoxious staplers desired continuance old system exported english wool continent ypres ghent bruges mechlin famous cities netherlands woven fine cloth cloth manufacture gave netherlands sort industrial europe throughout middle ages dependent entirely good supply english wool next best wool europe spain satisfactory unless mixed wool english growth hence close political tie england flanders needing customer essential raw material fifteenth century poet lytelle londe flaundres staple londes iwys alle groweth flaundres greyn sede may moneth fynde hem mete brede thenne flaundres flemmyngis leffe lothe lytelle madere flemmyshe cloothe drapynge wolle substaunce lyvene comons governaunce wythought whyche may leve ease moste hem sterve wyth us peasse days coat englishman back made english wool indeed manufactured flanders staplers saw reason ever otherwise flemings political alliances commercial necessities constantly entailed two countries gave rise among proverb bought english groat sold back tail guelder sheepskin bought destined go buying ever great cities netherlands finally ruined growth english cloth manufacture absorbed english wool however spite growing prosperity trade beginning sixteenth century ousted wool chief english export trade company merchants staple still great famous throughout fifteenth century many wealthy respected staplers days found directing destinies english towns mayors london provincial ports contractors moneylenders impecunious king rich powerful became constitutional menace almost fourth estate realm majesty wont treat grants apart parliament many staplers wills preserved registries england bearing witness prosperity public spirit many magnificent brasses preserve memory parish churches cotswolds districts england chipping campden lies william grevel wife citizen london flower wool merchants england died beautiful house still stands village street northleach lies john fortey rebuilt nave died brass shows foot sheep woolpack brasses thomas fortey another unknown merchant woolpack lie near linwood cirencester chipping norton lechlade hallows barking may see others great fraternity rest peace now lived shrewdest traders day wool cries poet gower leine dame de noblesce tu est des marchantz la duesse pour toy servir tout sont wool noble dame art goddess merchants serve ready good fortune wealth makest mount high others bringest ruin staple dwellest never free fraud trickery wherewith man wounds conscience wool christians less pagans saracens seek confess wool silent doings strange lands merchants countries time peace time war come seek reason great love whoever else enemies art never without good friends given profitable service art cherished throughout world land art born may great things reason art carried throughout world land sea goest wealthiest men england art born art ill governed trick much money made regent staple taketh foreign lands purchaseth gain harm fair white delightful love stings binds hearts make merchandise escape compass much trickery many schemes may gather make pass sea queen lady navy order envy covetousness hie bargain daily life merchant staple difficult reconstruct partly golden fleece left many marks national life partly statute book full regulations concerning wool trade chiefly come us many private letters persons engaged shipping wool england calais different sorts raw material history ordinary people middle ages made letters perhaps enthralling letters people live explain individuality fifteenth century men women upper middle classes read write although spelling sometimes marvellous behold st olave church apt become tolowys scryssche beneath painfully labouring goose quills punctuation almost entirely seek matter meaning clear enough good fortune preserved various english archives several great collections family letters written fifteenth century finest famous paston letters written family norfolk gentlefolk crammed information high politics daily life less interesting valuable letters plumptons lords yorkshire purposes interesting two collections wit correspondence stonors whose estates lay chiefly oxfordshire neighbouring counties cely papers kept family merchants staple two collections give us vivid picture wool staplers public private lives cely papers cover years happens period william stonor became sir william also became interested wool trade married elizabeth riche daughter widow wealthy city merchants stonors great sheep runs estates chilterns cotswolds william readily perceived advantage alliance elizabeth family interested wool trade consequently entered partnership friend wife merchant staple calais named thomas betson subject study elizabeth death took active part export trade thomas betson died exact contemporary merchants staple george richard cely must known indeed william cely cousin agent writes london george calais advising dispatched fells newhithe sayd felles lyeth nexte afte maste lowest felles thomas bettson aid letters papers contain many letters concerning years partnership sir william papers full information life merchant staple calais thomas betson may summoned us kindly magic almost lives deserves delightful people revealed us letters honest charm rival save attractive margery brews married john paston younger shows pleasantly beside hard paston women perhaps reason hearts warm immediately towards thomas betson first meeting plunges us immediately love affair first letter william stonor dated april informs william wool come calais worshipfful syr begins recomaund good maystershipe right worshipffulle maystresse wiffe yf plese maystershipe maystresse kateryn ten days later writes london eve sailing calais thanking stonor cheer faithful love alway ye bear owe behalf nothing deserved announcing sent present powdered lampreys pipe red wine brother adding postscript beseech mastership poor writing may lowly recommended right worshipful mistress wife like wise gentle cousin kind mistress katherine riche beseech mastership ever favourable loving katherine riche carefully commends katherine riche william stonor stepdaughter wife children first husband thomas betson affianced bride time thirteen years old footnote henceforth shall modernize spelling reader convenience footnote pickled modern opinion happily favour falling love adult marriages often shocked air business pervades matchmaking days chivalry many cases grown men married little girls yet teens days held boy came age fourteen girl twelve discrepancy great canon lawyer lyndwood son stapler attributed fact ill weeds grow apace reasons property settle family feuds simply assure future babies cradles sometimes betrothed even married church required children free came age ages fourteen twelve repudiate contract desired nothing seems separate modern england good old days plainly case little grace de saleby aged four sake broad acres married great noble death two years later another yet eleven third paid three hundred marks odd mixture humour pathos story marriages john rigmarden aged three carried church arms priest coaxed repeat words matrimony service child declared learn day priest answered must speak little go play james ballard aged ten married jane wife clocke night without consent frendes bie sir roger blakey curate colne morowe james declarid vnto vnckle jane beyinge bigge damsell mariageable tyme intised two apples go colne marry elizabeth bridge ramsbotham says marriage john bridge eleven thirteen never used insomoche first night maried john wold eate meate supper whan hit bed tyme john wepe go home father beynge tyme brother house sometimes however medieval records throw pleasanter light child marriages light thrown ménagier de paris book young wife kindly affectionate full indulgence youth also light thrown charming letter thomas betson wrote little katherine riche first day june veritable gem strange attracted notice certainly anthology english letters without set length brings warm life thomas betson katherine riche mine heartily beloved cousin katherine recommend inwardness heart now lately ye shall understand received token right heartily welcome glad received letter holake gentle squire understand right well ye good health body merry heart pray god heartily pleasure continue great comfort help jesu ye good eater meat alway ye might wax grow fast woman ye make gladdest man world troth remember favour sad loving dealing wards sooth ye make even glad joyous heart tother side remember young youth see well ye none eater meat help greatly waxing sooth ye make heavy therefore pray mine sweet cousin even love merry eat meat like woman ye love look ye desire whatsoever troth promise help lord perform power say now coming home tell much god whereas ye full womanly like lover remember manifold recommendation divers manners remitting discretion depart love best sooth mine sweet cousin ye shall understand good heart good receive take half keep tother half hearty love favour send mine sweet cousin keep send blessing lady gave dear son ever well fare pray greet well horse pray give four years help withal coming home give four years four horse loaves till amends tell prayed cousin katherine thank wife shall thank hereafter ye great cost told mine sweet cousin told late ye calais seek see find forsooth ye might comen counter ye find see faulted ye sought wrong calais ye well know ye saw calais god ye gentle calais pray gentle cousin commend clock pray amend unthrifty manners strikes ever undue time ever afore shrewd condition tell without amend condition cause strangers avoid come trust shall amend mine coming shall shortly hands feet god grace faithful cousin trust though remembered right worshipful mistress mother afore letter ye gentleness recommend mistresship many times shall please ye may say please whitsun week next intend mart ward trust pray shall pray may none well almighty jesu make good woman send many good years long live health virtue pleasure great calais side sea first day june every man gone dinner clock smote nine household cried bade come dinner answer gave ye know old footnote possibly inn name faithful cousin lover thomas betson send ring token ending thomas betson smiled dropped kiss seal inscribed letter faithful heartily beloved cousin katherine riche stonor letter delivered haste henceforth begins charming triangular correspondence betson stonor dame elizabeth stonor family news business negotiations pleasantly mingled dame elizabeth betson best terms old friends second marriage special chamber kept stonor affectionate anticipation often refers son stonor almost letters husband contain news took barge morning god speed writing come eight days now written price paid forty sacks cotswold wool recommends sir william came home last monday sometimes entrusted delicate business interviewing dame elizabeth mother difficult old lady tongue send says thomas mopping brow interviews merry countenance shortly minories another writes dame elizabeth came home london met lady mother god wot made right sullen cheer countenance whiles methought long till departed break old ffernyeres specially brake tale told vicar vicar never fared well sith took much heart told light answer departed joy tarry fine merry woman ye shall know yet find none see faithful betson chosen look katherine little sister anne ill london writes home asking clothes need knoweth lord complaining old grandmother behaviour lady mother meet cousin anne say god blessing ye mine go way forth though joy betson escorted dame elizabeth need windsor london wrote husband way right merry thanked god mercy mean merry season lady mastership ready come hitherwards shall welcome season abiding shall noisome god grace whereupon sir william sends present capons carrier assist merriment betson reports took two capons best ye counselled letter take indeed say truth suffered lady wife reasonably strong waxed lord thanked took matter like doth footnote convent minoresses franciscan nuns outside aldgate indeed hundred evidences warmth betson affection stonors simple piety character sometimes ventures give good advice dame elizabeth somewhat uplifted elevation ranks mercantile bourgeoisie place among country gentry apt extravagant husband entirely guiltless running bills hear ale brewer bread baker calling daily agent money occasion stonors owed betson brother vintner various pipes red white wine butt rumney thomas writes dame elizabeth way mart blessed lord jesus christ preserve honour worship virtuously continue god pleasure also send good profitable counsel grace hereafter shall prayer forsooth every day honour worship countenance hereafter sticketh nigh mine heart doth friend man troth blessed lord help avise madame remember large expenses beware likewise master husband well done ye remember divers considerations ye know right well blessed lord comforter help good work amen month later hears william stonor ill writes sympathize dame elizabeth anything might pleasure knew done withouten fail truly discomfort comfort god knoweth nevertheless ladyship must cause merry glad cheer put away fantasies unthrifty thoughts comes good hurtful man may hurt riotous means good beware footnote greek wine meanwhile little katherine riche recurs thomas betson letters occasionally disgrace handy pen wroth katherine writes mother sendeth writing divers times lack answer wax weary might get secretary shall put less labour answer letters important thing grows steadily older though quickly enough please lover trinity sunday writes dame elizabeth remember full oft god know eth dreamed thirty winters age woke wished twenty likelihood sooner like wish dream beseech almighty jesu heartily shall please lady stepfather writes month later beseech remember cousin katherine well god knoweth ye deme trow found home comfort thank god pain must needs suffer done times past god sake however katherine now fifteen years age sufficiently grown wed next letter written week later dame elizabeth shows us thomas betson beginning set house order getting exceedingly bothered laying trousseau business dame elizabeth seems entrusted future bridegroom madam like understand writing latter end august ladyship come london sorry much little skill anything longeth matter ye wot evidently preparations katherine must beseech ladyship send advice shall demeaned things shall belong cousin katherine shall provide must girdles three least shall made know many things must ye know well faith know troth done liever shall cost sending hither cousin katherine ladyship may therein shall please knew much know forsooth good help many things come also madam ye write courteous dealing master cousin katherine truly glad thereof pray god heartily thank therefore ever lovingly disposed beseech god ever continue also cousin katherine deserve goodly demeanour womanly disposition right well list saith every body praiseth note pride last words engaging impatience harassed male faced choosing girdles even charming letter wrote day sir william stonor little incoherent joy gratitude full regrets business keeps stonor good wishes health family fare like sorry piper says begin leave yet blessed lord speed help katherine writes understand worshipful report mastership haviours cousin katherine lady wife etc truly right joyful comfortable gladness hear beseech blessed lord ever preserve virtue good living pleasure reward mastership heaven ending good disposition herwards good exhortations giving wot well old else truly disposition virtuous goodly youth remembered excused sir remember mastership well ye written cousin katherine truly shall speak tell every word find contrary vicar god help shall cry within ten weeks less time shall ready every point god grace forsooth ye may believe footnote call banns letter written june thomas probably married little katherine august september dame elizabeth writes husband october says son betson wife recommend poor child learn soon enough sorrows wife year later thomas betson fell dangerously ill nursing looking business world though grave matron bride sixteen moreover must already expecting birth eldest son william stonor attitude towards partner illness without humour torn anxiety life friend even greater anxiety betson die without setting straight business obligations hear illness katherine labours letter stonor agents master sir according commandment mastership stepney nine clock time came thither saw gentleman forthwith good faith made us good cheer sick man might countenance notwithstanding good faith saw demeanour might prosper world mistress bevice gentlewomen uncle opinion desired prayed good comfort comforted heartily name lady departed chamber hall fell great slumbering busily moved spirits eleven clock called uncle bed gentleman chamber asked advice mistress wife stock demeanour thereof year half last past touching stock confessed wherein sight acquittance discharging doers shall behind stock shall ready occupation answer god devil book bought ye shall privy thereto book sold ye shall also privy two books shall judges remain keeping mistress wife hands lock key bills obligations according concerning surety divers payments made divers merchants lord saith plate mistress jane probably jane riche younger sister katherine caused taken set surety save must needs occupied sends sir william information two sums owed betson master mistress adds trust jesu shall endure till messenger come longer physicians determined executors three persons mistress wife humphrey starkey recorder london robert tate merchant calais notwithstanding moved mistress jane break testament make mistress wife sole executrix done therein yet speak shall god grace something unexpected little gathering creditors seizing plate man always shown exceedingly affectionate towards stonors devoted interests now lady attempt make young wife sixteen sole executrix might completely family hands without counsel two experienced disinterested merchants somewhat sinister air intrigues went three days later agent writes pleasant observe old mistress croke dame elizabeth mother unmindful betson forbearance visits railed sharp tongue tidings trust god shall good thursday lady croke came stepney brought master brinkley see betson faith sick man ere departed gave plasters head stomach belly night quiet rest came friday well amended people notwithstanding determine whether shall live die yet may keep alive till tuesday noon undertake cause write now rather certainty sir many special labours secret sithen mistress jane come contrary disposition come write plain nes yet mistress betson attendeth things counsels laid apart abide trust good fatherhood lady furthermore depart world ye shall hear tidings goodly haste may purvey whether die live necessary behoveful mistress jane depart time certainty knowen truth divers folks ye shall know hereafter lady exhort contrarier disposition time mistress jane worthy much thank however schemings premature betson happily recovered october henham writes master betson right well amended blessed jesus past doubts sickness takes sustenance right well physicians come none need another death hand break close association thomas betson stonors end year kind extravagant affectionate dame elizabeth died surprising fact death seems brought close business partnership husband henceforth references thomas betson stonor papers occasional notes debts stonor doubtless bought sir william share joint business march acknowledged obligations stonor still owed impossible guess relationship affectionate personal friendship well business tie come sudden end editor remarks sincerity honesty betson character revealed letters forbids suppose blame private domestic side thomas betson life tells us little save occasional references fellowship staple price cotswold wool great company chapter began since stands type well individual must needs turn now public business life try find indirect evidence merchant staple went business stapler make good livelihood must two things give best attention first must buy wool english grower must sell foreign buyer best wool england came cotswolds merchant staple enjoy bargaining whether want proceeds great summer clip fells autumn thomas betson rides gloucestershire soft spring weather good sorrel knees scent hawthorn blowing round goes wool merchants ride farther afield long dales yorkshire bargain cistercian abbots wool huge flocks celys swear cotswold fells shipped london july names sir william stonor knight thomas betson london john lolyngton master god may great month purchases northleach great staplers wool dealers wonder northleach church full woolmen brasses often knelt often village hummed buyers sellers exchanging orders examining samples celys bought chiefly two northleach wool dealers william midwinter john busshe relations dealers sellers often enough close pleasant midwinter even occasionally tried provide customer bride well cargo marriageable young ladies unwilling examined gallon wine much good cheer inn true midwinter apt restive bills remained long unpaid may forgiven thomas betson favoured wool fells robert turbot lamberton dealt also john tate whyte broadway another famous wool village john elmes henley merchant well known stonors midwinter busshe elmes wool dealers middlemen say farmers grew staplers bought wool often staplers dealt directly individual farmers buying small man clip well great man warm friendships sprang annual visits looked forward yorkshire dale cotswold valley strikes pleasant note richard russell citizen merchant york leaves distribution among farmers yorkes walde bought wool way among farmers lyndeshay letters give mass information wool buying northleach may year betson partnership stonor seem ended old richard cely business reporting son cely caleys greet well received letter writ calais day may letter well understood marts sale middle wool desired john destermer john underbay wherefore grace god abusied ship foresaid sarplers bought william midwinter northleach sarplers fair wool wool packer breten saith also sarplers rector fair wool much finer wool year shipped afore easter last past shipping begun london none shipped yet holy days ye order freight costs day brother richard cely rid northleach see cast sort fell another sort fell another occasion writes letter avise buy wool cotswold shall john cely gathering sack midwinter northleach sack avised buy wool cotswold great price tod great riding wool cotswold year seven year picture calls merchants trotting along roads looking chaucer often saw look marchant ther forked berd motteleye hye horse sat heed flaundryssh bever hat boots clasped faire fetisly resons spak ful solempnely sounynge alway thencrees wynnyng often northleach betson must encountered brethren staple staid old merchant richard cely among rest son george rides hawk wrist horse called another called perhaps also john barton holme beside newark proud stapler set stained glass windows house motto thank god ever shall sheepe payed though indeed unlikely came far south cotswolds wool sometimes also betson meets road rivals stout flemings thin sleek lombards black eyes gesticulating hands business cotswolds buying wool mart calais come good englishmen angry tricks angrier still perhaps successful trade yet packed wool london writes old richard cely october bought year lock wool wool cotswold bought lombards wherefore less haste pack wool london son writes november calais little cotswold wool calais understand lombards bought england true celys english merchants unwilling conclude private bargains time time foreign buyers england two years later agent william cely writes advise two flemish merchants now trying buy england contrary ordinance authority calais got wind therefore masters must take care make wyllykyn peter bale pay calais dealings knoweth man without search peter bale books upright betson doubt eschewed tricks resented particularly clever usurious lombards full financial dodges trick english merchant buy wool england credit riding list cotswolds cotteswolde also ryde aboute al englonde bien wythouten doute liste wythe fredome fraunchise englisshe may getyn wyse carry wool flanders sell ready money loss five per cent thereafter lending money heavy usury mostly english merchants time pay day came england realized heavy profit wold beleve wypen nose owne sleve thow proverbe homly undew yet liklynesse forsoth fulle trew next serious piece business thomas betson must take hand packing shipping wool calais found enmeshed regulations company crown ever fraud packing description staple product wool packed county came strict regulations mixing hair earth rubbish collectors appointed company different districts sworn exchequer rode round sealed package opened without breaking seal great bales carried backs ancient trackways wiltshire hampshire downs used roman conquest thence surrey kent medway ports pilgrims way different ports collectors customs ready enter rolls names merchants shipping wool together quantity description wool shipped wool came london many staplers offices mark lane corruption mart lane weighed assessment customs subsidy leadenhall business thomas betson helped stonor three assistants call thomas henham goddard oxbridge thomas howlake last warm corner heart young man gentle little katherine riche men sometimes stonors london warehouse sometimes house calais saved betson good deal trouble experienced enough oversee packing wool london sale calais calais wool packed weighed marked assessed customs officer carried ships calais little ports east coast england many mere villages today ships put hull colchester brightlingsea rotherhithe walberswick suffolk rainham essex bradwell maidstone milton newhithe milhall august celys paying masters different ships freight sarplers wool summer clip summer shipping went right christmas winter months merchants mostly sending fells sheepskins great slaughter sheep cattle took place martinmas housewives salted meat winter farmers made delivery fells hides staplers long ago bargained often merchants letters customs accounts give us names doughty little ships cargoes october instance celys shipping consignment fells right worshipful sir due recommendation lowly recommend letting understand master shipped fells port london now shipping october fells ye must receive pay freight first grace god london william sordyvale master packs sum lying aft mast pack lieth rest pack summer fells marked lieth packs fells william daltons lieth packs masters item rainham harry wylkyns master packs half cots wold fell sum pelt lying aft mast lieth fells welther fyldes william lyndys man northampton partition made small cords item maidstone harry lawson master pokes sum pelt whereof lieth packs next mast hatches man pack lieth stern sheet six packs fells summer fells marked likewise item grace london john lokyngton master packs sum pelt lying aft fells thomas graunger partition made red sum fells master shipped time packs half whereof winter fells country fells marked summer fells part left behind two packs appointment summer fells marked item sir ye shall receive rainham john danyell master trunk gear essex cheese marked master mark details number fells shipped like manner hull newhithe lay mast aftward fells thomas betson fells invigorating list ships cargoes romantic topics whether apes ivory peacocks tin trays since day jason sailed colchis fleeces ever among romantic cargoes smack salt old master mariners henry wilkins master rainham john lollington master london robert ewen master newhithe rest waving hands wives sweethearts sail sparkling little bays good woolsacks abaft hatches shipmen chaucer heart craft rekene wel tydes stremes daungers hym besides herberwe moone lodemenage ther noon swich hulle cartage hardy wys undertake many tempest hadde berd shake knew wel alle havenes gootland cape fynystere every cryke britaigne spayne barge maudelayne ships doubtless like two cely brothers bought called mother excessive sum exclusive rigging fittings carried master boatswain cook sixteen jolly kept good look pirates armed cannon bows bills five dozen darts twelve pounds gunpowder victualled salt fish bread wheat beer plied celys trade zealand flanders bordeaux must two hundred tons little ships much smaller learned editor tells us ships little medway ports scarcely thirty tons navigate river safely thomas maidstone barge pass aylesford bridge navigated channel dodged pirates blithely enough though often thomas betson calais nervous safe arrival wool fleet like chaucer merchant wolde see kept thing betwixe middelburgh orewelle side side george richard cely must often strained eyes quay salt wind blowing feather cap breathed thanksgiving god ships hove sight sir writes stonor london good lord understand certain wool shipped comen calais kept tidings till comen good durst bold mastership now good time may glad joyful tidings truth glad heartily thank god thomas henham writes likewise three weeks later departed sandwich day april came calais sher thursday last wool ships blessed jesu received wools safety furthermore sir please mastership understand received wools fair whole man fleet moreover sir please mastership understand wool housed ever deal easter even furthermore sir please mastership understand shipman content paid freight celys write strain day august wool fleet came calais london ipswich safety thanked god day part landed riseth fair yet thanked god letters tell us danger feared pray jesu send safe hither soon writes richard well beloved brother george june eryke chased scots calais dover scaped narrow many chases recorded hear wool burnt hatches cast overboard storm footnote shrove thursday thomas betson celys travelled often across channel ships carried passengers letters almost much home calais london calais english merchants allowed live anywhere liked town company staple list regular licensed whose houses might stay usually number merchants lived host potent grave reverend seniors dining high table smaller fry side tables hall sometimes quarrelled terms william cely writes home day richard george london item sir please understand variance betwixt host thomas graunger fellowship lodging thomas graunger promised us coming lodging pay board week high table side table now saith less week high table side table wherefore fellowship depart lodgings place another william dalton robert torneys ralph temyngton master brown man stamford shall thomas clarke fellowship departs save wherefore let masterships knowledge ye may shall like best thomas betson never fell hosts whose complaint must sat long love letters came late dinner business enough calais first wool landed inspected royal officers see properly labelled skilled packers examined repacked resealed bales anxious moment merchants conscious inferior wool among bulging sarplers honest betson may certain never cheated celys knew little tricks trade year lieutenant calais took sarpler agent william cely knew poor wool order make test privily substitutes wool changed labels soon able write home wool awarded sarpler cast last wonder gower trick regent staple le laines maintenir je voi plusours descontenir du loyalté la viele usance custom subsidy paid mayor fellowship staple collected king came main business every merchant selling wool thomas betson preferred course sell quickly possible ships came sometimes market slow wool remained months hands wool summer sheep shearing shipped month february following remaining unsold april classed old wool fellowship staple ordained foreign buyers must take sarpler old wool every three new although flemings grumbled wanted take old five new put regulation great deal betson business done mart calais met dignified flemish merchants scions old families estates plebeian merchants delft leyden wool dealers sunny florence genoa venice among best customers stonors celys mentioned letters peter daniel van de rade bruges thomas howlake occasion reports sale four sarplers fine cotswold wool marks sack rebate cloves sack adds please foresaid merchants bought wool good came flanders showed favour given respite staplers however business calais alone rode also great fairs antwerp bruges country round betson writes henham master calais last day april departed good health bruges mart first day may bifel marchant day shoop hym make redy array toward toun brugges fare byen porcioun ware portion betson went writes sir william wit trinity even came calais thanked good lord full fair passage sir god might intend friday next depart beseech good lord speed help works sir trust god mercy world merry somewhat shall profit mine yet cometh merchants hereafter god grace come shall lose time season shall come promise sir come mart shall send word matters mercy lord fairs betson meet great crowd merchants europe though often enough political disturbances made roads dangerous merchants ran risk robbed english traders commonly reputed best sellers customers fairs flanders brabant though flemings sometimes complained staplers made regulations forbidding merchants buy except last day flemish sellers anxious pack let goods go insufficient prices author englyshe boasts proudly custom brought english marts holonde calyse byene oure felles oure wolles englyshe men hem selles wee martis braban charged bene wyth englysshe clothe fulle gode feyre seyne wee bene ageyne charged wyth mercerye haburdasshere ware wyth grocerye whyche martis englisshe men call feyres iche nacion ofte makethe repayeres englysshe frensh lumbards januayes genoese cathalones theder take wayes scottes spaynardes iresshmen abydes wythe grete plente bringing salt hydes saye braban lye flaunders seland bye marchaundy common use done nacions herde marchaundes relacions yff englysshe martis bene febelle nought bene partes bye fro purse put owte marchaundy alle rowte fairs held different times different places year four great fair seasons corresponding four seasons year cold mart winter thomas betson rode muffled fur horse hoofs ringing frosty roads pask easter mart spring whistled blithely stuck violet cap synxon st john mart summer round st john baptist day hot mopped brow bought roll tawny satin lucca silk katherine genoese booth antwerp balms bammys mart autumn round day st rémy flemings call st bamis october buy fur budge mink mantle fine black shanks hansards mart bruges marts merchants staple jaunting place place meet buyers wool hundred little commissions friends folk home apt think staplers existed errands abroad send presents wanted pair louvain gloves sugar loaf pipe gascon wine get cheaper dear yard two holland cloth ginger saffron always welcome bought venetians celys spell course purchases made way business calais packthread canvas arras brittany normandy pack bales wool celys thomas betson wont say talk nothing sport buying hawks save gloomy occasion george cely rode ten miles silence confided england grey bitch whelped fourteen pups died pups calais fairs marts country thomas betson dispose wool fells labour end now embark complicated business collecting money customers flemish merchants paying creditors england cotswold wool dealers customary staplers pay wool bills due rule six months thomas betson hard put meet foreign buyers delayed pay moreover difficulties inconceivably complicated exchanges think know something difficulty divers fluctuating exchanges today hardly imagine elaborate calculations constant disputes racked brain merchant staple fifteenth century rates england continent constantly vary editor points number potentates kinds claimed privilege issuing coinage frequently suspicious character uttered gold silver made matter adjustment values difficult celys evidently obliged take get imagine difficulties poor thomas betson wandered turn andrew guilder scotland arnoldus gulden gueldres much debased carolus groat charles burgundy new crowns old crowns france david falewe bishopric utrecht hettinus groat counts westphalia lewe french louis limburg groat milan groat nimueguen groat phelippus philippe brabant plaques utrecht postlates various bishops english ryall worth ten shillings scots rider rider burgundy called bore figure man horseback florin rhenau bishopric cologne setillers know value english money fixed time fellowship debased past reason indeed english money enjoyed enviable good fame respect henry viii began debasing coinage nefarious ends letters celys full worried references exchange much pity thomas betson doubtless like chaucer bearded merchant koude exchaunge sheeldes french crowns selle illustration vii calais time thomas betson effect payments england netherlands staplers used make use excellent banking facilities instruments credit bills exchange forth placed disposal italian spanish merchants english mercers combined trading financial operations find william cely writing masters illustration viii thomas paycocke house coggeshall please masterships understand received john delowppys payment bill sent adlington fleming whereof paid gynott strabant fleming item made exchange benynge decasonn lombard nobles sterling payable usance delivered fleming noble amounteth fleming item made exchange like wise jacob van de base nobles sterling payable london usuance like wise delivered fleming every noble sterling amounteth fleming rest remains still make season take money yet money goeth now bourse noble none money nimueguen groats crowns andrew guilders rhenish guilders exchange goeth ever longer worse worse item sir send enclosed letter two first letters payment exchange written benynge decasonn letter directed gabriel defuye peter sanly genoese jacob van de base directed anthony carsy marcy strossy spaniards lombard street ye shall hear week later writes understand masterships taken exchange john raynold mercer sterling payable day month deago decastron diego da castro spaniard sterling payable day month shall content day master lewis lombard paid bill attorney wrangling fellow none money nimueguen groats many letter must thomas betson written lodgings sitting late work must needs write friends sleeping date letters london lady day night deem ye bed mine eyne smarted god help came make annual accounts hardest work portrait labours thridde day marchant ariseth nedes sadly hym avyseth gooth rekene hymself wel may thilke yeer hymn stood despended hadde good encressed noon bookes bagges many oon leith biform hymn ful riche tresor hord ful faste countour dore shette eek nolde man sholde hymn lette accountes meene tyme sit til passed pry passed life merchant staple riding cotswold farms wool business marks lane sailing london calais calais london dealing merchant strangers mart calais riding marts flanders fair time great company sheltered arranged lodging kept sharp eye quality wool made rules buying selling saw justice court setting hard withal interesting work thomas betson love story flowered happy marriage destined live long recovery serious illness perhaps left permanently delicate died six years later seven years married life beginning remembered age fifteen diligent katherine borne five children two sons thomas john three daughters elizabeth agnes alice fortunately thomas died comfortably still preserved somerset house informs us become member fishmongers company well merchant staple time great city companies longer confined persons actually engaged trade represented thomas betson leaves money repair roof loft parish church hallows barking buried pounds garnishing staple chapel lady church calais buy jewel twenty pounds buy plate makes latter company guardian children leaves house wife legacy thomas henham colleague stonor service characteristically gives directions costs burying done outrageously soberly discreetly mean moderate medium manner may worship laud almighty god katherine widow five children age married second husband william welbech haberdasher haberdashers wealthy company another son heart stayed husband wrote first playful child death directed laid side thomas betson hallows barking three staplers still lie beneath brasses although trace remains let lie long forgotten yet worthier memory many armoured knights sleep carved sepulchres beautiful medieval churches garlands wither brow boast mighty deeds death purple altar now see bleeds heads must come cold tomb actions just smell sweet blossom dust chapter vii paycocke essex clothier days henry vii gallant cloathier sure whose fame ever shall endure thomas deloney great noble trade left many traces life england architectural literary social filled countryside magnificent perpendicular churches gracious houses filled popular literature old wives tales worthies england clothiers thomas reading jack newbury rub elbows friar bacon robin hood filled shires gentlemen defoe observed early eighteenth century great families now pass gentry western counties originally raised built truly noble manufacture filled census lists surnames weaver webber webb sherman fuller walker dyer given every unmarried woman designation spinster time cloth trade ousted wool chief export trade england time turn ousted iron cotton foundation england commercial greatness crafts says old deloney chief greatest merchandize country became famous thorowout nations already end fourteenth century english clothiers beginning rival netherlands making fine cloth witness chaucer wife bath hadde swiche haunt passed hem ypres gaunt end sixteenth century real rivalry end english manufacture clearly victorious development manufacture change took place organization never easy industry organize gild basis making piece cloth entailed many distinct processes preliminary processes spinning carding always performed women children cottages weavers bought spun yarn gild fullers fulled shearmen finished dyers dyed sell finished piece cloth group crafts gild sometimes find weavers employing fullers sometimes fullers weavers moreover since weaving much quicker process spinning weaver often wasted much time found hard collect enough yarn keep loom busy market cloth grew wider longer confined town weaver need felt middleman specialize selling finished cloth degrees grew class men bought wool large quantities sold weavers natural transition began sell wool outright deliver weavers weave fullers full shearmen finish wage receiving back work done men grew rich amassed capital set many folk work soon began set work different workers combined make piece cloth servants carried wool cottages women card spin carried spun yarn turn dyers weavers fullers shearers carried finished piece cloth back industrial middleman clothier called turn disposed mercantile middleman called draper clothiers grew rapidly wealth importance certain parts country became backbone middle class pursued activities country villages rather old corporate towns wished avoid restrictions gilds gradually cloth industry migrated almost entirely country west england east anglia though yorkshire carried clothiers system right moment industrial revolution swept cottages factories south north thriving villages emptied today must needs scattered traces old buildings still older names familiar figures east anglian clothier swarm busy workmen familiar figure old thomas paycocke clothier coggeshall essex died full years honour family originally came clare suffolk middle fifteenth century branch settled coggeshall village far distant grandfather father seem grazing butchers brother descendants followed truly noble manufacture set indelible mark village dwelt coggeshall lies great district essex fuller wrote county charactered like bethsheba layeth hand spindle hands hold distaffe amiss pray plough may go along wheel around fed clothed may god blessing danger starving nation essex lay villages famous coggeshall braintree bocking halstead shalford dedham colchester great centre mart trade villages throve industry hardly cottage hum spinning wheel hardly street might counted weavers workshops kitchens rough loom stood wall occupy goodman working hours hardly week clatter heard straggling streets bringing new stores wool worked taking away pieces cloth clothiers colchester surrounding villages throughout fifteenth century coggeshall important centre second great towns norwich colchester sudbury day two inns called must build portrait thomas paycocke compeers scattered traces happily traces common enough many many english village coggeshall lie ready hand three things brought life wit house village street family brasses aisle village church preserved somerset house house brass seem little enough hold history greatest error suppose history must needs something written may just well something built churches houses bridges amphitheatres tell story plainly print eyes read roman villa excavated lying lost centuries beneath heel unwitting ploughboy villa spacious floors rich mosaic patterns elaborate heating apparatus shattered vases brings home clearly textbook real meaning roman empire whose citizens lived like foggy island uttermost edge world norman castle moat drawbridge gatehouse bailey keep arrow slits instead windows eloquent hundred chronicles perils life twelfth century dwelt private gentleman days rome country fourteenth century courtyard chapel hall dovecote speaks age peace life thousand little manors revolved round lord great mass englishmen went unscathed hundred years war seamed fair face france begin merchants elaborate perpendicular houses towns villages fifteenth century standing road gardens behind carved beams great general air comfort mark advent new class english history middle class thrust lord peasant coming spacious days great elizabeth mirrored beautiful elizabethan houses wide wings large rooms chimneys glass windows looking outwards open parks spreading trees instead inwards closed courtyard go house built redecorated eighteenth century see chippendale chairs lacquer tables chinese covered pagodas mandarins surely come mind age nabobs age john company familiarized products far east age tea ousted coffee drink gentleman fashion horace walpole collected porcelain oliver goldsmith idealized china citizen world dr johnson called great cham literature look picture look row houses hundred row exactly alike villa roof hardly window false bottle glass panes twentieth century indeed social much political history england may reconstructed architecture alone make apology calling thomas paycocke house historical evidence much type though less interesting evidence monumental brasses found parts england abound east anglia home counties thames valley variety magnificent brasses ecclesiastics vestments doctors law divinity masters arts academic dress abbots abbesses brasses knights armour brasses ladies little dogs feet dresses show changes fashion century century make clear mysteries kirtles wimples partlets farthingales appropriate successive mode brasses also like houses bear witness prosperity middle class fourteenth century merchants began build fine houses began also bury splendid brasses finest perhaps brasses wool staplers feet resting woolpack sheep many merchants mayors aldermen abound set merchants marks tombs proudly gentlemen set coats arms indeed great cause pride may see proudest famous brass lynn robert braunch lies two wives feet incised scene representing feast entertained edward iii royally feasted peacocks tailor shears glorious crusader sword northleach wine merchant feet wine cask cirencester smaller folk less dowered wealth proud enough implements craft two three public notaries penhorn pencase complete huntsman horn newland church free miners forest dean cap leather breeches tied knee wooden shoulder small mattock right hand candlestick teeth kind historical evidence help us thomas paycocke family brasses set north aisle parish church st peter ad vincula several disappeared course last century half unluckily brass thomas survives aisle still lie two brass brother john died john wife nephew another thomas died merchant mark may still seen thereon lastly evidence paycocke wills three preserved somerset house john paycocke thomas father builder house thomas paycocke nephew thomas whose brass lies aisle left long splendidly detailed testament full information local history organization cloth industry social historians yet hardly perhaps made much use might evidence wills enormous amount miscellaneous information derived therefrom life forefathers hardly believed save turned pages collection great wills may see many daughters man dower many put nunnery education provided sons may note popular religious houses men books books much money thought fit leave charitable purposes thought business capacity wives may read long dazzling lists family plate favourite cups dishes pet names rings brooches belts rosaries detailed descriptions dresses furs sometimes splendid sometimes ordinary people handed rich clothes carefully jewels even wonderful descriptions beds bedclothes hangings bed valuable article furniture must often judging wills brilliant beautiful object indeed shakespeare earned great deal unmerited obloquy leaving ann hathaway bed though denied might left even beautiful dressings bed chamber hangings brocaded embroidered vestments mentioned wills elaborate arrangements funeral ceremonies extremely interesting wills kinds even villeins wills though theory villein possessions lord wills kings queens lords ladies bishops parsons lawyers shopkeepers also evidence social prosperity middle class details trade contents shops inventories houses estates sometimes country house rents almost always town dressers garnished plate wives ornaments apprentices gilds philanthropy intermarriage gentry religious opinions living picture men wills give us daily lives three sources life times thomas paycocke may drawn three houses brasses wills contain much evidence increasingly rapid growth last two centuries middle ages large prosperous middle class whose wealth based landed property industry trade class already met typical examples thomas betson anonymous ménagier de paris must now see house family brasses tell us clothier thomas paycocke first foremost tell us great deal noble industry supported paycocke house full relics cloth industry merchant mark paycockes ermine tail looking like clover leaf found carved beams chimney breastsummers set midst strip carving along front house thomas marked bales cloth armorial bearings need whole house essentially middle house man age yet vulgar prosperity blossomed exquisitely ornate decoration band carving runs along front house curved stem branch hundred charming devices leaves tendrils strange flowers human heads tudor roses crowned king queen lying hand hand baby diving kick fat legs bowl arum lily midst merchant mark shield initials master house hall beautiful ceiling carved oakwork exceedingly elaborate bearing intervals merchant mark upstairs big bedchamber ceiling beams worked bold roll mouldings exquisite little parlour lined linen fold panels breastsummer carved strange animals elaboration characteristic piece coggeshall church spacious east anglian churches lavenham long melford thaxted saffron walden lynn snettisham lofty spacious clothiers built newly won wealth architecture characteristic like paid elaborate ornament sumptuous detail perpendicular taking place simple majesty early english style just sort architecture merchant fortune pay middle class liked show money ostentation without vulgarity wealth looking beautiful house worshipping beside family tombs merchant mark brasses st katherine aisle thomas paycocke must often blessed noble industry supported wills paycockes tell story beside family thomas leave legacies good folk neighbourhood worked goodday family cheerful name two shearmen cloth finishers substantial gifts bequeth thomas goodday sherman xx ych childryn iij iiij apece item bequeth edward goodday sherman xvj viij child iij iiij also left money robert goodday sampford robert brother john robert sisters something extra grace goddaughter forget nicholas goodday stisted robert goodday coggeshall families relative john priest ten shillings trental gooddays doubtless bound thomas paycocke ties work well friendship belonged coggeshall family generations connected cloth industry thomas paycocke namesake whose dated still close relations left edwarde goodaye godson fourtie shillinges every brother sister saide edwarde livinge tyme decease tenne shillinges pece william gooday thelder tenne shillinges hurrying scattering generation today hardly imagine immovable stability village past centuries generation generation grew cradle grave houses cobbled streets folk name still friends fathers grandfathers friends employees thomas paycocke also legacies leaves humphrey stonor prentis may see humphrey stonor sleepy eyes making way downstairs frosty morning huge raftered attics perhaps used sleep terms impudent friendship doubt weavers fullers master set work withal young man good family relative perchance stonors thomas betson worked deloney wrote yonger sons knights gentlemen fathers leave lands commonly preferred learn trade end thereby might live good estate drive forth days prosperity two friends got substantial legacies apparently thomas paycocke lent money wished wipe debt says bequethe john beycham weyver li moch bitwene vs ells make vp li gowne doublett bequeth forgive robert taylor fuller betwixt vs give iij iiij legacies show even clearly operations larger scale bequeth wevers ffullers shermen afore rehersed name xij apece wrought verey moch wark iij iiij apece item bequethe distributed amonge kembers carders spynners summa iiij li branches cloth industry glance thomas paycocke clothier round whole manufacture revolves gives wool women comb card spin receives gives weaver woven cloth gives cloth fuller fulled dyer dyed received finished made dozens sends wholesale dealer draper sells perhaps wont send perpoint draper calls cosyn makes executor whole thomas paycocke daily business implicit year death still employing large number workers friendly benevolent terms building house signalized retirement business happened another great clothier thomas dolman gave weavers newbury went lamenting lord mercy us miserable sinners thomas dolman built new house turned away spinners relations paycocke employees evinced happy ones always case clothiers age virtues capitalists also many vices strife capital labour already well advanced fifteenth century detail paycocke give us glad know employ domestic weavers working houses also keep certain number looms working house characteristic period lived something like miniature factory system establishing midst new outwork system clothiers beginning set looms houses work journeymen weavers rule independent weavers greatly disliked practice either forced position free masters hired servants obliged go work clothier loom shop else found payment forced competition journeymen moreover clothiers sometimes owned let looms also part industrial independence weaver lost first half sixteenth century weavers cloth districts kept petitioning parliament new evil capitalism though long established england prevision factory system worker longer owning either raw material tool workshop produce industry labour dwindled hired hand certainly practice growing essex twenty years thomas paycocke death weavers petitioned clothiers looms weavers fullers houses petitioners rendered destitute rich men clothiers concluded agreed among hold pay price weaving cloths price small support households even worked day night holiday many lost independence reduced become men servants nevertheless outwork system remained common without doubt majority paycocke workers lived cottages though probable also looms house perhaps long low room back traditionally supposed used weaving perhaps shed house highly idyllic picture work miniature factories may amuse applying thomas paycocke contained deloney history jack jack newbury historical character famous clothier named john winchcomb died newbury year later paycocke paycocke must certainly heard kersies famous continent old fuller celebrates among calls considerable clothier without fancy fiction england ever beheld tales led hundred flodden field feasted king queen house newbury built part newbury church refused knighthood preferring rest russet coat poor clothier dying day spread england growing spread thomas deloney forefather novel enshrined rambling tale half prose half verse soon became extremely popular tale may take imaginary picture work clothier house wary remember however exaggeration legend great john winchcomb certainly never many two hundred looms house thomas paycocke probably dozen poet must licence spirit ballad thing always pleasant diversion drop rhyme within roome large long stood two hundred loomes full strong two hundred men truth wrought loomes row every pretty boy sate making quilts mickle joy another place hard hundred women merily carding hard joy full cheere singing sate voyces cleere chamber close beside two hundred maidens abide petticoats stammell red milk white kerchers head like winter snow westerne mountaines flow sleeve silken band featly tied hand pretty maids never lin place day spin spinning voyces meet like nightingales sang full sweet another roome came children poore aray every sate picking wool finest course cull number sevenscore ten children poore silly men labours requite every penny night beside meat drinke day wondrous stay within another place likewise full fifty proper men spies sheremen everyone whose skill cunning showne hard remaine full rowers taking paine likewise wherein kept full forty men likewise fulling mill full twenty persons kept still weeke ten good fat oxen spent house certaintie beside good butter cheese fish many another wholesome dish kept butcher yeere brewer eke ale beere baker bake bread stood hushold good stead five cookes within kitchin great yeare dress meat six scullion boyes vnto hands make clean dishes pots pans beside poore children stay turne broaches every day old man see sight much amaz well might gallant cloathier sure whose fame forever shall endure private life thomas paycocke less business made live family invaluable tells us little first wife margaret whose initials together decorate woodwork house indeed probable old john paycocke built house young couple wedding gay indeed must sights witnessed happy day ancestors knew put hearts wedding merry england never merrier bridegroom led home bride may borrow deloney idyll recreate scene bride attyred gowne sheepes russet kertle fine woosted head attyred billiment gold haire yeallow gold hanging downe behinde curiously combed pleated according manner dayes shee led church betweene two sweete boyes bridelaces rosemary tied silken sleeves fair silver gilt carried wherein goodly branch rosemary gilded faire hung silken ribands colours next noyse musicians played way came chiefest maydens country bearing great bride cakes garlands wheate finely gilded past church needlesse mee make mention bridegroome man well beloued wanted company best sort beside diuers marchant strangers stillyard came london wedding marriage solemnized home came order dinner went want good cheare lack melody wedding endured ten dayes great reliefe poore dwelt much dancing house doubtless saw beautiful carved roof hall much song games kissing general abandon even bride groom retired bridal chamber beams done must hold levee nearest friends bedchamber enthroned great bed false delicacy ancestors indeed henry bullinger says different person jovial deloney contemporary paycocke coverdale translated let speak supper must begynne pype daunce agayne new though yonge parsones beynge weery bablyng noyse inconuenience come ones towarde theyer rest yet haue quietnesse man shall fynd unmanerly restlesse people first go theyr chambre dore syng vycious naughtie balates deuell maye haue triumphe now vttermost give ballads today bride margaret somewhat merry fashion brought home coggeshall came clare ancient home coggeshall paycockes daughter thomas horrold whose memory paycocke retained lively affection respect founding chantry coggeshall church desired specially souls wife mother father thomas horrold clare also left five pounds executors purvey oder stone hade clare chirch layd ffader lawe thomas horrold pycture wife childryn thereon memorial brass also five cows else three pounds money clare church kepe mayntene ffader lawe thomas horrold obitt also left money wife brother sisters margaret paycocke died husband without children young folk name thomas ever saw play lofty hall climbing dresser find head small walnut hidden carving ceiling nephews nieces robert margaret uppcher sister children john son brother john thomas robert emma children brother robert perhaps also little godchild grace goodday perhaps hope son might leave house name thomas paycocke married girl called ann cotton wife old age good wif presence must made bright beautiful house silent lonely since margaret died father george cotton mentioned brothers sister richard william eleanor substantial legacies thomas ann enjoyed short term married life brought child death overtook born provides carefully ann five hundred marks sterling long lives beautiful house elaborate arrangements inheritance adds alwey wif ann haue house dwell lyvyth hir pleyser dof house garden stoundeth gap paycocke records makes difficult say whether thomas paycocke child lived died seems probable either died girl paycocke bequeathed house provided male heirs nephew john son eldest brother john find hands john paycocke house next door hands another thomas paycocke brother robert son thomas died leaving daughters died john paycocke sadly commemorated parish register last name coxall beautiful house passed hands great family clothiers held nearly hundred years thomas paycocke personal character also possible divine something obviously kind benevolent employer thought children shows often asked stand godfather babies coggeshall directs burial ceremonies repeated seventh day mind xij smale childryn rochettes tapers theire hands many may lett god childryn vj viij apece euery oder child iiij apece also euery god chyld besyde vj viij apece children probably little employed early age sorting thomas paycocke wool people says thomas deloney god lightly blessed children meanes occupation order time come sixe seven yeeres age able get owne bread defoe rode blackstone edge halifax observing cloth manufacture occupied villages west riding chief grounds admiration employed youngest oldest scarce thing four years old hands sufficient support employment children regard excessively early age means new phenomenon introduced industrial revolution thomas paycocke many friends coggeshall villages round number legacies bears witness also shows man deep religious feeling brother crutched friars colchester left death five pounds pray bound pray fore customary middle ages monastic houses give privilege fraternity house benefactors persons distinction reception took place long elaborate ceremony received kiss peace brethren mark respect thomas paycocke held countryside made brother crutched friars seems special kindness order friars left grey friars colchester friars maldon chelmsford sudbury ten shillings trental repair houses friars clare left twenty shillings two trentals lent deceste kade red heryng great interest coggeshall abbey lay less mile house must often dined state abbot guest table feast days attended mass abbey church remembered abbey lay dying sound bells ringing vespers came softly window mellow september air left lord abbot convent famous broadcloths four pounds money dirige masse belles ryngyng buriall doon chirche lykewyse vijth day mounth day iij tryntalls day yf serve orells leasur summa li piety shown also bequests churches bradwell pattiswick markshall parishes adjacent coggeshall stoke nayland clare poslingford ovington beauchamp st pauls essex order district paycockes originally came greatest care naturally coggeshall church paycockes probably built north aisle altar dedicated st katherine paycocke tombs lay thomas paycocke left instructions buried st katherine altar made following gifts church bequeth high aulter coxhall chirche recompence tithes oder thyngs forgoten summa iiij li item bequethe tabernacle trenyte high awlter seint margarete seint katryne ile great lady stands carvyng gildyng summa marcs sterlinge item reparacons chirch bells lying chirche summa nobles founded chantry also left money given weekly six poor men attend mass chantry thrice week piety family pride legacies religious houses churches speak clearly another series legacies takes form characteristic medieval charity bears witness perhaps thomas paycocke habits must often ridden abroad see folk worked visit friends villages round coggeshall farther afield clare first see home ancestors court margaret horrold bride margaret beside visit certainly whether walked church coggeshall whether rode along country lanes often sighed state road went often must struggled torrents mud winter stumbled among holes summer middle ages care roads matter private ecclesiastical charity except great highways likely indifferently kept langland mentions amending wayes means bad habits bad roads works charity rich merchants must salvation souls thomas paycocke choice roads doubt reflects many wearisome journey returned home splashed testy ministrations reyner man briggs servant margaret looking anxiously oriel window return town leaves less forty pounds twenty pounds go amend section west street house stood twenty layde fowle wayes bitwene coxhall blackwater moost nede ys doubtless experienced evils road way abbey farther afield leaves twenty pounds way clare ovington another twenty road ovington beauchamp st pauls life drew close doubtless rode less often afield days pass peacefully business flourished everywhere loved respected took pride lovely house adding bit bit beauties cool evening must often stood outside garden room seen monks big abbey fishing stewpond across field lifted eyes last rays sun slanted lichened roof great tithebarn rows tenants carrying sheaves corn along road reflected perhaps john mann thomas spooner tenants good steady friends well leave gown pound died often also last year two must sat wife garden watched white pigeons circling round smiled bed flowers winter evenings sometimes take furred cloak stroll dragon inn edward aylward mine host welcome bows sit drink tankard sack neighbours slow dignified befitted greatest clothier town looking benevolently company times frown saw truant monk abbey stolen drink spite prohibitions bishop abbot shaking head perhaps complaining religion good old days meaning much shows never dreaming twenty years death abbot monks scattered king servants selling auction lead roof coggeshall abbey never dreaming four hundred years house still stand mellow lovely carved ceiling proud merchant mark abbey church shadow surface field hot weather abbey buildings shrunk ruined ambulatory ignobly sheltering blue essex hay wagons rain thomas paycocke days drew close amid peace beauty english counties frutefull full profitable thinges whose little rolling hills wych elms huge clouded skies constable loved paint came day september gloom hung streets coggeshall silent cottages spinners weavers stood anxious groups outside beautiful house west street upstairs bridal chamber noble ceiling great clothier lay dying wife wept bedside knowing never see child days later cottages deserted concourse weeping people followed thomas paycocke last rest ceremony burial befitted dignity comprised services burial day seventh day month passed given best words thomas paycocke followed custom time giving executors elaborate injunctions funeral rites myne executors bestowe vpon buryng daye vij day mounthe daye manner buriall tryntall prests dirige lawdis comendacons many may purveyed day serve tryntall yf eny lack make vpp daye mounthe daye oder tryntall purveyed hoole myne executors kepe dirige lawdis commendacons afore reherssed iij high massis note note music oon holy gost owre lady requiem buriall seuenth day mounthe daye prests beyng obseruance iiij euery tyme childryn euery tyme ij torches buriall xij vj day xij mounthe daye xij smale childryn rochettes tapers theire honds many may lett god childryn haue vj viij apece euery oder child iiij apece euery man holdith torches euery day ij apece euery man woman child holdeth upp hound hand eny thes iij days haue apece also euery god chyld besyde vj viij apece ryngars iij dayes mete drynke twoo semones doctor also haue dirige home borne chirche summa li something different modest thomas betson injunction costes burying don outrageously sobrely discretly meane maner may worship laude almyghty god worthy old clothier unmindful worship laud thomas paycocke also modern money expended burial ceremonies cost founding new chantry well indeed eyes closed death ere coming reformation abolished chantries england paycocke chantry st katherine aisle provided alms six poor men weekly thomas paycocke belonged good old days quarter century death essex already changing monks scattered abbey stood roofless sonorous latin tongue longer echoed church priests prayed souls thomas wife parents even cloth industry changing county growing prosperous still advent finer kinds cloth brought aliens drapery known says adage says hops reformation bays beer came england year coggeshall destined become famous still new sort cloth called whites thomas paycocke nephews made grave thing however change beautiful house still stood west street opposite vicarage delight saw stands still looking today thinking thomas paycocke dwelt come mind famous words ecclesiasticus let us now praise famous men fathers begat us lord wrought great glory great power beginning rich men furnished ability living peaceably habitations honoured generations glory times chapter ii peasant bodo raw roll abbot irminon estate book abbey st germain des prés near paris written see de de des pub auguste longnon ii soc de de paris charlemagne capitulary instructions stewards management estates see guerard du capitulaire villis acad des inscriptions et xxi pp containing text detailed commentary translation french lives ed grant king classics contains lives einhard monk st gall see halphen cited various pieces information social life may gleaned decrees church councils old high german charms poems aelfric extracts translated bell eng hist source books welding ed wallis general sketch period see lavisse de ii elaborate critical study certain aspects charlemagne reign including see halphen critiques sur de also dopsch der karolingerzeit vornehmlich vols weimar halphen criticizes notes bodo colonus et uxor ejus colona nomine ermentrudis homines sancti germani habent secum infantes iii tenet mansum ingenuilem habentem de terre arabili bunuaria viii et antsingas ii de vinea aripennos ii de prato aripennos vii solvit ad hostem de argento solidos ii de vino pascione modios ii ad tertium annum sundolas de sepe perticas iii arat ad hibernaticum perticas iii ad tramisem perticas ii unaquaque ebdomada corvadas ii manuoperam pullos iii ova xv et caropera ibi injungitur et habet medietatem de farinarium inde solvit de argento solidos ii op ii wife ermentrude tenants three children holds free manse containing eight two arable land two vines seven meadow pays two silver shillings army two hogsheads wine right pasture pigs woods every third year pays hundred planks three poles fences ploughs winter sowing four perches spring sowing two perches every week owes two labour services corvées handwork pays three fowls fifteen eggs carrying service enjoined owns half windmill pays two silver shillings ibid cc casuistry roman meals collected writings thomas de ed masson vii aelfric op cit monk st gall lives pp einhard op charms translated stopford brook literature beginning norman old high german charm written hand codex containing sermons st augustine now vatican library brawne fifth edition halle another old high german charm preserved codex now vienna brawne op de ecclesiasticis art quoted ozanam civilisation chrétienne chez les injunction however really refers recently conquered still saxons haligart bishop cambrai quoted ibid relatifs à de et du commerce en ed faigniez pp see references chambers medieval pp famous legend dancers kölbigk see gaston paris danseurs maudits légende allemande du xie paris reprinted des schröder study für poem occurs version english origin dancers thierry cured perpetual trembling limbs miracle st edith nunnery wilton see loc pp lamman dhin original story told giraldus cambrensis pt xlii see giraldus ed skeel xi einhard op cit see also note monk st gall op pp einhard op beazley modern monk st gall op pp see description lavisse de france pt also monod moeurs judiciaires au viiie revue historique xxxv see faigniez op pp see monk st gall account finery frankish nobles holiday just come pavia whither venetians carried wealth east territories beyond sea others say strutted robes made silk necks backs tails peacocks first plumage decorated purple ribbons wrapped round blankets ermine robes op translation little loose robes original probably made plumage pheasant scarlet flamingo hodgson thinks early hist possibly silks woven embroidered figures birds heyd thinks hist du commerce du monk gall op pp little poem scribbled irish scribe margin copy priscian monastery st gall switzerland charlemagne highly imaginative biographer came original found stokes strachan ii often translated quote translation kuno meyer irish quotation head chapter taken kuno meyer also ibid pp chapter iii marco polo raw book ser marco polo venetian concerning kingdoms marvels trans ed notes sir henry yule revised henri cordier hakluyt see also cordier marco polo notes best edition original french text livre de marco ed pauthier paris convenient cheap edition book english readers reprint marsden translation latin text notes first published introduction john masefield travels marco polo everyman library reprinted notes identifying places etc now date great edition yule cordier consulted exact detailed information required mine information geographical historical east quote everyman edition marco polo op yule edition yule op cit cronique des veneciens de maistre martin da storico vol viii florence written french accompanied translation modern italian charming medieval chronicles modern medieval venice hodgson early history venice foundation conquest thirteenth fourteenth centuries sketch venetian history molmenti growth fall vols ii middle trans brown vie privée à vol brown history vol mrs oliphant makers pleasant reading contains chapter marco polo medieval china tartars european intercourse far east henry yule introduction great edition marco polo way thither medieval notices trans ed sir henry yule vols hakluyt contains invaluable introduction best accounts china left medieval european travellers oderic pordenone read pendant marco polo beazley dawn modern vols ii iii grousset de iii chap short charmingly written account mongol empires genghis khan timour howarth medieval trade east best book heyd du commerce du levant au raynaud vols leipzig paris reprinted notes exact flanders galleys sailed via gibraltar southampton bruges first sent forty years throughout fourteenth fifteenth centuries sailed every year southampton owes rise prosperity fact port call occasion speech quoted imperial representative longinus trying get help venetians lombards invited acknowledge subjects emperor speech quoted art brown episode loaves bread belongs attempt pipin son charlemagne starve rialto winter compare tale charlemagne casting sword sea words even brand cast sea shall belong neither man world even shall man world power hurt realm venice harm shall feel wrath displeasure god even fallen people see canale viii course legends est que la mer arians est de le ducat de venise canale op albertino mussato calls venice adriaci maris molmenti see good contemporary accounts ceremony quoted molmenti pp fatal war chioggia two republics venice genoa ended genoese admiral say francesco carrara asked doge receive peace ambassadors replied bitted horses st mark brown hist canale op weather clear fine sea mariners let sails wind let ships run spread sails wind sea see instance canale op pp elsewhere canale op cc ii pp venice particularly fortunate descriptions contemporaries left citizens canale sanudo doge mocenigo also strangers petrarch famous description venetian commerce occasioned view saw window fourteenth century often quoted innumerable vessels set forth italian shore desolate winter variable stormy spring turning prow east west carrying wine foam british cups fruits flatter palates scythians still hard credence wood forests egean achaian isles syria armenia arabs persians carrying oil linen saffron bringing back diverse goods us let persuade pass another hour company depth night heavens full storm already weary half asleep come end writing suddenly burst shouts sailors penetrated ear aware shouts mean former experience rose hastily went higher windows house look port oh spectacle mingled feelings pity wonder fear delight resting anchors close marble banks serve mole vast palace free liberal city conceded dwelling several vessels passed winter exceeding height masts spars two towers flank house larger two moment though stars hidden clouds winds shaking walls roar sea filling air leaving quay setting voyage jason hercules stupefied wonder tiphys seated helm ashamed nothing won much fame seen ship mountain swimming sea although weight immense wings great part hidden waves end voyage don beyond nothing navigate seas many board reached point meant prosecute journey never pausing till reached ganges caucasus india eastern ocean far love gain stimulate human mind quoted petrarch oliphant whole charming chapter guest venice read another famous description venice occurs letter written pietro aretino guest venice years titian quoted hutton aretino scourge pp compare also description view window another occasion quoted pp earliest famous letter written cassiodorus venetians sixth century partly translated molmenti op pp account march gilds occupies cc canale chronicle op pp often quoted canale op cclxi account hangchow taken partly marco polo op bk ii lxviii noble magnificent city kinsai partly odoric pordenone way ed yule pp oderic pordenone man friar remarks chinese comely enough colourless beards long straggling hair like mousers cats mean women beautiful world marco polo likewise never fails note women district specially lovely way traveller arthur young always notes looks chambermaids french inns among details countryside much affronted waited plain girl marco polo gives palm beauty women province timochain damaghan border persia says people general handsome race especially women opinion beautiful world marco polo op women kinsai reports courtesans accomplished perfect arts blandishment dalliance accompany expressions adapted every description person insomuch strangers tasted charms remain state fascination become enchanted meretricious arts never divest impression intoxicated sensual pleasures return homes report kinsai celestial city pant time may enabled revisit paradise respectable ladies wives master craftsmen likewise says much beauty brought languid delicate habits costliness dresses silks jewellery scarcely imagined op pp yule op ii prester john see sir henry yule article john lynn thorndike history magic experimental ii pp pleasant popular account baring gould myths middle accounts see journal william rubruck eastern parts two accounts earlier journey john pian da trans ed notes rockhill hakluyt rubruck especially delightful person together whole account first journey elder polos circumstances second journey subsequent return occurs first chapter marco polo book general introduction proceeds describe order lands passed autobiographical section unfortunately short matter fact william rubruck seen described marco polo account custom province calls see op illustration album belonging close ming dynasty reproduced bushell fig marco polo pp certain according chinese annals mongol dynasty appointed superintendent salt mines yangchow shortly professor parker thinks may identified polo cordier disagrees see parker new facts marco polos asiatic quarterly cordier marco see also yule parrenin xxiv quoted yule ii marco polo omissions see yule marco polo chao see bushell ii pp giles history chinese pictorial shanghai pp ff whole vi book art flourished mongol dynasty interesting see also binyon far pp chao horse pictures rather copy japanese artist reproduced giles opposite see also notes illustrations account famous landscape roll painted style wang wei bushell pp picture reproduced episode mangonels constructed nestorian mechanics directions nicolo maffeo see marco polo pp marco polo bk iii pp ramusio preface containing account also story rusticiano came write book marco polo dictation genoa translated yule pp mentions marco polo pp yule rusticiano mistakenly called genoese ramusio see pp ff paulin paris quoted pp extract jacopo acqui quoted langlois litt de la xxxv tributes marco polo accuracy see aurel stein desert ellsworth huntington pulse sven hedin yule pp later missions traders see yule way pp text ii lxv concerning marginal notes columbus see yule ii app book preserved colombina seville must however frankly admit modern research iconoclastic ever content lucrezia borgia catherine de medicis reducing catherine siena something near insignificance also making appear probable columbus originally set sail look islands antilles although return great discovery maintained design always reach cipangu story idea searching cipangu probably come partner martin pinzon pity know made notes edition probable date publication marco polo book might settle matter whole question see henry vignaud critiques sur la vie de colomb avant ses paris de la grande enterprise de vols paris summary discussion conclusions professor newton vii pp columbus great enterprise idea new road east sought time primarily turks blocking old trade routes also exploded see lybyer ottoman turks routes oriental hist xxx chapter iv madame eglentyne raw chaucer description prioress prologue miscellaneous visitation reports episcopal registers registers particular visitation documents therein see fowler registers england helps students history coulton interpretation visitation eng hist review xii book cited great many registers published learned societies notably canterbury york society exists purpose important lincoln visitations now course publication dr hamilton thompson religious houses diocese ed hamilton thompson lincoln rec soc canterbury york ff two volumes appeared far see especially vol ii contains part bishop alnwick visitations volume contains text translation admirable introduction see also extracts winchester visitations trans liveing romsey full extracts visitation reports injunctions given accounts religious houses different volumes victoria county histories cited monastic rules see rule st ed gasquet kings classics gasquet monastic full study whole subject english convent life period see eileen power english nunneries notes register walter de stapeldon bishop ed hingeston randolph passage philippa translated coulton see account expenses involved making elizabeth sewardby nun nunmonkton ed james raine surtees iii power book king richard ed deiser pp power pp aungier gracedieu ed thompson pp aungier pp translated john de grandisson register coulton medieval pp st ii translated coulton medieval oure ed blunt tittivillus see article cambridge ed thompson ii pp power pp ii ed thompson gaieties see power pp ii pp see power pp gay clothes nunneries ii power pet animals see pp note pets literature pp power pp see chap ix bull wandering nuns world ii iii chapter ménagier wife raw ménagier de paris traité de morale et domestique compose un bourgeois parisien publié pour la première fois par la société des bibliophiles paris edited introduction jérôme pichon notice dr furnivall end edition booke early english text pp book heart observes well deserves translation english subject medieval books deportment women see hentsch la littérature didactique du moyen âge spécialement aux cahors admirably complete collection analyses chief works sort produced western europe time st jerome eve renaissance full plums adventurous jack horners ménagier cookery book may profitably compared fifteenth century cookery ed thomas austin notes pp long moral treatises seven deadly sins even deadlier virtues popular middle ages best known english readers occurs chaucer tales taken de vices et de frère lorens author sections deadly sins usually however well worth reading vivid illustrative details often give daily life ménagier sections full vigour colour expect instance description female glutton commands fasting glutton says eat god commands us get early go church glutton says must sleep drunk yesterday church hare wait difficulty risen know hours matins ha shall drink nothing left last night afterwards says lauds ha drank good wine yesterday afterwards says orisons head aches sha comfortable drink certes gluttony putteth woman shame becomes ribald disreputable person thief tavern devil church disciples go service works miracles folk go go upright well spoken wise sensible well advised return hold upright speak foolish mad return swearing beating giving lie pp section avarice particularly valuable picture sins executors wills lords extortionate shopkeepers false lawyers usurers see pp worth reading either chaucer renault de louens version great popularity middle ages occasional vivid passages instance episode chaucer version melibeus sages young men discuss going war sages advise stirten thanne yonge folk ones mooste partie compaignye scorned wise olde men bigonnen make noyse seyden right whil iren hoot men sholden smyte right men sholde wreken hir wronges fresshe newe loud voys criden werre werre roos tho oon thise olde wise hand made contenaunce men sholde holden hem stille yeven hym audience lordynges quod ther ful many man crieth werre woot ful litel werre amounteth werre bigynnyng greet entryng large every wight may entre whan hym liketh lightly fynde werre certes ende shal bifalle nat light knowe soothly whan werre ones bigonne ther ful many child unborn mooder shal sterve yong cause ilke werre elles lyve sarwe dye wrecchednesse therefore er werre bigynne men moste greet conseil greet deliberacioun chaucer see french version ii pp medieval games difficult identify learned editor remarks mentioned thirteenth century rutebeuf played seated little stick probably modern game called french chaude pince merille mentioned among games gargantua game pinched players arms crying though details games vague many analagous games played children today easy guess kind thing meant pp story jeanne la quentine reproduced margaret navarre tale day attributed tours probable ménagier original version since says father although knowing ways professional raconteur first admit proof positive pp favourite saying occurs story melibeus choses sont qui gettent homme hors de sa maison assavoir la fumée la goutière et la femme mauvaise compare chaucer use seyn thre thynges dryven man hous seyn smoke droppyng reyn wikked wyves seyst droppying houses eek smoke chidyng wyves maken men flee hir owene hous bath ll pp ii ménagier also warns running long bills credit folk deal peaceable people bargain always beforehand account pay often without running long bills credit tally paper although tally paper better everything memory creditors always think debtors less born arguments hatreds reproaches cause good creditors paid willingly frequently owed keep friendship depart always get peaceable folk ii pp curious note antiquity term expletive ménagier says use ugly oaths words bad indecent certain evil ill bred persons swear bad bloody fevers bad bloody week bad bloody day males sanglantes fièvres male sanglante sepmaine male sanglante journée know know bloody thing honest women know since abominable see blood lamb pigeon killed ii section household management described occupies sec ii art ménagier book ii pp pp pp cookery book occupies sec ii arts ii pp ii pp translated dr furnivall booke pp ii pp feast still thing future ménagier gathered details calls de nopces que fera maistre helye en may à un mardy du souper que fera ce jour office woman make provision tapestries order spread especial dight room bed shall blessed note bed covered cloth needed fur coverlet small vair covered serge broidery pinwork cendal ii editor quotes following ceremony blessing wedding bed thalami ad nuptias et beredic domine thalamum hunc et omnes habitantes eo ut tua voluntate permaneant requiescant et multiplicentur longitudinem dierum per christum etc thurificet thalamum matrimonio postea sponsum et sponsam sedentes vel jacentes lecto suo benedicentur benedic domine adolescentulos istos sicut benedixisti thobiam et sarram filiam raguelis ita benedicere eos digneris domine ut nomine tuo vivant et senescant et multiplicentur longitudinem dierum per christum etc benedictio dei omnipotentis patris et filii et spiritus sancti descendat super vos et maneat super vobiscum nomine patris etc lxxxvi chaucer chapter vi thomas betson raw stonor letters ed kingsford royal hist camden series betson correspondence vol ii cely papers selected correspondence memoranda cely family merchants ed malden royal hist camden series much beholden excellent introductions two books models editorial introductions best introduction history company staple found mr malden aforesaid introduction cely also contains masterly account political relations england france burgundy period constantly relied mr malden account working staple system useful short accounts wool trade stapler company may found following works sir lucas beginnings english overseas ii jenckes staple notes four interesting contemporary illustrations parliament date seventeenth century respectively reproduced professor pollard stimulating study evolution lybelle englyshe poems ed thos wright rolls ii remarkable poem written order exhort english kepe see enviroun namelye narowe see dover calais since author opinion basis england greatness lay trade preservation needed dominion seas chief value lies complete picture gives english import export trade various european countries convenient edition principal navigations voyages traffiques discoveries english nation richard everyman lib edition pp morris wood golden accounts brasses see druitt manual costume illustrated monumental pp john fortey brass william greville brass conveniently reproduced morris wood pp together several illustrations pertinent wool trade gower de works john french ed macaulay paston ed gairdner london supplement see also bennett pastons ed stapleton camden compare ii ii pp brasses father lyndewode woolman brother also lyndewode woolman still linwood church feet woolpacks son woolpack merchant mark see druitt pp see vita hugonis episcopi ed dimock rolls series pp extracts see vastly entertaining book marriages divorces diocese ed furnivall pp xxii ii pp ii pp ii ii pp ii ii pp ii pp ii ii ii ii ii pp ii pp ii ii pp ii pp ii ii pp see richard cely amusing account affair letter brother george written may pp references wool dealer william midwinter see pp ii ii surtees soc ii wool merchant york different times member town council twelve sheriff mayor died constantly mentioned city records see memorandum ed maud sellers surtees vols ii pp see iv called barton de holme juxta newarke stapulae villae carlisiae marcator ordains quod thomas filius meus johannem tamworth fieri faciat liberum hominem stapulae carlis pp lybelle englysche pp compare gower account machinations lombards pp see clear account operations mr malden introduction pp xxxviii vii pp see pp pp pp book entitled cover rekenyng margett cely beginning first viage margaret london seland yere lord god iiijciiijxxv secunde caleis thrid burdews ut videt md se pursers accomptes seide viages cely xxxviii ii ii pp compare wool ships come calais save three whereof two sandwich haven ostend cast wool overboard sir friday day february came passage dover say thursday afore came forth passenger dover calais ward chased frenchmen driven dunkirk haven many records similar chases see pp wool yet awarded cast sarpler ap pointed lieutenant casten toward sort ordinance now made lieutenant shall ap point warding sarplers every man wool sarpler casten therein found william smith packer middle fleeces gruff wool caused william smith privily cast another sarpler packed wool first sarpler sarpler last sarpler fair wool enough therefore must understand many sort number must packed item sir wool awarded sarpler cast last etc item sir day mastership elected appointed court shall assist master staple now parliament time gower pp xii ii pp see also pp ii chaucer tales shipman ll ii xxiii englysshe pp deference think mr malden introduction app ii pp mistaken seeking identify synchon mart particular fair antwerp st john day bammes mart fair st rémy flemish name bamis august cold mart cortemarck near thourout names simply refer seasons fairs important centres though doubtless place winter another spring summer autumn fair important names refer seasons places appears quite clearly various letters regulations relating merchant adventurers york see york mercers merchant ed sellers surtees pp see miss sellers note quoting cunningham ancient celtic fairs widespread primitive institution appear fixed dates marked change seasons hist xiii instance document now att cold marte last past holdyn barow brabond disposes idea cold mart mart cortemarck another document refers merchants intending ship cold martes synxon martes plural identification balms mart fair st rémy august moreover belied document runs present marte lycensed set libertie shipp commodities balmes marte next coming nevertheless thinke good recepte letters ye assemble consult together ye shall thinke good amongest yourselffs discretly withdraw holde hands shippyng balmes marte wryten andwarp xvij day august balms mart obviously autumn fairtide mr malden doubt right identifying balms bammys bammes bamis local flemish name st rémy st rémy day october balms mart mart held august st rémy mart held round st rémy day another document gives interesting information shippings three marts last daye shippinge fyrst shippinge beinge pasche marte ordeyned laste marche nexte ensuyinge seconde shippinge appointed sinxon marte laste day appoynted laste june nexte followinge colde marte laste day shippinge appoynted laste november nexte insuyinge merchant adventurers tried sometimes restrict merchants cold synxon marts important xl richard cely younger george understand ye fair hawk right glad trust god shall make right great sport sure passage ye send fetch dover keep till ye come great infortune fallen bitch fair whelps whelped never eat meat dead whelps trust purvey coming fair good please gentleman xlix app pp interesting note contemporary coinage identifying coins mentioned letters ii dame elizabeth stonor ends letter husband stonor fain slept morrow lady day morning chaucer tales shipman ll globe logge somerset house analysis contents information life thomas betson breach stonors see pp john bacon citizen woolman joan wife thomas gilbert citizen draper london merchant staple calais agnes wife christopher rawson mercer london merchant staple calais junior warden mercers company two wives thomas betson doubtless acquainted gilbert rawson chapter vii thomas paycocke coggeshall raw raw material chapter consists paycocke house presented nation right hon noel buxton stands west street coggeshall essex station kelvedon paycocke brasses lie north aisle parish church st peter ad vincula coggeshall wills john paycocke thomas paycocke thomas paycocke now preserved somerset house adeane ayloffe arundell respectively first thomas printed mr beaumont paper cited analysed fully two book paycockes deals length history paycockes house see also beaumont house coggeshall notes families paycocke reprinted trans essex archæol ix pt author beautifully illustrated article house june vol liii pp apotheosis clothiers see pleasant history john winchcomb younger days called jack newbery famous worthy clothier reading six worthy yeomen works thomas ed mann nos ii first published soon afterwards went several editions cloth industry general see morris wood golden lipson woollen ashley english economic edit east anglian woollen industry see especially county essex suffolk charming account another famous family clothiers see mcclenaghan springs harrison ipswich notes ed mann thomas fuller worthies convenient introduction study monumental brasses illustrations list surviving brasses england arranged according counties macklin see also druitt books also give details famous early writers subject weaver holman dunkin eboracensia selection wills registry ed james raine vols surtees surtees society also published several collections wills durham elsewhere relating northern counties large number wills printed abstracted see instance inventories registers bury st ed tymms camden wills proved enrolled court ed sharpe vols fifty earliest english wills court probate ed furnivall ed foster lincoln record medieval ed weaver vols somerset record thomas paycocke died also refers family business leaves twenty shillings william gyon weaver also doe give seaven poundes tenne shillinges lawful money englande amongest thirtie poorest journeymen fullers occupacion coggeshall aforesaide every fyve shillinges william gyon guyon related rich clothier thomas guyon baptized buried amassed trade thomas paycocke thomas tyll also came family clothiers certificate date wool bought clothiers coggeshall past year occur names thomas tyll william gyon john gooddaye whose family first thomas paycocke left legacies robert lytherland receives considerable legacy second thomas robert jegon mentioned incidentally house near church father bishop norwich name see power paycockes pp quoted lipson econ hist quoted john winchcomb see power pp lipson deloney works ed mann pp quoted powell domestic house subsequently passed quite clear date hands another family clothiers buxtons intermarried paycockes time william buxton describes coggeshall leaves baey lombs looms son thomas thomas seventeen father died lived also carrying business clothier house certainly possession father may bought john paycocke executors handed son thomas also clothier passed son isaac clothier isaac two eldest sons clothiers likewise soon father death retired business apparently allowed third son john occupy house tenant john still living isaac left house youngest son samuel samuel dying left brother charles fourth son isaac charles never lived spent life pursuit business oil merchant london though buried among ancestors coggeshall church sold house robert ludgater passed completely connexion course time fell evil days turned two cottages beautiful ceilings plastered verge destroyed years ago bought restored present fine condition mr noel buxton direct lineal descendant charles buxton sold see power pp ed mann defoe great edit pp shire fatt frutefull full profitable thinges exceeding far finde anie shire general commodities plentie thowgh suffolk highlie comended wherewith yet acquainted shire seemeth deserve title englishe goshen fattest lande comparable palestina flowed milk hunnye norden camden soc according leake writing began first spinning distaffe making coxall clothes coxall clothes weare first taught bonvise italian quoted ii plate calendar british museum ms pt showing occupations bodo masters month year months illustrated january ploughing oxen march breaking clods storm august reaping december threshing winnowing pictures represent february pruning april bodo masters feasting may keeping sheep june mowing july woodcutting september bodo masters october bodo masters hawking november making bonfire plate ii polos magnificent marco polo book written early fifteenth century now preserved bodleian library oxford artist gives admirable view medieval venice piazetta left polos embarking rowing boat go board ship foreground depicted medieval fashion showing several scenes story picture strange lands passed note venetian trading ships plate iii landscape roll chao beautiful scene taken roll painted chao style wang wei poet artist dynasty fine description given mr laurence binyon british museum collection long roll seventeen feet long painted almost entirely blues greens usual warm brown silk continuous landscape scenes melt another rolls meant exhibited looked enjoyed small portions time painting slowly unrolled part already seen rolled small mastery requisite may imagined contrive wherever spectator pauses harmonious composition presented sensation roll unfolds passing delectable country foreground water winds narrowing expanding among verdant knolls lawns joined little wooden bridges water fed torrents plunge among crags fantastic form glowing hues jade towering peaks luxuriant valleys groves glimpses scattered deer walled parks clumps delicate bamboo distant roofs nestling village pavilion water poet sage sits contemplating beauty round happy romantic scenes yield last promontory borders bay fisherman boat rocking swell possible philosophic idea intended suggested passage soul pleasant delights earth contemplation infinite laurence binyon far pp section roll chosen reproduction already reproduced bushell ii fig described lake terraced pavilion island towards visitor ferried boat fishermen seen another boat pulling distant mountains hills foreground clump willow opposite line reeds swaying wind along bank water delightfully rendered skilfully combined make characteristic picture ii sections roll reproduced giles hist chinese pictorial facing binyon plate iii facing exceedingly interesting compare landscape roll ms marco polo illuminated century later scene embarkation venice taken obviously work highly developed almost naïve childish civilization plate iv eglentyne page fine manuscript sainte now british museum add vo top picture priest two acolytes prepares sacrament behind stands abbess holding staff book accompanied chaplain sacristan rings bell behind group four nuns including cellaress keys nuns seen windows dorter bottom procession priest acolytes nuns choir notice big candles carried young nuns perhaps novices front notation music books plate ménagier wife garden beautiful scene taken manuscript de la harl greatest treasures british museum plate vi ménagier wife cooks supper aid royal british museum part bible biblical history guyart des moulins expanded addition certain books bible french made bruges order edward iv king england du ries finished eighty years later ménagier book illustration represents scene story tobias tobit sick blind lying bed wife anna cooking fire help book serving maid half picture reproduced shows outside house tobias bringing angel raphael illuminated border page scene taken contains arms edward iv garter crown plate vii time thomas plan calais reproduced lowe countrye att calleys drawne october hen viii thomas pettyt now british museum cott aug vol ii room show top corner plan drawing calais whole plan charming little villages great ships riding channel plate viii paycocke house photograph front house standing street note long carved breastsummer supports overhanging upper story left seen much foreshortened archway double doors linen fold panels windows renovations original design flat sash windows put eighteenth century abu lubabah acqui jacapo acre adrianople adriatic aegean aelfric agnes dame beguine aldgate alexander alexandria alnwick william bishop lincoln ambrose andaman islands anglia east antilha antilles antwerp arab arabia ararat mount aretino pietro arghun khan persia armenia arnold matthew arras asia central minor attila audley lady augustine st augustus ausonius ff country estate ff friends ff university bordeaux austin friars auvergne ff bacon francis badakhshan bagdad baku bale peter wyllikyn balk ballard james jane balms bamis mart barbarians babarian invasions bardi barton john holme base jacob van de bath wife bayard beauchamp st pauls becerillo dame agnes bellela polo benedict st betson agnes alice elizabeth john thomas younger katherine riche betson thomas chap vi children death illness letters member fishmongers company partnership sir stonor bevice mistress bishops registers black death black prince black sea blakey sir roger booking bodo chap bokhara bolgana wife khan persia bordeaux burdews university bordelais brabant brad well brasses braunch robert brenner pass brescia albertano de breten brews margery bridge john briggs henry brightlingsea brinkley brittany broadway whyte bruges bruyant jean bucephalus buddha bullinger henry burgundy dukes burma bury busshe john buxton charles isaac samuel thomas william mr noel byzantium constantinople caffa calais cambaluc see peking cambrensis giraldus canale martino da candia canterbury canton ca polo carrara francesco carsy anthony caspian sea cassiodorus castro diego da cathay china caucasus cely family wood merchants george richard william ceylon chagatai khan chao chao yung charlemagne charms superstition châtelet chaucer chelmsford chesne jean du hsüan chilperic king chilterns china cathay chioggia war church attitude child marriages convent pets dancing decline roman empire monastic intercourse world nuns dowries superstition attack worldliness bequests wills brasses brasses councils churches barking hallows beauchamp st pauls bradwell calais lady chipping campden chipping norton cirencester clare coggeshall st peter ad vincula constantinople st sophia east anglia lechlade london st olave linwood markswell newbury newland northleach ovington pattiswick peking poslingford stoke nayland venice st mark cipangu japan cistercian citeaux clare clarke thomas cloth chapter vii capitalism industry coxall whites growth english manufacture makers merchants merchants paycocke staple processes manufacture made cochin china coggeshall chapter vii coinage debasement rates exchange coins crown new old france david utrecht falewe utrecht florin rhenau groat carolus hettinus limburg milan nimueguen venetian guilder andrew scotland arnoldus gueldres rhenish lewe louis noble philippus philipe brabant plaques utrecht postlate rider scots burgundy ryall english setiller colchester cold mart coleridge colne curate cologne columbina seville columbus company east india company fishmongers haberdashers mercers merchant adventurers staplers chapter vi compline constantinople byzantium convent nunneries cookery medieval corea cotswolds cotton ann court rolls coverdale coxall coggeshall crimea croke mistress crusader crusades dalmatia dalton william damaghan dancing clothier wedding church attitude churchyard dancers kölbigk nun northampton dandolo doge enrico danube river danyell john dardanelles dean forest decasoun benynge dedham defoe defuye gabriel deloney thomas delowppys john denys st abbey fair destermer john dogs dogaressa doges dolman thomas dominic dominican don river donata polo doria lamba edith st edward ii edward iii eglentyne madame chapter iv nunnery prioress egypt einhard elias master elizabeth queen elmes john henley england ermentrude wife bodo ermoin eryke robert essex euric king ewen robert exchange rates exeter bishop canons fairs marts fantina polo felmersham wife fisc flanders flemings flodden field florence fortey john thomas fortunatus ff frambert france french gaul franciscan convents friars nuns tertiaries franks ff fredegond friars austin chelmsford clare crutched colchester franciscan maldon sudbury frisia fuller thomas fyldes welther civilization ff games medieval gall monk st gascon gaul ff genoa georgia germain des pres abbey germans germany gerbert ghent gibraltar gilds companies procession venice restrictions gloucestershire gobi desert goës benedict golconda golden horde gooday coggeshall family goths gower graunger thomas greece gregory gregory tours ff grève place de grevel greville william griselda groat coins guelder guilder gulden coins guntrum king hainault philippa halitgart halstead hangchow kinsai hansard haroun el raschid hautecourt wedding hedin sven henham thomas henley elmes john henry viii hildegard hiwen thsang hoangho river holake howlake holme barton john holy roman emperor hormuz horrold margaret thomas house lords howlake thomas st tale hull hun hungarian hundred years war huntington ellsworth india indian ocean indies inns coggeshall coggeshall southwark coggeshall ipswich irminon abbot st germain des pres estate book islam isomachus italy italian florence genoa venice etc jamui queen kublai khan japan java jerusalem jews johnson doctor judea julian apostate justices itinerant karakorum kashgar kerman khan central asia kipchak persia mangu kublai khorassan khotan kinsai hangchow kipchak kölbigk dancers kuan kublai khan lagny abbot lajazzo lamberton turbot robert lancaster thomas langland laos lauds leadenhall letters cely paston plumpton stonor levant englyshe lincoln linwood lob lake lokyngton john lollington john lombard peter lombards lombard street lombardy london louens renault de louis st pious louvain lucca lucolongo peter ludgater robert lyndeshay lyndwood lyndewode john william lyndys william lynn lyons madagascar maidstone major steward malabar maldon manchuria manji mangu khan mann john manor bodo manse mansi manji marcus aurelius marignolli john marino faliero mark lane markshall marmora sea marts fairs mass matins mechlin mediterranean medway hawk melaria ménagier de paris chap accounts cookery deportment duty husband extermination insects games garments household linen management farm servants wife second marriage mercers merchant adventurers merchant arab chinese english betson company merchant adventurers paycocke staple indian italian roman ff spanish venetian venice trade marks repair roads merovingian meung jean de middleburgh middle classes growth houses ménagier type midwinter william milhall milton minoresses minstrels dominici justices money coins mongol mongolia monte corvino john montfort simon de lewis moreta polo moslem mosul navarre margaret navy genoese vandal venetian nestorian netherlands newark newbury jack john winchcomb newhithe nicobar nile none norman normandy northampton northleach norwich nunneries chap iv minoresses stainfield syon wilton bishops visits chaucer sources study dissolution fashions management mentioned wills paying guests pets schoolgirls silence hours sources study nuns eglentyne nunneries prioress chap iv clothes complaints bishop dowries intercourse world meals offices periods silence pets recreations work orewelle orwell orleans bishop orosius ovington ovis poli oxbridge goddard oxus river paris parliament pasche mart paston john letters pattiswick paulinus st nela paycocke emma john john margaret robert robert thomas thomas chap vii see cloth bequests brasses family burial ceremonies character child crutched friars death friends house merchant mark repairs roads second wife wedding pegolotti francis balducci peking cambaluc china polo ambassadors sent archbishop description oderic pordenone papal legate tartar rule pembroke william earl perpendicular architecture perpoint thomas persia peter tartar petrarch piacenza tebaldo di pian da carpine piano carpini pierre lait pilgrims way piano carpini john history jack plumpton letters polo bellela donata fantina moreta maffeo marco chap ill kublai khan attendant khan book ff death departure china father maffeo governor yangchow interest tartars journeys mention venetian records nicknamed prisoner genoese released genoese return venice sent mission khan stories khan uncle wife family nicolo pope pordenone ordoric prester john prioress eglentyne nunneries nuns chap iv bishop registers clothes complaints nuns entertainment visitors intercourse world pets treatment nuns work prime prologue ménagier de paris quentin jehanne quincey de rade daniel peter van de ragenold rainham ramsbotham elizabeth ramusio raynold john reading thomas reformation remy saint renault de louens revolution industrial reyner rialto ricimer riche anne elizabeth stoner elizabeth jane katherine rigmarden john roman civilization emperor villa de la rome chap roman empire decline reasons disintegration trade ff romsey abbey rotherhithe rouen rubruck william rumania rumney wine russell richard russia rusticiano salvian marseilles st gothard pass st sophia saleby grace de samarcand sanly peter sandwich sext shalford shandu xanadu shansi shensi ships masters names siam siberia sicily sidonius apollinaris ff villa siege clermont ff socrates soldaia somerset house sordyvale william spain spaniards spanish spices spice islands spooner thomas stainfield stamford staple chap vi betson merchant banking facilities benefits brasses merchants business merchants competition merchant adventurers history company location merchants chap vi organization regulations wills merchants betson wills starkey humphrey stein sir aurel stepney steward charlemagne instructions master john villaris stoke nayland stonor dame elizabeth humphrey letters sir william strabant gynott strossy marcy suchow sugui sudbury suffolk sugui suchow sumatra sung dynasty superstition charms symmachus synchon mart syon abbey syria szechuen tabriz tacitus tana tangut tartar marco polo attitude west embassy fall dynasty modern books peter power princess slaves tartary tate john taylor robert templars temyngton thames theodulf bishop orleans tibet tiepolo doge lorenzo tierce timochain tittivillus torneys robert trade merchant trebizond tripoli turbot robert lamberton turcomania turkestan tuscan tyre udine underbay uppcher margaret robert vandals venice venetian cassiodorus chronicler canale martino da doge excommunication history merchants hangchow modern works polos return procession gilds records rivalry genoa trade wedding sea wool dealers vespers villaris steward villein villeinage visigoths walberswick walpole wang wei poverty wedding feasts welbech william west riding street coggeshall whyte broadway wido bodo wilkins wylkyns henry william wills john barton holme thomas betson bishops paycockes villeins general sources wilton winchester st mary abbess winchcomb john jack newbury wood lieutenant john wool betson cely merchan staple export gower inspection lives merchants betson packing shipping ports whence sent private bargains private letters export purchase regulations concerning revenues sale tombs merchants grown woolsack wykeham william xanadu shandu xenophon yangchow yangtze river yarkand yellow river yezd york yorkshire ypres yuan dynasty yule sir henry yunnen zaiton zanzibar zara zealand seland zeno renier illustration life middle ages life mediaeval barony picture typical feudal community thirteenth century william stearns davis history university illustrated illustration harper brothers publishers new york london mcmxxiii life mediæval barony copyright harper brothers printed ephraim emerton master interpreter mediæval history book dedicated pupil table contents chapter page fief aliquis history denizens ii castle aliquis iii castle wakes baronial hospitality iv games diversions falconry hunting baroness garden family baron life women vi matter clothes feudal wedding vii cookery mealtimes viii jongleurs secular literature poetry ix feudal relationship homage justice punishments xi education feudal nobleman xii feudal weapons horses dubbing knight xiii tourney xiv baronial feud siege castle xv great feudal battle bouvines xvi life peasants xvii charity care sick funerals xviii popular religion pilgrimages superstitions relic worship xix monastery aliquis buildings organization abbey xx monastery aliquis activities inmates monastic learning xxi good town pontdebois aspect organization xxii industry trade pontdebois great fair xxiii lord bishop canons parish clergy xxiv cathedral builders illustrations life middle ages frontispiece castle aliquis page xiv typical castle middle ages view court donjon upper hall donjon interior apartment facing bed page game chess game ball lady falcon wrist falcon hunt noble holding falcon hand hunter stag hunt coiffure noblewoman cradle king twelfth century wearing pellison wreath made metal flowers sewed braid felt shoe winter costume twelfth century headdress man costume nobleman coiffure woman royal marriage thirteenth century cooks pork butchers bourges servants bringing food table young girls nobility serving table feast ceremony twelfth century facing small portable organ thirteenth century page acrobats page dancer twelfth century harp listening trouvère château thirteenth century facing banner thirteenth century page coat arms dukes bretagne thirteenth century seal duke jean bretagne thirteenth fourteenth centuries homage twelfth century facing costume nobleman thirteenth century page gothic writing teacher holding ferule hand maneuvering lance thirteenth century knight end thirteenth century german helmets thirteenth century shield swords horse trappings knight thirteenth century knight knight beggar tournament twelfth century facing knightly combat foot page combat twelfth century catapult attack aid tower mantelet wood attack wall aid sap group peasants shepherds peasants work laborer thirteenth century peasant shoes reaper marriage thirteenth century plow leper doctor burial scene page group priests thirteenth century shrine form altar thirteenth century cathedral rheims richard coeur de lion facing view abbey thirteenth century page galleries cloister abbey thirteenth century refectory abbey thirteenth century benedictine monk thirteenth century piece furniture serving seat reading desk cloth merchants commoner thirteenth century chartres fair champagne thirteenth century facing sale peltries bourges page episcopal throne thirteenth century bishop twelfth century bishop thirteenth century deacon thirteenth century notre dame bishop palace beginning thirteenth century window cathedral chartres representing saint christopher carrying christ preface book describes life feudal ages terms concrete discussions center around certain seigneury aliquis barony easily identifiable least several hundred fiefs scattered western christendom essential particulars extremely like baron conon associates typical many similar individuals little worse little better abounded days philip augustus custom described seem fairly characteristic general period focus picture specific region northern france specific year selected many matters mentioned however less common contemporaneous england germany many usages explained frequently found early late northern france homeland feudalism hardly less chivalry general consent years around mark great turning epochs middle ages time development french kingship philip augustus climax beginning waning crusading spirit highest development gothic architecture full blossoming popular romance literature beginning entirely dissimilar even important friar movement make life middle ages live pageantry squalor superstition triumph christian art love object study many times author reminded sublime good extreme evil everywhere apparent feudal epoch every effort impartiality whether praising condemning dangerously easy write superlatives although preparation book undertaken without knowledge investigation mediæval authors ecclesiastics laymen every significant study kind must rest every scholar recognize author debt many modern specialists th wright lacroix luchaire justin smith chéruel acknowledgments specific leon gautier must specific still great misfortune masterpiece longer current good english translation words quotation sprinkled text usually pertinent mediæval writers except purport direct snatches conversation colleague university august krey read criticized manuscript friendly fidelity professional alertness acumen due many hearty thanks university minnesota minneapolis life mediaeval barony illustration chapter fief aliquis history denizens duchy quelqueparte lay later days great king philip augustus barony aliquis perhaps may trouble finding places maps mediæval france case must tell lie far burgundy champagne blois duke vassal baron many brave feuds seigneurs principalities far paris peddlers pilgrims come hence go thither pretty often baron aliquis sometimes journey king court loyal devoir high suzerain divert many lordly pleasures king philip augustus near end exceptional peace northern france conditions around aliquis entirely normal purpose therefore help lady holy aliquis perhaps also discreet queen morgue wife julius cæsar mother king oberon visit aforesaid barony existed time shall look around us unseen inhabitants able ask many questions get pertinent answers thereby shall gather much knowledge aliquis little world great part france nay feudal europe fortunate suffered make return journey middle ages arrive long year century two earlier might found conditions decidedly crude disgusting indeed tempted doubt whether lawless uncultivated world progressive civilization really develop hand postponed excursion say found society already becoming sophisticated slight extent modernized true mediæval flavor partially lost represents epoch spirit middle ages reached full development world still full ignorance squalor violence yet now plenty signs nobler day france still scattered feudal castles tales baronial ruthlessness abounded rise royal power growth chartered communal towns promising new political era bulk people still illiterate peasants many nobility even felt awkward fumbling books monasteries never full worthy activities genuine learning thousands scholars trudging university paris meantime even starving towns rising gothic churches cathedrals combining soaring fabrics merely results supreme architectural genius wealth masterpieces sculpture colored glass draw visitors later days ends earth crusading fervor somewhat waned around castles still elderly knights followed richard lion hearted philip augustus great third crusade palestine likewise good many younger cavaliers shared military glory moral disgrace fourth crusade ended recovery jerusalem sack seizure christian constantinople rome great magnanimous pope innocent iii hardly ceased reign founders remarkable friar movement new style monasticism carry message church closer people francis apostle love dominic apostle learning still alive active world therefore looking forward middle ages close apogee sidenote fief aliquis purpose tell may found barony aliquis first castle household messire seigneur villages peasants round next abbey slightly removed lastly chartered town cathedral seat bishop miles first must ask origin principality came barony aliquis exceptional seigneury considerable history behind represented growth several different elements castle aliquis lies junction two rivers smaller rapide tumbles hills cutting gorge dense beech forest runs precipitous slope dashes greater placid current claire claire affluent perhaps seine perhaps loire navigable flat barges good many miles junction rapide tolls commerce swell baron revenue triangle formed converging streams rises abrupt rocky plateau practically inaccessible banks either river approached third side land slopes gently away apex triangle rise jagged crags marking place natural fortress castles dot feudal europe located advantageous spot respective regions possibly human habitations existed promontory ever since god drove adam eve eden consult brother boniface librarian local monastery person district good old man tell us long romans came ancient druids now hell pagan altars sacrificed human victims great oak chiseled masonry found spot also indicates extensive settlement roman days gaul province cæsars course pious people know persecuting emperor diocletian holy aliquis centurion legions shot death burning arrows preferred christ jupiter place martyrdom new abbey church league castle sidenote founding castle nevertheless secular history precise time mighty charlemagne feeble successor charles bald tradition affirms vikings scandinavian barbarians came greater river ascended claire long dragon ships site present castle established stockaded camp whence issued ravage country year departed leaving desolation behind another band vikings came similar foul intent met different reception saints raised brave protector christian folk lands uncertain ancestry redoubtable warrior heribert seized rocky triangle mouth rapide built first castle aliquis perhaps descended charlemagne famous frankish counts indeed done everywhere check scandinavian hordes built castle organized levies region hitherto footmen effective cavalry force castle anything save later majestic fortress merely great square tower rough masonry perched crag streams around palisade heavy timbers strengthened landward side ditch inside compound huts refugees storehouses fodder rude stalls cattle stop passage claire heavy chain iron stretched across river stone piers sunk shallow places forcing boats pass close fortress range descending missiles chain landed built another smaller stone tower crossing skiffs although somewhat later unsteady bridge thrown stream second expedition vikings found precautions ruined adventure lost many men dragon ship tried force iron chain heribert new cavalry cut raiding parties finally departed thinned numbers scant spoils heribert hailed savior region just champions notably great count odo siege paris won similar successes elsewhere larger scale vikings departed heribert tower remained began castle aliquis heribert taken possession ostensibly king man claiming royal commission power charlemagne feeble rulers dwindled heribert heirs presently forgot almost allegiance distant royal master merely seemed case region coming called france castles rising everywhere sometimes repel vikings sometimes merely strengthen power local chief erected lords castles really little princes able defy weak central authority capture considerably less formidable fortalice aliquis implied tedious siege kings undertake save emergency result ere heribert almost ceased trouble king person genuinely feared local duke quelqueparte another feudal seigneur followers castles partly prudence partly necessity done homage become men vassals rode wars dukes turn full problems realizing strength aliquis seldom interfered fief save serious occasions barons aliquis therefore acted nearly like sovereign princes course gallows power life death waged personal wars made treaties peace even coined little money superscription barons grace god boasted meant obeyed duke suzerain king little fear god great deal sidenote turbulent barons recent centuries however barony changed hands several times lord folly refuse ordinary feudal duty duke quelqueparte latter roused enlisted outside aid blockaded starved castle aliquis unfortunate baron duly adjudged traitor felon peers fellow vassals beheaded duke bestowed fief hand late owner niece sire rainulf younger son viscount visited duke court bringing effective fifty sturdy followers sire rainulf however died first crusade reigning duke next tried give barony another favorite warrior son late baron proved sturdy stuff fought suzerain enlisted allies burgundy duke forced therefore leave peace presently another baron died survived daughter uncles cousins best expel poor lady induced suzerain duke close eyes deeds fortunately new baroness pious influence great bernard clairvaux exerted thereby persuading king louis vii warn duke protect vassals king justice lady bertrada given marriage respectable flemish cavalier gui ruled barony usual wars left two sons garnier henri sire henri younger lived inferior castle petitmur went fourth crusade perished fighting around constantinople ere french venetians sacked city garnier elder received course great castle uncle baron conon iii son henri present lord aliquis well monks blessed feel joys paradise keener little earlier escaped pangs fires purgatory certes laymen clerics aliquis fiefs purgatory enough baron garnier day make present sage rule baron conon seem tenfold happy late seigneur ruled twenty years filled round local wars oppression small contentions great baron garnier assuredly mighty warrior never unhorsed jousting mêlée face mass scars lost ear plenty landless knights wolfish men arms rioted around donjon provosts foresters knew squeeze poor seigneury income ransoms numerous captives able rebuild castle aliquis according first military art day sidenote crimes baron garnier sins hairs grizzled head taken dislike wife bishop refusing annulment kept poor lady ada mewed chamber years according many stories loaded chains spared tortures mercy died however plenty less regular consorts castle courts swarmed loud women favorites familiars coarse unacknowledged brats pretty peasant girl honor safe parts prisoners messire conon came power marvel quantity human bones gnawed rats took lower dungeons well released four wretches incarcerated dark long blinded needless say compartments gallows never lacked swinging skeletons women still hush squalling children silent baron garnier get yet deeds baron affected great hospitality kept roaring hall ready welcome cavalier enjoyed deep drinking talking horses women falcons forays good many seigneurs found alliance useful continued evil ways praised lady mercies came fit end thrice excommunicated bishop thrice readmitted ghostly favor thanks large gifts toward new cathedral pontdebois let men murder priest traveling precious chalice excommunicated fourth time perilous state though boasting soon make new terms church companion sin suger iron arm quarreled cups ran boar spear baron lived just long enough see suger hewn pieces comrades died priestless course unabsolved cursing god crying piteously help devil christians cross think fate hereafter garnier left legitimate children cold terms brother widow lady odelina rearing two sons daughter petitmur odelina faced clung tightly little fief given children courteous pious education induced neighboring seigneur take eldest son conon nourish squire rear knight length came reward youth knighted count champagne three weeks evil uncle perished suzerain duke glad aliquis pass competent vassal young sire conon bare suggestion contentions feuds downright wars barony scene yet aliquis probably freer troubles neighbors sidenote baronial fiefs vassals although castle center baron conon power means strong place three smaller castles besides petitmur go brother sometimes inhabits ordinarily rules castellans villages fief ten thousand peasants governs provosts also depend noble vassals twelve sires petty nobles small castle tower hamlet peasants right low justice vassals follow aliquis banner otherwise contribute baron glory seigneur likewise advocate secular guardian neighboring abbey aliquis honorable post involving delicate dealings lord abbot also leagues away lies good town pontdebois baron explained important relations city addition holds bishop resident farms hunting fishing rights inferior fief homage course duke quelqueparte bishop pontdebois years previous duke bishop war baron obligated send twenty knights fight duke also six fight bishop scriptures warn us trying serve two masters baron happily made shift keep two contingents little array engaging another two overlords made peace addition conon holds still another small castle quite distance homage duke burgundy fact promising complications quelqueparte burgundy likely go war finally holds large farm otherwise equal baron harcourt sure cut feudal devoir minimum leave lord harcourt consider whether pocket pride risk private war attempt lawsuit mutual suzerain duke quelqueparte baron conon gladly direct vassal king higher suzerain higher whole glory feudal firmament duke resent bitterly attempt get vassals away nobles support baron conon must wait therefore perhaps present elderly duke dead duchy falls feeble heirs find astute king philip augustus still reigning willing able meet halfway present however conon good terms duke although just jealous prevent sires holding directly duke latter check baron going king everywhere friction subinfeudation vassal vassal vassal angry comment daily seigneury aliquis covers three hundred square miles whereof controlled baron personal domain remainder vassals perhaps two hundred similar baronies countships dotting france larger smaller histories feudal relationships general problems much alike fief however especially fortunate baron possesses old charter wrung tottering carolingian king giving right collect sack grain large truss hay similar quota kind every loaded barge traversing navigable claire also levy copper obol every christian foot passenger three obols every mounted traveler jew mounted walking crossing important bridge castle tolls give messire many fine suits armor buy silk gowns baroness make local seigneurs anxious marry daughters baron sons soon boys knighted sidenote superior type baron aliquis happy present seigneur monks villeins petty nobles agree praising baron conon seigneur practically sovereign everything depends character saints desire punish certain christians sins let merely send evil inefficient quarrelsome baron like unlamented garnier soon make lives perfect gehenna conon iii now ruled ten years kept private wars feat almost exceptional war struck hard skillfully opponent viscount foretvert swore relics peace cost village peasants transfer two petty sires aliquis fealty conon fought also great battle beauvais win personal praise king compounded abbey division income farm manner left abbot firm friends singular piece diplomacy better still held point hunting rights bishop pontdebois finally won claims without even temporarily subjected excommunication peasants pay imposts loyally baron merely protects raids brigands rival feudatories also represses worse pillagers still seigneurial officers ravaging harpies little thatched villages baron garnier day therefore conon called gentle seigneur means every inch lord term prevent swinging heavy sword knocking villein fist need teaching lesson sidenote baronial family conon family good mother lady odelina now resting stones abbey church lived see wedded adela daughter rich picard sire dame many virtues marriage blessed two healthy sons françois anseau pampered tyrants castle folk baron household also includes younger brother aimery just reached age knighthood marriageable sister alienor far family marvelously harmonious none passages arms elder younger brothers often make castle antechamber hell adela dame beloved husband revered vassals villeins whose gentleness like husband means keeps flogging maids sins deserve alienor already going tourneys presented least three young knights stockings tie lances knows brother duty find husband sister conon promised whoever selects young brave kindly therefore alienor borrowing trouble aimery proud almost good hawker jouster brother soon knighted rule petitmur head full visit king court winning vast favor finally given daughter heiress great count short possessing fief bigger aliquis little world ruled persons perhaps little honorable kindly run north french barons means impossible virtue june sun just rising let us enter aliquis warders unbar gates castle heart feudal civilization footnotes long assigned date narrative king potentate assuredly given lords aliquis exemption ordinary jurisdiction taxation outside powers corresponding privileges local seigneurs fiefs royal domain time higher seigneurial officer set provosts baron aliquis fortunate feudal relationships conflicting overlords even complicated indicated nothing simple composition feudal barony chapter ii castle aliquis castle makes feudal ages possible western europe covered thousands strongholds stand considerable army secular institutions thirteenth century owner lord least castle dream every nobleman fact hoist banner donjon hardly defined place feudal hierarchy sidenote castle aliquis seen castle aliquis now nearly three hundred fifty years old since continuously inhabited enterprising owners structure continuously changing however come barony fifty years ago found decidedly primitive structure general plan heribert original stronghold still retained first landward side triangle two converging rivers rather deep moat next parapet whereof lower part made earth taken moat mound rose strong palisade tree trunks within palisade barns outbuildings barracks baron men live inner stronghold last donjon castle proper huge square tower built little art defied attack mere solidity entrance grim tower steep inclined plane leading small door second story case danger palisade forced seigneur men retreated tower knocked wooden gangway shouted defiance enemy mass height donjon baffled ordinary methods attack save blockade starvation six months supply wheat salt beef ale tower vaults illustration typical castle middle ages without large barbican court nevertheless seemingly impenetrable fortress suffice first place superior methods siege warfare developing stoutest fortifications cracked next place donjon hard enter almost equally hard sally forth rapid sortie made door second story defense must wholly passive finally stark masonry tower uncomfortable place cavernous halls barely lighted tiny loopholes frigid winter stifling summer unsanitary short almost intolerable habitation large body men first crusade numerous cavaliers came home great tales fortresses byzantines saracens twelfth century consequently castle architecture underwent remarkable transformation richard lion hearted built château gaillard normandy mighty rival philip augustus built famous louvre dominate paris erected castles cylindrical towers montargis poissy dourges elsewhere already plans drawn great castle coucy built almost model subsequent fortress builders advent gunpowder sidenote castle rebuilt scientifically baron garnier whatever crimes certainly understood art war rebuilt aliquis thoroughly scientific manner employing learned masterbuilder sage elderly fleming seen best fortifications infidels lived long famous fortresses like krak des chevaliers mere excellence construction enabled small garrisons western franks defy full power saladin instead mere ditch palisade single vast tower aliquis consequently become huge complex defenses within defenses line resistance little harder penetrate every outwork commanded inner fortification last come central donjon still looms defiant formidable fill desperate fighting perhaps bloodily repulsed end course donjon indeed starved often enemy aliquis resources persistence enough keep troops together castle supplies exhausted must either get possession pretty quickly garnier fleming certainly took pains get quickly examining aliquis rivals must remember creations men devoted thought problems war every possible contingency anticipated architect employer practically spent lives studying castle made hold long possible despite sins highly intelligent men surprising produce remarkable results approaching castle morning mists lifting claire rapide ahead us dispersing fog rising seems bewildering mass towers walls battlements gray brown bit green little earth allowed lodge weeds shoot forth high soars mass great central tower donjon summit baron conon banner now idly trailing come road takes us toll bridge across rapide find kind parade ground cattle sheds possibly rude cabin two baron herdsmen must sleep outside overnight open ground scene martial exercises rallyings vassals even tournaments many people headed toward castle mostly village peasants just westward across river also subprior mule riding abbey also messenger spurred early pontdebois communication bishop near castle tower inner outer wards become distinct readily believe took garnier architect three years carry work peasants barony put grievous forced labor digging hewing dragging stone working great derricks ten expert stonecutters fully eighty less skilled masons hired paris rheims orléans besides master mason demanded rewards seemed outrageous mere villein belted knight sidenote barbican lists speculations end come castle semicircular palisade inclosing regular gate landward side palisade high scramble piles sharply pointed stout enough stand considerable battering outwork barbican first long series obstacles awaiting foe course defended regular siege purpose stop surprise attack long enough enable garrison rally close great gate man walls whole crowd folk now entering make heavy wooden barrier just thrown open rather sleepy porter since time profound peace lets stream inside merely requiring everyone leave weapons custody pass unchallenged thanks kind aforementioned rendered us invisible owner gyges ring however guests noble rank proceeded onward inner gate rung loudly heavy metal gong hanging baron squires greeted us baron equal superior social scale conon next come lead us somewhat inferior conducted squire great hall removed hood gloves magnate presented much examine ere penetrate seigneurial hall inside barbican discovers extreme barrier fortress proper another open space road another place equestrian exercises extending claire straight abrupt slopes rapide palisades run way river river space within barbican forms lists two young sergeants breaking balky stallion lists great convenience peace time real utility war even important castles land every side supply good road men hurried round castle circuit reasonable safety hand enemy suddenly forces barriers finds awkwardly limited space palisade castle moat arbalists crossbows playing walls inside lists next masonry walls runs moat twenty feet wide partly filled now rain water spring varlets great joy hunting frogs year advances assuredly breeds mosquitoes constitutes however another formidable barrier enemy sole object crossing lists path leads straight drawbridge just lowered means heavy counterpoises swung kind trestle overhead even peace times seigneur sleep soundly drawbridge portcullis frame iron bars lowered whenever bridge raised also hoisted groove gateway heavy oaken gates faced metal unbarred however smaller door just big enough horse opened admitting castle proper despite earlier scrutiny barbican now catches watchful eye small window turret close beside portcullis chief porter responsible position many fortress lost careless unfaithful case chargeable admitted unwelcome guests idle rascals porters often accused gruff insolent fat lazy part bad name comes repel bad characters sidenote bailey gates towers now enter outer ward bailey castle aliquis walls towers outer defenses less formidable inner ward yet seem massive thickness imposing altitude solid round tower covering either side gate fifteen feet twain rise moat naked sheer pierced narrow slits intended let light permit archers cover every inch way barbican drawbridge even foe cross moat shatter portcullis split open heavy doors merely beginning terrible hours axand narrow low vaulted passage many loopholes either side archers also slits ceiling pouring boiling oil seething pitch molten lead pleasantries rushed past forms death courts behind capable still stout defense rise two strong gate towers rendering every attempt original attacking party death making retreat equally dangerous leaders therefore foolish enough try storm aliquis simply desperate rush gate two gate towers right left extends considerable stretch sheer wall terminating either extremity two towers mark corners landward side fortress four towers course projecting far beyond curtain wall posted permit steady fire missiles enemy may somehow ensconce close wall two sections curtain wall dozen feet thick firm walk along summit protected stone parapet enable defenders however drop stones forms destruction attackers may base wall defying bolts towers structure heavy timbers built along wall overhanging moat wooden hordings strong enough withstand many stones casting engines sometimes set fire siege therefore covered raw hides also put conical wooden roofs cap towers since time peace however hordings stand bare cover entire woodwork hides first tasks garrison case serious alarm survey outer walls castle clear enemy try batter towers even penetrate shells merely find dark cavernous vaulted chamber defenders flinging death bore inner wall nearest court every disadvantage towers built completely masonry impossible burn winding stairs leading stonework conduct stage another staircases narrow tortuous single warrior ordinarily lively ax stop hundred men ascending attack therefore must curtain walls even supposing scaled battlements troubles awaiting way downward curtain walls towers end parapets leap court inside means broken bones gangways along parapet intercepted several points wooden bridges easily knocked away leaving yawning gaps defying leaper reach towers barred arbalists shooting captured gangways dozen loopholes finally tower little fortress cistern fireplace cooking storeroom even isolated garrison hold stoutly much task attacking merely outer ward aliquis illustration view court donjon sidenote inner court donjon problems towers curtain wall detain long sum fundamental principles fortifications now us opens broad court bailey scene much homely life castle fact place now swarms people busy kinds activities pavement none clean large muck piles sees hens pigs dogs foraging everywhere genuine village really exists inside bailey right gate rambling stable long row stalls horses seigneur champing morning fodder near stables stand tall ricks hay behind second line inelegant wooden structures barracks less favored castle servitors part men arms baron conon keeps instant duty sidenote buildings life bailey left side gate several buildings noted commodious carpenter shop saw hammer already plying smithy ringing forge baroness white palfrey reshod another master armorer putting new link mail shirt castle smith position sinecure keep great quantity weapons armor constant order recurring small jobs around great establishment emergency manufacture quantities lance heads arbalist bolts well perhaps provide metal work siege engines may rest fate castle conon first armorer accordingly important best rewarded servitors besides workshops long storehouse repository merely food kinds supplies needful siege near stands smaller shedlike structure puzzling first strangers explains shrill screams cries issuing thence baron hawk house mews chief falconer now feeding raw meat great hawks falcons noble masters take delight close secular buildings however rises somewhat incongruously elegant gothic chapel soaring pinnacles rose window end small nave sculptured saints flanking portal within finds glorious stained glass saints images carvings rich altar little castle church many dwellers aliquis including messire madame repaired piously gray dawn now good father grégoire just finished rather hasty mass bailey short overrunning activities horses neighing cows milked overladen donkey braying yonder corner small building tall chimney seigneur great oven whither merely castle folk great number peasants resort bake bread front chapel bubbles little fountain chattering women scantily attired filling water pots children various degrees nakedness dirtiness play everywhere noises every kind blend hubbub lastly notice close inner drawbridge another building tall chimney castle cookhouse dinners prepared great hall within glance door shows vast fireplace roast whole sheep small beef entire cookhouse located danger fire inner castle position convenient great number servitors must eat barracks mealtime however arrangement compels prodigious running fro dinner hour kitchen hall part sergeants squires serve baron conon guests family bothers appetites pious christians food cooked amid contending odors many doings near cookhouse make condition extraordinarily unsanitary now crossed bailey teeming life us rises inner ward castle gate walls bailey far pretentious formidable another moat filled muddy water another drawbridge larger outer two gate towers higher structures thicker solid curtain walls lofty arbalistiers thereon pick enemy may gained parapet outer defenses finally gate towers towers end curtains right left interposed extra tower making flanking fire much close deadly consequently foe force way bailey probably find merely bloody cockpit retreating garrison set fire rude wooden buildings rake outer court bows engines cost dearly win bailey cost storm castle proper sidenote inner court donjon palais gate inner ward flung wide portcullis still slides grooves dropped every night make sure low fellows barracks prowl around seigneurial residence darkness just present swarms people going fro two great sections castle jostling laughing narrow passages pass inner ward realize certain touch refinement pavement cleaner servitors better dressed better mannered us opens great court castle set stone flags reasonably well swept baron brother practice martial exercises weather bad must avoid tilting grounds horses mounted conon adela noble friends assemble ride hunting hawking either side stately towers set walls frown downward gaze ahead straight rises first rather elegant stone building large pointed windows high sloping roof looming enormous round citadel dwarfs towers stands apex triangle side castle court right left crags base falling precipitously away rapide claire stone building actual residence baron giant tower donjon great keep castle built site heribert old stronghold twenty times formidable nearest us since apartments seigneur wish examine later best pass around end thereof visit donjon first baron garnier built donjon hundred ten feet high feet diameter walls dozen feet thick size large extraordinary coucy planning tower two hundred feet high feet diameter garnier built little earlier made square like pitiless tower loches hundred feet high feet longest side enter donjon go still another drawbridge although ditch dry penetrating small door masonry wind passageway thick wall passing bright morning light court seems plunged pitchy darkness strangers stumble steep stairways twinkle light loopholes couple feet high although barely wide enough openings allow free flight arrow far may caught glimpses twinkling rushing rapide bright green country stretching away distance sidenote donjon aliquis rebuilt baron garnier architect although donjon greatly improved much old masonry original tower retained well general arrangement staircases loopholes succession chambers lofts see castle resembled heribert day turn two gaunt entrance come original great hall castle offensively dark windows mere loopholes end deep passages let walls even balmy june morning atmosphere clammy eyes adjust however see huge vaulted chamber great fireplace kind wooden gallery eight feet floor around entire circuit great chamber assembled good fraction entire garrison seigneur spokesmen standing center near fireplace give orders every man present understand directions given move needful defense castle illustration upper hall donjon shall see now newer better hall modern airy older hall still used great feasts overflow guests even now standing long oaken tables duly hacked trencher knives many boisterous diners walls blackened smoke great fireplace hanging venerable trophies chase antlers head bear great boar tusks well array kinds hunting weapons used departed generations follow staircase hall come even darker vaulted apartment used sometimes supplementary dormitory humbler guests also astonishment medical usage small rooms set used kind sick ward every physician whether schooled salerno cordova montpellier tell darkness friend health invalids hope get better unless kept shaded sequestered possible sidenote prison watch tower wished pursue still lower descending black staircase lanterns rocks begin drip dampness hear rushing rapide base castle journey end barred iron door within fetid reeking chamber lit two three tiny chinks masonry bare rock floor baron conon prison counted merciful seigneur yet thinks nothing thrusting genuine offenders therein keeping weeks months releasing hanging lucky maître denis turnkey remembers bring coarse loaf day rats devour prisoners toes shall consider nice matters later alleged lower vaults underground passage leading castle secret sallyport foot precipice rapide passage exists however known conon trusted retainers stories false many castles secret passages coucy quietly planning introduce rather elaborate system quite possibly aliquis possesses something nature far pleasanter now ascend main hall couple stages upper airier chambers now used apartments part castle folk dizzy ladder reach summit donjon edge broad platform little round turret carrying us still higher turret flutters orange banner aliquis kind black dragon memory possibly viking raid broidered arrogant legend noble family rather break bend lower banner horrid disgrace never struck unless castle surrenders sadly flung moat flagstaff stout projecting beam rigged pulley gibbet case baron wishes hang offenders warning countryside fortunately however adela dislike seeing corpses dangling persuaded conon order recent hangings ordinary gallows across claire village flag turret always watchman day night peasant must take turn even peace sinecure must blow great horn sunrise cover fire night baron hunt rides returns strange retinue approaches gate whole wide countryside spreads delightful panorama present winter nights every blast howling around donjon task less grateful wonder peasants impressed service complain watchmen lot damned back donjon castle court donjon purely military times peace mere storehouse prison supplementary barrack seigneur people war last position garrison stand desperately bay hundred years earlier adela alienor lived days cheerless dark chambers directly main hall now fortunate dwell elegant gothic arched sidenote great hall palais consists long somewhat narrow building thrusting inner court structures resting western curtain wall side larger inner windows looking also court rooms high enormous fireplaces great logs warm apartments winter ceilings ribbed vaulted like church masonry beautifully carved bare walls exposed often covered stucco sketched fresco scenes somewhat style stiff byzantine paintings famous tapestry queen mathilde bayeux tints flat red yellow brown without perspective fine lines kind little touches green violet blue relieve bareness despite many awkward outlines limitations many scenes spirited well highly decorative pictures religious notice christ cross synagogue new law last judgment episode life aliquis also many secular pictures based often jongleur epics song roland tearing wild horses traitor ganelon windows betray luxury owner closed wooden shutters apertures castle glass small panes set lead panes smaller rooms uncolored although hardly transparent whiteness huge dining hall richly colored church giving galaxy patron saints martin warrior saint france knights paladins charlemagne king artus gazing benignantly feasters new hall course finest apartment castle amid woodand deeply carved baron household sits dinner however mere dining room great feudal ceremonies receiving homage take place hither also bad weather winter evenings nearly castle folk resort messire sit dais canopied chair everybody else wedge closely possible infinite chatter jesting dice playing uproar jongleurs take station near fireplace tricks sing songs recite romances hall short focus peaceful life castle rooms considering number people live therein seem rather little real privacy aliquis baron special closet indeed retire hope overheard great chamber baroness ordinarily full servitors next chamber second room baron sons sleep little honored guests lodged conon brother sister large apartment seems singular lack anterooms boudoirs retiring rooms perfectly good manners ask noble guests share rooms family couple baroness maids sleep pallets within chamber baron favorite squire just outside door lesser folk night often stretch unceremoniously tables even floor main hall possession strictly private room indeed decided luxury even great noble often able go without illustration interior apartment restoration left chair sits seigneur bed separated screen rest hall back two windows cupboard opposite fireplace large table tapestries ornament walls sidenote tables rushes tapestries hall furniture apartments seems scanty least solid hall lines tables set trestles faced long backless seats often needful remove tables arrange feudal ceremony dance end apartment raised dais right angles others runs ponderous oaken table master conon faces hall high carved chair wooden canopy seats dais luxury backs arms fireplace enormous construction thrusting far room long logs high andirons heat stonework glow furiously hours keep heat winter fire screens osier course summer disappear every festival day paved floors rooms strewn possible new rushes flowers roses lilies flags mint making soft crackling mass feet fragrant pleasant fresh even winter allowed remain protect chill floor springtime dried filthy diners throw bones bits bread meat dogs cats roaming devour refuse certain seigneurs indeed introducing use saracen carpets gorgeous rugs either imported east made france imported patterns expensive innovation conon yet keeps river rushes another luxury however rightly proud stowed away carefully guarded cupboards quantity admirable wall tapestries precious sendal taffeta silk hardly less valuable sicilian woolen stuff designs blazing magnificence great elaboration showing seven virtues seven vices another giving whole sequence scenes concerning charlemagne precious ornaments must kept great occasions order hang tapestries sign servitors conon contemplates tourney great feast visit duke contents simple fresco decoration bedroom furniture equally simple chamber baron wife lit three windows arched tops pierced masonry overlooking castle court little table fireplace holding board chessmen backless stools long narrow benches window places comfortably upholstered seats facing another opposite fireplace chair state baron high carved back arms wooden canopy equally heavy carving footstool covered red silk several ponderous wardrobes especially number massive chests containing valuable garments jewels like bureaus chests drawers hardly exist age ordinary chests take place indeed bedroom fitted properly unless solid chest foot bed prompt reception guest belongings castle taken cry break open chests equivalent calling victors scatter pillage near windows wall also large crucifix carved dark wood beneath shelf small silver box richly chased figures saints angels reliquary containing trophy brought holy land crusader cluster hair philip apostle likewise ravelings robe anna mother virgin sacred objects baron baroness kneel cushions say prayers morning night illustration thirteenth century bed reconstructed manuscript bibliothèque nationale sidenote furniture beds central object chamber bed fine bed master mistress ambition every feudal household stands great canopy heavy curtains blue taffeta bed great mass feather mattresses gorgeously embroidered coverlets projects intricately carved footboard far room whole structure set platform baron baroness retired attendants pull thick curtains practically inclose secluded bedroom curtains cut air disadvantage every physician tells night air unhealthful nearly completes furnishings chamber save various perches wooden hooks racks set clothes sometimes baroness hunting hawks two bronze lamps swinging chains give imperfect illumination brilliance needed great fireplace throwing glare great hall extra lighting set resinous torches metal holders along walls however ordinary purposes baron baroness prefer less odorous wax candles fact tall wax candle stands near bed allowed burn night keeps away pixies devil makes things generally cheerful christians apartments castle similarly furnished although less magnificence course barracks lower servitors men arms man lucky large bag crammed straw bed solid blanket stool whereon sit day inspected exterior stone wooden aspects aliquis task next see doings people give unyielding fortress significance life footnotes see chap xiv often dark turns towers floor made wooden scaffolding easy destroy attacker wary suddenly tumble cellar tower see ch chapter iii castle wakes baronial hospitality whatever sins men thirteenth century late risers lamps candles poor rarely great festival imperative work performed persons remain many hours sunset winter castle folks possibly spend nearly half entire time bed summer thanks long evenings hardly get sufficient sleep save noon siesta seigneurs actually rise considerably sunup hear mass mount high turret survey landscape descend order washing horn blown hear ladies rise dusk chaplains chant matins throwing clothes go regular chapel mass next complete toilet take walk garden breakfast indeed stories noble folk sleeping even summer right backslidings follow deplorable carouse conon adela neither indefatigable risers among slothful seldom found bed baron already warning young sons sleeps long morning becomes thin lazy gray dawn william conon first body squire yawned pallet chamber door tugged clothes hastened great bed assist master dress good squire prime duties need divest lord nightgown nightdresses used thirteenth century table forks conon sleeping sheets clothing newborn babe although curiously enough wraps around head kind napkin precursor later nightcap baron donned part clothes gervais second squire brings metal basin water white towel age great contradictions matters cleanliness baron conon washes face hands carefully frequently also takes complete baths pretty often using large wooden tubs filled hot perfumed water personally seems extraordinarily neat man people age never heard polluted wells breeding spots malignant fevers flies harmless annoyances numerous evil smells hardly prevented cold weather saints give us grace bear short cleanliness stops care person preventive sanitation unknown lands may lie across atlantic sea darkness old rhyme supposed give right times routine day rise five dine nine sup five bed nine way live ninety nine sometimes dinner came later nine never possible much ten people sometimes become distressed meal postponed noon natural everybody stirring daybreak breakfast probably morsels bread washed thin wine poor substitute even coffee rolls later continental breakfast sidenote baron routine business diversions dressed washed baron goes mass chapel attending daily mass duty every really pious seigneur garnier infamies gross irregularity matter chapel bailey service held vestibule hall mass conon ready business pleasures time peace truth tell baron really little glad excitement bustle strenuous preparation come outbreak war list things divert times public quiet seems limited hunt fish fence joust play chess eat drink listen songs jongleurs hold court walk meadows talk ladies warm cupped bled watch snow fall last amusement hardly practicable june bled commonly reckoned regular sport ages neither hold court receive vassals dispense justice save intervals jongleurs ordinarily reserve evenings conon secret hankering war therefore somewhat explicable fortunate day however horn turret blow gong bailey gate reverberate visitor noble rank arrived nothing ordinarily welcome castle communities little isolated fractions humanity remainder world seemingly extreme distance coming stranger means chance hear news king court doings emperor frederick ii chances another crusade latest fashions armor newest methods training hawks nay possibly rumors another brave war like culminated glorious battle bouvines unknightly indeed seigneur offer profuse hospitality noble visitor priest monk merchant given decent though less ceremonious welcome wonder inns everywhere bad lords many castles grow actually angry traveler tarry perhaps days sidenote hospitality guests stories knights deliberately caused roads diverted compel travelers come close castles politely waylaid compelled linger conon absurd guest noble rank approaches castle ordinary routine ceases outer gate strangers met william first squire reports chief baron visitors gates unbarred ride straight drawbridges inner court conon leads horse chief guest visiting nobleman dismounts usually kisses mouth chin although strange knight elderly man exalted rank shows respect kissing shoulders adela maidens conduct visitors chamber best feather beds piled high honor next skillfully take armor bathe feet even assist don loose clean clothes kind wrapper pleasant indoor wear meantime horses stabled given every attention visitors dressed refreshed bathed perhaps fed conon courteously inquire long enjoy company whether making aliquis merely stopping point come business guests receive ceremony unless high churchmen bishops abbots direct subordinates even poor villein appears fit errand welcome solid meal bed rushes halls jongleur always received heartily entertained best payment songs tricks supper feast days furthermore gates aliquis open wide conon servitors say everyone hungry eat please simply enormous gorging guzzling baron expense yet outside guests baron far idle man since stirring able accomplish great deal morning stables must inspected directions given brood mare noisy falcon house surveyed various stewards bailiffs provosts come reports peasants baron farms especially contention neighboring seigneur woodcutters right take timber disputed forest land case calling major diplomacy avoid brisk private war although court day baron dispenser justice order two brawling peasants clapped stocks sundown direct lad caught honest villein corn bin shall ears cropped castle fact economic unit baron idle preoccupied leaves management deputies good seigneur knows everything estate corn lands pasture stacks hay granaries storehouses mills cattle byres slaughter houses salting sheds practically every scrap food actually needed castle grown locally innumerable women varlets wear coarse woolen cloth made wool raised sheared carded spun woven seigneury ordinary weapons tools required war made smithy bailey result castle people little buying selling conon certain income silver deniers except important sums laying tournament sister marriage perhaps private war like occasions spends almost entirely finer articles clothing superior weapons cookery spices luxuries foreign wines bought visiting packmen visit pontdebois fair seasons aliquis therefore presents us curious spectacle sizable community wherein many members seldom handle thing called money month another sidenote comradery organization castle folk conon many mornings kept busy adjusting petty matters concerning estate seigneur center disposing power whole seigneury despot castle huge family shares joys troubles together upper servitors hold position kind hereditary right guilbert presides smithy son smith similar case chief cook master huntsman many others even dubious post baronial executioner transmitted kind hereditary prerogative conon dismiss subordinates save obvious reasons resented fellows produce passive rebellion unwelcome arbitrary seigneur even tyrannous baron garnier wait suitable opportunity ere changing unwelcome servitor every person little sphere influence privilege successful baron respects rights handles inferior tactfully result great deal comradery plain speaking baron baroness must listen flat contradictions every day absolutely wrong messire says herbert cowherd conon directs wean certain calves shall execute order baron fought mortal duel fellow noble ere accepting language wisely acquiesces laugh herbert man sphere action besides herbert fellows fight seigneur last drop blood obey strictly military orders touching fidelity indeed aliquis people somewhat like children often angry turbulent obstinate contentious even exchanging cuffs blows women almost passionate men tempers cool equal rapidity two varlets almost drew knives morning communing like twin brothers afternoon furthermore despite much apparent friction people sleep behind walls aliquis fairly well organized first baron three squires youths friendly baronial families nourished conon preparatory knighthood whose education described later course noble looking forward ruling castles noble sire eustace seneschal baron old companion arms carries great gonfalon aliquis battle peace times chief factotum superintendent almost everything fief marshal charge stables also son good house chamberlain oversight interior economy pertain food drink mealtimes elderly childless knight became lamed service baron father really holds honorable sinecure besides four petty nobles whose estates small find pleasantest live aliquis ride baron hunts command men arms remainder castle servants indeed nothing dishonorable personal service provided serve lord higher conon feel complimented visit paris asked carry great pasty set queen importance baron somewhat gauged number squires noble servitors many poor sire put squire perhaps seneschal conon adela cherished ambition sons day least aliquis butler cellarer dispenser even master falconer gentle blood also putting household practically equality duke sidenote dinner supper nightfall dinnertime comes great rush hall ceremonies table told later course common days expect banquet two plates meat fish vegetables bread common wine abundance hunger seldom troubles aliquis weather fine likely dinner supper served garden outside barbican pleasant shade trees close purling rapide long tables covered linen dyed montpellier scarlet honored guests cushioned benches remainder sit almost anything supper may either hall garden according circumstances long time dinner supper appetites keen supper presence jongleurs excuses torches music castle folk join diversions even dancing large silver cup solemnly handed baron drinks deeply guests similarly served rises company goes bed honored visitors conon escort chambers take another sup wine ere parting night seneschal meantime makes careful round walls satisfy outer drawbridge raised sentries posted everything safe transmit ponderous keys taken baron room till dawn seigneur undressed squires reposes avalanche feather beds thick enough provide vapor bath soon lights extinguished throughout whole black mass castle save tall taper master apartment castle sleeps darkness unbroken save occasional well yawning sentry turret thrushes blackbirds begin noise garden trees rivers aliquis resumes daytime business footnotes hospitality sometimes went point told ladies castle assisted visiting knight take complete bath service quite innocently rendered accepted similar customs course obtained among greeks see ch xvii see ch xxii even sums money mentioned connection peasants dues may guess often payments kind really question see ch xi see ch vii mediæval men use floor extent chinese japanese certainly often willing dispense seats even indoors sit haunches pavement rushes turk fashion chapter iv games diversions falconry hunting baroness garden baron conon fortunate enough receive noble guest almost first question divert stranger inevitable program constrain visitor tarry least long enough cast hawks chase deer possible least courteously urged attempt game ungentle refuse indoor games great demand bad weather often makes open sports impossible bookish diversions limited baron frequently plays family outside guests household less expert understand part gentle education sexes indeed better way noble dame cavalier begin romance sit long afternoon studying another faces less gaming table diversions decidedly like later age example present reasonably literate play ragman roll burlesque verses suitable men women often deplorably coarse written slips parchment wound roll slip string sign showing sex intended everybody draw roll open read aloud mirthful company verses supposed show character person drawing also even folk run around games later reserved children high barons play buff seigneurs dames sometimes join undignified hot cockles blindfolded player kneels face knee another hands held behind players turn strike hand tries guess hit correct person last striking takes place course large part sport deliver shrewd blows fact game vogue shows even high mighty often like children abounding animal spirits games conon press guests urge backgammon checkers chess seem young secular perhaps dice backgammon called tables combination dice playing plus motion pieces board goes back roman times boards methods play like later age need comment thereon backgammon popular diversion hardly checkers anglice draughts known france dames also game hardly changes essentially age age checkermen aliquis square round otherwise explanation needed sidenote backgammon checkers dice men like conon really enjoy however games dice nevertheless since church often censured cubes ivory baroness dare use often besides realize havoc often wrought among young dice throwing wish keep sons temptation parts france laws reading dice shall made dominion using shall looked suspicious characters enactments usually dead letters high justiciar ordinarily punish merely manufacture use loaded dice although church prelates rail vigorously complaints merely games chance sinful blasphemies constantly uttered losing dice players form means populating hell dice playing assuredly extremely common even impiously called game god regulation chance belongs providence holy apostles cast lots justus matthias select successor wicked judas good christians question means acceptable john peter gamesters quiet consciences vainly king philip augustus command person swearing dice royal presence matter high rank shall cast river dice everywhere travelers pilgrims wallets almost every castle hut town dwelling let three four men come together idle hour fortunate set dice appear away time thirteenth century innocent cards dice form substitute swearing evil gambling worse least ten gambling games three dice needing six adela warning françois eldest son concerning recent instance reckless playing young squire whose father held lands conon set forth seek fortune king court halted pontdebois met older soldier fortune tavern poor young man induced try casts soon lost travel money next horse next armor desperation began pledging ordinary vesture tavern keeper acted kind pawnbroker ill luck still pursued reduced bare shirt friend father chancing inn recovered necessary clothes sent home utterly humiliated calamities constant dice daily ruin countless nobles villeins accursed gaming continues even rumored certain disorderly monasteries tools devil often intrude demoralize brethren illustration game chess ivory plaque fourteenth century musée du louvre sidenote chess great esteem ill odor however attends game conon delights play chess part aristocratic education jongleur romance hear young prince brought first know letters play tables backgammon chess soon learned games well man world françois anseau baron sons make boasts know moves françois takes great pride lately forced visiting knight stalemate great seigneurs kings carry chessboards around campaigns amuse chess problems immediately desperate battles plenty anecdotes tell nobles lost checkmated broke chessboards opponents heads ended contest regular brawl royal game doubtless come orient caliphs infidels long since boasted skill taking rooks pawns western lands first record comes time pope alexander ii complaint made bishop florence spending evenings vanity chess playing bishop enemies alleged forbidden canons prohibiting dice bishop retorted dice chess entirely different things first sinful second honorable exercise christians pope tactfully refrained pressing matter nevertheless austere churchmen regarded game worldly impetuous religious reformers insisted confounding games chance council paris forbade french clerics play chess just thousandth time forbade dice despite fact bishop pontdebois spent whole afternoon chessboard last time visited castle test skill baron nobility thinks refusing play although naturally older knights patience long contests according charlemagne host taken cordova emperor knights rested shady garden sedate leaders immediately played chess although younger champions selected exciting backgammon chessmen often made whalebone imported scandinavia models warriors kings swords drawn knights horseback place castles warders kind infantrymen bishops hold croziers queens upbear drinking horns like great ladies northern house conon however fine ivory set made east oriental models differ norse infidels course bishops instead carved elephant since moslems despise women instead queen counselor chessboards usually made inlaid woods even metals conon elegant squares silver gilt gift count whose life saved battle needless say chess game women excel alienor well able defeat brother despite boasting among duties ladies castle teach young squires nourished lord say check chess supposed game worth intricacy need stimulus wagering alas old adam mankind scandalous gambling often goes around chessboard festivals nobles assemble two distinguished players match skill soon excited decently silent crowd around table soon spectator another whispers places wagers support contestant players begin bet skill final result may leave almost dicers tavern well compromising salvation awful oaths illustration game ball strutt young nobles also kill much time games resembling tennis billiards tennis played without rackets merely striking ball open hand billiards require tables played level ground wooden balls struck hooked sticks mallets somewhat resembling hockey another age reckless youths often wager lose great sums lads young maidens fond guilles game resembling ninepins although pins knocked balls stick thrown somewhat like boomerang course also enjoy tossing balls young ladies less brothers practice often arbalist shooting arrows large heads bringing birds take refuge bushes pursued hawks sidenote hawking chess dice every game indoors outdoors pales pleasure hawking hunting sensation like joy feeling fast horse whisk verdant country leaping fences crashing thickets desperate quarry ahead even kind substitute delights war visiting knight shows least willingness baron certainly urge tarry hunting party depend season desire guests reports kennels mews forest whether chase hawks hounds master huntsmen falconers always swords points noble employers also lose tempers arguments venery falconry truth sports carried simultaneously every castle fresh meat needed riders men time abundant probably order bring dogs sport wanted ladies ride merely afternoon call hawks illustration lady falcon wrist seal archives nationales hunting hawks everywhere last sunday adela alienor rode mass abbey church good brethren chanting service nowise disturbed worshipers kept great hooded hawk strapped wrist whole service well take hawks everywhere especially crowds people accustom bustle shouting suspect another reason always taking hawks carrying hunting bird wrist recognized method saying gentle blood need disagreeable work hands sidenote complicated art falconry falcons counted noble birds rank higher social hierarchy beasts even eagles afford large hawks falcons least keep sparrow hawks sparrow hawk nickname poor sires maintain birds large enough kill partridges quails short possession hawk kind almost necessary nobleman wearing sword even knights seldom go hunting however takes rich noble like conon possess regular falconry special birds trained attacking certain kind game hares kites herons expert attendants care illustration falcon hunt thirteenth century german manuscript bibliothèque de bruxelles falconry become complicated art possibly good folk aliquis bodies physicked bled physicians much less skillful treating human ills conon falconers treating birds climb high trees crags steal young hawk nest trifling undertaking prizes must raised maturity taught obey whistles calls learn instantly bidding master baron mews score birds gerfalcons saker hawks lanners merlins little sparrow hawks squawk peck squabble along huge goshawks male birds generally smaller female latter reserved striking swiftest game herons birds return accord hand master taking game many including sparrow hawks enticed back means lure red cloth shaped like bird falconer swings lure string whistles since falcon accustomed find bit meat attached lure fly promptly secured conon head falconer villein expert recently count champagne offered hundred paris livres important personage son falconer science runs families man shrewd knowledge real wizard breaking young birds teaching strike dummies decoys remain contented cages hooded perches yet lose hunting spirit precise methods feeding much meat preferably poultry much vegetables preferably fresh fruit takes long counsel conon recalcitrant goshawk induced sit quietly baron fist also teaches young françois carry little sparrow hawk incommoded horse motion beaten unpleasantly wind adjust hood sidenote professional jargon falconry acceptable presents nobleman better still lady really fine bird abbots send five six superior hawks king craving protection monasteries foreign ambassadors present royal grace pair birds opening wedge negotiations reception hawks indeed regular ceremony paris court conon hawks come fellow cavaliers craved favor aliquis gentry pride understanding professional jargon falconry peasant clowns confess ignorant thereof yet even among nobles speak really well day pretentious knight dined castle put gerfalcon perch provided hall use guests thunder heaven great seemed foolishness conon courteously led subject around falconry bird instead talon instead claw instead nail distressing find man claim courteous treatment illustration noble holding falcon hand thirteenth century restored manuscript bibliothèque de bruxelles course excesses falconry conon draws line considers impious neighbor viscount foretvert sprinkles hawks holy water prior every hunt says prayer adjuring eagles true god holy virgin holy prophets leave field clear birds molest flight church never authorized though viscount worldly chaplain certainly condones practice everything falcons must compatible nobility glove carried embroidered gold hood keeps blindfolded likewise adorned gold thread pearls bright feathers every bird attached legs two little bells engraved owner name high air heard tinkling bird lost peasants discovering return owner woe villein retains falcon found forest local law provides either must pay ruinous fine let falcon eat six ounces flesh breast stealing hunting bird outright hardly speedier road gallows horse stealing day become communities far france assuredly exhilarating sight see castle folk go hawking fine morning baron baroness older relatives guests bird gauntlet tall horses squires younger people sparrow hawks send smaller prey leaders sport wait strike swift duck heron dogs race along flush game horns blowing young voices laughing horses prancing conon gives word away go racing fences field fallow thicket brook fate sends view heron hawks unhooded together shouts encouragement merry wagers helloing birds soar chase heron may meet fate far blue follow racing scurrying recover hawks onward covering many miles country blood tingling canter back aliquis determined mood supper sidenote hunting serious business hunting serious business falconry castle folk care much beef mutton prefer venison boar meat great woods east castle supply food less diversion hunting pursuit quite allowable pious laymen moderation even commended church hunting benefits soul avoid sin indolence according faith avoids seven mortal sins saved therefore good sportsmen saved huntsmen saints germain martin hubert liège renowned hunter eighth century invoked countless castles oftener fears greater saints peter paul illustration hunter seal thirteenth century archives nationales many dangerous beasts great forests spread france charlemagne tale runs nearly hugged death bear every nobleman met ugly boars also powerful stags fought desperately ladies blood brothers hunt almost closest come martial pleasures adela wind horns follow stags control dogs almost well conon aimery course ride early girlhood occasion ceremony ride sidesaddle hunting hawking go astride wholly masculine manner françois riding now years even little anseau barely seven cling back high steed keep beside mother unless hunt becomes extremely furious equipments hunting simple real luxury hunting horns great olifants whose piercing notes ring mile still forests horns made ivory chased gold swung important rider neck cord silk fine leather hunters wear leather gauntlets use bow arrows danish ax kind tomahawk boar spear favorite hunting weapon also large knife emergencies party mounts castle court around leaping yelping great pack dogs white teeth red tongues straining leashes barely controlled keepers dogs loved almost much falcons conon large collection greyhounds staghounds boarhounds even terrible bloodhounds kennels replenished constantly stags old boars kill many dogs ere finally run speared gift litter fine puppies therefore often welcome cast hawks sidenote chasing great boar happy day beater comes tidings wild boar strongest anyone ever heard tell forest pevele vicogne near free holdings st bertin baron call castle folk time admits send favorite vassals miles away join sport ten pairs hounds least fifteen huntsmen beaters organize pursuit hunt start dawn take much forenoon reach forest boar discovered recites jongleur begin baying yelping dogs unleashed bound thicket find tracks boar dug rooted worms keepers unleashes blanchart baron best bloodhound conon pats head put track hound soon discovers boar lair narrow place trunks two uprooted oaks near spring boar hears baying hound stands erect spreads enormous feet disdaining flight wheels around judging within reaching distance good hound seizes fells dead side baron given blanchart hundred deniers hearing barking runs sword hand late boar gone nothing except keep chase relentlessly evening whole company gradually scattering forest conon last overtakes chase baron now alone save dogs boar finally come bay front thicket begins refreshing pool raising brows rolling eyes snorting bares tusks dashes dogs rips open tears pieces another except three best greyhounds conon arrives first sees dogs stretched dead son sow cries disemboweled dogs separated friends brought know shall die leaps steed shout boar despite bushes ditches leaps swift arrow conon lets come straight holding boar spear straight strikes breast point pierces heart goes shoulder blade mortally wounded boar swerves side totters falls chase ends dogs avenged baron blow horn many times ere party finds luckily boar run back somewhat toward aliquis therefore able get home noisy triumph night castle women red torches outside gate oh ah boar praise prowess seigneur illustration stag hunt twelfth century window cathedral chartres conon fortunate able return home without adventures high suzerain king philip augustus young prince followed boar lost forest became justly anxious just commending god virgin denis protector king france great relief met charcoal burner grim behold face black charcoal carrying great ax shoulder honest peasant guided prince safety sidenote hunting across peasants lands important part aliquis population however regards hunting parties far less satisfaction chase often goes straight across peasants fields twenty horses beating newly seeded ground even standing crops baron absolute privilege protest treasonable villeins simply submit deer nibble boars root fields merely try scare ravagers lord friends alone may use arrow blade spear game aliquis peasants bless saints time boar kept conveniently forest sell life dearly cornfield hawking hunting two great sports always excepting martial exercises downright war although sometimes aimery young men tame diversion take crossbows try shoot birds meadows conon naturally master hunt adela invariably mistress important place garden castles disagreeable residences even newer rising beside grim donjon usually dampish illy lighted subject uncanny odors northern france enough confining weather case therefore reason moment sun shines hastening sweet air bright flowers delightful greenness castle garden outside barbican shut dense hedge exercise ground merely many beds flowers fruit trees group venerable elms much older first crusade also broad fine stretch closely cropped grass shaded trees day kinds things occur long tables whole castle dine sup fine weather conon assemble vassals ceremonious council played innumerable games chess especially jongleurs found saw viols fête days castle folk noble villein rapturously join dances stuffy hall midnight lamps bright daylight merry feet twinkling god soft green grass sidenote castle garden adela taken great pains garden fell bad condition baron garnier day often councils brother sebastian abbey real botanist true love plants flowers side beds adorned roses lilies marigolds grow useful herbs lettuce cresses mint parsley hyssop sage coriander fennel also poppies daffodils acanthus plants vegetable garden supplies castle cucumbers beets mustard wormwood fruit trees yield sizable crop apples quinces peaches pears kind baroness tried raise figs great success course difficulty maturing grapes cherries indeed cherry festivals among familiar delightful holidays part france life say monkish writers warning thoughtless though perhaps pleasant transitory cherry fair crooked heman hunchbacked gardener considerable skill even without teachings brother sebastian practices grafting successfully although theories subject absurd trying develop new kind plum tenderly raising new agony pears bitter variety pickling true believes cherries grow without stones right recipe peach trees bear pomegranates sprinkle enough goats milk prevent large practical results tools simple ax spade grafting knife pruning hook thanks unlimited number peasant clowns baroness put disposal keeps garden orchard admirable order heman office important garden exist solely pleasure spot fruits vegetables flowers constant demand whenever obtainable garlands chaplets even greeks feast complete without wild flowers favor many time adela maids sent gather wreathe woodbine hawthorn course supply irregular every social occasion early spring edge winter castle garden must therefore supply garlands accordingly essential working units aliquis along stables mews armory footnotes law actually enacted entire kingdom france mediæval manuscript contains vivid picture two gamesters shirt left reduced sheer nakedness companions evidently stripped almost completely leaving compete garment hear scandalous stories bishops abbots think unfit take hawks church alleged strap precious charges altar rail performing holy offices thirteenth century material fraction better falcons seem however hatched bred captivity avoiding perilous exercise story converted religious life meeting woods stag bearing horns image saviour hubert feast day always faithfully celebrated kings nobles quotations story boar hunt romance le baron conon substituted duke begoy original chapter family baron life women conon lived great harmony baroness well might short time ago visiting cavalier learned string words south country troubadour fashion saw fit praise adela manner fair blond locks forehead whiter lilies laughing eyes change color mood nose straight firm fresh face outvies white vermilion flowers mouth small teeth white like snow wild rose white fair hands fingers smooth slender also baron proud sister planning worthy marriage breton jongleur found aliquis hospitality grateful sang alienor passing slim lady sweet bodice slender girdle throat whiter snow branch eyes like flowers set healthful pallor face witching mouth dainty nose open brow eyebrows brown golden hair parted two soft waves forehead sidenote types beautiful women laudators exaggerate neither adela alienor monopoly good looks yet life eager exercise open given complexion many rival might envy positions castle gracious hostesses equals unquestioned mistresses hundreds dependents bestow dignity noble assurance lady rejoices good fortune blond first prerequisite beauty romances hardly brunette maiden comes praise hair falls length arms owners great satisfaction worn two long braids entwined ribbons gala days gold thread resting front shoulders adela least long since become complaisant kinds flatteries though alienor still thrilled jongleur sentimental knight assures lips small infant cheeks color peach bloom teeth perfect regularity breath sweet censer swung church altar beauty suddenly illuminates whole castle ladies tall slender ideal type femininity unconcealed pity poor viscountess foretvert short plump afflicted dark hair illustration coiffure noblewoman twelfth century cathedral chartres alienor mother dead enough older take place somewhat give much advice younger damsel must take meekly adela often admonishes fair sister courteous meek nothing else secures favor god mortals friendly small great seen great duchess bow ceremoniously ironmonger followers astonished prefer replied guilty great courtesy toward man guilty least incivility toward knight also must shun foreign fashions festivals tourneys lest become foolishly conspicuous beware lofty headgear lest resemble stags must lower heads entering wood order may loud fashions make everyone stare wild beast recently adela giving sisterly advice walk becomingly look straight eyelids low fixed gazing forward ground six fathoms ahead changing look place another laughing stopping chatter anybody highway conon beset poor alienor superiority elder brother commended instructions certain north french minstrel young noblewoman must talk much especially must boast attentions paid young knights going church must trot run salute debonairely persons meets must let men caress hands kiss mouth might misconstrue familiarities must go around part body uncovered undress presence men accept presents man kinsman accepted lover sidenote good manners noblewomen instructor also goes warn fair pupils scolding public overeating getting drunk whence much mischief might arise unless ugly deformed cover face coquettishly lady pale faced good smell breakfast early morning good wine gives good color eats drinks well heighten complexion avoid bad breath eat aniseed fennel breakfast keep hands clean cut nails retain dirt sharing dish table else custom pick best bits beware swallowing large hot morsel food also wipe mouth frequently napkin particularly tablecloth also spill mouth grease hands much young ladies also keep telling alienor wishes impertinent purgatory following conon adela father grégoire chaplain even holy brother matthew prior abbey takes hand must avoid sin never letting mantle trail disgracefully lest seem like fox whose glory tail maids must avoid repeating gossip must never travel without proper retinue lest caught compromising situations must attend mass regularly satisfied merely hearing low mass hurrying two three times lord prayer going indulge sweetmeats alienor also avoid games chance including backgammon advice indeed conon laughs waste much time even chess take indecent pleasure low songs antics jongleurs wonder poor girl vows perversely things first opportunity alienor tells however fortunate troubled worse things hortatory friends champions equality sexes later age become horrified legal status women feudal centuries females never bear arms must remain perpetually minors law even great heiress severe pressure take husband perform military duties fief soon possible baron dies leaving young daughter suzerain complain injured important rights claim armed service fief holder now vassal follow banner perhaps decent suzerain wait heiress twelve give battleworthy follower real choice even bridegroom old ugly brutal hand many fatherless girl becomes terribly anxious married married women fixed status feudal society husband keep heiress lands shameless plunder familiar story young noblewoman went straight king father dead two months demand husband never dreamed suggesting particular husband suzerain business leave unprotected celibacy outrage lord right inflict orphan sidenote position women castles legally morally husbands right treat wives harshly latter provoke every girl around aliquis knows story silly wife often contradicted husband public vainly remonstrated day raised fist knocked kicked face prostrate broke nose story conveys plain lesson directly blame right words authority belong lord wife duty requires listen peace obedience indeed repeated something rather exceptional adela recently boasted certain relatives husband since marriage never laid hands castellans brutal men men lose tempers treat wives accordingly everybody knows scene epic poem certain king angered tactless remark queen therefore shows anger face strikes nose hard draws four drops blood lady meekly says thanks pleases may submissiveness best way disarm husband anger conon mildly ridiculed among fellow knights takes counsel wife minstrels like make fun cavaliers commend baron told officious spouse woman go within eat drink maids busy dyeing silks business strike sword steel course many knights worse things tell wives meddle obeyed occasionally knock told baron garnier imprisoned unhappy consort harsh exceptional philip augustus reigning king kept unlucky bride ingebord denmark long years captivity notwithstanding menaces church holding tight gloomy tower éstampes complained enough either eat wear many nobles sometimes imitate lord burgundy gautier salins recently threw wife prison whence however contrived escape parents case sake fiefs girl twelve eighteen wedded husband forty fifty kinds unhappy things happen devil fill poor damsel mind love handsome squire lord may neglect scandalously suddenly finds required avenge honor deed startling cruelty things make kind saints weep without reason conon make discreet inquiries concerning certain widower knight sought alienor hand horsewhip servants save good cause leave last wife mope hall spent months riotously king court nevertheless chatelaines baronesses parts always meek doves mercy husbands sprung domineering stock reared around castle great barrack talk ever feuds forays horses lances armor many noble lady answer husband fist rousing box ear courageous man make quail surrender passions habits likely seem masculine quarrel like virago also prove times danger knight ride away wars leaving castle command wife feel certain defended inner donjon rough men arms obey orders implicitly husband short feudal noblewoman might expected compound mortal weaknesses excellencies qualities somewhat naïve elemental case castle women complain shut harem perfect freedom meet strange men accept epic poems noble maidens believe visiting knight handsome hesitate tell face many love stories first advances come lady infrequently advances rather coldly received knight average cavalier man strong passions often interested war chase fair maidens seldom philanderer sidenote grossness castle life visited castles around aliquis listened typical jongleurs tales gather abundant material monkish preachments noble ladies make difficulties inviting male visitors chambers sit beds still within entering room male guest sitting bed conversing familiarly women often meet strangers scandalously insufficient garments ladies also talk uttermost freedom men quite openly young men talk ticklish matters among many story jesting question gab utterly coarse say worse exchanged mixed company young women seldom well chaperoned place duenna waiting woman apt lover ready help mistress push matters sensual intrigue criticism ceases end formal marriage many romances according current stories wise end marriages wedding means standard climax even happy love affair monks course scandalized less harmful things assert fair sex besides sinful coquettes spendthrifts ruining husbands extravagance women sex inordinately fond false hair rouging forms giving lie faces god vouchsafed controlling brother guyot provins wrote despair wisest astray wish judge correct woman never found master flatter knows eyes weep heart laughs men teach astronomy necromancy geometry law medicine music never known person fool take subject study seems true yet due allowances made number noblewomen lead happy honorable lives great many barons unkind wives many others reckon greatest treasures reasonable care taken force mating obviously uncongenial couples decent respect likely result even marriage arranged wholly outsiders many epics sundry fair ladies seem unprudish many others superlatively faithful devoted husbands foes evil thoughts seducers know draw line sharply familiar attentions courtesy demands real sinfulness begins even baron curse wife roundly switch shoulders treats also holder pledge trust honor leave command castle rides war sidenote accomplishments castle women great deal depends woman adela assures alienor husbands wives shut together castle often weary months clever wife easily make indispensable husband rule whole barony short treatment women things else feudal age jumble contradictions find worst best good woman suffices illuminate kingdom poet declares even crusty monk writes love serve honor woman come sense intense worship virgin sign woman extraordinarily venerated powerful god son mary standing invocation among knights pursuits women little castle devote sometimes even replace men armed expeditions adela grateful imitate great countess blanche champagne guardian young son recently conducted invading army lorraine burned nancy near led knights person won real pitched battle adela however understands technic defending castle siege help husband entire economy seigneury check provosts accounts sift complaints peasants arrange alms poor best knows manage local bishop abbot mingling piety harmless coquetry firmness great asset weal barony greatest task however direct perpetual weaving knitting embroidering sewing castle women even finer cloth imported nearly garments must made aliquis ladies must set maids good example needles baron must furnish men sword chambers even garden summer seem given incessant cutting sewing many time watch fair alienor like girl romance seated brother chambers working stole silk gold right skillfully made care many little cross many little star sets therein singing cloth gentle lilting air suitable movements white hands needle engaged brother coming early hounds vowed spare dowry get gallant husband night cast five deniers jongleur praised face applauding hall rose lily sweetest violet noble beauty stately mien think now finest queen mortal eyes ever seen simple yet coy eyes flash joy god give life without annoy every bliss whereof ween sidenote customs births baptisms course prime centers adela life rearing children management servants little françois anseau born castle bell village church time rung furiously induce saints ease mother labor sensible father grégoire interpose ghostly authority check midwife plunging feet newly born icy water toughen cold rubbing cheeks gold piece make rich course conon delighted time told sturdy son françois advent called vassals feast joyous proclaimed born seigneur hold lands give rich furs white gray beautiful arms horses price yes twenty years son dubbed knight illustration cradle manuscript cambridge library green young aliquis barons rocked beautifully carved cradles bathed great fire wrapped merely usual long baby clothes little robes silk furs even precious ermine proclaim noble rank course baptized first opportunity unbaptized children dubious chances next world adela unable go ceremony either great gathering relatives vassals christening formal acknowledgment child legitimacy settles many claims inheritance child must three godparents two sex font holds babe round body others grasps leg priest dips child completely water bare babe baptism runs saying course higher rank godparents luckier infant françois proud already duke quelqueparte calls godson anseau styled high countess blois seven young boys left care mother adela nursed sons although wet nurses rule many noble families least three maids constantly attendance young sprig aliquis neither françois anseau spared wholesome diet many blows monkish preachers always warning sparing rod spoiling child every father mother heeds particular admonition truth tell conditions round castle often tend make boys little demons rascality hall laughed epic daurel beton child four clever enough steal guardian gloves five play chess dice ride tall horse françois anseau growing reasonably honest thanks frequent dermal pain enjoyed great variety toys types old pyramids delight succeeding centuries dolls hempen wigs carved wooden soldiers helms hauberks windmills kinds animals made baked clay wooden horses course armory wooden weapons scores children swarming bailey disposal playfellows sons higher officers preferred innumerable games tag variety already françois learning marshal playmates military companies greater delight defend tower father old foe foretvert lucky filch real arbalists shoot deadly bolts another sidenote education young noblewomen françois now taken hand father taught many things needful baron son know sent away nourished friendly seigneur sisters aunt alienor just emerging usual education girl family local nunnery might sent convent school conon took daughter petty noble kind sister minor vows half teacher half attendant good soul given alienor rather bookish learning françois probably obtain young lady learned read write romain north french least read latin result devours every romance manuscript borrow persuade brother buy taught arithmetic fairly well learned names chief stars constellations legend way jacques milky way picked knowledge healing herbs afraid sight blood flinch binding wound warfare tourneys require young girls become expert nurses even make shift set shattered bones course ride hawking hunting dear roan marchegai keep best like every fortunate maiden france lips perpetually light songs pious secular quaint little chants honor virgin merry easter time april sings small bird gentle fricandés zo zo fricandés zo assuredly father grégoire monks neglected religious education learned many prayers besides credo ave paternoster every christian child must memorize soon possible brother easter gave finely illustrated psalter chants heart constant attendance mass knows practically entire service understands symbolism plenty quaint little superstitions degrading ones bedtime repeats prayer popular girls france implore virgin mary mayest saints elect god keep close council prayers desires sorrows necessities called say think days hours moments life dolls course much finer retained much longer françois chamber pet falcon seldom lacking perch fact add cleanliness also caged magpie laboriously teaching talk last fair longed vainly rare eastern parrot consoled small lap dog presented friendly vassal cats abound bailey pets noblewomen something plebeian old crones always possess black cats possibly partake devil church however support last belief nunneries sisters forbidden keep animals except cats evidently belong less world dogs companions secular warriors thing alienor really loves even better riding hawking long hard mania young people dancing sinful church vainly tries restrain preferably alienor dance handsome knight squire yet lack indifferent music company suffice truth robust vigorous body demands violent outlet vain graver adela tell count allowed much dancing castle finally christmas day many joined revel danced violently floor great hall suddenly collapsed whole company flung cellar foolish count daughter first body taken time great church festivals course comes delight mystery plays alienor participated therein angel also queen esther easter play arranged pontdebois cathedral clergy hopes now next easter herodias daughter surely best part open women except holy virgin sidenote castle servants adela part graciously assisting family also explicitly directing servants need reckon lack domestic help among troubles hundreds young men women peasants glad enter service return straw pallet suit clothes yearly seat great hall regular diners risen money wages need hardly considered although everybody expects obols christmas easter importance baron partly indicated number dependents wearing insignia eating bread attending lady everywhere conon hardly less vain peers result aliquis twice many servitors really required courtyards swarm busy idlers although certain organization hierarchy service least responsible lads damsels enjoy honor least inferior afflict cuffings snappish orders adela commands twenty young women two daughters petty nobles entitled certain consideration even baron squires dress mistress alienor accompany discreetly share pleasures others aiglentine jeanette martine sisters loose sleeveless aprons betray peasant origin carefully selected baroness thrice many candidates taken pains learn whether come honest parents greedy inclined drink respectful whether accustomed merely answer receiving order shall done pretty soon sidenote duties servants maids trained clean apartments next wipe stools benches next feed chamber animals dogs cage birds mistress must assign task weaving cutting sewing etc fed plentifully meat kind drink nourishing heady whether wine otherwise must also eat promptly reposing meal halting leaning elbows must rise soon begin talk lounge supper must go immediately bed unless remainder castle sit jongleur passes routine many days last prospect dawns event tax full administrative capacities baroness sets adela aimery different kind flutter conon give sister marriage immediately knight brother festival carry name aliquis northern france footnotes quotations arnaut de maruelh marie de france respectively advice noblewomen contemporary etiquette books clerical writers trouvère quoted robert blois writer thirteenth century students recall similar command telemachus addressed mother penelope homeric society feudal society many viewpoints common directions engaging servants given mediæval handbooks domestic economy contain much practical common sense age chapter vi matter clothes feudal wedding inasmuch time immemorial wedding seemed primarily matter clothes better place wherein consider costumes good folk aliquis assuredly scripture warns us take thought saying shall clothed admonition adela tells abbot doubtless intended holy apostles christian woman must make fair showing husband face heaven knows many critical baronesses countesses already western folk made great change general style costume last many generations later greeks romans garments forms slightly elaborated shawls fastened fibulæ buckles devoid buttons even late frankish times garments charlemagne contemporaries seemed fairly loose antique model feudal age come elaborately made clothing must securely fastened reached epoch shirt stocking even objects later styled trousers perhaps life constantly spent saddle requires also demand garments easily worn hauberks great coats mail great transition made men aliquis wear garments strange enough another epoch without sartorial differences separate twentieth century age nero sidenote materials clothing another thing observe nearly garments still made wool save indeed leathern leggings gauntlets hunters crude garments skins peasants cotton silk quite unknown rare linen common woolen fabrics usually coarse home spun literally made castles farmhouses garments warm durable prone collect dirt hard wash irritating skin probably general use woolen clothing along fact much population possesses raiment wearing incessantly every day accounts number skin diseases leprosy downward direfully prevalent matters improving however flax spun fine linen people quality change clothes pretty often cotton silk coming levant prices permit ordinarily rich command wash day even developing fixed institution around castles makes health comfort still great majority garments woolen holy saints fleas jump villein doublets whenever beat wearer conon normally dons following garments first squire helps underdrawers fine white linen next come long hose various fabrics colors gala day proclaim rich baron wearing silk hose otherwise fine wool good taste forbids stockings brilliant color black brown black red stripes comes chemise shirt white linen cuffs collar illustration king twelfth century wearing pelisson restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale baron now ready regular outer garments put pelisson long garment warm pleasant winter castle barnlike place summer often hot substitute wears without fur made thin stuff pelisson thrown bliaut tunic fairly loose pulled head like shirt best bliauts silk common use wears fustian perhaps even cotton finally baron going abroad swing mantle shoulders semicircular cape fur lining even summer likely ornamented many silk tassels shoemakers already masters art anybody buy leather shoes high boots nobleman wishes dress state wear cloth shoes display wealth plated gold embroidered jewels good taste permits elaborate ornaments sidenote women garments conon variable garment headdress house state occasions wears chaplet flowers even thin gold wreath floreated design outdoors likely appear meaner men cloth bonnet kind phrygian cap bright color however weather bad probably pull combination cap cape drawn head sticks pulled back kind peak time covering cheeks shoulders face shows long slit cut upper part illustration wreath made metal flowers sewed braid thirteenth century church thibaut orthodox male garments female dress much albeit certain simplifications elaborations elsewhere adela maids ordinarily put long linen chemise preferably white descends knees comes pelisson fur edging made fine wool silk falls chemise clear feet bliaut sometimes worn rather loosely often close fitting showing figure baroness maids lace tightly take pains adjusting long trailing sleeves held place girdle woven cords preferably silk bliaut course fine material ornamented gold embroideries pearl beadwork finally mantle loose trailing cloak often cut long semicircular cape made gala occasions richest stuffs available plenty elegant fabrics wealthy bring back champagne fairs figured silk woven silver gold thread also heavy silks woven large threads white green red fair whereof poets delight sing perhaps useful thin airy shimmery sendal silks useful delightful summer garments making brilliant banners noble ladies give knights choice naturally plenty oriental silks strange egyptian persian figures humbler wear homespun desired buy kinds honest woolens flemish picard champagne products languedoc come serges rough goods excellent anyone ask linen available bleached dazzling whiteness price cotton cloth still costly although mercers often spread ladies silk marvelously low price really naught cotton woven perhaps sicily however finest samite sendal take place suitable furs furs practically sign like wearing sword carrying hawk many petty noble cling frayed tippet black lambskin even hottest weather merely proclaim villein foxand civet course common high noble seeks something better line pelisson garments red white marten black sable gray beautiful northern squirrel especially purse compass ermine precious fur white weasel choicest furs probably come dim countries called russia make noble friend much acceptable present fine ermine skin many baron pledged lands jews merely satisfy wife taste miniver superior form marten fact extravagance furs jewelry even falcons sidenote luxurious fashions fashions dress change around aliquis rapidly ages yet constant innovations example surcoat coming originally longish woman garment recently fine knight riding rheims wore cleverly adapted masculine necessities close sleeveless jacket cut short hips made big armholes easy movement conon must soon inevitably king court kinds new fashions luxuries ornamentations observed women cover gold embroidery wear gold buttons gold girdles set alternately agates sapphires protect hands gloves swing silken alms purse silver chains belts fine cavaliers load dozen buckles set sardonyx pieces enamel even wear small emeralds embroidery mantles pointed shoes coming much style use colored thongs bind feet illustration felt shoe thirteenth century various monuments yet aliquis simplicity hardly undermined except fête days seigneur much better clad upper servitors adela never ceases warn extravagance dress consider always husband rank fortune never disgrace seeming devote much study costume constantly plunging new fashions leaving room sure appearance neat see especially collar gown well adjusted put crooked dress humbler folk nature course simplified sober hue blue color baronial house nearly lord followers wear bliauts color livery twice per year distribution garments conon undertakes clothe feed illustration winter costume twelfth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale noble folk display rank wearing furs also show headdresses baron wishes put dignity assumes velvet bonnet place ordinary cloth formal occasions however bonnet embroidered gold thread become cap presence sometimes caps elaborated made flattened square top generations later great lawyers doctors wear professional badge long high barons absolutely discarded fashion head covering women thirteenth century yet rather innocent towering constructions peaks veils common succeeding age even noblewomen usually content seen long braids hair intertwined often ribbons sun hot weather bad wear thin veils solid woolen hoods according seasons gala days don either floral chaplets genuine crowns gold pearls according wealth fathers husbands illustration headdress man popular thirteenth century tomb sidenote hair dressing beards conon appearance differs grandsire important particular rather recently gentlemen hair cut short front although rather long behind wore beards often divided great many little tufts might even wind gold thread however noblemen usually smooth shaven although hair allowed grow length sometimes arranged little curls ended long struggle church generations disapproved lengthy beards many bishop warned sign children belial great pope gregory vii uttered regular anathema reign barber renewed aliquis tonsor twice thrice per week scrapes chins knightly males castle servitors villeins however luxury humbler folk wear beards great bushiness well unsanitariness hair cut seldom often almost braided like women every person consequence wears ring signet device often equivalent personal signature man friends know ring give credence messengers produce women give rings lovers well course receiving rings return believed many rings charmed virtues conon signet family least since first crusade green egyptian turquoise cut serpent called luck st aliquis servitors profess confidence long baron keeps ring castle taken françois already head filled stories father deathbed gave son ring virtue whosoever wear love men tale princess rigmel gave lover ring potent whoever bore perish need fear die fire water battlefield mêlées tournament illustration costume noblewoman thirteenth century restored various monuments ordinary articles costume adornment need dwell buckles brooches golden pins necklets adela treasures coffers come oriental byzantine venetian workshops beautiful fine jewelry generally speaking changed comparatively little age age sidenote cosmetics false hair baroness certain frivolities toilet alienor approaching marriage given fair opportunity admonish younger lady sins false adornments indeed iniquities thundered nearly every sunday churches shrewd preachers know men congregation grin approval fiercer invectives become women regularly accused turning bodies natural form means laces stays dyeing hair painting faces affirmed david first impelled desire bathsheba combed long hair window openly sore troubles came justly overgreat attention sinfully gave ornamenting head another sermon approvingly repeated sarcastic story monk guyot provins saints brought suit assize god race women latter used much color faces none left wherewith paint holy images churches noble ladies told smear vermilion saffron quicksilver apply poultices mashed beans mare milk improve complexions adding centuries durance purgatory taking chances eternal damnation illustration coiffure woman thirteenth century cathedral rheims lastly iniquity false hair good god know proper amount herbage grow female head holy man heal sick young noblewoman suffered grievous headaches miracle worker took glance towering headpiece first remove scaffolding surmounts head pray great confidence sacrifice great refused yet erelong anguish became unendurable holy man recalled compelled cast away false hair colored bands swear never resume immediately began pray behold headache departed sermons adela sisterly warnings produce much result admonitions alienor go life now dreading comeliness now soul never quite imperiling either yet surely less frivolous family rivals foretvert dames tasteless creatures adorn whole cathedral saints images paint pots sometimes seen around aliquis certain obnoxious people compelled wear conspicuous garments order others may warned avoid physical moral contamination meet man gray coat scarlet hat pass distance leper big circle saffron cloth sewed breast look money jew cross sewed side breast say prayer released heretic finally go pontdebois come sundry unveiled females scarlet dresses accost decent man women town last seen general nature garments make gay alienor wedding time wedding marriage noble families often mean union two souls two fiefs average baron marries extend seigneury rear sons defend wife represents estate castle many young men marry knighted glad enter holy wedlock normal way aspiring young cavalier whose father living gain independence wife dowry unless father allows share barony sidenote ages marriage since young men often knighted late teens even beyond twenty weddings side seldom take place early girls however become marriageable sooner south country troubadours assert love begin claim girl thirteen eligible marriage given heart time hope save nunnery old maids find recognized place society whether castle city peasant hut illustration royal marriage thirteenth century manuscript preserved british museum green course couples marry younger many years earlier count baldwin vi hainault wedded countess marie champagne bride twelve bridegroom fourteen boys girls sometimes merely many pieces chessboard suit ambitions guardians noblewoman husband dies need expect widow long man required manage fief greatest proofs conon mother strong character ability father died prevented baron garnier forcing nuptials boon companions roistering daredevil guardian children ruined body soul also heiress husband prove suitable prevailing powers strange things happen crown jerusalem became vacant isabella new queen forcibly separated husband seigneur onfroy barons crusaders realm given powerful noble conrad montferrat twice poor queen husbands died twice barons forced new spouses wishes isabella sincerely cared onfroy nowise consulted romances find stories marriages consummated amazing haste tale old baron aimeri wished find son heiress lad unaware happen summoned presence duke father friend young sir duke high lineage going give pretty daughter boy stood silent pucelle brought belle father given husband blessed god replied promptly next come bishop ceremony immediately young people mated life seemingly either get breath least lad much helpless tool elders maid story lorraine romance makes proceedings hardly less precipitate count flanders resolved give bereaved sister valiant friend fromont never seen hero heard much suddenly brother takes hand saying beautiful dear sister let us converse little apart announces shall husband lady protests widow month infant son however sister insists count give far richer first husband says much praise fromont whereupon lady responds sire brother according desires thereupon runs story wait day wait hour spot proceeded church clerics priests notified blessed married sidenote church control marriages strange state things fortunately church comes partly rescue demands first maiden shall least fifteen years old point sometimes waived shall closely related man shall give free consent another matter always investigated question forbidden degrees however bar many projected alliances church endeavored formerly forbid marriage cousins seventh degree rule proved unworkable since reckoned relatives lateran council therefore ordained invalid marriages cousins degree saints know rule makes complications enough considering great families interrelated course regulations wise otherwise heiresses always given outrageous manner near kinsmen hand forbidden degrees sometimes little trenched give contracting parties excuse repudiating case get tired bargain although practice church treats just anger church formally permit divorce thwart many currents age nobles frequently repudiate wives trivial reasons mere ill health instance often women take initiative worldly bishops give help toward annulment grounds lack inward consent desirable marriage cousin comes question often dispensation obtained complaisant authorities easy become cynical study easily holy bonds matrimony put powerful although sometimes great pope like innocent iii teach even mighty king lesson philip augustus learned tried repudiate poor ingeborg denmark maiden father competent brother uncle lucky otherwise bestowal hand belongs suzerain right bestow heiresses widows vassals faithful retainers precious privileges great seigneur many knight kept loyal hope presently lord say barons dead without sons give fiefs daughter take widow late sire may land along lady feudal usage impossible deprive heiress estates directly marriage practically gives husband ownership property wonder duke quelqueparte anxious see whether sickly count greve die leave daughter secure desirable allegiance baron saturnin widower now six months yet remained still uncomforted just hope particular happening sidenote scandalous relationships wonder conditions strange romances occur lady gives love kiss young knight husband south country troubadours assert married couples truly love barons sometimes bring irregular consorts straight castles perhaps winking wives uncanny doings true yet stated everything bad girls taught expect much spouses usually accept situation accept stormy sunny weather besides fathers guardians scandalously careless disposing charges many fathers brothers full honest affection accept duty marrying daughters sisters solemn responsibility wise custodians results usually happy need pitying alienor much right elope conon negotiated satisfactory marriage give sister sire olivier eldest son count perseigne perseignes great burgundian family many castles counts think little higher social scale barons aliquis also powerful fief alliance useful perseigne expected war vidame dijon conon give young couple outlying burgundian castle great value alliance enable talk roundly uncivil neighbors excellent match another sign aliquis extremely sage seigneur alienor now nearly seventeen thinking wedding since fifteen nurses long since reviewed eligible cavaliers great dread lest wed old stupid man befell cousin mabila sent away tearful pouting picardy bride widower measure relief conon declared give old saturnin well jongleurs sing old man loves young maiden merely old fool thing happened often ideal damoiseau squire young knight just first beard brave valiant course courteous handsome hoped conon give great tourney award conqueror desire faded learned victor last tourney ugly brutal brotherly terms william conon first squire william still young always honorable squire push intrigues house lord open state mind brother says day fair sister arranged marriage olivier perseigne gallant cavalier maiden might rejoice consider well say adds phrase hopes taken literally wed wish alienor anything olivier antipathy violent based reason conon genuinely affectionate brother might give weight fact though met olivier times tourney christmas fête duke quelqueparte court stopped castle least objection certainly large blue eyes blond hair large nose merry laugh reported kind servants generous fault overgiven drinking brawling tourney broke three lances fairly experienced knight family excellent brother desires obvious live far aliquis hours decent reflection informs adela comply conon wishes castle takes joyous activity sidenote betrothal ceremonies wedding come betrothal solemn ceremony blessed church sire olivier visited castle great following relatives met shy blushing alienor chapel suitable prayers father grégoire pair awkwardly enough exchanged promises take wife husband great scandal either side turned back church affirms energetically however betrothal marriage otherwise affianced pair might considered somewhat wedded trial repudiate obligations later also merely young couple parents guardians present add consent course pledges sworn holiest relics available olivier happy time lodged castle friendly vassal aliquis rides frequently visit betrothed excellently bred knows everything expected prospective bridegroom good family alliance largely negotiated parents consulted understands alienor witty beautiful wholly aware worldly advantages conon meals beloved allowed sit together eat porringer delicately leaves intended best morsels consults competent jongleur aid produces suitable verses praising fiancée beauty gives gold ring name engraved thereon return besides sleeve stocking hang lances gifts already sent mere friendship cavaliers bestows lock hair set around gold ring likewise larger lock may twine around helmet happy pair permitted take long walks together promenade garden olivier holding lady politest manner finger accepted method showing intimacy conon resolved knight brother time gives sister marriage involves holding tourney many proceedings really unnecessary wedding course attract much greater number guests advertise prosperity baron aliquis northwestern france knighting tourney come bridal however easier explain two things separately omit gathering wedding guests coming distant counts barons sires erection around aliquis real village brilliant tents pavilions ceremonious greetings frenzied efforts castle folk make ready inevitable despair many times adela directs everything last morning day midsummer rain blessed martin much heat alienor surrounded dozen women old young arraying wedding sidenote dressing bride regular bridal costume alienor dress much differently easter major festival two great braids hair weighted breasts extra intertwining gold thread chemise fine linen pelisson completely fringed magnificent ermine gift countess perseigne garment made two cloths sewed together inner fine wool outer beautiful bendal reddish violet whole laced tightly alienor hardly breathe garment floats elegant bliaut green silk long sleeves many folds long train silk embroidery elaborate flouncing fairest girdle made many pieces gold set stone agate guard fever sardonyx protect malaria many similar clasp great sapphires baron garnier originally acquired town merchant shortly hanged finally mantle silk intricately embroidered dyed royal purple alienor pointed shoes vermilion leather cordova still embroidery female minister clasping chief pucelle putting small veil circular held golden circlet genuine crown beautifully engraved set emeralds inevitably whole process dressing prolonged alienor excited feel hot pinched attendants find exacting bless virgin however noble brides fly passion every hair eyebrows separately adjusted meantime secluded part castle groom wrestling similar problem assisted two squires although requiring less time agony legs covered fine brown silk stockings bruges effeminate wear silk shirt fine white linen answer pelisson like bride although less tightly laced cloth silk trimmed rich fur outer color pale red inevitably much gold embroidery around neck sleeves bliaut come knees blue sendal silk mantle also edged fur color pelisson simple must hang exactly right everybody ask groom wear mantle like great baron squires take long time adjusting olivier shoes fine leather crisply curled hair set golden chaplet set flashing gems much like worn bride hardly happy twain ready wedding procession forms bailey large company never crowd castle chapel go across bridge claire parish church village gothic structure sufficiently pretentious suit occasion perseignes reckon bishop among cousins hand officiate sidenote marriage procession ceremony procession forms ahead go whole platoon jongleurs puffing cheeks flutes twanging harps rasping viols feudal age delights music mind sometimes melody exchanged merely joyous noise alienor comes next black mule extra long ears finely curried shining coat harness gold trappings scarlet samite swung saddle eldest brother alas father dead murmur women guardian leads mule olivier rides tall white palfrey saddle blue leather mother adela aliquis perseignes female relatives follow mules led gayly dressed squires come noble guests duke quelqueparte head wonder work done villages miles around villeins lining road doffing caps cheering dazzling cortége sweeps past details church pass among features noted fact bride swung mule great truss straw bishop meets sacred portal outside actual building olivier alienor exchange vows form essential part marriage ceremony conon chief provost recites loud voice estates horses fine garments servitors bride brings dowry customary publication may avert bitter disputes later next happy pair scatter newly coined silver deniers among swarm mendicants permitted elbow scramble among pretentious guests finally church thrown open great nave opens mysterious dark galaxies candles burning lofty windows gleam like jewels olivier alienor occupy seats honor choir bishop says solemn mass trinity pronounces special blessing let woman intones prelate amiable rachel wise rebecca faithful sarah let sober truth venerable modesty wise teaching heaven last mass ends agnus dei chanted bridegroom advances altar receives bishop kiss peace turns right foot great crucifix embraces wife transmits kiss act completes ceremony away whole company go church condemned silence nearly two hours glad now chatter like magpies back aliquis find great hall swept garnished decorated never walls hall hung pictured tapestries beautiful pieces red green silk feet crush fresh roses lilies scattered floor alienor almost bursts delight number cavaliers dames press kiss congratulate remainder life match weddings friends many counts barons marriage many guests however expect receive presents bliauts mantles goblets things suitable recipient well conon saved many livres strong box presenting gifts host quite ceremony article accompanied speech time reception bride groom trumpets sound furiously tell feast ready fragrant garden trees fine tent blue silk bridal party exalted guests others must sit long tables open glad sunshine sidenote marriage feast messire conon guests eat drink serious topic must tell thereof separately speak merely concerning festivities wedding olivier alienor served two barons squires state groom drinks great goblet sends wife ceremoniously finishes draught bridal tent reasonable amount decorum elsewhere blessed martyrs noise tumult villeins appear burghers even wandered pontdebois never men say bride charming brother stinted hospitality enough food drink gorged guzzled stave famine next winter jongleurs keep quiet first part feast later earn dinner singing loves jourdain orabel berte faithful wife girard roussillon lord adversity many tables jesting horseplay become unspeakably ribald wine circulates two petty nobles quarrel strikes drinking cup sergeants pull apart whip swords three hours guests sleeping stertorously trees nobles kept wits go another large tent despite heavy meal dance vigor bride groom expected dance together everybody prepared admire beauty grace strength evening advances priest appears solemnly blesses nuptial couch strewn roses new couple piously kneel couch censed like altar women guests join bizarre usages putting bride bed morning marriage newly wedded pair attend mass castle chapel expected make privately kinds vows good conduct alienor especially promises always obey husband call dutifully mon sire mon baron festivities last two weeks longer conclude dubbing knights tournament whereof presently olivier wife depart burgundian castle without anything like honeymoon strange parts celebrate wedding aliquis far love match later day yet decent hope happiness two deeply interested new spirit relations men women creeping world since greek roman days spirit often manifests illicit romances something romantic love exist also many instance jongleurs already like tell us story run twain wedded forevermore lived together happily early south country troubador bernart de ventadoun sang great motive coming add beauty world indeed know subtle passion heaven maiden passion maid keep base within man teach high thought amiable words courtliness desire fame love truth makes man footnotes course northern climate fact germanic tribes wore many garments skins leather contributing factors mediæval instructions young troubadour romance love stories likely revolve around young flighty people survived critical period youth likely staid sober enough rest lives serious problem forbidden degrees shown case pious louis vii france put away wife great heiress eleanor aquitaine fifth descent hugh capet married sister eleanor course marriage actually proved uncongenial point raised friends seldom walk arm arm two persons sex different sexes walk familiarly hand hand especially friendly leading single finger chapter vii cookery mealtimes now certain god reigns heaven desires wedding tournament although first thought must raiment second must food drink conon bids adela make ready festivities straightway prudent dame sends butler cellarer takes account everything stowed away great vaults castle orders chief huntsman muster beaters course forests sport victuals time nets set claire purveyors carts ordered pontdebois messenger even sent troyes bring back tun rare grecian wine available maids village requisitioned make great pasties master cook imported paris prepare special cakes pastries short light thing even huge aliquis household prepare feed several thousands without aid miracles caused five loaves two fishes suffice days blessed lord baron feast great fireplace bailey cookhouse insufficient build fires open tilt yard garden day perspiring varlets stand feeding great logs roast long spits chickens geese boil caldrons meat cookhouse finer dishes must prepared master cook true arsenal utensils pots trivets mortar pestle table mincing herbs pothooks caldrons frying pans gridirons saucepans platters pepper mill dressing board scummer ladle many things else lack help kitchen half dozen loutish boys gladly work day long receiving incidentally many cook hard knocks return allowed lick pans gnaw scraps cheap human labor illustration cooks manuscript bodleian library oxford wright sidenote cookery mealtimes ordinary days marvel quantity boiled meat served aliquis way preserve meat salt vats castle full salted meat kept winter siege flesh must ordinarily boiled result great copper meat pot seems always action boy pumping bellows make caldron bubble fowls fresh meat often boiled well butcher meat however less welcome feasts game ideal dish stag roasted whole great fireplace crisped larded cut quarters served large plates dishes poured hot steaming pepper sauce therefore stag served wedding banquet besides many kinds choice game illustration pork butchers bourges since iceboxes unsalted meat must eaten soon killed although feudal epicure squeamish beef mutton often killed cut cooked almost spot story butcher coming late town got lodging priest house pay quarters killed sheep ate supper pork probably commonest meat conon great droves hogs fattening oak forests supply abundant crops acorns pigs seem penetrate almost everywhere save messire madame chamber general scavengers apparently replace plumbing sewerage systems infest castle courts streets towns crown prince france killed paris pig ran legs horse rode hotel de ville church gervais people tell pork promotes leprosy nevertheless devour pork main substance great sausages black puddings everybody delights especially easter break lenten fast much heavy food possible veal desirable flesh kids lamb means much favor almost kinds birds counted edible herons cranes storks cormorants fowl taken hawks preference crows considered fair eating flock stately swans mouth rapide just depleted elegant birds kept kitchen rather ornament small fowl thrushes starlings blackbirds quail partridges cuckoos varlets bring many possible crossbows snares young rabbits likewise welcome older rabbits tough save diet villeins everybody knows saying old hare old goose food devil plenty poultry around aliquis christians hold birds aquatic origin hence like fish eaten fast days although church opposes opinion slowly overcoming chickens fattened feast shutting dark coops gorging droves geese coming fields great honking armies crowding narrow way hissing biting propelled steadily ahead cracking whips small goosegirls ducks commonly preferred wild stage exercise ground several peacocks preening least two now sacrificed make gala dish serve highest seigneurs peacocks counted especial food brave indeed old proverb thieves much taste falsehood hungry man cooked peacock fish hardly great request likely much numerous fast days still claire draw excellent barbel eels carp pond splendid trout brooks feed rapide lads bring many go paris eat salt herring taken north sea spring furthermore aliquis folk fill frogs legs castle moat numerous bogs conon snail bed provide snails garnishings salads lent fridays sidenote game birds poultry stay castle long discover vast importance soup partakes thereof least twice per day dried peas bacon water watercress soup cabbage soup cheese soup poor man soup made odds ends collected short warning fish soups lent better soups spiced marjoram sage sweet basil favorite condiment pepper soups compared meat pies whenever castle cook doubt please lordships decides noble pasty much thought concentrated subject little poems memorized illiterate cooks explaining triumph mystery use three young partridges large fat forgetting six quail put side add thrushes bacon sour grapes little salt made aright crust nicely rolled pure flour oven proper heat bottom quite free ashes baked enough dish feast pasties made chickens venison salmon eels pigeons geese kinds meat probably fact energy goes making pasties form culinary effort aliquis folk vegetarians eat meat forever poorer peasants seldom touch flesh save important feast days cooks disposal onions garlic cabbages beets carrots artichokes lentils long broad beans peas turnips lettuce parsley water cress short nearly vegetables different age save potato turnips favor figure far dietaries later cabbages request roman white cabbages huge easter cabbages especially senlis cabbages renowned excellent odor cucumbers supposed cause fever herman raises garden salads always bread staff life naturally villeins use flour coarse made barley rye oats producing black bread noble folk shudder signs messire prosperity household ordinarily fed white bread castle ovens make great variety loaves huge pope knight loaves smaller squire loaves little varlet loaves rolls soft bread made milk butter dog bread bread alternate layers wheat rye table loaves sizable pieces bread spread around tables courteous cavaliers cut crust knives pass remainder ladies companions soak soup servants less select common bread although still wheaten finally breads crackers often used monasteries also provisioning castles siege sidenote breads pastries cheese fancy jellies pastries sweet dishes coming vogue although reached perfection attained later french cookery aliquis feast able prepare great molded structures lions suns made white chicken pink jelly quantity spices used simply enormous enjoy food charged especially pepper acquired taste developed following first crusade cooks use liberal supply mustard favorite sauce made strong garlic fresh pickled olives sent provence likewise good deal olive oil oil used common cooking often extracted walnuts even poppies another favorite flavoring rose water june see great basins water filled rose petals steeping sun liquor obtained add zest sauces next twelve months also certain whitish substance known sugar comes levant small irregular lumps flavoring qualities delightful expensive use cookery small quantity passed among conon higher guests eaten confection ordinary sweetening still greeks romans honey supplied hives bees belonging monastery cheeses hardly figure feasts everyday diet important feast days often replace meat varieties legion white green large small etc places produce famous cheeses exported france paris hear street venders shrilly chanting buy cheese champagne cheese brie eggs butter gifts kindly saints carry men lent fast days theologians hens aquatic creatures like birds hence good christians eat eggs freely butter unaccountable notion eaten times abstinence must freshly churned must salted used cooking purposes passing next beverages aliquis denizens fairly abstemious folk sometimes get tipsy even adela alienor seldom conon servants help bed twice per year villages disgraceful guzzlings among peasants especially saints days beverages alcoholic must absorb great deal really upset region grows wine ordinary consumption little thereof shipped paris even flanders england along famous vintages gascony saintonge macon rheims marne orleanais desirable french wine pourcain auvergne baron carefully cherished tun cellars poems indeed exist praise pourcain wine drink good health occasions great state however imported wines produced mainly unusual expensive aliquis feasters consequently offered heady cyprian lesbian levant also aquilian spain little rhenish german lands less distant sidenote wine beer drinks autumn apples pears falling peasants make cider perry get outrageously drunk beverages grow hard outside normandy drink seldom appeals castle folk also common use many substitute wines really infusions wormwood hyssop rosemary taken mostly clear system although nectar made spices asiatic aromatics honey really request great competitor wine beer northern france dividing zone land winepress land brewhouse everybody drinks beer makes beer castle great brewhouse likewise monastery beer made barley late middle ages hops added add zest really fine beer german good ale double beer common beer small beer since crusaders returned east spiced beer growing favor charged juniper resin gentian cinnamon like original taste wholly destroyed aliquis folk however disdain buttermilk like ferment boil onions garlic cool closed vessel product enjoyment surely difficult stranger another form beverage quite unknown physicians prescribe water gold allege prolongs health dissipates superfluous matters revives spirits promotes youth also greatly assists cure colic dropsy paralysis ague surety aids patient temporarily forget troubles yet hardly costly medicine many years later become common name changed brandy usages even great dinner depend largely customs everyday life understand splendors marriage feast sire olivier alienor without knowing goes regularly hall aliquis day started seen everybody arises light breakfast bread wine although sometimes epic doon mayence work promises arduous baron squire may bring favorite pasty eating early morning brings health gives greater courage spirit dinner also discovered begin early nine morning good part day business comes heavy meal sometimes dinner late serve guests regular supper go bed attendants bring cakes fruits wine entertain guests however always proper try make eat drink much possible story overhospitable count guines merely constrained knight passing dominions feast kept quantities white wine always hand visitors asked red wine diluted water might hoodwinked seeing white liquid mixed goblets way rendered whole suite bishop gloriously intoxicated ingenious bartolomes granvilla laid following requisites ideal banquet suitable hour early late pleasant place gracious liberal host plenty eat may choose dishes things drink willing servants agreeable company pleasant music plenty light good cooking seasonable conclusion quiet repose afterward marriage feast tourney hardly provide twelfth desideratum proper management supply everything else illustration servants bringing food table manuscript thirteenth century library munich schultz sidenote service table tables notables laid served two classes attendants first conon three squires aided grand occasion several young nobles actually received knighthood second older professional servitors villein stock first class attendants resplendent bliauts colored silk fur trimmings dishes passed soberly clad villeins presented bended knee noble hands noble guests whole process sire eustace old seneschal orders platoons attendants much precision might command men arms defense castle part squire education learn wait table may superior life unless king emperor conon squires taught stand perfect ease roll eyes stare blankly laugh save guests laughing keep finger nails clean hands well washed sit table models propriety gobble food put little every plate basket collected leavings poor chatter fill mouths full chew sides mouth laugh talk mouthful make noise overeating handle cats dogs mealtime wipe knives tablecloth pick teeth publicly wipe noses fingers last least spit across table beyond tables nearly always long narrow great hall fixed heavy oak planks plenty light tables boards set horses seneschal suddenly says weather fine messire dine garden favored guests provided cushions course hall baron immediate friends family sit long dais facing company baron chair canopy canopy sign high seigneurial privilege set conon even sits garden never surrender place save entertains superior like suzerain duke present claims fade bridal couple indoors outdoors mean art lay tables enormous tablecloths spread smoothly set napkins neatly doubled also place suitable drinking vessel knife spoon articles gold silver carefully handed seneschal represent good fraction portable wealth castle must laboriously counted use knives sharp steel serious business drinking cups often bizarre forms lions birds dragons humbler folk huge cups wood also large jacks leather every place must cake fine white flour every two places large porringer pewter silver shared pair guests sidenote entering dining hall feast day fast day loud blast trumpets sends mighty humble bustling toward garden hall course wedding feast little formality ordinarily aliquis household jostling scampering prodigious men women live close nature always conscious rousing appetites ordinary days entered baron hall take turn lavatory close entrance several little washstands pitchers basins everybody fall line order precedence first visiting clergy visiting knights seigneur family etc hand washing presents great chance flirtation among young olivier alienor great delight passing towel betrothal now great festival enter special banqueting tent met two handsome varlets first holds water jug small basin water dexterously poured fingers promptly wiped second varlet guest patiently waits persons ahead enjoyed courtesy enter tent magnates make seats honor placing company matter serious deliberation messire conon sage sire eustace course bride groom take canopy olivier right must officiating bishop bishop right must suzerain duke quelqueparte olivier left must bride count countess perseigne standardized locate dozen counts barons dames honored bridal old rival foretvert stomach now seated farther canopy count maric richer ancient house bloody feuds started failure seat guests properly matter supreme diplomacy far possible lady placed beside cavalier two use dish goblet entire feast obviously another case compelled test brains selecting partners illustration young girls nobility serving table manuscript library munich schultz sidenote serving banquet feast begins grace bishop endless procession commences cookhouse banqueting place boys running great dishes commit official servitors pass guests solemn moment followed cheering bridal tent clash cymbals bray trumpet sire eustace bright scarlet bliaut enters waving white wand followed squires upper servants carrying shoulder high huge dish viand great haunch stag set table baron carver cuts ample slices two jongleurs blow flutes holds meat two fingers thumb fork plying great knife surgeon might scalpel equal skill demanded fill flagons spilling drop even bride groom now hungry ready venison banqueters little need plates take loaves lying ready hack thick slices place pieces meat cut meat resting bread trenchers ordinarily eaten feast go great alms basket poor along meat scraps however higher guests enjoy luxury silver plates placed bread trenchers guests however bare tablecloth bottom enough substitutes porcelain another day whatever go alms basket devoured baron dogs attend every meal prescriptive right indeed early feast duke quelqueparte benevolently tosses slice venison fine boarhound time fails repeat good things conon adela set guests idea tempt appetite utter satiety forcing first dish feasters another really good sequence courses dishes heavy inasmuch vegetables great demand common occasions average banquet seems succession varieties meat noble folk bridal pavilion least chance eat fill comestibles sidenote typical first course slices stag boar head larded herb sauce beef mutton legs pork swan roasted rabbit pastry tarts second course pottage drope rose mallard pheasant roast capon pasties small birds third course rabbits gravy heavily spiced onion saffron roasted teal woodcock snipe patties filled yolk eggs cheese cinnamon pork pies salads ices confectionery nevertheless dishes superb notably swan brought music prinked alive swimming beak gilt body silvered resting mass green pastry represent grass field little banners around dish placed carpet silk lay table cooks might also serve peacock outspread plumage instead toward close repast two squires tug enormous pasty amid expectant hush conon rises slashes pasty open dagger instantly flutter score little birds begin dash tent immediately baron falconers stand grinning entrance unhood second score hawks twinkling pounce wretched birds kill shouts delight feasters right tables inevitably confusion rustling ladies merry scrambling squawking hawks caught hooded taken away fact beginning feast extremely noisy everybody talks appearance stag started innumerable hunting stories duke tell loyal lieges slew bear two baron dogs get fighting almost upset chair countess everything merry illustration feast ceremony twelfth century custom repast bring enormous pâtés held little live birds flew hall crust pâté broken immediately servants loosened falcons gave chase part feast represented elaborate dinner required fast day cooks still met occasion yet kept within commands church although merely much fish also vegetables guests served roast apples garnished sorrel rosemary might come rich soup made trout herring eels salted hours salt whiting soaked twelve hours almonds ginger saffron cinnamon powder possible bring ocean soles congers turbots salmon case salted rivers turn supply pike preferably roe carp bream side dishes lampreys porpoise mackerel shad served juice crab apples rice fried almonds finally might come stewed ripe fruits figs dates grapes filberts whole washed spiced wine hippocras minds men later age dinner might seem little less gorging orthodox feast meats elaborate wedding banquet last everybody fill concluding baked pears peeled walnuts dates figs passed noble dames chewed unfamiliar sugar plums last cup spiced wine handed around nobody drunk much become worse merrily talkative rising guests properly thought poor called servitors piled loose food great platters kept needy fact indigent region eating voraciously outer tables morrow festival day see great collection halt sickly shiftless hanging around barbican just expectation conon adela order distribution last bishop returns thanks basins pitchers towels carried around guests rise mingle less exalted visitors outside repose shade trees listen jongleurs now tuning instruments many especially younger get ready thing seen liked almost best extremely vigorous dancing outside state pavilion service naturally less ceremonious fare less sumptuous countryside welcome wander castle gardens partake greasy unkempt villeins elbowing long tables snatching joints meat bawling servitors refill leather flagons throwing bits cheese bread around outrageously wasteful manner thousands persons apparently many happy black bread winter trying avenge past hunger devouring drinking just much possible sire eustace continually calling another tun wine another vat beer another quarter beer viands multitude select bread flesh drink without stinting fortunate conon marriageable sisters naught left eat seigneury sidenote wholesale hospitality shadows lengthen everybody seems satisfied villeins petty nobles lay flagons groups friends sufficiently sober begin sing songs round member improvising doggerel verse group thundering chorus many guests retain wits enough recreations noble hosts dancing others throw grass companies watch listen jongleurs wedding dances finish olivier alienor come great tent take seats chairs principal minstrels presence give decorum threatens become disgracefully confused coarse form reveling great feast jongleurs seem fact almost indispensable cooks now ask nature north french minstrelsy footnotes peacocks especially desirable poultry practically took place turkey later days existence many prohibitions etiquette manuals shows unneeded see actually involved way mere victuals public feast middle ages shown following record hospitality dispensed archbishop york england reason believing lavish feeding multitude fairly common also france little earlier festival required formal record quarters wheat tuns ale tuns wine oxen sheep calves swine swans geese capons pigs dozen quails mallards teal cranes kids ordinary chickens pigeons stags bucks roes addition made cold venison pasties dishes jelly baked tarts hot venison pasties hot custards proportionate quantities spices sweetened delicacies wafer cakes evidently archbishop deliberately planning feast entire population considerable area england conon hospitality herein depicted course nothing like chapter viii jongleurs secular literature poetry aliquis folk delight music desirable cavalier rich voice know twang harp aimery soon sire aimery sing play well many minstrels adela spent many hours viol little portable organ family cares took time five six servitors hold places mainly play excellently impromptu dances conon gives every possible occasion linger long around castle without hearing lutes flutes castanets confining weather winter music keeps almost whole day long illustration small portable organ thirteenth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale however variety spice life day new jongleur better still troupe jongleurs arrive teach new music new songs new tricks regular denizens break desperate monotony sometimes causes barons fret energy precipitate new wars merely get relief great fête like present obviously large corps entertainers must mobilized mere news region messire proposed marriage feast tourney enough start many itinerant gentry toward aliquis sire eustace overwhelmed offers assistance chase away entertainers almost force sidenote varieties dances jongleurs versatile people specialty name jongleur like charity covers multitude sins merely expert players viol supply music dancers dances noble folk simple often enough fair dames cavaliers merely take hold another hands whirl furiously circle music goes faster faster revelers cease almost sink exhaustion variations cavaliers decorously drop ring bow ladies dance chaplet end cavalier ceremoniously kisses lady cheek kissing equals quite proper lips takes rather skill present young aimery dances intricate galliard daughter baron bovri two performers stand opposite advancing bowing retiring every step made music last cavalier makes bow lady takes hand thanks leads seat another noble couple dances similar performance faster violent action competent musicians indispensable good jongleur far musician dance intricate acrobatic figures impossible unprofessional sing love songs chant recite romances companions even present short farces comedies probably possessed also series tricks accomplishments appeal groundlings poetic recitals reach summit profession received castles almost equal seigneur able retire rich showered gifts palfreys furs jewels mantles red cloth course much money jongleurs recall pride tallefer gallantly led charge normans hastings trolling song roland tossed sword caught face english fell battle making much havoc among foe paladin illustration acrobats reproductions english archæologist strutt various manuscripts england sidenote depraved mountebanks great distance however pretentious folk run minstrels little since mountebank pair called aliquis called grotesque names disposed pork pasty seneschal made plain better pay dinner thereupon produced harp leaped table flung arms legs showed regular acrobat companions set lads girls swallowing knives apparently eating red brands right fireplace next twain joined witty dialogue presenting clutching priest wheedling money miserly burgher finally began telling stories outrageous adela squeamish dames bade retire two kept whole hall laughing rainy afternoon conon contented entertainers denier slept straw tables early next morning repertory probably exceedingly limited must spent lives wandering castle castle seldom tarrying anywhere single night jongleurs appeared trick dogs monkeys dance hoops perform feats tossing two small apples catching simultaneously point knife held hand prove genuine contortionists declared old latin poem folds unfolds unfolding folds often question indeed tell jongleur really anything roving scoundrel certes frequently seem full thievishness licentiousness lies frequently low jongleuresses women capable corrupting whole monastery church denounces entire breed male female ministers devil vices ages impute actors charged old jesting question rather jongleur robber answer robber nevertheless god knows people must amused jongleurs almost indispensable besides seen sinful class higher grade jongleurs sometimes travel considerable companies bring orchestra music viols guitars gigues long slim stringed instruments shaped like figure eight course including flutes harps even little portable organs work bellows hand press keys something like accordion horns lacking dulcimers cymbals feudal ages miss piano otherwise plenty instruments sidenote superior type jongleur member troupe specialty feats wonderful usually slim girl perform herodias daughter dance magnificently everybody understand palestinian princess took gullible king acrobatic feats even dance hands kick feet air great delight sanctimonious guests vainly holy bernard inveigh seigneurs receive troupes castles man fond jongleurs soon possess wife named poverty tricks jongleurs never please god certain wedding bishop priests coughings seem laughing loudly barons tricks conon entertainers illustration dancer twelfth century restored musée de toulouse great feast demands enough jongleurs entertain many different circles bold fellow keeping villeins roaring antics tame bear three others including woman dancing grossly platform gaping hundreds superior member mystery attracting many noble guests banqueting tent common performer messire sent way chalons promising ample reward maître edmond boasts christian meaning takes profession kind lay priesthood friendly terms great prelates never recites scurrilous little assailing clergy knows heart however nearly great epics romances rich bliaut green silk sets forth impressive figure gestures eloquent work imaginations audience move tears acclamations wild excitement later age short great actor equally great reader causing parts drama speak person maître edmond consulted conon romance epic please best great collection stories heroes usually kind verse claiming largely breton origin whole category revolves around doings charlemagne peers another deals king artus arthur brittany really britain knights round table still another cycle tells trojan war sire hector sire achilles sire ulysses making ancient ilium north french castle besieged decidedly feudal methods others rehearse mighty deeds alexander least forty epic de songs mighty deeds six thousand eight thousand lines length besides many shorter romances maître edmond knows surprising number bald figures give idea richness type feudal literature course famous chanson de roland constitutes splendid narrative everybody knows story roland olivier favorite peers charlemagne betrayed paynim spain foul traitor ganelon sold lives right dearly innumerable doughty deeds souls ascended heaven later charlemagne took terrific vengeance infidels ganelon epic later days rated equal superior german rival nibelungenlied song roland now nearly two centuries old familiar besides long afternoon hard pick episodes maître edmond proposes scenes stories troy baron thinks sufficiently sentimental occasion agree story tristan ysolt fairly well known company threadbare gives plenty opportunity women weep jongleur says new version overlengthy maître edmond therefore strides bridal tent accompanied handsome youth saffron mantle thrums harp silver frets high jongleur begins story easy recitative occasionally breaks melodious arias really mingling verse prose although language never loses certain meter rhythm illustration harp sculpture cathedral chartres sidenote story tristan ysolt narrative runs along conventional lines king mark cornwall good man wise prince beautiful ysolt wife valiant poetic tristan nephew last two innocency take magic potion compels fall love sinful deeds follow excused enchantment king mark suffers long trying forgive last catching tristan playing lute queen bower smites poisoned dart unhappy youth mortally wounded takes refuge house friend dinas still alive king mark magnanimously says sorry act poor ysolt announces survive lover tristan sends uncle tells mark bears ill king realizing nephew morally guilty laments alas alas woe stabbed nephew best cavalier whole world mark ysolt visit tristan make lamentation dying state presently causes sword drawn may see last time alas good sword become henceforth without trusty lord now take leave knighthood honored alas friends tristan vanquished tears bequeathes sword comrade arms next turns queen dear lady gasps die die gentle friend says ysolt call god witness nothing afford much joy bear company day assuredly ever woman die anguish sorrow died already like die asks tristan god knows replied queen never desire anything sincerely approach whispers knight feel death coming like breathe last arms ysolt leans tristan embraces presses tightly heart bursts expires mingling last sighs needless say time maître edmond much skillful prolongation stirring feelings finished noble dames indulging sobs indeed many barons blink hard delightfully tragic story although minstrel high quality cry largesse concludes like humbler jongleurs many deniers thrown way harpist duly gathers duke tells come court christmas recite love launcelot guinevere shall worth conon orders good aragonese mule added money payment originally promised sidenote literary baron maître edmond however another line business opportunity opens way among conon guests baron harvengt rich seigneur spent much time south country learned gay science troubadours superior minstrels always welcome castle fact something minstrel indeed claimed much interested matters primarily villeins best women neglects hawks tourneys even proper feuds neighbors nevertheless orri de harvengt extremely gentle man possesses considerable number books latin virgil ovid lucan others although visiting monk grumbled nearly volumes questionable pagans baron almost parchments saints lives church fathers however orri spends little time latin holds classical language best religious matters telling brave deeds affairs heart nothing surpasses romance tongue north france friend orri geoffroi de villehardouin written french excellent history fourth crusade participated although churchmen complain abandonment latin means ruin learning use vulgar tongue kinds books undoubtedly increasing less formal kind writings already considerable french literature conon book philosophers proverbs collection wise saws maxims often attributed ancient worthies homer æsop moses solomon flavor extremely french find many saying long survive thirteenth century although doubtless much ancient bird hand worth two bush gold glitters god helps help friend need friend indeed still waters run deep threadbare wisdom around aliquis well maxims transmit well among blind man king famine drives wolf woods bulk vulgar literature poetry epics growing ever since certain turould composed song roland long just seen wealth romances maître edmond disposal earlier tales mere recitals war adventure later though continue north french dialect south french troubadour influence appears stories turning lawful illicit love rather lance thrusts troubadours langeudoc language find now compeers northern languedoil baron orri tried hand making adventures hero renaud montauban composers less exalted rank prepare shorter abound comedy sarcasm striking vices follies society sidenote north french epics romances baron orri however original genius perhaps classed really adapts old romances puts new setting changes stories languedoc breton north french dialect quiet interval maître edmond takes aside fair baron know master jongleurs seldom wish set written copies poems chant strangers deny anything liberal seigneur transcripts new song concerning charlemagne paladin william orange another prepared great robert borron concerning finding holy grail king artus knight sire perceval sight baron orri pleased quits aliquis possessed precious parchments maître edmond becomes richer several paris livres fine copy great worth weight silver monks complain capital letters carefully elaborated gold miniature illustrations delicately executed copy gospel bindings embossed leather make books heavy require reading stands ladies nevertheless neglecting holier things seem willing stand day long however wedding guests end happy day another entertainer maître edmond asked perform baron orri lived long south country caught troubadour gallantries stories run left three lady loves three different castles romantic duel jealous husband ended however reconciliation proof friendship platonic past master different methods rhyming different kinds stanzas expert bards southern france serve sentimental ditties suitable moment just noble guests gathering supper adela addresses know kind sire orri practitioner science south sing songs love poems slower movement poems praise satire also master debate tender subject carried courtly verse honor us skill northern poetry rude uncourtly beside languedoc barron orri makes elegant bow ah gracious lady says wish convince good refusal worth poor gift doubtless think rude therefore obey though many fear speak beautiful languedoc tongue yet noble company sure least understand shall bernart de ventadorn discussing wittily lady show greater affection enjoining friend win renown urging simply love shall attempt short high troubadour arnaut de maruelh love song cry company ah well gentle mistresses lords answers minstrel chosen now pray queen venus inspire boy harp takes small lute touches strings blue mantle floats back statuesque folds clear deep voice sings sidenote south french troubadour songs fair april bearing winds softly blow nightingales music airing stars serenely glow birds power dews morning wait sing joy sky bower consorting mate world wearing new delights new leaves grow vain try forswearing makes joys helen worth comparing gardens beauty show teeth pearl truth declaring blooming cheeks neck snow tresses like golden shower courtly charms baseness hate god bade rest way made straight many similar stanzas baron orri eyes fixed mischievously certain countess talked intimately afternoon husband looks somewhat awkward end joins warm applause entertainment wedding feast ends great secular literature priceless heritage later civilization despite much crudeness false sentimentality born hitherto seen life aliquis peace now must gradually turn toward grimmer aspects direct preparations war footnotes aliquis slightly larger fief lord probably allowed luxury professional minstrel residence half musician half jester unknown jongleurs inferior grade stop exciting part story narrating say poem gui burgundy whoever wants hear recital must haste open purse now high time give something company straightway held entertainer announce near vespers weary finish day result claim hospitality castle hosts another hours satisfy general curiosity viol practically like violin although round clumsy played bow translated justin smith reprinted kind permission putnam sons chapter ix feudal relationship homage days intervene wedding festivities sister messire conon adubbement knight brother tourney follows second ceremony baron rich enough make presents knights frequent tourney also guests wedding hand numerous cavaliers interest affairs olivier alienor glad come break lances jousts shatter helmets mêlée original guests wedding however stay adubbement joined many others meantime hunts hawkings dances garden feasts jongleur recitals round merry excitement yet gradually creeps martial note maître edmond chants less parted lovers valiant deeds bride groom recede central gaze young squire aimery thrust forward lists prepared jousting examine public economy seigneury discover military well political unit learn process education enabled aimery claim proud status knight fighting man illustration banner thirteenth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale sidenote types privileges fief holders status aliquis typical many baronies fiefs necessarily composed real estate example conon vassals homage merely right fish mile along claire another privilege maintaining baronial mill corresponding perquisites outlying section seigneury nevertheless rule fief means section land held person noble family land complete right pays kind rent suzerain form military service sums money various emergencies determined various kinds moral material assistance ordinarily every feudal lordship center round castle failing fortalice strong tower capable considerable defense manor house vulnerable mere raiders every noble fief holder claims right banner seal validate documents late appearing insignia soon known heraldic coats arms used displayed everybody gentle condition many fief holders also claim right coin money even lands modest scale suzerains gradually curtailing privilege merchants churlishly complain mints lesser seigneurs strike money full alloy vexatiously variable standards indeed even talk privilege coining likely monopolized king illustration coat arms dukes bretagne thirteenth century feudalism systematized seem admirably articulated system extending upward petty nobles king even emperor little castellans homage barons viscounts counts dukes supreme suzerain grace philip augustus paris actually course nothing kind occurs merely many fief holders several suzerains conon serve poorly real gradation feudal titles conon baron feels equal many counts superior viscounts mighty count champagne holds head arrogantly equal duke burgundy late years especially since philip augustus began reign kings france made clear mightiest mighty deserve genuine obedience yet even now many seigneurs grumble lords paris capetian dukes began call kings two hundred years ago let wax proud send business forefathers sent old carolingians short whole feudal arrangement utterly confused organized anarchy despairing scholars later age call illustration seal duke jean bretagne thirteenth fourteenth centuries sidenote duties fief holders yet pretty definite rules fief holding generally speaking fief includes enough land maintain least knight war horse warrior obligated usually lead number armed villeins proportionate number knights conditions estate held vary infinitely great obligation military service average vassal bound follow suzerain forty days per year summons offensive war required give much greater assistance strictly defensive war especially aid defense lord castle wait suzerain times latter may desire great retinue give prestige court gatherings must likewise assist lord dispensing justice matter sometimes involving considerable responsibility judges seigneur marries eldest daughter bestows knighthood eldest son needs ransom money held prisoner vassals must contribute aliquis fief holders blessing patron saints alienor aimery overlord children otherwise pay high festivities must also lord visits give proper hospitality castles course must never betray secrets adhere enemies repudiate pledges made treason worst feudal crimes seen holding fief usually implies military service estate falls woman suzerain administer property maid marriageable age give competent liegeman heir boy overlord exercise guardianship fief lad old enough lead war band otherwise prove desirable vassal even vassals satisfactory sex age suzerain entitled money payment whenever old knight dies son takes barony always fairly heavy lump sum still heavier fief goes son collateral heir also vassal wants sell fief stranger merely must suzerain approve change entitled extra large fee often much three years revenue entire holding nevertheless many fief holders act anything humble vassals happy many suzerain exempt squabbles feudal equals overlord compel loyal lieges execute promises indulge luxury dictating manner whereby must rule lands mottoes great baronial houses testify little feudal hierarchy counts lord strong castles boast mighty rohans dukes disdain kings ca still arrogant seigneur whose magnificent process erection king prince duke just sire coucy sire coucy means dispose power canons rheims complain king philip deeds violence king merely reply sire coucy leave unmolested sometimes addition money payments personal military service vassal required make symbolic gifts token loyal intentions annually conon sends duke quelqueparte three black horses holdings local abbey every june presents abbot basket roses bunch lilies many estates burdened peculiar duties sidenote barons largely independent long discharges feudal obligations seigneur run barony practically suit treats vassals peasants outrageously may cry suzerain justice sometimes overlord delight excuse humble arrogant feudatory limits interference well marked seigneur undermine faithful vassal hold subjects every noble feel rights threatened suzerain begins meddle dependent even reason manifest many baron therefore play outrageous tyrant devil inspires seen observe vested rights subordinates fief otherwise may provoke dangerous mutiny within castle baron garnier aliquis however typical many class prisoners travelers peasants subject unspeakably brutal treatment written concerning seigneur pluto megæra cerberus anything conceive still horrible preferred slaughter captives ransom tore eyes children sport hid faces cloak impaled persons sexes stakes butcher men horrible manner agreeable feast another baron trembling monks record anyone force fraud fell hands captive might truly say pains hell compassed homicide passion glory treated wife unspeakably brutal manner men feared bowed worshiped sidenote types evil good barons evidently outrageous seigneurs hold lieges kind fascinated obedience just emirs atabegs among infidels course treat merchants merely many objects plunder watch roads make bargains professional robbers allowing latter infest seigneuries return agreed share booty even noble folk liable seized imprisoned perhaps tortured get ransom find deniers may leave bones foul dungeon nevertheless michael angels praised evil abating direct royal dominions men sin rooted since old louis vi time church using great influence evil sires communal towns waxing strong sending civic armies besiege towers protect roads better class seigneurs also unite disgraces nobility baron garnier died betimes suzerain duke weary complaints call levy duchy attack aliquis words law order gradually asserting heyday petty tyrannies yet still queersome happenings every seigneury amount arbitrary power possessed average baron good even conscientious man theoretical powers seigneur actual mental ofttimes physical ability determines real extent power fiefs anything static always growing diminishing capable seigneur always attracting new lands ejects unfaithful vassals adds estates personal domain land induces vassal vassals transfer allegiance directly wins land neighbors direct conquest induces neighbor vassals desert better protection suzerainty negotiates advantageous marriage treaties relatives bring new baronies dynasty suzerain needs military aid beyond orthodox forty days sells assistance cash lands valuable privileges often aggressive seigneur dies whole pretentious fief crumbles rapidly eldest son entitled central castle lion share barony whole younger lads detach something daughters denied portion suzerain presses kinds demands weakened heir neighboring seigneurs new baron feudal equals little quarrel another compounded ruinous concessions worst direct vassals incoming baron refuse homage hunt congenial suzerains swearing fealty nevertheless commit perjury treacherous way execute oaths years appeared powerful fief young incapable baron seems edge ruin lord reduced single castle perhaps question whether defend even sidenote accession barony peril conon passed inevitably youthful knight took estates unblessed uncle saints favor mother wise counsels high looks strong arm kept fief together vassal petty nobles duly impressed fact even new baron less bloody tyrant predecessor storm defiant fortalice behead rebellious master barony settled relative peace meeting aliquis vassals conon clothed full armor presented great hall sire conon nephew late lord present undoubted baron suzerain demanded sire eustace seneschal fiat shouted knights whereat turn homage conon now liege lord every christian feudal law next conon visited duke quelqueparte paid relief turn homage henceforth position completely recognized time conon obeyed vassals reasonable fidelity never refused military service fought round standard faithfully great battle bouvines given reason doubt hard bestead discharge feudal duties defending person hazard lives resigning horse might save battle even going prisoner secure release captive hand conon earned love proving honorable seigneur vassal sire leonard died leaving minor son administered lad fief wisely gave back little richer anything heir came age another vassal fallen feud neighboring sire conon afforded military help although direct quarrel respected wives daughters petty nobles though sisters short aliquis almost realized happy relation mentioned law books seigneur owes faith loyalty much man seigneur nevertheless conon wise serpent harmless dove father grégoire says pithily takes nothing granted twice somewhat formally made circuit seigneury stopping castle allowing little sire show hospitality receiving pledges homage done many times often repeated likely effective vassal swore fealty last christmas much likely obey call arms took oath ten years ago aliquis vassals performed devoir quite recently save sire andré sizable castle le chenevert whose father died last lent waited present fêtes take vows receive due investiture ceremony therefore takes place day wedding feast nothing humiliating therein sire andré contrary glad many noble guests witnesses serve confirm title father fief sidenote ceremony homage great hall cleared messire conon sits high chair canopy wears ermine velvet cap presence adela sits side many cavaliers either hand aliquis vassals noble leaders castle men arms best armor stand dais semicircle sire eustace holds lance small red pennon sire andré silvered mail helmet sword girded comes forward steps dais kneels conon rises extends hands andré takes repeats clearly formula dictated father grégoire now often acting baronial chancellor sire baron enter homage faith become mouth hands swear promise keep faith loyalty others saving just rights baron braisne hold two farms certain hunting rights swear guard rights strength illustration homage twelfth century future vassal put hands lord pays homage soldier holds lance lord give subject mark investiture domain whereupon conon makes reply promise vassal andré heirs guarantee lands held us heirs every creature power hold lands peace quiet conon bends kisses andré mouth latter rises feet father grégoire holds small golden box flashing jewels saint reliquary vassal puts right hand declares name holy trinity reverence sacred relics andré swear truly keep promise taken always remain faithful sire conon seigneur first formula technically homage second oath fealty now comes investiture sire eustace steps forward gives vassal lance symbolic token lawful transfer fief places local custom make article glove baton even bit straw symbol always required act completes ceremony sire andré now possession le chenevert lands ousted thence long performs feudal duties course fief granted first time transferred direct heir deed conveyance drafted detail sealed many ponderous lumps wax attached parchment strips leather many cases however new document needful indeed feudal ages even important bargains likely often determined merely word mouth reason requiring many witnesses little danger however quarrel congenial spirits baron conon sire andré best vassalship state unworthy dependence state junior comradeship without effacing distances created close relation mutual devotion vassals often rebellious vassals history story proved willing lay lives lord sentiments jongleurs repeat average castle surer hope applause recite epic garin concerning duke belin declared something precious riches power wealth consists neither rich clothes money buildings horses made kinsmen heart man worth gold country footnotes right profit certain beehives constitute fief fraction say tolls collected certain bridge emperor holy roman empire germany italy usually acknowledged social titular superior king france never conceded practical power frenchmen sometimes relief also payable new suzerain came merely fief changed vassals south country castle certain seigneur obligated suzerain duke aquitaine visited wait duke table wearing scarlet leggings spurs gold serve duke ten knights meal pork beef cabbage roast chickens mustard many obligations payments rendering hospitality equally curious recorded might describe situation saying many baron order stranger captive executed cold blood without form trial hesitate hanged beheaded save hereditary executioner seigneury vested right perform nice matters go feudal families earlier eleventh century illustrated tale three brothers noblemen angouleme quarreled two treacherously invited third joint easter festivities seized bed put eyes cut tongue might denounce facts however leaked suzerain duke aquitaine ravaged lands fire sword ruining innocent peasants took two criminals cut tongues put eyes retaliation absence strict rule primogeniture france continental countries added much complexities whole feudal regime homage may likened somewhat later day recently performed greater effectiveness chapter justice punishments great duties high seigneur render justice say learned men god grants power thousands villeins right obedience nobles lower class indeed written properly good baron bound hear determine cause pleas subjects ordain every man put forth shield righteousness defend innocent evildoers deliver small children orphans widows overset pursues robbers raiders thieves evildoers name name peace surety good lord ceaseth war battle fighting reconciles men strife good strong peaceable lord men country safe best barons measurably live high standard yet conon wholly exceptional telling reputation enforcing justice end surer glory fêtes around aliquis justice course mean equality law legal measure country villeins another citizens commune another petty nobles another greater nobles conon rank monks priests always plead clergy get cases transferred special church tribunal question really man given everything due others class denial justice laws enforced aliquis region old customary laws use ever since frankish barbarians invasions many laws never reduced writing least local purposes sage men know professional jurists barony sire eustace seneschal understands regional law better layman around castle though turn surpassed father grégoire latter indeed certain knowledge canon law church far elaborate local territorial system even turned voluminous parchments old roman law codified mighty emperor justinian paris round king now trained lawyers splitters fine hairs say roman law far desirable local customary law even endeavoring king extends power make code justinian basis entire law france conditions baronies still pretty simple questions settled call merely common sense real love fair play part judges live prosperously die piously laws administered great informality sidenote high low justice conon high justice vassals peasants means absolute power life death seigneury unless indeed baron outrage merchants bound privileged free city wayfarers specific protection king duke quelqueparte strange noblemen get trouble depend circumstances whether conon undertakes handle cases refers suzerain duke right seigneurs powers justice lands even high nobles however tenaciously affirmed difficulty duke king get cases remitted tribunals however alleged offender monk handed local abbot priest bishop pontdebois dealt according law church even lesser sires low justice privilege clapping villeins stocks flogging imprisoning considerable time minor offenses robbers caught lands act crime executed summarily serious cases go court baron high justiciar well petty cases arisen lord personal dominions litigants peasants wheels justice move rapidly decided absence formalities great many disputes go provost court presided sire macaire knight least exalted class conon first provost shall see later baron provosts practically control life peasants sire macaire main duties chase offenders acting kind sheriff try among brawling brutal peasantry always deplorable amount crime seigneury blessed comparative absence bandits ever anon pontdebois merchant gets stripped girl carried woods even body traveler found roadside renders sire macaire office sinecure small penalties handed every day serious matters must wait intervals messire conon calls noble vassals plaids assizes every fief holder expected come give lord good counsel done especially litigants noble also give material aid needs executing decision reached last important fief holder dissatisfied verdict technical right declare decision unjust demand settled ordeal battle duel defeated suitor adversary suitor judge men know happened according song roland case traitor ganelon scoundrel betrayed suzerain charlemagne caused brave roland death seized emperor demanded judgment peers charlemagne deny claim convoked high barons whereupon lord pinabel ganelon kinsman announced give lie sword seigneur voted punishment barons afraid pinabel mighty warrior reported acquittal charlemagne mighty emperor raged felt helpless discovered brave knight thierry anjou boldly asserted ganelon deserves death sidenote ordeal battle instantly pinabel strode forward cried assize nobles say thierry lied fight charlemagne took pledges champions stand ordeal warrior promptly went mass partook sacrament bestowed great gifts monasteries next met mortal combat desperate duel thierry smote foe nasal helmet therewith brain pinabel went gushing head appeal verdict well content charlemagne immediately caused ganelon pulled asunder four fierce stallions however noble usages falling decadence certes unknightly thing litigants young cavaliers evenly matched issue concerns honor rather legal technicalities insist matter settled merely peaceful verdict wrangling merchants church men books higher suzerains discourage practice especially cases intricate litigants fight efficiently provide champion challenging judge disagreeable verdict thing becoming dangerous judges feel bound support likely happening defeated litigant retire castle summon followers defy court enforce verdict happened sire court trabey neighbor conon sire ordered peers give manor withholding young nephew sent pursuivant tribunal formally declaring war entire seigneury arm actually storm castle submit however aliquis cases concern nobles villeins thanks heaven short shrifts permitted provost handle run crimes baron busy good seigneur acts judge possible even festival period needful conon put aside pleasures morning mount seat justice wintertime tribunal course great hall glorious weather big shade tree garden far preferable baron occupies high chair sire eustace sits stool right sire andré another vassal left assessors wise lord acts without council father grégoire stands near ready administer oaths box relics sire macaire provost brings litigants acts kind state attorney sidenote trial villeins part sordid commonplace business two villeins dispute ownership yoke oxen peddler pontdebois demands payment farmer linen old man resisting demands eldest son put guardianship younger children say brother really covets farm court decisions wise solomon speedy probably represent substantial justice serious business hand news fêtes aliquis bruited abroad evil spirits region discovered chance certain discharged mercenary soldiers actually invaded village stolen peasants corn pigs chickens insulted women crowned deeds firing many cottages setting three jongleurs bound tourney act robbing skin party provost men coming managed seize two sturdy rascals sire macaire also arrested young peasant stabbed older farmer painfully wrangled calf second case settled summarily defendant bad reputation must stand day pillory branded forehead iron men may beware alleged bandits case simple keep sullen silence refuse betray lair comrades escaped provost intimates may outlaws foulest type violate tombs devour human flesh possibly may belonged notorious gang brigands many king philip lured inside walls bourges closed gates slew capturing plunder fellows course food crows must allowed get life easily let baron command preparatory torture suggests sire macaire sinister smile conon nods two beastlike wretches groan strain fetters preparatory torture know well inflicted get confession guilt also extort details accomplices pleasure follow provost guards prisoners certain tower lower vaulted room various iron wooden instruments given understand torture pretty usual part criminal proceedings unless defendant noble whose alleged crime touch safety state true wise men discouraged practice seems clearer pope nicholas wrote confession must voluntary forced means torture innocent man may suffer uttermost without making avowal case crime judge person may subdued pain acknowledge guilty though innocent throws equally great sin tribunal nevertheless church now allowing torture ecclesiastical courts sire macaire tell us cynically torture sovereign means wherewith work miracles make dumb speak torture aliquis administered man curious yellow dress known maître denis baron sworn executioner acts torturer chief jailer also attends beheadings hangings professional hangman implies considerable ostracism hangmen families marry among fief fief hangmen sons follow fathers calling hand position assured good perquisites much labor maître denis quiet pious man exhort condemned criminals quite sanctimoniously priest piety never compels false mercy sidenote varieties tortures assuredly many ways helping transgressors make complete confession forms torture vary region region brittany culprit often tied iron chair gradually brought near blazing fire normandy effect seems best thumb squeezed kind screw ordinary thumbs extraordinary doubly severe torture autun ingenious method high boots spongy leather put culprit feet tied near large fire boiling water poured boots penetrates leather eats away flesh vouchsafes foretaste pangs hell orléans another method accused hands tied behind back ring fastened ring unhappy fellow lifted floor hung midair desire extraordinary torture weights two hundred fifty pounds attached feet hoisted ceiling pulley presently allowed fall jerk dislocating limbs indeed many simpler convenient methods torture inject boiling water vinegar oil accused apply hot pitch place hot eggs armpits thrust dice skin flesh tie lighted candles hands consumed simultaneously wax allow water drip great height stomach curiously enough break stubborn criminals watering soles feet salted water allowing goats lick however ordinary method rack offender laid wooden trestle cords bound limbs steadily tightened winches baron garnier day took great interest obtaining rack now put proper use stretching two brigands happily culprits break first undergone turns limbs dislocated provost satisfaction howl sundry details comrades taken prisoners therefore remanded custody statements investigated woe lied event promised much keener tortures make weary life sire macaire therefore leading band remaining brigands maître denis conducts two captives back prison really feet great hall state cells old donjon confinement prisoners hear revelry baron guests airholes drifts jongleur music almost times catch swish rustle rich dresses noblewomen conon accounted merciful custodian compared uncle let offenders forget sins kindness sidenote prisoners dungeons noble prisoners entitled relatively comfortable quarters double rations decent food give bail alleged offense heavy released reasonable ransom captives war villeins privileges fortunate first stripped naked pair tongs lock rattles behind usually cast filthy holes sometimes water running across floor reptiles breeding mire paris king considered average seigneur hear cell eleven seven feet ten people thrust spend night course great criminals latter might enjoy man feet continually water round chamber let bowels rock prisoners must lowered pulley ceiling chamber neither sit stand however money sometimes bribe turnkeys letting cell private less noisome luxury bedding chair case enters feudal prison better invoke patron saint maître denis treated two brigands quite badly lay power left clothes since sure executed get raiment later put baron garnier sometimes dropped victims trouble later hoisting gives coarse bread meat unfit dogs time advising word christian confer father grégoire miserable pair long uncertain fate told truth lair comrades provost band surprises spot six hardened rogues act counting plunder overpowered weary messire baron empty form trying robbers mortal doubt guilt new information extracted throats therefore cut unceremoniously cook boy attends pigeons next day wholly casually sire macaire reports good success lord remarks presume fair sire denis hang two dungeon conon just arranging hawking party rejoins soon chaplain shrive prisoners complain certainly allowed prepare decently next world favor entirely denied comrades real doubt guilt two bandits might desperation tried clear picked stone caldron boiling water lifted carried iron even partaken holy sacrament first calling god strike dead guilty test seemed none worse might claim go free old germanic usage seem refer decision god ever since charlemagne day falling disfavor great churchmen ordinarily intelligent encourage men learned law say often wrest justice brave knights declare ordeal worth duel two champions sidenote ordeals pillory flogging sometimes instead wrangling clerics undertaken prove right passing fire walking narrow lane two great piles blazing fagots trusting heaven guard even three hebrew children nebuchadnezzar furnace tests seldom satisfactory men still dispute ordeal monk peter barthelmey first crusade accused pretended miracle tried vindicate passing fire alive agreed emerged flames alive yet days died foes sorely burned friends although unscathed fire merely trampled crowd rushed discover fate time ordinarily rely ordeals tests witchcraft old woman accused must tied hand foot cast river floats devil aiding draw therefore burn stake sinks case recently pontdebois innocent unfortunately instance poor wretch went bottom determine guiltless saints know doubtless given recompense rest soul naturally many petty offenses deserve death criminals usually poor pay fines waste honest folk bread let spend set terms prison small misdemeanants often enough drive rascals around neighboring villages cart calling names amid hootings showers offal village beyond claire located pillory large class rogues kind high scaffold several sets chains wooden collars offenders arms heads thrust stand hours hot sun winter cold exposed jeerings pebbles assembled idlers gathered beneath next stage penalty sometimes public flogging prisoner stripped waist driven around seigneury crossroads guards give many blows shoulders knotted rope seen branding ordered young miscreant put ineffaceable stigma infrequently meet men women hand lopped even eye gouged merciful substitute true deserts gallows old baron garnier peculiarly incensed ordered hot bowl namely brazier passed eyes victim sight destroyed villein committed great crime best dismissed overtroubled world dead men never bother provost twice france find gallows almost common sight landscape castle abbey village many fine spreading tree roadway skeleton limbs lucky family peasants member thereof hanged even plenty rogues die beds considering general wickedness abroad seems perpetual race criminals hangmen criminals well fore sidenote public gallows almost many forms execution torture fearful criminals gross blasphemers like might killed quartering first flesh might nipped pinchers hot lead poured wounds death comes release attaching strong horse arm leg tearing victim four parts witches wizards heretics course burned share element patron devil malefactors however find beheading hanging ordinary ending beheading honorable nobleman expiation misdeeds victim degraded leaves stigma children england headsman uses ax france ordinarily swings great sword skillful executioner business blow merciful form mortal exit hanging however dishonorable nobles especially exasperated judges sometimes subjected henceforth people cry father felon disgraced children villein ordered die ordinarily hanged unless method specified village near aliquis gallows near pillory large huge gallows montfaucon near paris sees end many city offenders great series stone piers wooden crosspieces arranged two stories making compartments permanent ladders fixed dragging criminals compartments full additional room needed executions skeletons thrown deep hideous pit center structure less pretentious aliquis gallows four compartments structure stands close road may learn energetic baron provosts two compartments now empty however sire macaire glad chance fill two bandits made prompt confession subjected now previous torture new racking extra punishment execution compelled however perform involves haled parish church village long candle thrust hands victim dragged forward noose door church cast cry grievously sinned heaven punishment just beg pardon god man may heaven mercy souls forced back cart whereon trundled execution riding cart familiar phrase going gallows noble prisoner compelled take last journey cart instead horse last touch degradation two bandits securely pinioned placed vehicle attended maître denis assistant father grégoire repeating prayers seem followed lewd fellows baser sort entire region even certain knights dames come tournament craning necks gazing noisy procession hanging just infrequent enough aliquis afford little excitement gallows maître denis acts fearful dexterity first next criminal dragged ladder noose neck swung eternity merciful speed good hangman let victims suffer long soon great flock crows flapping around gallows giving last rites lawbreakers ogling crowd slink away sidenote ceremonies execution poor wretches fortunate anguish prolonged customs obtain paris many death carts stop convent nuns obligated give every condemned criminal glass wine three pieces bread pathetic meal seldom refused great throng stand gaping consumed father grégoire mercifully refrained long public exhortation gallows literally wages sin death another custom ere offenders turned deed confessor executioner provost decline perquisite every ceremony liberal banquet castle proceedings unpleasant unusual interludes happenings wedding adubbement time return young squire aimery see educated nourished preparatory greatest event life footnotes see pp course seigneur grossly molested peaceable traveling knight matter villein lawful errand going barony cited suzerain tribunal denial justice might cases whole position put jeopardy see account expense trouble involved attending suzerain court risks acting judge feudal obligation often poorly discharged clearly recognized also right duel subject abuses successful efforts made limit serious offenses cases direct evidence circumstantial evidence accused case louis ix holding court great tree royal forest vincennes recalled typical custom outside barony probably known name seigneury served maître st aliquis verge revolution chief hangman capital france monsieur paris method torture squasations seems ordinarily used inquisition began unhappy history thirteenth century famous chambers forgetfulness cells prisoners left starve pitch darkness perhaps fed scraps flung hole vaulting great concession paris prisons government ordered jailers public wards keep large basins pavement prisoners might get water whenever wished course terrible severity penalties made many persons guilty relatively small offenses feel sinned beyond pardon therefore plunge career great crimes fling ere inevitable gallows chapter xi education feudal nobleman noble troubadour bertran de born congenial comrade richard lion hearted attributed little song seems many castle peace delights war lot law know save right good blow sidenote nobles delight war even seigneur nods pious assent monks priests affirm praise peace wishes heart sinful pray brisk fighting good warrior able take give hard blows enjoy delights victory doughty adversaries finally die warrior death field honor cow death bed ambition nearly every noble worthy gentility bertran de born expressed brutal joy still greater detail prize meat drink beside cry throats crack neighs frightened steeds run wide riderless frantic pack set forest ringing calls help help warriors laid beside moat brows fade grass stubble clinging bodies past aid still pierced broken spear blade come barons haste ye bringing vassals daring raid let game played clearly supposedly peaceful ages find feudal epoch bloody world least extenuation even france winters cold days short nights long castles best chilly musty barracks many people living small space constantly jostling another thanks sheer ennui many baron becomes capricious tyrannical even summertime hunts hawking jongleurs lays tournaments grow stale often average cavalier receptive mood war just grievously bored illustration costume nobleman thirteenth century countenances older warriors around aliquis great scars cheek chin forehead mutilated noses ears tell strenuous lives scars badges honor aimery nigh regretful slashes youthful countenance although sire eustace mentor grimly assures trouble pass time aimery now nineteen brother gave careful training becoming cadet great house arranged nourished taken family educated squire powerful count unfortunately just aimery demand knighthood lord latter suddenly died therefore returned aliquis waited months impatiently conon give adubbement worthy aliquis name earliest youth aimery success arms held thing worth living true taught pious understands well god created priests monks may ceremonies prayers enable good warriors enter paradise squire never slightest desire become cleric thanks divine patroness génevieve conon treated many younger brothers treated forced church become lazy rich canon even splendid lord bishop beside experiencing even modest joys common sire small castle fast horse good hawks stout retainers aimery learned attend mass devoutly accept implicitly teachings priests moral training almost entirely based courtesy secular code indeed hence acts advice given young honor churchmen look well money another warning never put trust villeins indeed refuse deal must treat ordinarily decency never trust real friends ignoble habitually deceitful understand cavalier honor capable kinds base villainies sage man comradeship nobly born peers pride fault baron dealing inferiors illustration gothic writing chart sidenote literary education young nobles although warrior aimery given certain training science letters true many seigneurs read word parchments scriveners interpret draw seal really inconvenient conon genuinely thankful mercy father grégoire another reason literacy delightful books romantic adventure multiplying younger brother therefore sent school neighboring monastery along sons noblemen enough clerk art switched able read french facility pick certain latin phrases form letters clumsily wax tablets writing stylus something manner ancients possessed wonderful art reading aimery yet lad delve wonderful parchments romances told brave deeds done old especially learned trojan war long baronial feud north french cavaliers fighting fair helen imprisoned strong castle sympathy excited hector dog read many exploits escaped knowledge homer well known romance trouvères reveled scenes slaughter whereof figures precise clearly stated greeks trojans perished siege remarkable trojan fortress illustration teacher holding ferule hand restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale almost equally interesting history alexander based version unlike accounts ages consider authentic names battles darius altered strange adventures sirens crept narrative finally alexander tale ran died sorely lamenting conquer france make paris capital story cæsar also available seems less romantic although full episodes fairies dwarfs history france aimery learned country originally settled exiled trojans later romans came time later meets great emperor charlemagne whose exploits entwine charles martel defeat saracens charlemagne gather conducted crusade holy land took jerusalem although later infidels regained recent french history remains mixed young noble mind great council clermont launched first crusade century great episode however events stand clearly course knows history local baronial houses story petty feud forty years ago two burgundian counts monk jongleur lore compared true business born cavalier seven eight aimery fencing blunted sword ten onward took regular fencing lessons first sire eustace professional master keen gascon hired conon equally early horse hawks dogs taught care entirely soon allowed go long rides alone dense forest order develop resourcefulness sense direction woodcraft grew taller brother began deliver long lectures betterment even adela admonished alienor sidenote maxims youthful cavaliers day conon exhorted style old count guy advising son doon epic doon mayence ask questions good men know never put trust stranger every day fair brother hear holy mass whenever money give poor god repay double liberal gifts cavalier sparing lose end die wretchedness wherever give without promising give come strange house cough loudly may something going see noble company play backgammon prized account never make noise jest church done unbelievers shun trouble avoid meddling pretend knowledge possess treat body servant equal let sit table take bed honor villein despise married means tell secret wife let know repent act first time vex shrewd thrust adela flow wisdom temporarily ceases fifteen aimery learned read write ride hawk play chess checkers backgammon thrum harp sing clear voice shoot arbalist fence considerable skill also learning handle light lance shield horseback came first great adventure brother sent gentle count bernon nourished higher baron greater desire nobly born lads placed castle serve squires trained cavaliers bernon kept three squires simultaneously conon friendly courtesy send word old comrade arms two seigneurs saying fine son brother send castle ripe age give furs charger dub knight course high honor reared great lord like duke quelqueparte younger sons brothers often enjoy good fortune petty nobles send sons manors poor sires rank keep squire sidenote training squire enrolled squire count aimery soon learned master kind second father rebuking correcting great bluntness assuming equal responsibility training hereafter whatever happened fight former master without sheer impiety emperor charlemagne passion smote hero roland face roland turned red fist clenched remembered charlemagne nourished accepted insult mortal might proffer held father brother enforce sufficient discipline growing lad proper shall learn obey governs otherwise appreciate nobility rank becomes knight aimery de bernon castle surely received full share discipline merely count two older squires took pains first tyrannize unmercifully became knighted gained two new companions younger played despot turn master service aimery became expert use arms first allowed carry count great sword lance shield learn older nobles handle next given weapons mail began tedious training tilt yard discovering large part happiness life consist able hold lance steady horse charging strike point fairly hostile shield either tough lance snapped foe flung saddle time pinch saddle tightly knees shield covering breast head mortal blow couch charge recover couch charge recover must practice thousand times meantime attending count constant companion rose gray dawn went stables curried master best horse back castle assist superior dress waited lord lady table responsible receiving noble guests preparing chambers generally attending comfort expeditions led count great war charger seigneur rode less fiery palfrey pass lord weapons needed tournaments stood edge lists ready rush rescue count stamping horses dismounted expected fight emergencies master great danger bernon gallant knight repeatedly hot forays aimery gained chance use weapons time learning courtesy intrusted escort countess daughters entertained games jests songs noble dames visiting castle learned details master affairs count supposed treat kind younger self intrust secrets send confidential messenger delicate business allow carry purse journeyed keep keys coffers home aimery became first squire expected also assist seneschal last round castle night make sure everything locked guarded sleep door count chamber beyond doubt since count honorable capable man aimery received thereby training enormous value still lad large responsibilities thrust learned transmit commands handle difficult situations versed ordinary occasions nobleman became knight tyro stern problems feudal life illustration maneuvering lance thirteenth century restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale conon brother came within four years admirable little lord epithet decidedly commendatory partial equivalent squire shield bearer sidenote martial exercises quintain course military training proceeded apace soon allowed tilt horse lance manikin covered coat mail shield set post horseman dashes full gallop tries drive lance shield armor many variations making sport harder aimery strike precision took first tilt older squire never forget grinding shock hostile lance splintering shield almost irresistible force seemed smiting saddle dismay found lance glancing harmlessly shield opponent slanted cunning angle practice makes perfect finally returned aliquis brother almost unhorsed tried friendly course barbican aimery completed education failed learn humility humanity villeins high respect women treats merely creatures praised courted moral intellectual equals least learned high standard honor dealing fellow nobles confidences master reposed made fundamental conviction better perish dozen times betray trust believes word cavalier better oath ignoble courage better die like ganelon torn wild horses show fear face physical danger trained also cultivate virtue generosity almost ruinous extent free giving marks true nobleman largess praised minstrels almost much bravery true knight covetous therefore money likely flow like water aimery fingers life redeeming fact though constantly always constantly among nobles incessant exchanging gifts horses armor furs hawks even money wealth really comes peasants yet lords dispose carelessly even though create even villeins however complain masters make crowds scramble often coppers never realizing coppers represent sweat blood sidenote demanding knighthood already stated aimery master died squire sincere grief shortly latter according formula fair sire demand knighthood young man accordingly returned aliquis waited action brother knighthood means noble youth attainment majority involves recognition complete member aristocracy separated great gulf villeins rarely hope ceremonial buffet admits company gentle peasant exhibited remarkable courage intelligence rendered extraordinary service duke king sometimes villein blood may forgotten officially even knighted life treated social upstart dame despised snubbed noblewomen grandchildren reminded taint ancestor true indeed men nobility become knights knighthood ordinarily implies minimum landed property ability live aristocratic idleness many poor nobles especially younger sons poor nobles remain bachelors fretting starving properties serving seigneur mercenaries hoping stroke fortune demand knighthood likely die poverty jealous rich sires yet utterly scornful peasants thanking saints touching plow mattock vulgar means livelihood hand many seigneurs although rich dubbed knights nevertheless give lie honors effeminacy luxury worse baron saw collector minstrels romances even read latin books monkish preachers scold weaklings pretended gallants warriors reared luxury see leave campaign packs filled iron lances swords leathern bottles filled wine cheeses spits roasting imagine going feast gardens battle carry splendidly plated shields greatly hope bring back undented unworthy knights unquestionably found tainted whole nobility average cavalier spent entire life training combat dreams lance thrusts forays least sins shun deadly blows last great day aimery waited hand conon dub knight footnotes late grand chamberlain france seems absolutely illiterate risky generalize extent learning among average nobles modern students probably represent sometimes better lettered conon aimery sharp distinction young attendants known pages older squires hardly worked young persons also called varlets name might given well servitors chivalry height theory developed nobleman son spend first seventh year home mother eighth fifteenth suitable training page time till serving squire precise demarcation time probably seldom adhered many ambitious young nobles serve much less seven years squire hand many petty nobles might remain squires lives lack means maintain knights words quoted archdeacon peter blois haranguing chapter xii feudal weapons horses dubbing knight thing really separates noble villein former superiority arms true god made average cavalier honorable courteous sage peasant great advantage material villeins poor churls spend days shovel mattock mechanic toil doubtless grow wheat raise pigs weave cloth build houses better masters use arms utterly inferior plowman though give weapons hold man gentility trained arms early boyhood peasants ordinary weapons flails boar spears great knives scythes set poles bows arrows suppose ten meet experienced cavalier full panoply reliable charger armor turn puny blows perhaps brained pinked four six run woods wonder nobles give law villeins noble almost always horseman great war steed gives much advantage large part remainder comes magnificent armor enables often go desperate contests unscathed expensive never afford good cavalier despises missile weapons loves come grips bowmen despised always villeins says poet coward first archer weakling dared come close foe many armies reckoned cavalry alone even sang another minstrel legendary host sixty thousand knights counting foot soldiers account taken illustration knight end thirteenth century restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale wears shoulders small metal plaques called ailettes old warriors dislike arbalists terrible crossbows wound winch enable infantrymen send heavy bolts clear shirts mail unknightly things lateran council actually forbade use christians arbalists certainly useful sieges clearing ramparts repelling attack take long wind every shot value open battles limited crossbowmen unless carefully protected ridden cavalry another hundred years mailed knight hold may come english far rapid fire arbalist day infantry return sidenote training fight armor knights continually fighting least exercising violently tourneys yet proportion contestants slain great armor makes almost invulnerable battle count dead find usually poor villein infantry luckless camp followers yet harness inconveniences heavy knight prisoner armor hardly mount horse unassisted flung saddle scarcely rise without help lightest suit armor common use weighs least pounds powerful knights often wear much heavier yet able move reasonable freedom swing shield control horse finally handle lance sword great strength precision ponderous clothing metal squires like aimery must learn nicety ere claiming knighthood wearing armor remarkable noblemen always prefer horseback fight foot emergencies prime unit suit armor hauberk fine hauberk light considering material pliable finely tempered steel impenetrable something worth small manor land hauberk often depend life olden days hauberk shirt leather quilted cloth covered overlapping metal plates like fishscales now thanks ideas probably gathered saracens shirt ring mails beautiful network fine chains links manufacturing armorers worthiest folk among villeins declares conon put forth remarkable skill double triple links annealed metal kept bright white constant polishing regular task squires conon gala shirt mail silvered garments form almost complete protection thanks long sleeves long skirt knees hood coming right head partly covering cheeks brightly colored threads sometimes worked links ornament flashing sheen good hauberk sufficient glory widowed countess bernon sent aimery token good ring shirt belonging husband swears never dishonor former owner wears illustration german helmets thirteenth century sidenote hauberks helmets shields next great unit armor helmet helmets steadily becoming complicated warriors still prefer plain conical steel cap encircled band metal may adorned gilt enamel also nasal metal bar protect nose helmets usually laced hood hauberk small leathern straps since even light helmet uncomfortable thing seldom wear just going action lace helmets order get ready charge knight wounded first friendly act unlace headpiece early thirteenth century helmets beginning closed visors keep missiles visors immovable without taking whole helm get displaced small eyeholes shifted wearer practically blind open helm therefore continue vogue coming elaborate plate armor manageable jointed helms fourteenth century illustration shield third great protection shield getting smaller hauberks helmets improving trust solely body armor besides shield kind offensive weapon sharp thrust edge push broad surface may often knock opponent aimery new shield semioval slightly pointed bottom covers possessor shoulder knees sitting horse stoutest kind hide used making backing light tough wood strong rim metal curves inward slightly better protection body center metal knob usually brilliant brass name buckler comes strong boss big leather strap shield ordinarily carried neck go action run left arm two strong handles shield seems simple object almost much skill goes compacting wood leather metal strong mass easily split pierced making hauberk front course highly colored although heraldic coat armor yet hardly developed every cavalier flaunt design lion eagle dragon cross floral scroll handling shield nearly great science handling sword indeed trained warrior knows make shield sword shield lance strike fend together almost weapon illustration swords nevertheless strictly offensive weapons noble warrior sets greatest store weapon sword barons often love swords perhaps love wives treat almost persons try keep entire lives according epics hero roland liked talk sword durendal ogier brans conon swears fiercest oaths good sword aimery named new sword joyeuse great blade charlemagne sidenote swords lances many fashions swords always revive flagging conversation asking whether companion likes tapering blade uniform thickness weight average weapon three inches wide hilt inches long blade slightly tapering hilt adorned gilt preferably set pearls end knob containing small saints relics placed behind bit crystal reveal holy objects conon hautemise contains dried blood st basil several hairs maurice lint robe mary magdalene wore repented relics convenient whenever promise must authenticated oath taker merely claps hand hilt vow instantly registered heaven lance great weapon cavalier normally use first combats resort sword lance broken average lance ten feet long head fine poitou castile steel care must taken selecting straight tough supple wood shaft drying properly life warrior may depend reliability lance shaft amount sudden strain stand encounter ashwood ordinarily counted best rule handle butt art grasping round wood firmly holding long weapon level hip finally making sharp tip strike squarely foeman shield however may slant latter matter training wrist eye possibly exceeds skill fencing whole body works together lance play horse must guided knees shield must shifted left hand lance right eye nerves must perfect control man horse fused flying weapon away go keener sport world illustration horse trappings restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale yet something important warrior panoply cavalier without horse indeed humans best barons set favorite destrer horses comrades hunt tourney battle speed intelligence save life squire vassal avail fail commend soul saints soon purgatory boyhood cavalier almost lived saddle danger knows capacities charger trusts accordingly companion treated care fed daintily combed tricked like delicate woman ill physicked wisdom possibly vouchsafed christian denizens castle stories abound horses succored masters stood watch sleeping even tale knight returned seven years recognized betrothed faithful destrer another anecdote knight answered asked chief joy paradise see blanchart old horse case greatest pains taken horse breeding rich seigneurs rejoice valuable stallions even monasteries keep breeding stables fine horse even acceptable gift potentate notable hawk many horses called arabian probably come north africa france raised horses equal best especially powerful steeds quite swift oriental better able bear knight ponderous armor gascon horses particular demand conon takes peculiar satisfaction brood mare bordeaux ride mare however regarded unknightly women women probably old teutonic prejudice aimery squire found care count horses prime duty trifle de bernon like every magnate always kept several palfreys handsome steeds comfortable pace riding besides special destrer great fierce war horse battle mount high horse destrer show pride vain boasting displaying oneself terrible weapons course however haughty young squire bother lord ordinary steeds servants baggage humbler creatures still favorite color horses white dappled gray bay chestnut poets exhaust skill describing beautiful steeds beautiful women wrote bard gascon horse hair outshone plumage peacock head lean eye gray like falcon breast large square crupper broad thigh round rump tight beholding exclaimed never seen handsomer creature illustration knight thirteenth century church carcassonne sidenote great war horses precious beings names honor charlemagne destrer great tencendur roland charged veilantif carbonel palantamur grisart familiar names conon dearly loved companion regibet fierceness baron ride safely without bit bridle spurs harness war horse still simple elaborate trappings armor belong later age stirrups high saddle gilded even set pearls noticeable still dozens little bells different parts harness jingle merrily like sleigh bells another age great steeds pound along aimery lived hauberks helms shields swords lances small coin conversation since able talk come know horseflesh far better knows important mortal thing called woman now reached age extremely confident abilities equally confident fame like roland godfrey bouillon waiting provided saints assist followed daydreaming dubbed knight king mighty deeds field battle still covered blood grime fair fortune comes romances least glad brother brother indeed keep background withhold inheritance luck many younger sons illustration knight sculpture cathedral rheims sidenote candidates knighthood great grief aimery father living see sons come knighthood good father always looks forward happy day although disordered fiefs seigneur watch jealously lest moment offspring become warriors worked disloyal vassals tell father old rule barony seize even kings guard danger philip augustus knighted heir prince louis latter taken solemn oath enroll armed followers perform sovereign acts save father specific consent theoretically knight grant adubbement person thinks worthy actually knight dubs villein save exceptional circumstances jeopardize claim nobility thrusts honor young untried petty nobles laughed claims rank promptly questioned fathers often dubbed sons better still young noble seek honor suzerain aimery learns satisfaction duke quelqueparte consented give buffet honor higher rank adubbing cavalier greater glory illustration knight cathedral rheims adubbement knights still decidedly secular ceremony doubtless custom somewhat traced back crude rites whereby germanic youths initiated ranks warriors beyond vigil church hearing mass much religious clerical customs indeed intruding young nobles like visit rome dubbed pope others now beginning kneel bishops crave knighthood kind lay consecration opinion however still frowns adubbement military business churchmen better keep place hundred years religion sentimentality intrude much long distinctly martial affair sidenote ceremonies adubbement easter ascension day pentecost john day acceptable times adubbements plenty precedents combining ceremony important wedding might baptism heir barony present case moreover happens often aimery although chief candidate knighthood alone duke give qualifying blow five young men sons aliquis vassals indeed twenty candidates often knighted together king court illustration beggar end twelfth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale night ceremony whole castle great stir wedding guests feasting jongleurs perpetual singing music noise table great hall adela alienor substitutes aimery mother laid public admiration costume assume next day articles selected carefully bridal especially spotless white shirt costly robe ermine spurs gold host beggars swarm bailey occasion calls unusual recklessness almsgiving even invited guests throwing around coppers thereby proving nobility aimery evening falls five companions take complete bath without considerable solemnity act genuine significance efface villainies past life bather may come pure boisterous splashing merrymaking youths sit long wooden bathtubs dress smiling sergeants appear presents relatives suzerain noble friends sent articles costly apparel usually silken wear vigil arms much like gifts showered bride half mile aliquis castle parish church bath six candidates go hither attended youths become squires company joyous noisy violent mirth unbecoming church leave others candidates enter great dark building high altar lamp burns side altar martin warrior saint blaze candles picture showing holy man costume knight giving half military cloak beggar new weapons armor candidates laid altar vigil begins six must converse stand kneel preference whole ten hours serious physical ordeal solemn silence expected pray patron saints make solemn vows govern whole life time serious meditation aimery beseeches give honor loyally adding brother long life ask honor conon also imply mighty baron still needed last dawn creeps storied windows old priest enters says mass candidates follow gravely six morning summer air bright beautiful around going castle merry talkative reaction long constraint sidenote dressing candidates back castle aimery glad unusually hearty breakfast merely long vigil standing wearied need strength ordeal day next goes chamber stripling squire son friendly baron puts new master gala dress white predominant color whiter snow april flowers friends brother come witness process compliment candidate openly broad shoulders healthy complexion hardened sinews congratulations become pronounced bustling servitor announces ready aimery strides courtyard place seems crammed knights dames old young best everybody partly politeness partly genuine enthusiasm begins call fine true aliquis right worthy brother immediately two loud trumpets announce ceremony great orchestra jongleurs raises clamor sight magnificent castle court seems alive color women striking costumes long hair hanging braided shoulders knights wear either bliauts green blue red hauberks dazzling brightness numerous priests present finest robes even monks seem less somber habits noise music animation six candidates followed whole rejoicing company cross bailey lists go forth exercise ground garden platform covered fine saracen carpets duke quelqueparte stands thereon majestic elderly warrior gilded armor six candidates form semicircle foot platform aimery brother giver fête first mount immediately first sponsor presents knight maternal uncle deliberately kisses candidate kneeling puts two golden spurs uncle steps back conon olivier present second third sponsors pull dazzling white steel hauberk aimery head adjust cape last set equally brilliant helmet adorned semiprecious stones fourth sponsor stately count perseigne girds candidate sword adding words admonition younger man must use worthily responds lifting weapon piously kissing relics set hilt sidenote buffet knighthood four sponsors step back assembled jongleurs give mighty crash music duke lifts clenched hand bow head orders give blow aimery bows meekly greater lord meekness tested terrific stroke suzerain fist sends reeling instant recovers duke seizes comradely embrace brave sire aimery recall lineage famous seigneurs vassals nothing base honor knights give poor love god go happy cavalier replies thank fair lord may god hear let always serve love descends platform candidates mounts turn knighted similar ceremonies although sponsors drawn relatives connections different crowd standing round follows proceedings uttermost interest joining mighty shout time blow honor given conon master ceremonies waves marshal bring horses immediately new squires new knights appear leading six steeds faultlessly groomed beautiful harness gift baron candidates instant horses front platform new cavaliers break statuesque rigidity clothed now heavy hauberk helmet run man horse try leap saddle bound without touching foot stirrups anxious moment equally anxious moment parents brothers sisters time young nobleman cradle mother discuss father make knighted great tests martial education must taken uttermost publicity truth tell aimery friends practicing feat desperate energy last month done six mounted fairly salvos applause friends congratulating conon brother kinsfolk young knights similarly overwhelmed sidenote concluding exercises meantime happy new cavaliers hold horses motionless instant squires run lances triangular shields lances long bright pennons three tails float riders helmets act performed riders put steeds manner gallops caracoles next singing high clear voice away go flying toward place exercise ground wooden manikin warrior set smash shield fling ground single lance thrust another unescapable test ordeal also met aimery peers tolerable glory sport new knights expected indulge mock duels blunted weapons counted serious contests often enough blood high rivalry keen take form vigorous combats however everybody good humor violent blows besides real tournament begins best keep strength weapons morning now spent seigneurial appetites nobly whetted pavilions ready garden cooks prepared pasties joints meat great quantities roast poultry even wedding feast another round gorging guzzling time six new knights occupy place honor master jongleur story concerning sad tristan brave godfrey bouillon stormed jerusalem everybody commenting admirable grace modesty proficiency arms sire aimery count approached conon already dinner fair baron brother credit name true receive petitmur daughter fifteenth year dowry conon tactfully shrugs shoulders fair count brother indeed receive petitmur knighted speak make marriage proposals longer right control footnotes lances grew longer stouter later middle ages fourteenth century fifteen feet long kind battering rams designed dash opponent saddle even armor pierced another weapon infrequently used mace war club fairly long handle powerful hands weapon fell sturdiest opponent however good armor mace somewhat favorite martial bishops abbots churchmen evaded letter canon forbidding clerics smite edge sword shed blood mace merely smote foe senseless dashed brains without piercing lungs breast another weapon especially common early middle ages battle ax destrer called supposed led knight right hand ready instant use traveled less powerful palfrey chivalry took later religious cast acts adubbement became clothed allegorical meaning besides bath candidate must lie least moment bed emblem rest god grants followers brave knights candidate shirt show must keep flesh every stain hope reach heaven scarlet robe shows must ready pour blood holy church trunk hose brown silk remind somber hue must die white girdle warns soul stainless see chapter xiii tourney conon decided give tourney climax wedding adubbement festivities sent several servitors good appearance loud voices course country twenty leagues around varlets bawled proclamation every crossroad village inn castle gate wednesday ancildus day good people meadow aliquis claire wednesday ancildus day let come love see join deeds valor crying tourney soon news spreads abroad every petty sire takes council wife whether afford go women begin hunt best bliauts furs men furbish armor soon various cavaliers arranging friends undertake form challenge parties write scroll castle seven knights ready joust comers st aliquis post tree wayside order lordlings may organize similar parties confront tourneys reckoned little wars apprenticeship great ones inconceivably prominent place feudal life vainly church objects nobles tell without tourneys never train good warriors sidenote early tourneys battles tourneys however bring profit pleasure manner people cause unpopularity joy women rush ply sinful wiles despite every attempt restrict common villeins drop work enjoy grand holiday merchants really hold small fair near lists delighted men gentle blood english chronicler state case alike france england knight shine war prepared tourneys must seen blood flow teeth crackle blow adversary dashed earth force feel weight opponent disarmed twenty times must twenty times retrieved failures ever set combat ready actual war hope conquer early feudal days tourneys differed battles merely time place fixed advance fair conditions arranged according epics charlemagne court nobles often got tired ordinary sports demanded tourney results merely pitched battles many slain many wounded luxury pomp patronage fair ladies earliest tourneys exceedingly violent pastimes iron men measured strength rejoiced deadly blows since tourneys getting less brutal important spectacular element intruding rules combat becoming elaborate fewer knights killed appeal something better mere fighting instinct hand thirteenth century jousts mêlées far mere displays fine armor fine manners military element still uppermost furthermore since vanquished cavaliers prisoners victors subject ransom least horses armor forfeit certain formidable knights go tourney tourney deliberately seeking profit taking prisoners short dangerous tourneys even yet recently prince louis heir king philip knighted father made swear merely watch spectator life prince royal precious risk affairs popes long since denounced tourneys innocent ii eugenius iii alexander iii finally great wise innocent iii prohibited christians participating peril souls great barons shudder thought eating beef fridays defy church absolutely comes matter creations devil quote bernard clairvaux immortal souls often sped conon decides add tourney climax fête score carpenters hired pontdebois help levy peasants preparing lists lodges guests already come wedding adubbement many arrive merely knightly contests course baron affords limited hospitality good place pitch tents water forage perhaps invitation castle hall dinner time certain leaders many visitors get accommodation better houses village monastery weather fine majority prefer set pavilions claire night sports begin seem tents enough army sidenote lists lodges visitors come best bliauts armor certain powerful counts collect many lesser nobles possible even making bands twenty knights twenty squires great number ladies waiting women also hundreds ignoble servitors except presence women omission military precautions might think going ordinary muster war meantime wide exercise ground sire aimery dubbed special lists made ready simple affairs something like race course days two pairs strong wooden palisades erected outer line shoulder high inner lower many openings two lines space spare horses squires attendants heralds also privileged spectators humbler onlookers peer standing outer palisade behind rise series lodges shaded tentlike canopies floored carpets gay pennons stationed ladies older less martial knights space within lists hundred yards long fifty wide evening conon sire eustace survey decorations forest banners waving colored pavilions visitors listen complacently glad hum voices jongleur chants everywhere arising ah fair baron says seneschal france talk spear breaking christmas great day st aliquis gray dawn heralds castle go avenues tents calling monotonously let jousters make ready let jousters make ready soon squires half dressed seen running fro great saddling girdling neighing stamping pious knights dames hurry castle chapel mass hastily bulk company cross mutter sinners blessed saints merciful presently time sun well trees everybody bound lists ladies possible ride white mules dressed splendidly weddings many day aliquis see displays marten ermine vair sendal samite gold thread pearls common folk point applaud loudly unusually handsomely clad dame sweeps right grand folk claim obedience lesser delight public gaze splendors jongleurs name legion whole affair characterized music becoming deafening dames noncombatants take seats lodges six camp marshals distinguished knights charge contests appear lists advance foot wearing brilliant bliauts conon giver festivities naturally head behind follow humbler born heralds pursuivants assist encourage combatants cries remember whose son worthy ancestry also large squad varlets sergeants keep order bring new lances clear away broken weapons rescue fallen knights conon keen eye sweeps tilt yard everything ready baron bows politely suzerain duke duchess central lodge raises white baton bring jousters commands sidenote brilliant procession jousters instantly great blare trumpets end lists farthest castle four gorgeously arrayed heralds lead procession foot comes jongleur horseback playing sword tossing high air catching whirls downward next come actual contestants eighty knights riding two two go side lists back cavaliers turn deliberately ogle ladies lodges gentle dames old young backward leaning forward waving reply sight stir blood pageantry war without yet slaughter presence gorgeously clad women graceful attitudes air charged excitement brave deeds genuine perils come suddenly knights begin sing women catch chorus rousing melody makes lists shake cavaliers compel horses prance curvet go lady especial favor many lances hanging bright streamers banners sleeves stockings gifts friendly dames younger knights rejoiced seeing damsels whose eye taken rise lodges cheering hundreds fling gages love young sire aimery modestly rides near tail procession daughter approving count stands boldly casts long red ribbon wherewith braided hair new knights receive similar tokens unabashed admirers process keep games shrieking excited ladies presently cast lists gloves girdles ribbons many sit end flying hair pelissons chemises costume combatants intent grim business professional jousters determined get many ransoms possible maintain proud reputation armor beautifully burnished quite plain prepared regular battle knights painted scabbards lance butts shields brilliant white red black crests helmets set outlandish figures monsters heads birds women fancy balls days aim attract attention peculiarity costumes conon desire bloody tourney funeral several friendly knights climax gayety orders therefore given lance points blunted also sword edges points rounded tournament lances lighter battle lances made brittle wood nevertheless blows struck terrible best leach pontdebois already duke lodge services needed strictly speaking tourney falls two parts jousting always comes first mêlée real tourney proper grand climax entire occasion follows might seem men days somewhat monotonous novelty worn away although first contests exciting enough competing knights told pairs partly mutual consent partly tactful arrangement camp marshals procession around lists contestants take stations saddle dismounted spaces barriers awesome hush along lodges great standing throng vulgar herald calls loud voice let come joust wishes battle instantly two keen trumpets answer opposite ends lists two pursuivants come forward worthies really jongleurs less exciting days now taken deniers two young barons anxious make brave appearance pursuivants grotesquely dressed bright mantles bliauts begins bawling shrilly even rival calling good cavalier baron ferri potentin brave knight valorous house teach lesson enemies good cavalier raoul eldest son puissant count maurevay watch now deeds love brave actions illustration tournament twelfth century back galleries ladies sit near entrance lists cavaliers wait turn take part contest center servants others contestants pick combatants thrown horse adversary twain reviles master sire raoul son crow friends day ashamed let find ransom money silence boasts pursuivant caitiff master sire ferri outlives shock spurs struck heels unworthy knighthood meantime two champions rigid statues suffer squires lead tall destrers opposite ends lists facing squires nodded masters ready marshal waves white baton calling loudly name god michael battle sidenote lance breaking lists dames nobles rise lodges shout together suddenly two knights mighty horses spring life ground quakes sod flies rush lists hurried toward irresistible force gallop bends low saddle swings shield cover body lowers helmet almost top shield swerves horse pass opponent right sure grip drops lance point crash splintering wood heard din lodges horses thrown haunches casting great clods earth knight flourishing broken butt lance across shield long jagged mark fairly broken fairly broken noble course cries everyone two contestants wheel gracefully canter back stations squires run fresh lances sire raoul takes new shield earlier showing signs splitting well battered another course another crash two broken lances third shock sire ferri meets utter humiliation indeed meets raoul lance fairly shield tough wood splintered excitement overconfidence intervention devil makes wrist little unsteady moment collision raoul swerves body trifle left ferri lance misses foe shield entirely flies air confusion escapes hand hooting villeins worse still shrill derision lodges sire ferri rides back post grinding teeth swearing blasphemously must now pay ransom raoul horse armor despite boastings pursuivant even melancholy consolation knowing unhorsed fair collision sidenote bloody duel next duel exciting ending two cavaliers now engage exceptionally experienced knights first charge horses sustain shock lances shiver masters barely force feet second charge skillful rider holds lance squarely instead breaking opposing knight fairly flung saddle dashed horse sprawled headlong great clattering armor heralds squires run find thanks hauberk escaped dangerous wounds though coughs away several teeth great excitement lodges several duels end honorable draws knights agreed break three lances fairly love ladies gallantly victors vanquished proclaimed two seigneurs champagne sire emeri sire lourent especial desire debate together original quarrel dice resolved fight cries mercy continue battle foot either unhorsed three times break lances unscathed fourth time lourent stirrup parts pitched sands instantly free snorting plunging destrer feet flourishing great sword emeri now might lawfully ride chivalrous thing mounted knight attack unmounted leaps also making blade dance head like stream light infinite joy lodges two cavaliers hack feud good ten minutes till blood streams faces bright paint shields marred crests helmets vanished dentings last emeri flings strength lucky blow sword blunted sheer weight stroke blade smashes lourent shield asunder descending like smith sledge helmet lourent topples like log great shout goes lodges dead cry many relief women word presently spreads soundly stunned though leech says fight till christmas duels continue morning interval cakes wine passed lodges loaves thrown among plebeians duels seem decidedly similar followed undiminishing delight ladies less brothers husbands grasp niceties contests methods whereby champion holds lance shield controls horse wisely discussed hundred pairs pretty lips tilt heralds besides praising valor next pair combatants keep cries largesse gallant knights largesse now now another baron rises lodges fling coins among villeins whose rough scrambling causes much merriment even toss money heralds never hesitate pick sidenote contest barriers many knights content single passage arms successful tempt fortune second time likely professional champions give remarkable exhibitions perfect horsemanship lance play afternoon advances variation fight barriers stout wooden bar waist high set across middle lists seven knights seigneury seven another undertake cross preventing party advancing fight foot sword mace desperate work last party forced way across four defeated side broken bones despite hauberks heads despite helmets illustration knightly combat foot old print arrogant baron already won three ransoms determines increase wealth stationing head lists bids pursuivant challenge comers long hush sire paul made trade prowess assuredly seems something mercantile valor yet assuredly terrible man suddenly lodges begin cry st aliquis sire aimery earlier broken three lances neatly friend sending pursuivant older knights mutter fearful risk lad let pray saints conon demands angrily olivier keep back boy folly heaven favor young brave perhaps sire paul let become careless perhaps squire forgotten tighten saddle girths perhaps génevieve allow votary undergo disgrace early knighthood case results confound wiseacres pitcher goes often well broken dryly observes father grégoire first course sire paul ignominiously flung saddle sire aimery now sleeves girdles stockings ever flutter lance kinsfolk wits joy victory ever praised popular ends jousting night round aliquis blaze great camp fires company cooking hearty suppers fasting almost day everybody visiting tent tent fighting day contests condoling defeated praising victors alliances military matrimonial negotiated consequential barons jongleurs produce tricks songs great deal dancing red firelight also fears much hard drinking unseemly revelry sidenote great mêlée next day climax festival mêlée really nothing less pitched battle small scale details arranged council prominent seigneurs castle forty knights side fight leadership viscount gemours baron dompierre space lists insufficient go broad convenient meadow across claire noncombatants watch safe distance marshals array two companies least bowshot apart groups friendly knights set together placed opposite groups rivals anxious collide great banners houses gemours dompierre flutter center respective array little banderoles various knights wave ready conon gives signal charge god name illustration combat twelfth century manuscript herrade landsperg schultz baron expected charge particular foe liable swerved great rush men horses two flashing squadrons cavalry come together like thunderbolts danger jousts present another terrible trampled death raging horses real leadership gemours dompierre merely try set examples valor push banners forward rallying points first fighting lances broken everyone smiting another sword mace contest becomes desperate fearful cloud dust rises almost blinding combatants rendering blows reckless fight progressed time certain less adventurous knights begin drop squires dive murk warriors horses drag safety now now another fallen cavalier last just conon considering whether proclaim draw gemours banner observed topple desperate attempt made right sinks amid rending shout victors uplifted hands fall frantic horses brought control dompierre dompierre bawl heralds mêlée ends thanks excellent armor dead although heir barony desperate condition several shoulders thighs broken futile count shattered collar bones ribs passage arms says duke conon congratulating vassal fête climax seigneurs join similar praises night another round festivities visiting next dawn whole company scatters jongleurs music ceased last dancing two weeks intensifying gayety aliquis suddenly returns sober normal life alienor tearful farewells departs husband burgundy aimery rides little castle petitmur hold brother vassal adela lectures maids need catching weaving conon holds anxious conferences chief provost costs celebration sidenote vast expense tourneys doubtless affair brought glory seigneury hundred knights two hundred squires unknighted nobles attended along thousands villeins costly furs drinking cups fine weapons presented guests destrers given new knights vast quantity provisions devoured just god conon realized entire expense hardly embarked whole undertaking worst peasants whole barony demoralized two weeks ere return work money must borrowed jew simon pontdebois tide crisis baron must give usual visit king court paris must also dismiss certain cherished schemes picking quarrel sire rideau forcing private war thanks lady however françois need knighted ten years eldest son aide levied vassals help cover cost footnotes earliest recorded tourney alleged germany long continued excessively brutal late held near cologne sixty persons perished often sharp weapons used tournaments especially combatants fought clear desperate personal grudge many noblemen slain tourney french fashion london earl essex killed chapter xiv baronial feud siege castle visited aliquis days peace peace seigneury remains tarry peace pageants deadly tourneys seldom continuous state things rumors wars every day actual wars every years let saints praised contests largely local bitterly fought composed caused worse things harrying certain villages helpless innocent peasants spite efforts clergy kings truthfully written feudal france war practically permanent scourge almost everywhere society day war normal wars waged mighty kings least take comfort perhaps settling questions concerning many people however dreadful may pave way lasting peace war lately found climax decisive battle bouvines whereof anon wars miserably petty stakes time every insignificant sire holding feeble tower considered right declare war neighbor argued rights trout stream yet case changing suzerains insisting lower class vassals arbitrate quarrels embroil neighborhood nevertheless superior type barons still claim war noble right amount local fighting hardly computed sidenote varieties baronial wars something abnormal powerful seigneur blessed long lifetime least war several suzerains war bishops abbots contact war neighboring noble equal rank unless houses unwontedly friendly war least vassals war start dispute bit land boundary exact obligations feudal tenure theoretically suzerain interfere wrangling vassals practically better let fight least till seems real danger fiefs permanently injured sometimes compel truce unfortunately however god often permits bitterest wars fought within fief sons fight fathers old man let grown boys rule seigneury liking younger brothers battle elder brothers inheritance nephews attack uncles seem prolonging guardianship sons even attack widowed mother seize dower lands things make devil rub taloned fingers nevertheless certain limitations intruding customs nearly force law example vassal attacks suzerain none family among noble followers aid also case least week notice must given ere war commenced war begin forty days respite must also granted foe relatives ere attacking interval entitled proclaim neutrality become safe supposed respect priests women minors finally truce made suzerain bound punish violators understandings rob warfare part horrors prevent infinite blood misery motive prevails ages waging wars often seem exist vitally certainly frenchmen make common front germans italians english lapses obligation always condemned morally outrageous quite recently count boulogne odds king philip took money king england emperor germany raise enemies king france count evidently felt proper measure obnoxious suzerain great significant tie horrible betray prince sworn fealty suzerain call host summons vassals seldom think appealing fellow countrymen sidenote battles little strategy wars incessant yet strange thing battles campaigns abound petty skirmishes valorous duels surprises small castles occasional clashes cavalry pitiless ravaging lands farms villages helpless peasantry better way put pressure foe reduce villeins misery render nothing money kind brought poverty weaker force think meeting invader battle shut castles see burning villages stifle pride remain passive trust forty days service enemy vassals expired weary operations venture besiege strongholds foe army beginning disperse employ neutral baron abbot negotiate peace even kings field really large armies somehow opposing forces seldom risk decisive encounter maneuver skirmish negotiate underhandedly uncertain elements hostile camp upshot often invading army devoured provisions open country daring besiege strong cities powerful enemy close hand retreats homeward course sometimes great battles great results eleventh century senlac duke william norman won england recently famous day bouvines marked several crusades infidels particularly great successful first crusade third crusade richard lion hearted seemed come nearer feudal general really able tactician great strategist battles far even mighty richard ideal style fighting rather headlong cavalier followed fifteen knights ponderous ax hewing bloody lane host infidels careful commander coolly directing mighty army besides wars barons involve small forces affairs hundreds matters come grips best captain orders advance banner bearer follow vassals leads headlong charge enormous pains taken training individual warrior personal prowess french cavalier formidable individual ever shared sins mankind trained simple evolutions maneuvering companies dislikes taking orders wearies long campaigns camps unhygienic subject pestilence wars short superb games exciting spiced danger played large stakes give zest save crusades certain rare cases higher objects supply wars sole justification escape entirely warfare true scientific sense word something whereof baron usually complete ignorance earlier recital seen baron conon soon obtained seigneury engaged brisk feud viscount foretvert like many feuds region well obtain authentic history thereof father grégoire knows circumstances sidenote beginning feud origin quarrel tells us commonplace doubtless viscount contemptuous opinion young untried neighbor wood betwixt two seigneuries haltingly claimed foretvert terrible baron garnier time none aliquis peasants suffered cut fagots now suddenly huon forester helpers appeared conon piteous plight thumbs hewn clean chopping timber debatable land seized viscount men haled master latter ordered treatment adding grin drink penny touching twig forests tell young lord spread tidings among villeins conon heard taunt squires trembled workings face pulled sword placed hands hilt pressing reliquary swore god eyes make viscount spawn foretvert swallow enough blood drunk damnation certes says father grégoire christian baron less lord lets another seigneur oppress villeins lord failed resent insult none vassals obeyed day conon squires rode foretvert bore cartel bunch fur plucked master pelisson young squire carried head high danger messenger squire insolent possible without actually provoking foretvert violate protection due herald great hall offending seigneur strode squire carrying bough pine left hand bunch fur right coming anticipated greetings led dais viscount presided cold ceremonious squire straightened slim form shook long mantle sire viscount master baron aliquis demands satisfaction make good wrongs done loyally defy name flung cartel fitting returned viscount mockingly mere boy squire lad tell youthful master soon teach lesson art war exchanges squire rode homeward meantime aliquis things stirring great bell donjon ringing zealous hands already affixing raw hides projecting wooden hoardings battlements storehouses weapons bailey opened distribution arms armory forge came mighty clangor tightening rivets destrers must caught news stamped furiously stables great hall conon sat adela wise head martial matters sire eustace knights serious debate sidenote mustering vassals simultaneously messengers pricking away little villages fortalices vassals villeins cried baron proclaims war foretvert bring cattle movables near castle protection vassals announced come men bound duty lead seven days aliquis armed provisioned service hereof fail burn right burn dwellings vassals failed obey summons ban long standing feudal lands messengers proclaimed ban blowing trumpet every crossroads barony disobeyed call depth feudal depravity none vassals ventured hesitate contrary like good liegemen affected show joy chance follow seigneur crying horse horse ordering retainers abbot monastery now duty bound visited leaders vainly tried negotiate peace met courteous thanks prompt refusals squaring conscience conon notifying outlying relatives also sending several powerful barons received armed assistance aliquis past now tactfully reminded fact likewise sent especially acceptable messenger suzerain duke convince latter foretvert entirely wrong duke better interfere thanks energy diplomacy end week whole countryside roused peasants driven cattle close aliquis castle protected many villeins deserting hovels camping open fine summer weather space barbican bailey conon pride mustered array hundred knights battle worthy squires two hundred sergeants horsemen non noble birth seven hundred footmen villeins long knives pikes arbalists big axes great value open battle sure place work ahead foretvert reports came similar preparation viscount quarreled relations broken promise made help certain sire feud immediate vassals responded call felt lord consulted ere provoking aliquis grossly word zeal greatest nevertheless viscount impetuous man hastily assembled forces day week intermission ended invaded conon territory expected find enemy peasants still fields aliquis retainers process mustering amazement discovered villages almost empty cattle driven away nevertheless foolishly allowed men scatter order ravage everything left mercy soon hayricks burning standing crops trampled thatch forsaken huts blazing troopers driving spears oafish peasants lingered long hands wretches tied behind backs beside trudged weeping wives children every sheep pig chicken discoverable course seized ravagers soon enough booty load horses degree foretvert experienced knights warned men becoming dangerously encumbered case encounter sidenote passage arms viscount laughed fears yet sound trumpets recall foraging parties lo wood road forest imperfectly scouted came charging whole aliquis levy conon great banner racing ahead half viscount men dispersed half barely got kind order enemies thrusting slashing laying like fiends case foretvert cause bless virgin got safely field squire gallantly stabbed horse sire eustace just closing viscount squire brained seneschal mace instant later five foretvert knights slain outright despite armor four pulled horses dragged prisoners ransom foraging parties leaders got home putting horses speed miserable footmen intercepted scores many slain dropping sinful booty forty taken prisoners villeins ransom expected conon promptly hanged ten warning ravaging lands took thirty back castle hanged later case first hint prove effective unusually decisive engagement opinion many ended war conon now invaded foretvert domains proper precautions sent ravaging parties soon taught foes lesson devastate countryside viscount although sorely shaken deserted now many arrogantly refused make concessions conon declared honor required ere think peace war promised terminate incessant raids peasants seigneuries brought edge starvation viscount course reckoned end ordinary forty days service conon vassals allies leave feudal levies wont melt away short campaign leave leader bereft almost save immediate retainers foretvert regather men resume contest saints ordered conon thrifty seigneur well popular suzerain neighbor now offered allies vassals good deniers serve autumn rains also hired services fifty horsemen two hundred footmen led lorraine soldier fortune ritter rainulf moselle put german mercenaries beck baron offering good silver mercenaries serve forty days many months received steady wages great advantage conon likewise hired fellow maître jerôme knights complained baron gave great pay confidence maître jerôme king best engineers siege great castle château gaillard seine philip augustus took supposedly impregnable fortress john england now castle foretvert almost strong aliquis siege thereof worth considering viscount smaller fortalice tourfière lay closer conon lands formidable sidenote siege castle tourfière consisted merely single curtain walls around courtyard central keep course palisaded barbican gate moat deep flooded wet weather foundations stronghold rest apparently solid rock matter maître jerôme laid great stress discreet reconnaissance suddenly amazement many conon forces appeared tourfière summoned castellan sire gauthier viscount nephew surrender demand refused derision sire gauthier commanded twenty knights squires sergeants also least ninety armed villeins sufficient force seemed small castle especially women place drop stones throw burning pitch hoops pour boiling water help twist back casting engines defenders prepared resist energy confident conon keep heterogeneous levies together much longer siege break ignominiously despite villein blood maître jerôme ordered siege marvelously skillful manner chess player moved pieces better first persuaded baron resist impulse attempt walls sudden rush scaling ladders pointing gauthier besides arbalists four great trenchbuts worked counterweights also two catapults giant bows mounted standards able send heavy arrow clean man full armor must take tourfière crowbar spade sword fair seigneur jerôme smilingly whereupon great levy conon serfs began cutting timber building palisade around besieged castle stop sorties succoring parties meantime jerôme directing making trenchbuts catapults besiegers soon smashed wooden hoardings protected battlements making impossible garrison mount walls save places great emergencies lest picked attackers arbalists trenchbuts also cast small kegs greek fire compound pitch sulphur naphtha inside castle court terrible fire balls quenched water sand desperate efforts indeed defenders prevented decisive harm buildings courtyard burned sire gauthier men became wearied efforts fend disaster illustration catapult sort sling tightened aid windlass threw heavy projectiles bravado defenders took two prisoners hanged highest tower conon retaliated immediately hanging four prisoners just bowshot castle causing largest trenchbut fling dead horse clear battlements court meantime remarkable energy assailants just outside palisades observable sire gauthier castellan took counsel experienced men besiegers seemed shaping many timbers sidenote siege engines towers advisers divided opinion conon planning build ambitious undertaking ordinarily used great sieges movable tower built heavy timbers raised least height wall attacked front covered rawhides repel arrows worked forward rollers clumsy wheels close hostile parapet almost touching swinging bridge summit flung across wall host assailants swarmed ladder rear bridge battlements defenders needed valor keep castle speedy capture illustration attack aid tower moat filled tower covered skins protect fire rolled wall others garrison however derided idea projected winter ere complicated structure completed baron preparing battering rams cat battering ram simply heavy timber metal head swung chains kind wooden trestle set close wall pulled back forth ropes repeated blows knocked masonry cat long narrow structure heavy timbers covered hides iron turn missiles parapets end built came contact walls skillful miners protection quarried way masonry pickaxes illustration mantelet wood methods easier prepare although effective defenders felt sure used attackers seen making large wooden shields mounted small wheels protect crossbowmen crept clear walls needful preliminary advancing either cat ram certainty increased night sudden rush conon men stormed weak palisade barbican forcing way near walls began filling moat bundles fagots using trenchbuts catapults best advantage sire gauthier felt confident however prevented leveling moat sufficiently make firm foundation siege engines tourfière men therefore shouted arrogantly take time aliquis hirelings cat never gnaw rats presently couple weeks besiegers seen great activity arraying assault gauthier convinced desperation try scale walls ladders sudden sergeant ran watchtower wafts smoke escaping near foundations curtain wall near gate sidenote undermining wall gauthier instantly realized happened late elaborate feint preparations maître jerôme taken advantage soft ground beneath castle driven mine beginning safe distance rear cunningly concealing entrance earth excavated fairly vital section wall large chamber cleared wooden posts soaked tallow put masonry keep falling miners last retreated torch set woodwork whole chamber crammed inflammables presently fire ate away posts thundering crash vital section wall collapsed illustration attack wall aid sap top wall scaffolding seen theoretical figure besieged realized situation time drive countermine erect second wall inside danger point moment aliquis men saw wall topple rushed forward defenders met bravely breach bloody swordplay thrust numbers irresistible gauthier part men fled indeed donjon barred entrance utterly demoralized women children packed tower shrilly lamenting dead otherwise frantic provisions storehouse outside donjon end therefore certain end next day garrison donjon surrendered promise life limb courteous treatment knights storming tourfière ended war conon might indeed ruined foretvert utterly now duke intervened interests vassal rendered unfit meet feudal obligations conon however able exact high terms evacuating tourfière obtained cession village whose peasants paid large dues two viscount best vassals also transferred homage aliquis contending parties swore peace precious relics abbey exchanged kiss amity henceforth foretvert sadder wiser seigneur outwardly friendly powerful neighbor even came sulky guest alienor wedding footnotes primogeniture exist continent england elder son entitled largest share estate means whole became formal law days louis ix french opinion course condemned count traitor country breach fealty personal lord terrible oath henry ii england great chieftains later custom probably sent glove plunderings common enough though best knightly sentiment participating directly says bard geraud de borneil fie knight drives flock bleating sheep appears lady prisoners lucky finally escaped without least mutilation give captives villein blood empty sleeve wooden leg seems direfully common feudal wars similar taunts delivered siege carcasonne chapter xv great feudal battle bouvines ended feud aliquis foretvert less exhausting decisive baronial war many causing correspondingly less misery helpless peasants also conon fortune fight really great battle hereafter set among famous engagements annals france sunny afternoon young françois anseau wearied hunting frogs beside outer moat garden trees sire eustace tough old warrior meditating pot hippocras demand story battle battle bouvines seneschal ever slave youthful masters suitable urgings begins now must know fair damoisieux took place six years since year day july sins extremely hot season us trust obtained remission purgatory god grant next time great battle pleasant spring autumn though otherwise saints showed us french great mercy now commence year king john england evil rule folly lost nearly anjou norman lands good king philip sent large money skillful ambassadors flanders germany stir trouble great counts flanders boulogne nursed grievances liege lord king joined many seigneurs parts notably dukes brabant limburg count holland chiefest german emperor otto iv came huge levy saxons rode english earl salisbury great band flemish mercenaries took king john penny never since duke charles martel smote back paynym terrible host menaced gentle france last july whole array emperor otto came together valenciennes take road paris even brave knights trembled king kingdom never call royal ban rear ban gone urgently summer king messenger came aliquis summons bidding messire conon ride every man lad stride horse trudge spear went command north france south country john making formidable diversion remaining dominions gascony languedoil lands meet northern shock alone messire father received summons even greater furbishing old foretvert defied us sire conon abbot wrote last wishes arranged fell buried abbey church altar bernard mass left monks five hundred livres return perpetual masses soul remainder us made vows according ability say nothing parting mother bravely promised guard castle sidenote mobilization feudal army ban answered land king great host came together never shall see fine mustering knights gathered peronne far surpassed tournament every hour banners came sound tabors horns drums enormous baggage train believe mules horses many barons brought great tents many coffers extra arms fine clothing rear gathered second array jongleurs peddlers evil women commands king somehow disperse verily army twice many mouths fill men fight likewise short campaign much sickness thanks bad food bad water certain even averred overmuch filth comfort otto camp matters anything much worse case tumultuous days assemblage soon end tidings came germans flemings advancing july marched tournai edge flanders messire conon royal told king barons debated purpose enemy offer fair battle plain near cambrai much desired strive slip past army go straight toward paris told books concerning ancient roman captains julius cæsar peers seem moving armies business deep sagacity advancing columns careful rules somewhat move men gaming board however sage think either mere fortune speaking christian kind denis guards beautiful france brought hosts together presently came break day july quitted tournai intending pass little river marque get town bouvines thereby covered certain marshes might protected surprise yet able strike foe rear take road paris otto lords swollen german fleming pride confident great host infantry determined attack kept hard us nine miles tournai bouvines long trains baggage crawled along like snails therefore almost noon sumpter mules infantry crossed bridge cavalry still nearer side covering march scouts came racing germans germans assuredly rolling slopes cornfields beyond bouvines saw long lines horsemen flying great dust cloud now king bishop garin senlis old knight hospitaler holy brethren despite churchly vows rejoice fight just causes bishop garin clapped spurs destrer reconnoiter soon dashed back discovered quite enough found lord philip sitting ash tree close bridge eating dinner many great nobles messire conon among sitting grass fair sire cried garin germans fight knights panoply behind march infantry sidenote battle array bouvines pleasant moment king infantry beyond river cavalry side get horsemen across single bridge without grievous loss perchance still time bring back foot therefore speed might every man us fell array brave sergeants champagne made charges otto vanguard though outnumbered pressed back delayed foe men take places present gallant front attackers saw ready battle like prudent men halted arrayed lines hour sides waited just bowshot many us nervous cursing delay sun beat pitilessly although pious confessed hastily priests always moving files least sins presently see whole array enemy spread like fair picture long tapestry right facing counts ponthieu dreux mercenaries salisbury men foul traitor boulogne left long lines flemish horsemen cavaliers champagne burgundy quelqueparte many companies center battle flew king philip great oriflamme mighty scarlet banner samite surrounded chosen cavaliers horsemen rear front us spread french footmen burgher levies towns answered king summons burghers stand knights cried us king bishop garin seemed know everything understood business see told just hosts charged king philip prayed aloud bodyguard man also king thine guard king wilt lose nothing thereby wherever wouldst go follow also heard close behind king stood long might royal chaplain william breton battle another clerk kept singing psalms lord strength teacheth hands war fingers fight bishop garin sang psalms lines horsemen rode thundering lest enemy outflank knight make another shield put knights first line cavalry rear lines put mounted sergeants perhaps two thousand knights five thousand sergeants infantry thousand foe even footmen though horse little inferior battle fair two lines men horses mile half long fields smooth open enough jousting never better place honorable battle sat saddles long time thinking sins admiring fearsome way splendor great press foe opposite party sergeants suddenly charged right flemings attack weak flemings drove back charged return leaders crying ladies courteous mêlée whereat nothing loath burgundian champagnois knights dashed long engaged uncertain battle every cavalier selecting foe riding side prevailed another warriors even dropped rear recover breath tighten harness spurred back charge little center watched nearer things engrossed us sidenote defeat french infantry told king philip footmen well many knights held center battle facing dense array flemish german infantry emperor otto accompanied chosen horsemen rear see middle press great imperial banner silken dragon white green raised pole capped golden eagle borne cavalier flew tall car drawn four horses gazed vast hostile array lo whole mass seemed surging forward infantry never sight like spear points hauberks helmets flashing sun ground shook trample thousands feet countless war horns sounded heard deep hoch german infantry coming us like thunder emperor great masses struck footmen communes doubtless poor knaves meant bravely always plenty courage defending walls never france king philip saved townsmen soon saw infantry breaking toward rear moment skies looked black ranks called messire conon leaders let villeins run opened lines cavalry let timid friends escape came last tightening buckles pushing helms right us thousands thousands surging emperor infantry together raised glad denis royal battle cry france whereupon followed coursing never life hope see eyes otto great banner straight press germans flemings french cavaliers rode like mad knights front squires good sergeants raging behind us horses knew hour flew speed touch spur though blessed joys paradise never ten thousand years bliss shall forget wondrous rapture felt struck hostile line sire eustace eyes gleaming now like sparks fire françois anseau hardly breathing speaks sidenote charge french knights caitiff infantry went hot knife cleaves cheese aliquis banner kept close behind messire conon men hallooing smiting behind chance villein footmen frenchmen known horses lance since ceased mother milk charged like castles rising plain soon see yonder banners squadrons cavaliers tall horses looming snarling striking footmen closed around yet keep knights charging forward always forward battle broken emperor otto knights saw infantry cut like sheep also charged giving us honest joy crossing swords men nobility long time horse horse man man heard jongleurs tell great deeds done us aliquis just close hewing way clear whole german line lo great shouting rose left king king saw royal standard tossed distress sire wado de montigny bore back charged many cavaliers just time king philip attacking gallantly like knight separated friends swarm knavish flemish pikemen striven drag horse good armor turned pikes yet soldier caught hook halberd chain mail round throat pulled ground king sprang briskly young squire french knights hand spurred aid sire peter tristen leaped horse mounted lord messire conon among first ride scatter trample flemings later received small praise thanks therefore part field god prospered us came signal mercy emperor otto fled field knights charged cavaliers gave way men slew otto horse fell almost seized emperor however saxons selling lives right dearly got another horse herein german emperor different good french king philip remounted raised clear denis pressed charge otto nigh wits perhaps somewhat wounded fled field three knights leaving great banner brave vassals fate say never drew rein till reached valenciennes sidenote rout germans flemings german knights though deserted still fought bravely netherlanders flemings soon fleeing droves besides two wings conflict frenchmen already proving victorious right left knights charging help center cutting way far rear last german cavaliers knew lost now began flee often found surrounded pulled horses made captive ended day work save right wing enemy fought great rebel reginald boulogne knew naught left save victory ruin formed seven hundred brabantine infantry circle pikes axes beat long charges cavaliers behind living wall boulogne brave knights time charged performing high deeds valor retreating fortress get breath now remainder field cleared king philip brought whole power cavalry formed three thousand us three great columns mounted men charging every side sheer weight broke brabantine circle dragged count boulogne horse fighting last king holds close prisoner day last mêlée battle like whereof france many years course slaughter footmen great thousands field sorry sight evening groans dying rang ears happy pleased saints thanks good armor cavaliers got quite safely heard three french knights slain although sure number germans flemings say hundred seventy knights killed outright better still took five german counts barons hundred six lesser knights prisoners ransom baron imgerfels unhorsed presently went far pay aunt wedding uncle knighting manner returned paris joyous angels church bells rang fat burghers hung streets tapestry clergy scholars university seven days illuminations feastings rejoicings story repeated every day never another bouvines spoke seneschal comment narrative say philip manifestly conquered unepiscopal chief staff bishop garin drew army greater skill otto leaders arranged host also last hosts engaged series innumerable duels french knights average proved superior king philip fight started showed valiant cavalier personally hardly figured commander otto contributed shake morale men premature flight great host footmen almost worthless despite pikes halberds terrific shock french cavalry charging perfectly smooth ground mailed horsemen fight best missile weapons played part english yew bow shall appear situation may change till mounted knight ponderous armor charging lance rest great sword dancing hands appear monarch battlefields bouvines marked apogée feudal cavalry illustration listening trouvère château thirteenth century trouvère stopped château lord family people assembled great hall trouvère recited long poem accompanying musical instrument assisted jugglers entertained audience poet rested footnotes famous battle cry french royalty probably meant banner denis exact origin however obscure feudal battles armies often used merely names leaders etc many regions special war cry normans cried ais bretons malo angevins imperialists likely cry crusaders sepulcher cry ensign great object mediæval battles chapter xvi life peasants seen messire conon familiars pleasures feasts wars gentle folk seem monopolize life barony yet best number scarce hundred christians dwell therein assuredly poor humble seem much less interesting command less attention splendors picturesque fêtes feuds life monotonous poverty seldom detains chronicler nevertheless time visit village huts often seen spreading beyond bridge west castle aliquis peasants told naught whereof complain kindly seigneur renders justice since foretvert feud war ravaged saints late sent neither short crops pestilence repine lot ingratitude toward god abundant class consciousness feudal ages clerks knights peasants every man knows three great categories humanity belongs acts accordingly monkish preacher pictures world vast body whereof clerics eyes show men way safety noble knights hands arms god orders protect church weak promote peace justice finally common people form lower parts body business nourish eyes limbs bluntly still long ago bishop adelberon laon divided mankind two great divisions first clergy prayed seigneurs fought second toilers adding furnish gold food raiment obligation servile class since classes clearly ordained heaven rebel status manifestly questioning justice providence damnable impiety aliquis peasants ever dream anything villeins regard gentlefolk somewhat good christians regard angels beings another sphere hope kindly treatment modest prosperity within limits providentially assigned therefore unhappy go france shall find rural population decidedly dense little village usually follows another closely every collection huts swarms human bipeds indeed vast forests marshes might better management put plow extent arable land great heaven surely loves peasants made many seemingly number limited merely question food supply sidenote danger great famines condition peasantry often seems bad comforting know last two centuries improving many years matters aliquis region parts france terrible famine time told poor devoured grass roots even white clay faces pale bodies lean stomachs bloated voices thin piping like voice birds wolves came forests fed children strangers travelers liable waylaid solitary spots killed simply might eaten near macon hermit last seized lured wayfarers share hospitality cell skulls victims discovered burned wretch alive illustration group peasants shepherds twelfth century window cathedral chartres go multiplying stories famines human flesh times sold markets starving children lured offers bit food places ghouls kill feast measure corn rose sixty sous gold even rich lost color days thanks saints seem disappearing yet danger pinching hard times still real even fortunate st aliquis peasants messire conon free serfs barony manumitted hundred years earlier baron extremely iniquitous life admonished deathbed confessor must something extraordinary salvation soul result aliquis peasants longer bound soil quit seigneury serfs assuredly also marry women wished without asking lord consent paying fee bequeath goods without sequester outrageous part course improved status yet still subject numerous imposts money kind various forms forced labor although now legal right quit barony greatest difficulty sell little farms chattels thereon take decent share possessions elsewhere wandered distant parts local authorities likely call masterless men assume forsaken old lord must somehow criminals sidenote exploitation villeins nevertheless much better free peasant serf majority french lower classes now becoming free although christian lands notably germany serfage prevail weary day hereafter even though becomes free villein still taint ignoble blood clings like shirt pitch even achieving prosperity wealth knightly opinion expressed great troubadour bertran de born love see rich churl distress dares strive nobles love see beg bread nakedness even lord looks peasant largely source income time peace taxes forced labor squeezed yield presently turns destrers silvered hauberks furs hawks fair dames luxuries dowries adubbements tourneys time war exists pillaged massacred order impoverish master ruining latter revenues burghers towns little respected industrial products needful better protect richest syndic commune really hold head socially unknighted bachelor drags life manor house every turn peasant finds exploited must pay direct tax supposedly proportioned size yield farm beginning wife bread bake must taken lord oven loaf many goes fee flour must ground lord mill fee grapes must pressed lord winepress sheep must driven lord sheepfold every night may get manure every dispute must arbitrated lord provost great man fees short whole régime aims compel peasant go seigneur everything needs extremely little business transact away seigneury doubtless convenience often find things commonly needful always hand certain return many exactions seigneur act benevolence peasants wish example set ovens must pay seigneur equivalent baker fees deprived wish bake bread now quite indifferent besides imposts numerous fees peasants owe payments labor large part every seigneury domain land lord personal use peasants obliged give certain number days keep plowed tilled mow meadows bring hay dress vines must also see castle firewood fodder clean moat help keep fortifications repair assist many extraordinary occasions get pay although may given rations days labor time war almost everything helping defend castle marching offensive campaigns part ban serving seen grooms baggage attendants diggers engineers also despised sometimes useful infantry pikemen sidenote oppressive seigneurial officers burdens aliquis peasants burn holy candles thankfulness however baron conon multiply troubles intrusting collection imposts administration forced labor outrageous officers sire macaire provost harsh toward real offenders strict exacting last sheaf just debts blackmailer foretvert general factotum old baron garnier day course provost merely levied abominable imposts diverting share thereof toward pocket accuse poor men falsely theft take bribes condoning alleged offenses time dividing profits real bandits protected even obnoxious forester controls hunting preserves grazing grounds decides peasants pigs may turned oak forests firewood may cut battles incessantly multitudinous poachers years ago even conon deceived fellow employ maître crispin handsome man fine carriage well armed bow sword gracefully madame adela help messire discover great boar filling chest example seized lame georges oxen pretext cut three oaks birch seigneur forest yet forget crime georges find hundred sous fortunately sire macaire discovered evil ways lieutenant conon exceedingly incensed smooth crispin turned maître denis halter abrupt formalities present forester taught example honest although course real poachers curse illustration peasants work manuscript thirteenth century bibliothèque nationale great part peasant time spent neither working resting walking lucky land single compact plot even rather poor peasant farm scattered several tiny holdings possibly four quarters neighborhood peasant dies children divide paternal estate separate piece ground provided heir lots must subdivided smaller still aliquis lands present curious sight innumerable little parcels scattered everywhere carefully fenced growing separate crops meantime owners begin morning toiling heavy mattocks holdings next sundown trudge several miles yet seldom far village whither must return dusk sidenote primitive agricultural methods men fortunate days astonished survey agricultural methods even least stupid peasants everything according traditions fathers abbey library latin books agriculture deal conditions ancient italy however feudal france benevolent monk hardly dreamed examining cato columella learn better lot peasantry though fairness abbey farms enjoy whole much superior cultivation peasants plows borrow hire neighbors break ground clumsy mattocks plows exist wooden plowshares wheat aliquis beaten flails although little farther south trodden cattle soil often impoverished usual leave fallow time recuperate thing rotation crops still matter vague talk save monastery lands circumstances even best years much surplus food short crop means misery men pessimistically expect famine average every four years late aliquis saints rich mercy countless throng died hunger significantly wrote chronicler rheims naturally villeins seldom get enough ahead able learn practices thrift year good extra supply corn barns plenty pigs chickens fattening winter spent gorging idleness spring old crop exhausted almost seed corn perhaps new crop failure next winter peasants may glad make pottage dead leaves lame georges oxen sequestered despite misfortunes prosperous peasants village limps youth retainer baron garnier twisted feet trying extort money georges really years old see gray head gnarled face bent back think sixty wife jeanne four years younger looks aged husband old jeanne children call pair blessed least fifteen children four died childbirth five grow six youngest married already jeanne grandmother several years georges house stands near center village reach pick way lane usually deep mud front cottage enormous dungheap beloved hens pigs roam freely georges dwelling irregularly built rambling structure wood wattles thatch dirty brown manse stretches away four parts rearmost contains corn cribs next mows hay straw cattle sheds nearest smallest house family sidenote peasant house pushing back heavy door lifting wooden latch enters single large room timbers walls thereof completely blackened soot really apartment everything household life seems go floor earth pounded hard playing several dirty children come visit grandmother just now chasing two squealing little pigs great oak table near center makes account duck leading goslings door hopes scraps dinner hen setting eggs box near great fireplace jeanne just kindled lively fire vine branches dry billets proud house contains many convenient articles found neighbors fireplace iron pot hanger shovel large fire tongs copper kettle meat hook next fireplace oven case wish use castle yet pay baron fee side fireplace enormous bed piled real mountain feather mattresses discuss immunity vermin bed goodly fraction georges entire family male female old young able sleep course heads usually pointing opposite directions stranger chances spend night hospitable ask make selfsame bed goodman takes us establishment shall find addition various stools benches owns ladder mortar pestle braying corn mallet crudely shaped nails gimlet imperfect saw fishing lines hooks basket fortunate enough also plow addition scythe iron spade mattock pair large shears handy knife sharpening stone replaced stolen oxen another pair owns wagon harness thongs ropes besides oxen three milch cows barn hennery pigpen place seems also abound long lean cats wild gain living hunting numerous rats mice lurk dense thatch roofs georges wears blouse cloth sometimes sheepskin fastened leathern belt cold weather mantle thick woolen homespun now also dirt color knees pair heavy leathern boots although seldom goes short walks barefoot lower part body covered pair loose woolen trousers blue seldom save storms wear headdress produces kind cap dirty woolen coat gloves never wears except hedging jeanne costume much changes make suitable women chest however green bliaut flanders wool made somewhat imitation seen castle even beautified red purple embroidery bliaut wears pride great festival days despite envious hopes daughters expects last buried illustration laborer thirteenth century restored manuscript herrade landsberg sidenote poor peasants georges house considerably better many others neighbors live mere cabins barely weather tight made crossed laths stuffed straw grass chimney smoke hearth escapes small hole roof thatch liable take fire merely door none houses glass windows georges fastens openings wooden shutters poor alard near close apertures stuffing straw cold leave open alard without bed family sleep thin pallets straw laid ground ragged blankets plenty peasants even straw illustration peasant shoes twelfth century abbey church vézelay illustration reaper doorway cathedral amiens alard inevitably cows oxen cart plow rude tools barely able satisfy provost men grinding field labor still enough grain laid carry till next harvest little dry little wet short number untoward things happen next spring bent bony wife five lean children standing castle abbey gate many mendicants cry bread love christ little bread peasants marry early nobility moral condition many best say little good father étienne parish priest spends much time first baptizing infants unacknowledged paternity running presumptive fathers forcing latter provide children upkeep girl often indulge amazing indiscretions later find peasant willing marry every girl looks forward marriage climax life hopes find husband coming year dance around bonfire cast pins bubbling fountain thrown surface sign right swain come along drawing water well throw egg cracked head companion see water image future husband young men decides wishes marry certain girl often comes parents presenting leathern bottle wine drink suit accepted however uncertain reception maiden invites dinner home end serves dish walnuts clear token rejected better slink away illustration marriage thirteenth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale bordier et charton wedding day bride always sage modest neighbors present white hen mother gives piece fine cloth make gala dress serve ultimately shroud ceremony great question wedding ring slip easily bride docile goes tightly rule husband illustration plow restored manuscript thirteenth century seminary soissons sidenote hard toil ignorance peasants need every kind public private holiday ordinary days toil begins gray dawn usually continues dusk laws even nooning short although sometimes time taken hot weather siesta afternoon women labor fields hard men children begin weeding digging carrying little help important many peasants look large families assets much unpaid field labor rather liabilities must clothe feed children reach maturity education almost unknown two bright boys village somehow caught churchmen trained priesthood even story lad born neighboring seigneury rose bishop cases exceptional whole village aliquis father étienne person understands mysteries reading writing except two assistants provost keep accounts baron hard great folk understand teachings church men brethren doubtless true adela alienor often told god created man image possible god image villeins seigneury many like peasant described epic garin enormous hands massive limbs eyes separated hand breadth shoulders large chest deep hair bristling face black coal went six months without bathing nothing rain water ever touched face manners people equally repulsive countless ballads well monks sermons treatises represent typical villein incessantly discontented scolding weather always wet dry treating wife like animal hauling hair lately castle jongleur told anecdote certain peasant showered wife blows principle must occupation work field idle think evil things beat weep whole day pass time return evening tender according stories however many peasants clever aggressive insolent well able care sidenote filthy habits peasants castle folk burghers none careful sanitary matters even peasants disgustingly filthy relate pontdebois story villein leading donkeys went lane perfumer shops instantly fainted unaccustomed odor brought however holding shovel full manure nose another story told monastery devil refused receive villeins hell smell vilely village soon find many typical peasant characters nearly bad surly fellow even tell traveler way malcontent villein mutters enviously whenever sees knight riding hawking mad fool reviles god saints church nobility talkative villein always arguing bad causes provost court inciting neighbors senseless litigation honest simpleton wandered pontdebois got pockets picked gaping sculptures portal cathedral finally misers petty speculators grain pray famine tribe poachers certainly also great number honest folk bow respectfully messire conon rides pay taxes without grumbling give prosperity seigneury rascals ever thrust prominence aliquis villeins seem doltish dirty enough nothing existing flanders monks recently returned thence business order tell horror summertime flemish peasants seen around villages taking ease clothes born monks remonstrated rough answer business make laws us pitiful say monks seigneur tolerate things fief peasants sodden creatures expected know better knights exploit peasants clergy hardly less notoriously hard bishop tithe collector secure quota pigs hens eggs wheat vegetables everybody knows villein owes church time satisfies collectors baron indeed certain impious villeins complain tithe worse imposts monkish preachers constantly threatening sinners pay tithes slowly church tithe property god tax owe god sign universal dominion withhold merely imperil souls god send drought famine punishing alike world next villeins often wickedly insist working sundays holy days peasants complain many saints days hard keep track go church sundays priest announces next holy days avoid sin worse still peasants see fellows going dutifully mass hide hedges slip away rob unguarded orchards sidenote gross oppression knights seems certain therefore god love villeins gentle knights dames knights display superiority always reminding peasants condition barons flog villein trifling offenses common eat dinners even conon plenty use riding whip unless blows brutal average peasant takes day work merely trades blows wife children indeed commonly villeins numb mentally never comprehend simplest orders unless driven home stripes time war fate peasants seen far worse whatever feud means contending parties villeins means houses crops burned fruit trees girdled young girls dragged life infamy probably massacre many peasants cold blood reasons nobles delight war seldom endure real anguish horror churches pray us quite fervently beseech save us famine equal justice monkish preachers make business scolding sometimes denounce oppressors villeins monk cries peasant amasses year stubborn toil noble devours hour content lawful revenues despoils illicit exactions wolves devour carrion crows croak overhead awaiting share feast knights pillage subjects provosts agents others hellish crew rejoice prospect devouring remainder ye nobles ravening wolves therefore shall ye howl hell despoil subjects live blood sweat poor jacques vitry nevertheless selfsame preachers accuse peasants cardinal sins avarice shunning labor rarely villeins comforted told work faithfully bring proper family morally equality cleric chants day church aliquis fiefs indeed many others grosser abuses obtain nowhere villeins exempt evil must meet dumb resignation seigneurial hunts conon guests never hesitate going horses hawks hounds straight across plowed seeded fields even standing grain lord absolute right protest impossible hunters entitled far home stop peasants huts demand food fodder perhaps large party payment made merely charity greater evils still may come depredations wild game fields close hunting preserves villeins harm deer nibbling young sprouts scare away cunning creatures soon grow daring wild boar root dozen little farm plots baron find leisure chase fiefs peasants arrange pay extra fee lord return keeps rabbits near fields hunt single rabbit flying wretch doubles among corn may ruin family hand penalties poaching killing messire game terrible probably safer aliquis fief risk killing traveler killing fawn even hare law pitilessly enforced foresters maître denis tell hanged stout fellows poaching two crimes put together sidenote futile peasant revolts villeins ever revolt sometimes driven desperation extreme misery find clever leader circumstances peculiarly favorable may come sudden burning manor houses small fortalices massacre inmates brutish deeds tardy retaliation rebels likely boast insurgent peasants normandy eleventh century weak insane bend necks long men solider stouter limbed nobles ever everyone hundred us revolts always single end ignorant peasants submit discipline use knight weapons capture organize seize castle liquor cellars lays helpless week orgy seigneurs instantly rally great horses hunt rebels creatures worse wolves vengeance taken insurgents every ear hears thereof must tingle perhaps along league roadway corpse swinging every tree measures effectively discourage rebellion save exceptional circumstances even atrocious seigneurs usually best bow god merely pray deliverance georges alard mental horizons imagined rare occasions far pontdebois although neighbors passed lifetime without even privilege limited might say animal hopes fears ideas things king court paris various christian infidel lands jumble absurd notions religion means prayers saints stories told church miracle plays christmas fear lest failing proper respect monks priests eternally tormented worse torture chambers old baron garnier villeins course rustic holidays full rough sports wrestling throwing weights archery also cockfighting bull baiting best entertainment two blindfolded men carrying cudgel try kill goose pig let loose inclosure whole village roars see belabor wedding festivities show dutiful esteem alienor olivier peasants arranged special ceremony honor four blindfolded men led neighborhood preceded two men playing oboe carrying red banner whereon pig painted noisy merrymaking real pig produced august company castle folk four champions attacked pig hit another hard picked almost dead pig became property villein managed pound life creature just mercy alienor beg contest end despite grievances grumblings average peasants loyal somewhat manner dumb dogs seigneurs conon adela command real affection villeins acts charity even baron garnier treated astonishing faithfulness many knight owed life honor humble dependents treated well horses hounds toiling thousands little thatched huts make possible wedding feasts adubbements tourneys spectacular battles day exploitation cease thirteenth century footnotes cleric jacques vitry may written years later presumable date narrative represents entirely orthodox viewpoint estimated rural population france thirteenth century almost great twentieth probably decided falling fourteenth century thanks black death ravages hundred years war wholesale famines really becoming matters tradition thanks better transportation better methods agriculture lean years almost ruinous peasantry remained however extremely grim possibilities brittany somewhat less generally normandy peasants time free champagne central france still many serfs possibly peasants aliquis fortunate majority villeins neighboring baronies advantages free peasants serfs however somewhat exaggerated list curious required peasants various seigneuries long fief expected beat water castle moat stop noise frogs whenever mistress sick certain specified occasions perform absurd service hop leg kiss latch castle gate go drunken horseplay lord presence sing broad song presence lady see page chapter xvii charity care sick funerals even seigneury number poor disabled generally miserable great despite contempt displayed great lowly feudal age lacking pretty abundant charity rather almsgiving haughtiest cavalier feels duty scatter copper obols goes among poor though doubtless tells squire fling coins merely satisfy hungry rabble among virtues conon adela fact throw money gentle hands somehow adds donative value present season prosperous aliquis furthermore just open house castle expect even luckless satiated nevertheless day guests departed adela informed thirty people drawbridge chanting alms sake christ alms baroness suppressing sigh quits maids just assigning weaving goes bailey attends gensenius assistant father grégoire acts castle almoner crowd contains many familiar faces yonder old man leg blind woman led little girl lad withered arm woman disfigured goiter widow whose husband slain brawl leaving eight children harmless idiot adela immediately recognizes excitement fêtes attracted others brother gensenius scan closely melancholy fellow crutches possibly run fast sees provost men companion seems covered sores claims pilgrimage healing shrine clearly scamp malingerer right baroness strange woman falls foaming mouth epilepsy gensenius shakes crafty head impostor whispers tried trick bit soap yesterday village sheep gradually separated goats charlatans chased away receive loaves bread broken meat perhaps deserving rejected dare really critical reason great folk give beggars cancel sins beggars undeserving hardly diminishes credit saints conon adela calamitous suddenly poor worthy unworthy parting abundance rich buy peace souls fortunately however danger lord directly poor ye always comforting word scripture poverty blessed institution even fortunate world enables procure entrance heaven acts charity persons needy course bear lot christian resignation accumulate blessed stock indulgence cut short durance purgatory sidenote physical severity mediaeval life morning dole regular feature aliquis every castle monastery amount food given away really great next attempt part average seigneury really remedy mendicancy devise honest work within capacities blind lame give systematic relief widow put idiot lad decent institution every premium placed idlers impostors rogues prefer anything honest toil times real famine even temptation cease prematurely struggling hard times lapse beggardom dangerous despite therefore much genuine kindness part many donors charity feudal age allowed ordinarily cover multitude sins alike givers receivers aliquis barony astonishing number unabashed drones parasites miserable folk however excuse conditions life feudal age even cavaliers severe men women begin duties life young mature young grow old young henry ii anjou england began call old philip augustus fifteen capable assuming actual duties responsible monarch many baron gray headed forty fifty sons may often intriguing supplant superannuated father true nobility toiling peasantry seen georges jeanne aged time grinding toil weakening body course leaves exposed many ordinary diseases certainly conditions castle village open doors extraordinary plagues well age happily ignorant sanitary precautions sophisticated mortals consider matter course peasants almost live manure heap clergy though uncleanly seldom preach virtues bathing indeed discourses despising body apparently discourage practice hard keep meat length time unless salted vast amounts salt meat consumed everywhere direct promoters scurvy gangrene seen nearly clothing worn close body woolen retains filth hard wash irritates skin another cause frequent dermal diseases scrofula itch things even worse illustration leper holding hand bones unfortunates compelled signal approach distance window cathedral bourges thirteenth century sidenote fearful plagues mortality leprosy terrible scourge nature misunderstood often severe curable cases eczema confounded therewith harmless victims condemned death life perpetual banishment filthy cabins woods cholera smallpox every now break neighborhood almost always fatal nothing really done check except pray saints diseases say best informed communicated air consequently ordinary isolation useless whole ravage villages castles though hardly castle folk able take effective physic yet often enough baron entire family may swept away seldom suggested pure water cleanliness rational schemes isolation accomplish much defeat apparent desire heaven devastate entire duchy diseases fearfully common sufferers nervous complaints make small armies general terrors wars times brooding fears devil hell eternal torment spectacle fearful punishments hand sheer ennui life many castles certain convents drive men women wits sufferers lucky treated kindness possessed devils clapped dungeon finally lucky mother offspring die act birth every entrance babe world dice throwing death even clever born children likely injured initiatory process physically imperfect dangerously weakened true even royal families much true peasant huts surprising average man feudal ages give sustain hard blows strongest able survive ordeals birth childhood fight dangers must invoke human divine aid good christians usually feel healing saints avail physicians wise women indigestion invoke christopher dropsy eutropius fever petronila pest roch insanity mathurin kidney complaint rené cramps crampan many ills nevertheless need trust solely prayers great people however employ regular physicians villeins commonly good woman much better sorcerer breath ass drives poison body touch dead man tooth cures toothache nosebleed seize nose two straws shaped like cross itch troubles roll naked field oats georges peasant tell remedies seldom fail local professor healing art maître denis executioner since knows well mutilate bodies able understand converse process curing wide reputation healer broken bones often sells patients panacea multifarious ills fat man just hung least peasants science healers agree almost much later physicians contemporary physicians church given great encouragement medicine mighty ambrose proper healing prayers vigils clerics inferior orders allowed study medical science dissection dead bodies decidedly discountenanced castle ordinary functionary abate bodily ills maître louis baron barber scraping chins likely giving castle folk monthly bleedings without hard keep health bleedings take place possible great hall near fire undergone regularly sexes aliquis forces called war maître louis goes really considerable skill setting fractures cauterizing salving wounds well powerful drugs mostly purgatives probably help patients strongest constitutions recover sidenote professional physicians baron family seriously sick usual send pontdebois professional physician two years ago conon fell fever brought maître payen claimed learned art travel among schools medicine salerno sicily montpellier languedoc country even cordova among infidels although baron swore angrily gone never nearer places paris illustration doctor restored manuscript bibliothèque nationale maître payen sprucely dressed half priest half rich burgher wore elegant furs talked learnedly febrifuges humors kept repeating says avincenna prince spanish physicians says albucasis infallible follower avincenna conon suffered easily discoverable malady probably maître payen suggested fairly efficient means cure without shrewdness chest whole arsenal herbs drugs also efficient salves although never heard word antiseptic baron picked maladies baffled easy diagnosis maître payen therefore fussed clearly betraying bewilderment struck professional attitude announced oracularly obstruction health liver nay groaned baron head feel wretched foolish retorted crushingly beware word understand signifies next muttered certain cabalistic words baron glad liver affected seat honor recovery honor enlarged spleen seat laughter lungs fanned heart payen talked remedies perhaps urine dog best blood hegoat villein remedies messire patient great noble needed noble remedies suitable rank therefore since liver affected give dried pulverized liver toad left medicines took gold piece departed night conon delirious adela like every mistress castle perforce learned much nursing applied cold cloths body father grégoire prayed saints next morning cloths saints toad liver fever abated perhaps merely run natural course baron recovered curse terribly mention maître payen ready enough cry amen saying monk guy provins physicians kill numbers sick exhaust find maladies everybody woe falls power prefer capon mixtures monk concedes indeed certain physicians useful confidence inspire rather thanks medicines effect cures sidenote healing relics processions next conon falls sick vows trust simply maître louis even maître denis although may consent send lazarist monk member great monastic order makes specialty healing sick although truly noble monks combine worldly wisdom equal amount piety treat especially leprosy gradually turning attention diseases general get lazarist likely hire astrologer discover remedy consulting stars father grégoire may organize healing procession monks clerks pious laymen muster solemnity carry whole stock saints relics neighborhood sick seigneur lay devoutly abdomen remedy tried paris time ago cure prince louis king heir recovered promptly similar assistance available great seigneur like conon always indeed even saints relics avail time come good lady odelina conon mother postponed extreme unction final moment ceremony sick person really right get well hair falls natural heat diminished moment breath quitted noble dame body servants ran furiously castle emptying every vessel water lest departing soul drowned therein dead body also watched carefully burial lest devil replace coffin black cat likewise lest dog cat run coffin change corpse vampire conon adela convinced notions dispute servitors illustration burial scene english manuscript schultz next body carefully embalmed heart removed buried nunnery whereof lady odelina patroness waxen death mask made face body laid handsome bed black hangings temporary altar set apartment masses might two conon vassals squires remained guard night day fully armed round bed blazed two three scores tall candles sidenote funeral customs interment took place abbey church transept rested many aliquis stock laid lady odelina breast silver cross engraved words absolution heavy stone casket also buried four small earthen pots contained incense burned funeral ceremony finally rites conon employed cunning sculptor make marble effigy mother rest slab covering tomb effigy dignity genuine peace form face long express truly noble gracious mother common folk marble caskets effigies even poor peasants graced decidedly elaborate funerals person least consequence village dies crier goes lanes ringing bell calling name deceased adding pray god dead peasants quality likely laid away plaster coffins although poorest class villeins wrapped rags tossed shallow pits still worse fate die excommunicated church suicides unfortunates even buried holy ground bodies often exposed torn dogs crows sometimes however hardened sinner repents sufficiently deathbed restored graces religion case body frequently burned laden iron brazen fetters idea mortify body even breath life departed abate fires purgatory assuredly awaiting save great saints pass straight heaven numerous reprobates whose guilt requires temporary eternal torment footnotes result attitude distinguished genuinely learned scholar albert great confounded tendons nerves mediæval medical treatise deliberately advises use argument silence patients physicians make diagnosis yet must say something chapter xviii popular religion pilgrimages superstitions relic worship folk aliquis christians nobody far wide except jews pontdebois openly dissents catholic religion denies validity creeds refuses certain outward conformity church practices age greatly interested improving general moral social condition common people common people even always interested peasant prays just treatment good luck otherwise castle village alike accept kind natural law immutability society god established various orders gradations ask man shall accept condition assigned live efficiently happily sidenote religious attitude knights conon like every knight temptation unbelief doctors church know religion just king falconers know hawking sensible trust expert ask idle questions merely risk soul followers mahound false prophet baron frequently denounces arrogance covetousness clergy resists pretentions nevertheless trusts supply sacraments bless death burial soul may pass promptly purgatory paradise existence presumably grand admixture marriage feast fine garden magnificent tournament plenty knights lax blasphemous hardly deliberately unbelieving good knights hear mass every morning venerate holy objects places hate jews saracens worship virgin saints also keep major fasts special occasions church conon things good christian exempted serious thinking mysterious matters illustration group priests thirteenth century near altar wearing chasuble second third clad dalmatica deacon gown second carries consecrated wafer third sort fan manuscript bibliothèque nationale conon prays morning hurried lies head turned toward east arms stretched like cross recites favors god shown past beseeches heaven continue favorable often adds credo certain paraphrase lord prayer common father desirest saved grant acquire love even angels pleasure high give us daily bread soul holy sacrament body needful sustenance yet mood unusually humble contrite likely conclude patronizingly confide also strength heart bestowed good sword fleet horse yet especially many cavalier breaks blasphemies things go wrong men like william rufus england cried god shall never see good man suffered much hands henry ii learning son henry revolted cried aloud since god taken away prized shalt prizest soul even conon hard beset exclaimed like certain crusading lord king lord ever deserted men trust fight nevertheless deal mercifully sinful words world evil temptation rail god extremely great true things year even wisest felt sure last day hand eclipses comets famines seemed foreshadowing people crowded churches agony expecting hear seven trumpets announce antichrist repeatedly since years calamitous monks old wives stirred multitudes vehement predictions plagues apocalypse preliminaries millennium delayed late monk rigord abbey denis wrote world ill grows old relapses infancy common report antichrist born babylon day judgement nigh sidenote fearful excommunication fears like restrain even reckless seigneurs sodden peasants proceeding inconceivable crimes agonies damned dreadful preachers understand well little use try restrain wicked talking love mercy god king philip used love mercy vassals now king without kingdom dread eternal burning apparently keeps large part christendom tolerably obedient essential mandates morality church great criminal deliberately defies church ceremony makes even righteous inquire salvation months ago certain impious baron robbed parish church chalice instantly pontdebois bishop took action great bell cathedral tolled funeral though soul far precious merely body bishop appeared chancel clergy cleric held lighted candle building hung black tapestry amid terrible hush bishop announced name offending knight crowded nave proclaimed loud voice let cursed city cursed field cursed granery harvest children dathan abiram swallowed gaping earth may hell swallow even quench torches hands may light life quenched eternity unless repent whereat priests dashed torches pavement trampled almost see sacrilegious baron writhing flames gehenna scene like reinstatement sinner save great act penance mortification excommunicated person next door outlaw may find sundry companions crime people shun leper particular baron vain boasts defiance last forsaken made abject peace bishop first gave ruinously costly gifts cathedral presented barefoot robe pilgrim chancel prostrated day night remained prayer high altar eating drinking nothing knelt clerics monks present smote rod crying aloud just judgments lord every blow till accomplished bishop raise pronounce absolution give kiss peace dreadful lesser offenses church lesser effective penalties pontdebois religious procession lent certain woman marched therein pretended devoutness went home defiance dined mutton ham odor escaped street woman seized bishop condemned walk town quarter mutton spit shoulder ham slung round neck ribald crowd course trailing behind penance fasts well kept pontdebois sidenote festive side popular religion yet must think religion feudal age general sad contrary abrupt contrasts now grown familiar clergy people get vast joy say amusement even sacred ordinances men go gayly along road salvation example great pilgrimages pardons often festive reunions merchants chaffering jongleurs playing tricks whole company proceeds shrine even church building solemnity always maintained choir indeed belongs pretty strictly worship nave sorts secular proceedings go even meetings malcontent factions rioters church bells ring markets musters peaceful gatherings almost often ring holy services sacred festivals good bishops complain numerous secular element intrudes utterly disfigures idleness carousing peasants may go early mass drink chatter sing dance riotous fashion join wrestlings races archery contests nightfall besides ordinary abuses holy things every parish seems special reign folly although name celebration varies place place even younger clergy participate mock ceremonies pontdebois subdeacons elect pope buffoons give silver tiara enthrone much dignity electing time several cardinals help direct revels noisy processions cavalcades even scandalous parodies sacred services church mock pope issues bulls enjoining kinds horseplay actually strikes kind lead money legends live merrily rejoice fools sometimes wise seems next impossible confine proceedings streets market place church porch although decent bishops fight intrusions holy building canons cathedral finally induced junior clergy lay rabble refrain extreme parodies pranks stealing church bells giving pope noisy rout grand dinner pious churchmen groan days comfort saying proceedings make religion popular give outlet flesh restrained much succumb even worse temptations devil aliquis village parish priest actually participates ceremony equally calculated astonish another age certain sunday folk celebrate virtues ass bore lord holy virgin joseph fled egypt peasants take best ass neighborhood caparison gayly lead streets church children running along waving flower wands shouting older folk almost equally demonstrative holy portal priest meets announces latin day mirth let sour lookers get hence away envy celebrate festival ass desire jollity sidenote mass ass ass led straight chancel tethered altar rail solemn prose half latin half french chanted setting forth virtues faithful stolid beast enabled lord escape wicked herod ever anon cantor stops crowded church rings refrain haw sire ass haw everybody trying pull nose bray lustily possible finally ass led decorously back stall choristers many friends indulge bountiful repast festival ass celebrated many french cities villages must also comprehend certain saints particular patrons given regions martin potent saint france denis especial guardian royal domains nicholas lorraine andre burgundy course george england michael may assist french knights sooner foreigners also many local saints incalculable sacredness small regions yet hardly heard elsewhere travel far likely lose trace good aliquis indeed peevish visitors suggested never canonized rome properly accepted catholic church venerated locally perhaps greater fervor holy saving always blessed lady saint possible compare virgin lady heaven queen holy city god father god son seem perhaps inaccessible celestial emperors holy virgin understands needs toiling men transmit pleas exert vast influence behalf therefore statues dressed like feudal queen rich stuffs crown glittering jewels bears royal scepter orb world saints vassals liege homage another set joyous celebrations legitimate uplifting christmas time eve good folk install heifer ox ass parish church warm holy babe breath torches lighted everywhere fires lit hills groups people march dressed like shepherds bound christchild manger led pipes viols sing joyously good sirs now hark ye far lands come noël church sung long responses telling story christmas vernacular interspersed comments animals latin says hymn beasts days spoke french less well latin cock crows satisfaction goat bleats calf bellows ox lows ass brays done simply reverently benefit simple loving souls pontdebois however elaborate performance twelve clerks representing six jews six pagans present cathedral choir declaring wish examine evidence babe newly born truly redeemer whereat appear stately sequence prophets forewarned coming christ besides moses horn balaam ass three hebrew children fiery furnace pagan sybils twelve apostles responds canticles sonorous latin twelve doubters declare satisfied fall worship infant king sidenote mystery plays easter mystery plays telling story divine passion resurrection still others come intervals year participants priests many others laymen men women important episodes bible acted considerable detail much comedy interspersed crowds howl glee ananias like shrewd jew chaffers sale field hideous devils leap hell seize herodias daughter instant accomplished wicked john baptist attempt represent ancient times herod dressed like feudal duke carried crucifix numerous devils always black angels wear blue red white god appears wearing papal tiara souls dead appear covered veils white saved red black damned source great delight people take part plays even great folk joining need comment completely proceedings impress imaginations unlearned stories old new testaments bible essential part reasonably comprehended many much ordinary religious beliefs occasions plenty people find sins terrible must resort great penances often consuming remainder lives order propitiate heaven besides monks nuns dwelling convents exist great many hermits religious solitaries abide little huts woods perhaps maintaining tiny chapel travelers fed offerings forest rangers peasants hermits live however genuine solitude right aliquis village something everywhere common female recluse many years ago certain peasant woman elise murdered husband promptly condemned gallows baron garnier unusual mercy pardoned condition shut within small house cemetery might penance end days stone hut accordingly built unhappy woman conducted thither regular procession two priests blessing hut giving elise kind consecration put inside every aperture built except narrow chink admit air little light small dole food relatives elise vegetating hut now twenty years living filth darkness talking piously visitors standing outside seemingly little except mutter almost incessant prayers already crime forgotten peasants speak holy woman even wonder whether dies cell never leave enrolled among saints many much innocent recluses male female walled voluntarily either piety sheer love idleness possibly sidenote recluses pilgrims nevertheless ordinarily best way discharge load guilty conscience pilgrimage confessors often impose means penance penitents best way winning divine mercy since death judicial penalty great crimes penance pilgrimage six ten twelve years going shrine shrine christendom really substitute term imprisonment pilgrims pronounced type required go barefoot head shaved quit families wives fast continually never touch meat day even exalted nobles spend remainder lifetime expiating iniquities everyone heard count fulk black anjou heaped misdeeds even murdering wife last realized awful peril soul three times made long pilgrimage jerusalem third time letting dragged hurdle streets sacred city two varlets smote whips great criminals often carry passports issued bishops certifying expiating pilgrimage specified evil deeds requesting christian folk give lodging food assistance penitents knights likely wear chains wrists neck forged armor witnesses social position genuine repentance pilgrims however fearful things weighing souls simply ordinary erring men moved genuine piety possibly admixed willingness find excuse seeing world every day appear gate aliquis castle ask share supper bed rushes hall respectfully treated although conon sometimes complains trailing robes brown wool heavy staffs sacks slung belt merely disguises many wandering rogues unwashed unkempt though many never repulse lest lose scriptural blessing received strangers entertained angels unawares pilgrims good newsmongers supply tidings italy germany spain even holy land carry letters also foreign parts transmit verbal messages kinsmen always travel alone twos fives even tens recently dunkirk peasants revolted bishop laid leaders penance spend year going body different holy places joining religious processions churches wearing clothing save trousers going barefoot carrying rods disciplined innumerable shrines sinners profit souls visit every important abbey claims pilgrimage resort monks tell remarkable miracles wrought saints whose relics chance treasure probably thousand places whose claims somewhat recognized church many shrines famous image madonna frequently brought east crusaders often old carnal thinking ugly perhaps black virgin clumsy doll carved wood matters provided holy efficacious lady fountain samour lady osier near grenoble lady good hope valenciennes lady chartres liesse rocamadour auray puy merely examples sidenote favorite pilgrim shrines greater distance pilgrim must go greater merit ordinarily happy pilgrim venerate bones actual apostle rome happiest go jerusalem pray holy sepulcher nevertheless god provided efficacious shrines nearer home right paris seats génevieve great denis pay devout homage tours puissant martin ideal pious warriors normandy mont michel looks across sands tumbling ocean pray best mighty archangel nearest god avails much also visit st martial limoges sernin toulouse still visit spain compostella beseech intercession james apostle illustration shrine form altar thirteenth century cathedral rheims assuredly however rome best always barring jerusalem way thither pilgrim lighten spiritual load visiting many excellent italian shrines guardian lady genoa lucca lady rose city peter time fails enumerate three hundred churches worthy devout visit besides majestic cathedral prince apostles tomb paul even hurried pilgrim fail repair maria maggiore actual manger christ born john lateran holy stairs christ ascended wearing crown thorns peter montorio peter crucified lawrence without walls blessed martyrs stephen lawrence buried mention others man must master criminal deliver soul suitable visits invaluable shrines rome well known blessed saints life death wrought many miracles relics wonders continue although iniquities mankind render infrequent every now heaven still permits holy man work undoubted miracles recently venerable abbot germer preached fourth crusade england need bless fountain lo waters made dumb speak blind see sick recover pilgrim related castle day abbot reached village wanted supply water gathered folk church right presence people smote stone staff water flowed forth merely potable healing maladies god also speaks us dreams pharaoh nebuchadnezzar caused thomas à becket visit late king louis vii warn make pilgrimage thomas new shrine canterbury pray recovery son philip later augustus henry ii england louis foe king made solemn pilgrimage unimpeded crown prince duly recovered sidenote omens spirits monsters omens calamity appear often although always clear whether sent god devil years ago wolves forest near monastery aliquis howled steadily day feast honore clear sign trouble announced prior four days later feud began betwixt conon foretvert convulsed whole countryside many man warned prepare death seeing marshes shooting star vulture hovering house thirteen people chance sit table chances dream physician proof positive house die true man inadvertently puts clean white shirt friday left eye dead man close promptly deceased soon company purgatory woman also thoughtlessly washes clothes lye holy week long world needless explain sinister eclipses comets july great comet visible sage people wagged heads melancholy satisfaction richard lion hearted died soon time fail list strange beings neither human angel exactly devil providence permits infest world creatures possess souls perish gone like cattle although live long hard kill probably numerous wild solitary places yet towns crowded castles free fairies good bad creatures relatively like human beings undines waters perfidious beauty lure unwary knights destruction ogres lie wait devour small children ghouls disinter dead gnaw bones vampires rise every night tombs suck blood humans turned beasts attack lonely travelers dracs carry little children subterranean realms marshes souls unbaptized dead infants also many rather friendly spirits sometimes overnight weary laborer work needs much knowledge tell good spirits bad know whether dealing goblin display harmless antics real imp darkness may hug like bear suffocation church forbid belief creatures pagan monsters giants pygmies cyclops satyrs tritons sirens although plainly teaches us ministers devil existence devil certain holy trinity already fear falling clutches often excellent effect sinner love god countless legends sculptures cathedrals tell monk convent peasant hut yes brave words long sword baron castle tremble lest meet devil produces kinds misery actually take possession living bodies men affirmed far aliquis knight sitting peaceably table suddenly devil entered fiend spoke poor man mouth raved uttered blasphemies priest brought book exorcisms recited devil screamed horribly yet days resisted holy formulas departed leaving victim utterly exhausted illustration richard coeur de lion capefigue de sidenote bargains devil much worse make direct pact devil time ago affirmed young scholar paris much troubled progressed slowly studies satan visited saying homage make excel wisdom gave youth stone asserting long hold stone hand know everything soon lad astonished schools erudition falling sick confessed crime threw away stone forgot learning speedily died devils began torture soul god promptly sent angel ordering let alone soul tormented immediately soul flew back body sprang life even paris students celebrating funeral service revived scholar however entered convent took chances carnal studies many people however compounded devil less fortunate fiend apparently come unless desperate plight willing promise everything usually unhappy mortal must deny christian faith repudiate saints utter blasphemies even asserted kiss arch fiend buttocks next horrid oath must taken standing inside three magic circles burning incense devil true give votary great worldly prosperity especially riches long life end fiend never fails claim soul eternal possession even satan made bargain great ecclesiastic gerbert became pope sylvester ii wise wicked probably opinion many rose pope aid hierarchy demons brass idol uttered oracles day death satan demanded whenever pope lies near end bones sylvester ii rattle tomb church discredits scandalous story widely believed since recent trial witch wizard bishop pontdebois folk near aliquis gained much precise knowledge black art magicians usually begin ceremonies creating magic smoke various inflammables spices also burning ingredients brain eagle blood black cat plenty hellebore smoke created dense foul uninitiated customers readily convinced demons rising vapor talking wizard thanks assistance magician even sinful wife witch able instruct find pot gold rob house rich jew especially prepare philters intended inspire love others hatred wives buy fearful compounds made substances three domains nature entrails animals scales fishes parings nails human blood pulverized powerful drugs mandragora duly brewed beaten together put unfaithful husband goblet win back affection potions little changed however make sworn lovers separate sidenote methods witchcraft dealers black art pontdebois also sell magic rings power demons thereby protecting wearer sudden death illness dangers travel enabling drive good bargains witch wizard also possessed undoubtedly evil eye resolutely fixed ox sheep cause perish almost dangerous human beings however twain presently ruined showing fickle protector devil certain silly nobleman got overcast knightly enemy lacked courage press honorable war wizard burned much incense witch proceeded shape puppet virgin wax much like victim possible shameless parody baptismal service christened doll name patron enemy next wizard placed livers swallows armpits place heart puppet finally wife pierced wax image needles cast blazing fire chanting cabalistic words probably beseeching special help devil inevitably soon knight assailed sickened died mercy god whole proceeding discovered knight saved powerful exorcisms bishop wizard proper tortures get confession buried alive wife witch burned foolish cavalier plotted murder saved life powerful relatives condemned go pilgrimage rome certain fatuous women bought love philters publicly rebuked church spent unhappy afternoon pillory good christians hope long day black art practiced iniquitously part france nevertheless forms divining church counts innocent time desire consult holy books proper prayer circumspection open bible random note tenor first passage meets eye favorable condition unfavorable pious simon de montfort consulted sacred lots ere taking cross albigensian crusade chapters canons use method see omens concerning candidate bishopric according jongleurs tales even popes seek oracle ere taking important step government church although stories wisely doubted precise method augury sentences expressing sentiments good bad written parchment string attached allowed protrude sentences covered say prayer seize string random follow read sentiment way saints devil reveal future undoubtedly peasants carry belief bad omens unlucky actions far conon adela laugh heartily notions avoid bad luck georges weaning calf always pulls away mother tail backward never begins plowing walked thrice around plow lighted candle jeanne never spins sews thursdays fridays lest make virgin weep springtime bone head mare set garden drive caterpillars time fails list rustic beliefs besides vary village village peasant many thereof hairs head sidenote universal adoration relics pious matter shared alike great humble highly approved church although wiser ecclesiastics deprecate excesses worship holy relics saints relics abound monastery church even castle without sometimes rest golden caskets place holy personages departed life sometimes brought rome palestine pious pilgrims often come gifts direct purchase relics somewhat sacrilegious present king duke great ecclesiastic good relic just give hawks ermine skins reward favors past expected pope always sending desirable relics bishops abbots wishes honor know latins sacked constantinople hardly shrine france get skull ribs even entire body eastern saint booty relics fact almost important gold jewels possessing relics desirable prayers near extra efficacy oaths taken caskets doubly binding sometimes holy objects surreptitiously removed pledge given perjury break promise dealing slippery individuals must therefore beware hand ignorant manner william norman inveigled harold taking great oath fealty englishman swore pact believing casket rested hands contained relics inferior worthies never punish perjured instant words priests opened sacred box showing full bones powerful saints imaginable harold turned pale horror realizing trapped later broke oath beyond doubt angered saints wrought death hastings good relics also imply source income provided properly advertised make church abbey possessing pilgrimage resort sometimes indeed fears lest overzealous monks exaggerate miracles wrought relics abbey church tale runs abbey vanne deeply debt abbot asserted debts paid red tunic vanne relic never doubt monks aliquis proud collection although means largest region two teeth prophet amos hairs martin leonard parings martyrs theban legion bits robe bernard finger bones saints saturnin sebastian patriarch jacob fifth rib amond skull holy innocents chip stone christ stood ascended heaven jaw bone sixtus hay manger bethlehem last least splinter true cross mere adoration things cancels many grievous years purgatory advantageous whole region collection need rain relics carried procession around thirsty country relief sure follow public assembly holy relics brought contending knights burghers wise counsels ensue going journey visit shrine relics almost guarantees safe return already seen conon knights kept certain relics always sword hilt confirm oaths lend efficacy actions sidenote contests relics enormous value sacred things often makes booty thieves band robbers stole remains leocadia abbey vic pursued cast holy bones aisne whence rescued serious difficulty need multiply records similar crimes profligate noblemen sometimes seize keep sacred relics castles talismans justice less miraculous manner relics preserved less sacred objects lost indeed divine mystery lightly inquired however two identical relics saint displayed france worldly questionings silenced surely holy men old head two arms apiece long since monks étienne exhibited skull denis monks denis claimed skull patron saint already lack charity ensued backbiting cease till great pope innocent iii tactfully silenced controversy without actually deciding relic authentic many say relics miraculously duplicate equally genuine undoubtedly god worked far greater wonders nevertheless sinfulness men spurious relics often imposed faithful good churchmen zealous work exposing sacrilegious frauds long since father grégoire conon give terrific flogging pretended pilgrim trying sell credulous peasants bit sail peter boat feather angel gabriel serious spurious shrine set near lyons recently peasant women insisted venerating tomb st guinefort discovered spot lady buried favorite greyhound another case many years ago great martin found near tours chapel people worshiped supposed martyr saint stood sepulcher prayed reveal really soon dark form arose specter confessed martin robber soul hell body sepulcher saint therefore destroyed chapel saved many wasting prayers substance dangerous business however concerning popular relics even great churchmen late bishop orléans liable mobbed call alleged skull génevieve head old woman astute prelate nevertheless authorities try duty pope innocent iii issued formal warning french clergy accepting spurious relics monks every monastery never hesitate dispute authenticity almost every kind relic provided deposited neighboring rival abbey sidenote translations relics however relics genuine impossible exaggerate desirability produced numerous holidays often special holiday proclaimed translated may see relics saint carried streets village town holy objects borne golden boxes canopy accompanied local clergy perhaps barons duke entire region allowed assist highest prelates carrying least escorting sacred casket explained certain features religion laity humble exalted length approach great institutions built strength catholic christianity league castle lies great center countryside monastery aliquis footnotes romance aucassin complains beloved cares go paradise go aged priests old cripples maimed day long night long cough altars naked barefoot full sores hell go hell go fair clerks great warriors go fair courteous ladies friends two three together wedded lords blasphemous enough atheistical much like penance imposed henry ii murder thomas à becket canterbury plays might guild even civic affairs secular element predominating among actors real wisdom probably lay superior knowledge mathematics wizard witch evidently used almost exactly means overcast victim robert artois wizard great nobleman tried destroy aunt mahaut chapter xix monastery aliquis buildings organization abbey great bernard written convent good us dwell man lives purely falls rarely rises quickly treads cautiously rests securely dies happily absolved easily rewarded plenteously every now say castle aliquis cavalier become monk cries astonishment probably slurring remarks even conon heart wonders chosen better part moment storms greedy monks sons monastery great interrogation point thrust castle castle says hunt tourney excitement feudal war things man truly knows hereafter monastery replies kingdom world baron villein must spend æons prepare ye probably monastery right illustration view abbey thirteenth century left structure building guests front church beyond two cloisters buildings reserved monks foreground gardens abbey outside wall monastery aliquis existed centuries benedictine monastery say rule system government discipline comes famous benedict nursia lived italy sixth century many new orders monks founded since none holy benedictines really live ideals founder barons aliquis rich people endowed monastery time time ample lands passing wealthy institution ignorant folk ages may think monastery collection idlers meditating heaven living charity groups perhaps existed eastern lands never benedictine monastery scene busy life many industries carried monks almost monastery fact contributes economic life region castle abbot victor head hardly less important even worldly sense messire conon happily now cordial terms sidenote abbey buildings monastery however establishment distinctly set world travel castle presently enter fields unusually well cultivated part abbey lands come small village comparatively clean well built lay servitors monks live families straight ahead rises strong battlemented wall wide circuit surrounded moat beyond wall appear spires pinnacles pretentious buildings wall needed stand attacks bands godless men dream even plundering convents drawbridge portcullis strong gate inside within little world center donjon new monastery church elegant structure almost equal small cathedral grouped around numerous buildings usually long high narrow dormitories refectory cloisters monks walks study well many less handsome barns storehouses workhouses garden rare herbs flowers tended loving care orchard fruit trees grafted unusual skill even sees slaughterhouse convenient corner tannery safe distance garden building monks garments spun woven flax wool produced abbey lands monks aliquis therefore anything droning hermits monasteries really comprise small towns famous establishment cluny harbors four hundred monks clairvaux seven hundred vezelay eight hundred aliquis content hundred fifty brethren number plus lay servitors enough busy community focus entire life abbey church without church building monastery almost impossible choir constantly needed recitation canonical hours many altars required monks holy orders may celebrate mass frequently great processions around nave part routine especially sundays abbot victor like predecessors straining every nerve gather funds beautify church deposited invaluable saints relics hard however convince laity extremely sacred unless lodged splendid edifice monks rival monasteries always comparing churches enviously victor set heart widening transepts putting new rose window certain pious heiress champagne called heaven illustration galleries cloister abbey thirteenth century sidenote abbey cloisters choir long array stalls monk order seniority abbot sits chair state southern side prior chief lieutenant faces north connected transept church cloister rectangular court four walks roofed walls nearest court pierced open arcades pillars upholding arcades beautifully carved floreated capitals separate pillar forming individual work art lovingly executed differing slightly neighbors three walks cloister touch church adjoin needful buildings chapter house brethren congregate refectory side opposite church dormitory walk nearest church monks supposed spend time allotted pious meditation faces south great structure behind cuts chilling winds therefore pleasant place cold weather inner side part cloister many little alcoves let massive walls monks study even converse without annoying others looking cloister court remarkable object holy brethren possess peasants declare possessed devil although mechanisms now becoming common dial marking twelve hours ingenious system pulleys weights indicates noon midnight without reference shifting shadows movement stars even bells ring every hour great convenience monks almost proud device less important saints relics books consume much monks time kept cupboards cloister alcoves since cistercian monastery always separate library cloister naturally led chapter house almost much care taken large oblong chamber church ceiling beautifully groined vaulted abbot sits raised seat east end officers right left remainder brethren stone benches ranged around walls center floor stands desk whence daily lection read lives martyrs chapter hence name room benedict holy rule document little less authoritative monks actual scriptures illustration refectory abbey thirteenth century come rooms cloisters extremely quiet study meditation sinful flesh requires outlet go parlor place room merchants bring wares subprior discuss sickness certain pigs farms saints know much personal gossip tossed next dormitory large open apartment beds monks standing walls numerous windows feet sleepers point two long rows toward center line room quiet place night several score brethren snoring together repose left stranger case little privacy monks separate bedrooms sidenote refectory kitchens infirmary close cloister refectory aisleless hall wooden roof across east end high table officers whole place resembling great hall castle brethren sit long tables running apartment near high table still higher pulpit mounted winding stair monk droningly read latin homily associates expected eat hearken silence kitchen great fireplaces adjoins refectory entrance dining hall just castle lavatory great stone basin many taps convenient washing hands since brethren sure sick separate infirmary suite places sleeping dining even little chapel feeble get church abbot lodgings entertain distinguished visitors although expected mingle freely fellow monks assume solitary grandeur less exalted guests put special court monastery never turns away decently behaving wayfarer guest master canny old religious naturally provides better quarters supper likely put denier alms box may just fled provost bare summary important buildings establishment aliquis cistercian convent following rule bernard clairvaux structures extremely plain mosaics stained glass silken hangings floral carvings church anything else calculated distract monks thinking heavenly mysteries austerely works art idols lead away god good best edify feeble souls worldly bernard mighty saint follow hard doctrine monks aliquis part sure heavenly ones rejoiced every time add new stone leaf unfading foliage cloister arches carve story david jonathan great walnut back prior seat chapter house illustration benedictine monk thirteenth century manuscript bibliothèque nationale clad frock robe supplied ample sleeves cowl monks aliquis benedictines black monks cistercians white monks white frocks cowls cowl cumbersome garment enveloping whole body worn ceremonies ordinarily monks wear black scapularies covering head body less completely also short capes new outer garments issued every year new day shoes every eighteen months new boots five years new pair woolen shirts four years also granted thin thick tunic coat cold weather also undershirt drawers short silly luxuries absurd austerities sidenote abbot center monastic life control whole community rests abbot monastic rule vows monks owe implicit obedience practical efficient man whole establishment happy prosperous reverse soon debt property wasted monks live evilly desert whole place often ruined abbeys resemble seigneuries either growing dwindling many church canons forbid abbots abuse office live luxuriously waste abbey property take important steps without consulting older monks decrees hard enforce fortunately head aliquis abbot victor moderate kindly yet withal worldly wise man younger son petty noble thrust monastery somewhat worldly heritage small monastic life however agreed became popular brethren peasant stock yet never let forget parents gentle prior knew deal conon seigneurs old leader died cry monks assembled chapter house let victor abbot since despite inevitable grumblings ruled acceptably avoiding alike cistercian severity lax rule made certain monasteries hatching nests scandal victor wears ceremonial occasions miter gold fringe although adorned pearls like bishop also handsome gloves especial emblems office crozer pastoral staff ring administration aided whole corps officers first prior named abbot abbot chief lieutenant superior deputy general man affairs next subprior third command third fourth priors known make frequent circuits inspection come charge singing chanting responsible bells lights ornaments church heads kitchen storehouses infirmary monastery finances also garnerer sagacious monk collects grain due abbey lands either sells profitably turns storekeeper sidenote routine monks day activities monks multifarious everything really subordinate duty chanting holy offices church brethren go bed even wintertime sunset light cressets bowls oil floating wicks rise midnight put clothes sit stone seats either end dormitory next file silent procession great dark church chant long service organ rumbling gloomy vaulting service made still longer prayers dead solemnly file back dormitory sleep daybreak winter actual sunrise summer whereupon rise go church chant prime tierce follows sext noon nones vespers sundown continues every day long life wonder monks know heart offices day night given breviary prime meeting held chapter house section read rule abbot priors call work monk individual complaints uttered corrections public reproofs given officers tierce service mass morning work goes sext first regular meal eaten although bread soaked wine allowed earlier weaker brethren talking meal discouraged nevertheless much whispering reader allowed eat earlier tries center attention pulpit brethren rise sing grace ending miserere chanted procession marching cloister everybody thereupon retires dormitory enjoys siesta time nones work next resumed vespers just supper supper another meeting chapter house reading pious book church chant complines since aliquis monastery monks compelled go straight bed sit carnal chatter doors establishment securely locked officers make rounds see every monk safe cot whole brotherhood settles night life monastery strict routine soon becomes perfect habit inmates course monks working fields required come daytime offices drop tools great bell rings pray silence reverently standing nunneries divisions time applied although chaplains come say mass thing impressing every visitor monastery intense sense order compared tumult coarse informality characteristic even better castle certain type mind regularity indescribably fascinating apart question advantages religion ask different brethren aliquis come enter portals ask many individual questions abbot typical many companions placed worldly prospects small decently urged relatives sometimes pressure mild brethren seem discontented men without vocation chafing irrevocable vows taken practically compulsion yearning back world also coarse old man robber knight tonsure scaffold duke put question person monastery nothing honorable prison however two three elderly better reason overwhelmed consciousness crimes genuinely anxious redeem souls considerable proportion monks gentle although majority latter class however subjected searching scrutiny entrance make sure useful members community mere clownish peasants often taken lay brethren learn prayers spend time abbey farms sleep dormitory sidenote reasons becoming monks greater number monks apparently joined voluntarily early manhood repelled confusion grubbing hardships world hankering intellectual life genuinely anxious deliver souls round fêtes tournaments forays many young knight suddenly turned announced companions profit spend eternity farewell beloved destrer knocked convent door sometimes sickened late choice often new world chants solemn offices books honest toil gently spoken words quietness discovered satisfaction possessed brother still messire seigneur monastery however certain young boys hoped prove contented profession parents guardians taken abbot ward behalf uttered vows bind helpless children forever offer son reads formula omnipotent god virgin mary salvation soul souls parents shall remain holy life days final breath earnestly wiser brethren pray practically orphaned boys become source sorrow discord community future years aliquis monastery monks however point pharisaical satisfaction certain neighboring establishments well ten abuses cloister costly living choice food noise cloister strife chapter disorder choir neglectful discipline disobedient youths lazy old men headstrong monks worldly officers alleged evils worse ones existed monastery ausonne five leagues away community excellent name sanctity twenty years ago foolish abbot admitted many younger sons forced relatives duke likewise imprudently pardoned whole gang highwaymen condition turn religious also several cavaliers deliberately entered order sinful expectation family influence procure election abbots bishops posts great worldly consequence old enemy satan entered ausonne accounts still refuses ejected sidenote disorderly monastery evil tidings convent presently spread rome holy father deeply grieved ordered bishop pontdebois visit establishment restore discipline well took troop armed sergeants stoned furious inmates monks aliquis lift hands horror least stories told discoveries part bishop report reads like brother regnaud accused great uncleanness life bartholomée cantor assistant often gets drunk get matins service roger third prior frequents taverns jean fourth prior habitual tippler morell another cantor assistant given striking evil speaking firmin charge abbey lands like etc charges however mere details real sorrow abbot whole organization ausonne fallen utterly away monastic ideal school lord service quote benedict abbot merely worldly miserly recently jongleur sought hospitality ausonne monks offered merely black bread water although supper far sumptuous two cooked dishes half pint wine allowed benedictine rule leaving abbey minstrel met abbot returning pushing political fortunes paris profusely thanked prelate monks noble hospitality given choice wine rich dishes finally presented good shoes belt abbot returned home rage caused guest master flogged squandering monastery property minstrel course spread tale revenge indirectly prompted visitation establishment fine bishop reported ausonne many monks ranged country wandering feet mere religious vagabonds levying alms peasantry sometimes bearing letters abbot allowing quit cloister pleasure abbot defying canons elaborate hunting parties hawks hounds church law merely permitted monks kill rabbits crows dangerous crops bishop actually found kennel great dogs sheaf boar spears within holy compound dietary ausonne fit castle venison served friday amount wine consumed astounding women never supposed set foot within inner precincts monastery spare church scandal conceals bishop discovered practice establishment ausonne monks cast reproaches honest brethren elsewhere visiting aliquis convent discovered complained talk refectory night offices church meals poor give us beans unshelled eggs wine thin mixed cows drink water never get drunk wine aliquis better die live another brother seems drifted round duchy visiting disorderly seigneurs becoming boon companion cozening women boasting ideal life big salmon dinner time sitting fountain friendly dame monks sheer sacrilege performing sacred offices possible story goes morning office drowsy soon heads fall service books close every line choir boys expected keep chant latter impious young mortals soon learned begin quiet games moment last monk fallen asleep proper time expired boys call loudly let us bless lord thanks god monks respond awakening start everybody go comfortably away sidenote discipline unruly monks report bishop probably produce two orders rome either holy father appoint new abbot strictly enjoined rule convent rod iron restore discipline whole establishment broken hopeless inmates distributed around among stricter monasteries cases bad ausonne rare breed infinite scandal provide outrageous tales jongleurs long monasticism exists institutions afflicted idleness luxury lust flesh lust eyes pride life doubtless monastery exempt evil thoughts evil deeds yet pitiful saints allow institutions ausonne exist bring contempt tens thousands monks trying serve god sincerity footnotes chapters terms monastery abbey convent used synonymously course term convent conventus meeting might also used nunnery priory usually smaller type institution ruled prior abbot see note dependent greater abbey clocks run wholly weights known early charlemagne time famous magician pope sylvester ii see studied mechanism thirteenth century slowly coming general use course first hand showing merely hours nature monastery contain disproportionately large number doddering old men sick helpless individuals significantly called besides monk supposed bled health four five times year recovering operation stay infirmary church usually rejected candidates regular priesthood labored serious physical disabilities monasteries less arbitrary probably obtained share blind purblind halt deaf etc abbey near boulogne many lame monks abbot refused admit defectives thirty years probably extreme case similar reasons many women unmarriageable physical defects seem placed nunneries monasteries affiliated great abbey cluny highest officer prior abbot entire group establishments cluny various small dependent monasteries merely prior supposedly dependent abbot superior monastery children sometimes presented motives genuine piety save souls redeem relatives often thrust convent merely dispose unwelcome heirs avoid cost rearing wise abbots course sift cases carefully bishops theoretically right inspection unless monastery direct papal charter case monks probably resist episcopal interference vigorously unless pope gave bishop specific orders intervene complaints identical actually made worldly monk visited venerable abbey cluny chapter xx monastery aliquis activities inmates monastic learning monk taken great vow renouncing parents brothers friends possessions vain empty glory world renouncing also god accepting hardships monastic life employed benedict great sagacity written enemy ancient hermits devoted entire time contemplation hoping visions angels recorded often visions devil therefore continues holy rule fixed times brothers employed manual labor fixed times sacred reading general monks aliquis busied two great things fields copying actual writing profitable books sidenote bequests monasteries monastery passing rich administration constitutes great worldly care ever since institution came existence time heribert rendered region fairly safe erecting fortress monks adding property church foundations never die mortmain prevents crumbling income obtainable many sources probably best lands come abbey reception new members novices received unless make grant entire possessions institution younger sons peasants little enough give every now abbey receives person considerable wealth besides acquisitions better way laymen cancel arrears recording angel gifts land money abbey gifts come lifetime sometimes deathbed noblemen complain monks defraud possessions man lies die bewails epic poem hervis de metz thinks sons summons black monks benedict gives lands revenues ovens mills men age impoverished clerics daily grow richer often person deathbed actually take habit enrolled monk course conveying abbey possessions told sweetest way human conscience settle case god property comes abbey every direction gifts refused tainted money giving heaven invariably pious deed ordinarily justifies whatever oblique means used get donation monks aliquis accumulating tillage lands meadows vineyards often rentals lands held others rentals payable wheat barley oats cattle also pasture rights donations given unconditionally strictly condition income used providing alms poor lodgings comforts sick saying special masses repose soul benefactor abbot victor therefore supervise many farms forests mills scattered many miles also receives tithe church tax five six parish churches region condition appoint priests support part income lands abbot owes feudal service exercises feudal suzerainty possessing therefore overlord also vassals just nobles held fiefs passed abbey accordingly regular seigneur receiving homage bound justice vassals able call arms whenever secular need arises church law course lead person battle accept conon advocate advocate called elsewhere abbey aliquis able lead numerous retainers field act military matters abbot lieutenant champion baron owes much importance example gets third fees payable abbey enforcing justice among dependents feud sometimes attempt call abbot vassals follow personal banner even quarrel least concern monks nevertheless overpowerful champion usually necessary monastery despite fear excommunication unscrupulous lords frequently seize abbey lands even pillage sacred buildings trusting smooth matters later gift pilgrimage temptation presented rich helpless monastery sometimes almost irresistible sidenote monastic industries almsgiving nonmilitary matters however monks control everything direct agriculture hundreds peasants maintain real industries manufacturing far way church ornaments vestments elegant woolen tapestries elaborate book covers musical instruments enameled reliquaries well carvings wood bronze silver possibly use church surplus sold third prior just returned pontdebois report success disposing fine bishop throne brother octavian great skill chisel spent three whole years making monks also maintain school primarily lads expect become clerics open also sons nobles indeed peasants see use letting hulking boys expect enter church learn latin struggle pothooks hangers monks another great care expense distribution alms even lavishly castle porter bound always keep small loaves bread lodge ready give itinerant poor every night swarms travelers high low lodged fed guest master none turned away unless demands quarters second night questions asked bad years monasteries somehow expected feed wretched thousands means great drain income even monks live sparely often another heavy demand made abbot revenues many varied parcels land almost always involved costly lawsuits rival church establishments claiming property heirs donors refuse give expected heritages creditors debtors abbey commercial transactions neighboring seigneurs land trouble old proverb victor cheerfully subscribes litigious many abbots time seems consumed carnal matters profit soul activities large monastery ample enough give scope individual genius brethren although every abbey likely special interests south french monasteries make export rare cordials healing drugs others boast horticulture breeding cattle manufacture various kinds elegant articles already noted however mere cultivation fields brethren toil side side lay helpers although also acting overseers consumes energies much convent remainder time monks devoted forms learning great establishment cluny sets proper example every brother least young must practice humility digging pulling weeds shelling beans making bread work largely discipline least inclination soon encouraged devote copying manuscripts studying books perfecting latin finally actually writing original latin works sidenote manuscript copying study day long save times chanting offices older brethren many younger little alcoves round cloister conning copying huge volumes parchment vellum whispering together learned problem formal literature latin recently something disgrace prove oneself unclerkly using vulgar tongue romance accounted fit worldly noblemen jongleurs illustration piece furniture serving seat reading desk restored manuscript left writing table placed inkstand near seat circular lectern holds chandelier turned reader aliquis every convent monks still wont argue among far safe study pagan rather christian writers undoubtedly horace ovid livy delight student read latin wealth new ideas marvelous vigor language vistas strange wonderful world opened imagination unfortunately however authors died worshiping demons souls hell least limbo uppermost least painful compartment pope gregory write bishop fond classical studies behooves mouth consecrated praise god open jupiter odilon abbot cluny renounce beloved virgil favored heathen writers warning dream beholding therein wondrous antique vase reached grasp proved full writhing serpents nevertheless pagan authors seductive monks persist studying although always guilty feeling stolen waters sweet bread eaten secret pleasant monastery school advanced instruction given younger monks well laymen primary instruction grammar rhetoric dialectics art reasoning taught course latin apt pupils encouraged continue two monks superior learning astronomy arithmetic geometry music systematic instruction hardly ever given anything else although odds ends certain sciences absorbed around aliquis sidenote books learning fundamental textbooks donatus grammar instruction latin almost everything savoring real learning latin translations master aristotle long time monks content logical works famous grecian explaining processes argumentation enjoy enormous advantage using latin versions physics metaphysics ethics great works master know quote dante writing eighty years later books come directly greek others distorted passing arabic version turn made latin also various arabic commentaries considerable value curious doubtless heaven denied salvation alike greek moslem suffer unbelievers possess worldly wisdom surpassing good christians bible truly says children world generation wiser children light secular matters indeed aristotle final authority says aristotle best way silence every hostile argument rarely man hope cogitations overthrow dicta wonderful sage athens great deal monkish student time taken abstract problems philology logic nevertheless abbey contains many parchments widening knowledge world example read vincent de beauvais minute account universe things within learn astonishing fact world kind globe suspended center cosmos many wonderful things described example lead transmuted gold kinds wonders defy ordinary experience doubted since god course anything turn hugues de victor treatise beasts learn habits animals concerning stags live nine hundred years dove right eye contemplates left eye god books also medicine parts contain sober wisdom worthy attention murderous physicians elsewhere giving directions since autumn melancholy season people eat heartily summer refrain love affairs abstract sciences music monks know four principal four secondary sounds scales seven modulations five strings viol geometry aid stick lying ground find height walls towers arithmetic multiply divide great facility keep accounts like king treasurer astronomy understand motion planets qualities saturn proud wise ambitious mars malevolent bad provoking strife battles sun hung midst planets three three much similar wisdom although must proceed carefully astronomy connection astrology close astrology black art long journey sidenote scientific studies chronicle writing good monks perhaps made best progress botany geology brethren gathered collections curious minerals herbs also dried bird animal skins although interest seems healing qualities various substances rather nature things certain figs good wounds broken bones aloes stops hair falling root mandrake make women love plenty sage garden somehow protects owner premature death geology consists collecting arranging curious stones course settled genesis world made days infidel avincenna indeed advanced theory mountains caused upheaval earth crust action water must hesitate however believing seems hardly compatible holy writ hand books animals unhesitatingly tell remarkable creatures mentioned aristotle pliny arabs unicorns phoenixes dragons well understood likewise sea monsters example great krakens drag ships tentacles sirens mermaids finally sea bishops probably kind seal piously bless human victims devouring besides study older books monks writing certain books important great chronicle begun years ago learned brother emeri commences creation world adam eve tells greeks romans charlemagne heirs much greater detail gives recent history duchy quelqueparte happenings abbey also much barons aliquis emeri now dead chronicle continued year year really compendium varied learning example learn wars julius cæsar crusades great lawsuit ten years ago abbey lands feud conon foretvert calf born neighboring barony meteor struck near pontdebois latin chronicle whole good sometimes almost equal livy story embellished constant citations merely virgil horace homer plato suppose authors familiar greek however means case quotations greek authors many latin ones taken commonplace books nevertheless narrative seems elegant borrowed learning monks proud chronicle never fail boast much complete accurate erudite similar works compiled rival institutions monks actually studying often copying aliquis two hundred volumes library parchment expensive durable abbot sees way procure material another volume likely send friendly convent borrow book monks yet possess skillful brethren put work making copy possible beautiful original six months year work probably finished although duplicate made work already hand less haste process may extend years copying excellent means propitiating heaven bernard emphatically every word write blow smites devil cassiodorus much earlier asserted exercise mind holy scriptures convey read kind moral instruction preach hand converting hand organ speech fighting pen ink parchment costly article provide single book scores sheep must die new style writing material however just coming vogue paper substance made linen cloth now produced small quantities france although usual seems invention arab infidels day perhaps paper become plentiful cheap books multiplied vast numbers yet practically everything parchment certainly far less destructible paper whatever cost sidenote elegant manuscripts binding cloister alcoves dozen copyists pursuing task infinite patience question fast well performing work god rule write sheets two columns making characters either roundish minuscule squarer gothic initials bright colors background gold may painted brilliant miniature illustration work best copyists beautifully legible scribes put heart soul productions expect volumes memorials faithfulness piety scores years departed sheets completed book bound leather much ages although sometimes sides wood case likely metal clasps bosses brass covers precious volumes adorned plates silver carved ivory year year library grows need remarked every copy devoted thoroughness learning feudal age therefore lacks breadth somewhat compensated intensity older studious monks know almost heart facts entire collection younger brethren revere carrying heads practically everything significant way worldly wisdom catch glimpse superficial material side typical monastic establishment spiritual intellectual atmosphere find time penetrate present duty return world examine yet unvisited good town pontdebois footnotes abbots advocates continually friction respective prerogatives victor conon got along fair harmony somewhat exceptional prelate seigneur see also great abbey like cluny many lay servitors dispense manual labor monks save personal aptitude lacking anything else result french able develop forceful expressive language unspoiled pedantry many serious books written vernacular somewhat true also english german modern tongues especially true copies bible every abbey least example additional specimens prepared deliberately intention making new work just beautiful permanent possible introduction paper course absolutely necessary invention printing real value perhaps proper say dante person course remarkable intellect able master learned information science available time true next great mediæval scholar petrarch period supply human knowledge become vast brain petrarch become specialist chapter xxi good town pontdebois aspect organization summer advances conon baroness familiars make annual visit great fair always held time pontdebois practically nothing except wheat cattle like staples ordinarily bought sold around aliquis course messenger sent town articles urgently needed rule baron family saves important purchases fair many desirable things ordinarily city put sale present season fair seems important account expensive fêtes conon afford visit paris must make purchases nearer home leagues pontdebois messire travels considerable retinue least twenty men arms well equipped besides body servants wife long string sumpter beasts bring back desired commodities castle must really stock year baron hardly fears attack robbers near castle friendly town takes chances best seigneurs disclaim responsibility fate travelers proceed night sire controls miles way possibly quiet understanding certain outlaws may lurk forests watch roads without much questioning provided refrain outrages important people make liberal presents christmas easter case number merchants packmen humble travelers gone safely far aliquis glad complete journey baron formidable company conon turn gladly protects adds prestige approach pontdebois great following roads worse elsewhere yet abominable trails muddy ruts seem year ordinarily passable horses mules although summer rude carts bump along cross streams must places depend fords dangerous springtime unfordable river entering claire indeed crossed rude wooden bridge building bridges fostered church great indulgence proclaimed bishop years ago bridge constructed pious work especially useful pilgrims unfortunately responsible upkeep falling disrepair already tottering men pass repeat formulas commending souls god church provides use whenever attempting unstable bridges sidenote travelers inns journey meet many humble travelers obliged trudge weary miles poor peasant seeking farm now distant seigneury donkey carry household gear children wife painfully carrying youngest infant poor man staggers great sack travelers consequence ride horseback large mail leathern portmanteau tied beast crupper burdens heavy often spend night abominable quarters consequently must possible carry flint steel tinder making fire kind bedding often tent along road quantity beggars real pretended cripples deformed persons wandering living charity blind men staffs dogs beggars disguise favorite robbers wretches whine alms messire alms hold wrist minus hand point eye gouged probably suffered just punishments crimes although may mutilated merely order work sympathies gullible party approaches pontdebois houses become better closer together just outside gate group taverns available prefer carouse lodge without rather within city walls conon terms hospitality rich burgher found baron favor profitable leads company promptly inside gates many humbler travelers turn taverns adela gives aristocratic sniff disdain ride past places assuredly dirty proceeds smell stale wine poor cooking owners smooth smirking men stand road travelers come sight begin praise hostelries within calling manner comforts painted chambers soft beds packed high white straw soft feather mattresses hostel love affairs retire fall asleep pillows violets washed mouth rinsed hands rose water victims however find dirty public dining room men women alike drinking dicing around bare oaken tables night guests sleep chambers bed wedged bed perhaps two bed feathers anything rear inns garden guests urged carouse unsavory females haunt establishments visitors lucky get safely away without made stupidly drunken robbed innkeeper seize baggage even clothes pretense paid reckoning leaving taverns side aliquis company rides straight onward spires walls pontdebois rising circuit gray curtain walls turrets reaches claire barges swinging across stretches solid wooden bridge gives good town name walls see gabled roofs pretentious houses great round donjon civic watchtower else soaring fabric stately mass cathedral scaffolding still around unfinished towers several smaller parish churches also visible baron company obliged halt gate influx efflux rickety carts sumpter beasts persons thrusting across drawbridge way good people conon squires cry way messire st aliquis last without cracking whips make mechanic crowds know betters party forces path narrow streets sidenote entering city visit pontdebois real novelty castle folk yet always experience sense bustle vastness entering eight thousand indeed assert ten thousand people living together single community confused even saints must peer heaven try number swarm young old rich poor masters apprentices packed behind set walls tell truth circuit pontdebois great render walls defensible possible save expense fortifications made inclose smallest circumference answer result land inside precious houses wedged closely together streets extraordinarily narrow people hardly stir without colliding others real breathing spaces market place open ground around cathedral behind bishop palace also small garden otherwise appears almost green thing grow pontdebois contrast open country whence travelers just come therefore startling even best streets dark tortuous filthy almost paving waste water houses flung windows horrid offal cast well blood refuse numerous slaughterhouses pigs privileged scavengers even market place streets darker second stories houses project considerably first third second also fourth fifth often exist lower consequently almost roof formed lanes cutting rain light air upper stories neighbors merely gossip actually shake hands friends across street thoroughfares amazingly crooked everybody built house pleased afterward kind bypath around created night twisting avenues dark pitch get without lantern even better possible stay home prevent easy flight thieves common stretch many heavy chains across streets night notwithstanding footpads often lurk covert black corners pontdebois quiet residence sections community almost nothing little shops little industries two often combined roof shops generally open directly streets stalls intruding public way like oriental bazaars streets fact seem almost property merchants foot passengers barely find passage carts traverse town business hours conon company horseback might found absolutely blocked chanced arrive almost precisely noon hum bustle suddenly cease worthy folk pontdebois forsake counters benches enjoy hearty dinners sidenote rich burgher house reach market place just city hangman finished necessary ceremony lambert master woolen weaver caught selling adulterated dishonestly woven cloth contrary statutes guild hangman solemnly burned offending bolts cloth jeering crowd apprentices lambert offense cried loud voice man disgraced ruined become mere wage earner quit city outright misfortune choice news hour smell burning cloth still air conon party rides pillory halts house rich othon bouchaut ready receive maître othon principal burghers grown rich importing wares venice constantinople lands infidels scandalous say nobles villein born hands accustomed hold purse pen able talk great seigneur without groveling every good peasant wife even wear gold lace pearls costly stuffs fête days nobles actually broken law forbidding wear furs deplorable done othon rich stir trouble even duke nothing remains speak fair accept hospitality powerful merchant house marketplace rises five stories high built beams filled laths mortar stucco ground floor storerooms costly oriental goods desks master clerks seem forever busy complicated accounts next rooms family although without spacious magnificence great hall aliquis adela remarks little enviously host wife enjoys many comforts luxuries hardly known castle upper stories full small chambers othon family clerks younger apprentices learning business front door swings ensign house gilded mortar token powdered spices owner sells houses pontdebois numbers ensigns serve identify othon neighbors lives crouching cat another tin pot another silver fish town house othon also appears quite new many others however doubtful sign good fortune years ago much pontdebois burned narrow streets thatched roofs absence means checking blaze save line buckets hastily organized make great fires standing menace every city othon complains moment may reduced almost beggary carelessness wretched scullery maid tavern apprentice also say somehow city greater danger plague country castles even villages dungheaps dozen years ago pontdebois lost quarter population outbreak spared neither rich poor physicians religious processions seemed alike helpless demoralized community saints mercifully halted devastation sidenote communal donjon stone houses pontdebois even best houses citizens usually wood mortar yet risen magnificent stone city halls later glory north france flanders side market place rises communal donjon good town like seigneur indeed somewhat seigneur placed commission walls therefore strong citadel donjon forms high solid square tower dominating public square summit always watchman ready first danger fire attack boom alarm bell tower large enough rooms base nearest ground council chamber worshipful echevins deliberate archive room elaborate town records kept directly council chamber however prison general offenders mewed comfortably abysses aliquis soul communal donjon however hovers around bells dark tower hang shrill jacqueline loud carolus deepest mightiest holy trinity several others peal powerful bells pertains every free town course ring lustily merrily holidays indeed strangers city think rung often repose begin leaping thundering together probably sign mass meeting citizens open plaza donjon magistrates may wish harangue populace balcony just council room descanting public danger deliver peaceful explanation new municipal ordinance case commune without donjon bells like ship without rudder ever pontdebois succumbs superior power first step conqueror probably take away bells thing annulling city liberties pontdebois good town charter privileges hundred years early charlemagne day village existed site location proved good trade inhabitants despite success commerce industry increasing numbers long time mere villeins dependent lord bishop town region rights peasants fields however dealing men steadily becoming richer picking strange ideas foreign intercourse proved much harder keep content station run villeins besides dukes quelqueparte although loath grant privileges villeins averse privileges given subjects independent unreliable vassals bishops pontdebois consequently townspeople began raising cry commune commune episcopal presence bishop look suzerain much support indeed realized intelligent seigneurs granting charter town often meant great increase wealth lord fiscal rights carefully safeguarded actually gainer apparent cession part authority upshot certain bishop needed large purse cover travel holy land round sum townsfolk bought charter precious document practically raised status villeins protected executions tyrannies run peasants accept resignedly bad winters sidenote charter commune charter read part much follows henri grace god bishop pontdebois make known present come established undermentioned rules inhabitants town pontdebois every male inhabitant town shall pay every year twelve deniers bushel oats price dwelling desires hold land outside walls four deniers per year acre houses vines fields may sold alienated pleasure holder dwellers town shall go neither feudal levy expedition unless lead person allowed six echevins administer ordinary business town assist provost duties especially decree seigneur shall withdraw town inhabitants reason unless actually men owe arrears taxes etc securing charter men pontdebois began hold heads manner grievous neighboring nobles even grievous wealthy clergy often original suzerains towns authority seriously curtailed books full wrath ecclesiastics changed situation name new detestable pungently wrote abbot guibert nogent even movement young bishop ives chartres assured everybody compacts city folk binding contrary canon law decision holy fathers even recently synod paris denounced communes creations usurers exactors set diabolical usages tending overthrow jurisdiction church however righteous anger holy men proved vain communes ever wax stronger annually new seigneur compelled sell charter even grant nothing kings watch complacently movement weakens unruly feudatories sometimes townsfolk grown insolent tried defend privileges sheer violence tyrannous bishop laon foolishly tried cancel charter granted city boasted expect people commotions negro boy john seize terrible nose fellow even growl yesterday called forced give least long live next day yell commune commune rang streets mob sacked episcopal palace found bishop hiding cask bottom cellar howling populace dragged street killed hatchet add sacrilege anointed bishop plundered nobles chanced town deeds wonder king went laon order strong hand nevertheless years later new charter granted town succeeding bishops walk warily despite inward groanings sidenote rule echevins rich merchants fortunately pontdebois spared convulsions rule local prelates reasonable conciliatory bishop still called suzerain receives fixed tax provided original agreement jurisdiction citizens spiritual matters include heresy blasphemy insults assaults priests outrages churches likewise much might called probate litigation touching validity marriages children consequently wills property rights affected thereby however secular particulars citizens pretty complete control levy numerous imposts direct taxes tolls market dues enroll militia defend walls take field officers banner general levy region called pass many local ordinances name magistrates administer high justice even wage local wars grievance neighboring barons kind collective seigneur thing coin money privilege carefully reserved king superior nobility practically powers exercised six echevins higher dignitary mayor head little real democracy however pontdebois richer merchants like othon prosperous masters form practically oligarchy excluding poor artisans apprentices share municipal affairs save paying taxes listening edicts magistrates officers year year use town money much see fit refusing public reckoning blandly announcing render accounts another therefore certain discontented fellows even murmur burghers worse taxed oppressed baron conon villeins st aliquis nevertheless often great desire become even passive citizen pontdebois live unmolested year day escape jurisdiction lord whose estate villein protected outrages possible even best seigneuries gain chance become something clodhopping plowman perhaps grandchildren least become wealthy powerful enough receive baron guest even rich othon may wander twisting streets pontdebois nightfall loud horns blow curfew cover fires streets deserted save occasional watchman rattling staff calling darkness pray dead footnotes another abuse levy heavy toll travelers passing castle irrespective whether legal license demand pontdebois really many eight thousand permanent inhabitants mean community feudal times many city two three thousand even less place ten thousand rank important center wide region size france even paris time paving streets leading directly city gates remainder continued mere slough choice breeding place contagious diseases precautions assumed useless men bound submit god supplications healing saint like firman antoine usually seemed efficacious real sanitary precautions rouen six severe fires yet exceptionally unfortunate city close river liable also serious freshets course every place fairly constant danger stormed sacked burned war modern travelers day impressed amount bellringing goes unspoiled flemish towns bruges course two communal charters ever alike although many run common mold many towns received full charter rights burgessy guaranties various common forms oppression although laws still actually administered officers named seigneur bishops often cathedral episcopal seat largest place dioceses places likely demand charters echevins often known instead jurés numbers frequently much greater six mayors might called provosts rewards chapter xxii industry trade pontdebois great fair aliquis folk come pontdebois largely attend great fair soon open ordinary articles purchase found sale week day city beehive industry notwithstanding much talk commerce feudal ages means communication transport bad luxuries essentials exported far takes thirty days good weather travel paris marseilles takes sometimes week go pontdebois paris larger industrial city much nearer paris result almost everything ordinarily needed château village even monastery made spot manufactured sold good town industrial life however seems exist small scale real factories establishment employing four five persons including proprietor rare much commoner petty workshops conducted owner alone aided youthful apprentice multiplicity extremely small plants gives pontdebois show bustle activity actual population warrant business town simply name desires directed little winding street containing shops given industry glass workers street tanners row butchers lane parchment makers street frequented monkish commissioners abbeys goldsmiths lane etc illustration cloth merchants cathedral rheims thirteenth century sidenote shopkeepers crying wares rule goods made rear shop sold small counter directly street customer stands drives bargain written signs price cards practically unknown moment possible purchaser comes sight attendants near front shops begin terrific uproar trying bawl neighbor praising wares almost dragging visitor inspect trade etiquette permits shopkeepers shout derogatory things rivals father grégoire wishing buy shoes almost demoralized clamor although means first visit pontdebois enters shoemakers lane seems apprentices crowding around plucks cape good father exactly want hearken thief shouts another try shoes name price third tries push yet another stall good sirs cries grégoire dismay god sake treat gently buy shoes reluctantly let make choice conclude bargain unmolested outsiders fish bread wine markets scenes even riotous phrases used hucksters crying wares peculiar picturesque always trade well buyer beware fixed prices really unknown inferior goods inordinately praised nevertheless city guild authorities try hard protect purchasers misrepresentation officers always making unannounced rounds inspection see guild ordinances obeyed fate rascally woolen maker noted heavy fines also imposed lately rope maker put linen hemp cord cutler put silver ornaments bone knife handle however protect purchasers gone outside line work permitted members guild trenched another set craftsmen indeed short residence pontdebois makes aware within chartered commune question strictly feudal dominions whose guild belong everything apparently revolves around trade craft guilds guilds like butchers alleged much older granting charter undeniable organizations multiplied grown power since precious document obtained special industry goes seigneur city bishop special grant privileges fee usually satisfy petitioners especially desire privileges mainly protect fellow craftsmen paris three hundred fifty separate professions pontdebois much fewer yet number seems high many guilds members apiece even smallest mortally jealous prerogatives mystery makes men shoes another women another children time ago last mentioned sold alleged children shoes seemed large result bitter law suit brought women shoemakers christian charity among guildsmen restored yet paris say tailors pushing case dealers latter repair garments completely make practically new soon handsome fees kings judges nobody else sidenote division regulations guilds friction arises course guild granted strict monopoly trade within certain prescribed limits saddle maker strange city started shop without admitted proper guild soon find shop closed products burned feet stocks town donjon guilds supposed strict regulations however return privileges conditions labor laid hours days working precise quality products fixed sometimes even size articles selling price night work rule forbidden see produce perfect goods although carpenters allowed make coffins sunset days festivals everyone must close feast days pastry shops selling cakes sweetmeats allowed open violaters subject fine goes partly guild corporation partly town treasury fines form good part municipal revenue guilds labor unions controlling members masters employers labor although usually business small scale guild also religious benevolent institution every corporation patron saint special chapel church priest engaged say masses souls deceased members member falls misfortune guild expected succor especially dies look widow assist orphans learn father craft organization also banner splendid hung ordinarily beside guild altar civic processions proudly carried syndics craft officers syndic influential guild ordinary ambition every young industrialist means acme power dignity attainable short elected echevin road full guild membership fairly difficult yet traversed lads good morals legitimate birth application intelligence master three apprentices also son desires learn trade apprentices serve three twelve years illustration commoner thirteenth century cathedral rheims sidenote apprentices hired workers masters difficult craft longer service takes apprenticeship become qualified jeweler lads bound ordinarily quit master circumstances proper time run away haled back roundly punished usually knocked plentifully none well clothed sleep cold garrets fed leavings master table seldom call moment except holidays master may give little pocket money regular wages hand bound teach trade protect evil influences often enough course matters end favorite apprentice marrying master daughter practically taking establishment end apprenticeship young industrialist becomes hired worker perhaps old master shop perhaps somewhere else engaged paid week often changes employers many times stage career guild protects gross exploitation hours long summer months finally led moral life proved good workman accumulated small capital may apply syndics admission full master kind examination takes place example weaver must produce extremely good bolt cloth show skill actually making adjusting parts loom ordeal passed pays fee divisible city guild undergoes initiation full horseplay absurd allegory candidate position baker must solemnly present new pot full walnuts wafers chief syndic latter accepting contents candidate deliberately breaks pot wall proclamation now full member guild last act course grand feast whole fraternity guzzling tankard tankard expense new brother quarter town aliquis visitors hardly dare enter thrust away miserable hovels wedged angle walls live accursed race jews people oriental physiognomies exceedingly obsequious christians latter trust bearded men earrings women bright kerchiefs eastern stuffs seem conducting little shops bought cheapest furniture household utensils particularly old clothes pontdebois quarter small stone building conon followers wonder echevins suffer exist ancient synagogue jewish colony old town christians periled souls venturing inside say windows small dark grimy interior lighted dim lamps also strange ancient books written character gentile interpret whispered report containing fearful blasphemies catholic faith sidenote jews money lending folk permitted pontdebois maître othon explain god consigned jews eternal damnation permitted many world possess inordinate riches persons compelled law wear saffron circle breasts actually find moneys sufficient pay costs duke campaign every great seigneur jew king royal jew loan money christian order wage wars push peaceful undertakings jews indeed hard without church strictly forbids loaning money usury yet somehow seems difficult borrow large sums simply prospect bare repayment jews fear souls hesitate lend interest sometimes graspingly demanding forty fifty even sixty per cent outrageous ofttimes money must christian lend certain worthy men especially lombards north italy say well church allowed lending reasonable interest beginning make loans accordingly suggestion however savors heresy meantime jews continue despised maltreated mobbed every good friday nevertheless almost indispensable illustration chartres great object brings many visitors pontdebois annual fair held every august field river just south town purchased many articles unusual regularly sale city shops even general market held square donjon thursday pontdebois fair indeed compete extensiveness rouen dijon fairs famous lendit fair near denis paris great champagne fairs troyes elsewhere best places buying selling france nevertheless must despise fair attracts nearly good folk quelqueparte intent gains purchases respects fair many features like tourney aliquis long files travelers beasts foot approaching innumerable tents flaunting bright pennons jongleurs swarmed make music exhibit tricks conon festival coming hither also travelers rule knights bright armor soberly clad merchants attendants lead destrers heavily laden sumpter mules tents given gallant feasting gentle intrigues vigorous chaffering thing knights affect despise good money therefore although bustle seems results different special complication fairs kind money shall pay royal coinage supposed circulate everywhere represent standard king power suppress whole swarm local coinages deniers anjou maine rouen touraine toulouse poitou bordeaux many districts besides good royal coins paris also plentiful circulation constantinople bezants venetian zechins german groats english silver shillings addition many outlandish infidel coins debatable value add trouble varying standards weights measures make sure used every purchase illustration fair champagne thirteenth century center picture commoner wife going make purchases right front shop cloth merchants customers shop boy knees unpacks cloth another carries bales left beggar another establishment draper group people money weighed money changer farther back lord servants going crowd left parade mountebanks right shops background walls houses church etc sidenote heavy tolls commerce royal foot pretty general measure sometimes split ten sometimes twelve inches still worse pound weight paris pound divides sixteen ounces lyons fourteen marseilles thirteen clearly needs time patience level head trade happily fair consider number tolls levied everywhere commerce fee every load crosses bridge traverses stretch river highway passes castle wonder grows seems worth transport goods fees small multiply even short journey along loire roanne nantes places something must paid things bad land clergy knights usually exempt merchants travel almost hand pockets satisfy collectors local seigneurs result almost nothing brought distance fairly portable demand readily met local workshops nevertheless good fair profitable asset intelligent seigneur present fair instituted seventy years ago unusually enterprising lord bishop induced barons region agree treat visitors fair reasonably give protection robbers also established strict regulations secure every trader fair play disposing wares commissioned sergeants patrol grounds set competent provost court right among tents persons falling dispute get quick decision without expensive litigation return laid small tax every article sold arrangement worked well succeeding bishops wise enough realize contented merchants profitable plundered hare hare cry prelate sergeants first day announcing opening two weeks trafficking bargain driving amusements thimble rigging continue sidenote numerous commodities fairs time fair carefully calculated many merchants spend warmer months journeying wares fair another many traders pontdebois spent half june lendit everything sale carts horses fine tapestries silver cups wares present fair almost equally extensive although selection may little less choice besides kinds french products booths displaying wonderful silks syria possibly venice blazing saracen carpets woven persia even remoter lands local dyers fullers stock eastern dyestuffs lovely red damascus indigo jerusalem many colors get beautiful glass vessels made syria imitated oriental models venice monks buy quantity new paper purchase year supply parchment adela authorize aliquis cook obtain many deniers worth precious spices pepper cinnamon clove rest essential seasoning kinds dishes even cost dear spices sold swarthy oriental speaks french quaint gutturals uncouthly dressed yet hardly jew whispered downright miscreant outrageous infidel possibly even mohammedan perhaps native lands close rising place sun whence come spices deal people nevertheless spices desirable sells cheaper anybody else many unfamiliar characters fair including negro mountebank quite germans rhenish trading cities scattering italians mostly money changers venders luxuries however seem really jews concealing unpopular religion sake gain fair commences many articles sale daily others exhibited short time following custom troyes first day two cloths displayed special variety leather goods furs various bulk commodities salt medicinal drugs herbs raw wool flax etc next comes excitement horse cattle market conon induced buy oldest son palfrey farms blooded bull various general articles hold right way illustration sale peltries bourges pontdebois masters required close shops business fair grounds order may unjust competition visiting traders indeed business outside fair grounds strictly forbidden order prevent fraudulent transactions bishop officers suppress besides costly imported wares get anything ordinarily want curriers shoemakers coppersmiths hardware linen garment venders dealers fish grain even bread means chaffering chattering ofttimes quarreling makes ask days tower babel returned sergeants always flying foot horseback among winding avenues tents booths frequently drag vagabond pillory even seize soon give idlers brutal pleasure watching hanging couple tents notaries ready wax parchments draw seal contracts bargains flemish merchants negotiating bordeaux compeers send latter next year consignment solid linseys mayence wine dealer trying prove seigneur much cellars improved tuns rheingold shipped mellow next vintage sidenote professional entertainers fairs along honest traffic proceed amusements worthy unworthy several exhibitors trick dogs performing bears cage creature called lion though certainly sick spiritless mangy also male female rope dancers acrobats professional story tellers professors white magic course jongleurs varying quality sawing viols reciting romances merry clever tales though often indescribably coarse addition let sinful truth told perfect swarms brazen women evil kind enough heady wine consumed fill brook claire sergeants continually separate drunkards get fighting roll full brothers completely overcome safe places sleep liquor unkicked horses uncrushed constantly passing carts bustle continues two weeks time everybody come primarily buy spent money come sell presumably satisfied drunkards last sad sober hare hare cry sergeants evening last day fair next morning foreign merchants pack wares strike tents wander another market fifty miles distant pontdebois traders industrialists resume normal activity stocked necessary raw materials year absorbed many new ideas make better wares trade advantage yet probably grumbling germans flemings jews bishop turns loose us blessed saints much money taken neighborhood bishop provost reports tax receipts extraordinarily well satisfied footnotes regulations long period marked value insuring high grade workmanship according traditional methods later became serious impediment improvements industrial processes originality new designs devices practically prohibited industries destined remain almost stagnant french revolution among oldest traceable guilds paris master chandlers oilmen received royal privileges butchers tanners shoemakers drapers furriers purse makers old parisian guilds fullers always suing weavers latter wished dye cloth woven bakers always law keepers small cookshops baked bread etc certain saints naturally patrons certain particular crafts joseph carpenters peter fishmongers etc master employ two paid workers lest build big business ruin competitors guild system seems deliberately contrived perpetuate existence great number industries extreme difficulty collecting loans made powerful seigneurs went far explain astonishing rates interest chances unfriended jew unable collect part loan extremely great rule hopes lay becoming indispensable man business financier king great lord support recovering principal interest lesser debtors return great favors richard england alleged made jews settled realm furnish nearly entire revenues recompense allowing use courts collect private debtors mediæval coinages varied extreme extent almost impossible make correct general statements modern values time philip augustus probably north french money table something like pound livre marks earlier sous deniers obols sou merely money account equal modern francs gold denier regular coin franc cents gold copper obols worth cent money feudal age purchasing power equal least ten times attempts close estimating decidedly futile courts champagne took particular pains assure merchants honest treatment protection fairs unusually successful champagne course central location seine rhine midi flemish lands exceedingly well placed attract merchants frequently however cattle markets might held special seasons entirely apart general fairs chapter xxiii lord bishop canons parish clergy conon baroness soiled gentle blood discreet trafficking pontdebois fair seigneur must needs pay ceremonious call lord bishop might indeed accepted lodgings episcopal palace well put many obligations even conciliatory prelate bishop nivelon lay ecclesiastical lords compliments little affection unite despising villein distrusting monks harmony often ends lord bishop occupies almost apex ecclesiastical power barring pope cardinals lay world honor clergy familiar story illustrates recognition due even humbler churchmen martin asked sup emperor offered cup passed sovereign great honor supposed merely touch vessel lips hand majesty instead surprise yet admiration gave poor priest standing behind thereby teaching plain lesson servant god even lowest rank deserves honor highest secular potentate clergy divided two great sections religious monks secular clergy world cure souls parish priests belong course second class celebrate mass administer sacraments consolations religion possibly reckoned laity little less holy monks power incalculable head diocese ecclesiastical province bishop since wealth church embraces least fifth real estate france control vast property largely vested bishops easy see holding office implies seigneur quelqueparte rich bishop nivelon barring duke duke justly hesitate quite apart feelings piety force quarrel great spiritual lord illustration episcopal throne thirteenth century restored ivory louvre sidenote activities privileges clergy hard ages realize part played church feudal centuries clergy far spiritual guides directors education maintain intellectual life science learning help weak secular authorities preserve law order supply practically teachers lawyers professional nonfeudal judges christendom many physicians already stated multitude legal cases known probate involving disposal wide estates often go directly church courts ordinary man appears interested literary matters frequently set clerk even openly claim received holy orders indeed desirable legally common person privileged noble barely literate arrested charge often plead clergy test produce certificate showing priest monk able read lines bible sacred book read fateful neck verses may sometimes escape speedy interview hangman ordinarily handed bishop bishop official judicial officer tried according merciful scientific canon law whatever offense seldom never order death penalty save heresy worst feared long imprisonment uncomfortable dungeon bishop palace conditions like wonder worldly elements keep intruding secular clergy many baron son balances mind better seigneur cap presence bishop miter bishop indeed marry church always stern dealing forms social enjoyment sometimes powerful reforming pope make prelates affect monkish austerity next pope may prove busy insistent concerning sins flesh great fraction bishops sons noble houses merely becoming tonsured made saints children fighting sires bring church much turbulence fathers brothers castles illustration bishop twelfth century enameled plaque representing ulger bishop angers wears albe dalmatica chasuble amice miter blesses right hand attitude bishops often represented sidenote election bishops certainly men humble birth become prelates glories church thanks children poor villeins receive homage great world pope sylvester ii son mere shepherd aurillac suger mighty abbot denis vice gerent louis vi son actual serf pope hadrian iv englishman ever mounted throne peter seems origin hardly exalted shows fortune sometimes await bright lucky boys enter betimes convent schools instead following plow heaven seldom reverses natural order rule noble enters church family influence social prestige caste get behind far likely elected bishop enjoy seats glory fellow clerics learned devout backing nivelon pontdebois example average bishop superior kind second son sire moderate means family influence secured fairly young appointment canon cathedral old bishop conveniently happened die time duke suzerain king thought well young canon anxious conciliate relatives nivelon displayed sufficient grasp business affairs along real piety make men say prove worthy prince spiritual canons choice nominally lay made haste elect broad hint duke king confirmation obtained rome negotiations possibly money transfers since nivelon ruled diocese well neither great theologian man letters certain contemporaneous bishops politician mitered warrior like others scandalous luxuries palace never neglected duties none deny numerous plenty excuse nivelon allows religious tasks swamped secular ones apparently differs largely seigneur interests obligations complex direct domains parish churches abbeys farms peasant villages forests must rule officials provosts just conon rules aliquis many noble fiefs owe homage regular feudal duties peace war knightly vassals wait regular lieges bound state occasions carry cathedral city seated episcopal throne ordinary homage king must take solemn oath fealty assist armed levies proper summons many clergy around palace also regular baronial household seneschal steward chamberlain marshal equerry though laxer prelates master hawks much monseigneur nivelon temporal side since prelate ecclesiastical office sinecure ordain control parish priests curés spends much time inspecting rural churches listening complaints offending priests suspending punishing guilty indeed days consumed curious mixture duties just conon ceremoniously calls listening first complaint castellan need new trenchbuts defense small castle pertaining bishopric report official concerning disorderly priest accused blaspheming trinity cups tavern sidenote ecclesiastical duties bishops year nivelon hold synod choir cathedral nonmonastic clergy diocese supposed present preach stating home truths christian conduct administering public reprimands discipline often routine interrupted commands king man world shall come paris give counsel even go england flanders royal ambassador king demand time pope likely using investigate disorderly abbey arbiter two wrangling fellow ecclesiastics lucky summons presently come ordering bishop take tedious expensive journey rome assist council lateran council party litigation illustration bishop thirteenth century tomb evrard de frouilloy bishop amiens died buried cathedral city wears beneath albe chasuble conscientious bishop indeed idler spare time always spend sitting judge cases compelled absent deputes official canon law far scientific local customs nivelon deputy also clear understanding issues leave even seigneur conon hopelessly befuddled church courts refuse settle cases duels rule discourage ordeals despite alleged intervention god therein trials bishop court betake inquests based firm evidence taken experienced judges result many honest suitors try get cases church tribunals stated jurisdiction church wide bishop therefore wishes put almost whole time playing solomon prefer almost always find estates diocese enmeshed financial problems tax best energies disentangle things nivelon supposed must get done wonder considering mortal frailty many men seek episcopate temporal advantage often bring great office contempt true sometimes worldly young clerics elected sobered responsibilities become admirable prelates story college canons decided elect vacant bishopric fellow member excellent mother wit sought tell honor actually dicing tavern forth dragged weeping struggling cathedral thrust episcopal chair enthroned however proved sober capable proving despite original sins free gift virtue come consecration shaped possibilities excellent nature sidenote evil luxurious prelates well sacred honor always work reformation monks never conceal faults rival branch clergy monkish preacher lately declaimed bishops surpass wolves foxes bribe flatter order extort instead protectors church ravishers jesus wore hair cloth silken vestments care souls falcons poor hunting dogs churches holy places become market places haunts brigands mere rhetoric sweeping generalizations unjust majority bishops ascetics neither rapacious libertines nevertheless even abbey brings contempt many austere establishments faithless bishops bring scandal whole episcopate years ago pope innocent iii denounce south french bishop serving god money purse place heart wretch charged selling church offices leaving vacant order seize incomes monks canons says pope laying aside habit taking wives living usury becoming lawyers jongleurs doctors acts like forced council paris forbid bishops wear laymen garments luxurious furs use decorated saddles golden horse bits play games chance go hunting swear let servants swear hear matins still bed excommunicate innocent people mere petulance bishops supposed bear arms seen sometimes compromise bloodless heavy maces nivelon occasionally lets secular advocate vidame lead feudal levy times ride person bishop course king philip chief staff bouvines although excuse member military monastic order bishop odo bayeux fought hastings authorized champions church existed need multiply examples bishops shall genuinely refrain warfare really pious wish easily sinful world granted bishop however justify assertion church militant must fight maintain rights bishopric encroaching nobility around royal domain conditions reasonably secure quelqueparte elsewhere average feudal principalities useless ask suzerain much defend local bishop two likely unfriendly anathemas check reckless seigneurs bishop verdun killed riot lance thrust year bishop puy south france slain noblemen excommunicated murderers doubtless lost souls fact recall dead jongleurs echo baronial prejudices always making fun bishops epics alleging lead scandalous lives extraordinarily avaricious even summoned contribute war infidels truth bishops often recruited nobility frequently keep old fighting spirit bishop opposes neighboring viscount just viscount oppose neighbor baron frequently enough war bishop lay seigneur differs respect normal feud two seigneurs never touched tonsure chrism sidenote friction abbots barons frictions less bloody even distressing church exempt abbey diocese independent bishop taking orders pope abbot bishop often anything brethren continually complaining vatican however even local abbey directly pope head likely defy bishop much possible abbots always trying put equality bishops intriguing rome right wear episcopal sandals miter etc strength church wasted great joy devil counted sign bishop pontdebois abbot aliquis superior prelates relations reasonably harmonious however nobles nivelon main troubles reasons conon wishes see bishop complain certain aliquis peasants induced settle church lands villeins somehow feel better treated bishop abbot benevolent seigneurs good living cross runs proverb also baron wishes urge bishop excommunicate fellow noble issue prelate hunting rights well bishop devote evil eternal fire really sacrilegious criminal fact remains many nobles allege excommunicated unless reinstated lose hopes heaven merely differed great churchmen extremely secular property questions fearful ceremony excommunication liable fall contempt except used undoubted cases resolute baron sure cause defy anathema followers stand may hold forces compromise struggle bitter however bishop another weapon put offending seigneur lands castles interdict doubtless harsh thing deny religious services sacraments save last unction dying thousands innocent persons merely lord persists worldly policy yet done frequently course great efficacy getting pious people especially womenfolk put pressure seigneur come terms church sometimes intermittent interdict established long time count bishop auxerre enmity count hardened scoffer wise troubled excommunication bishop ordained soon count entered city auxerre offices religion except baptism last unction suspended moment men departed church bells rang religious life resumed instant returned bell ringing whereat churches closed count dare stay long city popular murmurs yet bishop kept unedifying war fifteen years pope induced king induce count submit church humiliating penance excommunication interdict weapons lord spiritual use lord temporal supplement crossbows lances unfortunately fewer terrors foes bishops including nivelon within household chapters canons cathedrals sidenote chapter canons canon almost equal enjoying perquisites less valuable bishopric without grievous cares episcopal office chapter canons constitutes privileged body ecclesiastics maintain worship cathedral go pontdebois see great gray mass new episcopal church rising ahead presently solid wall reached protected gate towers cathedral close separate compound next majestic church communicating special entrance within close passes strictly ecclesiastical jurisdiction pretentious residence bishop palace pleasant garden also group smaller houses habitations canons last form chapter canons enjoy corporate body quantity lands seigneurial rights officers goodly income quite separate bishops supposedly controlled rule rule far less severe monks chapter elsewhere largely recruited local noble houses church law nominally forbids fact remains many canons practically nominated whenever vacancy chapter powerful seigneur get relative prebend income endowment canon often equivalent providing life kinsman might otherwise cede castle well understood since years ago baron aliquis endowed large gifts certain prebend successors naming occupants often falls vacant conon visited bishop pay friendly call canon without certain desire verify reports elderly cleric poor health long present world rumors correct baron must consider whether certain remote cousin feels summoned endure hardships religious life substantial favors ambitious cousin father give conon privilege canon performs duties hardly idle supposed take part incessant often extraordinarily elaborate services every cathedral possess good physical presence intone offices elegance precision every week day chant five services sunday nine certain great feasts holidays still anthems responses psalms prayers hymns also public processions keep turning leaves ponderous ordinaries manuals knows every chant therein heart sidenote worldliness canons possible however find substitutes less important services plenty humbly born poor priests hovering around every cathedral glad pittance act lordly canon deputies worldly minded canon therefore feel duty chanting arduous course absent often important ceremonies comment scandal reprimand bishop wise bishop interfere canons except grave provocation form independent corporation privileges head dean entirely conscious second cleric diocese need look bishop dignity glory bishop certain extent chosen canons depend considerably attitude toward whether dying moments embittered knowledge dearest enemy elected successor finally chapter canons make bishop life gehenna filing complaints archbishop always glad interfere directly rome men say nivelon got along tolerably chapter well neighboring abbot seigneurs prove unusually tactful prelate fine thing therefore canons young old inhabit sacred close pontdebois identified special costume loose surplice linen wide sleeves covering cassock amice headdress thick black stuff flat top terminating corner kind horn baron conon points sons men florid complexion contented portly moving slow dignity cathedral close enjoy canon asks small anseau youngest boy better dinners chapter refectory remember brother get castle anseau shakes head scowls might monk yes rejoined monks save souls go heaven canon ugh must weary god idleness françois may aliquis let give good destrer good armor seek fortune win new lands saints bless words cries father spoke true aliquis remember cavalier jongleur rails hardest worthless churchmen bishop priest monk half time pates slothful canons yet must see revered father flavien learn cough really bad say nivelon secures peace letting canons largely alone great content fortunately good laymen quelqueparte depend entirely spiritual administrations cure souls rests parish priests scattered diocese management takes large part bishop crowded time illustration deacon thirteenth century wears albe dalmatica amice stole maniple statue cathedral chartres sidenote appointment parish priests every church requires least priest residence say mass afford religious comfort laity competent bishops always appointed clergy much sorrow eliminated unfortunately bishop name fraction practically every noncathedral church patron heir beneficiary wealthy personage endowed local establishment patron may bishop often honor may enjoyed abbey chapter canons majority cases secular seigneur conon say hold patronage eight churches just say hold aliquis castle patron entitled share tithe tax religious purposes income parish turning remainder officiating priest addition present living name new curé parish every vacancy bishop supposed indeed confirm candidate without investigation fitness hesitate offend patron refusal proceed ceremony unless impediment gross patent candidate asked decline latin noun conjugate simple verb chant familiar psalms fair voice probably test learning make matters worse candidate fears bishop go another diocese probably get licence less exacting prelate bishop obliged honor certificate issued equal seldom refuse invest priest parish last stage scandal comes patron actually takes money presenting candidate course terrible crime church simony fashion accursed simon magnus guilty trying purchase gift god money nivelon just induct parish worldly fellow son rich peasant somehow persuaded viscount foretvert fit spiritual conduct five hundred christians bishop heard ugly rumors two hundred deniers yet lack real proof helpless feared scandals frequent many times candidate seigneur willing imperil souls done rule however conscientious patrons name lads barony sons thrifty peasants petty nobles school attached convent cathedral developed aptitude saying masses rather plowing fighting favor bestowed rather reward faithful service youth family insure future direct money consideration parish priest high honor patron taken share tithe bishop another share curé likely left barely enough income put among better class peasants yet now caught great body politic church latter let starve give decent old age protect gross cruelties seigneurs may inflict peasant make important individual average village often person therein understanding mysteries parchments worthy man influence counselor friend arbiter almost boundless receive personal respect almost equal due cavalier finally always chance may win magnate favor good luck merit rise greater things father grégoire conon chaplain although nominally poor priest probably influential aliquis sire eustace seneschal conon sometimes complains good naturedly powerful conon apart desire strictly religious leadership bad thing lad humble origin appointed parish priest sidenote evil faithful priests however receive parish means holy trust sordid opportunity chance making fiends rejoice every jongleur runs legitimate stories chatters godless priests charges parish clergy small coin filthy gossip violate vows celibacy shameless manner frequent taverns take part low brawls drink throats lie torpid fields fight parishioners sell strong drink like tapsters play dice gamble often cheat opponents etc another set charges means admit wear armor like nobles dress like foppish laymen ride hawks dogs familiar still accusations extreme covetousness outrageous exaction fees administering sacraments even dying performing shameless marriages money refusing burial services bribed short converting financial harpies undeniable yet must remembered number parish clergy great proportion evildoers considering manner appointment might expected many parish priests true ministers god counsel simple persuade erring comfort sorrowing leave world better found spend leisure genuine pursuit learning like father lambert ardes flanders deeply read old latin authors christian fathers composed excellent local chronicle worthy rank best produced monasteries taken therefore large despite much dross men church cast away great opportunity alms charity relieve wretched letters science genuine power world retains ideals tourney feud foray villeins taught men immortal souls less barons glory belongs surely castle monastery parish good churchman dies especially course effective benignant bishop region knows loss late bishop auxerre departed written impossible tell great mourning throughout entire city groaning lamentations sorrow shown followed funeral great good bishop maurice paris builder notre dame recorded passed vessel affluence fertile olive tree house lord shone knowledge preaching many alms good deeds like every institution church feudal age entitled judged best worst footnotes real estate germany alleged belonged church course much belonged monasteries endowments canons cathedral clergy parish priests bishops assuredly enjoyed least controlled lion share case heretics church execute offenders officers merely relaxed secular officials put old civil laws misbelievers force course church secure immunity traitors great criminals yet even usually treated tenderly claim ecclesiastical jurisdiction go multiplying cases example maurice sully bishop paris philip augustus son poor peasant managed diocese admirably bequeathed merely considerable wealth relatives large properties two abbeys also funds poor relief question technical relations time papacy royalty appointment investiture french bishops must left detailed learned volumes abbeys directly bishop liable visitation discipline time others supposed directly authority pope see vatican often send orders competent bishop investigate act charges manasses great cleric chancellor chapter amiens caused represented seal holding pious book usual hunting costume horseback bird wrist dog following evidently worldly noble tastes class led noble life see chapter xxiv cathedral builders baron conon adela still another duty ere returned aliquis fain go sons burn tall candle altar lady cathedral dwellers near pontdebois intensely proud great church building now forty years last fairly complete although left tower still carried belfry many niches lack sculptured saints presently occupy worthy cathedral like worthy character growing continually probably feudal age end notre dame de pontdebois completed pious designers intended cathedral center large group buildings whereof noble pointed gothic style architecture just explained sacred close bishop palace houses canons also cloister promenading school much like monastery room library synodal hall meetings canons bishop conduct litigation addition hospital sick clerics whole forms little world sequestered uproar sordid bustle marts workshops pontdebois enter cathedral compound exterior cares suddenly left behind great sense peace realized hears wind softly whistling soaring tracery massive right tower whirring flutter doves homes flying buttresses section opened floral tracery great window comes rumbling organ deep gregorian chant hymn psalter utter contrast either hammering chaffering city equally worldly clatter castle court vast tower pointing upward speaks even thoughtless fortress city trade tourney endure instant things spirit abide forever cathedral vast soaring bulk completely dwarfs comparatively small mean houses town thatch wood stone lack even tawdry magnificence cathedral gaze contempt royal palaces fact teaches even clearly words enormous place occupied church feudal age literature learning though despised sacred architecture spirit era displays power originality contemplating magnificent fabric best remember work men ardent faith profoundly convinced church building dwells continually high altar god invisible ever present squalid dwellings may suffice man creator since god actually takes abode edifice every art must contribute splendor architects sculptors painters jewelers perform best rendering homage eternal cathedral therefore sums noblest art time erected illustration notre dame bishop palace beginning thirteenth century restoration hoffbauer left buildings archbishop palace destroyed cathedral choir south transept finished date behind cathedral ground occupied public garden church du pas built previous cathedral destroyed since nave church often used secular mass meetings without fear impiety since whole countryside claim right throng edifice great festival days cathedral far larger ancient pagan temple must possess interior meet elaborate processions stopping often altars lining walls erect building like undertaking whole countryside asked join forty years ago old cathedral built ancient romanesque style wooden roof falling disrepair new pointed architecture developing france people regions round made remarks impiety clergy folk near pontdebois dishonoring heaven various prelates taunted ruling bishop thibaut mean cathedral thibaut however energetic well devout man prudent administration diocese saved considerable money next persuaded canons curtail luxuries contribute generously means taken lure money faithful holy relics exhibited indulgence purgatory promised donors barons urged atone crimes liberal gifts new enterprise civic pride excited piety won deniers pontdebois trade industrial masters rich countess left notable legacy condition canons always pray soul anniversary death coaxing religious feeling goodly fund collected wisely new cathedral saved many souls meaning many sinful people happily moved redeeming acts generosity even gifts brigands evil women likewise good many less debatable presents kind baron gave necessary oak pay carvers making magnificent choir stalls besides presenting great rose window whatever source donation denied bishop counting fortunate even booty thieves turned glory god sidenote building cathedral bishop thibaut found skillful architect norman half cleric half layman assisted great churches rouen plans man drew elaborate live see half executed even workmen money failed dangerous rush erection great piers buttresses vaulted ceilings auxerre tried hasten work much choir suddenly collapsed like crash thunder though heaven mercifully prevented loss life noyon began build cathedral nearly finished notre dame de paris begun choir fairly completed great towers façade certainly finished rheims begun undoubtedly even work choir ended thirty years date pontdebois reasonably complete forty years effort therefore built expeditiously average cathedral indeed many wiseacres shake heads much haste mutter builds god order last till judgment day sinful hurry first choir finished energy possible canons must constantly chant offices nave popular gatherings waited till later great rejoicing last main portal far completed fine tenderly carved statue christ set beautiful god people lovingly call image time year year work went forward every member ornament added seeming suggest something additional achieving perfection work eternity sidenote cathedral natural growth erect main structure cathedral thibaut called traveling fraternity workmen keepers good god obeyed master work architect stay years place recruiting new members old ones died moving elsewhere longer needed fraternity erected main structure building thibaut passed away money failed enthusiasm somewhat lapsed however twenty years later new fraternity put work façade towers delicate work involving great deal skillful carving obliged stop completion attained probably score years hence still another fraternity raise second tower meantime every year skillful craftsmen sustained donations add statue gargoyle yonder put richly painted glass another window complete intricate carving around railing pulpit stairs now special exhibition relics attract worshipers alms results style different parts cathedral differs subtly according respective periods construction contradiction pleasing variety feels cathedral something come arbitrary creation natural growth like mighty tree illustration window cathedral chartres representing saint christopher carrying christ wander glorious fabric hundreds statues blazing windows vaulted roof hangs massive weight stone safely heads attempts detailed description become futile let left books moods later generations doubtless record great length middle twelfth century great activity church building surpassing work christian piety began manifest especially northern france activity spend hundred years absorbed much best thought energy time addition developed genuinely new type architecture real innovation models traceable back pagan greek come reign pointed arch adapts endless curves varieties grouped columns uphold groins lofty vaulting members radiating outward like boughs stately forest columns piers made amazingly light thanks daring use flying buttresses invention merely great utility great beauty thanks also grouped pillars groins buttresses walls bays intervals columns wise needed uphold roof stone result bays filled thin curtain walls crowned enormous windows filled delicate tracery stained glass throws pavement church rainbow tints heaven bay likely contain separate chapel least altar particular saint portal main entrance gives access long nave radiates mighty rose window final triumph glass tracery vast structure huge proportions yet harmonious mass fair carving jewel work even says holy writ whole body fitly joined together compacted every joint supplyeth according effectual working every part maketh increase body edifying love sidenote magnificent dimensions cathedrals apostle making christian man making august church saying profit add cathedral length four hundred feet ceiling nave rises least hundred feet pavement rose window nearly forty feet diameter higher tower much two hundred numbers sordid traffic work wrought passionate love man toward god stay linger symbolism tell us every part church communion saints proclaimed chapels clustering around choir nave delicate spire rises center transepts teaches vanquishing earthly desire also ascend heart mind triple breadth nave two aisles likewise triple stretch choir transepts nave proclaim holy trinity serried armies piers columns announce prophets apostles uphold fabric church font altar crucifix crosses innumerable attest earthly pilgrimage redeeming passion jesus christ cathedral great collection allegories everywhere stained glass still multitudinous images told bible story characters clothed hebraic fashion baron abraham sire david appear ring mail like doughty cavaliers history good warrior judas maccabæus perhaps told greater detail prophets like isaiah jeremiah important stories omitted great pageant life jesus worked loving detail child brought time visit cathedral knows almost every essential bible narrative albeit may never learn read even french much less con latin vulgate likewise cathedral rest tombs brave seigneurs worthy bishops covered either effigy showing armor beloved hunting dogs couched feet pontificals tombs also noble women sculptured richly clad made life beautiful worthy living now rest securely god great judgment cathedral temple hopes present inspiration remote nearer past sidenote stained glass sculptures prayed beside father mother little anseau stole away altar wandered timidly church corner transept found stone craftsman completing small image elizabeth adorn niche sculptor polishing back statue less carefully front trouble asked boy curiously see back ah fair damoiseau replied smiling man course god cathedral god next day spent money become wearied mechanic bustle pontdebois baron conon company rode back aliquis traveled miles great mass cathedral still visible behind feudal age produced much evil also produced gothic church builders epoch judged seven hundred years afterward donjon aliquis ruin vanished monastery vanished peasants huts smoky industrial city site pontdebois ancient stone seems left another hold soaring high ugly roof factory chimney airy pinnacles denouncing life materialism doubt visited admiring pilgrims beyond sea darkness great fabric gray cathedral remains footnotes cathedrals completed time sense details design brought perfection example notre dame de paris covered four times floor area parthenon athens decidedly large greek temple nave thrice high older building course greek temple primarily housing holy image great sacrifices throng worshippers outside edifice open unlike christian church device take relic intrust monks place cart drive wide region haranguing faithful holding purse fill rouen cathedral towers known butter tower largely built money given permission eat butter lent rheims prior german bombardment two thousand statues period built france eighty cathedrals five hundred large superior churches gothic style figures indicate pontdebois cathedral somewhat smaller notre dame de paris rank well among great churches france yet first class john damascus writing orient eighth century gave amounted standard justification holy images pictures churches veneration poor possess books leisure reading enter church choked cares world glowing colors attract sight like flowery meadow glory god steals imperceptibly soul gaze fortitude martyr crown rewarded fire holy emulation kindled within fall worship god martyr receive salvation index abbey see monastery abbot election powers sometimes profligate adubbement see knighthood advocates monasteries alexander romances alms collected feasts see charity apprentices arbalists architecture military improved crusader aristotle authority armor ff assembleur literary backgammon bailey castle buildings scene inside baillis seigneurial officers nt banner baronial castle baptism customs barbican baronial family superior type baron usual rights cruel outrageous typical feuds neighbors superior type baronial feuds ff barony composition government bath adubbement battle cries battle bouvines typical feudal warfare ff mobilization preliminaries array armies engagement infantry battle cries nt charge french cavalry flight otto iv rout germans flemings tactics strategy employed beards shaved noblemen beds great feather bedrooms furniture ff beer beffroi sieges bells communal donjon bertran de born war songs betrothals beverages bill fare feasts fast days billiards game birth customs bishop ff honors wealth power desirability office elected vast secular duties employed king pope wrote ecclesiastical duties worldly types forbidden secular luxuries participates warfare friction abbots barons abuse right excommunicate interdict relations canons ff relations parish priests ff bishops visit disorderly monasteries books elegant copies brandy bread varieties bride costume bridegroom costume bridges state bridge tolls baronial buffet knighthood camps feudal warfare canons elect bishops nature office duties worldly gross carpets rushes saracen cartel defiance carver feast castle position rivers built resist vikings famous specimens siege ff castle aliquis original plan primitive tower disadvantages early type rebuilt improved model palisade barbican outer barrier lists bailey bailey gates porters walls parapet great difficulty attacking scene bailey buildings bailey cookhouse bailey inner ward inner gate main court yard donjon halls ff prison donjon summit great tower watchman tower palais main residential building furniture hall chambers ff castle building era castle folk huge family intimate relations organization cat siege engine cats cathedral numerous uses express best spirit age erection regional undertaking initial stages building fraternity builders building natural growth use arches columns buttresses stately dimensions required magnificent stained glass every part work piety chambers baronial castle chansons de geste charity ff motives alms customary given monasteries charter communal checkers game cheese varieties chess great acceptance history game chessmen children rearing ff early education christmas celebrations plays church endeavors regulate marriages resists divorces vast wealth nt see bishop abbey monastery canons priests etc city entrance crowded streets lack air sanitation population nt great burghers burgher mansion danger fires civic donjons communal charger see commune cleanliness personal among upper classes lack woolen clothing clergy legal privileges see bishop canons priests monks clerk see clergy church etc cloisters abbey clothing peasants coinage confusion commerce see shops industries fairs commune charter privileges inhabitants clergy rail commune communal insurrections jurisdiction bishop rule echevins rich merchants corvées courtesy training cowls clothing male female ff materials used garments noblemen headdress men garments noblewomen use silks furs rapid changes fashions dress lower classes headdress women conspicuous costumes indicate evil characters cookery foods ff implements cookhouse meat frequently boiled game especially desired butcher meat poultry fish soups meat pies cookhouse castle cosmetics use women cross bows crusades wane xiii century improve military architecture dais castle hall damoiseau dances varieties dancing passion dean canons devil belief assists wizards witches dice games sinfulness dinners menu castle ordinary days divining divorces resisted church dogs desirable hunting donjon castle ff commune dinner customs ff see feast drawbridges castle dress see clothing echevins commune economic barony education young nobleman ff ideals inculcated training letters reading romances training riding fencing hawking maxims inculcated placed squire training squire taught jousting learns courtesy good side training premium prodigality demanding knighthood effeminate knights emancipation villeins ensigns city houses epics north french excommunication lawless baron public declaration abuse bishops executions varieties ff beheading honorable penalty hanging usual method ceremonies gallows fairs ff attended great multitudes profitable founders numerous commodities sale regulation traffic amusements falconry see hawking family life castle famines among peasantry fealty oath feast formal arrangement guests beginning dinner serving meats typical bill fare fast day closing ceremonies vast plenty carousing feudal civilization reaches climax xiii century feudalism ff nature absence true gradations duties fief holders military service usually essential arrogance many barons outrageous baronial tyrants better types barons fiefs expanded accession barony homage oath fealty vassalage honorable feuds baronial ff frequency waged within families limitations baronial pitched battles infrequent absence strategy great valor warriors origins typical feud delivering cartel assembling vassals baronial array ravaging noncombatants petty battle use mercenaries siege castle ff fiefs varieties duties fief holders fish demand use flowers garden foods see cookery foresters seigneurial france full mediæval bloom xiii century french rise literary language frescoes castle friendship tokens fruit trees funeral customs ff caskets interments furniture castle halls bedrooms ff furs wearing gambling dice game wild killed peasants greatly desired feasts varieties game birds game laws oppressive games amusements ff garden castle ff frequent place gatherings herbs vegetables constant demand flowers generosity virtues nobles gifts constantly exchanged among nobles girls noble education young ff devoted hawks dancing glass used windows castle guilds ff great subdivisions friction regulations management syndics apprentices hired workers masters guilds handwashing meals hangmen ff burns dishonest cloth hair customs wearing false hair used women halls castle ff murky donjon elegant palais hauberks hawking vast delight hawks always exhibited varieties hawks falcons complicated art falconry training hawks good falconers precious professional jargon prayers hawks excellent sport heralds tourneys ff hermits herodias daughter dance homage ceremony hospitality baronial ff ceremony receiving guests heiresses given marriage suzerain helmets horses indispensable war varieties trappings presentation new knights hot cockles game houses peasants huts poor dwelling rich burghers seldom stone hunting serious business many wild animals equipment hunters dogs essential chasing great boar ff return hunt hunting across peasants lands immunity possessed barons nt imposts peasants infantry battle inns industries towns ff trades special streets shopkeepers regulation officials see guilds interest money taken jews interdict isabella queen forced barons change husbands jews cities jongleurs ff varieties trick performers depraved montebanks jongleurs great demand troupes superior type jongleur gives recitation ff jousting training see tourneys justice administration ff equality law judicial powers baron low justice pertains petty nobles laws enforced provosts formal assizes ordeal battle checks ordeals summary treatment villeins types peasant litigation fate condemned bandits ff king seeks many vassals possible knighthood demand bestowed nature adubbement vigil arms dressing candidates ceremony adubbement presentation horses exercises new knights knights effeminate types lances last day fear lighting halls bedrooms lists castle lovers presents manners young ladies ff marriage ceremony marriage ff usual reasons marriages ages heiresses compelled marry sudden marriages attempts church regulate young girls wedded aged barons negotiation marriage treaty desirable qualities bridegroom betrothal ceremonies intercourse betrothed couple preparation wedding wedding proceedings ff customs peasants marshall castle mass ass masters guilds mealtimes dinner customs meats abundance varieties feasts medical art ff conducted executioners barkers use bleedings professional physicians ff jargon healing relics processions mêlée climax tourneys mercenaries use merchants see shops fairs etc mining sieges minstrels see jongleurs miracles belief moats castle mobilization battle monastery ff benedictine foundations land buildings abbey church cloisters dormitory refectory adornments buildings costume monks discipline organization duties occupations monks persons becoming monks disorderly monastery specimen abuses struggle idleness bequests secular advocates agriculture industries almsgiving manual labor monks copying books study pagan authors curriculum study authority aristotle scientific works study botany geology writing chronicles piety book copying beautiful manuscripts monasticism see monastery monks money hardly necessary average barony varieties coinage monks many sick infirm nt costume discipline ff persons becoming monks see monastery montebanks nt morality castle life music delight mystery plays needlework castle women night closing castle nightdresses used feudal ages nobles employed around castle omens belief ordeal battle fire oriflamme royal standard otto iv see battle bouvines palisade castle passions hot childish feudal ages patrons parish churches peasants forbidden kill game inferior weapons life ff always considered inferior population dense danger famines frequently emancipated serfdom status free villeins constantly exploited lands much divided primitive agricultural methods calamity short crops peasant family house furniture clothing peasants poor peasants villein marriage customs long hours toil lack education filthy habits sullen impious characters gross oppression knights severe game laws futile peasant revolts popular village sports pellison penance public philip augustus see battle bouvines physicians see medical art pilgrimage penance shrines frequented sacredness rome pillory pleasures usual baron pork demand porters castle poultry priests parish ff appointed scandalous appointments status villages charges many faithful learned prior abbey prison sometimes donjon treatment inmates fearful dungeons privacy absence baronial castle provosts enforce law barony ff ragman roll ransoms sought tourneys recluses reign folly relics holy used healing saints ff collections great value often spurious translations religion popular ff attitude knights fear last day excommunications public penance festive side religion reign folly mass ass worship virgin christmas celebrations mystery plays hermits recluses pilgrims ff belief spirits ff rings customs rising early hour roads evil state roland chanson de ordeal battle romances north french read young nobles roman law returning vogue rome resort pilgrims routine day baron rushes carpets castle halls sanitation lacking castle cookhouses sufficiently guarded even nobility scientific studies monasteries ff seigneurial officers barony seneschal castle serfdom service personal honorable nobles servants abundant castles organization duties service table shields shopkeepers shoes shrines sought pilgrims sickness frequent middle ages leprosy plagues great losses childbirth healing saints mediæval medicine ff siege castle ff varieties siege engines beffroi mantelets undermining wall silks apparel soups spirits supernatural belief squires taught serve table training duties subinfeudation superstitions peasants see witchcraft devil etc surcoat introduction suzerains see feudualism swords syndics guilds syria famous castles tables dinner tapestries castles taverns tennis game thirteenth century height middle ages tilting see tourneys times meals tolls commerce tortures ff vainly discouraged pope nicholas methods ff tolls baron bridge towers castle trade towns ff see fairs travelers usually welcomed castles travel trenchers feast tristan ysolt story trojan war romances troubadour songs tourneys ff crying tourney people attracted early tourneys battles denounced church arrangements lists lodges opening ceremonies procession jousters armor bizarre costumes worn jousting pairs art bloody duel defending barrier dueling ransoms mêlée vast expense tourneys trouvéres ff tyranny outrageous barons vassals two seigneurs desire hold king summons war see feudalism homage etc vegetables vigil knighthood vikings castles built resist villeins subject summary justice see peasants virgin popular worship walls castle wars nobles delight almost incessant varieties see feuds watchman castle tower weapons give superiority nobles arms preferred missile weapons armor ff hauberks helmets shields swords lances wedding proceedings ff bridal procession ceremony church presents wedding great feast wedding windows glass castle stained glass churches wine witchcraft ff casting spell lawful forms divining witches wizards women noble praised beauty minstrels types female beauty taught good manners married harshly treated sometimes grossly neglected often extremely coarse alleged shortcomings accomplishments manage children household ff woolens generally used garments art history art elie faure volume french walter history art fills place shows art expression race individual expression artist tells man constructs works art unusual beautiful illustrations selected development embroidery america candace wheeler history embroidery quill beadwork american indians artistic achievement present book delight collector serve guide art student designer practical worker pages illustrations full france built cathedrals elizabeth boyle boston writes monumental work living interest alike erudite devotee arts person simply enjoys books travels wonderful beautiful things come hand man story french cathedrals human background great men women time illustrations practical illustration john whiting artists wish sell work publishers advertisers buy responsible mechanical reproduction give artist full knowledge trade requirements teach art buyer look provide originals help photographer eliminate defects mechanical reproduction author illustrates points page plates many full harper brothers franklin square new york distinguished authors man home booth tarkington harry leon wilson scene takes place italy american humor shows brilliantly foreign background monna vanna maurice maeterlinck belgian poet powerful dramas scenes laid pisa italy end fifteenth century edmond rostand english edition published story great napoleon unfortunate son translated louis parker illustrated pictures miss maude adams character duke reichstadt parting friends william dean howells farcical scene outgoing steamer two sweethearts find neither time place tender farewells readers like brilliant conversation unrestrained fun amusing character portrayal find farces rich treat william dean howells volume contains compact form four howells popular farces read acted complete enjoyment success farces volume garroters tea likely story harper brothers franklin square new york transcriber notes minor punctuation errors repaired italic text denoted image listening trouvère château thirteenth century shown list illustrations facing actually placed original position original retained placement may printer error along hugh goshawks replaced along huge goshawks peversely things replace perversely things simplifications elaborations elsewere replaced simplifications elaborations elsewhere oramented gold embroideries replaced ornamented gold embroideries veils common succeeding age replaced veils common suceeding age crown jersualem became vacant replaced crown jerusalem became vacant praising finacée beauty replaced praising fiancée beauty another entertainer maitre edmond replaced another entertainer maître edmond forefathers sent old carrolingians replaced forefathers sent old carolingians suzerian duke replaced suzerain duke father grégorie says pithily replaced father grégoire says pithily footnote feel sinnned beyond pardon replaced feel sinned beyond pardon montionless instant replaced motionless instant knighted speak hmself replaced knighted speak sendel samite replaced sendal samite side replaced go side process keep though games replaced process keep games jerome smilingly replaced jerôme smilingly father etienne person replaced father étienne person bishops fight instrusions replaced bishops fight intrusions feeble get church replaced feeble get church pointdebois traders replaced pontdebois traders differs largely seigneur replaced differs largely seigneur church humiliating penace replaced church humiliating penance church fuedal age replaced church feudal age footnote throng worshipers replaced throng worshippers advocates monastries replaced advocates monasteries suzerains see feudualism replaced suzerains see feudalism internet archive note project gutenberg also html version file includes original illustrations see images original pages available internet archive see transcriber note text enclosed underscores italics text enclosed curly brackets superscripted example lady scenes characters middle ages illustration henry eighth scenes characters middle ages rev edward cutts late hon sec essex archæolocical society hundred illustrations third edition london alexander moring limited de la press george street hanover square contents monks middle ages chap page origin monachism ii benedictine orders iii augustinian order iv military orders orders friars vi convent vii monastery hermits recluses middle ages hermits ii anchoresses female recluses iii anchorages iv consecrated widows pilgrims middle ages pilgrims ii lady walsingham thomas canterbury secular clergy middle ages parochial clergy ii clerks minor orders iii parish priest iv clerical costume parsonage houses minstrels middle ages ii sacred music iii guilds minstrels knights middle ages saxon arms armour ii arms armour norman conquest downwards iii armour fourteenth century iv days chivalry vi military engines vii armour fifteenth century viii knight education ix tournaments mediæval bowmen xi fifteenth century later armour merchants middle ages beginnings british commerce ii navy iii social position mediæval merchants iv mediæval trade costume vi mediæval towns monks middle ages chapter origin monachism aim chapters writing general history systematic treatises business give series sketches mediæval life mediæval characters looked especially artist point view first monks middle ages branch subject already treated jameson legends monastic orders accomplished lady pleasingly narrated traditionary histories founders saints orders furnished subjects greatest works mediæval art placed monachism readers noblest poetical aspect humbler task give view familiar daily life ordinary monks monasteries way enter general life without cloister sketch might wish study picturesque mediæval period english history subjects pencil religious orders occupied important position mediæval society overlooked historical student flowing black robe severe intellectual features benedictine monk coarse frock sandalled feet mendicant friar characteristic effective contrast gleaming armour embroidered robes sumptuous civil costumes period neglected artist desire first general sketch whole history monachism necessary preliminary fuller study particular portion wish sketch internal economy cloister various buildings monastery arranged daily routine life inmates seek know circumstances recluses mingled outer world require accurate particulars costumes like antiquarian details accessories picture might correct monks anything better representations monkish habits hung lay figures must know kind men middle age monks intellectually morally particulars proceed supply fully space command permit monachism arose egypt early second century read men women attracted charms peaceful contemplative life far away fierce sensual persecuting heathen world betook life solitary asceticism mountainous desert east nile valley favourite resort lived little hermitages rudely piled stones hollowed mountain side cells ancient egyptian sepulchres feeding pulse herbs water neighbouring spring frescoes campo santo pisa pietro laurati engraved jameson legendary art gives curious illustration phase eremitical life gives us panorama desert nile foreground rock caverns little hermitages built among hermits ordinary occupations angling nile another dragging net sitting door cell shaping wooden spoons see engaged mystical scenes imagination pictured temptations senses visible beautiful tempt terrible affright materialised spiritual joys minds angelic divine visions anthony driving staff beautiful demon cell rapt ecstasy beneath divine apparition pictures early hermits infrequent mediæval art fifteenth century psalter british museum domit xvii found subsequent chapter book picture must startled refined world alexandria occasionally man long lost society forgotten friends reappeared streets squares city attenuated limbs mortified countenance dark tunic clothing reputation exalted sanctity spiritual wisdom vague rumours supernatural revelations unseen world like another john baptist sent preach repentance luxurious citizens fetched perhaps alexandrian bishop give church weight testimony ancient truth doctrine began questioned schools men returned desert frequently accompanied numbers others fame sanctity persuasion preaching induced adopt eremitical life wondered new converts frequently build select cells neighbourhood teacher followed desert continue look spiritual guide gradually arrangement became systematised number separate cells grouped round common oratory contained community recluses agreed certain rules guidance chosen head enclosure wall generally built around group establishment called transition arrangement group anchorites occupying anchorages laura spiritual head community living together building rule abbot natural easy authorship coenobite system attributed anthony occupied ruined castle nile desert community disciples former half fourth century coenobitical institution supersede eremitical continued flourish together every country christendom first written code laws regulation lives communities drawn pachomius disciple anthony pachomius peopled island tabenne nile coenobites divided monasteries superior dean every ten monks pachomius general director whole group monasteries contained eleven hundred monks monks anthony represented ancient greek pictures black brown robe often tau cross blue shoulder breast st basil afterwards bishop cesaræa died introduced monachism asia minor whence spread east drew code laws founded rule pachomius foundation succeeding monastic institutions still rule followed monasteries greek church rule st basil enjoins poverty obedience chastity habit monks nuns still universally greek church plain coarse black frock cowl girdle leather cord monks went barefooted barelegged wore eastern tonsure hair shaved crescent fore part head instead western tonsure shaved circle crown hilarion reputed introduced basilican institution syria augustine africa martin tours france patrick ireland fifth century early history british church enveloped thick obscurity seems derived christianity indirectly perhaps eastern source monastic system probably derived established france martin tours remarkable feature constant union abbatical episcopal offices conjunction foreign usage church general seems obtained universally british subsequently english church british monasteries appear large bede tells us less two thousand hundred monks monastic establishment bangor sixth century reason believe number overstated appear schools learning vows appear perpetual legends british saints constantly find monks quitted cloister without scruple legends lead us imagine provost steward deans officers abbot answering perhaps prior cellarer deans benedictine institutions least sometimes married man chapter ii benedictine orders year benedict italian noble birth great reputation introduced new monastery monte cassino hill rome naples new monastic rule three vows obedience poverty chastity formed foundation old rules added another manual labour seven hours day also duty god man another important feature rule vows perpetual rule lays daily routine monastic life much greater detail preceding rules appear done rule benedict speedily became popular majority existing monasteries embraced nearly new monasteries centuries afterwards adopted told proof universality acceptation charlemagne caused inquiries made beginning eighth century monastic rule found existing throughout wide dominions monasteries british church however appear embraced new rule augustine apostle prior benedictine monastery gregory great founded celian hill forty missionaries monks house doubted introduce order parts england influence extended large part saxon england owed christianity missionaries native church sent forth great monastic institution iona afterwards lindisfarne doubtless introduce monastic system find fact uniform rule observed saxon monasteries seem kept rule basil rule benedict others seem modified ancient rules adapt circumstances wishes surprised learn circumstances monasteries lax discipline bede accounts gather convents secular clerks bound certain rules performing divine offices daily enjoying privileges clerks even sometimes married indeed eighth century primitive monastic discipline appears become much relaxed east west though popular admiration veneration monks diminished illuminations mss ninth tenth centuries find habits saxon monks represented different colours white black dark brown grey early nero british museum occurs clearly drawn group monks white habits another group occurs rather stiffly drawn margin hood sleeves bordered narrow edge ornamental work middle ninth century however archbishop dunstan reduced saxon monasteries rule benedict without opposition part without rather peremptory treatment part benedictine rule became universal west habit benedictines consisted white woollen cassock ample black gown black hood give excellent representation benedictine monk book formerly belonged alban abbey now preserved british museum nero vii book official catalogue monastery kept benefactors house thereby entitled grateful remembrance prayers many cases record benefaction accompanied illuminated portrait benefactor present case represented holding golden tankard hand embroidered cloth gifts made abbey immortalised illustrations benedictine monks early fourteenth century date may found add benedictine preaching preaching group nuns order sitting writing desk scriptorium probably yet royal picture benedict preaching group monks considerable number pictures benedictine monks illustrating mediæval legend subject occur lower margin royal late thirteenth early fourteenth century date drawing abbot islip westminster died given vetusta monumenta vol iv pl xvi working travelling wore cossack black sleeveless tunic shorter less ample dimensions illustration female houses order regulations monks costume white garment black gown black veil white wimple around face neck england dissolution monasteries hundred twelve monasteries nunneries illustration abbess see fifteenth century royal ii benedictine rule universal west four centuries period observance gradually became relaxed surprised found seven hours manual labour rule required occupied time might better devoted learned studies benedictines always distinguished anticipated excessive abstinence many mechanical observances rule soon found little real utility simply enforced rule practised willingly sake therefore surprised days attribute fault obligation labour appears generally dispensed humane sensible relaxations severe ascetic discipline dietary primitive rule generally adopted experience human nature expect otherwise among large body men many educated childhood monastic profession wholly unsuited whose vices brought disgrace benedictine monasteries time speaking become different poor retired communities ascetics originally general character continued throughout middle ages wealthy learned bodies influential broad possessions still influential fact nearly literature art science period found body good landlords tenants good cultivators demesnes great patrons architecture sculpture painting educators people schools healers sick hospitals great almsgivers poor freely hospitable travellers continued regular constant religious services housing clothing diet lived life temperate gentlemen rather ascetics doubtless monasteries evil men whose vices brought disgrace calling monasteries weak wicked rulers allowed evil prevail quiet unostentatious virtues monastics satisfy enthusiastical seeker monastical perfection command admiration unthinking illiterate always prone reverence fanaticism appreciate sober virtues ever inclined sneer religious men religious bodies wealth accustomed attribute whole class vices disreputable members popular disrepute monastics fallen increased wealth departure primitive monastical austerity led next two centuries beginning tenth end eleventh series endeavours revive primitive discipline history attempts nearly alike young monk enthusiastic disposition disgusted laxity vices brother monks flies monastery betakes eremitical life neighbouring forest wild mountain valley gradually men like earnestness assemble round length induced permit placed head abbot requires followers observe strictly ancient rule gives directions still stricter life new community gradually becomes famous virtues pope sanction obtained followers assume distinctive dress name take place new religious order brief history successive rise clugniacs carthusians cistercians orders camaldoli vallombrosa grandmont sprang benedictine order retaining rule benedict groundwork several systems departures benedictine rule comparatively trifling need enumerated sketch fact reformed benedictines general classification may included parent order rivals imparted new tone vigour following account foundation clairvaux bernard illustrate general remarks true founding clairvaux technically founding new order founded fifteen years citeaux bernard rightly esteemed second founder cistercians going forth parent house found new establishment clairvaux circumstances make narrative excellent illustration subject twelve monks abbot says life acta sanctorum representing lord apostles assembled church stephen placed cross bernard hands solemnly head small band walked forth citeaux bernard struck away northward distance nearly ninety miles kept course passing source seine chatillon memories till arrived la ferté equally distant troyes chaumont diocese langres situated river aube four miles beyond la ferté deep valley opening east thick umbrageous forests gave character gloom wildness gushing stream limpid water ran sufficient redeem every disadvantage june bernard took abode valley wormwood called began look means shelter sustenance approaching winter rude fabric monks raised hands long preserved pious veneration cistercians consisted building covered single roof chapel dormitory refectory included neither stone wood hid bare earth served floor windows scarcely wider man hand admitted feeble light room monks took frugal meals herbs water immediately refectory sleeping apartment reached ladder truth sort loft monks beds peculiar made form boxes bins wooden planks long wide enough man lie small space hewn axe allowed room sleeper get inside strewn chaff dried leaves woodwork seem covering permitted monks got house heads little else left citeaux june journey probably occupied fortnight clearing preparations building perhaps two months near september portion labour accomplished autumn winter approaching store laid food summer compound leaves intermixed coarse grain roots main support winter now privations insufficient food added wearing shoes clothes necessities grew severity season till last even salt failed presently bernard heard murmurs argued exhorted spoke fear love god strove rouse drooping spirits dwelling hopes eternal life divine recompense sufferings made deaf indifferent abbot words remain valley bitterness return citeaux bernard seeing lost trust god reproved sought earnest prayer release difficulties presently voice heaven bernard prayer granted monks didst ask lord ye shall see ye little faith reply presently came stranger gave abbot ten livres william thierry friend biographer bernard describes external aspect internal life clairvaux extract sketch highest type monastic life corrective revelations corrupter life among monks find illustration pages first glance entered clairvaux descending hill see temple god still silent valley bespoke modest simplicity buildings unfeigned humility christ poor moreover valley full men permitted idle occupied allotted tasks silence deep night prevailed sounds labour chants brethren choral service exceptions order silence fame went forth struck reverence even secular persons dreaded breaking say idle wicked conversation even pertinent remarks solitude also place dense forests narrow gorge neighbouring hills certain sense recalled cave father benedict strove imitate life also similarity habitation loneliness although monastery situated valley foundations holy hills whose gates lord loveth dwellings jacob glorious things spoken glorious wonderful god therein worketh great marvels insane recover reason although outward man worn away inwardly born proud humbled rich made poor poor gospel preached darkness sinners changed light large multitude blessed poor ends earth assembled yet heart mind justly therefore dwell rejoice empty joy certain hope perennial joy ascension heavenward already commenced clairvaux found jacob ladder angels descending provide bodies faint way others ascending rule souls bodies hereafter may glorified part attentively watch day day believe perfect followers christ things pray speak god spirit truth friendly quiet speech well humbleness demeanour plainly seen god companions friends hand openly praise god psalmody pure fervent minds shown posture body holy fear reverence careful pronunciation modulation psalms shown sweet lips words god sweeter honey mouths watch therefore singing without fatigue midnight dawn day brief interval appear little less angels much men regards manual labour patiently placidly quiet countenances sweet holy order perform things although exercise many works never seem moved burdened anything whatever labour may whence manifest holy spirit worketh disposeth things sweetness refreshed rest even toil many hear bishops earls many illustrious birth knowledge now god grace acceptation persons dead among greater thought world flock regard less least see garden hoes meadows forks rakes fields scythes forest axes judge outward appearance tools bad disordered clothes appear race fools without speech sense true thought mind tells life christ hidden heavens among see godfrey peronne raynald picardy william omer walter lisle knew formerly old man whereof now see trace god favour knew proud puffed see walking humbly merciful hand god first reformed orders clugniac called founded year clugny burgundy odo abbot clugniacs formally abrogated requirement manual labour required benedictine rule professed devote sedulously cultivation mind order first introduced england year lewes sussex never became popular england never twenty houses small ones nearly founded reign henry ii fourteenth century priories dependent parent house clugny though prior lewes high chamberlain often abbot clugny exercised supervision english houses order english houses governed foreigners contained foreign english monks sent large portions surplus revenues clugny hence often seized war england france alien priories fourteenth century many made denizen bermondsey made abbey discharged subjection foreign abbeys clugniacs retained benedictine habit cowfold church sussex still remains monumental brass thomas nelond prior lewes death represented habit order illustration year carthusian order founded bruno monk cologne chartreux near grenoble severe reformed benedictine orders strictest observance rule benedict added almost perpetual silence flesh forbidden even sick food confined meal pulse bread water daily remarkable strictest monastic rules even present day slightly modified monks never accused personally deviating order numerous continent nine houses order ever established england principal charterhouse chartreux london dissolution rescued thomas sutton serve least purposes original foundation training youth sound religious learning nunneries order none england carthusian habit consisted white cassock hood white scapulary long piece cloth hangs behind joined sides band colour six inches wide unlike orders shaved head entirely representation carthusian monk previous page reduced hollar series prints monastic costumes another illustration may referred fifteenth century book hours add occurs group religious includes also benedictine cistercian abbot others illustration arose cistercian order took name citeaux latinised cistercium house new order founded robert de thierry stephen harding englishman third abbot brought new order repute fame bernard joined speedy widespread popularity new order attributed order introduced england waverly surrey cistercians professed observe rule benedict rigid exactness hours devoted benedictines reading study cistercians devoted manual labour affected severe simplicity houses simple lofty towers carvings representation saints except crucifix furniture ornaments establishments keeping chasubles fustian candlesticks iron napkins coarse cloth cross wood chalice might precious metal amount manual labour prevented cistercians becoming learned order though produce men distinguished literature excellent farmers horticulturists early times almost monopolised wool trade kingdom changed colour benedictine habit wearing white gown hood white cassock went beyond walls monastery also wore black cloak bernard clairvaux great saint order monasteries nunneries england including largest finest kingdom cut represents group cistercian monks vitellius british museum shows sitting hands crossed concealed sleeves attitude considered modest respectful presence superiors cowl head observed bearded illustration cistercian cistercian monk give opposite woodcut taken hollar plate reformed benedictine orders arose eleventh century order camaldoli vallombrosa extend england order grandmontines two alien priories preceding orders differ among rule benedict foundation discipline far impressed common character actuated common spirit may consider forming benedictine family chapter iii augustinian orders come next another great monastic family included generic name augustinians augustinians claim great augustine bishop hippo founder relate established monastic communities africa gave rule patronise monachism africa gather writings clear founded distinct order order called name middle ninth century time various denominations clergy entered ranks monachism priests canons clerks incorporated decree pope leo iii emperor lothaire great order enjoined observe rule known name augustine really compiled ivo de chartres writings augustine much milder rule benedictine augustinians divided canons secular canons regular canons secular augustine fact clergy cathedral collegiate churches lived community monastic model habit long black cassock parochial clergy universally wear black divine service wore surplice fur tippet called black cap called times black cloak hood leather girdle according rule might wear beards thirteenth century downwards find usually shaven canon yeoman tale following extract taken chaucer gives us sketch canon seem even journey wore surplice fur hood black cloak ere ridden fully five mile brighton blee us gan atake overtake man clothed clothes blake underneath wered surplice hearte wondren began till understood cloak sewed hood long avised deemed chanon hat hung back lace hat hung behind may like abbot subsequent woodcut wore hood chaucer usual humour portraiture tells us put burdock leaf hood heat laid hood sweat keep head heat chaucer rightly classes canons rather priests monks monk frere priest chanon wight canon give hollar plates ordinary costume engraving canons furred tippets domitian xvii found subsequent chapter secular clergy numerous existing monumental brasses effigies canons represented choir costume surplice amice often cope bareheaded shaven may mention specially william tannere first master cobham college died cobham church kent almuce fringe ornaments surplice distinctly shown fastened throat jewel effigy sir john stodeley canon winchendon church bucks died ordinary costume garment reaching heels shorter black cassock girded leather girdle long cloak hood canons regular augustine perhaps least ascetic monastic orders enyol de provins minstrel afterwards monk thirteenth century says among well shod well clothed well fed go like mix world talk table little known till tenth eleventh century general opinion first introduced england colchester reign henry ruins church norman style built roman bricks still remain habit like secular canons long black cassock cloak hood leather girdle cap distinguished secular canons wearing beard according tanner hundred houses england hundred monks sixteen nuns editors last edition monasticon recovered names additional small houses make total two hundred sixteen houses order illustration augustinian order branches number denominations indeed considered parent rule monastic orders religious communities included benedictine order retrospectively made include distinguished recluses clerics institution benedict fourth sixth century important branch regular canons premonstratensian founded norbert german nobleman died first house barren spot valley coucy picardy called gave name order rule augustine severe discipline superadded habit coarse black cassock white woollen cloak white cap abbots use episcopal insignia premonstratensian nuns sing choir church pray silence houses england welbeck chief order popular continent length numbered thousand abbeys five hundred nunneries rule also included gilbertines founded lincolnshire priest gilbert sempringham year houses order lincolnshire yorkshire priories dependent house sempringham whose head appointed priors houses ruled absolutely whole order houses order double houses monks nuns lived enclosure though rigid separation two divisions monks followed augustinian rule nuns followed rule cistercian nuns habit black cassock white cloak hood lined lambskin monasticon gives effective representations hollar gilbertine monk nun nuns fontevraud another female order augustinians little known founded fontevraud france three houses order established england time henry ii monks nuns within enclosure subject rule abbess bonhommes another small order augustinian rule little repute england two houses however reckoned among greater abbeys esserug bucks edindon wilts female order saviour usually called brigittines founded bridget sweden introduced england henry built glorious nunnery sion house dissolution nuns fled lisbon successors still exist relics vestments carried sion house carefully preserved ever since now possession earl shrewsbury habit like benedictine nuns black tunic white wimple veil distinguished black band veil across forehead small offshoots great augustinian tree observed rule austin according regulations nicholas arroasia four houses observed order victor three houses may refer reader two illuminations groups religious illustration costumes beautiful fourteenth century froissart british museum harl represents dying pope surrounded group representative religious cardinals among brown beard appearance tonsure hermit another white scapular hood carthusian another black cloak hood white frock cistercian another brown robe hood tonsured tiberius iii article text speaks convens monkys chanons chartreus celestynes freres prestes palmers pylgreymys hermytes reclus illuminator illustrated row religious first benedictine abbot canon red cassock almuce surplice monk white frock white scapular banded sides hollar cut given clearly carthusian comes man brown knotted girdle holding cross staff book perhaps friar white surplice red cassock priest hermit brown cloak dark grey gown background partly seen two pilgrims monk illustrations monks frequent illuminated mss hospitals middle ages deserve extended notice afford founded places pilgrimage along high roads entertainment poor pilgrims travellers edmund bury john hospital god house without south gate nicholas hospital without east gate peter hospital without risley gate saviour hospital without north gate founded endowed abbots edmund reading hospital mary magdalene twelve leprous persons chaplains hospital lawrence poor people entertainment strangers pilgrims founded abbots reading gate fountains abbey poor persons travellers glastonbury care almoner poor infirm persons indeed scattered profusely country last edition monasticon enumerates less three hundred seventy poor usually little chamber person common hall took meals chapel attended daily service usually care government clergymen sometimes large hospitals prior bretheren augustinian canons canons hospitals special statutes addition general rules distinguished peculiarity habit example canons hospital john baptist coventry wore cross breast black cassock similar shoulder cloak poor people also simple rule regarded part community accompanying woodcut enables us place group eye reader initial letters deed harl henry vii founded fraternity thirteen poor men thirteen favourite number hospitals westminster abbey governance monks repay king bounty prayers group represents abbot monks behind bedesmen royal badge rose crown shoulder habit holds hand rosary symbol prayers happily ancient foundations continued present day brethren may seen yet coats antique fashion cross badge sleeve examples architecture buildings may seen bede houses higham ferrers churchyard built archbishop chechele thomas hospital northampton wyston hospital leicester ford hospital coventry alms houses sherborne leicester hospital warwick turner domestic architecture says exists complete chronological series twelfth century downwards illustration temp hen hospitals also established treatment sick bartholomew hospital perhaps illustrious instance founded infirmary sick infirm poor hospital women sisters hospital staff women happened die hospital children taken care till seven years age staff usually consisted community living monastic vows rule prior number brethren educated trained treatment sickness disease also priests college short clerical physicians surgeons hospital dressers devoted service sick poor act religion always mind lord words inasmuch ye least brethren ye still existing church bartholomew hospital smithfield monument founder rahere first canon prior however much later date probably recumbent effigy kneeling figures two canons beside afford good authorities costume engraved vetusta monumenta vol ii pl xxxvi building usually consisted great hall sick lay chapel worship apartments hospital staff apartments guests aware examples england perfect exist countries shall therefore borrow foreign examples illustration subject commonest form hospitals seems great hall divided pillars centre aisles rows beds arranged chapel separate building end hall buildings irregularly disposed courtyard hôtel dieu chartres building salle des morts ourscamp tonerre find modification plan hospital still vast hall divided timber partitions along side walls little separate cells cells side walls projecting partly cells two galleries along attendants might walk look cells east end hall two bays screened chapel able might go chapel rise beds still take part service tartoine near laon la fère hospital different plan hall cells side placed side square courtyard chapel lodgings brethren another side court chapter iv military orders already sketched history rise monachism fourth century groups egyptian eremites rapid spread institution rule basil christendom adoption west new rule benedict sixth century rise reformed orders benedictines tenth eleventh centuries institution eleventh twelfth centuries new group orders milder discipline augustinian rule come now class monastics included augustinian rule since rule formed basis discipline whose striking features difference religious orders entitle reckoned distinct class designation military orders history mendicant orders arose thirteenth century read seen military orders anticipated active religious spirit formed characteristic friars opposed contemplative religious spirit monks peculiarly characterises military orders adoption chivalrous crusading spirit age arose half friars half crusaders order knights temple founded jerusalem interval first second crusades reign baldwin hugh de payens eight brave knights presence king barons hands patriarch bound fraternity embraced fundamental monastic vows obedience poverty chastity addition special object fraternity undertook task escorting companies pilgrims coast jerusalem thence usual tour holy places open country perpetually exposed incursions irregular bands saracen turkish horsemen death slavery fate awaited caravan helpless pilgrims infidel descried swept plains waylay mountain passes new knights undertook besides wage continual war defence cross infidel canons temple jerusalem gave new fraternity piece ground adjoining temple site home hence took name knights temple gradually acquired dependent houses fact strong castles whose ruins may still seen many strong place palestine ten years baldwin ii sent envoys europe implore aid christian powers support kingdom saracens hugh de payens sent envoys order received approval council troyes pope eugene patronage bernard became great preacher second crusade hugh de payens returned palestine head three hundred knights noblest houses europe become members order endowments support flowed abundantly gradually order established dependent houses estates nearly every country europe order introduced england reign king stephen first chief house temple south side holborn london near southampton buildings afterwards removed fleet street establishment still remains long since converted uses original church round nave form church holy sepulchre jerusalem still continues monument wealth grandeur ancient knights five houses england called preceptories dependent temple london knights wore usual armour period knights wore flowing surcoat twelfth thirteenth centuries jupon fourteenth tabard fifteenth colour pleased taste often embroidered armorial bearings knights temple distinguished wearing portion equipment white red cross breast long flowing white mantle red cross shoulder also wore monastic tonsure early fourteenth century british museum royal representation eracles prior jerusalem prior hospital master temple sent france ask succour illumination shows us king france sitting throne standing religious mitre crozier doubt eracles another peculiarly shaped black robe cross patee left shoulder either hugh de payens templar raymond de puy hospitaller difficult determine fine fourteenth century nero representation trial templars three standing pope king france dressed grey tunic black mantle red cross left breast pointed hood shoulders folio represents master temple burnt death presence king nobles fine royal time richard representations scenes folio group templars habited long black coat fitting close neck like ordinary civil robes time pointed hood like familiar portraits dante cross patee right shoulder hair tonsured burning group templars tonsured burning master temple another tonsured banner black white striped cloth called word adopted rule allowed three horses servant knight married knights admitted sisters order order suppressed circumstances gross injustice cruelty fourteenth century bulk estates given hospitallers knight given hollar plate prior order armour thirteenth century illustration knight knights john jerusalem knights hospitallers originally military order founded merchants amalfi italy purpose affording hospitality pilgrims holy land chief house called hospital situated jerusalem church holy sepulchre independent hospitals places holy land frequented pilgrims kindness sick wounded soldiers first crusade made popular several crusading princes endowed estates many crusaders instead returning home laid arms joined brotherhood hospital period history habit plain black robe linen cross left breast length endowments become greater needs hospitals required incited example templars little established raymond de puy master hospital offered king baldwin ii reconstruct order model templars time two military orders formed powerful standing army defence kingdom jerusalem palestine finally lost christians knights john passed isle cyprus afterwards isle rhodes finally isle malta maintaining constant warfare infidel good service checking westward progress mohammedan arms latter part history recent period conferred great benefits checking ravages corsairs north africa commerce mediterranean coast towns southern europe patrolled sea rowed carried force armed soldiers inferior brethren order officered knights even now extinct order first introduced england reign henry clerkenwell continued principal house order england styled hospital hospitallers also dependent houses called commanderies many english estates number houses military knights england cells erected estates endowed order cultivate estates support order form depôts recruits novices might trained learning like benedictines agriculture like cistercians preaching like dominicans piety military exercises plan elevation commandery chabburn northumberland engraved turner domestic architecture vol iii superior order england sat parliament accounted first lay baron military duty knights wore ordinary armour period red surcoat marked white cross breast red mantle white cross shoulder churches england possibly circular naves like church temple jerusalem four round churches remain belonged knights hospital chapel chabburn rectangular building many sisters order house england two earlier representations knights order may noted library ghent date edward picture john lonstrother prior order wears long sleeveless gown armour engraved archælogia xiii add british museum note beginning volume missal phillippe de villiers de adam famous grand master order john jerusalem frontispiece portrait grand master black robe lined fur cross patee breast opposite page another portrait robe different fashion cross rather differently shaped monument last english prior sir thomas tresham robes prior order still remains rushton church northants fine portrait knight malta national gallery hospitaller given preceding page hollar plate good representation armour early part fourteenth century usual knight instead mail hood basinet head illustration knight gathered authorities costume knights temple hospital noted picture knights duty holy land elsewhere armour period uniform surcoat order desire realise appearance ordinarily seen chapel refectory estates forming part ordinary scene english life must long gown cross shoulder tonsured head described authorities make appearance resemble religious persons military orders never extended england order teutonic knights fraternity similar templars consisting entirely germans order lady mercy spanish knightly order imitation trinitarians order religious trinitarians reserved place rule classed among augustinian orders object foundation gives affinity military orders mode pursuing object makes organisation life resemble friars moral interest work picturesque scenes associations lead us give little larger space able orders difficult us realise mohammedan power seemed time unlikely subjugate europe career conquest arrested mohammedan states north africa continued centuries scourge commerce europe terror inhabitants coasts mediterranean scoured great sea galleys captured ships made descents coasts plundered towns villages carried captives slavery retreated safety booty african harbours within quite recent times last strongholds destroyed english fleet greek italian feluccas ceased fear algerine pirates already briefly stated hospitallers original service ended expulsion christians holy land settled first cyprus rhodes good service bulwark mohammedan progress lastly knights malta acted police mediterranean best oppose piracies corsairs spite vigilance prowess knights many merchant ship captured many fishing village sacked many captives men women children ranks society carried slavery slavery cruel exaggerated scorn hatred bred antagonism race religion made ruthless recollection ages mutual injuries relations friends unhappy captives people wealth influence used every exertion rescue dear captors ordinarily willing set ransom hopeless indeed lot course great majority friends rich enough help miserable fate helpless ones moved compassion souls john de matha born noble parents provence felix de valois retired desert place foot little hill fountain cold water issued forth white hart accustomed resort fountain hence received name cervus frigidus represented french representing french cerfroy two good men clarkson wilberforce time arranged institution new order redemption captives new order received approval pope innocent took place among recognised orders church papal approval institution constituted authorisation head church seek alms christendom furtherance object rules directed income reserved maintenance given poor special object redeeming captives two philanthropists preached throughout france collecting alms recruiting men willing join good work first year able send two brethren africa negotiate redemption hundred christian captives next year john went brought back thankful company hundred ten third voyage hundred twenty order continued flourish established house order africa agent infidel introduced england sir william lucy charlecote return crusade built endowed thellesford priory warwickshire subsequently eleven houses england rhadegunda tutelary saint habit white greek cross red blue breast three colours taken signify three persons holy trinity white eternal father blue transverse limb cross son red charity holy spirit order called trinitarians devotion blessed trinity houses dedicated hence significance badge commonly called mathurins name founder brethren order holy trinity redemption captives object turning monks friars must devote brief sentence alien priories cells foreign abbeys founded estates english proprietors given foreign houses expenses establishment defrayed surplus revenue fixed sum lieu remitted parent house abroad hundred twenty edward breaking war france seized belonging enemy edward ii appears pursued course edward henry iv reserved time war houses accustomed pay foreign abbeys time peace length dissolved act parliament second year henry possessions devoted part religious charitable uses chapter orders friars seen three centuries beginning tenth end twelfth series religious orders arose aiming successful reproduction monastic ideal thirteenth century saw rise new class religious orders actuated different principle monachism principle monachism seclusion mankind abstraction worldly affairs sake religious contemplation end monasteries founded wilds far abodes men least often suffered feet thoughts wander beyond cloister far best monk principle inspired friars devotion performance active religious duties among mankind houses built near great towns majority brethren houses order mere temporary issued make journeys town country preaching parish churches steps carrying ministrations every castle every cottage speke many hundred years ago now man see non elves mo now great charity prayers lymytours holy freres serchen every land every stream thick motis blessing halls chambers kitchens bowers cities burghs castles high towers thorps barns shippons dairies maketh fairies wont walken elf walketh now lymytour undermeles morwenings sayeth matins holy things goeth lymytacioun bath fact home missionaries zeal earnestness early efforts falling times agency greatly needed produced striking results till days martin luther says sir james stephen church never seen great effectual reform nothing histories wesley whitefield compared enthusiasm everywhere welcomed immediate visible result labours character francis notwithstanding superstition exaggerated asceticism something specially attractive intense sympathy sorrows sufferings poor tender respectful love members christ heroic service christ sake vivid realisation truth birds beasts fishes god creatures work francis dominic much worth careful study present day now mass misery large towns huge horrible enough kindle pity another francis country well town ignorance irreligion enough call forth zeal another dominic sisters mercy see among women wonderful rekindling old spirit shape adapted time need despair seeing spirit rekindled among men freed old superstitions avoiding old blunders setting combat gigantic evils threaten overwhelm religion social order reformers took great pains fit followers office preachers teachers sending large numbers universities founding colleges reception students admirable largeness view confine studies theology cultivated whole range science art successful short time professional chairs universities europe almost monopolised learned members mendicant orders constitutions required licensed general preacher studied theology three years provincial general chapter examined character learning satisfactory gave commission either limiting ministry certain district whence called english like chaucer friar hubert allowing exercise listed called authority preach exercise spiritual functions necessarily brought friars collision parochial clergy learned good friar much good parishes cursed ignorant slothful wicked pastor hand inferior class friars accused abusing position setting people pastors whose pulpits usurped interfering injuriously discipline parishes intruded long primitive purity zeal mendicant orders began deteriorate inevitable zeal goodness perpetuated system human societies superior pretensions gradually deteriorate even apostolic church peculiar circumstances system mendicant orders tended induce rapid deterioration profession mendicancy tended encourage use little paltry arts injure usefulness minister religion lower moral tone fact increased number friars source additional wealth convent since gave increased number collectors alms tended make convents less scrupulous fitness men admitted believe truth accusations old satirists dissolute fellows sought friar frock cowl license gave lead vagabond life levy contributions charitable men easily appropriate portion given convent ample opportunity away control ecclesiastical superiors spend peculations dissolute living may take therefore chaucer friar john sompnour tale type certain class friars must remember time many earnest learned excellent men mendicant orders even mawworm john wesley might flourish together body illustration four orders convents friars independent bodies like benedictine augustinian abbeys order organised body governed general order provincial priors priors convents subordinate officials usually reckoned four orders friars dominicans franciscans carmelites augustines found freres foure orders techynge peple profit four orders pictured together woodcut preceding page thirteenth century harl called humility founders called like monks simply frère dominicans franciscans arose simultaneously beginning thirteenth century dominic augustinian canon spaniard noble birth seized zeal converting heretics gradually associated ecclesiastics length conceived idea founding order men spend lives preaching simultaneously francis son rich italian merchant inspired design establish new order men spend lives preaching gospel works charity among people two men met rome year attempt made induce unite institutions francis unwilling pope sanctioned adopted augustinian rule required followers personally property also possess property collectively body followers work livelihood live alms two orders retained something character founders dominicans learned energetic dogmatic stern controversialist defenders orthodox faith argument terrors inquisition hands even master rightly wrongly sanctioned cruelties used albigenses preaching failed convince franciscans retained something character pious ardent fanciful enthusiast took name illustration dominic dominic gave order name preaching friars commonly styled dominicans colour habits black friars habit consisting white tunic fastened white girdle white scapulary black mantle hood shoes lay brethren wore black scapulary woodcut give preceding page two friars names dominic francis inscribed taken representation end thirteenth century sloan legend vision dominic related legenda aurea virgin mary deprecating wrath christ destroy world iniquity presenting dominic francis promise convert world wickedness next woodcut hollar print monasticon early fifteenth century illustration dominican friar black mantle brown hood white tunic may found last page harleian fine picture dominic mario zoppo national gallery shows costume admirably stands preaching book rosary left hand dominican nuns wore dress white veil according last edition monasticon houses england illustration dominican franciscans styled founder fratri minori lesser brothers friars minors usually called grey friars colour habits cordeliers knotted cord formed characteristic girdle habit originally grey tunic long loose sleeves quite loose benedictines knotted cord girdle black hood feet always bare protected sandals fifteenth century colour habit altered dark brown woodcut hollar print picture francis felippino lippi national gallery shows costume clearly piers ploughman describes irregular indulgences habit worn less strict members order cutting cope cloth frauncis froc first made yet cope coat furred foyns fichews fur beaver cut knee quaintly lest spiritual man espie guile fraunceys bad brethren barefoot wenden now buckled shoon blenying blistering ther heels hosen harde weather tied ancle beautiful little picture francis receiving stigmata may found book offices end fourteenth century harl another picture subject book hours harl fine authorities franciscan costumes life francis harl principal picture represents bonaventura saint order gorgeous cope brown frock hood seated writing cell open door seen corridor doors opening cells corners page pictures anthony padua bernardine another saint clare foundress female order franciscans good illumination two franciscans grey frocks hoods girded rope barefooted found add date franciscan nuns minoresses poor clares sometimes called clare patron saint first nun order wore habit monks black veil instead hood another illustration minoresses see royal franciscans first introduced england canterbury year houses order england besides four minoresses illustration franciscan dominicans retained unity organisation last franciscans divided several branches names minorites capuchins minims observants recollets carmelite friars origin name indicates east according traditions ever since days elijah claim founder rocks carmel inhabited succession hermits lived pattern great prophet institution order friars however dates beginning thirteenth century albert patriarch jerusalem gave rule founded severe st basil gave habit white red stripes according tradition fashion mantle order immediately spread west pope honorius iii sanctioned changed habit white frock dark brown tunic soon third general order englishman simon stock added scapulary colour tunic distinguished premonstratensian canons whose habit except wants scapulary colour habit popular english name carmelites white friars sir john de vesci english crusader early part thirteenth century made ascent mount carmel found religious living claiming successors elijah romantic incident seems interested brought back england introduced order became popular elsewhere europe never influential order ultimately fifty houses england illustration carmelite austin friars founded middle thirteenth century still time small communities enrolled among great recognised orders great number hermits solitaries lived rule pope innocent iv decreed hermits solitaries separate communities incorporated new order rule augustine stricter clauses added name ermiti augustini hermits augustine popularly called austin friars exterior habit black gown broad sleeves girded leather belt black cloth hood houses england also minor orders friars need detailed description crutched crossed friars called red cross back breast blue habit introduced england middle thirteenth century ten houses friars de poenitentiâ friars sack introduced little later nine houses six friaries obscure orders minor mendicant orders except four great orders franciscans dominicans augustinians carmelites suppressed council lyons chaucer lived latter half fourteenth century hundred forty years existence orders friars least many individuals orders lost much primitive holiness zeal avowed purpose satirise abuses quote largely pictures ancient customs manners gives us must make allowance exaggerations satirist especially must take faulty vicious individuals suits purpose depict fair samples whole class satirist failings foibles clergy future generations turn illustrations life cathedral towns country parishes know wrongly suppose proudie fair sample bishops grantley archdeacons period smylie evangelical clergy know real bishop archdeacon incumbent among us characters cleverly amusingly sense truthfully drawn anything exaggerated likenesses caution hesitate borrow illustrations subject chaucer contemporary writers description friar hubert canterbury pilgrims tells us full well beloved familiar frankelins countrie eke worthy women town power confession curate order licenciate full sweetely heard confession pleasant absolution easy man give penance wist good pittance poor order give signe man well tippet aye farsed full knives pinnés give fairé wives certainly merry note well sing playen rote profit arise courteous lowly service man virtuous beste beggar house gave certain ferme grant none brethren came haunt costume like cloisterer threadbare cope poor scholar like master pope double worsted round bell press sompnour tale character merely sketched worked detail gives wonderfully picture friar occupation intercourse people better lay considerable extracts readers lordings yorkshire guess marsh country holderness went limitour preach eke beg doubt befel day frere preached church mannére specially aboven every thing excited people preaching trentals give goddé sake wherewith men mighten holy houses make divine service honoured wasted devoured penance ther friendés soules well old young yea speedily hold priest jolly gay singeth mass day deliver quoth souls full hard owles burn bake now speed heartily christé sake frere intent cum forth way went folk church given lest went way longer rest takes way village brother friar seems rule go couples servant carry sack begging every house scrippe tipped staff high every house gan pore pry begged meal cheese ellés corn fellow staff tipped horn pair tables ivory pointel fetisly wrote always namés stood allé folk gave good though woulde pray us bushel wheat malt rye goddé kichel trippe cheese ellés list may chese godde halfpenny mass penny give us bran ye dagon blanket dearé dame sister dear lo write name bacon beef thing find sturdy harlot went aye behind hosté man bare sack men gave laid back door anon planed away names every written tables served triffles fables length comes house goodwife accustomed hospitably received along went house house till came house wont refreshed hundred places sick lay husbandman whose place bedrid couché low lay quoth thomas friend good day frere courteously soft quoth yield full oft bench fared full well eaten many merry meal bench drove away cat laid adown potent hat eke scrip set adown fellow town forth knave hostlery shope thilké night lie deré master quoth sické man ye fared since march began saw fourteen night wot quoth full sore specially salvation sayd many precious orison friendes god bless day church messe sermon simple wit saw dame ah trow yard saidé man come anon master welcome ye st john saide wife fare ye heartily friar ariseth full courteously embraceth armés narwe kisseth sweet chirketh sparrow lippes quoth well servant every deal thanked god gave soul life yet saw day fair wife churché god save god amendé defaults sire quoth welcome ye fay dame found alway great goodness leve wouldé pray ye grieve thomas speak little throw curates negligent slow searchen tenderly conscience shrift preaching diligence study peter words paul walk fishen christian menne souls yield lord jesu proper rent spread word set mine intent faith dere sir quoth well seinté charitee angry pissemire whereupon friar begins scold goodman thomas vous thomas thomas maketh fiend must amended ire thing high god defended therefore speak word two master quoth wife go ye dine go thereabout dame quoth vous dis sans capon liver white bread shiver roasted piggé head ne beast dead homely suffisance man little sustenance spirit fostering bible body aye ready penible waken stomach destroyed pray dame ye annoyed though friendly counsel shew god told sir quoth word ere go child dead within weekés two soon ye went town death saw revelation frere home dortour dare well say ere half hour death saw borne blisse mine vision god wisse sexton fermerere trué friars fifty year may now god thanked loan make jubilee walke alone care continue blasphemous lies plays mother tenderness dead babe length addressing sick goodman continues thomas might ride go lord cleped ive brother shouldest thrive chapter pray day night christ send hele might body welden hastily wot quoth nothing thereof feel help christ fewé years spended divers manner freres full many pound yet fare never bet frere answered thomas dost need diverse friars seche needeth perfect leech seeken leches town inconstancy confusion hold ye elles convent pray insufficient thomas jape worth mite malady lite ah give convent half quarter oates give convent four twenty groats give friar penny let go nay nay thomas may nothing farthing worth parted twelve takes cue wife given reads long sermon anger quoting seneca giving instances cambyses cyrus length urges confession quoth sick man saint simon shriven day curate gold make cloister proclaims virtues morals order ye lack predication goth world destruction whoso world us bereave god save thomas leave bereave world sun ends burden thomas help sainte charitee sicke man wax well nigh wood ire woulde frere fire false dissimulation proceeds play practical joke bear even hinting sufficiently shows superstition prevent men taking great liberties expressing utmost contempt men moreover mennie hearden affray came leaping chased frere ignominiously turned goodman house friar goes lord village sturdy pace court goth whereat woned man great honour friar alway confessour worthy man lord village frere came rage whereas lord sat eating board lord gan look saide frere john manner world see well something amiss need complete picture adding actors lady house aye stille sat till herde friar now stood lorde squire board carved meat hearde every word things needs little help imagination complete contemporary picture english village lord farmer villagers village inn parish church priest fortnightly visit itinerant friars now completed sketch rise religious orders general character conclude portion task brief history suppression england henry viii resolved break pope religious orders great upholders papal supremacy friars especially called pope militia king resolved therefore destruction friars pretext reform religious orders end year royal commission undertook visitation religious houses thousand three hundred number including cells hospitals performed task incredible celerity king command exceeding urgent ten weeks presented report small houses reported full irregularity vice great solemne monasteries thanks god religion right well observed kept king decree went forth parliament ratified religious houses less annual value suppressed just caught friaries less powerful monasteries sake impartiality perhaps monks greatly moved destruction come rivals turn speedily came suppressed forcibly induced surrender patronage abbacies king hands control induced abbots threats cajolery offer place pension surrender monasteries hand others induced surrender abbatial offices placed creatures completed surrender intractable abbots like reading glastonbury john colchester neither found guilty high treason difficult matter made high treason act parliament publish words king heretic schismatic tyrant disposed hanging drawing quartering hospitallers clerkenwell still difficult deal required special act parliament suppress gave trouble rewarded bishoprics livings pensions rest turned adrift wide world dig beg starve defending principle monasticism may altered circumstances church nation day usefulness monasteries passed restrain expression indignation shameless reckless manner suppression commissioners suggested bishop latimer entreated vain two three monasteries left every shire religious learned charitable uses shared among king courtiers magnificent churches pulled libraries inestimable value destroyed alms monks gave poor hospitals maintained old impotent infirmaries sick schools people went wreck tithes parishes hands monasteries swallowed indiscriminately men strain gnats swallowing camels three thousand parishes including populous important towns left impoverished day wonder fountains religious endowment england dried ever since course modern legislation calculated set chapter vi convent given sketch history various monastic orders england proceed give account constitution convent taking benedictine monastery type orders departed minor particulars name especially appropriate body individuals composed religious community body cloister monks lay clerical professed brethren also lay clerical clerks novices servants artificers servants artificers course taken lower ranks society rest originally various degrees rank social position constantly meet instances noble men women knights ladies minstrels merchants quitting secular occupations various periods life taking religious habit continuing simply professed brethren others rising high offices order scions noble houses infrequently entered early age novices either devoted religious life piety parents worldly motives provided calling maintenance sometimes considerable interest used procure admittance novices great monasteries children poor received monastic schools showed peculiar aptitude sometimes length admitted monks eligible often chosen highest ecclesiastical dignities whole convent government however bound govern according rule order sometimes elected convent sometimes king patron share election frequently estates attached office distinct convent sometimes abbot allowance convent estates always great power property convent bad abbots frequently accused wasting property house enriching relatives friends abbots important houses mitred abbots summoned parliament time henry viii abbots prior coventry seats house peers abbot live common monks separate establishment within precincts house sometimes entrance gate called abbot lodgings ate hall slept chamber chapel oratory private devotions accommodation retinue chaplains servants duty set monks example observance rule keep observance punish breaches attend services church hindered duties preach holy days people attend chapter preach rule act confessor monks abbot also involved many secular duties manors convent far near required visiting manors involved abbot numerous duties feudal system devolved lord towards tenants towards feudal superior greater abbots barons sometimes involved duties justices eyre military leaders vassals peers parliament hospitality great monastic virtues usual regulation convents abbot entertain guests gentle degree convent entertained others found abundance occupation lord abbot performing offices courteous host seems done way becoming character lord wealth dignity table bountifully spread even chose confine pulse water band wandering minstrels always welcome abbot hall entertain gentle fair guests falconer furnish cast hawks forester leash hounds lord abbot decline ride river manor parks witness share sport harl fol picture abbot horseback casting hawk fist pretty little illustration abbatial hospitality occurs marie lay ywonec baron family travelling obedience royal summons keep high festivals caerleon course journey stop night spacious abbey received greatest hospitality good abbot sake detaining guests another day exhibited whole apartments dormitory refectory last beheld splendid tomb covered superb pall fringed gold surrounded twenty waxen tapers golden candlesticks vast silver censer constantly burning filled air fumes incense illustration benedictine abbot ordinary habit monks processions made certain great feasts held crosier mitred abbot wore mitre also parliamentary costume give opposite page beautiful drawing benedictine abbot alban habited abbey abbot celebrated high mass certain great festivals wore full episcopal costume thomas delamere abbot alban represented magnificent sepulchral brass abbey executed lifetime circa richard bewferest abbot augustine canons dorchester oxfordshire brass church date circa representing episcopal costume bareheaded staff church incised gravestone representing abbot roger circa full episcopal vestments abbesses bore crosier addition ordinal costume order sepulchral brass elizabeth harvey abbess benedictine abbey elstow bedfordshire circa represents church place representation benedictine abbess previous page fourteenth century royal vii illustration abbess abbot number officials chief prior precentor cellarer sacrist hospitaller infirmarer almoner master novices porter kitchener seneschal large monasteries officers found smaller houses monk perform duties several offices officers seem elected convent subject approval abbot might deposed brief notes duties obedientiaries serve give considerable insight economy convent first orders abbey houses priories clugniac gilbertine military mendicant orders orders abbeys distant estates granted either donor built house made subject abbey abbey built house management estates celebration divine charitable offices priories varied size mere cell containing prior two monks establishment large abbey dignity power prior varied mere steward distant estate parent house autocratic head nominally dependent parent house everything name abbot majority female houses various orders except especially female orders like brigittines kept subject monastery superiors houses usually bore title prioress though power abbess internal discipline house forbear quote least portion chaucer beautiful description prioress among canterbury pilgrims smiling ful simple coy sang divine service sweetly spoke french correctly though accent savoured benedictine convent educated rather paris behaved delicacy table cheerful mood amiable pretty affectation courtly breeding care exhibit reverend stateliness becoming office speken conscience charitable piteous wepe saw mouse caught trappe dead bled smalé houndés fed rosted flesh milk wastel bread sore wept dead men smote yerdé smerte conscience tendre herte ful semély wimple nose tretis eyen grey glass mouth full small thereto soft red sickerly fayre almost spanné broad trow hardily undergrow habit becoming beads red coral gauded green hung jewel gold written crowned vincit another nun also chapelleine priestés three abbeys chief obedientiaries styled prior perhaps give better idea functions borrowing naval analogy calling abbot first lieutenant like officer ship prior times carried internal discipline convent abbot absence vicegerent wielding abbot powers except making deposing obedientiaries consecrating novices suite apartments called prior chamber prior lodging leave house day two business house horses servants appropriated use whenever entered monks present rose respect little license diet allowed refectory might also refreshment apartments sometimes entertained guests certain condition prior chamber neither prior obedientiaries wore distinctive dress badge office large convents assisted prior deputy sharing duties residence fulfilling absences especial functions appropriated seem say grace dinner supper see doors locked five evening keep keys five next morning sleeping near dormitory door making private search prevent wandering night large monasteries additional appears come next order dignity since told censed abbot prior taught music monks novices arranged ruled everything related conduct divine service place church middle choir right side held instrument hand modern leaders use bâton side choir commenced chant besides librarian keeper archives keeper abbey seal assisted sat left side choir led half choir service assisted chantor absence undertook duties fact steward house modern representative bursar college care everything relating provision food vessels convent exempt observance services church use horses servants fulfilment duties sometimes appears separate apartments cellarer wore distinctive dress badge alban occurs portrait adam cellarius distinguished merit buried among abbots name effigy recorded holding two keys hand purse symbols office quaint features different dignified abbot given book limner seems given us type ungenial cellarer illustration whence word sexton care charge fabric furniture ornaments church generally material appliances divine service stead slept chamber built church order protect night chamber alban abbey church engraved august often assist sacrist duties duty name implies perform duties hospitality behalf convent monasteries received travellers food lodging day night right longer period prior saw reason grant special hall provided entertainment guests chambers accommodation hospitaller performed part host behalf convent saw accommodation guests belonged convent introduced refectory strange priests others desired leave dine ushered guests degree abbot entertained showed church house suitable times guests whose curiosity prompted desire every abbey infirmary usually detached building kitchen chapel besides suitable apartments sick aged monks sometimes took permanent residence infirmary excused irksome duties allowed indulgences food social intercourse sick monks sick folk received infirmary common incident mediæval romances find wounded knight carried neighbouring monastery healed officer charge everything relating department styled slept infirmary excused hours great houses two brethren assist besides necessary servants often clerk learned pharmacy physician charge distribution alms house sometimes money left benefactors distributed poor annually obits distribution confided almoner men attended abbot chamber guests receive alms chose give poor moneys belonging convent also devoted purpose besides food drink surplus convent meals assistants allowed go visit sick infirm folk neighbourhood christmas provided cloth shoes widows orphans poor clerks others thought need grave learned monk superintended education youths schools abbey taught rule candidates monastic profession officer importance chosen age gravity apartment gate lodge assistant lad run messages sometimes porter seems layman small houses nunneries office involved duties seen great abbeys distributed among number officials marie lay le fraine read porter abbey nuns porter abbey arose office close rung bells tapers light laid forth books ready dight church door undid sequel appears daughter therefore probability layman usually monk name implies ruled kitchen went market provided meals house illustration great abbeys often layman rank secular business tenure large estates consequently secular offices devolved abbots convents holding manorial courts like fosbroke tells us another officer name inferior dignity convent business prior cellarer done house home carried rod acted marshal horses servants allowed duties office benedictine abbey winchcombe robe clerk cloth year lamb fur supertunic hood budge fur commons hall cellarer every year michaelmas probably officer kind alan middleton recorded alban collector rents obedientiaries monastery especially bursar omnibus se deserving well house put portrait among benefactors clothed blue robe clerk cloth perhaps furred wrists throat lamb fur budge fur small tonsure shows taken minor order penner inkhorn girdle denote nature office just opening door abbey tenants perform unwelcome function grateful men benedictines alban immortalised another inferior officers de hamuntesham fidelis minister hujus occasion received beating hands rabble alban villanos sci standing rights liberties church illustration hamuntesham attacked next dignity obedientiaries come received holy orders hands bishop number limited cloister monk rich abbey seems something like dignity fellow modern college good deal interest sometimes employed obtain admission youth novice view ultimately arriving dignified degree next order come seem monks elected dignity cloister monks admitted late life monks brought house called came later life lay brothers also sometimes called necessarily young passed noviciate even monk another order another house order even monk cell house reckoned among novices also abbot high officials frequently clerics living monastery served chantries abbey church churches chapels belonged monastery neighbourhood monastery millers bakers tailors shoemakers smiths similar artificers often part monastic establishment numerous grooms like certain vows kept discipline cistercian abbey waverley seventy monks hundred twenty besides priests clerks servants great benedictine abbey edmund bury time edward eighty monks fifteen chaplains attendant abbot chief officers hundred eleven servants various offices chiefly residing within walls monastery forty priests officiating several chapels chantries monastic appendages town indefinite number professed brethren following notes give idea occupations servants time william rufus servants evesham numbered five church two infirmary two cellar five kitchen seven bakehouse four brewers four menders two bath two shoemakers two orchard three gardeners cloister gate two great gate five vineyard four served monks went four fishermen four abbot chamber three hall salley abbey end fourteenth century servants among mentioned shoemaker barber prior chamberlain abbot cook convent cook baker mate baker brewers tailor cowherd waggoners pages kitchen labourers keeper animals birds bailiffs foresters shepherds smiths others mentioned name without note office larger houses numerous establishments majority monasteries contained five twenty cloister monks monasteries famous places education must add establishment number children good family learned clerks ladies acted tutors abbey mary winchester contained nuns five priests thirteen lay sisters officers servants children daughters lords knights brought house lastly number persons ranks conditions admitted fraternity among hospitallers probably orders took oath love house brethren defend house enter house enter make annual present house return enrolled register house received prayers brethren death buried cemetery chaucer dominican friar writes names gave donations tables following extract piers ploughman creed austin friar promises definitely donors enrolled fraternity house gyf good thyself helpen help us herblich therewith undertake shalt ben brother oure hous book habben next chapetre clerliche enseled provincial power assoylen alle sustren brethren beth ordre ploughman book alban quoted list many persons knights merchants ladies children vicars rectors received fraternitatem hujus many cases portraits given ordinary costume time class without badge monastic fraternisation chaucer gives several sketches enable us fill realisation monks appeared outside cloister associating includes among merry company canterbury pilgrims first monk prologue makes host address monk lord monk quod trothe tell youre name whether shall call lord dan john dan thomas elles dan albon house ye father kin vow god full fair skin gentle pasture ther goest art like penaunt ghost faith art officer worthy sextern celerer father soul dome art maister art home poure cloisterer ne non novice governor ware wise chaucer describes monk prologue monk fayre maisterie lovered venerie manly man abbot able ful many dainty horse stable rode men might bridle hear gingling whistling wind clear eke loud doth chapel bell whereas lord keeper cell rule saint maur saint benet old somedeal strait ilke monk let olde thinges pace held newe world trace gave text pulled hen saith hunters holy men ne monk regneless like fish waterless say monk cloister ilke text held worth oyster say pinion good study make himselven wood book cloister alway pore swinkin handis labour austin bid shall world served therefore prickasoure aright greyhounds swift fowls flight pricking hunting hare lust cost spare saw sleeves purfled hand gris finest land fasten hood chin gold curious pin greater end bootis supple horse great estate now certainly fair prelate shipman tale learn officer considerable freedom able pay frequent visits friends whole passage worth giving marchant whilom dwelled denise riche men held wise noble marchant held worthy house day great repair largesse wife fair wonder hearken tale amonges guestes great small monk fair man bold trow thirty winters old ever anon drawing place youngé monk fair face acquainted goodé man sithen firste knowledge began house familiar possible friend mochel goodé man eke monk began bothé two village monk claimeth cosinage onés nay glad thereof fowl day heart great plesaunce ben knit eterne alliance eche gan ensure brotherhood life may endure notwithstanding vow poverty also able make presents friends tale continues free dan john namely despence house full diligence don plesaunce also great costage forgat give leaste page house degree gave lord sithen mennie came manner honest thing glad coming fowl fain sun upriseth chaucer forget let us know monk came liberty command means noble monk devise abbot list licence man high prudence eke officer ride see granges barnés wide chapter vii monastery proceed next give account buildings compose fabric monastery first site orders benedictine family preferred sites secluded remote towns villages possible augustinian orders cultivate seclusion strictly houses unfrequently near towns villages sometimes portion conventual church nave generally formed parish church friaries colleges secular canons hospitals generally near towns popular idea monks chose beautiful fertile spots kingdom abodes little reflection show choice site new monastery must confined within limits lands founder pleased bestow convent sometimes founder gave good manor gave money besides help build house sometimes given tract unreclaimed land first handful monks squatted like settlers new country even settled land days half cultivated good land unreclaimed half reclaimed skill energy company farmers soon produce great results barren commons dotted sheep rushy valleys become rich pastures covered cattle great clearings forest grow green rye barley revenues monastic estates rapidly augment little required coarse dress frugal fare monks like lay landowners spend gilded armour jewelled robes troops armed retainers tournaments journeys court enough plentiful charity unrestricted hospitality surplus spent magnificent buildings whose ruins among architectural glories land cistercians especial rule houses built lowest possible sites token humility general custom middle ages choose low sheltered sites houses especially intended strongholds therefore find nearly monasteries sheltered spots monks neighbourhood stream especial importance headed supplied pond fish therefore within limits domain quiet valley rivulet running site monks select house beside rivulet midst green pasture land valley dotted sheep kine shut world hills whose tops fringed forest stretched miles around stately buildings monastery rise year year cloister court great church abbot lodge numerous offices surrounded stone wall stately like goodly walled town suburban hamlet labourers servants cottages sheltering beneath walls certain plan arrangement principal buildings monastery minor variations followed nearly monastic orders except carthusians latter differed orders monk separate cell lived ate slept apart rest whole community meeting church chapter limits permit us enter exceptional arrangements nucleus monastery cloister court quadrangular space green sward around arranged cloister buildings church refectory dormitory court called paradise blessed garden inmates passed lives holy peace porter often placed monks might quit seclusion strangers enter disturb quiet save exceptional circumstances generally though doubtful whether always case covered ambulatory round four sides ambulatories twelfth thirteenth centuries usually open arcade side facing court supports groined roof fourteenth fifteenth centuries instead open arcade usually find series large traceried windows tolerably close together many cases glazed sometimes painted glass formed doubtless grand series scriptural historical paintings blank wall opposite also sometimes painted covered ambulatory merely promenade monks place convent assembled regularly every day certain hours study meditation instances durham portion fitted little wooden closets studies elder monks wall opposite books monks sometimes buried cloister either turf open square beneath pavement ambulatory sometimes fountain corner cloister south side near entrance refectory monks washed meals church always principal building monastery many remain entire though despoiled shrines tombs altars costly furniture many remain ruins fill us astonishment magnitude splendour existing cathedrals fact abbey churches nine ten churches benedictine monasteries remainder secular augustines reader may imagine wealth bishops offerings dioceses lavished may therefore fair examples ordinary abbey churches originally ordinary abbey churches subsequently made episcopal sees beverley gloucester christ church oxford peterborough originally benedictine abbey churches bristol church house regular canons ripon church college secular canons benedictine churches westminster alban collegiate church southwell equal magnitude splendour cathedrals ruins fountains tintern netley show cistercians equalled orders magnitude beauty churches indeed hard conceive communities score two monks built edifices westminster southwell private chapels attached monasteries though aspect fact true build private chapels say daily prayers built temples believed eternal almighty condescended dwell whose contemplation worship devoted lives think church appendage monastery monastery appendage church cloister shadow protection church court temple priests levites dwelt church monastery almost always cross church nave aisles central tower cistercian churches tower rise story roof transepts usually three chapels north side transept aisle divided three chapels parclose screens choir without aisles presbytery often lady chapel east presbytery instances parallel choir entrance monks usually south side opposite eastern alley cloisters also cistercian churches others newel stair south transept means monks descend dormitory upper story east side cloister court church night services without going open air principal entrance laity north side usually provided porch great western entrance chiefly used processions great entrance gate enclosure wall abbey usually opposite nearly several instances stones found set pavements naves conventual churches mark places different members convent stand issued forth procession amidst tolling great bell cross banner chanted psalms meet abbot return absence person fitting convent show honour illustration franciscan internal arrangements nearly like cathedrals convent occupied stalls choir place abbot first stall south side entering west still appropriated dean cathedrals corresponding stall side sat prior precentor sat middle stall right south side succentor middle stall north side beautiful little picture franciscan friars opposite page psalter british museum domitian large picture gives beautiful representation interior choir church picture worth careful examination costume friars grey frock cowl knotted cord girdle sandalled feet wearing hood drawn head leaving thrown back neck shoulders hands folded sleeves like cistercians precentor may easily distinguished middle stall beating time air leadership much character faces attitudes withered old face left cowl pulled ears keep draughts precentor left rather burly friar evidently singing bass next page engraving similar minoresses also portion large church interior illustration shrine noted saint placed presbytery behind choir aisles frequently placed monuments abbots founders distinguished benefactors house sometimes heads house founders buried require elaborate description plan admit endeavour bring reader abbey churches spoliation sculptures unmutilated paintings fresh windows filled stained glass choir hung hangings banners tapestries waved arches triforium altar shone gloriously jewelled plate monuments abbots nobles still perfect wax tapers burned night day hearses throwing flickering light solemn effigies glancing tarnished armour dusty banners hung tombs cowled monks sat stalls prayed high festival convent walked round lofty aisles procession two two clad rich copes coarse frocks preceded cross banner swinging censers pouring forth clouds incense angelic boy voices still sometimes hear cathedrals chanted solemn litany pure sweet ringing voice floating along vaulted aisles lost swell chorus whole procession ora ora pro nobis cloister usually situated south side nave church nave formed north side south transept part eastern side sometimes reasons local convenience cloister north side nave relative positions buildings similarly transposed always east side court establishments secular canons seems always central pillar support groining lofty conical roof instances placed open space eastward cloister usually approached passage east side cloister court houses orders rectangular even church cathedral usually rectangular building east side cloister longest axis east west durham eastern apse large handsome room good deal architectural ornament often western end divided vestibule generally large divided two three aisles rows pillars internally rows stalls benches arranged round walls convent higher seat east end abbot prior desk middle certain things read every day service called terce convent walked procession choir took proper places abbot taken place monks descended step bowed returned salutation took seats sentence rule order read novices desk abbot absence prior delivered explanatory hortatory sermon another portion book read names brethren benefactors persons received fraternity whose decease happened day year convent prayed souls souls faithful departed life members convent guilty slight breaches discipline confessed kneeling low stool middle bow abbot intimating remission breach resumed seats complaint make brother made adjudged convent business also transacted woodcut gives example kind henry vii made grants westminster abbey condition convent perform certain religious services behalf order services fall disuse directed yearly certain period king attorney recorder london attend chapter abstract grant agreement king convent read grant read still exists british museum written volume superbly bound royal seals attached silver cases illuminated letter head deeds book woodcut taken rudely represents group lawyers side abbot convent monk reading grant desk middle illustration lawyers lydgate life edmund harl written command abbot monk edmund bury occasion king henry vi chapter brother fraternity house illumination seems represent king sitting abbot place royal officers behind monks places side lectern middle group clerks west end probably intended picture scene king received fraternity adjoining south transept usually narrow apartment description durham drawn soon dissolution says locutory another conjecture may vestry netley door west trefoil light window east two niches like monumental niches north south walls piscina east end south wall often found small apartment conjectured penitential cell cases seems merely passage space beyond space abbot lodging often situated may abbot entrance church chapter cistercian houses usually another long building south axis running north south perhaps lower story room monks retired refection converse take allowance wine indulgences diet allowed quotations fosbroke lead us imagine monks dined feast days answer great chamber mediæval houses respects modern colleges upper story building probably dormitory long room vaulted open timber roof pallets arranged rows side wall prior usually slept dormitory light burning near order maintain order monks slept habits wore middle south side court cistercian houses long room whose longer axis lies north south smaller room side probably refectory houses refectory forms south side cloister court lying parallel nave church commonly row pillars centre support groined roof arranged like mediæval halls dais upper end screen lower place oriel window mediæval halls pulpit often embrasure window brethren read edifying book meals remaining apartments difficult appropriate great cistercian houses whose traced fountains salley netley possibly long apartment found west side cloister hall hospitium chambers another conjecture house lay brethren uncertainty present exists points monastic arrangement speak degree certainty throw together data subject subjoined note scriptorium usually therefore large apartment capable containing many persons fact many persons work together manner transcription books example william abbot herschau eleventh century stated biographer knowing learned laudable experience sacred reading necessary food mind made twelve monks excellent writers committed office transcribing holy scriptures treatises fathers besides indefinite number scribes wrought equal diligence transcription books monk well versed kinds knowledge whose business appoint good work task correct mistakes wrote negligently general chapter cistercian order held directs silence maintained scriptorium cloister sometimes perhaps little separate studies wainscot made round large apartment writers sat desks sometimes literary work carried cloister glazed uncomfortable place temperate weather comfortable place summer coolness quiet peep windows green court fountain centre grey walls monastic buildings beyond slow footfall brother going fro cawing rooks minster tower add dreamy charm library odo abbot martin tournay used exult number writers lord given gone cloister might general seen dozen young monks sitting chairs perfect silence writing tables carefully artificially constructed jerome commentaries prophets works gregory everything find augustine ambrose isodore bede lord anselm abbot bec afterwards archbishop canterbury caused transcribed scarcely found monastery part country everybody begging copies correct sometimes little studies wainscot erected cloisters monks study transcribe gloucester cathedral beaulieu melrose example traces way windows cloisters enclosed turned studies illustration numerous illuminations representing monks ecclesiastics writing sit chairs various kinds faldstools armed chairs armed backed desks bookstands various shapes commonly stand sloping desk like bible lectern unfrequently kind besides several books see also illuminations forms pens knives inkstands used mention two unusual interest late psalter harl jude sits writing epistle canopied chair shelf across front chair serve desk string weight end holds parchment bench beside lies book chair similar shelf egerton woodcut preceding page library soissons also find representations ecclesiastics writing small cell may represent enclosed scriptoria bonaventine writing harl john painting late add abbot lodging sometimes formed portion monastic courts mary bridlington formed western side usually detached house precisely similar contemporary unfortified houses laymen similar rank wealth particular site relative monastic buildings appropriated erected wherever convenient within abbey enclosure principal rooms abbot house hall great chamber kitchen buttery cellars chambers chapel must remember abbots greater houses powerful noblemen abbots smaller houses equal rank wealth country gentlemen constant succession noble gentle guests whose entertainment rank habits required involved suitable habitation establishment must borne mind endeavour picture abbot lodging give idea magnitude abbots houses may record hall abbot fountains divided two rows pillars centre aisles feet long feet wide half dozen noble guests retinues knights squires lacqueys abbot men boot lost hall great might perhaps comfortably filled even hall hardly contain companies sometimes entertained great days instance abbot record abbot greater houses give feast three four thousand people lodgings superiors smaller houses may take prior mary bridlington example accurately described king henry commissioners formed west side contained hall undercroft eighteen paces long screen dais ten paces wide north side great chamber twenty paces long nineteen wide west end great chamber prior garret east side chamber little chamber closet south end hall buttery pantry chamber called auditor chamber end hall fair parlour called low summer parlour another fair chamber adjoining three little chambers servants south end hall prior kitchen three houses covered lead adjoining chamber called south cellarer chamber illustration present several buildings monastery sometimes detached placed convenience dictated infirmary especially seems commonly detached many cases kitchen refectory chapel chambers sometimes arranged round court formed complete little separate establishment hospitium sometimes detached usually seems formed portion outer court westward court entered great gates outer gates abbey cistercian houses hall chambers perhaps occupied west side therefore form eastern range buildings outer court mary bridlington prior lodging occupied position lodgings stables strangers north side outer court often great extent magnificence augustine canterbury still remains noble building feet long broad norman date raised undercroft worcester also remains noble building undercroft fine carved timber roof portions painting decorated wall behind dais still visible besides hall contained often answering modern chapel service performed guests days custom always hear prayers dinner supper durham told famous house hospitality kept within abbey garth called situate west side towards water house master thereof appointed give entertainment estates noble gentle degree soever came thither strangers entertainment inferior place england goodness diet clean neat furniture lodgings generally things necessary travellers entertainment man required depart continued honest good behaviour hall stately place unlike body church supported side fine pillars midst hall long range fire chambers lodgings belonging kept clean richly furnished albans enormous range rooms stabling three hundred horses passage correspondence coldingham priory published surties society gives us graphic sketch arrival guests monastery june year given towards end edward iii two monks company certain secular persons came riding gateway monastery nine morning day happened sunday hospitably reverently received lodgings assigned special mass service performed refection washing feet supposed pursue journey london next morning left early hour take repose bell summoning rest brotherhood vespers monk attendance hospitaller gone rest sing chant choir secular persons appear asked two monks take walk look castle durham hardly place middle ages presented constant succession picturesque scenes hospitium monastery contrast must often existed hospitium cloister crowd people every degree nobles ladies knights dames traders wares minstrels songs juggling tricks monks clerks palmers friars beggars bustling court crowding long tables hall paces monks faces buried cowls pacing ambulatory silent meditation sitting meagre refection enlivened monotonous sound novice voice reading homily pulpit many remaining buildings monastery arranged around outer court ingulphus tells us second court saxon monastery croyland gate north almonry near usual position shops tailors hall novices abbot lodgings east chambers south granary west usually large handsome tower porter lodge side arched entrance often strong room served prison convent often handsome room entrance manorial court held middle court often stone cross round markets fairs often held vision piers ploughman interesting description given dominican convent fourteenth century trouble reader archaic original give paraphrase writer says approaching bewildered magnitude beauty long time distinguish nothing certainly stately buildings stone pillars carved painted great windows well wrought quadrangle notices cross standing centre surrounded enters minster church describes arches carved gilded wide windows full shields arms merchants marks stained glass high tombs canopies armed effigies alabaster lovely ladies lying sides many gay garments passes cloister sees pillared painted covered lead paved tiles conduits white metal pouring water latten bronze lavatories beautifully wrought says wrought like great church carved painted like went fratry found hall fit knight household broad boards tables clean benches windows wrought church wandered seigh halles ful heigh houses ful noble chambres chymneys chapeles gaye kychenes high kynge castels holden dortoure ydight dores ful stronge fermerye fraitur fele houses strong stone wall sterne opon heithe gay garites grete ich whole yglazed houses ynowe herberwe queene churches friars differed monks frequently composed either nave nave two often narrow aisles without transepts chapels towers adapted especially preaching large congregations austin friars church city london lately restored andrew hall norwich viollet le duc dictionary architecture given view monastery augustine friars marie des vaux verts near brussels complete example houses every monastery number dependent establishments greater less size cells distant estates granges manors chapels places abbey tenants distance church often hermitages protection view cells priory end twelfth century still remaining tolerably perfect state given viollet le duc dict miniature monastery little cloistered court surrounded usual buildings oratory north side east sacristy long range buildings dormitory south side refectory kitchen another exterior court stables offices preceptory hospitallers chibburn northumberland remains almost knights left another example small rural houses engraved turner domestic architecture vol ii also consists small court chapel feet long west side buildings appropriate remaining sides monastic cells already spoken describing office prior two brethren placed cell manage distant estates monastery probably chosen rather qualities prudent stewards piety command money office gave distance supervision ecclesiastical superiors brought temptation probably cells among brethren superintended granges officials leave monastery pleasure plea convent business look irregularities satirists speak monk among chaucer canterbury pilgrims prior cell read rode men might bridel gingeling whistling sound clere eke loud doth chapelle belle ther lord keeper monk whose intrigue shipman tale founded probably cellarer convent noble monk devise abbot list licence man high prudence eke officer ride seen granges bernes wide illustration abbot abbot sometimes gave license monks go see friends pass two three days manors house recreation sometimes took monk journeys romance british museum add representation monk hood journeying horseback give alban book nero vii woodcut abbot horseback hat hood abbot ambling pad giving benediction return salute passing traveller hermitages anchorages sometimes depended monastery necessarily occupied brethren monastery desirous embrace mode life convent might choose hermit however probably usually wore habit order monastery often supplied hermit food picture romance quoted add representation horseback conversing way clerk carrying bread wine hermitage woodcut conclude harleian represents characteristic costume three orders religious concerned bishop abbot clerk illustration abbot hermits recluses middle ages chapter hermits already related former chapter ascetics abandoned stirring world cities resorted theban desert lead life contemplation frequently associated communities gave rise coenobitical orders christendom others still preferred solitary life imitators every age country christian world fulness information respecting solitaries respecting great orders monks friars scattered notices remain brought together form curious chapter history human nature well worthy written full business present paper however write whole chapter select page relates english solitaries give distinct picture part hermits recluses played picturesque stage england middle ages remember outset bore name eremite lived solitary life already occasion mention innocent middle thirteenth century found number small religious communities solitaries recognised religious orders observed authorised rule enrolled new order rule augustine name eremiti augustini new order took root flourished gave rise considerable number large communities similar every respect communities friars three orders previously existing members new communities affect seclusion went among people dominicans franciscans carmelites popular tongue seems divided formal title new order applied name popularly new communities friars reserved distinctive name hermits religious whether lived absolutely alone little aggregations solitaries still professed old eremitical principle seclusion world hermits may subdivided hermits proper recluses difference hermit though professed general seclusion world yet fact held communication freely pleased might go hermitage inclination prompted need required recluse understood maintain strict abstinence unnecessary intercourse others entered formal obligation go outside doors hermitage imperfect notices often impossible determine whether particular individual hermit recluse incline opinion male solitaries taken vows reclusion female solitaries appear recluses practically distinction almost amounts male solitaries hermits females recluses much say mediæval solitaries abodes domestic economy applies made vow reclusion shall therefore treat first points common devote paper things peculiar recluses popular idea hermit man either enthusiast misanthrope kind christian timon abandoned abodes men scooped cave rocks built rude hut forest lived life clad sackcloth skins eating roots wild fruits drinking neighbouring spring visited occasionally superstitious people gazed listened fear mystic ravings wild denunciations gaunt haggard prophet ideal probably derived traditional histories popular early may perhaps always individual two traditional picture less exaggerated representation ordinary english hermit middle ages totally different type man civilised person dressed robe much like robes religious orders lived comfortable little house stone timber often estates pension maintenance besides charitable people pleased leave wills offer lifetime lived bread meat beer wine chaplain say daily prayers servant two wait hermitage always lonely hills shady forests often great high roads sometimes heart great towns cities summary description utterly opposed popular notions shall take pains fortify assertions sufficient proofs indeed whole subject little known shall illustrate freely sources command first especial objects furnish authorities pictorial representation old hermits shall inquire kind dress actually wear place skins sackcloth popular imagination clothed inclined assume hermits wear habit prescribed papal authority eremiti augustini according stevens consisted white garment white scapular house choir go abroad put sort cowl large hood black hood round hanging waist point girt black leather thong rude woodcuts adorn caxton vitas patrum lives hermits find religious men habit looks like gown arms coming slits may intended represent scapular hoods cowls fashion described others book loose gown shape like benedictine albert durer christopher engraved jameson sacred legendary art hermit represented frock scapular cowl hood majority representations hermits meet mediæval paintings illuminated manuscripts costume consists frock sometimes girded sometimes ample gown like cloak hood cases colour robe indicated almost always indicated light brown tint unlikely varieties costume among hermits perhaps attached monasteries monks friars seem usually admitted fraternity house may worn costume order attached serving chantries may worn usual costume secular priest bishop poore died ancren riewle speaks fashion dress worn least female recluses indifferent bilney speaking especially recluses day just reformation says apparell indifferent dissonant laity woodcuts various sources illustrate paper reader see hermits represented mediæval artists constantly observation least tried best represent faithfully saw best clearest illustration able find usual costume hermits represented give reader figure damasus group fine picture jerome cosimo roselli lived now national gallery wears frock scapular girdle cloak hood colour naked feet protected wooden clogs illustration damasus illustrations hermits may found early fourteenth century romances additional latter case two hermits hermitage also royal vi illustrations anthony give authorities hermit costume indications hermitages abound later mss example king rené book hours egerton habited grey frock black cloak breast holds bell book staff hands egerton middle fifteenth century add latter part fifteenth century anthony brown frock narrow scapulary grey cloak hood red skull cap holds staff book hermitage background building like little chapel gable within grassy enclosure fenced low wattled fence add date represents anthony gown hood holding bell rosary staff entering hermitage little building gable man take character hermit pleasure regular order religion man enter without consent bishop diocese admitted formal religious service just bishops ordain men holy orders obtained title place exercise ministry bishops admit men order hermits obtained hermitage exercise vocation form vow made hermit given institution books norwich lib xiv fo east anglian john fferys nott maridd promyt avowe god lady sent mary seynts heven reverend fadre god richard bishop norwich wowe chastite rule sent paule heremite name fadre sone holy gost john fferere xiij meii anno dni mlvciiij capella de thorpe summarize service habiting blessing hermit pontifical bishop lacy exeter fourteenth century begins several psalms several short prayers incepting hermit mentioning name follow two prayers benediction vestments apparently different parts habit first mentioning hec indumenta humilitatem cordis et mundi contemptum significancia garments signifying humility heart contempt world second blesses hanc vestem pro conservande castitatis signo vestment sign chastity priest delivers vestments hermit kneeling words brother behold give eremitical habit admonish live henceforth chastely soberly holily holy watchings fastings labours prayers works mercy mayest eternal life live ever ever receives saying behold receive name lord promise according power grace god saints helping puts secular habit priest saying lord put old man deeds puts hermit habit priest says lord put new man god created righteousness true holiness follow collect certain psalms finally priest sprinkles holy water blesses men ranks took hermit life find popular writers time sometimes distinguishing among another gentle hermit sense gentle hermit dale meaning man gentle birth hermit whose hermitage sir launcelot passed long time described gentle hermit sometime noble knight great lord possessions great goodness taken wilful poverty forsaken possessions name sir baldwin britain full noble surgeon right good leech type hermit venerated popular superstition day great rich man taken wilful poverty man lived wild woods julian anthony poor man turned hermit lived prosaic pious useful life showing travellers way forest bog across ferry humbly taking alms return presented nothing dramatic striking popular mind likely many men adopted hermit life sake idleness alms deserved small repute sir launcelot hermit romancer complains days guise hermits now days hermits days men worship prowess hermits held great households refreshed people distress find author piers ploughman making complaint cases little modernised language eremites inhabit highways boroughs among brewers beg churches holy eremites hated despised riches reverences rich men alms lollers latche drawers lewd eremites covet contrary live holy eremites lived wild woods bears lions livelihood lineage life else lived learning labour hands foreigners friends food sent birds brought bread whereby lived holy eremites high kin forsook land lordship likings body eremites edify highways whilome workmen webbers tailors carter knaves clerks without grace held hungry house much want long labour light winnings last espied lazy fellows friar clothing fat cheeks forthwith left labour lewd knaves clothed copes clerks order monks friars else prophets eremites curious extract piers ploughman leads us notice localities hermitages situated sometimes doubt lonely retired places among hills hidden depths forests covered large portion land next page interesting little picture hermit life book hours executed richard ii british museum domitian folio artist probably intended represent old hermits egyptian desert piers holy eremites lived wild woods bears lions custom mediæval art introduced scenery costume architecture time erase bears stand whole tribe outlandish beasts pretty bit english mountain scenery stags characteristic enough scenery mediæval england hermitage right seems ruder sort made part wattled work left usual hermitage stone little chapel bell gable venerable old hermit coming doorway charming illustration typical hermit venerable beard form bowed age leaning hand carrying rosary hermit illustration hereafter given history launcelot page leans similar staff seem staff usual part hermit equipment hermit albert dürer st christopher already mentioned also leans staff rather different shape pen ink morte departed cross stone cross parted two ways waste land sleeping foot wild forest prime came high mountain found hermitage hermit therein going mass sir launcelot kneeled knees cried mercy wicked works done mass done sir launcelot called hermit prayed charity hear confession good good man illustration many hermitages erected along great highways country especially bridges fords apparently express view serviceable travellers set pattern imitation julian wife devoted property life showing hospitality travellers hermit always associated legends pictures christopher represented holding torch lantern light giant ferryman transports passengers across dangerous ford hermitage built hostelries traveller command entertainment hire found great towns religious houses chief traveller conventual establishments country clergy also expected given hospitality monasteries country parsonages often lay distance miles miry intricate highway must picture state country society appreciate intentions founded hospitable establishments must try imagine travellers getting belated dreary part road ran bleak wold dived dark forest approached unknown ford appreciate gratitude suddenly caught light hermit window heard faint tinkle chapel bell ringing vespers incidents occur frequently romances example sir launcelot rode day night forest last ware hermitage chapel stood two cliffs heard little bell ring mass thither rode alighted tied horse gate heard mass sir gawayne rode till came hermitage found good man saying lady sir gawayne asked harbour charity good man granted gladly shall perhaps outrage popular idea hermit assert hermits sometimes lived towns extract piers ploughman vision already quoted tells us eremites inhabit boroughs among brewers difficulty distinguishing hermits proper recluses becomes perplexing part subject abundant proof shall occasion give later recluses male female usually lived towns villages recluses sometimes called hermits well usual peculiar name anchorites anchoresses inclined opinion male solitaries lived towns recluses author piers ploughman vision speaks eremites inhabited boroughs class lived highways lived wildernesses like anthony theory made possible solitary eremite man desert live town churchyard formed solitary place desert within town curious history going relate seems refer hermits recluses mayor sudbury date january petitioned bishop norwich setting forth bishop refused admit richard appleby sudbury conversant john levynton town heremyte order hermits unless sure inhabited solitary place virtues might increased vice exiled therefore granted hym assent sayd parish cherch reves inhabited sayd john levynton solitary place hermytage whych made cost parysh cherchyard gregory cherche dwellen togedyr long yey liven whiche longest liveth thereupon mayor prays bishop admit richard appleby order curious incident two solitaries living together parallel romance king arthur bold sir bedivere lost lord king arthur rode away adventures came chapel hermitage two hills prayed hermit might abide still live fasting prayers sir bedivere abode still hermit sir bedivere put poor clothes served hermit full lowly fasting prayers afterwards already related sir launcelot rode day night forest last ware hermitage chapel stood two cliffs heard little bell ring mass thither rode alighted tied horse gate heard mass stumbled hermitage sir bedivere living sir bedivere made known told tale whole sir launcelot heart almost burst sorrow sir launcelot threw abroad armour may trust world kneeled knees prayed hermit shrive assoil besought hermit might brother put habit sir launcelot served god day night prayers fastings afterwards sir bors came way within half year come sir galahad sir galiodin sir bleoberis sir villiers sir clarus sir gahalatine seven noble knights abode still saw sir launcelot taken perfection list depart took habit endured great penance six years sir launcelot took habit priesthood twelve months sung mass none knights read books helped sing mass ring bells lowly manner service horses went took regard worldly riches little time sir launcelot died hermitage weeping wringing hands greatest dole made ever made man morrow sung mass requiem accompanying small compartments bottom cosimo roselli picture jerome already taken figure damasus may serve illustrate incident represents number hermits mourning brethren priest robes proper office stands head bier says prayers deacon stands foot holding processional cross contrast robes priest hermits lost woodcut original priest cope amys coloured red hermits tinted light brown illustration service reader wondered hermitage accommodate seven additional habitants romancer forget satisfy curiosity pages farther read season night went beds lay chamber unusual hermitages built occupant probably cases hermit cell adjoining common chapel original arrangement hermits thebais laura great difference hermitage hermit small cell religious orders cell monk friar prior others subject hermit independent authority part subject obligation rule visitation bishop life famous hermit richard hampole lately published first time early english text society enable us realise detail character life mediæval hermit highest type saint richard born village thornton yorkshire suitable age sent school care parents afterwards sent richard neville archdeacon durham oxford gave specially theological study age nineteen considering uncertainty life awfulness judgment especially waste life pleasure spend acquiring wealth fearing lest fall courses left oxford returned father house day asked sister two gowns tunicas white grey cloak hood father cut two gowns fashioned hooded cloak imitation hermit habit next day went neighbouring wood bent living hermit life soon vigil assumption blessed virgin went certain church knelt pray place wife certain worthy knight john de dalton accustomed occupy lady came church servants turned intruder permit vespers rose knees sons sir john students oxford recognised son william rolle known oxford next day richard went church without bidding put surplice sang mattins office mass rest gospel read mass sought blessing priest entered pulpit preached sermon people wonderful edification many touched compunction even tears never heard sermon power efficacy mass sir john dalton invited dinner entered manor took place ruined building enter hall according evangelical precept art bidden wedding sit lowest room bidden shall see say friend go higher fulfilled knight made sit table sons kept silence dinner speak word eaten sufficiently rose took away table departed knight told contrary custom made sit dinner knight private conversation satisfied madman really seemed vocation hermit life clothed cost hermit habit retained long time house giving solitary chamber mansionis providing necessaries hermit gave ascetic discipline contemplative life wrote books counselled came time afternoon lady house came many persons found writing rapidly begged stop writing speak words edification began continued address two hours admirable exhortations cultivate virtue put away worldly vanities increase love hearts god time went writing fast used absorbed prayer friends took torn cloak mended put without knowing soon hear temptations like assailed anthony devil tempting form beautiful woman specially desirous help recluses required spiritual consolation vexed evil spirits length lady dalton died whether result stated hermit left cell began move place place time came near cell dame margaret recluse anderby richmondshire told dumb suffering strange disease went sat window house recluse eaten recluse felt desire sleep oppressed sleep head fell towards window richard reclined slept little leaning somewhat richard suddenly seized convulsion awoke power speech restored wrote many works ascetic mystical divinity greatly esteemed early english text society published specimens work notices gathered show reputation devotional writer undeserved length settled hampole cistercian nunnery died church nunnery buried indebted officium legenda gathered outline life pious care nuns hampole fame richard sanctity source great profit honour line successors anchorage indicated fact hereafter stated lord scrope left bequest elizabeth late servant anchoret hampole illustration launcelot indications hermitages sometimes mere bothies branches representation give woodcut illuminated romance sir launcelot early date british museum add folio date already noticed another wattled work also caves country tradition hermitages described vol small cave easy access side hill called carcliff tor near rowsley little miserable village far haddon hall recess right side enter cave crucifix four feet high sculptured bold relief red grit rock cave hollowed close right rude niche perhaps hold lamp robert chapel knaresborough yorkshire excellent example hermitage hewn rock bottom cliff corner sequestered dell exterior view given presents us simply arched doorway bottom rough cliff arched window left little square opening looks like little square window recluse internally find cell sculptured fashion little chapel groined ceiling groining shafts ribs well enough designed rather rudely executed apsidal recess east end altar stands piscina credence stone seat north wall row sculptured heads south wall middle floor chapel appears also hermit living room view exterior interior carter ancient architecture pl lxvii another hermitage whose chapel similar warkworth cliff side deep romantic valley runs river coquet overhung woods chapel hewn rock feet long wide little south also hewn rock farther side long narrow apartment small altar east end window looking chapel altar long apartment probably hermit living room earls northumberland endowed hermitage chantry priest priest seems lived small house garden attached foot cliff chapel groined gothic windows like knaresborough minute description hermitage legend connected given poem called history warkworth letter grose antiquities vol chapel appurtenances view exterior showing picturesque situation found herne antiquities great britain pl illustration view robert chapel illustration view robert little cell oratory called hermitage cut face rock near dale abbey derbyshire south side door three windows east end altar standing raised platform cut rock little niches walls stone seat round another hermitage three cells wetheral near carlisle called wetheral safeguard constantine cells wetheral priory dedicated constantine hermitage seems belonged priory far wetheral priory face rock standing feet perpendicularly river eden washes base hill rising several hundred feet higher still rocky escarpment hermitage height feet river approached narrow difficult path face precipice consists three square cells close together feet square feet high short passage leading increases total length feet passages communicate little platform rock front cells lower level platform feet narrow gallery built masonry door hermitage end access cells obtained means ladder gallery platform rock feet front gallery three windows opposite three cells give light chimney engraving found hutchinson history cumberland vol shows picturesque scene rocky river washing round base three windows hermitage peeping foliage also careful plan cells letterpress illustration robert chapel range rooms communicate another form tolerably commodious house two floors excavated rocky called blackstone rock forms bank severn near bewdley worcestershire view exterior rock plan section chambers given stukeley itinerarium curiosum pls nash history worcestershire vol ii illustration lenton near nottingham chapel range cells excavated face semicircular sweep rock crops bank river leen river winds round semicircle leaving space greensward rock river cells open now whole place enclosed used public garden original features however preserved praiseworthy appreciation interest former days hermitage just within verge park royal castle nottingham doubtless screened trees park inmates might pace fro secluded fenced rock river every intruding foot yet full view walls towers castle royal banner waving keep catch glimpse populous borough see parties knights ladies prance level meadows stretched neighbouring trent like green carpet embroidered spring autumn purple crocus grows wild myriads stukeley itinerarium curiosum pl gives view curious cells carter also figures ancient architecture pl gives details norman shaft arch chapel nearly hermitages read romances see depicted illuminations paintings find noticed ancient historical documents substantial buildings stone timber folio history launcelot add hermit stands door house giving parting benediction sir launcelot attendant physician taking leave night sojourn hermitage paintings campo santo pisa engraved jameson sacred legendary art represent hermits egyptian desert hermitages caves little houses stone caxton vitas patrum hermitages little houses stepped gable another like gateway room founded built often endowed men founded chantries built churches endowed monasteries motives piety charity superstition founders seem often retained patronage hermitages valuable benefices hands hermitage fact miniature monastery inhabited religious abbot prior convent sometimes also chaplain hermit priest several lay brethren servants chapel divine service performed daily also apartments necessary accommodation hermit chaplain lived hermitage servants necessary accommodation travellers besides often perhaps generally garden chapel hermitage seems appropriated solely performance divine offices made useful secular purposes also indeed churches chapels middle ages seem often used great occasions character large apartment requisite holding councils judicial proceedings like godric finchale hermit lived time henry two chapels adjoining cell called name john baptist blessed virgin kind common room communis domus cooked food saw visitors lived chiefly day night chapel john removing bed chapel mary times solemn devotion illumination folio history launcelot already quoted british add picture king arthur taking counsel hermit hermitage building seated nave aisles gable seems intended represent chapel hermitage folio picture hermit talking man title ensi come une hermites prole en une chapele de son hermitage hermit conversed chapel hermitage may perhaps chapel hermit received sought counsel spiritual secular affairs addition references already given illustrations subject illuminations call special attention student series pictures illustrating mediæval story hermit hero late thirteenth century royal iv begins folio runs many pages full interesting passages also add lines lydgate unpublished life st edmund typical picture hermit drawn second quarter fifteenth century holy ffremund though yonge age ther bilte litel hermitage side ryver al besy peyne fellawis nombre tweyne litel chapel dide ther edifie day day make praiere reverence marie worshipe sone deere space fully sevene yeere hooly ffremund lik founde leved frut rootes grounde frutes wilde story doth us telle repast penance endure stanch thurst drank water welle eet acorns sustene nature kernelles notis nuts myhte hem recure god alway doying reverence ever sent took patience concluding chapter let us call mind spenser description typical hermit hermitage originals still lingered living memory people length chaunst meet way aged sire long blacke weedes yclad feet bare head hoarie gray belt booke hanging sober seemde sagely sad ground eyes lowly bent simple shew voide malice bad way prayed went often knockt brest repent faire knight saluted louting low faire quited courteous asked know strange adventures abroad pas dear sonne quoth alas silly old man lives hidden cell bidding beades day trespas tidings war worldly trouble tell holy father sits things mell quoth aged man way win wisely advise now day spent therefore ye may take night knight well content godly father home went little lowly hermitage dale hard forest side far resort people pass traveill froe little wyde holy chappell edifyde wherein hermite dewly wont say holy things morne eventyde hereby chrystall streame gently play sacred fountaine welled forth alway arrived little house fill ne look entertainment none rest feast things noblest mind best contentment fair discourse evening pas old man pleasing words store well file tongue smooth glas told saintes popes evermore strowd chapter ii anchoresses female recluses now proceed speak particularly recluses old legend tells us john hermit contemporary anthony hold communication man except window cell recluses modern days content quote john egyptian founder carmelite friars claimed elijah recluses least female recluses looked judith foundress mode life patroness order mabillon tells us first made formal rule recluses grimlac lived principal regulations rule candidate reclusion monk signify intention year beforehand interval continue live among brethren already monk period probation doubled leave bishop diocese first obtained candidate monk leave abbot convent also entered cell bishop put seal door never opened unless help recluse time sickness approach death successive councils published canons regulate kind life millo repeats substance rule grimlac frankfort refers recluses synod richard de la wich bishop chichester makes canons concerning also ordain recluses shall receive keep person houses concerning sinister suspicion might arise also narrow proper windows permit secret communication persons whose gravity honesty admit suspicion towards end twelfth century rule anchorites written bishop richard poore chichester afterwards salisbury died throws abundant light mode life merely brief code regulations obligatory book paternal counsels enters great length minute detail circumstances recluse life great use us subsequent part chapter doubtless different degrees austerity among recluses whole must banish minds popular idea inhabited living grave lived life extremest mortification doubtless instances religious enthusiasm led recluse frightful inhuman like thaysis golden legend went place whiche th abbot assygned monasterye vyrgyns closed celle sealed door led celle lytyll strayte lytell wyndowe open whyche mynistred poor lyvinge abbot commanded shold gyve lytell brede water thaysis submitted command abbot pafnucius penance sinful life early days egyptian austerity now throughout subsequent ages earnest impassioned nature suddenly roused feeling exceeding sinfulness remorse wild strong spirit conscious great crimes enthusiasm weak mind morbid conscience might urge men women penances bishop poore gives us episodically pathetic example readers thank us repeating nothing ever hard love doth make tender soft sweet love maketh things easy men women endure false love endure wondered love faithful true sweeter love doth overmaster us doth sinful love yet know man weareth time heavy cuirass haircloth bound iron round middle arms broad thick bands bear sweat severe suffering fasteth watcheth laboureth christ knoweth complaineth saith doth oppress often asks teach something wherewith might give body pain god knoweth sorrowful men weepeth saith god quite forgotten sendeth great sickness whatever bitter seems sweet lord sake god knoweth love doth often saith never love god less evil thing might even cast hell perish believe thing confounded thief taken theft know also woman like mind suffereth little less remaineth thank god strength giveth let us humbly acknowledge weakness love merit becomes gregory says love great power maketh merit others without labour though powerful motives great force character might enable individual persevere austerities severities recluse life reduced rule system succession occupants found vacant anchorholds ordinary human nature revolted unnatural austerities common sense mankind easily granted tacit dispensation recluse life speedily toned practice life person especially wounded worsted battle life might gladly embrace easily endure usually even cell consisted single room large enough comfortable abode single inmate destitute furnishing comfort required unusual cell fact house several apartments garden attached seem technical cell within recluse immured included house garden everything within boundary wall true many recluses lived entirely perhaps partly alms pious charitable people hung receive contributions appears piers ploughman ancres box hangeth extracts hereafter given ancren riewle shall find several allusions giving alms recluses usual custom bishop duty giving license building reclusorium satisfy either alms endowment sufficient maintenance recluse practically seem often want restricted times might eat otherwise abstemiousness depended religious feeling subject check excess moderation occupied besides frequent devotions reading writing illuminating needlework though recluses attached monasteries seem obligation silence yet usual case recluse held perpetual levee open window gossiping scandal appear among besetting sins business verify illustrate general sketch recluse life illustration percival first let us speak detail habitations reclusorium anchorhold seems sometimes like hermitage house timber stone grotto solitary place sir mallory prince arthur introduced afforded appliances lodging entertaining even male guests read sir percival returned recluse deemed tidings knight sir launcelot followed kneeled window anon recluse opened asked sir percival knight king arthur court name sir percival de galis recluse heard name made passing great joy greatly loved knights world right aunt commanded gates opened sir percival cheer might make power commandment seem entertained person story continues morrow sir percival went recluse little propound question knew knight white shield opposite woodcut picture history sir launcelot royal iii folio entitled ensi percheva retourna à la rencluse qui estait en son hermitage case large remote anchorholds recluse must chaplain come say mass every day chapel hermitage vast majority cases anchorholds attached church either religious house town village situations appear much numerous suspected inquired portion mediæval antiquities many village churches recluse living within beside perhaps especially surprise majority readers learn recluses specially numerous mediæval towns proofs fact abundant henry lord scrope masham dated june bequeathed every anchoret recluse dwelling london suburbs also every anchoret recluse dwelling york suburbs sources learn york anchorets recluses adam wigan rector saviour york april leaves dan john dwelt chapel martin within parish saviour female recluses york three number year learn margaret relict nicholas blackburne lego tribus reclusis cells situated learn richard rupell bequeaths recluse cemetery church margaret york five marks recluse cemetery helen fishergate five marks recluse cemetery saints north street york five marks also three mentioned adam wigan leaves anchorite enclosed fishergate enclosed near church margaret enclosed north street near church saints lady margaret stapelton mentions anchorites watergate fishergate suburbs york another place anchorite nunnery clement york lincoln also able trace similar succession anchoresses william de belay lincoln left anchoress named isabella dwelt church holy trinity wigford within city lincoln john de sutton left john de ramsay left besides numerous legacies citizens anchoress named matilda supplied place isabella may suppose long since gone reward year john tilney tilneys boston left domine matilde incluse infra ecclesiam sanctæ trinitatis ad gressus civitate lincoln master john watson chaplain master robert flemyng chantry left ankers greese foot church holy trinity ad gressus seems long period abode female recluse roger eston rector richmond yorkshire also mentions recluses city york suburbs adam wilson also mentions lady agnes enclosed parish church thorganby anchorites female beston pontefract sir hugh willoughby wollaton bequeathed anchoress nottingham lady joan wombewell also mentions anchoress beyston john brompton beverley bequeaths recluse church giles anchorite friary nicholas beverley roger eston also leaves bequest anchorite parish richmond respecting editor gives note whose substance given elsewhere fifteenth century bequest ancher wall beside bishopsgate london richard bishop chichester bequests friar humphrey recluse pageham recluse hogton recluse stopeham recluse herringham walter de suffield bishop norwich bequests anchers recluses diocese especially niece ela massingham among notices solitaries living towns lydgate mentions town wakefield morant says holy trinity churchyard colchester episcopal registers lichfield show anchorage several female recluses churchyard george chapel shrewsbury henry lord scrope already quoted leaves pair beads testator accustomed use anchorite westminster predecessor doubtless mentioned time richard ii young king going meet wat tyler smithfield went westminster abbey church high altar devoutedly prayed offered spake anchore confessed lord scrope goes bequeath robert recluse beverley anchorets stafford kurkebeck wath peasholme near york kirby thorganby near colingworth leek near upsale gainsburgh kneesall near south well dartford stamford living parish church thomas chaplain dwelling continually church nicholas gloucester elizabeth late servant anchoret hamphole recluse house dominicans newcastle also every anchorite anchoritess easily found within three months decease already occasion mention several female recluses addition male solitaries churchyards great city norwich particulars laborious antiquary blomfield collected together respecting several throw little additional light subject fill still outlines picture engaged painting hermitage churchyard julian norwich inhabited succession anchoresses whose names blomfield records dame agnes dame elizabeth scot lady elizabeth dame agnes edrigge lady julian anchoress two servants attend old age esteemed great holiness francis peck vellum containing account visions blomfield says foundations anchorage might still seen time east side julian churchyard also anchorage ethelred churchyard rebuilt anchor continually dwelt till reformation pulled grange brakendale built timber must timber house magnitude also edward churchyard joining church north side cell whose ruins still visible blomfield time persons died norwich left small sums towards maintenance lady joan anchoress walter ledman left servants dame anneys kite recluse margaret norman widow buried gave legacy lady anchoress church john evangelist church southgate annexed parish peter per montergate grey friars bought site pulled whole building except small part left anchorage placed anchor assigned part churchyard garden also used anciently recluse dwelling little cell joining north side tower john baptist church timber hill dissolution also anchor hermit anchorage adjoining saints church also henry iii time recluse dwelt churchyard john baptist holy sepulchre ber street monastery carmelites white friars norwich two anchorages man admitted brother house another woman admitted sister thereof latter chapel holy cross still standing blomfield time though converted former stood martin bridge east side street small garden ran river december lady emma recluse anchoress religious sister carmelite order buried church thomas scroope anchorite house brother john castleacre priest anchorite legacies given anchor white friars thomas scroope originally benedictine monk became anchorite received brother carmelite order led anchorite life many years seldom going cell preached pope eugenius made bishop see afterwards resigned came convent became suffragan bishop norwich died buried lowestoft near hundred years old document quote whittaker history whalley pp illustrates many points history anchorholds anchorage therein mentioned built parish churchyard depended monastery endowed allowance money kind monastery founded two recluses chaplain servants patronage retained founder document also give us curious minute details domestic economy recluse life lastly give us historical proof assertions contemporary satirists laxity vows sometimes kept without foundation henry duke lancaster granted trust abbot convent whalley rather large endowments support two recluses women certain place within churchyard parish church whalley two women servants attend pray soul duke find seventeen ordinary loaves seven inferior loaves eight gallons better beer per week yearly ten large bushel oatmeal rye two gallons oil lamps pound tallow candles six loads turf load faggots also repair habitations find chaplain say mass chapel recluses daily successors nominated duke heirs july henry king nominated isole de heton widow life loco ad hoc ordinato juxta ecclesiam parochialem de isole however grew tired solitary life quitted afterwards representation made king anchores recluses seyd place aforetyme broken oute seyd place wherein reclusyd departyd therefrom wythout reconsilyation isole de heton broken two years willing return divers women servants child henry vi dissolved hermitage appointed instead two chaplains say mass daily whittaker thinks hermitage occupied site cottages west side churchyard opened churchyard doors walled similar hermitage several female recluses churchyard romauld shrewsbury learn document among bishop lichfield registers directs dean chadd procurator enclose isolda de hungerford anchorite houses churchyard romauld anchorites dwell also registry precept dated walter de langton bishop emma sprenghose admitting anchorite houses churchyard george chapel salop appoints archdeacon enclose another license roger bishop lichfield dated robert de worthin permitting nomination queen isabella serve god reclusorium built adjoining chapel john baptist city coventry published dugdale transcribe benefit curious thomas hearne printed episcopal commission dated enclosing john cherde monk ford abbey burnett history bristol mentions commission opened bishop william wykham august enclosing lucy de newchurch anchoritess hermitage brendon bristol richard francis ankret spoken quatuor parietes pro christi langtoft chronicle ij chapter iii anchorages just monastery though might large small magnitude simple gorgeous style fewer offices appendages according number wealth establishment yet always certain suite conventual buildings church chapter refectory dormitory arranged certain order formed cloister cloister nucleus rest buildings establishment reclusorium anchorhold always cell certain construction things else parlours chapels apartments servants guests yards gardens accidental appendages bader rule recluses bavaria describes dimensions plan cell minutely feet long many broad three windows towards choir church attached might receive holy sacrament another opposite side might receive victuals third give light last always closed glass horn reader already gathered preceding extracts reclusorium sometimes house timber stone within churchyard usually adjoining church west end laindon church essex unique erection timber give representation modernised appearance insertion windows doors architectural details character reveal certainty date mode construction massive timbers placed close together general appearance air considerable antiquity improbable house erected situation reformation accords generally descriptions recluse house probably however many anchorholds attached churches smaller dimensions sometimes perhaps single little timber apartment ground floor sometimes probably raised croft according common custom mediæval domestic buildings probably little windows occur many churches various situations various heights name low side windows formed subject much discussion among ecclesiologists may windows anchorholds peculiarity windows sometimes merely square opening originally glazed closed shutter sometimes small glazed window position clearly intended light church generally sometimes window stone transom across upper part glazed lower part closed shutter clear may served enable anchorite living cell church see altar seems window alluded following incident mallory prince arthur sir launcelot armed took horse rode way saw chapel recluse window might see altar aloud called sir launcelot seemed knight arrant long conversation commanded launcelot dinner late royal iv representation besides two arched windows high wall smaller square low side window distinctly shown others low side windows may use wooden anchorholds built church combining two usual three windows cell give light receive food communicate outer world anchorhold still remaining tolerably unmutilated state rettenden essex stone building date two stories adjoining north side chancel entered rather elaborately moulded doorway chancel lower story now used vestry lighted modern window broken east wall described dark room trace original window north wall towards east bracket hold small statue lamp west side room left immediately entering chancel door stone winding stair built nave aisle now screened towards aisle large monument gives access upper story story consists room exactly agrees description recluse cell see opposite woodcut south side two arched niches stone benches back easternmost niches pierced small arched window now blocked looked altar north side chimney now filled modern fireplace chimney part original building westward chimney small square opening now filled modern glazing hook original shutter hung still remains window splayed usual mediæval manner recessed way allow head person look especially facility exterior window feet ground respect resembles situation low side window prior crawden chapel ely cathedral first floor room lighted narrow slits beneath sainte chapelle paris also undercroft similar example side window still greater height ground east side rettenden reclusorium now modern window probably occupying place original window gave light cell top winding staircase seems intended serve little closet obtained light small loop looked north aisle church wall north side recessed form shelf square slab stone looks like portion laid top newel fitted wall form another shelf little table illustration church illustration anchorhold rettenden east horndon church essex two projections nave south monumental niche south wall back indents brasses man wife several children tradition indents altogether inconsistent heart unfortunate queen anne bullen interred therein chamber open nave now used gallery approached modern wooden stair projection outside looks like chimney carried floor upwards transeptal projection north side similar plan ground floor wide shallow headed niche partly blocked east wall wainscot ceiling neatly divided rectangular panels moulded ribs date henry viii existence chamber unknown present rector discovered doorway east wall ground floor opened gave access stone staircase behind east wall led chamber feet east west feet north south birds access unglazed window north wall unknown period half filled nests floor planks quite decayed trace chimney now opened nave form gallery though find two chambers arrangements satisfy us recluse cells yet probable habitable chambers inhabited recluses perhaps chantry priests serving chantry chapels tyrrells bloxam interesting paper transactions lincoln diocesan architectural society mentions several anchorholds adjoining little mountain church patricio five miles crickhowel south wales attached building cell contains east side stone altar small window now blocked looked towards altar church internal communication cell church west end annexed appears destined recluse also priest bloxam mentions examples much resembling described rettenden north transept clifton campville church staffordshire structure fourteenth century vaulted groined stone measures feet north south feet east west loft chamber apparently anchorhold access obtained means newell staircase angle doorway angle chancel small window south side chamber now blocked afforded view interior church roof chamber lowered windows blocked north side chancel chipping norton church oxfordshire revestry still contains ancient stone altar appurtenances piscina wall north side bracket image projecting east wall north altar revestry loft chamber access obtained means staircase angle apertures wall enabled recluse probably priest dwelling overlook chancel north aisle church adjoining north side chancel warmington church warwickshire revestry entered doorway north wall chancel descent three steps revestry contains ancient stone altar projecting window east wall near altar wall piscina angle revestry flight stone steps leading chamber loft chamber contains west wall angle jakes south wall small pointed window decorated character chancel might viewed north wall appears pointed window filled decorated tracery east wall another decorated window interesting complete specimens met chamber frequently found porch churches often fireplace sometimes closet within may probably sometimes inhabited recluse chambers also sometimes found towers churches bloxam mentions room tower upton church nottinghamshire boyton church wiltshire tower north side church adjoining tower west side communicating room appears permanently inhabited angle room newport salop first floor tower seems habitable chamber little inner chamber corbelled angle tower already hinted improbable timber anchorholds sometimes erected inside churches perhaps recluse lived church definitely chantry chapel without chamber purposely built indications lead us supposition sometimes ordinary domestic found inside church instance north aisle layer marney church essex western part aisle screened chantry lord marney whose tomb chantry altar still remaining set crosswise west end tomb eastern division aisle ordinary domestic north wall similar date sir thomas bullen church hever kent sometimes find beside low already spoken arrangement shows intended habitually sit somerton oxfordshire north side chancel long narrow window decorated tracery head lower part divided thick transom appear glazed interior wall recessed beside window sort shoulder exactly adapted give room seat position occupant get full benefit light glazed upper part little window convenient position conversing unglazed lower portion elsfield church oxfordshire early english lancet window similarly divided transom lower part now blocked originally unglazed sill window interior formed stone seat desk reproduce view latter oxford architectural society guide neighbourhood oxford perhaps instances recluse may priest serving chantry altar licensed perhaps hear confessions seat beside little open window convenient arrangement lord scrope already told us chaplain dwelling continually church nicholas gloucester anchorite living parish church stamford low mawgan church cornwall angle south transept chancel inner angle junction transept chancel walls cut away floor upwards height six feet laterally five feet south east directions angle short octagonal pillar six feet high supports remains angle walls whilst walls rest two flat segmental arches three feet span low diagonal wall built across angle exposed small roof run external angle enclosing triangular space within wall low inserted sill window four feet pavement eastward priest door seems formed part arrangement west jamb doorway cut away triangular space transept beyond view obtained east window illustration elsfield position low grade cury landewednack mawgan window different form grade cury small oblong openings former sill ground latter sill ground landewednack window two lights square headed sill ground large block serpentine rock fixed ground beneath window position convenient person standing kneeling window knighton gives us particulars recluse priest lived leicester says days leicester certain priest hight william swynderby commonly called william hermit long time lived hermitical life received certain chamber within church holiness believed procured victuals pension manner priests test find testator leaving chantry chapel kenby red vestment also great missal great portifer bought dominus thomas cope priest anchorite chapel blomfield also ii tells us hermit lived cuthbert church thetford performed divine service therein time deeply impressed solemn stillness holy calm empty church earthly passions cares ambitions seemed died away soul filled spiritual peace stood listened wind surging walls outside waves sea may beat walls ingulfed temple felt effectually secluded surge roar worldly life outside sacred walls temple bottom sea gazed monumental effigies hands clasped endless prayer passionless marble faces turned ages heavenward read mouldering epitaphs moralized royal preacher text vanity vexation spirit felt disposition perhaps indulged kneel altar alone god still solemn church pour thoughts times probably tasted something transcendental charm life recluse priest sustain tension long perhaps old recluse experience aids maintain longer period natural reaction must come time mechanical occupations fell back trimming lamps shrines copying manuscript illuminating initial letters perhaps health sake took daily walk aisle church whose walls measured footfalls hours sing books read prevent long hours still left little chapel growing wearily monotonous came now tap shutter parlour window heralded visit poor soul seeking counsel comfort difficulties world next pilgrim bringing news distant lands errant knight seeking news adventures parishioner come honestly dish gossip holy man good evil doings neighbours pathetic anecdote blomfield norfolk show spirit tradition old recluse priests survived reformation rev john gibbs formerly rector gessing county ejected rectory odd harmless man life conversation ejection dwelt north porch chamber laid stairs led church chancel window head lie couch see altar lived old buried frenze let us turn female recluse outside church cell furnished always little altar east end recluse paid frequent devotions hearing besides daily mass church window receiving holy sacrament stated times bishop poore advises recluses receive fifteen times year little square unglazed window closed shutter black curtain white cross also hung opening recluse converse without seen walls appear sometimes painted course devotional subjects complete scene add comfortable carved oak chair little table embroidery frame like appliances needlework book prayers another saintly legends forgetting bishop poore ancren riewle fire hearth cold weather cat bishop poore expressly allows purring beside lastly paint recluse black habit veil seated chair prostrate little altar knees beside church window listening chanted mass receiving basket food servant open parlour window standing black curtain conversing stray putting white hand give alms village crone wandering beggar extracts bishop poore ancren riewle already several times alluded give life picture painted though intended general use recluses seems specially addressed first instance three sisters bloom youth forsook world became tenants reclusorium seem cases recluse separate cell communicate except rare occasions fellow inmates separate servant wait particulars communication outer world hold conversation man church window respect sake holy sacrament ye see times whiles take women window house huses thurle men women speak necessary ye converse two windows three windows difficulty understanding window recluse might speak servant merely third glazed window might convenient talk maid strangers seen window larger anchorholds recluse cell apartment maid lived perhaps guests entertained latter seems probable explanation receive confirmation come directions entertainment guests recluse give way natural temptation put head open window get sometimes wider view world peering anchoress always thrusting head outward compares untamed bird cage poor human bird another place gives serious exhortation subject forward foolhardy holds head boldly forth open battlements men crossbow bolts without assail castle surely foe warrior hell shoots ween bolts anchoress seventy seven secular ladies battlements castle windows houses let look lest devil bolts eyes even thinks directions carry parlements first go learn maid come must needs go forth go forth fear god priest sit listen cackle guard even religious men even confess except presence witness man requests see black curtain drawn aside ask good might come become mad unreasonable puts forth hand toward curtain shut window close shutter quickly leave soon man falls evil discourse close window go away verse may hear wicked told foolish tales according law go forth altar say keep hands within windows handling touching man anchoress thing unnatural shameful wicked bishop adds characteristic piece detail picture speaks fair complexions recluses sunburnt white hands working set strong relief black colour habit veil says indeed since man seeth ye see man ye may content clothes white black practice seem usually worn black habits unless attached church monastery may worn habit order wear rings brooches ornamented girdles gloves anchoress says take sparingly alms necessary take alms give away spare fragments food let send away poor person privately dwelling devil says elsewhere tempts anchoresses charity collect give poor friend make feast anchoresses says make meals friends without much friendship editor thinks mean anchoresses left cells went dine houses friends word guests probably means recluse ate dinner cell guest ate reclusorium open window see converse another find another place maintain silence always meals guest holds dear may cause maid stead entertain friend glad cheer shall leave open window twice make signs gladness let eat presence except great need narrative already given visit richard hermit dame margaret recluse anderby also shows exceptional cases recluse ate men incident head recluse convulsive sleep falling window hermit reclining leaning partly explained theory sitting separate apartments close house window open already seen case sir percival man might even sleep reclusorium rule says let man sleep within walls general rule however great necessity cause house used travellers see ye woman unspotted life day night occupations advises make purses blodbendes silk shape sew mend church vestments poor people clothes help clothe domestics anchoress must become turn house school children maiden may however teach little girl concerning might doubtful whether learn among boys doubtless right inferring bishop advice certain things anchoresses habit kind evidence glean still traits suggests confession perhaps mention faults played spoke church went play churchyard looked wrestling foolish sports spoke played presence secular men religious men house anchorites different window alone church thought mentions sitting long spilling ale dropping crumbs find make banquetings encourage strange vagabonds gate failings gossiping seems besetting sin anchoresses people say anchoresses almost every old woman feed ears prating gossip tells tales land magpie chatters everything sees hears common saying mill market smithy men bring tidings let us add sketch drawn unfavourable hand bilney reformer reliques rome published done touching monastical sect recluses shutte within walls death continuall remayne giving mortification carnal effects contemplation heavenly spirituall thinges abstinence prayer ghostly exercises men dead world havyng lyfe hidden christ write forasmuch fynde probably author whence profession anckers anckresses beginning foundation although behalf talked men profession little nothing say matter notwithstanding whyte fryers father order helias prophet falsely likewise ankers ankresses make holy virtuous matrone judith patroness foundress unaptly seeth profession religion differeth far manners judith light darknesse god devill shall manifestly appere diligentlye conferre history judith life conversation judith made privy chamber dwelt sayth scripture closed maydens recluses also close within walls suffer man judith ware smoche heare recluses softly finely apparalled judith fasted days lyfe excepted recluses eate drinke tymes beste number curios simulant et bacchanalia judith woman good report recluses reported superstitious idolatrous persons good men flye company judith feared lord greatly lyved according holy word recluses fear pope gladly doe pleasure command judith lyved substance goods putting man charge recluses persons borne consume good fruits erth lyve idely labour men handes judith tyme required came closet good recluses never come lobbies sincke swimme people judith put jeopardy good common countrye recluses unprofitable clods earth good man seeth farre ankers ankresses differe manners life vertuous godly woman judith justly claime patronesse idle superstitious heremite borrowed idle superstitious religion knoweth recluses grates yron theyr spelunckes dennes looke owles yvye todde vouchsafe speake man whose hand hope advantage reade patrum john heremite enclosed hermitage person came came visite spoke window onely ankers ankresses professe nothing solitary lyfe hallowed house wherein inclosed wyth vowe obedience pope ordinary bishop apparel indifferent dissonant laity kind meates forbidden eat midnight bound say certain prayers profession counted among professions hardye streight may means suffered come houses except take harder streighter made bishop expected mediæval paintings give illustrations persons never visible world pictures hermits egyptian desert walls campo santo pisa see representation anthony holding conversation john hermit just visible grated window like owl ivy tod bilney says already given picture sir percival knocking door female recluse bilney says wore costume dissonant laity probability commonly wore costume similar colour male hermits picture give anchoress taken figure paula anchorite saints desert picture jerome already supplied us figure damasus best picture hermit costume illustration service enclosing recluse may found old service books derive following account old ad usum percelebris ecclesie london british museum rubric service orders shall enclosed without bishop leave candidate shall closely questioned motives shall taught entertain proud thoughts merited set apart intercourse common men rather account infirmity good removed contact others might kept sin contaminate recluse esteem condemned sins shut solitary cell prison unworthy sins society men note office shall serve sexes day ceremony inclusion person inclosed confess fast day bread water night watch pray wax taper burning monastery near inclusorium morrow assembled church bishop priest appointed first addressed exhortation people come see ceremony includendus began service response several appropriate psalms collects priest put chasuble began mass special prayer introduced includendus reading gospel includendus stood altar offered taper remain burning altar throughout mass standing read profession layman unable read chorister boys read form profession brother sister offer present serve divine goodness order anchorites promise remain according rule order service god henceforth grace god counsel church signed document profession written sign cross laid altar bended knees bishop priest prayer asperged holy water habit includendus put habit prostrated altar remained priest choir sang hymn creator proceeded mass first priest communicated includendus rest congregation mass concluded next wax taper time burning altar given includendus procession formed first choir includendus clad proper habit carrying lighted taper bishop priest mass robes people following proceeded singing solemn litany cell first priest entered alone cell asperged holy water saying appropriate sentences consecrated blessed cell prayers offered altar chapel third short prayers may transcribed benedic domine domum istam et locum istum ut sit eo sanitas sanctitas castitas virtus victoria sanctimonia humilitas lenitas mansuetudo plenitudo legis et obedientæ deo patre et filio et spiritui sancto et sit super locum istum et super omnes habitantes eo tua larga benedictio ut manufactis habitaculis cum solemtate manentes ipsi tuum sit semper habitaculum per dominum bishop priest came led includendus still carrying lighted taper solemnly blessed mere change tense rubric effect quite pathetic longer person enclosed enclosed doors cell closed ever life enclosed maintain total solemn silence throughout doors securely closed choir chanting appropriate psalms celebrant causes people pray inclusus privately solemn silence god whose love left world caused inclosed strait prison concluding prayers procession left inclusus solitary life returned chanting church finishing step choir read solemn albeit superstitious service quaint old mediæval character book perhaps used actual enclosing recluse without moved frail woman affections heart hopes earthly life shattered sought refuge living tomb man strong passions wild fierce crimes wild fierce penitence enthusiast religious sensibility instances enough days see still imagination prostrate total solemn silence wax taper placed altar little chapel listening chant returning procession grows fainter fainter distance ah may scornfully smile wild superstition treat coldly question mere antiquarian interest broken hearts burning passions shrouded recluse robe wild cries human agony stifled total solemn silence processional chant died away distance recluse taper burnt little altar end tragedy end first act broken heart find repose wild spirit grow tame pine away die like flower dungeon beat death bars cage chapter iv consecrated widows middle ages besides religious people living vows community monasteries solitaries anchorages also number widows vowed life devoted service god lived home houses families manifestly continuation imitation primitive order widows paul speaks first epistle timothy ch although religious women early period fourth century usually nuns primitive orders deaconesses widows altogether cease exist church service books contain offices benediction though probable fact deaconess rarely consecrated western church yet number allusions widows throughout middle ages leads us suspect may inconsiderable number common form commission suffragan bishop includes consecrating widows pontifical edmund lacey bishop exeter fourteenth century give sketch service substance earlier books first rubric states though widow may blessed day fitting blessed holy day especially lord day epistle gospel bishop sitting faldstool facing people widow kneeling bishop interrogated desires putting away carnal affections joined spouse christ shall publicly vulgar tongue profess bishop hands resolved observe perpetual continence bishop blesses habit clamidem saying collect bishop genuflecting begins hymn creator widow puts habit veil bishop blesses gives ring final prayer appropriate virtues blessings ordinary service holy communion resumed special mention widow made therein collects venerable age much beauty thought expression reader may glad see example indication spirit people entered religious vows god gracious inhabiter chaste bodies lover uncorrupt souls look pray lord servant humbly offers devotion may lord gift spirit prudent modesty wise graciousness grave gentleness chaste freedom may fervent charity love nothing beside may live praiseworthy desire praise may fear serve chaste love lord honour delight sorrow comfort doubt counsellor defence injury tribulation patience poverty abundance fasting food sickness medicine desires love things may keep vowed help may conquer old enemy cast defilements sin may decorated gift fruit sixty fold adorned lamps virtues grace may worthy join company elect widows humbly ask jesus christ lord paper surrey transactions vol iii baigent writer finds two two entries consecration widows episcopal registers winchester go back early part reign edward first may lady aleanor giffard probably says baigent widow john giffard bowers giffard essex entry october benediction isabella burgh widow citizen london whose given baigent isabella golafre widow sir john golafre profession widow given old french translation old english follows ye name god fader sone holy ghost iche isabelle burghe sometyme wyfe thomas burghe wyche god taught helpynge grace god parallel french quest à dieu commande ottriaunte la grace de dieu behote promise conversione myn maners make myn avows god swete moder seynte marie alle seintz youre handes leve dear fader god william ye grace god bisshope wynchestre fro day forward schal ben chaste myn body holy chastite kepe treweliche devouteliche ye dayes myn life another form profession written lower margin exeter pontifical probably handwriting bishop lacy wedowe avowe god perpetuall chastite body henceforward presence honorable fadyr god lord grace god bishop promyth sabilly leve church wedowe myne hand subscribe writing postea faciat signum another example widow winchester registers elizabeth de julien widow john plantagenet earl kent made vow bishop william de edyndon afterwards married sir eustache dabrichecourt september whereupon proceedings commenced archbishop canterbury imposed severe penance survived second husband many years dying buried choir friars minor winchester near tomb first husband epitaph monumental brass joanna braham frenze norfolk describes vidua ac deo devota book knight la description lady actually taken vows widowhood lived life suppose vowess good lady whiche longe tyme wydowhode holy lyf moste humble honourable whiche every yere kepte held feste neyghbours bothe farre nere tyll halle ful served honoured eche degree specially bare grete reverence good trewe wymmen whiche deservyd worshipped also suche customme yf knewe poure gentyll woman shold wedded arayed jewels also wente obsequye poure gentyll wymmen gaf torches lumynary neded thereto dayly ordenaunce rose erly ynough ever freres two three chappellayns whiche sayd matyns within oratorye herd hyhe masse two lowe sayd servyse full devoutely wente arayed walked gardyn else aboute plase sayenge devocions prayers tyme wente dyner dyner wyste knewe ony seke folke wymmen theyr childbedde went see vysited made brought best mete myght go servant propyer therefore whiche rode lytell hors bare grete plente good mete drynke gyve poure seke folk herd evensonge went souper yf fasted tymely wente bedde made styward come wete mete sholde next daye lyved good ordenaunce wold purveyed byfore alle thynge nedefull household made grete abstynence wered hayre wednesday fryday rose everye night thre tymes kneled downe ground bedde redryd thankynges god prayd al crysten soules dyd grete almes poure good lady wel worthy named preysed name lady cecyle ballavylle good curtoys lady ever knewe wyste ony countrey lesse envious never wold say ony evyll body excused prayd god myght amende none knewe hym shold happe ryhte noble ende wene ryht agreable god men say commonely honest good lyf cometh ever good ende times biographies holy women show idea consecrated widowhood still living minds people probably dress commonly worn widows throughout widowhood remnant mediæval custom pilgrims middle ages chapter fashion going pilgrimage seems sprung fourth century first object pilgrimage holy land jerome outset powerful thing way heaven short britain jerusalem consolatory reflection obliged preferred stay home succeed quenching zeal many thousands desired see eyes places hallowed presence deeds lord tread footsteps holy fields whose acres walked blessed feet eighteen hundred years ago nailed advantage bitter cross kneel pray pardon sins spot great sacrifice sin actually offered stand summit mount olivet gaze pathway sky ascended kingdom heaven however open wide field enter subject early pilgrims holy land trace route britain usually rome sea land describe pilgrim sprung adventurous took advantage hospitals founded along road give refuge weary pilgrims reached hospital stood beside church holy sepulchre saxon kings made treaties secure safe conduct foreign countries order knights temple founded escort caravans pilgrims another holy places protect marauding saracens arabs crusades organised partly doubt stem course mahommedan conquest ostensibly wrest holy places hands infidel part subject pilgrimage occupy much space design give sketch less known portion subject relates pilgrimages sprung veneration holy places extended shrines saints still later veneration run wild grossest superstition crowds sane men women flocked ludicrous pitiable humiliating part subject forms chapter history manners middle ages little known antiquarian student important chapter desire thoroughly understand modes thought habits life english forefathers middle ages illustration century pilgrims two disciples emmaus usual foreign pilgrimages holy land scene lord earthly life rome centre western christianity shrine james compostella number pilgrims places must comparatively limited man regular business profession well undertake long absence home rich occupation afford leisure cost poor chose abandon lawful occupation make pilgrimages cost others pilgrim sure entertainment every hospital monastery priory probably every parish priest rectory every gentleman hall way poor men women indulged vagabond humour pilgrim life poor pilgrim repaid entertainer hospitality bringing news countries passed amusing household supper marvellous saintly legends traveller tales raised little money inevitable travelling expenses retailing holy trifles curiosities sold wholesale shrines frequented pilgrims usually supposed saintly efficacy attached sometimes pilgrim take bolder flight carry fragment relic joint bone pinch dust couple hairs saint rag clothing people gladly paid pilgrim bringing doors advantages holy shrines visited chaucer pardoner strait comen court rome mail pilwebere saidé oure lady veil gobbet sail thatte peter whan went sea till jesu christ hent cross laton full stones glass haddé piggés bones relics whanné fond poure parson dwelling lond day gat monie parson gat monthes tweie feined flattering japes made parson people apes subsequent chapter merchants middle ages found illustrations mediæval shipping also illustrate present subject representation sir john mandeville companions mantle hat staff just landed foreign town pilgrimage holy land another represents richard beauchamp earl warwick mantle hat staff embarking ship departure similar pilgrimage another illustration subsequent chapter secular clergy represents earl richard rome presented pope spare time money go jerusalem rome compostella spare shorter expedition pilgrimages english shrines appear common far popular english pilgrimages shrine canterbury popular england europe stood next popular estimation pilgrimage lady walsingham nearly every cathedral great monastery many parish church besides famous saint people resorted cuthbert durham william york little william norwich hugh lincoln edward confessor westminster erkenwald cathedral london wulstan worcester swithin winchester edmund bury ss etheldreda withburga ely many whose remains esteemed holy relics whose shrines frequented devout came pray tomb intercession saint behalf seek cure disease touch relic offer thanks deliverance believed vouchsafed time peril saint prayers obtain number days pardon remission time purgatory offered papal bulls pray tomb famous roods rood chester bromholme statues virgin lady wilsden boxley place scores holy wells besides saintly invocations winifred well chapel still remains excellent example springs medicinal water doubtless efficacy cures noted others saint baptized converts others simply afforded water saint neighbouring cell man went pilgrimage first went church received church blessing pious enterprise prayers good success safe return office pilgrims may found old give notes sarum missal date british museum pilgrim previously confessed opening service lies prostrate altar priest choir sing certain appropriate psalms viz follow versicles three collects safety pilgrim mentioned name servant rises follows benediction scrip staff priest sprinkles scrip holy water places neck pilgrim saying name take scrip habit pilgrimage corrected saved may worthy reach thresholds saints desire go journey done may return us safety priest delivers staff saying take staff support journey labour pilgrimage may able conquer bands enemy come safely threshold saints desire go journey obediently performed return us joy pilgrims present going jerusalem bring habit signed cross priest blesses pray wilt vouchsafe bless cross banner sacred cross whose figure signed may servant invincible strength evil temptations old enemy defence way protection house may us everywhere guard lord sprinkles habit holy water gives pilgrim saying take habit signed cross lord saviour may come safely sepulchre father follows mass mass certain prayers pilgrims prostrate altar let communicate depart name lord service runs plural usually number pilgrims dispatched together illustration certain costume appropriate pilgrim old writers speak title pilgrims weeds illustrations paper give examples consisted robe hat staff scrip robe called du cange writers always wool sometimes shaggy stuff like represented accompanying woodcut latter part fourteenth century harleian seems intended represent john baptist robe camel hair colour appear illuminations old writers speak grey hat seems commonly round hat felt apparently differ hats travellers uncommonly wore hoods days pilgrim sent pilgrimage penance seems usually ordered go barefoot probably many others voluntarily inflicted hardship order heighten merit efficacy good deed often also made vow cut hair beard pilgrimage accomplished special insignia pilgrim staff scrip religious service pilgrims initiated journey seen staff scrip insignia mentioned except case going holy land robe signed cross staff scrip specially blessed priest pilgrim formally invested hands staff bourdon invariable shape haltwhistle northumberland like rather long natural knob top cut erasmus praise folly forms frontispiece nichols pilgrimages canterbury walsingham similar usually long staff five six seven feet long turned lathe knob top another foot lower sometimes little lower knob hook staple occasionally find small bundle attached hook seen staff lydgate pilgrim sir john hawkins tells us staff sometimes hollowed kind flute pilgrim play kind staff find illuminated mss hands beggars shepherds well pilgrims scrip small bag slung side cord shoulder contain pilgrim food necessaries sometimes made leather probably material varied according taste wealth pilgrim find different shape size different examples monumental effigy pilgrim rank scrip rather long widest bottom ornamented three tassels bottom something like bag lord chancellor carries great seal scallop shells fixed front knight haltwhistle already alluded knight arms sculptured shield side grave cross three represented scrip square otherwise plain tomb abbot chillenham tewkesbury pilgrim staff scrip sculptured architectural ornament scrip like mediæval purse scallop shell front like pilgrim sometimes represented bottle often rosary sometimes conveniences travelling helps devotion good example hans burgmaier images de saints familly emp maximilian fol illustration erasmus praise folly though conventional pilgrim always represented robe hat staff scrip actual pilgrim seems sometimes dispensed insignia example chaucer minutely describes costume principal personages company canterbury pilgrims describe marked picturesque features appearance description seems preclude pilgrim robe hat knight described ordinary jupon fustian wered jupon short gowne sleves long wide clad cote hood green serjeant rode homely medlee cote girt seint silk barres small merchant hed flaundrish bever hat rest clearly described ordinary dress class pilgrim robe concealed seems doubtful whether even bore especial insignia staff scrip perhaps men women went pilgrimage horseback go mere form carrying long equestrian pilgrim shall give woodcut hereafter though correctly habited robe hat pilgrim signs rosary round neck carry bourdon trace pilgrim costume chaucer pilgrims vernicle hadde sewed cappe sign former pilgrimage rome enough prove proof needed chaucer forget clothe personages pilgrim weeds wear besides ordinary insignia pilgrimage every pilgrimage special signs pilgrim return wore conspicuously hat scrip hanging round neck token accomplished particular pilgrimage pilgrim made long pilgrimage paying devotions every shrine way might come back thickly decorated signs modern soldier stirring campaign medals clasps pilgrim holy land distinction others wore special sign hour took vow make honourable pilgrimage sign cross formed two strips coloured cloth sewn shoulder robe english pilgrim wore cross white french red flemish green fierce earnestness sacred sign cut flesh romance sir isumbras sharpe knyfe share cross shoulder bare others branded hot iron pilgrim mirac de thomæ abbot benedict gives obvious reason though clothes torn away able tear cross breast end described find rubric calling attention fact burning cross flesh forbidden canon law pain greater excommunication prohibition proof enough time uncommon practice pilgrim reached holy land visited usual round holy places became entitled wear palm token accomplishment great pilgrimage badge derived name palmer palm borne quite certainly appear say branch palm returning pilgrim bore hand affixed top staff probably general case shape sprigs palm sewn crosswise hat scrip roman pilgrimage seems always ranked next popular estimation holy land reason rome great centre religion civilization western christendom plenary indulgence boniface viii published make jubilee pilgrimage rome doubt effect popularizing pilgrimage limina two hundred thousand pilgrims visited rome month first jubilee succeeding popes shortened interval great spiritual fairs first fifty lastly years pilgrim rome doubtless visited many shrines great christian capital entitled wear many signs chief signs roman pilgrimage badge effigies peter paul vernicle concerning first grant innocent iii canons peter rome confirms shall concede right cast sell lead pewter signs bearing effigies apostles peter paul visited threshold decorate increase devotion testimony pilgrimage rock says friend roman pilgrim signs dug launde abbey leicestershire copper shape quatrefoil inches diameter side side plain equestrian pilgrim represented hans burgmaier der weise koenige seems bear cloak hat vernicle kerchief veronica popular legend wiped brow saviour fainted cross via dolorosa found miraculously transferred imprint sacred countenance chaucer pardoner already strait comen court rome therefore vernicle sewed cap sign compostella pilgrimage scallop shell legend old spanish writers give explanation badge body saint miraculously conveyed ship without sails oars joppa galicia passed village bonzas coast portugal day marriage celebrated bridegroom friends amusing horseback sands horse became unmanageable plunged sea whereupon miraculous ship stopped voyage presently bridegroom emerged horse man close beside conversation ensued knight saint disciples board apprised saint saved watery grave explained christian religion believed baptized immediately ship resumed voyage knight came galloping back sea rejoin astonished friends told happened converted knight baptized bride hand now knight emerged sea dress trappings horse covered scallop shells therefore galicians took scallop shell sign james legend found represented churches dedicated james ancient illuminated mss scallop shell unfrequently found armorial bearings hardly probable given man merely made common pilgrimage compostella perhaps earned service banner santiago moors spanish crusades popes alexander gregory clement granted faculty archbishops compostella excommunicate sell shells pilgrims anywhere except city santiago assign reason shells badge apostle santiago badge always actual shell sometimes jewel made shape scallop shell journal archæological association iii woodcut scallop shell silver gilt circular piece jet set middle carved equestrian figure santiago chief sign canterbury pilgrimage ampul flask told origin meaning abbot benedict wrote book miracles st thomas monks carefully collected pavement blood martyr shed preserved precious relics sick lady visited shrine begged drop blood medicine worked miraculous cure fame miracle spread far wide future pilgrims satisfied unless might permitted high privilege drop used mixed chalice full water colour flavour might offend senses allowed taste wrought says abbot miraculous cures vast crowds came take strange medicine came anxious take home sick friends neighbours first put wooden vessels split liquid many fragments vessels hung martyr tomb token wonder last came head certain young man cast little flasks lead pewter miracle breaking ceased knew divine canterbury medicine carried ampullæ throughout world ampullæ recognised world sign pilgrimage wonderful cures first pilgrims carried wooden vases concealed clothes ampullæ carried suspended round neck pilgrims reached home says another authority hung ampullæ churches sacred relics glory blessed martyr might known throughout world curious relics still exist thin flat side slightly rounded two little ears loops cord might passed suspend mouth might closed solder even folding edges metal little flask figured gardner history dunwich pl side may probably ampullæ much elaborate interesting type engraved example preserved museum york principal figure somewhat stern representation blessed archbishop rude representation shrine round margin rhyming legend optimus egrorum medicus fit thoma bonorum thomas best physician pious sick reverse ampul design whose intention clear two monks priests apparently saying service book laying pastoral staff perhaps represents shrine attendants style art design may early part thirteenth century though ampul clearly designated monkish writers quoted special sign canterbury pilgrimage another sign seems peculiar bell whether bells pilgrims carried hands rang time time whether little bells like hawks bells fastened dress bells sometimes canon cope certainly appear thorpe passage hereafter quoted length fox speaks noise singing sound piping jangling canterbury bells body pilgrims passed town prettiest clusters blue flowers obtained common name canterbury bells religious trinkets also sold used pilgrims mementoes visit famous shrine common seems head thomas cast various ornamental devices silver pewter sometimes adapted hang rosary usually examples remain us made brooch fastened cap hood dress smith collectanea antiqua vol pl vol ii pl representations less english foreign pilgrims signs considerable proportion heads thomas whole collection curious interesting illustration canterbury ampul confined thomas canterbury ampuls became popular guardians famous shrines adopted manufactured waters aquæ reliquiarum relic saint fortunate possess washed dipped holy water thereupon supposed possess diluted virtues relic durham water water incorruptible body cuthbert washed last exposure reginald durham book admirable virtues blessed cuthbert tells us used carried away ampuls mentions special example little pleasant medicine poured mouth sick man cured spot old writer tells us water held bowl belonged editha queen saint little bit rag formed part cuthbert garments soaked acquired two relics much virtue brought back health strength dying clerk drank gardner history dunwich pl iii find drawings ampullæ like thomas front surmounted crown conjectured may pilgrim sign lady walsingham contained perhaps water holy wells walsingham hereinafter described another surmounted symbols blessed virgin lily pot author hazards conjecture may sign richard chichester pilgrim brought away flasks medicine blessed relics may suppose always hang church sometimes preserved carefully house use time sickness often applied sick neighbour gift portion precious fluid ampul touch trinket touched saint collectanea antiqua facsimile piece paper bearing rude woodcut adoration magi inscription setting forth ces billets ont touché aux troi testes de saints rois cologne ils sont pour les voyageurs contre les malheurs des chemins maux de teste mal caduque fièures sorcellerie toute sorte de malefice et morte soubite found person william jackson sentenced murder june found dead prison hours time execution charmed billet doubtless preserved ignominious death find description pilgrim full costume decorated signs piers ploughman vision pilgrym wise bare burdoun broad list bolle bagge bare side hundred ampulles hat seten signes synay shells galice many crouche cloke keys rome vernicle men sholde knowe se bi signes sought hadde folk prayed hym first fro whence came synay seide lordes sepulcre bethlem babiloyne ben bothe armonye alesaundre many places ye may se signes sitten hat walked ful wide weet drye sought good seintes soules helthe little bit satire sake model pilgrim introduced telling especially wretched superstitions noticing omitted knowest asks aught men calle truthe canst aught weten us way wight dwelleth nay replies god helpe saw nevere palmere pyke scrippe ask hym ever til now place chapter ii lady walsingham thomas canterbury shall wonder various pilgrimages popular learn physical panaceas obtained spiritual pardons immunities procured shrines saints moreover journey often made pleasant holiday excursion far us deny many pilgrim undertook pilgrimage anything holiday spirit made anything gay excursion many man sought howbeit mistakenly atone wrong done making outcast earth submitting privations mendicant pilgrimage many sought escape reach stings remorse many tore home knowledge friends went foreign countries hide shame eyes knew certainly might met man woman whose coarse sackcloth robe girded naked skin unshod feet signs real mistaken penitence carried grievous memories sad heart every mile weary way give hans burgmaier images de saints de la famille de maximilian excellent illustration pilgrim class general character home pilgrimages especially speaking great majority cases seem little pleasant religious holiday doubt general intention devotional likely often moment religious fervour vow taken religious ceremony journey begun must solemnising effect doubtless pilgrim knelt shrine unquestioning faith tales heard sanctity occasional miraculous power imposing effect scene affect mind unusual religious warmth exaltation beginning end pilgrimage long interval say censorious spirit usually occupied pleasant excursion fine work supplied us excellent illustration ascetic pilgrim affords another equally valuable pilgrim usual class travels foot indeed staff hand comfortably shod clad girds sackcloth shirt bare body iron chain belt well furnished little conveniences travel quite clear journey necessarily foot voluntary pilgrims might ride preferred beg bread penitential pilgrims put good store money purse starting ambled easily along green roads lived well comfortable inns along way illustration hair shirt many instances time pilgrimage mentioned find spring chaucer pilgrims april showerés sote drouth march perced root fosbroke apprehends lent usual time pilgrimages custom pilgrims associate companies indeed since travelled roads time year stopped inns hospitals inevitable seem taken pains make journey agreeable another chaucer hoste tabard says guests ye go canterbury god speed blisful martyr quité mede well wot ye go way ye shapen talken play trewely comfort worthe none riden way dumb stone even poor penitential pilgrim travelled barefoot travel way least hard rough highway special roads seem made great shrines pilgrim road may still traced across kent almost london canterbury londoner wishes pleasant interesting home excursion may put scrip back take bourdon hand make summer pilgrimage track chaucer pilgrims pilgrim road walsingham still known palmer way walsingham green way may traced along principal part course sixty miles diocese norwich common people used call milky way walsingham way rock tells us besides badge pilgrimage also gathering cry pilgrims shouted grey morn slowly crept town hamlet slept night calling aloud god help begging intercession saint whose shrine wending bade fellow pilgrims come forth road begin another day march prayers told beads occasionally strive shorten weary length way song music often crowd pilgrims started together place seem always hired singers two musicians go just reaching town drew line walked streets procession singing ringing little player bagpipes head strictness perhaps psalms sung tales accustomed lighten way saintly legends godly discourses truth varied character according character individual pilgrims songs often though chaucer poor parson town preached sermon listened yet romances chivalry loose faiblieux current probably formed majority real canterbury tales foxe acts monuments graphic amusing little sketch company pilgrims passing town thorpe tells archbishop arundel diverse men women go willes finding pilgrimage order men women well synge wanton songs pilgrims every towne come throwe noyse singing sound pipyng jingling canterbury belles barking dogges make noise kinge came awaye clarions many minstrelles men women moneth pilgrimage many shall half year great janglers liars archbishop defends fashion gives us information subject saying pilgremys syngers also pipers goeth barefoote striketh toe stone hurteth sore maketh blede well done fellow begyn songe else take bosom drive away myrthe hurte fellow soche solace travell weriness pylgremes lightly merily broughte forth erasmus colloquy entitled peregrinatio religionis ergo enables us accompany pilgrim shrine lady walsingham join devotions shrine shall throw together interesting portions narrative nichols translation says celebrated place throughout england easily find island man ventures reckon prosperity unless yearly salute small offering according ability town walsingham says maintained scarcely anything else number visitors shrine lady within priory church north side wooden chapel dedicated lady feet thirteen enclosed within chapel stone feet thirty erasmus describes unfinished west church another wooden building two holy wells also dedicated virgin erasmus describes holy places within church called unfinished small chapel made wainscot admitting devotees side narrow little door light small indeed scarcely wax lights grateful fragrance meets nostrils look say mansion saints much glitter sides jewels gold silver inner chapel canon attends receive take charge offerings pilgrims placed altar east chapel full wonders thither go another guide receives worshipped short time presently joint man finger exhibited us largest three kiss ask whose relics says peter apostle ask yes observing size joint might giant remarked peter must man large size companions burst laugh certainly took ill quiet attendant shown us relics however pacified offering pence chapel shed say suddenly winter season everything covered snow brought thither great distance shed two wells full brink say spring sacred holy virgin water wonderfully cold efficacious curing pains head stomach next turned towards heavenly milk blessed virgin kept apparently another chapel milk kept centre christ right hand honour sake mother milk personifies mother soon canon attendance saw us rose put surplice added stole neck prostrated due ceremony worshipped anon stretched forth milk kissed us also lowest step altar religiously fell prostrate first called christ addressed virgin little prayer like prepared purpose pious prayer reply make appeared assent eyes deceived holy milk seemed leap little eucharist shone somewhat brighter meanwhile ministering canon approached us saying nothing holding little box presented toll collectors bridges germany gave pence offered virgin visitor occasion distinguished person performing trifling service canons presented relic drew bag fragment wood cut beam virgin mother seen rest wonderful fragrance proved thing extremely sacred part received distinguished present prostrate uncovered head kissed three four times highest veneration placed purse exchange fragment small gold tagus enclose gold may shine crystal also shown relics shown ordinary visitors several wax candles lighted small image produced neither excelling material workmanship virtue efficacious exhibited golden silver statues says entirely gold silver gilt added weight value name donor drew forth altar world admirable things individual articles proceed describe day suffice relation pilgrimage terminated fortunately abundantly gratified sights bring away inestimable gift token bestowed virgin made trial powers wood inn end three days found man afflicted mind charms preparation piece wood placed pillow unknown fell sleep equally deep prolonged morning rose whole mind chaucer left account canterbury pilgrimage incomplete another author soon chaucer death wrote supplement great work however inferior genius work great master yet admirably serves purpose giving graphic contemporary picture doings company pilgrims thomas arrived destination erasmus colloquy already largely quoted enables us add details picture pilgrims chaucer continuator arrived canterbury mydmorowe erasmus tells us saw approached city church dedicated thomas erects heaven majesty even distance strikes religious awe beholders two vast towers seem salute visitor afar make surrounding country far wide resound wonderful booming brazen bells arrived took lodgings chequers toke loggit midmorowe trowe atte cheker hope many man doth know mine host tabard southwark guide given necessary orders dinner proceeded cathedral make offerings shrine thomas church door sprinkled holy water entered knight better sort company went straight devotions pilgrims less educated class began wander nave church curiously admiring objects around miller companions entered warm discussion concerning arms painted glass windows length host tabard called together reproved negligence whereupon hastened make offerings passed forth boystly gogling hedds kneeled shrine hertily beads prayed thomas wise couth sith holy relikes man mouth kissed goodly monk names told taught sith places holyness raught devocioune tyl service al done erasmus gives detailed account holy relikes places holiness entrance south porch edifice displays spaciousness majesty part admitted books fixed pillars monument know iron screens stop progress yet admit view whole space choir end church choir mount many steps passage leading north spot shown wooden altar dedicated virgin mean remarkable respect unless monument antiquity putting shame extravagance times pious old man breathed last farewell virgin death hand altar point sword head excellent prelate cleft brain stirred might instantly despatched sacred rust iron love martyr religiously kissed leaving spot descended crypt priests first exhibited perforated skull martyr forehead left bare kissed parts covered silver time shown slip lead engraved name also hang dark hair shirts girdles bandages prelate subdued flesh striking horror appearance reproaching us indulgence luxuries hence returned choir north side aumbrics unlocked wonderful tell quantity bones brought skulls teeth hands fingers entire arms devoutly bestowed kisses exhibition seemed likely last ever somewhat unmanageable companion pilgrimage interrupted zeal showman offend priest arm brought forward still bloody flesh adhering drew back kissing even betrayed weariness priest presently shut treasures next viewed table altar ornaments articles kept altar sumptuous say midas croesus beggars saw vast assemblage gold silver led sacristy display silken vestments array golden candlesticks place conducted back upper floor behind ascend new church little chapel shown whole figure excellent man gilt adorned many jewels head priest prior came forward opened us shrine left body holy man rest wooden canopy covers shrine drawn ropes inestimable treasures opened view least valuable part gold every part glistened shone sparkled rare large jewels exceeding size goose egg monks stood around much veneration cover raised worshipped prior white rod pointed jewel telling name french value name donor principal offerings sent sovereign princes hence returned crypt virgin mother abode somewhat dark edged screen afraid nothing imagine thieves never seen anything burdened riches lamps brought beheld royal spectacle lastly conducted back sacristy brought box covered black leather laid table opened immediately knelt worshipped torn fragments linen retaining marks dirt offering us cup wine prior courteously dismissed us chaucer pilgrims seen magnificence existed earlier time noon approaching gathered together went dinner left church however bought signs manner show men performed meritorious act manere custom signes bought men contre know sought man set silver thing liked meen miller bosom full signys canterbury broches others set signys hedes cap sith gan stapp appearance shrines surroundings brought eyes pictures beautiful volume lydgate history edmund british museum harl representation shrine edmund abbey church edmund bury still better representation showing iron grille enclosed monk worshipping clerk wand probably custodian whose duty show various jewels relics prior erasmus canterbury another shrine people come hope receiving miraculous cures still another pilgrims praying round shrine two monks stall beside saying office clerk others present shrine group monks representations shrines doubt intended represent shrine edmund differing details found roman latter half fourteenth century bodleian library good representation shrine thomas apostle several people front two pilgrims rough habits broad hat slung shoulder staff hitherto spoken male pilgrims must borne mind women ranks frequently found pilgrimage costume habits sex applies equally give cut female pilgrim scrip staff hat pl strutt dresses habits people england professes take harleian also give picture pilgrim monk cotton tiberius bears staff scrip otherwise habited proper costume order illustration strutt pl illustration pilgrim returned safely home natural proper sent forth blessing prayers church present church give thanks accomplishment pilgrimage safe return find might expected special service occasion find sufficient indications practice knighton tells us example famous guy earl warwick return pilgrimage holy land took refreshment went churches city return thanks du cange tells us palmers received return home ecclesiastical processions perhaps case men social importance details occasion record william de mandeville earl essex assumed cross procuring suitable necessaries took retinue among chaplain perform divine offices kept daily table set went gilbert bishop london license benediction travelled land far rome france burgundy alps leaving horse mantua visited every holy place jerusalem route made prayers offerings returned arrival made presents silk cloths churches see copes coverings altars monks walden met procession albes copes singing blessed cometh name lord earl coming prostrating prior gave benediction rose kneeling offered precious relics ivory box obtained jerusalem elsewhere offering concluded rose stood altar prior convent singing leaving church went chapter give receive kiss peace prior monks sumptuous entertainment followed suite succeeding days passed visits relatives friends congratulated safe return illustration le pélerinage de la vie humaine french national library du cange says palmers used present scrips staves parish churches coryatt says saw cockle mussel shells beads religious relics hung door little chapel nunnery says fosbroke offerings made pilgrims return compostella illuminated julius illustrates among events life richard beauchamp earl warwick various scenes pilgrimage rome jerusalem illumination subsequently engraved chapter merchants seen embarking ship another presented pope cardinals rome subsequently engraved chapter secular clergy another worshipping holy sepulchre hung shield remembrance accomplished vow additional part john mandeville history travels illuminations respects illustrate voyage pilgrim rank hans burgmaier images de saints take figure next page affords us excellent contemporary illustration pilgrim high rank attendants pilgrim costume wearing signs show us pilgrimage successfully accomplished taken greater pilgrimages probably regarded certain respect reverence untravelled neighbours agnomen palmer pilgrim naturally added christian name william palmer john pilgrim doubtless origin two sufficiently common surnames tokens pilgrimage sometimes even accompanied man grave sculptured monument shells unfrequently found stone coffins taken great probability relics pilgrimage deceased taken compostella sacred things certain religious virtue strewed carried bier funeral procession placed grave example grave bishop mayhew died hereford cathedral opened years ago found lying side common rough hazel wand four five feet long thick man finger mussel four instances hazel rods without accompanying shells buried ecclesiastics previously observed cathedral tomb abbot cheltenham tewkesbury spandrels ornamented shields charged scallop shells pilgrim staff scrip sculptured bosses groining canopy tomb gravestone haltwhistle northumberland already occasion refer usual device cross sculptured relief side shaft cross laid sword shield charged arms blenkinsop fess three garbs indicating presume deceased knight side shaft cross laid palmer staff scrip bearing also garbs indicating knight pilgrim illustration church leicestershire monumental arch wall north aisle recumbent effigy good deal defaced man pilgrim weeds tunic gown reaches knee ankle short pointed laced boots hat margin decorated lies head scrip tasselled charged right side rosary left staff laid diagonally across body costly style monument lion feet collar ss round neck prove person commemorated person distinction churchyard carmarthenshire three graves assigned local tradition three holy palmers wandered thither poverty distress perish want slew last survivor buried fellows graves prepared pulling stone left ill adjusted two headstones rude cross patée sculptured graves found years ago bones female youth also among curious symbols appear mediæval likely intended pilgrim staves woodhorn northumberland engraved manual sepulchral slabs crosses another yorkshire engraved gough sepulchral monuments vol may men made vow perpetual pilgrimage died midst unfinished pilgrimage therefore pilgrim insignia placed monuments every man woman made pilgrimage badges carved tombs surely found many tombs designated indeed tombs men know accomplished pilgrimages jerusalem pilgrim insignia tombs illustrations pilgrim costume may found scattered throughout illuminated mss references best added royal good drawing james pilgrim add another pilgrim saints scrip staff nero saint hat early date another lydgate history edmund already quoted pictures shrines also several good pictures pilgrims group three pilgrims appear different parts history twice page three pilgrims built hermitage chapel surrounded fence henry vii chapel westminster figure pilgrim frequently introduced ornamental sculpture side chapels reredos allusion doubt pilgrims figure legendary history edmund confessor followed pilgrim tomb pause satirise troops mere religious rode pleasant summer holiday green roads merry england feasting inns singing amorous songs telling loose stories way going round end drinking foul water dead man blood mingled dead man bones washed let us allowed indulge hope every act real honest however mistaken remorse sin sake purity honour religion benefit honest though mistaken devotee religion perfect pure practice exactly accordant afford sit severe judgment honest error secular clergy middle ages chapter parochial clergy present organisation church england dates council hertford time saxon people object missionary operations carried two independent bodies italian mission centre canterbury celtic mission iona bishops sent sources several kingdoms heptarchy gathered body clergy lived common cathedral town thence made missionary progresses towns villages saxon bush returning always cathedral home national churches sprang two sources kept asunder differences discipline ceremonial rather doctrine differences reconciled council hertford churches recognised theodore archbishop canterbury metropolitan england archbishop owe establishment parochial organisation church england ever since continued pointed people advantage constant ministrations regular pastor instead occasional visits missionary encouraged thanes provide parcel glebe clergyman residence permitted tithe manor thane hitherto paid common bishop henceforth paid resident pastor maintenance support local hospitalities charities lastly permitted thane select pastor manor general body clergy naturally grew whole establishment church england kingdom heptarchy became ecclesiastical language diocese manor parish patronage benefices england became vested lords manors time rector gradually settled every parish rights duties soon became defined sanctioned law bishop continued keep body clergy cathedral whose position also gradually became defined settled number clergy cathedral establishment became settled acquired name canons organised collegiate body dean officers estates bishops distinguished body canons canon house within walled space cathedral called close share common property chapter besides canons limited number gradually arose necessity clergymen fulfil various duties cathedral received stipends lodged town time additional clergy also organised corporation generally benefactor found build quadrangle little houses within hard close often endow corporation lands livings vicars close wells good example supplementary establishments long quadrangle little houses side hall end library direct communication cathedral also arose process time many collegiate churches kingdom resembled cathedral establishments secular canons every respect except bishop see within church churches colleges secular canons architecturally equal cathedrals southwell minster example even equalled many cathedral churches occupy much space enter details constitution establishments canons may usually recognised pictures costume characteristic features square cap furred amys amys fur cape worn shoulders hood attached usually fringe tails fur sometimes little bells two long ends front accompanying beautiful woodcut secular canons seated stalls cathedral bishop stall west end habited surplices ornamented needlework beneath may seen robes pink blue colour subsellæ seems furred amys thrown arm stall neighbour seems hanging shoulder upper stalls round skull caps birettas others hood heads assumes horned shape may seen pictures canons woodcut part illumination interior church book hours richard british museum domit xvii illustration powerful ecclesiastical establishments continued flourish throughout middle ages histories must sought dugdale monasticon britton murray cathedrals monographs several cathedrals registers cathedrals exists also vast amount unpublished matter supply little details historians usually pass need enable us really enter cathedral life middle ages world indebted raine publication details registry york interesting york fabric rolls edited surtees society return saxon rectors end saxon period history find whole kingdom divided parishes rector resident probably rectors often related lords manors natural case family livings learned clergy speaking generally married clergy respects affect ascetic spirit monasticism ate drank like people farmed glebes spent good deal leisure hawking hunting like brothers cousins neighbours interests people things parishes seem performed clerical functions fairly well bountiful poor short seem virtues failings country rectors hundred years ago norman conquest several causes concurred deprive large majority parishes advantage cure rectors supply places vicars parochial chaplains first among causes may mention evil impropriations many parishes yet suffering brief explanation just norman conquest great revival monastic principle several new orders monks founded religious feeling age set strongly favour religious communities least learned industrious normans founded many new monasteries england endowed lands manors introduced custom endowing also rectories patrons gave benefice convent convent religious corporation took office rector provided vicar perform spiritual duties cure apportionment temporalities benefice usually convent took great tithe formed far larger portion benefice gave vicar small tithe large glebe maintenance position poor vicar easy see different dignity emolument prestige eyes parishioners means conferring temporal benefits old rectors predecessors cure time reformation half livings england wales become impropriate monasteries cathedral chapters corporations guilds since great tithe restored parishes dissolution religious houses granted laymen together half parishes england still suffering perversion ancient saxon endowments another cause change condition parochial clergy custom papal provisors popes thirteenth century gradually assumed power nominating vacant benefices gregory ix innocent ruled church middle century presented italian priests best benefices england many foreigners preferment country never came near cures employed parish chaplains fulfil duties sometimes neglected even edward iii resisted invasion rights patrons english livings time richard ii finally stopped famous statute præmunire custom allowing man hold several livings another means depriving parishes resident rector handing care curate extent system pluralities carried middle ages seems almost incredible even read man four five hundred benefices another less known abuse custom presenting benefices men taken minor clerical orders glance lists incumbents benefices good county history reveal fact rectors parishes often deacons acolytes clear many cases probably majority men taken minor order qualify holding temporalities benefice never proceeded priesthood employed chaplain perform spiritual functions enjoyed fruits benefice lay fee minor order taken imposing restraint living entirely secular life clear considerable number priests required perform duties numerous parishes whose rectors absent minor orders seem called parochial chaplains emolument social position parochial chaplains make office desirable seem candidates great extent drawn lower classes people chaucer tells us poor parson town whose description give brother norwich corporation records time henry viii copy examination sir william green whose sketch life though pretended priest curious history way many poor man son really attain priesthood son labouring man learned grammar village grammar school two years went day labour father afterwards removing boston lived aunt partly labouring living going school opportunity evidently clerkly lad admitted minor orders acolyte hands friar graunt suffragan bishop diocese lincoln went cambridge boston partly earned livelihood labour partly availed opportunities learning university offered getting meat drink alms length opportunity going rome two monks whitby abbey perhaps capacity attendant edward prentis company perhaps two monks endeavoured obtain order priesthood seems conferred rather indiscriminately rome without title unsuccessful return england laboured living first brother essex cambridge boston london last went cambridge influence coney obtained licence seal collect subscriptions year towards exhibition complete education schools often done poor scholars obtained money enough completed education obtained ordination due course completed story regular way fell bad hands forged first new poor scholar licence letters orders wandered begging alms unfortunate destitute priest may furnish us type idle vagabond priests many country sir thomas says order rebuked priests begging lewd living either fain walk rovers live trentals thirty days masses worse serve secular man house original sketch given length note custom poor scholars gaining livelihood means prosecuting studies seeking alms common noticed church middle ages chief ladder men lower ranks able climb vast numbers climb upper ranks society clergymen monks abbots bishops statesmen popes piers ploughman illiberal strain makes subject now might sowter son setten schole beggar brat book learne worth writer lorde dwelle falsly frere fiend serven beggar brat bishop worthen among peers land prese sythen lordes sons lowly lorde loute knyghtes crooketh hem coucheth ful lowe sire sowter grees teeth toyling lether battered sawe church great protector friend lower classes society highest grounds matter educating children poor opening specially gifted suitable career find late date reformation cranmer maintaining rights poor high grounds among royal commissioners reorganising cathedral establishment canterbury two none admitted grammar school sons younger brothers gentlemen others husbandmen children used plough artificers occupy place learned sort whereto archbishop poor men children many times endowed singular gifts nature also gifts god eloquence memory apt pronunciation sobriety like also commonly apt study gentleman son delicately educated hereunto part replied ploughman son go plough artificer son apply trade parent vocation gentleman children used knowledge government rule commonwealth grant replied archbishop meaning herein needful commonwealth yet utterly exclude ploughman son poor man son benefit learning though unworthy gifts holy ghost bestowed well others much say almighty god liberty bestow great gifts grace person men shall appoint employed according fancy according goodly pleasure giveth gifts learning perfections sciences kinds states people indifferently besides rectors vicars parishes another class beneficed clergymen middle ages gradually became numerous chantry priests end period hardly church kingdom chantries founded endowed perpetual maintenance chantry priest say mass daily ever soul health founder family churches large wealthy towns sometimes ten twelve chantries chantry chapel sometimes built parish church opening sometimes corner church screened rest area openwork wooden screens chantry priest sometimes live estates maintenance sometimes annual income charged estate founder chantries suppressed endowments confiscated reign edward chantry chapels still remain part parish churches parclose screens long since removed traces chantry altar still frequently apparent eye ecclesiastical antiquary sometimes priest provided wealthy people richard iii commenced foundation chantry hundred chaplains sing masses cathedral church york begun six altars erected york minster king death bosworth field interrupted completion magnificent design next add enumeration various classes mediæval clergy another class chaplains whose duties nearly akin chantry priests guild priests custom throughout middle ages men women associate religious guilds partly mutual assistance temporal matters chiefly mutual prayers welfare living soul health dead guilds usually maintained chaplain whose duty celebrate mass daily brethren sisters guild guild priests must numerous learn blomfield norfolk reformation ten guilds windham church norfolk seven hingham seven swaffham seventeen yarmouth moreover guild like chantry sometimes guild priest leland tells us guild john botolph church boston ten priests living fayre house west end parish church yard mary church lichfield guild five priests rules religious guilds may found stow survey london barbara guild church katherine next tower london book ii hughes edition find bequests guild priests common chaplains ancient wills henry waller richmond leaves every gyld prest thys town vi ar beryall rock says besides every guild priest go sundays holy days help priests parochial services church guild kept altar chantry priests bidden old english canons brotherhood priest guild holy trinity botolph london required meke obedient alle divine servyces duryng hys time custome citye amonge alle sometimes chantry priest specially required foundation deed help cure souls parish case chantry founded mary maldon little bentley essex sometimes chantry chapel built hamlet distance parish church intended serve chapel ease priest assistant curate foulness island billericay essex doubtful whether chantry priests generally considered bound take share parochial work parish absence cure souls office chantry guild priest easy often lucrative find common subject complaint fourteenth sixteenth centuries preferred cure souls even parochial incumbents apt leave parishes hands parochial chaplain seek chantry guild temporary engagements celebrate annals many provided wills shall shortly speak chaucer reckons among virtues poore parson set benefice hire let shepe accomber mire runne london saint poule seken chauntrie soules brotherhood dwelt home kepte well fold also piers parsons parisshe preistes pleyned hem bisshope hire parishes weren povere sith pestilence tyme licence leve london dwelle syngen ther symonie silver swete besides chantry priests guild priests great crowd priests gained livelihood taking temporary engagements say masses souls departed nearly every period considering provides saying masses soul testator sometimes ordering fee paid every priest shall present funeral sometimes ordering executors number masses varying ten ten thousand speedily may sometimes directing priest shall engaged say mass certain period varying thirty days forty fifty years casual masses formed irregular provision large number priests many performed clerical function often led dissolute well idle life archbishop islip says constitutions certainly informed common fame experience modern priests covetousness love ease content reasonable salaries demand excessive pay labours receive despise labour study pleasure wholly refuse parish priests serve churches chapels attend cure souls though fitting salaries offered may live leisurely manner celebrating annals quick dead parish churches chapels remain unofficiated destitute parochial chaplains even proper curates grievous danger souls chaucer introduced class canon yeoman tale london priest annueller therein dwelled hadde many year pleasant serviceable wife table suffer thing pay board ne clothing went never gay spending silver right ynoit another numerous class clergy domestic chaplains every nobleman gentleman private chapel house ecclesiastical establishment attached proportionate rank wealth royal houses great nobles private establishment unfrequently collegiate establishment dean canons clerks singing men boys church quadrangle within precincts castle maintained ample endowments establishment royal chapel george windsor castle perhaps remaining example household book earl northumberland gives us full details chapel establishment duties emoluments received money kind consisted dean ten priests eleven gentlemen six children composed choir country gentlemen wealth often maintained considerable chapel establishment henry machyn diary tells us noticing death sir thomas jarmyn rushbrooke hall suffolk best housekeeper county suffolk kept goodly chapel singing men knights gentlemen less means less love goodly singing men content single priest chaplain even wealthy yeomen tradesmen domestic chaplain sir thomas says rabel priests every mean man must priest house wait wife man almost lacketh now chapels great lords often sumptuous buildings erected within precincts george windsor chapel within tower london may supply examples smaller chapels erected within house still handsome buildings examples may found nearly every old castle manor house still exists chapel colchester castle twelfth century ormsbro castle late twelfth century beverstone castle fourteenth century engraved parker domestic architecture iii igtham castle fifteenth century engraved work iii haddon hall fifteenth century great houses besides general chapel often small oratory besides private use lord castle later times called closet sometimes another oratory lady case earl northumberland domestic chapels find curious internal arrangement western part apartment divided two stories wooden floor case also chapel preceptory chobham northumberland coyston almshouses leicester parker dom arch case chapels tewkesbury abbey church case priory church norway cases probably accommodate tenants different stories house frequency later times lord house private gallery chapel similar arrangement occasionally occurs parish churches leads us conjecture cases two floors upper floor members family lower servants house chapels thoroughly furnished vessels books robes every usual ornament every object appliance necessary performance offices church splendour proportioned means master house household book earl northumberland gather chapel three altars lord lady closet oratory altars chapel furnished hangings pair organs four antiphoners four grails service books famous beauty earl death wolsey intimated wish find mention suits vestments single vestments copes surplices five altars things care yeoman vestry carried earl removals another houses minute catalogues descriptions furniture domestic chapels may also found inventories attached ancient wills shall give hereafter picture domestic chaplains sir roger chaplain chapel earl warwick flamstead picture another chaplain earl warwick life beauchamp earl warwick julius iv earl chaplain represented sitting together dinner besides clergy occupied various kinds spiritual work also great number priests engaged secular occupations bishops statesmen generals ambassadors employing suffragan bishops work dioceses priests engaged many ways king service noblemen others piers ploughman says somme serven kyng silver tellen cheker chauncelrie chalangen dettes wardes wardemotes weyves theyves serven servantz lordes ladies stede stywardes sitten demen domestic chaplains usually employed less secular duties services regularly allotted eleven priests chapel earls northumberland surveyor lord lands another lord secretary christopher pickering leaves sarvands john dobson frances xx besydes ther wages allso gyve sir james edwarde sarvand witnesses sir james edwarde preste probably pickering chaplain sir thomas says every man priest wait wife truth chaplain seems often performed duties superior gentleman usher nicholas blackburn wealthy citizen york twice lord mayor leaves special bequest wife find gentlewoman priest servant lady elizabeth hay leaves bequests order son chaplain servant maid chapter ii clerks minor orders necessary complete sketch subject secular clergy notice however briefly minor orders long abolished reformed church england forgotten names seven orders clerk go lowest highest step hierarchy pontifical archbishop ecgbert gives us form ordination order ordination ceremonies exhortations show us fully duties various orders costume symbols office may recognise particulars brought together concisely document much later date account degradation priesthood sir william sawtre first lollards died heresy year transcript suffice present purpose archbishop assisted several bishops sitting bishop throne paul sir william sawtre standing priestly robes proceeded degradation follows name thomas degrade depose order priests token thereof take paten chalice deprive power celebrating mass also strip chasuble take sacerdotal vestment deprive altogether dignity priesthood also william dressed habit deacon book gospels hands degrade depose order deacons condemned relapsed heretic token hereof take book gospels stole deprive power reading gospels degrade order subdeacons token thereof take albe maniple degrade order acolyte taking token thereof small pitcher taper staff degrade order exorcist take token thereof book exorcisms degrade order reader take token thereof book divine lessons also william sawtre vested surplice ostiary degrade order taking surplice keys church furthermore sign actual degradation caused crown clerical tonsure shaved presence entirely obliterated like layman also caused woollen cap put head secular layman word clerk wide rather vague significance included various grades clerks orders spoken also men followed kind occupation involved use reading writing finally every man read might claim benefit clergy legal immunities clerk word still used comprehensiveness vagueness meaning clerk orders still legal description clergyman men whose occupation use pen still called clerks lawyers clerks merchants clerks clerks often employed secular occupations example alan middleton employed convent alban collect rents represented page ante picture catalogus benefactorum nero british museum tonsured therefore clerk chaucer gives us charming picture poor clerk oxford seems candidate holy orders therefore germane subject clerke oxenforde also logike hadde long ygo lene horse rake right fat undertake looked holwe thereto soberly ful thredbare overest courtepy hadde getten yet benefice ne nought worldly office lever han beddes hed twenty bokes clothed black red aristotle philosophie robes riche fidel sautrie philosophre yet hadde little gold cofre might frendes hente bokes lerning spente besely gan soules praye hem yave wherewith scholaie studie toke moste cure hede word spake nede forme reverence short quike ful high sentence souning moral vertue speche gladly wolde lerne gladly teche miller tale chaucer gives us sketch another poor scholar oxford lodged carpenter chambre hostelerie alone withouten compaynie ful fetisly herbés sweet books great small astrological apparatus shelvés couched beddé head press ycovered falding red lay gay sautrie made nightés melodie swetély chamber rung ad sung give typical illustration class characters dance death end book hours blessed virgin mary british museum described beneath un clerc illustration class employed every parish perform certain duties behalf parishioners assist clergyman certain functions office parish clerk survived revolution swept away minor ecclesiastical officials middle ages still legal status parish church probably many readers surprised hear office ancient take interest original extracts throw light subject wills frequently legacy left together clergy item leave parish vicar iij iiij item leave parish clerk xij item leave every chaplain present obsequies mass iiij john brompton beverley merchant elizabeth del hay leaves every priest ministering obsequies vi every parish clerk iiij minor clerks ij hawisia aske york leaves parish chaplain michael iij iiij every chaplain church xx parish clerk church xx church john clerk formerly chaplain chapel blessed mary magdalen near york leaves parish clerk olave suburbs york xij two chaplains church present funeral mass iiij parish clerk church iiij church ij among little boys church wearing surplices iiij distributed equally extracts serve indicate clerical staff several churches mentioned sources learn duties parish milend near colchester presented archdeacon rector church nother clerke sexten go withe tyme visitacion sick helpe say masses rynge servyce vicar kelveden essex complains caryed holy water ryngyng evensonge accordyng clerke shuld dutees belongyng york presentations find similar complaint wyghton present parish clerk perform services go vicar visit sick clerk absents sends boy vicar clerk might married man thomas curtas parish clerk parish thomas martyr presented wife hindered still hinders parish clerk mary bishophill york parish seems lived entering house lord days holy water custom city also complained thomas wife refuse come hear divine service parish church withdraw oblations royal series illustrations mediæval tale turns adventures parish clerk goes parish aspersing people holy water two pictures suffice show costume holy aspersoir indicate went rooms house now kitchen sprinkling cook now hall sprinkling lord lady breakfast woodcut seen precedes ecclesiastical procession sprinkling people side goes subsequent description parish clerk absolon chaucer indicates sometimes perhaps special festivals clerk went censing people instead sprinkling illustration parish clerk sprinkling illustration parish clerk sprinkling knight continue notes parish clerk duties gathered churchwardens presentations wyghton find faut parish clerk yt done dewtee ye kirk yt say ryngyng ye morne bell ye evyn bell also another fawt may explain former fyndes yt pour mene pays hym wages cawood find duty parish clerk keepe ye clok ryng corfer curfew dew tymes appointed ye parrish also ryng ye day bell desk church near clergyman perhaps opposite side chancel gather presentation maurice york desks choir sides especially parish chaplain parish clerk accustomed sit need repair story matthew paris tells us office worth happened agent pope met petty clerk village carrying water little vessel sprinkler bits bread given sprinkled holy water deceitful roman addressed much profit yielded church amount year clerk ignorant roman cunning replied twenty shillings think whereupon agent demanded pope just demanded ecclesiastical benefices pay small sum poor man compelled hold schools many days selling books precincts drag life parish clerks london formed guild used exhibit miracle plays annual feast green parish james clerkenwell parish clerks always took important part conduct miracle plays natural united forces exhibition behalf guild result exhibition unusual excellence stow tells us guild performed king queen whole court three days successively produced play creation world whose representation occupied eight successive days still exhibited every ten years made world acquainted kind exhibition forefathers delighted still survive also spain probably roman catholic countries chaucer failed give us wonderful gallery contemporary characters miller tale portrait parish clerk now ther churche parish clerk ycleped absolon crulle gold shon strouted fanne large brode ful streight even lay jolly shode rode red eyen grey goos poules windowes carven shoos hosen red went ful fetisly yclad ful smal proprely kirtle light waget ful faire thicke ben pointes set therupon gay surplise white blossome rise mery child god save wel coud leten blod clippe shave make chartre lond quitance twenty manere trip dance scole oxenforde tho playen songes smal ribible therto song sometime loud quinible wel play giterne toun brewhouse ne taverne ne visited solas ther galliard tapstere absolon joly gay goth censor holy day censing wives parish faste many lovely loke hem caste sometime shew lightnesse maistrie plaieth herode skaffold hie chapter iii parish priest shall obtain help comprehension character position popular estimation mediæval seculars parish priests compare first regulars monks friars modern representatives parochial clergy great point difference regulars seculars monks friars affected asceticism parish priests monks friars taken three vows absolute poverty voluntary celibacy implicit obedience superior convent parish priests contrary benefices private property long resisted obligations celibacy popes councils tried lay spiritual rulers parishes subject constitutional rule bishop monks professed shut world mortify bodily appetites order better considered work salvation friars professed schools prophets spirit nazariteship followers elijah john baptist wear sackcloth live hardly go preachers repentance secular clergy desire felt need shut world like monks feel called friars imitate john baptist neither eating drinking seeing greater came eating drinking living common life men rather looked christian priests clerks occupying place priests levites ancient church set apart minister holy things like condemned poverty asceticism difference told unfavourably parish clergy popular estimation unreasoning crowd always impressed dramatic exhibition austerity life profession extraordinary sanctity undervalues virtue seen godly regulation life ordinary occupations lord monks aristocratic order clergy convents wealthy powerful minsters houses glory land officials ranked nobles greatness whole house reflected dignity monks friars popular order clergy four orders great organizations itinerant preachers powerful learning eloquence organization papal support cultivating favour people lived popular eloquence demagogic arts two great classes stood secular clergy practical pastoral work country fell numerous body disorganized diocesan bishops acting statesmen devolving ecclesiastical duties suffragans rectors refusing take priests orders living like laymen majority parishes practically served parochial chaplains every gentleman chaplain dependent pleasure hundreds priests engaged secular occupations secular priests friars seen pp direct rivalry great deal bitter feeling friars accused parish priests neglect duty ignorance spiritual things worldliness life came parishes whenever pleased preaching visiting house house hearing confessions prescribing penances carrying away offerings people parish priests looked friars intruders parishes accused setting people undermining spiritual influence corrupting discipline receiving confessions ashamed confess pastor knew enjoining light penances order encourage people come lastly using arts low order extract gifts offerings people already given contemporary illustration chaucer add two extracts piers ploughman vision place elaborate allegory introduces wrath saying wrath quod sum tyme frere convent gardyner graff impes limitoures listers lesyngs imped till bere leaves low speech lordes please sithen thier blossomed abrode bower hear shriftes now fallen therof fruite folk well liever shewen shriftes hem shryve hem ther parsones now parsons perceyved freres part hem possessioners preache deprave freres freres find hem default folk beareth witness grievance friars gaining confidence people away parish well parisches engelonde persones parish prestes shulde peple shryve ben curatoures called know hele alle ben parishens penaunce enjoine shulden ashamed shrifte shame maketh hem wende fleen freres fals folke westmynstere borwith bereth thider compare mediæval seculars modern clergy find modern clergy form much homogeneous body mediæval seculars bishop often monk friar cathedral clergy many dioceses regulars besides parsons parochial chaplains answer incumbents curates chantry gild priests priests lived rovers trentals great number domestic chaplains must considerably affected relations parochial clergy gentry inferior ecclesiastical people deacons acolytes readers exorcists ostiaries probable ordinary parish parish clerk larger churches ostiary besides answering verger cathedrals larger staff minor officials doubtful whether real working staff readers exorcists days working order deacons men passed orders way upwards priesthood made stay still greater difference mediæval secular clergy modern parochial clergy relative position respect society generally homogeneous body bishops clergy representatives clergy eyes modern english society relative position secular clergy eyes mediæval world less exclusive far inferior seculars order clergy sharing title monks friars commonly held inferior wealth learning holiness zeal another difference mediæval seculars modern clergy superior independence latter poor parochial chaplain largely dependent means living fees offerings parishioners domestic chaplain upper servant even country incumbent feudal days lord manor petty sovereign much influence local magnate primitive little villages lord manor continues sovereign village still fashion clergyman begin service till squire comes book knight la tour landry gives two stories serve show deference clergyman squire sometimes carried excessive lengths old days writing herde knight lady youthe delited hem rise late used longe tille many tymes thei lost masse made parisshe lese knight lorde patron chirche therfor priest durst disobeye hym happed sunday knight sent chirche thei shulde abide hym whane come passed none wherfor thir might day masse every man saide passed tyme day therfor thei durst singe sunday knight lady alle parisshe without masse whiche pepelle sori thir must needs suffre night came vision parson night knight lady dreamed dream parson came knight house told vision priest greatly marvelled dreams like priest knight hereby forest holy ermyte canne telle us avision menithe thei yede hym tolde hym fro point point wise holi man blessed lyff expounded declared avision story ladi dwelled faste chirche toke every day long time make redy made every sunday person chirche parisshenes abide happed abide longe sunday fer dayes every man day trow shall lady kemed arraied condition parochial clergy sketched might seem people stood poor chance christianly virtuously brought come inquire part question results unexpectedly satisfactory priests charge parishes seem whole done duty better anticipated people generally knowledge great truths religion greater probably now generally possessed taught eye sculptures paintings stained glass miracle plays religious truths probably constantly minds lips case now occur much frequently popular literature though people rude coarse violent sensual enough yet probable religion greater power among generally now probably crime less vice elevated sanctity individuals probably common times interesting evidence actual mode pastoral ministrations days handbooks common enough teaching parish priest duties early english text society lately done us service publishing manuals instructions parish priests enable us give notes subject great numbers says editor independent works nature produced middle ages probably language dialect europe now several treatises nature among early literature growth languages reformation alteration clerical education consequent great revolution caused great part perish become forgotten relic sort fished forgotten past useful us help towards understanding sort life fathers lived many seem strange directions written without least thought hostile criticism danger plain speaking inducements hide soften free superstition scarcely nonsense people still think made greater part religion middle ages instead thereof good sound morality pleasant hear preached present day book question john myrk canon regular austin lilleshall shropshire beautiful ruins monastery may still seen grounds duke sutherland lilleshall tells us translated latin book called pars oculi worthy note former prior lilleshall johannes miræus written work subject called manuale sacerdotis john myrk bears much resemblance subject treatment editor sketch argument instructions parish priests help us give sufficient idea contents present purpose author begins telling parish priest sort man ignorant whenne blynde ledeth blynde dyche fallen must example people nedeth hem teche whyche muste self lytel worth prechynge evyle lyvynge must chaste eschew lies oaths drunkenness gluttony pride sloth envy must keep taverns trading wrestling shooting like manly sports hunting hawking dancing must wear cutted clothes pyked shoes dagger wear becoming clothes shave crown beard must given hospitality poor rich read psalter remember doomsday return good evil eschew jesting ribaldry despise world follow virtue priest must content knowing duties must prepared teach charge christian men women believe told done sin must continue long conscience go straight priest confess lest forget great shriving time eastertide pregnant women especially go shrift receive holy communion instructor strict duties midwives women really days properly licensed office ecclesiastical authorities account permit children die unbaptized priest hand administer sacrament see danger death must especially careful use right form words lord taught matter whether say latin english whether latin good bad intention use proper words water vessel contained employed domestic use burned carried church cast font else hand parents may baptize children infants christened easter whitsuntide fonts necessity administer sacrament godparents careful teach godchildren sponsors godchildren confirmation already contracted spiritual relationship weddings banns asked three holidays persons contract irregular marriages priests clerks others help thereat cursed real presence body blood saviour sacrament altar fully held people bear mind wine water given received communion part sacrament important thing behave reverently church church god house place idle prattle people go jest loll pillars walls kneel floor pray lord mercy grace gospel read stand sign cross hear sanctus bell ring kneel worship maker blessed sacrament men show reverence see priest carrying host sick teach father hail mary believe metrical versions given short exposition creed author gives interesting instructions churchyards show sometimes treated shameful irreverence want good instructions ancestors days plantagenets played rustic games gentry held manorial courts dead witchcraft hear surprisingly little myrk words might almost think sceptical doubts subject usury taking interest money lending anything get profit thereby shown synne full grevus several general instructions similar character author gives good commentary creed sacraments commandments deadly sins little tract ends words instruction priests manner saying mass giving holy communion sick several subjects author gives detailed instructions advice best way dealing people counsels right sensible might well read now mere curiosity profit conclusion specimen english versification hyt ys hem schonne bokes owne beth mene lore wolde fayn conne learnest thonke yerne holy gost geveth wyt eche mon gode con hys travayle hys dede geveth hym heven hys mede mede joye heven lyht god us graunte hys myht amen instructions thrown away mediæval parish priests may infer chaucer beautiful description poor parson town immortal band canterbury pilgrims give fitting conclusion first part subject good man religioun poure persone toun riche holy thought werk also lerned man clerk criste gospel trewely wolde preche parishens devoutly wolde teche benigne wonder diligent adversite ful patient yproved often sithes full loth cursen tithes rather wolde given doubte poure parishens offering eke substance litel thing suffisance wide parish houses fer asunder ne left nought rain ne thunder sikenesse mischief visite farthest parish much lite fete hand staff noble ensample sheep gaf first wrought afterward taught gospel wordes caught figure added yet thereto gold rusté iren priest foul trust wonder léwéd man rust well preest ensample give clenenesse shepe shulde live sette benefice hire lefte sheep accumbered mire ran london seint poules seeken chanterie souls brotherhede withold dwelt home kepté well fold shepherd mercenare though holy vertuous sinful men despitous ne speché dangerous ne digne teaching discrete benigne drawen folk heaven fairénesse good ensample businesse persone obstinat highe low estate wolde snibben sharply nones better preest trow nowhere none waited pomp ne reverence ne maked spiced conscience christés lore apostles twelve taught first followed himselve monk friar hermit recluse rector chantry priest played several parts mediæval society reformation came swept away religious orders houses chantry priests superstitions colleges seculars good evil left parish churches parish priests remaining stripped half tithe insufficient number learning social fulfil office ministry god among people since three centuries people multiplied insufficiency ministry proportionately aggravated left day complete work reformation multiplying bishops priests creating order deacons ancient revenues supplying needed effecting general reorganization ecclesiastical establishment adapt actual spiritual needs people chapter iv clerical costume proceed give notes costume secular clergy first official costume wore performing public functions order next ordinary costume walked parishes took part daily affairs mediæval society formed large important part first branch subject considerable magnitude hardly altogether omitted series papers limited space requires deal briefly may representations pope occur infrequently ancient paintings costume archbishop instead usual mitre wears conical tiara later times cross three crossbars used artists symbol pope two crossbars patriarch crossbar archbishop rock assures us pope never pastoral staff shape crossbar patriarchs eastern church used cross two bars never western church example cross two bars queen mary psalter royal vii unique example possibly error artist representation pope leo iii contemporary picture engraved annales archæologique vol viii another complete clear representation pontifical costume time innocent iii engraved rock church fathers fresco painting subiaco near rome another representation late date given famous called psalter queen mary british museum royal vii pope nothing ordinary episcopal costume alb tunic chasuble without pall holds bar right hand canonical tiara crown round base beside stands bishop costume except wears mitre holds crook good representation pope cardinals august give woodcut fifteenth century life richard beauchamp earl warwick british museum julius iv subject presentation pilgrim earl pope enables us bring view costumes pope cardinal bishop later picture considerable artistic merit may found hans burgmair der weise könig pope officiating royal marriage habited chasuble three crowns tiara illustration cardinal cardinalate ecclesiastical order originally name applied priests chief churches rome formed chapter bishop rome later times princes papal sovereignty dignity conferred highest order hierarchy priests deacons even men taken minor orders qualify holding office papal kingdom red hat became distinctive symbol given first innocent vi council lyons de curbio says first wore interview pope louis ix france representation may seen royal engraved pictorial history england vol another clear good representation costume cardinal plate hans burgmair der weise könig already mentioned group right side drawing hood head hat hood hat peculiar cardinals colour number tassels ecclesiastics wore hat shape cardinal wears scarlet moreover priest wore tassel string bishop three cardinal seven hat scarlet wolsey read habit dressing entirely scarlet ordinary costume decretals pope gregory royal iv representations cardinals red gown hood hat following page represented archbishop wore habit bishop differences crosier pall crozier cross head instead curved head like bishop chasuble wore pall flat circular band collar placed loosely round shoulders long ends hanging behind made lambs wool marked number crosses rock engraved two remarkably interesting early representations archbishops ravenna early form pontifical garments given sandals alb stole tunic chasuble pall tonsure represented either mitre staff representations archbishops may found eleventh century bayeux tapestry thirteenth royal vii froissart harl representation archbishop canterbury ordinary dress gown red liripipe bishop wore habit priest addition sandals gloves ring pastoral staff curved head mitre chasuble worn celebrating holy communion ceremonial occasion cope worn choir woodcut preaching picture harl engraved pictorial history england vol attending parliament illuminated mss bishops commonly represented dressed alb cope seems usual habit bishop monk friar wore cope robe proper order might multiply indefinitely references representations bishops ecclesiastics illuminated content reference beautifully drawn figure psalter close century harl early royal iii ff find two representations bishop may suppose ordinary unofficial costume wears robe hood empty falling sleeves appear blue sleeves robe ordinary civil clerical costume period marked bishop white mitre pontifical middle fifteenth century already referred egerton representation ceremony bishop long black sleeveless robe white alb biretta earliest form mitre simple cap like representation giving many respects clear elaborate picture episcopal robes woodcut dunstan cotton claudius iii early shape already infulæ two narrow bands hanging behind twelfth century form large cap depression middle produces two blunt horns sides good representation cotton nero iv engraved strutt shaw rock harl picture entombment archbishop well shown transition shape mitre twelfth century already described cleft pointed shape used thirteenth fourteenth centuries depression deepened partial cleft mitre put horns come behind instead sides horns still blunt rounded archbishop gloves picture white like mitre shape like mittens divided fingers shape thirteenth fourteenth century presented stiff low triangle front behind gap well shown close twelfth century harl shape little developed pictures royal already noticed fifteenth century mitre began made taller curved sides seen beautiful woodcut bishop canons choir given last chapter latest example english church brass archbishop harsnett chigwell church also occur latest examples alb stole dalmatic cope pastoral staff also varied shape different times earliest examples representations mark luke gospels macdurnan lambeth library work middle ninth century luke staff short mark longer cases staff terminates plain slightly reflexed curve circle actual examples metal heads celtic pastoral staves remain engraved archæologia scotica vol another british museum abbots clonmacnoise ancient bishops waterford possession duke devonshire brought together loan exhibition south kensington earliest english representations staff picture consecration church ninth century rouen library engraved archæologia vol xxv pictorial history england rock ii staff length ordinary terminated round knob odo bishop bayeux represented great seal short staff crutch head actually existing staff shape belonged gerard bishop limoges died engraved annales archæologique vol staves represented illuminations twelfth thirteenth centuries usually plain spiral curve rather circle later times ornamented foliage sometimes statuettes enamelled jewelled numerous representations actual examples exist may seen south kensington museum early fourteenth century downward napkin linen silk often found attached corner head staff whose origin meaning seem undetermined official costume remaining orders together symbols significant several offices well brought degradation sawtre already given vestments mentioned may need words explanation alb kind long coat close fitting sleeves made white linen usually least celebration divine service ornamented four six square pieces cloth gold rich stuff goldsmith work placed skirt behind wrist sleeve back breast dalmatic deacon kind tunic reaching generally little knees slit way sides short broad sleeves usually ornamented broad hem passed round side slits tunicle like dalmatic rather shorter less ornamented cope kind cloak usually rich material fastened across chest large brooch worn priests choir processions occasions state ceremony chasuble eucharistic vestment originally circle rich cloth slit middle head passed fell ample folds round figure gradually made oval shape continually decreasing width leave less garment encumber arms modern shape consists two stiff rectangular pieces cloth piece falling behind fastened together shoulders wearer ancient inventories cathedrals abbeys churches show us cope chasuble made every colour every rich material sometimes embroidered jewelled indeed official robes clergy costliest material beautiful workmanship obtained england celebrated skill arts employed production anecdote time henry iii shows us english ecclesiastical vestments excited admiration cupidity even rome richness nothing personal pride luxury part priests property clergy generally presented churches belonged perpetuity made costly principle honouring divine worship men gave costliest material noblest art erection place offered also appliances used ministration robes ministrants full sacerdotal habit priests wore apparelled alb stole dalmatic either cope chasuble amys thrown back like hood cope chasuble representations priests abound illuminated monumental effigies extent need hardly quote particular examples representations inferior orders comparatively rare examples deacons may found engraved rock church fathers two others early date may found add wearing dalmatic cloth gold scarlet alb two others latter part fourteenth century seen king richard ii book hours dom xvii blue dalmatic embroidered gold red embroidered gold monumental effigy deacon mural arch avon dassett warwickshire referred bloxam recent lecture architectural museum south kensington effigy thirteenth century alb stole dalmatic indebted bloxam note another mutilated effigy deacon fourteenth century among ruins furness abbey habited alb girdle round middle whose tasselled knobs hang front stole passed across body left shoulder fastened together right hip rock vol engraves good representation tunicle holding pitcher hand empty chalice vol ii acolyte seems surplice scarlet hood part ordinary costume date drawing already noted costume ostiary illuminations frequently find inferior minister attending priest engaged office many cases difficult determine whether deacon acolyte early add priest officiating funeral attended minister habited pink robe ordinary dress short white garment wide loose sleeves may either deacon dalmatic tunic acolyte surplice add representation priest celebrating mass hermitage minister kneeling behind habited white alb holding lighted taper royal iii picture prior dressed like canons woodcut richard ii book hours blue robe white surplice red stole crossed breast furred hood head baptizing heathen king attendant minister dressed ordinary secular habit time stands beside holding chrismatory history richard earl warwick already quoted boy short surplice censer early royal iii picture bishop anointing king attendant minister carries holy water vessel aspersoir dressed surplice pink tunic surplice found almost many different shapes middle ages now sometimes narrow sleeves tight neck sometimes shorter wider sleeves falling low neck sometimes longer sometimes shorter skirt never however long altogether hide cassock beneath addition references already given may sufficient name authorities ecclesiastical costumes generally saxon times benedictional ethelwold engraved archæologia thirteenth century queen mary psalter royal vii fourteenth royal vii fifteenth century lydgate life edmund sixteenth century hans burgmaier der weise könig various works sepulchral monuments monumental brasses illustration procession charles accompanying woodcut johnes froissart vol representing coronation procession charles france help us exhibit orders clergy proper costume symbols first goes aquabajalus alb sprinkling holy water cassock surplice two priests cassock surplice cope follows canon cap biretta furred amys arm clergy wore robes actually engaged official act ordinary costume generally little known part subject especially interested papers earliest times english church downwards considered rulers church clergymen distinguished laymen tonsure also dress find uniform habit prescribed distinguished regular orders monks friars laity another gather canons synods injunctions bishops clergy expected wear clothes gay colour fashionably cut abstain wearing ornaments carrying arms horse furniture severe style also gather frequent repetition canons subject growing earnestness tone injunctions generally disregarded need take reader whole series authorities may found various collections councils single quotation injunctions john stratford archbishop canterbury suffice give us comprehensive sketch general contents whole series external costume often shows internal character condition persons though behaviour clerks example pattern laity yet abuse clerks gained ground usually days tonsures garments horse trappings things now generated abominable scandal among people persons holding ecclesiastical dignities rectories honourable prebends benefices cure souls even ordained holy orders scorn wear crown token heavenly kingdom perfection using distinction hair extended almost shoulders like effeminate persons walk clothed military rather clerical outer habit short notably scant excessively wide sleeves cover elbows hang lined say turned fur silk hoods tippets wonderful length long beards rashly dare contrary canonical sanctions use rings indifferently fingers girt zones studded precious stones wonderful size purses engraved various figures enamelled gilt attached girdle knives hanging fashion swords also buskins red even checked green shoes peaked cut many ways cruppers saddles horns hanging necks capes cloaks furred openly edges extent little distinction appears clerks laymen whereby render demerits unworthy privilege order profession therefore wishing henceforward prevent errors command ordain whoever obtain ecclesiastical benefices province especially ordained holy orders wear clerical garments tonsure suitable status clerks province go publicly outer garment short notably scant long excessively wide sleeves touching elbow round hanging untonsured hair long beard publicly wear rings fingers admonition reform within six months shall suspended shall absolved diocesan condition pay year income poor place diocesan authorities tried get canons observed grostête sent back curate came ordination dressed rings scarlet like courtier vicars york cathedral presented habit going city short tunics ornamentally trimmed knives baselards hanging girdles evidence us seems prove clerics indulged fashions secular clergy generally resisted endeavours impose anything approaching regular habit like worn monks friars persisted refusing wear sad colours cut coats differently people abstain wearing gold ring ornamented girdle drawings secular clergy illuminated constantly find ordinary civil costume even representations different orders ranks secular clergy drawn friendly hands intended represent il find dressed violation canons already occasion notice bishop gown hood blue prior performing royal baptism canons performing service presidency bishop blue red robes life ritual surplices mss furnish us abundance examples early add picture showing priests read barony letter false queen sent arthur persons described priests blue gown hood black shoes gown hood red shoes illustration ricardus de threton best examples book cott nero vii quoted grateful monks alban recorded names good deeds presented gifts done services convent many cases scribe given us portrait benefactor margin record portraits supply us authentic gallery typical portraits various orders society time executed taken three examples present reader portrait lawrence clerk dressed brown robe another clerk william name scarlet robe hood leofric deacon blue robe hood accompanying woodcut folio dns ricardus de threton sacerdos sir richard de threton priest executor sir robert de thorp knight formerly chancellor king gave twenty marks convent woodcut gives outlines portrait original robe hood full bright blue lined white sleeves appear wrists colour shoes red dns bartholomeus de wendone rector church thakreston character face leads us think may intended portrait robe hood sleeves scarlet black shoes another rector dns johannes rodland rector church todyngton green robe scarlet hood still another rector church little waltham represented pink gown purple hood portrait represented dns rogerus chaplain chapel earl warwick flamsted scarlet gown fashion preceding pictures pink cloak lined blue hood scarlet suit gown buttons shoulder cloak white shoes red seen also three clergymen wear moustache beard illustration barth de wendone illustration rogerus dominus robertus de walsham precentor sarum choir habit white surplice fur amys fastened throat brooch dns robertus de hereforde dean sarum lilac robe hood fastened gold brooch another dean magister johnnes appleby dean paul whose costume distinctly drawn may necessary assure readers colours described given caprice limner wishing make page look gay portraits perhaps imaginary personages habited costume proper rank order series benedictine abbots monks book black robes monks introduced proper habit order king royal robes knight sometimes armour sometimes civil costume rank sword side chaplet round flowing hair lady fashionable dress time burgher proper habit hair cut short clergy represented dress usually wore purpose pictures valuable actual portraits individual peculiarities costume sure give us usual recognised costume several characters indeed rule rare exceptions mediæval illuminators represented contemporary subjects scrupulous accuracy give another representation picture john ball priest concerned wat tyler rebellion taken froissart chronicle bibliothèque impériale paris whole picture interesting background church whose churchyard three tall crosses ball preaching pulpit saddle crowd insurgents occupy left side picture froissart harl picture vaillant homme et clerque nommé maistre johan preaching pope boniface pulpit panelled green gold pall hung front people sit benches habited blue robe hood lined white illustration ball author piers ploughman carping clergy latter half fourteenth century says better many priest bare baselards brooches pair beads hand book arm sire john sire geffrey girdle silver baselard knife botons overgilt little later speaks proud priests habited patlocks short jacket worn laymen peaked shoes large knives daggers poems john audelay fifteenth century parish priest described girdle harnesched silver baselard hangs wills clergy describe togas gay colours trimmed various furs ornamented girdles purses make secret objectionable knives baselards bury edmunds wills adam de stanton chaplain bequeaths girdle purse knife valued rather large sum money days york wills john rector arnecliffe bequeaths pair amber beads piers ploughman says priest bear hand book arm curiously enough next sentence leaves english book piers ploughman seem much influenced popular poet invectives goes bequeath two green gowns murrey sanguine colour besides two black trimmed various furs also girdle sanguine silk ornamented silver gilded another zone green white ornamented silver gilded also leaves behind best silver girdle baselard ivory silver handle john gilby rector knesale leaves red toga furred byce black zone silk gilt bars zone ornamented silver bagule rector saints york leaves little baselard zone harnessed silver sir astell chaplain duffield chantry priest york leaves black zone silvered purse called gypsire white purse burdeux siverd chaplain leaves hobshot day parochial chaplain calton pair rings sarle chaplain ruby zone silvered toga furred wife bridlington ruby purse satin rolleston provost church beverley leaves toga lunata red hood toga hood violet long toga hood black trimmed martrons toga hood violet clyft chaplain leaves zone silk ornamented silver tidman chaplain toga violet meld lassels chaplain green toga white zone silvered horneby rector stokesley red toga hood among richmondshire wills find sir henry halled parish four years suppression chantries leaves short gown long gown whose colour specified probably black seems time usual clerical wear accompanying woodcut admirably illustrate ornamented girdle purse knife reading chaucer poem romaunt rose harl represents priest confessing lady church characters scene like poem allegorical priest genius lady dame nature less accurate picture confessional scene latter part fourteenth century priest habited robe purple black cap black liripipe attached brought shoulder front falling arm tab peeping beneath cap ear red girdle purse knife original illumination clearly represented another picture person black girdle represented ornamented little circles gold illustration priest confessing many clergymen black toga hood constant use divine service already seen generally represented illuminations coloured togas surplices perhaps wear mourning occasions presentations york cathedral thynke convenient whene fetche corse churche shulde blak abbettes habits mornyngly hodes hedes used many places time reformation english clergy abandoned mediæval official robes also desisted wearing tonsure many centuries distinguishing mark cleric seem generally adopted academical dress model official ordinary dress puritan clergy adopted costume differed little laity school curious question clerical dress continued complaint side resistance end ecclesiastical legislation canon rhetorical form querulous tone minute description way ecclesiastical persons way dress injunction already quoted true ancient flourishing churches christ ever desirous prelacy clergy might well outward reverence otherwise regarded worthiness ministry think fit prescript form decent comely apparel known people thereby receive honour estimation due special messengers ministers almighty god therefore following grave judgment ancient custom church england hoping time new fangleness apparel factious persons die constitute appoint archbishops bishops shall intermit use accustomed apparel degree likewise deans masters colleges archdeacons prebendaries cathedrals collegiate churches priests deacons doctors divinity law physic bachelors divinity masters arts bachelors law ecclesiastical living shall wear gowns standing collars sleeves straight hands wide sleeves used universities hoods tippets silk sarcenet square caps ministers admitted admitted function shall also usually wear like apparel aforesaid except tippets like manner ordain ecclesiastical persons mentioned shall usually wear journeys cloaks sleeves commonly called priests cloaks without guards welts long buttons cuts ecclesiastical person shall wear coif wrought plain night caps black silk satin velvet particulars concerning apparel prescribed meaning attribute holiness special worthiness garments decency gravity order specified private houses studies persons ecclesiastical may use comely scholarlike apparel provided cut pinkt public go doublet hose without coats cassocks wear stockings likewise poor beneficed men curates able provide long gowns may go short gowns fashion aforesaid portraits prefixed folio works great divines sixteenth seventeenth centuries made us familiar fact time reformation clergy wore beard moustache continued wear cassock gown ordinary costume late time george ii fashion doublet hose hats shoes hair followed custom gentlemen fairholt costume england gives us woodcut print admirably illustrates ordinary dress clergyman time william mary chapter parsonage houses endeavour realise life secular clergymen middle ages come inquire sort houses live furnished sort life occupants lead kind men curious little seems generally known subject compared know houses life character regular orders instead gathering together others find engaged original investigation new obscure subject case cathedral collegiate clergy isolated parochial clergy form two distinct branches subject limited space disposal permit us justice latter branch subject less known perhaps generally interesting shall therefore devote bulk space premise words former branch bishop cathedral secular canons house near cathedral maintained household equal numbers expense secular barons among took rank chief difference spiritual lord family consisted rather chaplains clerks squires bishop palace wells interesting example unusually perfect condition britton gives engraving appeared reign edward vi bishop besides residences manors castles like nobility farnham present residence see winchester noble example still serves original purpose cathedral closes many still remain sufficiently unchanged enable us understand original condition take lincoln example north side church angle nave transept cloister polygonal east side lofty wall enclosed precincts yet remains main entrance middle west wall opposite great doors cathedral gate called exchequer gate chambers devoted probably official business diocese two smaller gates corners close postern south side bishop palace whose beautiful interesting ruins charming grounds still remain occupied slope southern hill outside close vicar court corner close near gateway palace grounds house official residence chaplain endowed chantries still remains south side close nearly opposite choir door east side close houses several canons still remain interesting examples domestic architecture time difficult data picture original condition noble establishment cathedral cloister stood isolated middle green sward houses canons chaplains formed great irregular quadrangle round close walls shut outer world halls towers bishop palace still perfect amidst hanging gardens enclosed within walls quadrangle houses built cathedral vicars occupying corner cut bishop grounds beside gateway repeople restored close let morning great festivals let great bells ringing summons high mass shall see dignified canons amice cap crossing green singly way houses stalls choir vicars conversing little group come across court surpliced chorister boys charge schoolmaster band minstrels flutes hautboys viols harps organs coming city use instruments aid voices choir scattered clerks country clergy townspeople converging great south door last lord bishop cope mitre emerges gateway preceded attended noble royal guests followed suite officials clerks great bells ring joyous peal summon people solemn worship god mother church vast diocese must turn researches humbler life country rectors vicars first sort houses live able find parsonage houses earlier date reformation still remaining condition sufficiently unaltered enable us understand originally ancient rectory house fourteenth century west deane sussex give view following page rectory belonged prior convent benedictine monks wilmington house probably grange cell may inhabited two monks tenant parish priest picturesque rectory house fifteenth century little chesterton near cambridge believed grange cell monastic house absence actual examples driven glean information sources remain us good many deeds thirteenth fourteenth centuries impropriation benefices provision made permanent endowment vicarages majority cases old rectory house assigned future vicarage house detailed description necessary deed rectories sawbridgeworth herts kelvedon essex appropriated convent westminster fortunate find descriptions parsonage houses detailed enable acquainted domestic architecture time form definite picture whole building case sawbridgeworth old rectory house assigned vicarage house described messuage called priest messuage houses thereon built say hall two chambers buttery cellar kitchen stable fitting decent houses garden enclosed walls messuage belonging description parsonage house kelvedon much definite intelligible deed tells us convent assigned hall situate manor abbot convent near church chamber soler end hall buttery cellar also house three parts say kitchen convenient chamber end house guests bakehouse also house two parts next gate entrance manor stable cowhouse vicar shall also convenient grange built within year expense prior convent shall also curtilage garden adjoining hall north side enclosed hedges ditches date deed speaks houses already existing now common arrangement small house date near century hall centre soler end offices description exactly agrees account kelvedon house enables us say great probability sawbridgeworth priest messuage also two chambers end hall buttery cellar kitchen stable fitting decent houses detached forming portion dwelling house illustration house west deane illustration entrance door windows cellar window entrance stair recess length exterior width interior thickness wall height rooms confining however kelvedon house little study enable us reconstruct conjecturally high probability minutely accurate conjectures first house character county essex beyond question timber house make description clearer given rough diagram conjectural arrangement principal feature course hall know hall timber house period architecture rather spacious lofty apartment open timber roof principal door house open screens lower end hall back door house end screens upper end hall raised dais master house sat family fireplace either open hearth middle hall like still exists hall penshurst place kent open fireplace projecting chimney side hall frequently seen illuminations small houses period next chamber soler end hall soler mediæval house chief apartment hall answered great chamber sixteenth century parlour modern times usually adjacent upper end hall built transversely window end usually raised undercroft used storeroom cellar reached stair upper end hall sometimes instead mere undercroft chamber soler case added features plan next buttery cellar end hall buttery days kept wine beer table linen cups pots cellar stores eatables must remembered bought weekly village shop next market town partly produce glebe tithe partly laid yearly neighbouring fair buttery cellar familiar old houses colleges remember always lower end hall open screens two whole half doors side side may therefore add plan illustration plan kelvedon deed adds also house three parts days rooms house massed compactly together roof built separate buildings less detached building called house house three parts say kitchen convenient chamber end house guests bakehouse kitchen says parker domestic architecture frequently detached building often connected hall passage alley leading screens often greater relative size importance modern usage lead us suppose kitchens old monasteries mansion houses colleges often almost size architectural character second hall case us section house probably occupied whole height open timber roof disposition bakehouse convenient chamber guests also house meet first difficulty chamber might possibly bakehouse took usual form undercroft beneath guest chamber definition house divided three parts suggests divided top bottom three distinct sections inclining latter opinion disposed apartments plan elevation house may conjectured much probability plan standing front side hall towards us arched door lower end perhaps two windows side carved wood tracery heads right gable end chamber soler soler probably rather large arched traceried window end chamber smaller perhaps light left building perhaps containing buttery cellar small light front accompanying house add mss help illustrate conjectural elevation kelvedon rectory hall great door arched traceried window end chamber soler wants offices end make resemblance complete illustration fourteenth century later date probably greater size resembling moated manor house rectory great bromley essex described terrier large parsonage house compass mote large chamber substantial bridge timber adjoining little yard orchard little garden within mote together circuit house contains half acre ground without mote yard another stable hay house adjoining also barn yards long yards wide acres glebeland outbuildings perhaps arranged courtyard outside moat formed entrance visitor pass outer gate court offices bridge second base court house arrangement ightham mote kent parish chaplains seem houses residence provided parish york complained visitation presentment year house assigned parish chaplain parish clerk small houses gather fact settlements vicarages required competent house shall built vicar parish chaplain used live great bentley essex ordered vicars shall competent sufficient curtilage parish chaplain use abide prepared cost prior convent settlement vicarage peter colchester required convent botolph impropriators prepare competent house vicar ground churchyard house built parish chaplain church radwinter essex find terrier two mansions belonging benefice south side church towards west end called great vicarage ancient time domus capellanorum less vicarage latter formerly served ease parson appears evidence first given end parish sick party might sure find parson curate near church ready go visit corner churchyard doddinghurst essex still exists little house date may curate house comparison parsonages usual plan arrangement houses laymen fourteenth century may made important deduction houses parochial clergy ecclesiastical peculiarities arrangement little monasteries great recluse houses like houses laity agrees conclusions arrived already roads secular clergy lived much style laymen similar degree wealth social standing poor clerk lived single chamber citizen house town priest house like citizens country rector vicar house like manor houses smaller gentry furniture parsonage wills clergy supply us ample authorities select date kelvedon parsonage house studying help us conjecturally furnish house conjecturally built inventory goods adam de stanton chaplain date taken tymms collection bury wills imprimis money vi viii seal silver worth ijs money seem fair sum hand consider greater value money especially comparative scarcity actual coin seal probably official seal chaplain endowed chantry extant examples seals beneficed clergy item iij brass pots posnet worth xj vj item plate xxij item round pot laver vj probably ewer basin washing hands like still used germany item iron instruments vj viiij vj perhaps poker spit pothook item pewter vessels iiij ij probably plates dishes spoons item wooden utensils comparison inventories period suppose may boards trestles tables benches chair perhaps may include trenchers bowls item portiforum book church service called must handsome worth ten shillings perhaps illuminated item book de lege par statutorum book romances item girdle purse knife already commented last chapter item pair knives table xij item saddle bridle spurs iij item linen woollen garments xxviij xij item chests caskets vj ij chests caskets served cupboards drawers compare clerical inventories contemporary laymen degree shall find country parson house furnished like small manor house domestic economy like gentry like income matthew paris tells us anecdote certain handsome clerk rector rich church surpassed knights living around giving repeated entertainments acts hospitality usually rude kind life country squire parson led like led substantial farmers generations ago fashion unmarried farm labourers live farmer household sit meals together hours rise five dine nine sup five bed nine make man live master house sat sole middle high table dais family either side men sat movable tables boards trestles bench side find mentioned inventories master sat table men sat salt drank ale silver cup drank horn ate white bread ate brown capon curtilage pork mutton ham retired great chamber desired privacy often perhaps slept tester bed great chamber slept truckle beds hall item description kelvedon parsonage requires special consideration opens rather important question domestic economy parochial clergy hitherto gleaned convenient chamber guests mentioned best bedroom friend might pay visit provision efficient exercise hospitality beneficed parochial clergy bound subject perhaps needs little explanation england inns travellers obtain food lodging middle fourteenth century long period found largest important towns held part duty clergy entertain strangers given hospitality charity likely abused thanks bad roads unbridged fords inns wild moors vast forests haunted lawless men travelled except serious business real act christian charity afford travellers food shelter needed hard put obtained otherwise monasteries know exercised hospitality large scale order avoid interruption constant succession guests made seclusion regularity conventual life provided special buildings called hospitium guest house kind inn within walls appointed monks name hospitaller guest master represent convent entertaining guests hermitages also seen frequently built along high roads especially near bridges fords purpose aiding travellers along road led towards famous place pilgrimage hospitals always religious foundations founded especially entertainment poor pilgrims parochial clergy expected exercise similar hospitality replies rectors berkshire papal legate say churches endowed enriched patrons lands revenues especial purpose rectors receive guests rich well poor show hospitality laity well clergy according means custom place required clergy similar occasion stated custom hitherto prevailed observed england rectors parochial churches always remarkable hospitality made practice supplying food parishioners want portion benefices taken away necessity refusing hospitality abandoning accustomed offices piety withdrawn incur hatred subject parishioners lose favour travellers neighbours bishop grostête remonstrance pope says foreigners intruded english benefices even take residence administer wants poor receive travellers interesting passage illustrative subject quoted parker domestic architecture æneus sylvius afterwards pope pius describing journey scotland england year says entered large village wild barbarous part country sunset alighted rustic house supped priest place host special mention priest first place almost leads us conjecture foreign ecclesiastic first gone priest place usual hospitality taken manor house rustic seems squire better able afford suitable hospitality sundry pottages fowls geese placed table neither bread wine however brought loaves roundel wine received certain monastery either stranger great novelty italian ecclesiastic something remarkable appearance says people place ran house stare kelvedon great high roads country parson often called exercise duty hospitality hence provision special guest chamber parsonage house picture domestic economy ordinary life mediæval country parson must furnish guest chamber add little contents buttery cellar provide duty hospitality must picture always sitting solitary dignity high table dais often playing courteous host knight lady merchant minstrel pilgrim dinner giving broken meat poor days poor law regular dependants bounty minstrels middle ages chapter carry us far attempt give sketch early music principal nations antiquity might deduced monuments egypt nineveh greece may however briefly glance ancient minstrelsy israelites partly sake peculiar interest subject partly early history music nearly nations earliest history illustrate receive illustration comparison history music mediæval england musical instruments told highest authorities invented eighth generation world third generation flood tubal father handle harp organ stringed wind instruments ancient israelites used musical instruments occasions mediæval europeans battle feasts dances processions whether religious civil ceremony solemnising divine worship trumpet horn always instruments warlike music ye go war shall ye blow alarm silver trumpets trumpet regulated march hosts israel wilderness joshua compassed jericho seven priests blew trumpets rams horns gideon three hundred discomfited host midianites sound trumpets tabret common accompaniment troops female dancers whether occasion religious festive miriam prophetess took timbrel hand women went timbrels dances singing solemn chorus triumphant song moses children israel destruction pharaoh red sea sing ye lord triumphed gloriously horse rider thrown sea jephthah daughter went meet victorious father timbrels dances daughter warrior gileadite mizpeh tower gate welcome light timbrel song king saul returned slaughter philistines shepherd david killed giant champion valley elah women came cities meet returning warriors singing dancing meet king saul tabrets joy instruments music women answered another dramatic saul slain thousands david ten thousands laban says sent away jacob wives children mirth songs tabret harp jeremiah prophesying times ease prosperity shall come israel says virgin israel shalt adorned tabrets shalt go forth dances make merry feasts many instruments used isaiah tells us harp viol tabret pipe wine feasts amos tells us luxurious people lie beds ivory chant sound viol invent instruments music like david drink wine bowls anoint costliest perfumes instruments music used colleges prophets samuel established land accompany inspire delivery prophetical utterances saul newly anointed went hill god towards city met company prophets coming psaltery tabret pipe harp prophesying spirit lord came saul heard also prophesied elisha requested jehoram prophesy fate battle moabites bring minstrel minstrel played hand lord came prophesied david brought ark gibeah house israel played lord manner instruments made firwood even harps psalteries timbrels cornets cymbals song composed sung occasion describes musical part procession well seen goest god king goest sanctuary singers go minstrels follow midst damsels playing timbrels instruments appointed regular daily service temple david gad king seer nathan prophet commandment lord prophets cymbals psalteries harps david made purpose played four thousand levites besides instruments already mentioned harp tabret timbrel psaltery trumpet cornet cymbal pipe viol also lyre bells probably carried back babylon additions instruments peoples nations languages become familiarised capital world time tubal time royal minstrel israel sang glorious songs still daily solace thousands mankind time captive israelites hanged unstrung harps willows babylon sing songs zion strange land harp continued still fitting accompaniment voice poetical utterance dignified solemn character recitation poetical portions historical prophetical scripture instance sustained songs psalmists zion accompanied strains sketch history earliest music closes minstrel harp still foreground distance hear sound fanfare cornet flute harp sackbut psaltery dulcimer kinds music concerted great occasions resounded plain dura bow bending crowd heads ripe corn bends wind great image gold idolatry alas peoples nations languages still perform almost fervently old northern bard scald father minstrels mediæval europe early traditions afford picturesque anecdotes proving high estimation character held saxons kindred danes showing accustomed wander court camp hall hospitably received even though bard race hosts time encamped hostile array remind reader royal alfred assumption character minstrel visit disguise danish camp similar visit ten years anlaff danish king camp saxon athelstane earliest anecdote kind shall hereafter refer may therefore detail length told us geoffrey monmouth colgrin son ella succeeded hengist leadership invading saxons shut york closely besieged king arthur britons baldulf brother colgrin wanted gain access apprise reinforcement coming germany order accomplish design assumed character minstrel shaved head beard dressing habit profession took harp hand disguise walked trenches without suspicion playing instrument harper little little approached walls city making known sentinels night drawn rope harper continued throughout middle ages dignified minstrel craft reciter often composer heroic legend historical tale wild romance amorous song frequently perhaps especially case higher class harpers travelled alone cases already seen baldulf alfred anlaff also often associated band minstrels filled intervals recitations songs music much vocal instrumental pieces alternated modern concerts band minstrels also usually associated mime amused audience feats agility association appears first sight somewhat undignified heroic harper tumbler incongruity peculiar middle ages author iliad wrote battle frogs greeks satisfied without satiric drama grand heroic tragedy days farce pantomime shakspeare heraclituses see tragic side life democrituses laugh everything majority men faculties appreciate classes emotion seem universal experience russian finds physical delight leaping frozen neva mental delight sudden alternate excitation opposite emotions tragedy farce time philosophise might find source delight deeply seated nature alternate tears laughter epitome human life accompanying woodcut late saxon british museum cott tiberius vi curious evidence way custom blinded men incongruity may association harper juggler david singing psalms accompanying harp dove reminding us sang harped influence inspiration accompanied performers must levites yet saxon illuminator used see mime form minstrel band introduced playing common feat tossing three knives three balls illustration band saxons musical people learn bede anecdote poet cædmon usual feasts pass harp round hand hand every man supposed able sing turn accompany instrument considerable number musical instruments british museum tiberius folios leaves formal treatise subject give us carefully drawn pictures different instruments names descriptions also illustrations add folios cleopatra viii among psaltery various shapes sambuca sackbut single double chorus instruments find saxon mss lyre viol flute cymbals organ set carillons player struck two hammers favourite instrument often find different instruments played together folio claudius iv group twelve female harpists playing together small instrument probably kind lyre rest great harps pattern probably represent miriam women israel joining triumphal song moses destruction egyptians red sea illustration organ already introduced divine service became hands dunstan large important instrument william malmesbury says dunstan gave many churches pipes brass inflated bellows psalter trinity college cambridge picture considerable size less four bellows played four men represented accompanying northmen invaded gave name normandy took minstrels learned assert troubadours provence learned art ripened sunny clime joyeuse thence carried italy france spain quite certain minstrelsy high repute among normans period conquest every remember taillefer commenced great battle hastings advancing front norman host animated chivalric daring chanting heroic tale charlemagne paladins time showing feats skill tossing sword air rushed saxon ranks like hero old giving augury victory people period conquest authorities subject treating though still numerous desired become numerous included within limits space restricts us reader may refer wharton history english poetry bishop percy introductory essay reliques early english poetry introductory essay ellis early english metrical romances principal published authorities series learned essays mediæval musical instruments may consult didron annales archæologiques vol iii pp vol iv pp vol vi vol vii pp vol viii vol ix pp propose published unpublished materials give popular sketch subject throughout period minstrelsy high estimation classes society king like saxon predecessors king minstrel king minstrels probably first head band royal minstrels fashion royal court doubtless like fashions obtained also courts great nobility several instances observed sequel measure households lesser nobility every gentleman estate probably two minstrels regular part household difficult discover duties representations dinners occur plentifully mediæval constantly find musicians introduced sometimes see preceding servants bearing dishes table custom classic usage still lingers day queen college oxford song choristers usher boar head modern public dinners band strikes oh roast beef old england national dish brought table give illustration scene fine early part fourteenth century british museum marked royal fine representation similar scene occurs foot large flemish brass robert braunche two wives margaret church lynn scene intended delineation feast given corporation lynn king edward iii servants sides picture bringing famous dish chivalry peacock tail displayed two bands minstrels ushering banquet strains date brass romance richard coeur de lion read knights arrived presence romance king quest dinner immediately prepared trestles says ellis abstract immediately set table covered silken cloth laid rich repast ushered sound trumpets shalms served illustration royal introduced feast minstrels continued play progress find numerous representations dinners illuminations two minstrels standing beside table playing instruments progress meal volume romances early part fourteenth century british museum royal iii romance quête du graal folio adorned illumination royal banquet squire knee illustration given opposite page carving minstrel stands beside table playing violin dressed tunic red blue wears hat royal folio similar representation dinner minstrel stands playing violin habited red tunic bareheaded folio royal vii another representation dinner two minstrels introduced wearing hood playing cittern bareheaded playing violin references might multiplied illustration dinner time edward reproduce illustration subject engravings royal dinner time edward taken illumination romance compte possession barrois distinguished collector paris exceedingly interesting representation grand imperial banquet plates hans burgmair volume dedicated exploits emperor maximilian contemporary henry viii represents entrance masque strange entertainments ancestors time henry elizabeth fond kean years ago gave world london accurate representation en henry viii princess theatre band minstrels performing banquet seen left corner picture illustration squier tale chaucer cambuscan holding feste solempne riche befel thridde cours king sat nobley harking ministralles thinges play beforne bord deliciously custom instrumental music accompaniment dinner still retained majesty greater nobility military messes great public dinners musical accompaniment mediæval dinner confined instrumental performances frequently find harper introduced doubtless reciting romance history singing chansons lighter character often represented sitting floor accompanying illustration royal folio another similar representation occurs folio ms following charming picture volume romances early fourteenth century date british museum additional folio harper sitting table illustration gower confessio amantis gives us description scene kind appolinus dining hall king pentapolin king queen fair daughter lordes estate appolinus reminded scene royal estate fallen sorrowed took meat therefore king bade daughter take harp enliven sorry man dou fader hest harpe fette feste chaire thei fette selve next man sette illustration appolinus turn takes harp proves wonderful proficient harped fille kingis hest fulfille waie goth dishe waie goth cup doun goth borde cloth thei risen gone halle sequel interesting stranger made tutor princess among teachings taught hir till certeyne harpe citole riote many tewne many note musike measure harpe temprure taught eke well couth another occasion services required dance read sequel squire tale king nobley dinner ended rose table preceded minstrels went great chamber dance wan tartar king cambuscán rose bord ther sat ful hie beforne goth loudé minstralcie til come chambre parements theras sounden divers instruments like heaven now dauncen lusty venus children dere tale dido æneas legend good women calls especially dancing chamber dauncing chambers full paraments riché bedés pavements eneas ledde meat illustration dance always great chamber commonly took place hall tables movable boards laid trestles signal master house hall hall quickly put aside minstrels tuned instruments anew merry folly commenced illustration early date give preceding page folio royal scene dance indicated minstrels appear joining saltitation inspire next illustration reproduced wright domestic manners english curious picture dance possibly gallery occupied whole length roof houses barrois compte date instances minstrels floor dancers latter part middle ages probably especially festal occasions placed music gallery screens hall illustration dance marriage processions beyond doubt attended minstrels illustration band consisting tabor bagpipes regal violin heading marriage procession may seen roman bodleian library folio folios wedding feast enlivened numerous band harp gittern violin regal tabor bagpipes cymbals carried boy back chapter ii sacred music every nobleman gentleman middle ages seen minstrels part household among duties required assist celebration divine worship allusions occur perpetually old romances showing universal custom hear mass dinner supper went home unarmed supper morrow heard mass went dinner counsel made many arguments best young children book kind mediæval chesterfield letters son published early english text society bodleian library bids aryse tyme oute thi bedde blysse thi brest thi forhede wasche thi handes thi face keme thi hede ask god grace helpe thi workes schalt spede better carpes go chyrche massé aske mersy thi trespasse done go breke faste mete drynk gode repast great houses service performed chaplain chapel hall castle seems probable lord minstrels assisted musical part service organ doubtless continued seen saxon times usual church instrument king hungary squire low degree tells daughter shal ye go even song tenours trebles among quere organ song shal want countre note dyscant half organs playing young children ful fayn synging inventories church furniture middle ages find organs enumerated organ instruments common use probably also used celebration divine worship meet repeated instances david singing psalms accompanied band musicians saxon illumination initial letter chapter taken psalter early date british museum harl men days respects much real practical less sentimental transcendental religious matters must everything relating divine worship different form fashion ordinary domestic appliances think irreverent use things ordinary domestic fashion religious uses domestic things shapes call religious art art best knew purposes content apply best service god minds appear unseemly minstrels accompanied divine service chapel walk straight chapel hall tune instruments anew play symphonies accompany chansons dinner enliven dance great chamber evening unseemly master family dine dance well pray chapel royal establishment edward iv consisted trumpets shalms pipes well voices may quite sure custom royal chapel imitated noblemen gentlemen estate good picture interior church showing organ gallery engraved annales archæologiques vol good representation organ latter part sixteenth century fine plut folio organ date still preserved interesting old manor house igtham mote kent sometimes placed side chancel sometimes occupied relative position choir music gallery hall mss unfrequently find ordinary musical instruments placed hands angels early royal representation creation morning stars singing together sons god shouting joy angelic choir making melody trumpet violin cittern shalm psaltery harp another choir angels two citterns two shalms violin trumpet similar representations occur significantly churches arch porta della gloria saragossa cathedral eleventh century cast entrance south kensington museum set angel minstrels musical instruments bosses ceiling tewkesbury abbey church find angels playing cittern plectrum harp cover seen enveloping lower half instrument cymbals set angel musicians sculptured rood loft york minster triforum nave exeter cathedral projecting gallery minstrels sculptures front playing instruments choir lincoln cathedral noble series angels fill spandrels arcades given name angel choir playing instruments trumpet double pipe pipe tabret dulcimer viol harp represent heavenly choir attuning praises harmony human choir therefore angels archangels company heaven laud magnify glorious name band musicians sculptured grand portal cathedral rheims sculptured capital church georges de bocherville now museum rouen represents eleven crowned figures playing different instruments chasse ursula bruges angels playing instruments beautifully painted hemling resist temptation introduce another charming little drawing angelic minstrel playing psaltery royal iii others occur folio ms band village musicians flute violin clarinet us seen occupying country church representatives band minstrels occupied mediæval times illustration morning stars singing illustration angel clerical censors manners middle ages frequently denounce dissoluteness minstrels minstrels take revenge lampooning vices clergy like sweeping censures whole classes men accusations sides must received cautiously however certain minstrels patronised clergy shall presently find record minstrels bishop winchester fourteenth century ordinance edward quoted tells us minstrels flocked houses prelates well nobles gentlemen thirteenth century fine sample english bishop grostête lincoln great patron minstrel science composed allegorical romance chasteau robert de brunne english paraphrase grostête manuel de peches begun gives us charming anecdote bishop love minstrelsy shall yow telle herde bysshope seyut robérde hys ys grostet lynkolne seyth gest loved moche harpe mannys witte hyt makyth sharpe next hys chaumber besyde stody hys harpers chaumbre fast therby many tymes nyght dayys solace notes layys askede hym onys resun hadde delyte mynstralsy answered hym thys manere helde harper dere vertu harpe thurghe skylle ryght wyl destroy fendes myght croys gode skylle ys harpe lykened weyle tharfor gode men ye shul lere whan ye gleman wurschep gode al youre powére dauyde seyth yn sautére know abbots lived many respects great people exercised hospitality guests gentle birth halls treated diversions hunting hawking manors forests scruple partake amusements possibly may retained minstrels wherewith solace guests quite certain least wandering minstrels welcome guests religious houses warton records many instances rewards given occasions may record two three examples monasteries great annual feasts ecclesiastical festivals often also commemoration saint founder grand service church grand dinner afterwards refectory convent swithin winchester used keep anniversary alwyne bishop year find six minstrels accompanied four harpers performed minstrelsies dinner hall convent supper sang gest great arched chamber prior occasion chamber adorned according custom great occasions prior great dorsal hanging wall behind table picture three kings cologne minstrels harpers belonged partly royal household winchester castle partly bishop winchester similarly priory bicester oxfordshire year treasurer monastery gave four shillings six minstrels buckingham singing refectory feast epiphany legend seven sleepers brethren holie crosse abingdon celebrated annual feast twelve priests hired occasion help sing dirge becoming solemnity received four pence twelve minstrels came neighbouring town maidenhead rewarded two shillings four pence besides share feast food horses mantoke priory near coventry yearly obit year find eight priests hired coventry assist service six minstrels neighbour lord clinton mantoke castle engaged sing harp play hall monastery grand refection allowed monks occasion anniversary minstrels amused monks guests dinner dined painted chamber monastery occasion chamberlain furnished eight massy tapers wax light table instances minstrels formally invited abbots convents take part certain great festivities proofs wandering minstrel like classes society find hospitality monastery also welcomed minstrel skill rewarded guerdon money besides food lodging warton gives instances entries monastic accounts disbursements occasions anecdote quoted percy dissolute monks evening admitted two poor priests took minstrels turned disappointed anticipated gratification next page curious illumination royal representing friar nun making minstrelsy illustration friar musical tournaments scene enlivened strains minstrels horses men inspirited charge loud fanfare instruments knight tale tournament palamon arcite king company rode lists gon trumpets melodie listés ride companie gates shut cried loude now devoir youngé knightés proud heralds left pricking now ringen trumpets loud clarioun say east west go spearés sadly rest goeth sharpé spur side see men just ride men shiveren shaftés shieldés thick feeleth thro prick actual war trumpet horn tabor seem used romance merlin read trumpés beting tambours classing midst battle chaucer knight tale pipes trumpets nakeres clariouns battle blowen bloody sounds another trumping tabouring together knights fling several instances royal trumpeters sounding instruments rear company charging chevaliers country knight neighbour wished keep spears practice next tournament couple errant knights happened meet lists rudely staked castle meadow ladies looked waved scarfs windows battlements vassals flocked round ropes minstrels gave animation scene illustration royal fine volume romances early date made spectators scene kind herald arranging preliminaries two knights joust band minstrels inspire strains stated periods times minstrels liable called enliven tedium lord lady music song king hungary squire low degree trying comfort daughter loss lowly lover promise kinds pleasures says ye shall harpe sautry songe myrthes among little come home menie amonge ye shall revell daunces songe lytle children great smale shall syng doth nightingale yet gone yf ye rest take night mynstrels shall wake doubtless many long winter evenings whole household assembled round blazing wood fire middle hall passed listening interminable tales chivalry lord chief harper chant harp fellows play symphony fyttes occasions minstrels appropriate services render entry household book percy family gives us indication three castle north tabret lute rebec find gift playing lordes chamber doure new yeares day mornynge playing lordes sone heire chamber doure lord percy playing chamber dours lord yonger sonnes yonge masters viii piece every besides official minstrels kings nobles gentlemen bishops abbots corporate towns great number minstrels unattached various grades society roamed abroad singly company town town court camp castle monastery flocking great numbers tournaments festivals fairs welcomed everywhere especially season wanderings children song pilgrim also wonder works minstrels abound charming outbursts song return spring summer delights bring winter long minstrel lain town chafing miry unsavoury streets churlish citizens hospitable castle perhaps listening wind roaring broad forests howling among turrets overhead pined freedom green fields host perchance grown tired ditties occupation con new ones percy reliques sounds like verse composed time time winter alange foules lesen bliss leves fallen tree rain alangeth countree wonder welcomed return bright warm days resume gay adventurous life fresh flowery meadows wide green forest glades roaming town village castle monastery feast tournament alone company band brother minstrels meeting way gay knights adventurous pilgrims less gay like chaucer company welcomed everywhere priest abbot lord loon sort strains carolled rested white hawthorn carelessly tinkled accompaniment harps merry th enté may fowles maketh merry play time hot long day joyful nightingale singeth grene mede flowers springeth merry somer tide fowles sing forest wide swaines gin justing ride maidens liffen hem pride minstrels often men position wealth rayer raherus first king minstrels meet conquest founded priory hospital bartholomew smithfield london third year henry became first prior foundation minstrel turned religious foulquet de marseille first merchant minstrel note songs descended days length turned monk made abbot tournet length archbishop toulouse known history persecutor albigenses died seems unusual thing men family take wandering adventurous life minstrel much others class took part knight adventurous frequently travelled horseback servant carry harp flocking courts tournaments graceful accomplished singer chivalrous deeds perhaps caressed warrior achieved obtained large rewards instead huge blows guerdon curious anecdotes showing kind people became minstrels wandering habits facility access companies places uses sometimes made privileges readers remember blondel de nesle minstrel richard coeur de lion wandered europe search master less known instance similar kind period ela heiress earl salisbury carried abroad secreted french relations normandy discover place concealment knight talbot family spent two years exploring province first disguise pilgrim found confined order gain admittance assumed dress character harper jocose person exceedingly skilled gests ancients gladly received family succeeded carrying lady restored liege lord king bestowed marriage adventurous ending pretty novelet natural brother william longespée brought earldom salisbury dower many similar instances less valuable evidences manners times fiction might selected romances middle ages proving unusual men birth station assume longer shorter time character life wandering minstrel besides gentle minstrels multitude others lower classes society professors joyous science descending grades musical skill respectability character find regulations time time intended check irregularities king edward ii issued ordinance addressed sheriffs follows forasmuch many idle persons colour mynstrelsie going messages faigned busines yet receaved men houses meate drynke therwith contented yf largely considered gyftes lordes houses wyllyng restrayne outrageous enterprises idlenes ordeyned houses prelates earls barons none resort meate drynke unless mynstrell mynstrels come none except three four mynstrels honour day unless desired lorde house houses meaner men none come unlesse desired shall come holde contented meate drynke curtesie master house wyl shewe owne good wyll without askyng thyng yf ordinaunce first tyme lose minstrelsie second tyme forsweare craft never received minstrell house curious ordinance gives additional proof several facts noted minstrels well received everywhere even become exacting expectations used wander bands penalties seem indicate minstrels already incorporated guild first positive evidence guild charter already alluded king edward grants walter haliday seven others minstrels charter restores fraternity perpetual guild understands brothers sisters fraternity minstrels times past governed marshall appointed life two wardens chosen annually empowered admit brothers sisters guild authorised examine pretensions affect exercise minstrel profession regulate govern punish throughout realm chester excepted seems probable king minstrel king minstrels long previously possessed authority kind members profession organization much resembled heralds two mentioned together statute arms tournaments passed reign edward qe nul roy de harraunz ne menestrals portent privez armez king heralds minstrels shall carry secret weapons minstrels attended tournaments already mentioned heralds minstrels often coupled sentence froissart tells us christmas entertainment given earl foix many minstrels well strangers earl gave heraulds minstrelles sum fyve hundred frankes gave duke tourayne mynstreles gowns cloth gold furred ermine valued frankes chapter iii guilds minstrels unlikely principal minstrel every great noble exercised kind authority minstrels within lord jurisdiction several famous instances something kind record earliest authority granted ranulph earl chester duttons minstrels jurisdiction romantic origin grant curious reader may see introductory essay percy reliques original authorities dugdale monasticon powel history cambria ceremonies attending exercise authority described dugdale handed time midsummer fair minstrels countrey resorting chester attend heir dutton lodging john church accompanied many gentlemen countrey minstrels walking surcoat arms depicted taffeta rest fellows proceeding two two playing several sorts musical instruments divine service ended gave like attendance back lodging court kept dutton steward minstrels formally called certain orders laws usually made better government society penalties transgress court seen exempted jurisdiction king minstrels edward also operation acts parliament subject late period seventeenth year george last fourth year king richard john gaunt created court minstrels tutbury staffordshire similar chester charter quoted plott history staffordshire gives king minstrels four officers legal authority men craft five adjoining counties stafford derby notts leicester warwick form election existed comparatively late period fully detailed plott illustration beverley another guilds ancient company fraternity minstrels beverley account given poulson beverlac fraternity originated know consideration wealth reign henry church mary beverley built gave pillar capital band minstrels sculptured drawing carter ancient painting sculpture shall presently ask reader attention oldest existing document fraternity copy laws time philip mary similar trade guilds governed officers alderman two stewards sears seers searchers items laws throw much additional light subject already partly quoted take new brother except mynstrell man honour worship proving men honour worship still minstrels waite towne corporate ancient town else honestye conyng shall thought laudable pleasant hearers myler shepherd occupation husbandman husbandman servant playing pype instrument shall sue wedding thing pertaineth science except parish may digress moment say shepherds throughout middle ages seem musical swains theocritus virgil illuminations constantly find represented playing instruments give couple goatherds royal vii folio early date illustration playing musical illustration besides pipe horn bagpipe also rustic instrument shepherd playing folio early royal reverse folio group shepherds plays small pipe another bagpipes chaucer book house fame pipes made greené corne little herd gromes keepen beastés bromes curious find even late period time queen mary shepherds still officiated weddings merrymakings villages excite jealousy professors joyous science accompanying french national library may represent rustic illustration might perhaps disposed think good minstrels beverley endeavouring revive usages fallen desuetude find time elizabeth profession minstrelsy sufficiently universal call inquiry injunctions whether minstrells persons use sing songs ditties vile unclean ben jonson gives us numerous allusions tale tub old turve talks old father rosin chief minstrel chief minstrel highgate hired two boys day half dressed bays rosemary ribands precede bridal party across fields church back play dinner epicoene act iii sc well guests meat now shall music morose wedding smell venison going thro street invite noise fiddlers call trumpeters hither faith hope intelligence feasts good correspondence betwixt london cooks twenty dryden late time william speaks fellows minstrels country show followed prizes paltry town trumpet cheeks bloated faces known also female minstrels throughout middle ages might anticipated irregular wandering life bore indifferent reputation romance richard coeur de lion says female minstrel still worse englishwoman recognised betrayed king companions return holy land enemy king almain passage worth quoting illustrates several traits minstrel habits already recorded richard companions dined goose cooked drunken well afin minstralle com therin wittily ye minstrelsey richard bade go turned mickle woe minstralle took mind saith men unkind may ye shall ye gave neither meat drink gentlemen bede minstrels abouten yede meat wine ale los rises minstrale english well true speech sight hide hue stow tells edward ii solemnizing feast pentecost hall westminster sitting royally table peers entered woman adorned like minstrel sitting great horse trapped minstrels used rode round tables showing pastime reader remember use sir lytton made troop tymbesteres last barons bringing epochs tale dramatic effect greek chorus description gives habits sadly truthful daughter herodias dancing herod scornfully represented mediæval artists female minstrel performing tumbling tricks part craft give representation female minstrel playing tambourine royal vii folio illustration question considerable interest artists less antiquaries whether minstrels distinguished peculiar costume habit bishop percy followers say assertion grounded following evidences baldulph saxon anecdote already related assuming disguise minstrel described shaving head beard dressing habit profession alfred aulaff known minstrels two poor priests turned monastery dissolute monks first mistaken minstrels woman entered westminster hall king edward second pentecost feast adorned like minstrel sitting great horse trapped minstrels used knight la chap xvii tells story shows costume minstrels often conspicuous richness fashion herde telle sir piere de luge atte feste gret foyson lordes ladies knightes squieres gentilwomen came yonge squier hem sette atte dyner salued companie clothed guyse almayne wise come lordes ladies made hem goodly reverence sir piere called yonge squier voys alle statis saide hym axed hym fedylle hys ribible suche instrument longethe mynstralle saide squier canne medille thinge craft science saide knight canne trowe ye saye ye counterfait youre araye lyke mynstralle knowe herebefore alle youre aunsetours knightes squiers youre kin alle worthie men sawe never none hem wore counterfait clothed hem array thanne yonge squier answered knight saide moche mislykithe shalle amended cleped pursevant gave abled hym selff gowne come agen halle thanne anncyen knight saide openly yonge squier shalle worshipe trowed bi counsaile elder withoute ani contraryenge time henry vii read nine ells cloth three minstrels history jack newbury noise band musicians coats putting caps asked music lastly description person personated ancient mynstrell pageants played queen elizabeth famous visit kenilworth curious enough quoted person meet seemed purpose years old apparalled partly cap head seemly rounded tonsterwise fair kembed sponge daintily dipped little capon grease finely smoothen make shine like mallard wing beard smugly shaven yet shirt new trick ruffs fair starched sleeked glistering like paire new shoes marshalled good order setting stick strut every ruff stood like wafer side long gown kendal green freshness year now gathered neck narrow gorget fastened afore white clasp keeper close chin easily heat undo list seemly begirt red caddis girdle pair capped sheffield knives hanging two sides bosom drawn forth lappel napkin handkerchief edged blue lace marked true love heart damian batchelor yet gown side long sleeves midleg slit shoulder hand lined white cotton doublet sleeves black worsted pair paynets perhaps points tawny chamlet laced along wrist blue threaden points weall towards hand pair red neather socks pair pumps feet cross cut toes corns new indeed yet cleanly blackt soot shining shoeing horn neck red ribband suitable girdle harp good grace dependant wrest tyed green lace hanging gorget gown fair flaggon chain pewter silver middlesex travelled country summer season fairs worshipful men houses chain hung scutcheon metal colour resplendant breast ancient arms islington place represented belonging authorities percy deduce minstrels tonsured apparelled much fashion priests pictorial authorities bear conclusion abundant authorities belief dress minstrels remarkable unclerical sumptuousness looking numerous ancient representations minstrels find trace tonsure peculiarity dress represented ordinary costume time colours blue red grey particoloured like civilians hoods hats without either frequently different members band minstrels present differences costume instance given fourteenth century ms proving minstrels affect uniformity costume whatever illustration band household minstrels probably wore master badge liveries usual late period others badge guild morte arthur sir dinadan makes reproachful lay king arthur teaches harper hight elyot sends sing king mark nobles great feast king asked harper durst bold sing song sir elyot wit well minstrell must doe commanded lords bear armes proof privileged character minstrel find outraged king replying saiest well charge hie fast sight middlesex belonged islington chain round neck scutcheon blazoned arms islington effigies beverley minstrels given page find costume ordinary costume period alike chain round neck suspended probably scutcheon like islington minstrel short careful examination number illustrations illuminated mss various dates saxon downwards leaves impression minstrels wore ordinary costume period less rich material fashionable cut according means taste distinctive mark profession instrument bore case kenilworth minstrel tuning wrest hung riband girdle case household minstrel badge lord served illustration illustration double royal vii illustration royal iii forms usual musical instruments various periods may gathered illustrations already given common harp fiddle cittern lute shalm psaltery pipe tabor pipes various sizes played like clarionets called flutes double pipe trumpets horns bagpipes tambourine tabret drum cymbals greater number already incidentally given illustrations add last page illustrations royal royal iii fourteenth century new instruments invented guillaume de marhault poem le temps pastour gives us idea multitude instruments composed grand concert fifteenth century says là je vis tout en un cerne viole rubebe guiterne le micamon citole et psalterion harpes tabours trompes nacaires orgues cornes plus de dix paires cornemuse flajos et chevrettes douceines simbales clochettes tymbre la flauste lorehaigne et le grand cornet flacos de sans fistule pipe muse trompe petite buisine eles monochorde ou il corde et muse de blet tout ensemble et certainment il semble qu oncques mais tèle mélodie ne feust oncques vene ne oye car chascun selon de son instrument sans descort vitole guiterne citole harpe trompe corne flajole pipe souffle muse naquaire taboure et qu cunque ou put faire de dois de peune et à ois et vis en ce porchet conclusion give group musical instruments illustrations der weise könig work close fifteenth century illustration instruments knights middle ages chapter saxon arms armour proceed division work select inexhaustible series pictures mediæval life manners contained illuminated gallery subjects illustrate armour costume military life chivalric adventures knights middle ages append pictures explanations may seem need discursive remarks subjects may suggest military costume period authority descriptions literature illustrated drawings illuminated mss leave anything wanting definiteness minutest details form ornamentation may often recovered rusted broken relics armour weapons recovered graves now preserved museums saxon freemen seem universally borne arms tacitus tells us german ancestors swords rare among majority use lances spears narrow sharp short head common universal weapon used either distant close fight even cavalry satisfied shield spears law later times seems required freemen bear arms common defence laws gula originally established hacon good middle eighth century required every man possessed six marks besides clothes furnish red shield spear axe sword worth twelve marks steel cap also worth eighteen marks byrnie shirt mail addition accordingly exploration saxon graves find men spears javelins extremely numerous says roach smith variety shapes sizes constantly find saxon graves appear man condition serf buried without large size majority come term javelin dart rusty lies beside skull iron boss shield breast long broad heavy rusted sword comparatively seldom found beside skeleton sometimes rarely iron frame helmet found head illustration examination pictures saxon illuminated mss confirms conclusion shield spear common weapons bearers generally usual civil costume infrequently almost always spoken indeed word ash used metonymy spear common poetic name soldier just later times speak swordsman learn poets shield broad war disk made beowulf refrain grasped shield yellow linden drew ancient sword actual remains shields find central boss iron conical shape handle fixed across concavity held hand helmet various shapes commonest three represented first four common conical shape seen large illustration horse helmet seen single figure also common form curious crested helmet worn warriors first two saxon soldiers also common cases conical helmet iron perhaps frequently leather strengthened frame iron group four foot soldiers first observed men wear tunics hose shoes multiplicity folds fluttering ends drapery characteristic saxon art spirit elegance heads unusual admirable first three illustrations taken beautiful little prudentius cottonian library known press mark cleopatra iv illuminations clearly skilfully drawn pen indeed many designed much spirit skill grace make antiquarian interest also high artistic merit subjects chiefly illustrations scripture history allegorical fable thanks custom prevailed throughout middle ages representing subjects contemporary costume according contemporary manners customs jewish patriarchs servants afford us perfectly correct representations saxon thanes goliath perfect picture saxon warrior armed pharaoh nobles saxon basileus witan second illustration incident lot family carried away captives canaanitish kings successful raid cities plain puts eyes group armed retainers saxon king military expedition seen wear ordinary saxon civil costume tunic cloak armed spear wear crested helmets last group carries round shield suspended back variety attitude spirit life figures skill gracefulness drawing admirable another valuable series illustrations saxon military costume found ælfric paraphrase pentateuch joshua british museum cleopatra iv folio example representation abraham pursuing five kings order rescue lot version saxon artist patriarch arab servants translated saxon thane house carles represented marching long array takes two bands drawing across vellum page illustration soldier leather poets let us know chieftains warriors wore body defence call byrnie illuminations find sometimes leather given prudentius already supplied us two illustrations usually vandyked edges represented epithets iron byrnie ringed byrnie twisted show hauberk often made iron mail illuminations represented detached rings iron sewn flat may really representation kind jazerant work frequently used later times may unskilful way representing ordinary linked mail document early part eighth century given thorpe laws seems indicate period mail hauberk usually worn higher ranks distinguishing eorl cheorl says latter thrive well helmet byrnie sword ornamented gold yet five hydes land cheorl time end saxon era however seem usually furnished coat fence warriors battle hastings nearly represented bayeux tapestry ælfric paraphrase already mentioned cleopatra iv folio representation king clothed mail shirt armed sword shield attended carries second shield offensive weapon business ward blows aimed lord given interesting group already engraved pictorial history england vol hewitt ancient armour vol king occur illustration goliath man bearing shield went saul suggested text three kings engaged battle cities plain seems therefore indicate saxon usage another kings picture hauberk costume warrior next page additional british museum work eleventh century several representations warriors fully armed rude coarse drawing valuable clearness represent military equipment time folio large figure warrior mail shirt conical helmet strengthened iron ribs converging apex front rib extending downwards called nasal piece iron extending downwards nose protect face across upper part folio group six warriors two horseback four foot find hauberk iron helmets round shields various kinds leg defences spears swords horsemen bears banner characteristic shape triangle shortest side applied right angle bottom illustration extracts poem beowulf curious saxon fragment best scholars concur assigning end eighth century help still bring ancient warriors mind eye scene king hrothgar hall evening came hrothgar departed court guarded mansion countless warriors oft ere done bared overspread beds bolsters set heads disks war bright bench noble easy seen high martial helm ringed byrnie stout beowulf funeral pole helmets war brands bright byrnies behung oldest scandinavian romances natural hard helm shall adorned gold fated fall mortally wounded sleep war rage trumpet announce like manner war shirt battle stood crash shields bite swords shall moulder warrior byrnie ring may martial leader go far side heroes joy harp mirth good hawk swings hall swift steed tramps city place baleful death many living kinds sent forth reflections coleridge summed brief swords rust bones dust souls saints trust page taken collection various saxon pictures british museum bound together volume marked tiberius folio reduced copy original warrior seven eight inches high therefore ample room delineation every part costume embroidery tunic ornamentation shield helmet conclude us person consideration represented act combat see armour arms already affirmed usual equipment limited helmet seems strengthened iron rim converging ribs furnished short nasal figure without usual cloak therefore better shows fashion tunic banding legs defence common civil costume forearm also sometimes found civil costume seems actual banding still less spiral armlet merely fashion wearing tunic sleeve see sword rather inartificially slung belt shoulder shield held iron handle across hollow spiked umbo barbed javelin cast preceding page similar figure without sword weapons frequently used saxons yet occasion mention important axe often represented illuminations rarely found graves certainly extensively use latter part period perhaps introduced danes house carles canute expressly told armed axes halberds swords ornamented gold ship godwin presented hardicanute william malmesbury tells us soldiers wore two bracelets gold arm bracelet weighing sixteen ounces gilt helmets right hand carried spear iron left danish axe wore swords hilted gold axe also common use saxons battle hastings pictorial examples single axe cottonian cleopatra viii double axe bipennis harleian various forms weapon including bayeux tapestry knife dagger also saxon weapon picture paris library called duke de berri psalter combatant armed appears large knife shield actual examples occur saxon graves popularly believed dagger characteristic saxon weapon seems short slightly curved weapon rarely found england mentioned beowulf drew deadly seax bitter battle sharp byrnie bore sword usually three feet long heavy blade sometimes especially earlier examples without guard hilt sometimes ivory walrus occasionally gold blade sometimes inlaid gold ornaments runic verses surface bright gold runic letters rightly marked set sword costliest irons first made twisted hilt serpent shaped saxons indulged many romantic fancies swords swordsmiths chanted magical verses welded tempered mystical ingredients beowulf sword tempered falchion old treasures edge iron tainted poisonous things hardened warrior blood never deceived man brandished hands favourite swords names given handed father son passed champion champion became famous beowulf refrain grasped shield yellow linden drew ancient sword among men relic eanmund ohthere son conflict friendless exile weohstan slayer falchions edges kinsmen bore away helm ringed byrnie old eotenish sword onela given fine perfect example saxon sword british museum found bed river witham lincoln sheath usually wood covered leather tipped sometimes otherwise ornamented metal spear used warrior going battle sometimes carried several often barbed represented woodcut generally two little head cuts pp saxon artillery besides javelin bow arrows bow usually small old classical shape long bow english yeomen afterwards became famous seems introduced normans latest period saxon monarchy armour weapons almost identical used continent abundant illustrations bayeux tapestry invaluable historical monument minutest differences saxon norman knights seem carefully observed even national fashions cutting hair therefore justified assuming material differences military equipment since find none indicated except normans used long bow saxons abstained taking illustrations tapestry whole series several times engraved well known least easily accessible interested subject preferred take illustration british museum marked harleian folio warrior less person goliath gath hooded hauberk sleeves elbow green tunic legs tinted blue drawing seem unarmed except green boots reach half way knee wears iron helmet nasal hood appears fastened nasal protect lower part face large shield red yellow border hung neck chain belt round waist red giant leans spear looking contemptuously david thought necessary include copy picture group forms appropriate great initial letter psalm dns ds qui docet manus meas ad prælium et digitos meos ad blessed lord god teacheth hands war fingers fight folio two men armed helmet sword folio group armed men horseback sword shield spurs may convenient readers indicate examples saxon military costume may found noted occasion refer remarks illustration prudentius cleopatra viii taken first three woodcuts many pictures well worth study page folio contains another similar group lower part page folio still another group faces charming drawing expression folio spirited combat two footmen armed sword round shield clad short leather coats fence vandyked edges folio allegorical female figure short leather tunic shading seems indicate hair leather left worn outside know sources fashions time ælfric paraphrase claud iv already quoted besides battle scene folio occurs king folio two long lines saxon horsemen marching across page behind abraham wears crested phrygian helm reverse folio another group also folios folio another troop esau horsemen marching across page ranks four abreast bareheaded armed spears folio another example warrior pictures latter part nearly clearly delineated former part owing tinted colour colour however enables us still completely fill mind eye distinct forms gathered former part book large troops soldiers valuable showing us style equipment common saxon militia another prudentius british museum date school art though quite finely executed well worth study artist search authorities saxon military costume full interest amateur art archæology press mark cottonian titus xvi reverse folio group three armed horsemen representing confederate kings canaan carrying lot abraham head another group armed men pursuing folio another group armed horsemen scripture histories come allegorical subjects conceived drawn great spirit folio pugnat contra pudicitia woman armed hauberk helmet spear shield opposite page pudicitia spirited attitude driving spear throat libido folio vulnerat occulte concord represented woman armed hauberk helmet sword discord lifting skirt concord hauberk thrusting sword side harleian vulgate bible date pictures initial letters various books illuminated illuminator engaged initial second book kings eye seems caught story saul death last chapter first book happens come close parallel column great folio page itaqu gladium et erruit sup therefore saul took sword fell sketched scene margin page affording us another authority armour saxon king actually engaged battle wears hauberk ornamented border crown head spurs heels placed ground fallen additional folio four armed men horseback habited hauberks without hoods two sleeves extending wrist two loose sleeves elbow showing two fashions worn contemporaneously mail hose armed bow rest sword four men similar armour folio also folio armed spear sword round ornamented shield folio soldiers manning soldiers generally wore ordinary citizen costume becomes necessary order give complete picture military costume say words dress soldier wore common citizen tunic mantle composed national costume saxons tunic reached knee sometimes slit little way sides often rich ornamented border round hem extending round side slits making garment almost exactly resemble ecclesiastical tunic dalmatic also generally narrower ornamental border round opening neck tunic sometimes girded round waist saxons famous skill embroidery also sufficient proofs tunic often richly embroidered indications relics costume found saxon graves often buckles elegant workmanship fastened belt tunic girt mantle form short cloak usually fastened shoulder pp leave right arm unencumbered folds brooch cloak fastened formed conspicuous item costume large size bronze gilt others gold beautifully ornamented enamels interesting fact seem corroborate old story saxon invaders three different tribes jutes angles saxons subdued inhabited different portions britain kent isle wight settlements jutes brooches found circular form often gold enamelled counties yorkshire derby leicester nottingham northampton eastern counties large gilt bronze brooch peculiar form commonly found seems denote peculiar fashion angles inhabited east anglia mercia northumbria still another variety fashion shaped like saucer discovered counties gloucester oxford buckingham border mercians west saxons curious find peculiar fashions confirming ancient obscure tradition original saxon settlements artist bear mind saxons seem generally settled open country towns built timber halls cottages custom avoided sites villas whose blackened ruins must thickly dotted least southern parts island appear built fortresses except erected late period check incursions danes old roman towns left many cases walls gates tolerably entire saxon psalter harleian several illuminations walled towns gates represented gather skilful either attack defence fortified places indeed weapons armour primitive kind warfare seems conducted unscientific fashion little chance rude saxon hardihood military genius william norman disciplined valour bands mercenaries chapter ii arms armour norman conquest downwards conquest subsequent confiscations put land england entirely hands william conqueror able introduce feudal system england simple symmetrical shape obtained country europe system intelligible king supposed lord land kingdom retained large estates hands estates chiefly derived personal followers royal revenues rest land let large lordships principal nobles condition maintain defence kingdom certain number men armed stipulated fashion besides aid certain occasions money payments present concern chief tenants crown followed example sovereign retained portion land hands rest estates larger smaller size condition noble knight held supply proportion armed force required furnish royal standard contribute proportion money payments liable called knight let farms manor copyholders condition provided requisite arms assembled banner called military suit service rendered certain personal services made certain payments money kind besides lieu rent manor therefore furnished troop soldiers small farmers perhaps knight personal retainers fighting foot clad leather jerkins armed pike bow two three greater copyholders skull caps coats fence younger brothers sons acting esquires horseback armour almost quite complete knight war horse armed top toe shield arm lance hand knight pennon fluttering point captain little troop troops furnished several manors made force feudal lord bound furnish king united divisions made army kingdom besides feudal army bound render suit service call sovereign laws kingdom also required men fit age sixteen sixty keep furnished arms made liable called great emergencies force county command sheriff learn particulars subject assize arms henry made required subjects free men ready defence realm whosoever holds knight fee shall hauberk helmet shield lance every knight many equipments knight fees domain every free layman ten marks chattels shall habergeon iron cap lance burgesses whole community freemen shall coat fence padded quilted iron cap lance arms required statute sell otherwise dispose might utilised king service carry arms kingdom two great points difference feudal system introduced england established continent william made landowners owe fealty tenants next though gave chief nobles immense possessions possessions scattered different parts kingdom great provinces separate kingdoms saxon heptarchy still retained time confessor much old political feeling kentish men example looked another brothers essex men east anglians mercians northumbrians foreigners conqueror committed blunder giving great nobles possessions together rufus might found earls mercia northumbria kings france found great vassals burgundy champagne normandy bretagne actual arrangement every county divided powerful noble lordship another manors religious community two manors result though combination great barons powerful enough coerce john henry single baron like warwick powerful enough nobility divided two factions turn scale side ever able set power crown defiance establish crown always powerful enough enforce sufficiently arbitrary authority consequence little clannish spirit among englishmen rallied round feudal superior sentiment loyalty warmly directly towards crown must however pursue general subject done order obtain apprehension position body politic occupied class persons specially concerned social position may perhaps briefly arrive correct estimate call mind nearly rural parishes divided several manors date middle ages less remotely population increased land increased value tendency subdivision old manors creation new ones manors times researches directed maintained family gentle birth knightly rank head family usually knight sons eligible aspirants rank chivalry great body knightly order consisted country gentlemen country call now country whose wealth social importance gave claim rank must add younger brothers sons ambitiously sought happily achieved chivalric distinction deeds arms rest brothers sons entered service church priest canon monk friar trade continued lower chivalric social rank squires come look authorities costume manners knights middle ages find great scarcity period norman conquest beginning edwardian era literary authorities many yet illuminated derive abundant material fourteenth fifteenth centuries sepulchral monuments numerous valuable series monumental brasses begun bayeux tapestry affords abundant material special time relates abstained drawing subjects class pictorial art help us figure goliath gave last chapter serve well general representation knight twelfth century truth norman conquest introduction plate armour close thirteenth century wonderfully little alteration knightly armour costume seem body armour consisted garments ordinary fashion either quilted substance deaden force blow covered rings exterior resist edge sword point lance ingenuity armourer showed various ways quilting various methods applying external defence metal quilted armours know little illuminations often seen armour covered lines arranged lozenge pattern perhaps represents garments stuffed sewn commonest patterns quilting suggested may represent scales horn metal fastened face garments given caligula clearest best extant illustrations quilted armour mail armour seem different ways applying sometimes represented rings sewn edge distance overlapped row rows overlap another sometimes look row rings sewn strip linen leather strips applied garment sometimes rings interlinked common steel purse garment entirely steel rings frequently find surcoat chausses represented rings little discs metal sewn flat garment possible artistic way indicating garment covered rings methods described also possible light armour composed rings sparely sewn linen leather garment possible also little round plates metal horn used way defence next mention armour sometimes though rarely found consisted small scales usually rectangular probably usually horn though sometimes metal attached linen leather garment illustration shield helmet varied somewhat shape various times shield bayeux tapestry concave tolerably large like goliath tendency fashion continually grow shorter proportion width flatter round saxon target continued use throughout middle ages especially helmet beginning period like old saxon conical helmet nasal continued occasional use far fourteenth century end twelfth century cylindrical helmet iron enclosing whole head horizontal slits vision came fashion richard represented second great seal still later fashion seen next woodcut william longespée helmet two inventions time seem first surcoat began worn hauberk end twelfth century seal king john first series great seals see introduced seems linen silk great invention period armorial bearings properly called devices painted shield common classical times found ordinarily shields bayeux tapestry habitually used norman knights bayeux tapestry seem fanciful merely decorative later symbolical significant towards close twelfth century knight assumed fixed device exclusively appropriated known became hereditary family offensive weapons used knights commonly sword spear axe mace found rarely artillery consisted crossbow formidable missile use long bow however yet great arm english yeomanry became later period hardly weapons knights gentlemen though frequently armed crossbow archers occasionally mounted sling sometimes used rude weapons crowd often included ranks mediæval armies great scarcity pictorial representations military costume thirteenth century exist majority vague definition details add nothing knowledge costume little dramatic character throw light manners customs among best knightly figures harleian roll folio contains life guthlac end twelfth century figures armed hooded hauberk iron helmet without nasal shield spear legs undefended except boots like goliath harleian beginning thirteenth century shows folio group soldiers attacking fortification contains hints enough make earnestly desire subject fully artistically worked fortification represented timber projection carried brackets face wall garrison represented single knight whose seen represented hauberk surcoat cross breast wears cylindrical helmet armed crossbow assailants seem rabble men bareheaded armed sling others round hats whether felt iron appear armed hooded hauberk carries axe cylindrical helmet also appears amidst crowd harleian beginning thirteenth century folio representation martyrdom thomas canterbury gives us effigies three murderers knightly costume wear hauberks peculiarity slightly slit sides tunic flows beneath fitzurse known bear shield leg defences fastened behind like next woodcut circular iron helmet others wears helmet third hood mail fastened cheek like woodcut drawing inartistic picture little value present purposes harleian contains several mss bound together second works penitential knightly figure horseback frontispiece allegorical meaning rather curious inscription figure est vita hominis super life man earth warfare knightly figure represents christian man spiritual panoply warfare various items armour arms inscriptions affixed tell us helmet futuri helmet hope salvation sword inscribed spear pennon cælesti shield charged triangular device enunciation doctrine trinity est non est knight clad hauberk rather long flowing surcoat helmet general shape like next woodcut ornamental chausses mail shield sword spear pennon prick spurs sufficient definiteness details character drawing make worth reproduce picture fully atones absence others great merit occurs small quarto last quarter thirteenth century contains psalter ecclesiastical hymns towards end book several remarkably fine drawings done outline pen partially tinted colour large distinct done great spirit artistic skill first verso folio king opposite page knight given reduced scale opposite side page christopher next page archbishop figure knight us shows clearly various details suit armour hauberk noticed mode hood fastened side head way sleeves continued gauntlets whose palms left free rings give firmer grasp thighs seen protected mailed exposed parts seat legs chausses different kind armour drawings often find various parts armour represented different ways already sometimes tempted think unskilful artist used different modes representing kind mail drawing careful skilful accurate doubt defence legs really different kind armour mail hauberk surcoat graceful fashion embroidered crosses appear also pennon used ornamental genouillière shoulder helmet elaborately elegantly ornamented attitude figure spirited dignified drawing unusually good altogether know finer representation knight century illustration latter part thirteenth valuable authorities found sculptural monumental effigies period best found stothard monumental effigies work brings examples together makes easily accessible student great advantage stothard well understood subject gives every detail minute accuracy also elucidates obscure points detail temple church william longespée salisbury cathedral aymer de valence westminster abbey important series perhaps important light add already obtained mss help us understand fabrication giving relief also foreign easily accessible library british museum artist student well consult must remember peculiarities costume find foreign fashions introduced english subjects example cotton nero french contains rather good drawings military subjects additional german execution written contains military subjects among figure goliath philistine hauberk chain mail chausses jazerant work like knight last woodcut royal french full valuable military drawings executed probably close thirteenth century belonging however style art costume rather early part next period consideration addit contains fine valuable german drawings full military authorities period french last mentioned illustration end thirteenth accompanying represents various peculiarities armour use towards close thirteenth century taken sloane metrical bible original drawing female figure kneeling warrior inscription picture placet iram regis abigail appeases anger king david group knight intended mediæval artist represent david followers march revenge churlishness nabal reader notice round plates elbows knees first introduction plate armour breastplates worn hauberk occasionally used saxon times observe leather gauntlets david wears curious defences shoulders called also shield hung round neck strap round hips surcoat girded round waist silken cord group also valuable giving us glance three different fashions helmet david conical bascinet movable visor man immediately behind wears iron hat wide rim raised crest unusual period two men wear globular helmet common time illustration end thirteenth next cut spirited little sketch mounted knight ms horse may admitted like children draw nowadays life drawings day way knight sits horse much artistic picture shows equipment knight clearly specially valuable early example horse trappings authority shape saddle high pommel croupe inscription picture defendit urbem sabea ab impugnanti head cavalier name moses knight end thirteenth century chapter iii armour fourteenth century arriving fourteenth century reached heart subject century period great national wars france scotland time mercenaries raised italian wars first learnt taught world trade soldier trained captains art war period romantic exploits picturesque trappings chivalry greatest vogue period gothic art highest point excellence period ample knowledge public records serious histories romance writers poetry prose chaucer froissart illuminations monumental effigies difficulty amid profusion material select serviceable special purpose let us begin detailed account different kinds fashions armour equipment preceding period seen approved knightly armour mail characteristic feature armour fourteenth century intermixture mail plate see first small supplementary defences plate introduced protect elbow probably found rather heavy unpliable sleeve hose mail pressed inconveniently joints therefore armourer adopted expedient proved thin end wedge gradually brought plate armour fashion cut mail hose two lower part like modern stocking protected leg upper part protected thigh independently fastened knee leaving knee unprotected hollowed piece plate iron form cap knee called technically within joint work freely without chafing pressure perhaps padded stuffed deaden effect blow fashioned effectually cover part left undefended mail sleeve hauberk cut way elbow defended cap called early examples two pieces plate armour seen later illustrations last chapter introduced little end thirteenth century two pieces plate introduced simultaneously appear together woodcut david men last chapter often find genouillière used arm still defended sleeve hauberk first woodcut present chapter cut easy see pressure chausses mail knee riding constant considerable much serious inconvenience pressure elbow usual attitude arm illustration fourteenth next round plates metal called applied shield armpits thrust sometimes used also elbow protect inner side joint convenience motion destitute armour example roundel shoulder seen woodcut another curious fashion generally prevailed time close thirteenth beginning fourteenth century thin oblong plate metal attached behind shoulder extent deaden force blow directed neck afford inartificial ineffective defence difficult believe intended anything ornament worn foremost knight cut perhaps next great improvement protect foot shoe made plates iron overlapping like shell lobster sole still leather plates iron made fit limb applied shin upper part forearm sometimes small plate applied upper part arm place exposed blow shin forearm defences enlarged enclose limb completely opening side hinge closing straps rivets thigh upper arm similarly enclosed plate little difficult trace exactly changes took place body defences period fashion wear surcoat kind usually conceals worn beneath however probable early period introduction plate breastplate introduced worn hauberk perhaps fastened seem back plate added also worn hauberk next breast back plate made enclose whole upper part body skirt mail remained garment shape hauberk worn unprotected mail breast back plate come still skirt covered rings illumination picture knight putting jupon pair plates chaucer calls quotation hereafter given seen tinted blue steel colour skirt mail time helmet fringe mail called attached lower margin fell body armour defended neck clearly seen hindermost knight group woodcut effigy john eltham difficult see superiority defence plate afforded mail edge sword axe bite mail rings unbroken still blow likely bruise romances common enough hear huge cantles mail hewn blows doughty champions spent loss blood many blow glance quite harmless curved polished surface plate probably require dexterous blow make edge weapon bite plate also harder blow cut wound prince arthur read sir tristram sir governale avoided horses put shields strake together bright swords like men might either wounded wondrous sore blood ran grass harness hewed many pieces combat sir tristram sir elias course either smote hard horses knights went earth lightly rose dressed shields shoulders naked swords hands dashed together like flaming fire traced traversed hewed helms hauberks cut away many pieces cantles shields either wounded passingly sore hot blood fell fresh earth surcoat kind worn throughout period differed shape different times different names applied early part time now speaking innovation plate armour beginning loose flowing surcoat thirteenth century still used clearly seen nearest group knights woodcut usually linen silk sleeveless reached halfway knee ankle left unstiffened fall loose folds except girt silk cord round waist skirts flutter behind wearer gallops air change taste direction shortening skirts surcoat making scantier body stiffening make fit person without folds last tightly fitted breast back plate showed outline uncommonly covered embroidery often armorial bearings wearer former garment properly called surcoat latter jupon characteristic greater part thirteenth century latter greater part fourteenth fashion change suddenly transitional phase called may briefly described cyclas opened sides instead front curious peculiarity front skirt cut much shorter hind skirt behind reached knees front much hips fashion advantage antiquarians shortness front skirt allows us see whole series military garments beneath hidden long surcoat even shorter jupon suit armour period represented roman bodleian library folio elsewhere ms remainder examples cyclas remain far observation extends sepulchral monuments range years shortening cyclas enables us see chosen illustration sepulchral effigy westminster abbey john eltham second son king edward died see first lowest hacqueton hauberk chain mail slightly pointed front fashions time see also monumental brasses sir john de creke cambridgeshire sir younger stoke surrey hauberk see ornamented gambeson cyclas question whether knights generally wore whole series defences monumental effigies usually accurate representations actual costume must conclude least occasions state solemnity worn illustration seen cyclas confined silk cord narrow belt thirteenth century still worn addition jupon seen two knights tilting woodcut knight left seen fits tightly takes globular shape breastplate noticed knight skirt jupon scalloped plain jupon girded silk cord narrow belt made fit tight without fastening worn differs two important respects worn previously fall diagonally across person horizontally hips merely leather belt ornamented leather foundation completely concealed plates metal high relief chased gilt filled enamels forming gorgeous decoration general form seen woodcut elaboration splendour better understood examination sculptured effigies forms metal plates preserved facsimile traces gilding colour still remaining illustration easy series sculptured effigies relief monumental brasses give complete chronological view various changes continually progressing throughout fourteenth century already done accessible works stothard waller boutell haines especially devoted monumental effigies brasses accordance plan laid take less known illuminations mss subjects perhaps less clear fine detail life character formal monumental effigies must however pause mention kinds armour sometimes used place armour steel first may mention leather leather always less used cheap kind defence saxon leather tunic hair left buff jerkin time commonwealth even thick leather gauntlets jack boots present life guardsman time speaking pieces armour shape describing sometimes made sake lightness instead metal cuir bouilli name implies leather treated hot water way make assume required shape often also impressed soft ornamental devices easy see way armour might made possessing great comparative lightness yet certain degree strength capable stamping colouring gilding high degree ornamentation kind armour suitable occasions mere ceremonial adopted actual combat parts body less exposed injury instance seems especially used defence lower half legs shall find presently description chaucer sire thopas knight adventurous jambeux cuirbouly external form appearance exactly like metal armour may represented ornamental effigies mss drawings appearance usually assumed metal armour another form armour often meet examples drawings effigies piece armour appears studded less distant regular intervals small round plates two suggestions kind armour intended armour represented garment cloth silk velvet textile material lined plates metal fastened garment metal rivets heads rivets gilt ornamented allowed seen powdering coloured face garment way ornament another suggestion garment merely padded quilted armours shall next describe additional precaution metal studs introduced much oak door studded iron bolts example seen armour forearms king meliadus woodcut chaucer seems speak kind defence description lycurgus great tournament knight tale name coat armour instede harnais nayles yelwe bryght gold bere skin old next come rather large important series quilted defences find names sometimes little difficult distinguish descriptions fact appear greatly resembled another names seem often used interchangeably gambeson sleeved tunic stout coarse linen stuffed flax common material sewn longitudinally hacqueton similar garment made buckram stuffed cotton stiff material thick clumsy gambeson pourpoint like hacqueton made finer material faced silk stitched ornamental patterns gambeson hacqueton worn armour partly relieve pressure body partly afford additional defence sometimes worn especially common soldiers without armour pourpoint worn hauberk sometimes worn alone hauberk omitted sake lightness jacke jacque tunic stuffed leather usually worn common soldiers without armour sometimes light armour knights first next page romance king meliadus figure appears habited quilted armours perhaps hacqueton another figure group similar dress difference first skirt seems fall loose light second skirt seems stuffed quilted like body garment folio romance squire attendant habited similar hacqueton represented squires throughout usually quite unarmed monumental effigy sir robert shurland made seem curious probably unique effigy knight gameson give woodcut reduced stothard engraving smaller figure man placed feet effigy costume affords us additional example stothard conjectures garment effigy john eltham whose vandyked border appears beneath hauberk buckram hacqueton left unstuffed ornamentally scalloped round border king meliadus side leaf knight whose red jupon slit sides thrown open attitude see skirt mail beneath silvered represent metal beneath scalloped border habit left white stothard conjecture correct another example hacqueton hauberk best representation met quilted armours romance rose harleian folio battle scene knight conspicuous among blue steel red green jupons knights white body armour quilted small squares wears steel bascinet ringed camail engraved illustration illustration robert now turn description illuminations illustrate chapter charming little subject famous royal vii beginning edwardian period illustrate objects besides mere suit knightly armour first suit armour knight foreground hooded hauberk chausses mail genouillières chapeau de fer war helm surcoat shield get also variety helmets different kinds weapons falchion axe well sword spear pennon attached spear addition complete horse trappings ornamental crest used set arching neck tossing head moreover learn variety arms armour found single troop see irregular picturesque effect group presented eyes monkish illuminator pranced beneath gateway outer court abbey seek hospitality hospitaller hasten offer behalf convent mixture armour weapons brought us chaucer description palamon party great tournament knight tale right ferden palamon ther wenten knights many som wol ben armed habergeon brestplate gipon wol pair plates large wol pruce shield targe wol ben armed legge wele axe mace stele ther newe guise old armed weren told everich opinion illustration given quote first time without calling special attention numerous romances king arthur cycle romance king meliadus companions round table book profusely illustrated pictures invaluable student military costume chivalric customs different hands date earlier series probably later perhaps late near end century dates gives page page pictures drawn great spirit illustrating every variety incident take place single combat tournament many scenes civil domestic life besides especially page page along lower portion pages across whole width book pictures tournaments gallery spectators along top especially folio sketched pen ink left uncoloured character artistic drawing artists time usually believed possessed beneath gallery confused mêlée knights thickest throng energetic action tournament represents many incidents single combat justice drawing looks tame want colouring original serve show armour equipment time victor knight habited hauberk banded mail gauntlets plate legs cased entirely plate body armour covered jupon tilting helmet knight chapeau drapery carrying lion crest armour illumination silvered represent metal knight jupon red trappings helmet red golden lion shield bears gules lion rampant argent conquered knight jupon blue shield argent two bandlets gules see way shield carried long slender spear couched charge illustration next hardly credit charming original represents royal sitting fountain talking squire suit armour beautiful face knight much character different modern conventional type mediæval armour deserves particular examination wears hauberk banded mail whether wears breastplate pair plates unable see jupon see hauberk protects throat jupon skirt attitude wearer throws skirt jupon open side seen sleeves hauberk continued examples hands even wrist forearm defended studded armour hands gauntlets probably plate leg defences admirably exhibited hose banded mail knee cap shin pieces plate boots overlapping plates helmet also royal crown curious double crest worth notice original drawing whole suit armour brilliantly executed armour silvered represent steel jupon green military belt gold helmet silvered drapery blue powdered gold crown terminate crest gold whole dress armour knight latter half fourteenth century described us chaucer stanzas rime sire thopas didde next white lere cloth lake fine clere breche eke sherte next shert haketon habergeon percing herte fine hauberk ye wrought jewes werk full strong plate coat armoure white lily floure debate jambeux cuirbouly swerde sheth ivory helm latoun bright sadel rewel bone bridle sonne shone sheld gold red therein bore hed charboncle beside swore ale bred geaunt shuld ded betide betide spere fine cypres bodeth warre nothing pees hed ful sharpe yground stede dapper gray goth amble way ful softely londe illustration much character squire face picture character different conventional idea squire tempted give sketch leans horse back talking master affords us whole gallery squires attendant knights folio carrying master spear shield round cap long feather like woodcut several instances squire rides bareheaded hood hanging behind shoulders ready cold day shower rain another place knight attended two squires bearing master tilting helmet shoulder carrying spear shield cases squires unarmed mature men rather heavy type different gay gallant youths apt picture squires days chivalry attendant noble knights adventurous cases see squires looking phlegmatically masters height single combat perhaps knight adventurous hero squire see squire starting activity catch master steed unhorsed antagonist greater strength skill good fortune see also lists tournament handing master new spear splintered opponent shield helping feet overthrown horse man hoofs prancing horses illustration chapter iv days chivalry inclination deny life safe easy days middle ages certainly less picturesque adventurous joyous country presented features interest among us wealth leisure now travel foreign lands find vast tracts primeval forest wild unenclosed moors commons marshes meres towns surrounded walls towers narrow streets picturesque gabled timber houses divided wide spaces garden grove rose numerous steeples churches full artistic wealth villages consisted group cottages scattered round wide green village cross middle maypole beside stately monasteries rich valleys castles crowned hills moated lay buried woods hermitages stood dangerous fords high roads little green lanes narrow beaten track middle poached deep mud winter winding village village costumes people picturesque fashion bright colour characteristic gentleman pranced along silks velvets plumed hat enamelled belt sword spurs troop armed servants behind abbot robe order couple chaplains ambling palfreys friar paced along serge frock sandals minstrel gay coat sang snatches lays wandered along hall castle lad back carrying harp gittern traders went fair fair taking goods strings pack horses pilgrim passed now staff scrip cloak now full armour rode squire carrying helm spear wild land people rude times lawless every mile furnished pictures artist every day offered chance adventures reader must picture aspect country manners times appreciate spirit necessary devote chapters knights middle ages usually young knight lately dubbed full courage tired monotony father set search adventures envy bright spring morning rode across sounding drawbridge followed squire person young forester full animal spirits reckless courage perhaps steady old warrior practised last french war father chosen take care sigh lost youth think world mediæval world possibilities wild adventure romantic fortune caitiff knights overthrow distressed damsels succour princesses win prize great tournament rank fame gain prowess daring eye kings great stricken field old romances enable us follow errant knight travels adventures illuminations leave hardly point history unillustrated quaint naïve charming pictures tennyson taken episodes old romances filled artless suggestive stories rich detail artistic finish adapt modern taste made favourite subjects modern poetry left hundred others behind stories beautiful words sentences full poetry destined supply material future poems new subjects painters business quote romances scenes illustrate subject introduce illuminations present eye selecting literary sketches shall use almost exclusively translation sir thomas mallory made caxton printed cycle prince arthur romances comprises sufficient number purpose language perfectly intelligible best vigorous english enough antique style give charm wanting translate older romances modern phraseology way shall content selecting pictorial illustrations chiefly mss fourteenth century date many romances brought form descended us illustration knight known riding peaceful country full armour single squire back surely man now recognised seen riding easily along strip green sward roadside pink coat velvet cap fair knight says sir tristram found sitting fountain ye seem arms harness therefore dress ye just us course inevitable met whole passage worth transcribing sir tristram sir kay rode within forest mile last sir tristram saw likely knight man armed sitting clear fountain mighty horse near tied great oak man squire riding leading horse laden spears sir tristram rode near knight sit ye drooping ye seem errant knight arms harness therefore dress ye just us therewith knight made words took shield buckled neck lightly took horse leaped took great spear squire departed way furlong read another place sir dinadan spake high knight make ready just custom arrant knights just another sir epinogris rule arrant knights make knight just whether make ready therewith spurred horses met together hard sir epinogris smote sir dinadan taught truth adage wise let sleeping dogs lie merely take chance meeting another journeyed knight quest adventures sometimes station ford bridge mount guard day long let pass jousted read rode forth together king mark sir lamorake sir dinadan till came bridge end bridge stood fair tower saw knight horseback well armed brandishing spear crying proffering just king mark sir dinadan ridden four miles came bridge whereas hoved knight horseback ready just sir dinadan king mark hoveth knight just shall none pass bridge must just knight rode forest last ware two pavilions priory two shields shield renewed white shield red shalt pass way dwarf first must just yonder knights abide yonder pavilions seest sir tor ware two pavilions great spears stood two shields hung two trees pavilions way knight take abode days wayside cross four ways met order meet adventures east west north south notice adventures sometimes affixed cross read prince arthur sir galahad rode forth week ere found adventure sunday morning departed abbey came cross departed two ways cross letters written ye goeth forth seek adventures see two wherever went made diligent inquiry adventures sir launcelot departed adventure came forest midst highway met damsel riding white palfrey either saluted damsel sir launcelot ye country adventures knight damsel adventures near hand durst prove prove adventures sir launcelot cause came hither another occasion read sir launcelot passed king arthur court seek adventures sir ector made ready meet sir launcelot ridden long great forest met man like frequent notices riding long great forest noticeable evidences condition country fair fellow sir ector knowest country adventures nigh hand sir forester country know well within mile strong manor well ditched well walled fashion middle ages choose low sites surround moats moats still common round old essex manor left hand fair ford horses drink ford groweth fair tree thereon hangeth many fair shields belonged time good knights hole tree hangeth bason copper laten strike bason end spear thrice soon shalt hear good tidings else fairest grace many year knight passed forest illustration combat green court every castle offered hope hospitality also trial arms every castle likely knights squires glad opportunity running course bated spears new skilful antagonist picture old represents preliminaries combat green castle walls moat many castles special read sir percivale passed water came castle gate porter good knight within castle tell came errant knight just porter ye within castle shall ye find common place justing lords ladies may behold carisbrook castle isle wight remains day plot level green sward raised turfed banks round time served enclosure lists spectators might see sport gawsworth also ancient still remains castles size outer court afforded room enough course worst green meadow outside castle walls castles special customs just used told custom house custom castle every knight break three lances instance exchange three strokes sword lord quondam errant knight sure creating adventures home marriage cares property forbade roam search romance sir tristram sir dinadan rode forth way till came shepherds herdsmen asked knew lodging harbour thereabout forsooth fair lords herdsmen nigh hereby good lodging castle custom shall knight lodged first just two knights ye beaten worse ye shall lodged ye beat ye shall well lodged knights round table easily vanquished two knights castle hospitably received table came sir palomides sir gaheris requiring custom castle now sir tristram must defend custom castle inasmuch better lord castle kind invitation sure receive gentlemen living peaceably estates sympathising high spirit love adventure sent young knights woods meadows castle walls sir tristram sir gareth ware knight came riding towards unarmed nothing sword knight came nigh saluted knights knight pray inasmuch ye knights errant ye come see castle take ye find pray heartily rode castle brought hall well appareled unarmed set board already heard brief extracts knights lodging castles abbeys often find received graphic pictures sir launcelot mounted horse rode many strange wild countries many waters valleys evil lodged last fortune happened night come poor courtilage therein found old gentleman lodged good horse well cheered time host brought fair garret gate bed sir launcelot unarmed set harness went bed anon fell sleep soon came horseback knocked gate great haste sir launcelot heard arose looked window saw moonlight three knights came riding man three lashed swords knight turned knightly defended sir launcelot like errant knight took harness went window sheet made yield commanded whit sunday go king arthur court yield queen guenever grace mercy errant knights gave evidences prowess honour sending constant succession vanquished knights putting grace mercy often good knight midst forest wild found night shelter friendly hermitage hermitages indeed established partly afford shelter belated travellers example sir tor asks dwarf guide ye lodging know none dwarf beside hermitage ye must take lodging ye find within came hermitage took lodging grass oats bread horses soon spread full hard supper rested night till morrow heard mass devoutly took leave hermit sir tor prayed hermit pray betook god mounted horseback rode towards camelot sometimes even friendly hermitage came sight hour twilight forest glades darkened horse track across moor longer seen knight betake soldier bivouac incident often met romances poetical description usual anon knights made ready rode holts hills forests woods till came fair meadow full fair flowers grass rested horses night sir launcelot rode forest met gentlewoman riding white palfrey asked knight whither ride ye damsel sir launcelot wot whither ride fortune leadeth sir launcelot asked might harboured night shall none find day night ye shall find good harbour commended god rode till came cross took host night put horse pasture took helm shield made prayers cross might never fall deadly sin laid sleep anon slept befel vision trouble reader commend incident young artist want subject picture wayside cross four roads meet forest gnarled foliage touched autumn tints green bracken withering brown yellow red level rays sun fling alternate bars light shade across scene noble peacefully grazing short sweet forest grass peerless knight glorious gilded arms helmet feet great spear leaned kneeling cross grave noble face golden hair gleaming making prayers might never fall deadly sin old monumental brasses pictures knightly costume preserved us wonderful accuracy freshness common find knight represented lying tilting helm head way pillow take mere artistic arrangement raising head recumbent figure introducing important portion costume romances tell us knights actually make use helm pillow hard pillow doubt heard veteran kicked son head snowball rolled together pillow bivouac winter snow indignant degenerate effeminacy read sir tristram sir palomides mounted horses rode together forest found fair well clear water burbelling sir sir tristram drink water lust alighted horses ware stood great horse tied tree ever neighed ware fair knight armed tree lacking piece harness save helm lay head sir tristram lieth fair knight best sir palomides sir tristram waked end spear better let knight roused got horse overthrew read sir launcelot bad brother sir lionel make ready two seek adventures mounted horses armed points rode deep forest came great plain weather hot noon sir launcelot great lust sleep sir lionel espied great stood hedge yonder fair shadow may rest us horses well fair brother sir launcelot seven year sleepy now alighted tied horses sundry trees sir launcelot laid laid helm head sir lionel waked slept illustration damsel knight however always trust chance shelter risk night open air sometimes find took field mimic warfare baggage train tent pitched night wherever night overtook camped days wherever pleasant glade fine prospect agreeable neighbour tempted prolong stay picket horse hard thrust spear ground beside tent door hang shield read now turn sir launcelot long riding great forest last came low country full fair rivers meadows afore saw long bridge three pavilions stood thereon silk sendal divers hue without pavilions hung three white shields truncheons spears great long spears stood upright pavilions every pavilion door stood three fresh squires sir launcelot passed spake word may say unusual people fine weather pitch tent courtyard garden castle live instead indoors go pitch little camp pleasant place spend time justing feasting mirth minstrelsy read romances king queen king arthur queen guenever wit made pavilions tents pitched forest beside river daily hunting ever twenty knights ready just came time woodcut picture scene usually perhaps much danger adventures fair prospect bruises risk broken bones got awkward fall risk perhaps modern even combat went usual three courses bated spears draw swords continue combat foot usually real danger duel german students sometimes cause anger accidentally rise two errant knights combat begun courtesy fire hot blood resolve worshipfully win worship die knightly field serious encounter take place even knights evil disposition enough take delight making every combat serious adventures take interest relate bloodthirsty bullies attacking ignorance knight round table got bloodletting pains illustration pavilion must give example combat rather long combines many different points interest merlin king arthur went talking came fountain rich pavilion king arthur aware knight sat armed chair knight king arthur cause abidest may knight ride way just leave custom custom knight used use maugre saith nay grieved custom let amend amend saith king arthur shall defend saith knight anon took horse dressed shield took spear met hard either shield shivered spears therewith king arthur drew sword saith knight fairer twain run together sharp spears well king arthur spears spears enough knight came squire brought two good spears king arthur took another spurred horses came together might either break spears hands king arthur set hand sword knight shall better ye passing good juster ever met withal love high order knighthood let us just assent king arthur anon brought two good spears knight got spear therewith ran together king arthur spear broke shivers knight hit hard middle shield horse man fell earth wherewith king arthur sore angered drew sword assay sir knight foot lost honour horseback horseback knight king arthur wrath dressed shield towards sword drawn knight saw alighted thought worship knight advantage horseback foot alighted dressed king arthur began strong battle many great strokes hewed swords cantels flew field much blood bled place fought bloody fought long rested went battle hurtled together like two wild boars either fell earth last smote together swords met even together sword knight smote king arthur sword two pieces wherefore heavy knight king art danger whether list slay save yield overcome recreant shalt die death king arthur cometh yield recreant liever die shamed therewithal king leapt pelinore took middle threw rased helmet knight felt dread passing big man might anon brought king arthur rased helmet smitten head therewithal came merlin hold hand illustration happy wounded knight religious house hand sure find kind hospitality surgical skill times afforded king bagdemagus good fortune wounded sir galahad sore wounded full hardly shall escape death squire fet fetched horse brought great pain abbey taken softly unarmed laid bed wound looked lay long escaped hard life sir tristram combat sir marhaus sorely wounded unneath might recover lay nunnery half year adventures sometimes doubt ended fatally case unfortunate sir marhaus summary conclusion adventures nothing left take home bury parish church hang sword helmet tomb many knight satisfied series adventures finished laying sick bed six months ancient nun nurse soon well enough get conveyed home horse litter sadder wiser man modern romances good mediæval authority making marriage natural conclusion three volumes adventures less authority sir launcelot now damsel conclusion adventure ye service nay sir time god preserve wherever ye go ride courtliest knight art meekest ladies gentlewomen now liveth sir knight thing thinketh ye lack ye knight wifeless ye love maiden gentlewoman never hear say ye loved manner degree wherefore many country high estate low make great sorrow fair damsel sir launcelot wedded man think never bound tarry wife leave arms tournaments battles adventures space left examples quaint poetical phrases frequently occur romances tennyson culled set like uncut mediæval gems circlet idyls king account great battle king arthur knights eleven kings chivalry read courageous many knights shook trembled eagerness fought together sound rang water wood slain ten thousand good men bodies second expressions favourite meet king ban came battle came fiercely stroke resounded water wood read king arthur commanded trumpets blow bloody sounds wise earth trembled dindled mighty man men men worship merry chieftain put person adventure poor knights chapter british museum two volumes containing rather large number illuminated pictures cut chiefly early fourteenth century collector understand much valuable even pictures left appropriate setting black letter page pasted together severed letterpress intended illustrate less importance seem illustrations scenes romances difficult well versed early writings either identify subjects invent histories isolated picture affords subject expert turning book explaining amateur find material little lecture mediæval art architecture costume manners presenting reader subjects illustrate chapter find placed circumstances position obliged treat like pictures spoken isolated pictures illustrating generally subject knights middle ages needing independent explanation first subject represents scene romance good knight attended squire guided damsel adventure scene find caxton prince arthur good knight sir galahad rode long till came night castle carberecke befel benighted hermitage rest came gentlewoman knocking door called sir galahad hermit came door ask called hermit sir ulfric gentlewoman speak knight good man awaked sir galahad bade rise speak gentlewoman seemeth great need sir galahad went asked galahad arm mount horse follow show within three days highest adventure ever knight saw anon sir galahad armed took horse commended god bade gentlewoman go follow liked damsel rode fast palfrey might gallop till came sea illustration knight see lady ambling forest rides ladies rode middle ages still ride like female centaurs sandwich islands turns easily saddle though going good pace carry animated conversation knight seen hauberk hood banded mail curious ornaments called little wings shoulders seems plate doubtful whether also plate armour leg whether artist omitted lines indicate legs probably case also protected banded mail wears prick spur protected sun rain surcoat behind prances squire reader fail notice character artist thrown attitude expression features seen armed wears ordinary civil costume hood hat carries master spear shield suspended back guige strap hollow shape rampant lion emblazoned overlooked romance writers sometimes accused forgetting heroes human need eat drink sleep hardly true old romancers relating knightly adventures draw imagination described things continually happening illuminators illustrating romances drew life life day makes pictures naive truthful spite artistic defects valuable historical authorities engraving subject hardly occurred modern romancer illustrator crowd tents tells us scene cast tented field either real war mimic war great tournament combat day modern romancer dropped curtain day drawn next morning trumpets heralds called combatants field mediæval illuminator given us charming episode story followed good knight pavilion pitched meadow hard knight doffed armour taken bath put robes peace heard vespers gone supper lighted candles show getting dusk artistic license curtains tent drawn aside display whole interior reality close drawn curtains striped alternate breadths gay colours gold red green blue seen picturesque common bell tent pitched lawn looks outside tempted fine summer evening stay late candles able perceive picturesque striped curtains pavilion eminently picturesque group pavilions indicated foliage trees overhead grey walls towers mediæval town background stars coming among turrets spires sharply defined fading sky illustration knight like good chevalier humane master first seen groomed fed sure evidence picture life introduction noble animal sharing shelter tent master waits supper served furniture table worth looking ample white though table doubtless board trestles two candlesticks massive elegant shape show candlesticks now called ordinary domestic mediæval type obsolete now domestic use still retained like many ancient fashions ecclesiastical use wine flagon cup salt knife knight right hand almost expect see squire last picture enter behind bearing aloft hands fat capon ample pewter platter little subject next engraved enable us introduce romance prince arthur description adventure graphic account different turns incidents single combat told language rich picturesque obsolete words rode forth great till came borders country found full fair village strong bridge like fortress sir launcelot bridge start forth many gentlemen yeomen lord ye may pass bridge fortress therefore choose shall enter within bridge first sir launcelot proffered first enter within bridge sir la cote male taile beseech let enter first within fortress speed well send happen slain goeth taken prisoner may ye come rescue loath sir launcelot let take passage pray let put body adventure go way sir launcelot god speed entered anon met two brethren hight sir pleine de force hight sir pleine de amours anon met sir la cote male taile first sir la cote male taile smote sir pleine de force soon smote sir pleine de amours dressed shields swords bade sir la cote male taile alight dashing foining swords began full hard assay sir la cote male taile many great wounds gave head breast shoulders might ever among gave sad strokes two brethren traced traversed hands sir la cote male taile fine force knightly prowess got afore felt wounded doubled strokes gave many wounds felled earth slain yielded right sir la cote male taile took best horse two rode forth way fortress bridge met third brother whose name sir plenorius full noble knight justed together either smote horse man earth two avoided horses dressed shields drew swords gave many sad strokes knight afore bridge another fought two hours never rested sir la cote male taile sunk earth wounds blood might stand knight pity young knight dismay ye fresh ye met know well endured long ye done therefore noble deeds valiantness shall show great kindness gentleness ever may forthwith noble knight sir plenorius took arms led tower commended made search stop bleeding wounds sir la cote male taile hie yonder bridge meet another manner knight ever sir plenorius gat horse came great spear hand galloping hurl wind borne towards sir launcelot began feutre spears came together like thunder smote either mightily horses fell avoided horses drew swords like two bulls lashed together great strokes foins ever sir launcelot recovered ground sir plenorius traced sir launcelot suffer bore backer backer till came nigh gate tower sir launcelot know well good knight wot well life death hands therefore yield prisoners answered word struck mightily sir launcelot helm fire sprang eyes sir launcelot doubled strokes thick smote mightily made kneel knees therewith sir launcelot lept pulled grovelling sir plenorius yielded tower prisoners sir launcelot received took troth must tell briefly chivalrous sequel sir launcelot offered sir la cote male taile possessions conquered knight refused receive begged sir launcelot let sir plenorius retain livelihood condition king arthur knight well sir launcelot come court king arthur become man three brethren sir plenorius undertake next feast place void ye shall knight round table sir launcelot sir la cote male taile rested merry cheer good rest many good games many fair ladies woodcut see sir la cote male taile just overthrown sir pleine de force foot bridge gentlemen yeomen looking windows battlements gate tower illustration illuminators never tired representing battles sieges general impression gather mediæval combat must presented confused rushing horses armoured men violent action forest weapons overhead great swords falchions axes spears pennons fluttering aloft breeze combat almost fancy see dust caused prancing horses hear clash weapons hoarse sometimes almost hear shriek bursts maddened horse groan man wounded helpless trampling hoofs woodcut introduced represents scene spirited way noticeable among hundred similar scenes incident unusual gives us glimpse another aspect mediæval war seen combat taking place outside castle fortified town sudden confusion combat side gate opened bridge lowered solid column foot marching military array across bridge order turn flank assailant chivalry happen know representation early age anything thoroughly soldierly aspect sally incident indicates something like regular war usual confused mingling knights well represented left side picture fact armed acting foot usual period unmistakable military order march two two shields held attitude spears sloped angle speaks accurate drill armorial bearings shield foremost rank perhaps point officer command illustration sally across seems commonly assumed soldiers middle ages little anything like modern drill tactics men simply put field masses according rude initial plan general first charge battle broke series combats leaders took personal share piece generalship consisted bringing body reserve strengthen corps giving ground throw overwhelming force corps enemy seemed waver true find little information mediæval drill tactics possible commonly supposed man whose duty marshal handle body troops soon even left wit invent enough drill enable move men place place put different formations necessary enable effectively act offensive defensive different circumstances leader whose duty command several bodies troops invent elements tactics enough enable combine general plan battle take advantage different turns fight experience rapidly ripen knowledge military men experience much true armies mediæval england consisted chiefly levies men professional soldiers officers commanders marked leadership territorial possessions military skill men unaccustomed weapons occasionally mustered feudal display country gentlemen officered trained military exercises regular part education may assume much military skill necessary fulfil part knights mercenary captains continuous devotion war acquired great knowledge experience military affairs men either friends foes learnt need glance line kings find abundance great captains among william conqueror stephen richard edward henry iv edward richard iii military skill equal direction armies less common among nobility ability take command contingent expected every held lands condition always ready able follow lord banner field saxon days strength army seems consisted footmen formation generally close deep ranks joining shoulders together formed impenetrable defence wielding long heavy swords made terrible assault insight tactics age given william malmesbury assertion hastings normans made feigned flight drew saxons close array turning took advantage repeated manoeuvre word command strength norman armies hand consisted knights mounted military engines placed front commenced engagement missiles archers slingers placed wings crowd footmen usually formed first line mounted troops drawn behind three lines whose successive charges formed main attack engagement occasionally however dismounted seem used skilful generals great effect several battles stephen reign unusual mode appears followed influence foreign mercenary captains king pay generals took pains secure possible advantage nature ground follows plan battle must turned sometimes defence seizure commanding point formed key position ambuscades favourite device unfrequently read night surprises equally common read also occasionally stratagems especially capture fortresses savour rather romance stem realities war short perhaps warfare day inferior military skill times suppose last war charge balaklava chivalrous deed ever done middle ages inkerman fight heroes neither displayed military science displayed norman chivalry charged hastings saxon billmen whose sturdy courage won fatal day chapter vi military engines attempt represent knights castles enter essay domestic military architecture middle ages beyond plan sketches mediæval chivalry student may find information subject parker domestic architecture grose military antiquities viollet le duc architecture du moyen age scattered publications various antiquarian architectural societies must however say words way knight defended castle attacked attacked neighbour castle enemy town private feud public war seems common impression formidable aspect mediæval war charge knights vizor lance rest gallant cavaliers pranced horses round round outer margin moat mediæval castle dismount try take fortress assault rage vain thick walls barred portcullis accompanying woodcut romance early part century add date king curveting charger couches lance castle wall shield oppose great stone hurled head impression doubt due fact many people read romances ancient modern concern personal adventures heroes read mediæval history tells even enough battles sieges knight put early pages chapters pomp pageantry chivalry seen captain soldier directing wielding engines war suppose king chivalry following woodcut summoning castle suppose receiving refusal surrender resolve assault retire hundred yards dismount put horses care guard presently return supported strong body archers ply defenders hail arrows driven seek shelter behind battlements seizing moment party camp followers run forward couple planks throw moat make temporary bridge across instant place walls knights following close heels mount rapidly man carrying shield head bare ladder converted covered stair whose arrows glint stones roll innocuous easy see body enemy might minutes effect lodgment open way whole party assailants interior illustration assailed may succeed throwing ladders beating enemy hurling great stones ready stored emergency heaving battlements may succeed preventing assailants effecting lodgment wall hand hand encounter assault may foiled beaten still mediæval captain resources next order gyns engines war name applies chiefly machines constructed purpose hurling heavy missiles ancient nations antiquity possessed machines knowledge descended mediæval times seems however great difference classical mediæval engines former constructed principle bow latter principle sling classical fact huge made complicated way worked machinery mediæval sling wielded gigantic arm wood mediæval latin ancient name ballista sometimes found mediæval pictures principle engines illustrated always described meet also mediæval writings names either different names engine names different species genus woodcut introduced add gives representation trebuchet still earlier representation thirteenth century machines kind found arabic quoted treatise du feu grégois mm favé reinaud leads supposition sling principle machines may introduced east representations little later date text royal engraved shaw dresses decorations also possess contemporary description machine work gilles colonne died written philip fair france says four kinds machines beam raised lowered means counterpoise sling attached end beam discharge stone sometimes counterpoise sufficient attach ropes move beam appears case illustration rope seems passed ring platform engine force applied rope acts greater advantage aid weight beam counterpoise may either fixed movable fixed counterpoise box fastened end beam filled stones sand heavy body perhaps expect machine possess precision action according author case far otherwise machines continues anciently called cast missiles utmost exactness weight acts uniform manner aim sure may say hit needle gyn carries far must drawn back loaded heavier stone contrary must advanced smaller stone supplied without attention weight stone hope reach given mark others machines movable counterpoise attached beam turning axis variety romans called third kind called two weights fixed beam movable round means throws exactness greater distance trebuchet fourth sort lieu weights fixed beam number ropes discharged means men pulling simultaneously cords last kind cast large stones others advantage may rapidly loaded discharged using perriers night necessary attach lighted body projectile means may discover force machine regulate weight stone accordingly engine captain repulsed attempt take place de ordered adjusting doubt like good captain eye hand got say hit needle weak points place usual great sieges several whole battery might set work overmaster defence illustration must bear mind similar engines probable usually mounted towers castle judge roundness stones defenders preceding woodcuts throwing hand enemy immediately beneath stones provided military engines find modern times cannon set silence cannon enemy battle becomes time least artillery duel engine set silence engine account guillaume des ormes gives defence french town carcasonne says set mangonel barbican lost time opposing within excellent turkish petrary played mangonel essayed cast us saw beam petrary motion fled utterly abandoning mangonel also engine called huge mounted wheels movable like threw great pointed bolts force pass successively several men engines besiegers silenced failed produce decisive impression place captain assailants might try effect ram seldom indeed hear use middle ages instance least recorded richard devizes says richard siege messina forced gates city application won way place captured walls mediæval fortifications immensely thick ram little likely break gates castle fortified strong reader look picture siege castle given page see representation help understand defences first see drawbridge raised assailant bridge moat bring bear suppose yawning gulf bridged planks filled fascines ram brought position fire loops projecting towers gate well neighbouring battlements bridge forms outer door must first battered behind found real made strong oak timber iron bolts make next grated portcullis seen two previous woodcuts ram rattle great clang iron grating wide spaces plenty play stone groove baffle blows absence solid resistance withstand tenacity even bars bent torn till afforded passage assailants find narrow space within confronted another door exposed missiles poured perhaps wonder hear little use ram mediæval times though might useful occasionally drive postern use regular mine effecting breach wall fortified place well known often brought bear miners began work distance drove shaft underground towards part fortifications seemed assailable excavated beneath foundations wall supporting substructure wooden props finished work set fire props retired see unsupported weight wall bringing heap ruins operation mining usually effected protection temporary called william malmesbury describes machine used siege jerusalem end eleventh century constructed says slight timbers roof covered boards sides protected undressed hides protect within proceed undermine foundations walls next woodcut gives clear illustration machines moved wheels outer wall castle beneath protection party energetically plying miner tools pick away foundation allow portion wall settle leave entrance methods mode attack met various remember border heroine castle attacked declared make sow farrow casting huge fragment stone way defence shown woodcut defenders energetic action casting huge stone sow roof made strong enough resist natural means offence shown stones represented lodged along another subtle counteraction shown woodcut pour boiling water boiling oil might fall interstices roof make interior untenable doubt means taken make roof illustration represents another mode counteraction met suggestion driving piles roof make holes cracks boiling liquid might find entrance means counteracting work cat seemed likely unavailing still remained throw inner line wall breach made extend side unbroken wall complete circumvallation evidence sometimes done timber planks sort scaffolding erected inner side maintained communication along top walls enabled soldiers man top wooden wall offer new resistance besiegers poured breach mine also ancient modern times met illustration royal vi another usual machine facilitating siege fortified places movable tower engine commonly prepared beforehand taken pieces transported army normal part arrived scene operations put together distance pushed forward wheels confronted walls place operate intended put besiegers level equality besieged roof assailants command battlements interior place archers annoy defence movable part front tower suddenly let fall opposite battlements opened door formed bridge besiegers make rush walls effect lodgment successful retreat unsuccessful party tower constructed richard cyprus part preparation crusade illustration tower opposed castle good illustration found royal folio another great square tower just level opposing battlements kind sloping roof ward missiles shown royal iv illuminated edward iv another representation wooden towers opposed city besieged form probable conjecture point walls towards movable tower whose threatening height saw gradually growing walls ultimately directed sometimes sent cover night dug pitfalls huge bulk rolled creaking forward fore wheels might suddenly sink machine fall forward remain fixed useless approached also tried set fire missiles tipped combustibles fairly attained position assailed every loop crevice arrows crossbow bolts planted strong body walls opposite neighbouring towers repel boarders personal combat bold enterprising captain always wait approach engines assault best shelter walls sometimes lower drawbridge make sudden sally unfinished tower advancing sow beat handful men engaged pile fragments chips lying pour pots oil tar mass set fire return triumph watch battlements fiery ally half hour destroy enemy work half month early fourteenth century add fol small picture fight castle town see column crossing drawbridge expedition plates hans burgmaier immortalised events reign emperor maximilian artistic representation body long lances crowding picturesque gate drawbridge brings incident vividly us besiegers part neglect avail shelter find make shot sallies enemy equalise much practicable conditions contest archers castle found shelter behind merlons battlements windows shot screened movable shutters may seen next woodcut assault castle put archers assailants great disadvantage stand open space exposed defenceless aim foe neighbouring trees give shelter course cut order reduce defenceless condition works erected command every possible coigne vantage nooks angles walls might afforded archers besiegers sought put equal terms opponents using pavis tall shield curved partly envelop person bearer broad top tapering feet sometimes see carrying slung backs harl julius engraved discharging shot turn round sheltered great shield wound instrument another shot sometimes shield seems simply three planks wood nailed together stood upright ground protected soldier effectively three sides illustrations royal vii temp rich ii harl mantelet shield still ample capable fixed upright prop formed kind little movable fort bowman carry plant walls thence discharge missiles pursue operation comparative safety smaller artillery enemy interesting example met employment pavis mantelet picture harl woodcut previous page represents portion picture whole well worth study reader see work draughtsman far superior skill limners rude illuminations previously given background really gives us adequate idea appearance edwardian castle barbican drawbridge great tower heads defenders just peeping battlements must call attention figure foreground clad quilted armours formerly described best illustration species armour met special point give woodcut illustrate use mantelet seen though somewhat imperfectly fragment engraving introduced defences brought front attacking party numbers form almost continuous wall behind sheltered right great fixed mantelets hole middle muzzle gun thrust cannoniers work guns behind walls fort illustration pavis illustration similar movable defences variously constructed continued used late period example large plans array army henry preserved british museum cottonian augustus cannon flanked huge mantelets timber protect cannoniers engraved pp see representation commencement battle showing mantelets overthrown assault soldiers armed poleaxes modern warfare sharpshooter runs open carrying way pavis behind lies picks enemy artillery throw little breastwork mantelet sometimes besieging army protected works still permanent kind threw embankments pallisade top sometimes constructed breastwork erected fort timber example royal picture assault fortified place besiegers strengthened position timber breastwork engraved whole picture well worth study cottonian augustus folio camp wooden fence round army field often protected position similar way far back eleventh century historians tell us william conqueror brought timber fort aid operations plan surrounding camp waggons baggage army perhaps primitive devices warfare find used end period consideration already mentioned augustus reverse folio picture army time henry viii encamped river enclosed open sides baggage boats carriages suppose provided passage stream siege bedford castle described roger wendover year gives good historical instance employment various modes attacking stronghold period castle held king invested person two towers wood raised walls filled archers seven mangonels cast ponderous stones morning night sappers approached walls cover cat first barbican outer bailey taken breach second wall soon gave besiegers admission inner bailey donjon still held royalists proceeded approach means sappers sufficient portion foundations removed stancheons set fire angles sank deep ground wide rent laid open interior keep garrison now planted royal standard walls sent women implore mercy severe example made defenders order strike terror among disaffected parts realm illustration among occasional warlike contrivances stinkpots employed repel enemy greek fire also occasionally used representation use stinkpots also mode using greek fire may seen royal date terrible engines war ultimately revolutionised whole art warfare made knight armour useless trebuchet arbalest huge toys unscientific age already introduced though yet immature time military men disputed whether old long bow new better weapon trebuchet still held place beside cannon old illuminations find mediæval armour together incongruous conjunction subject use gunpowder much interest deserves treated separate chapter chapter vii armour fifteenth century former papers seen characteristic feature armour saxon norman early english times latter part thirteenth century mail armour composed rings sewn garments something like ordinary shape tunic hose hood linked together shape garments fourteenth century period transition mail armour plate first found convenient protect elbow knee conical caps made plate steel upper arm fore arm thigh leg encased separate pieces armour made fit limbs place old helmet worn mail hood globular bascinet plate used fringe mail attached falling shoulders place hauberk mail globular plate protect breast another back connected sides deep skirt mail attached falling hips old days mail armour flowing surcoat worn protect wet dust heat sun fourteenth century covered jupon rich material colour embroidered arms wearer girded rich enamelled horizontal belt characteristic armour fifteenth century consisted complete suit plate fringe bascinet replaced gorget plate skirt mail horizontal overlapping plates time covering worn armour knightly vanity time delighted glittering splendour burnished steel later century however mail came considerable use short sleeves protection upper arm skirts doubtless found convenient horseman solid plates overlapping steel also seems found practically inconvenient dispense textile covering armour considerable variety coverings used according caprice wearer numerous diversified experiments construction armour tried commonly find pictures time great variety fashions armour weapons brought together troop warriors matter interest antiquary trace rise various fashions determine went fashion present purpose enough point salient features military costume century varieties brought us illustrations ancient mss proceed introduce readers point meaning interest let us begin picture afford us figure typical illustration complete century proceed describe various pieces composed head protected bascinet steel without visor protect face though picture represents actually engaged thick battle steel gorget brought protect lower part face unfrequent find knights period face similarly exposed probably heat difficulty breathing caused visor considered outweigh additional safety afforded neck protected gorget plate instead globular breastplate skirt mail worn gay jupon fourteenth century body cased two pairs plates open hinges sides lower plates coming point back breast illustration whole suit armour presents unrelieved surface burnished steel outlines various pieces armour marked narrow line gold usual two breastplates covered silk velvet embroidered seen armour archer picture upper plate covered blue powdered gold spots arranged trefoils woodcut upper breastplate knight nearest spectator blue gold spots knight upper plate red turning knight us shoulders protected pauldrons portions armour differ much different examples often ridged prevent blow glancing neck sometimes kind standing collar protect neck direct stroke sometimes pauldron left shoulder elaborately enlarged strengthened resist blow right shoulder simply lightly armed offer little hindrance possible action sword arm upper arm protected brassarts fore arm vambraces elbows coudières gussets armpit elbow guarded roundels plate seen gauntlets divided fingers three four plates attached like plates lobster outside leathern gauntlet protect hand without interfering tenacity grasp weapon lower part body protected series overlapping plates called taces examples give period taces mail skirt fringe attached lowest plate sometimes taces came lower thighs rendered defence unnecessary sometimes example us separate plates called tuilles attached straps lowest tace protect front thigh without interfering freedom motion legs cased cuissarts jambarts knee protected genouillières tuilles strengthen defence thigh shin extra plate efficient defence feet seem example simply clothed shoes like archer instead defended pointed sollerets overlapping plates like seen illustrations illustration archer fifteenth noticed place broad military belt fourteenth century enriched enamelled plates sword now suspended narrow strap hangs diagonally across body knight taken large picture royal represents party french routed body portuguese english front knight lies horse pierced several arrows dismounted rider preparing continue combat foot formidable axe archer introduced picture show difference half armour complete panoply knight archer equipment body protected plates steel skirt mail upper arm mail head visored helmet rest body unarmed next illustration fine picture ccxv represents duke lancaster people attacked forts defended harbour brest background represents walled moated town brest sea ships distance left picture camp duke defended cannon foreground skirmish knights curious illustration absence rigid uniformity military equipment times suit armour picture differs every picture supplies artist fourteen fifteen different examples military costume clearly delineated gorgeous effect colouring suits sufficiently represented others illustrations selected stands contrast rest absence colour others upper breastplate coloured helmet unvisored visor raised gives us full suit armour unrelieved colour except sheath gilt unusual shape helmet noticed seen skirt fringe mail taces horse grey trappings red gold head protected steel plate cut horses found neck also defended overlapping plates steel shape deep military saddle also well seen illustration illustration fifteenth next woodcut also part large picture forms frontispiece second book lxii represents sally garrison nantes english besieging like preceding picture full interesting examples different armours illustration selects several knight nearest us upper plate breastplate covered blue covering powdered gold spots riveted steel plate beneath two steel studs series narrow taces vandyked fringe mail skirt blue drapery perhaps partially hides skirt mail allowing edge appear gorget also mail gusset mail armpit left visible action arm knight upper breastplate skirt red horses also contrasted colour nearer horse grey red gold trappings horse black blue gold trappings lies prostrate garrison pierced spear whose truncheon lies ground beside equipment marks man military grade archer though axe wields indicates covered surcoat blue laced front wears gorget skirt mail feet like men seem covered armour hands undefended gloves illustration english knights french unarmed man left english party ordinary civil costume apparently spectator attack hose red shoes brown gown blue worn vest embroidered green gold seen sleeves neck cuffs red wears gold chain gilded sheath carries walking staff contrast affords figures adds interest picturesqueness group illustration next page royal forms frontispiece chapter roman history mediæval representation less personage julius cæsar crossing rubicon foremost figure cæsar complete suit armour wears curious drapery like short tabard without sleeves yellow brown colour material possible determine great diversity fashion surcoat worn armour time variety seen fallen preceding woodcut similar surcoat loosely fastened three four buttons front instead tightly laced way uncommon another picture knight full wears short gown hanging sleeves ordinary civilian fashion like worn gentleman side preceding cut whole troop roman soldiers follow cæsar taken two sufficient purpose showing varieties equipment first fore arm protected vambrace instead pauldrons brassarts shoulders arms protected sleeves mail taces also short deep skirt mail head defence looks woodcut like felt hats knights frequently wore travelling relieve head weight helmet borne behind squire coloured blue seems steel white bandeau round reader notice rest lance laid steady charge screwed right breast breastplate notice also solleret long neck spur triangular stirrup fashion riding long stirrup foot thrust home stirrup toe pointed downwards third figure wears gorget visored bascinet whole body armour covered handsome pourpoint red powdered gold spots pauldrons different fashion cæsar coudière finished spike illustration cæsar crossing next woodcut less justice usual artistic merits illumination taken fine romance rose harl folio cxxx figures allegorical great value painting rounded form breastplates helmets play light shade variety tint solid heavy folds mail skirts sleeves also admirably represented altogether illuminations ms give unusually idea actual pictorial effect steel armour accompanying trappings arms legs two figures unarmed figure foreground painted red figure blue shield red gold letters deep mail skirts taces tuilles common wear close fifteenth century sixteenth illustration illustration knight little woodcut knight illustrates another variety skirt place taces mail skirt skirt covered overlapping plates probably horn metal knight wears gloves leather undefended armour last illustration chapter valuable life acts richard beauchamp earl warwick julius iv shall hereafter give important subjects present part fight calais philip duke burgundy concerned side humphrey duke gloucester richard earl warwick humphrey earl stafford background picture view calais houses walls towers washed sea two figures taken foreground occupies major part picture helmets seen iron hats wide brim partially protects face considerable amount ornament warriors armed single globular breastplate combination two plates went fashion towards end fifteenth century short taces deep mail skirt deeper taces tuilles besides knight left side left shoulder protected pauldron covers shoulder partially overlaps breastplate high collar protect neck face sweeping horizontal blow seen sollerets lost form though yet reached shape became fashionable henry viii equipment horses deserves special examination fully caparisoned armed face neck plumes feathers magnificent bridles seen also point saddle comes high rounded partly enclose thigh form valuable additional defence period little later developed still construction tilting saddles make important part system defence illustration duke gloucester earl perfect armour length became may judged fact many battles completely armed knights killed sometimes great danger getting unhorsed ridden stifled press another danger unhorsed knight pointed graphic passage history philip de comines conclude chapter battles present says great number stragglers servants following us flocked overthrown slew greatest part stragglers hatchets hands wherewith used cut wood make lodgings hatchets brake vizards clave heads otherwise hardly slain surely armed ever three four necessary infer unfortunate cracked huge crustaceans helpless wounds insensible fall among great disadvantages man get without help nay sometimes securely fastened aid must come shape armourer tools armour sometimes cumbrous get castle steel helpless log overthrown chapter viii knight education manner bringing youth good family middle ages send public school university keep home private tutor put household nobleman knight reputation trained principles practices chivalry first page attended ladies household imbibed first principles courtesy transcendental devotion sex characteristic knight chaplain castle gained knowledge destined acquire probably extensive popularly supposed learnt also sing romance accompany harp chief band minstrels wore lord livery squire came immediate supervision lord taught experienced old knight squire back horse use weapons stirred emulation constant practice attended lord time peace carved meat filled cup carried shield helmet journey gave fresh lance tournament raised remounted unhorsed dragged press wounded followed battle acted subaltern officer troop followed lord banner interesting see pictures illuminated mss enable us follow knight history step step following woodcut see child long clothes knight father lady mother sit bench embroidered thrown seat making interesting family group illustration woodcut next page shows us group pages imbibing chivalrous usages even childish sports playing jousting easy see nature toy slip wood forms foundation represents lists two wooden knights movable horses pin hips saddle pushed together mimic joust either spears miss course must run strikes breast gives way shock forced back horse back vanquished illustration hans burgmair famous illustrations life emperor maximilian similar illustration given strutt sports pastimes third picture engraved vol ii represents squire carving lord high feast illustrates passage chaucer description squire among canterbury pilgrims extract verbal alterations make intelligible modern ears typical picture squire even full life interest pictorial illustrations ther son younge squire lover lusty bacheler lockes crull laide presse twenty yere age guess stature even lengthe wonderly deliver grete strengthe hadde time chevachie flanders artois picardie borne wel litel space hope standen ladies grace embroidered mede alle ful freshe flowres white rede singing floyting alle day freshe moneth may short gowne sleves long wide wel coude sitte hors fayre ride coude songes make wel endite juste eke dance wel poutraie write hot loved nightertale slep doth nightingale curteis lowly servisable carf fader table illustration young noblemen eldest sons landed gentlemen made knights matter course attained proper age many others won chivalric distinction deeds arms field sometimes lists ceremony essentially religious clergy used sometimes make knight royal iv see picture lancelot made knight abbess even giving accolade stroke hand usually though religious ceremonies accompanied initiation office making knight still remains roman office book knight fame actually conferred high order knighthood unusual young men property entitled honour birth heirship required king assume sake fine paid crown occasion let us introduce pendant chaucer portrait squire already given equally beautiful portrait knight young indeed grave warrior seen hard service valued council well field knight ther worthy man time firste began riden loved chivalry trouthe honour fredom curtesie ful worthie lorde werre thereto hadde ridden man ferre wel christendom hethenesse ever honoured worthinesse alesandre wonne ful oftentime hadde bord begonne aboven nations pruce many noble army hadde mortal batailles fiftene foughten faith tramisene listes thries ever slaine fo tho worthy wise port meke mayde never yet vilanie sayde alle lif manere wyht parfit gentle knight tellen arraie hors good gaie fustian wered jupon besmotred habergeon late ycom fro viage wente don pilgrimage men constant habit bearing arms certain engage friendly contests mode acquire skill use weapons affords manly pastime men turn encounters enemy trials skill subject certain rules fairness courtesy though conducted sharp weapons deadly earnest also natural introduced whole series military exercises encounters mere holiday pageant swords parchment spears headless wager battle combatants clad linen weapons lop limb gallows awaits vanquished homer shows us greek battles little else series single combats roman history furnishes us sufficient examples combats preluding serious movements opposing armies affording augury believed issue sacred history supplies us examples similar kind story goliath combat two champions face hosts drawn battle array still striking incident abner servants ishbosheth joab servants david met accidentally pool gibeon sat side pool abner joab let young men now arise play us joab let arise twelve men side met caught every fellow head thrust sword fellow side fell together afterwards took arms sore battle day abner beaten men israel servants david history contains incidents enough kind tailefer rode ahead army duke william hastings singing song roland performing feats dexterity use horse weapons charging alone ranks saxon men last young pranced muzzle guns show way regiment brought order carry battery middle ages combats whether mere pageants sportive contests less element danger waged deadly earnest shape common occurrence reduced system regulated legislation two combatants contended called jousting friendly trial skill contemplated lances headed small coronal instead sharp point sword used edge likely inflict wound man flesh wound point might penetrate opening helmet joints armour inflict fatal hurt à combatants allowed use sharp weapons put forth force skill another à common enough occurrence many combatants fought side called tournament sports sometimes played gorgeous costumes weapons lath make spectacle honour festal occasion sometimes tournament bated weapons serious trial skill strength sometimes tournament even mimic battle usually adherents hostile factions sought gratify mutual hatreds chivalrous incident war two nations general introductory remarks shall best fulfil purpose proceeding bring together illustrations ancient sources literary pictorial warlike scenes egerton collection british museum gives us contemporary account mode made known knights ambitious honour ladies praise opportunities winning found king lord noble knight lady designed give joust went forth horseback castle town sometimes court court foreign countries clad gay insignia office attended trumpeter every castle court came every market cross first trumpeter blew blast made proclamation follows wee herawldes armes beryng shields devise yeve knowledge gentilmen name armys bee vi gentilmen name armes gret desire woorship seide vi gentilmen taken bee third day may next coomyng high mighty redowtid ladyes gentilwoomen high honourable court presence seide six gentilmen appear ix clock noone juste aginst coomers without seide day vi clok aftir noone advyse seide ladyes gentel women give best juster withoute dyamaunde xl li nexte beste juster rubie xx li third well juster saufir li seide day beyng officers armys shewyng mesure theire speris garneste cornal vamplate grapers acise shall just comers may take length seide speirs avise seide officers armes shall indifferent parties seide day description habiliments required knight equipment occasion includes suit armour horse trappings armourer hammer pincers fasten armour two servants horseback well beseen two squires six servants foot suit day approaches knights ladies begin flock points compass lodged castle find chambers neighbouring town bring tents pitch trees meadows without castle length day arrived knights sunrise bathe carefully armed squires armourers important matter wonder find several minute descriptions way every article clothing armour put fastened illustrated pictures knight several stages process two descriptions engravings given volume archæologia taken work master fence date another description man shall armyed ease shall fight foot given lansdowne notice description given tenth volume possession lord hastings date henry accompanied engraving illumination showing knight legs fully armed body clothed undergarment gussets mail sewed rest armour weapons arranged bench beside weapons glaive usual weapons assigned combatants serious duels foot ready company assembled tells us next takes place vi gentilmen must come felde unharnsyd helmys borne servants horseback berying either spere garneste vi speres seide vi servaunts shall ride felde seide vi gentilmen coomyn ladyes gentilwoomen shall sent herowde armys ladyes gentilwoomen saying wise high mighty redowtyd right worchyfull ladyes gentilwoomen theis vi gentilmen hav coome presence recommende gode grace lowly wise besechyng geve iii best justers without diamonde rubie saufir ye think best deserve message doone vi gentilmen goth tellwys doth helmys illustration illustration comes jousting probably first six champions turn runs courses stranger knight perhaps finish miniature tournament six together six strangers strange knight comes field satisfy gentilman name arms take oath secret weapons unfair advantage woodcut represents moment story ascertained take places opposite ends lists presiding herald cries let go hurl together midst clang armour crash broken spears amidst shouts spectators waving kerchiefs caps course successfully run breaks lance full breastplate helm adversary neither unhorsed recover steeds rein spur prance away amidst applause knight unhorsed loose stirrup vanquished retires game jousting mere sport puts us à next woodcut represents probable variation point game length run courses resumes directions heraldes cry lóstel à lóstel shall vi gentlemen within unhelme seide ladies make obeisaunce goo home lodgings change continues gentilmen without comyn presence ladies comys foorth lady advise ladyes gentilwomen gives diamounde best juster withoute saying wise theis ladyes gentilwomen thank disporte grete labour ye day presence saide ladyes gentilwomen seyn ye best just day therefore seide ladyes gentilwomen geven diamounde send much joy worship lady shall doone rubie saufre two next best justers doon shall heralde armys stande hygh shall sey withall high voice well justed ric justed better thomas justed best shall diamound geve take lady hande bygene daunce ladyes dauncid long liketh spyce wyne drynk avoide illustration last woodcut greatly reduced fine tournament scenes history roi meliadus already several times quoted work shows temporary gallery erected convenience ladies spectators witness sports tent knights seen background indication combat larger illustration similar scene fine given hereafter next woodcut life acts richard beauchamp earl warwick julius folio represents howe mighty duke chalenged erle richard lady sake justyng slewe duke empresse toke erle staff bear knight shouldre great love fauv sette shouldre erle richard made perle stones offered gladly lovynglee reseaved picture shows duke earl crisis battle seem pieces splintered spears already lie ground previous course run equal fortune second course doughty earl just driven lance half yard unfortunate challenger breast background see emperor sigismund empress taking earl badge neck earl knight whole incident briefly told naïvely illustrated characteristic spirit chivalry close page poor nameless duke seems smeared magnificent armour hand empress emperor purple presided scene seem hear fanfaronade trumpeters cracking cheeks hear mingling groan mighty duke slain lady sake illustration mighty duke fought earl richard lady whole chapter might well dedicated special subject judicial combats must however content referring reader authorities literary artistic anecdotes illustrative subject lansdowne copied sir john paxton found directions complete arming man engage foot judicial combat list things tent table chair take field contains article laws combat ordinance forme fighting within listes settled thomas duke gloucester constable england time richard ii also tiberius viii directions making duel king similar documents book order knighthood justs prizes given thereat earl worcester orders jousts triumphs declaration combat within lists tiberius viii contains form benediction man fight shield club sword picture combat foot lists see royal iv chronique written king edward iv archæologia vol found paper judicial duels germany series curious drawings year representing various phases combat plate fig shows combatant act armed fig receiving holy communion church combat plate fig oath lists combatant seated armed attendants weapons around ominously enough bier standing covered pall ready carry ground slain plate fig shows vanquished actually laid coffin fig shows victor returning thanks church victory plate another series subjects showing different positions attack defence several good spirited representations duels time henry viii may found plates hans burgmaier der weise könige example wager battle take account related froissart squire called jaques de grys knight sir john carougne necessary understanding incidents narrative state origin duel knight squire friends household earl alençon sir john de carougne went sea advancement honour leaving lady castle return lady informed day soon departure friend jaques de grys paid visit made excuses alone force dishonoured knight called friends together asked counsel advised make complaint earl earl called parties lady repeated accusation squire denied called witnesses prove four morning day offence stated committed lord earl house earl testified nine levée impossible two hours four hours half ridden leagues whereupon erl sayd lady dyd dreame wherefore wolde maynteyne squyre commanded lady speke noe matter knyght great courage well trusted byleved wife agree opinion wente parys shewed matter parlyament appeled jaques de grys appered answered appele plea endured year half length parlyament determined shold batayle utterance kynge sent parys commandynge journey batayle bytwene squyer knight sholde relonged tyl comynge parys commaundement obeyed lystes made place called saynt katheryne behynde temple moche people mervayle beholde syde lystes made grete scaffoldes lordes myght better se battayle ij champions bothe came felde armed places eche set theyr chayre erie saynt poule governed john carougne erle alanson company jaques de guys knyght entered felde came wyfe syttinge chayre covered blacke seyd dame enformacyon quarele put lyfe adventure fyght jaques le grys ye knowe cause just true syr sayd lady sayd wherfore ye may fyght surely cause good true wordes knyghte kyssed lady toke hande blessyd entered felde lady sate styll blacke chayre prayers god vyrgyne mary humbly prayenge theyr specyall grace sende husbande vyctory accordynge ryght lady grete hevynes sure lyfe yf husbande sholde discomfyted judged without remedy brente husbande hanged say whether repented yt matter forwarde bothe husbande grete peryle howbeit fynally must abyde adventure two champyons set agaynst another mounted theyr horses behaved nobly knew pertayned deades armes many lordes knyghtes france come thyder se batayle ye two champyons parted theyr first metyng none dyd hurte justes lyghted foote performe batayle soe fought valyauntly fyrst john carougne hurt thyghe whereby al friendes grete fear fought valyauntly bette adversary erthe thruste sworde body slew hym felde demaunded yf done devoyre answered valyauntly acheved batayle jaques le grys delyvered hangman parys drew gybet mount faucon hanged hym john carougne came kynge kneeled downe ye kynge made hym stand hym day kynge caused delyvered hym thousand frankes reteyned hym chambre pencyon ij hundred poundes yere durynge term lyfe thanked kynge lordes wente wyfe kyssed wente togyder churche lady parys made theyr offerynge retourned theyr lodgynges syr john carougne taryed long france wente vysyte holy sepulture chapter ix tournaments romances confirmed documents referred last paper may taken perfectly safe authorities relates subject tournaments seize salient features offer picturesque form suitable purpose take illustrations former chapters malory history prince arthur statement way tournament arranged published befel sir galahalt haughty prince lord country surluse whereof came many good knights noble prince passing good man arms ever held noble fellowship together came king arthur court told intent let cry justs country surluse country within lands king arthur asked leave let cry justs well give leave king arthur wot well may every good town castle land made cry country surluse sir galahalt haughty prince make justs last eight days haughty prince help queen guenever knights just manner men come cry known kings princes dukes earls barons many noble knights made ready justs read another place sir tristram riding country search adventures met pursevants told made great cry tournament king carados scotland king northgales either just castle maidens pursevants sought country good knights especial king carados let seek sir launcelot king northgales let seek sir tristram find reckless suddenly become prudent order keep fresh sound great tournament sir kay required sir tristram just sir tristram manner refused go hurt bruised castle maidens therefore thought kept fresh rest prudence proof provocation sir kay persisted rode smote sir kay rode way sir palomides sir loth knight cause great tournament shall therefore keep fresh urged consented sir just request require knight just often seen man fall request sage reflection prophetic sir launcelot disguise moved encounter sir launcelot smote mightily made avoid saddle stroke brake shield hawberk fallen slain doubt great company gathered eve tournament much feasting merriment inquiry knights come just prospects man honour lady grace shame fall incident sir palomides prayed queen guenever sir galahalt haughty prince sup sir launcelot sir lamorake many good knights midst supper came sir dinadan began rail sir dinadan sir launcelot devil country may mean knights win worship ensure shall never meet great spear may sit saddle spear meet shall beware boisterous spear bearest laughed queen guenever haughty prince might sit table made great joy till morrow heard mass blew field queen guenever estates set judges armed clean shields keep right illustration carriage fourteenth take much space transcribe account tournament romancers chroniclers dwell every stroke prolong narrative page page leave reader imagine crowd meaner knights hurtling together like wild boars lashing great strokes tell two unusual deeds caused talk among knights ladies supplied new matter heralds minstrels record sir launcelot rushed sir dinadan boisterous spear deprecated bore back horse croup lay dead lifted squires sir lamorake struck sir kay helm sword swooned saddle sir tristram avoided sir palomides spear got neck hands pulled clean saddle bore length ten spears presence let fall adventure last haughty prince cried blew lodging every knight unarmed went great feast may however quote brief summary tournament gives us several pictures worth adding story sir launcelot mounted horse rode forest held high way looked afore saw fair plain beside plain stood fair castle castle many pavilions silk divers hue seemed saw five hundred knights riding horseback two parties castle black horses trappings black without white horses white trappours every hurled whereof sir launcelot marvelled greatly last thought castle put worst thought sir launcelot help weaker part increasing chivalry sir launcelot thrust among parties castle smote knight horse man earth rushed marvellous deeds arms always white knights held nigh sir launcelot weary win last man may ever endure sir launcelot waxed faint fighting weary great deeds might lift arms give stroke illustration fourteenth now extracts illustrate prize tournament turn ewaine rode westward damsel brought tournament nigh march wales tournament sir ewaine smote thirty knights wherefore prize given prize jerfawcon white steed trapped cloth gold sir marhaus equally fortunate similar circumstances departed within two days damsel brought great tournament lady de vaux cried best rich circlet gold worth thousand besants sir marhaus nobly renowned smitten forty knights circlet gold rewarded cried country great just three days knights country also gentlewomen proved best knight passing good sword circlet gold circlet knight give fairest lady justs knight sir pelleas best knight five hundred knights never man sir pelleas met withal struck else horse every day three days struck twenty knights therefore gave prize forthwithal went lady ettarde gave circlet openly fairest lady prove knight say nay illustration accompanying woodcut reduced copy half many tournament scenes run along lower part double page romance le roi meliadus already often alluded perhaps spirited contemporary pictures scenes give every variety incident imagination modern novelist memory frequented deeds arms noted incidents artist eye actual historical example tournament number knights challengers undertake hold field comers take passage arms inglebert near calais days edward fully narrated froissart splendid froissart british museum harl supplies us magnificent picture scene froissart tells happened wise ye dayes king charles englisshe knyght called sir peter courteney valyaunt knight armes came englande fraunce paris demanded armes sir guy tremoyle presence king suche wolde se sir guy wolde refuce offre presence kyng lordes armed daye ran togeyder course kyng wolde suffre ryn agayne togeyther wherwith english knyght ryt evyl content shewed wolde furnysshed chalenge uttrance apeased fayre wordes sayde hym done ynough content therewith kyng duke burgoyne gave hym fayre gyftes presentes returned agayne towardes calays lorde clary friscay lusty knyght charged convey hym night lodged lucen lived countess paul sister king richard england whose first wife cousin sir peter therefore received gladly course evening countess asked sir peter whether content entertainment met france whereupon knight complained interruption combat swore say wherever went find none france armes french knight example lord clary present come england desired armes found enough answer challenge lord clary sir peter placed safe conduct king held tongue till brought within english territory calais challenged sir peter next day met toke speares sharpe heades wel fyled spurred horses rune togeyder fyrst course fayled wherwith bothe sore displeased seconde juste mette togeyder lord clary struke englysshe knyght throughe targe throughe shoulder handfull therwith fell horse erthe lord clary departed company englysshemen led sir peter courtney calays healed hurtes incident stirred several young french knights undertake feat arms thre gentylmen highe enterprise great valure well shewed ye shall fyrst yonge sir bouciquaut sir raynold roy thirde lorde saynt pye thre knyghtes chamberleyns kyng hym thre mountpellier among ladyes damosels toke armes fronter beside calais next somer abyding knyghtes squiers straungers terme xxx dayes whosoever wolde juste justes peace warre enterprise thre knyghtes seemed french kyng counsalye high enterprice shulde putte writyng kyng wolde se artycles thereof high outraygous kyng might amende bycause kyng counsalye wolde sustayne thynge shoulde unresonable thre knyghtes answered reson shall done toke clerk caused write forthwith great desyre come knowledge noble gentlemen knights squires straungers well realme france elsewhere farre countreys shall saynt inglebertes marches calays twenty day month may next commying contynewe thirtye dayes complete frydayes onely excepte delyver manner knyghtes squyers gentlemen straungers manner nacyon whatsoever wyll come thyder breakynge fiyve speares outher sharpe rokettes pleasure challenge openly declared publyshed especially realme englande truth specially intended english knights alone appear accepted challenge england knyghtes squiers quyckened mater ware gret imagynacions know might best shulde greatly blame reproche enterprise taken nere calays without passed see loke knyghtes shulde arms spake mater first syr johan holande erle huntyngdon great desyre go thyder also sir johan courtney dyvers others hundred knyghtes squiers sayed us provyde go calays knyghtes fraunce ordayned sporte nere marches entent see us surely done well lyke good companions shall fayle busynes mater publisshed abrode englande many desyn dedes armes ther self yet sayd wolde loke shulde entryng ye joly fresshe month may thre young knyghtes fraunce come abbay saynt ingilbertes ordayned fayre playne calays saynt ingilbertes thre fresh grene pavilyons pyght entre every pavylyon hanged two sheldes armes knyghtes shelde peace another warre ordayned shulde ryn dedes armes shulde touche sheldes cause touched xxi day moneth may accordyng publisshed french knyghtes redy place furnish enterprise day knyghtes squiers issued calays suche wolde just also pleasure regarde sporte came place appoynted drew parte place juste fayre green playne sir johan hollande first sent touche shelde warre syr bociquaut incontinent issued pavylyon redy mounted shelde speare two knyghtes drew fro certayne space well advysed spurred horses came together rudely bociquaut struke erle huntingdon shelde speare head glente arme dyd hym hurt passed turned rested pease course greatly praysed second course met without hurt doygne third course horses refused wolde cope froissart goes describe page page english knights another encountered three challengers various fortune till last ran day nere night englysshmen drew togeder departed rode calays devysed night done day likewyse frenchmen rode saint ingilbertes communed devysed yt done ye day tuesday masse suche shulde just day wolde gyve lookyng rode calis came place appoynted frenchmen redy recyve day fayre hot four days sports continued many cases course failed fault horse man commonest result fair course justers unhelmed knights unhorsed knight wounded spear passing shield piercing arm spere brake trunchon stucke styll shelde knyhte arme yet yt knyght made turn came place fresshly illuminator bestowed two large beautiful pictures famous deed arms folio represents knights parading round lists show commencement sports woodcut page reduced another picture folio represents actual combat three handsome pavilions knights challengers two shields shield peace shield war touching juster might indicate whether chose fight love wrath galleries hung tapestries sit knights ladies pleasure regard sporte groups knights judges field foreground two gallant knights full career attended squires interesting artist know something colours knightly costumes knight side barrier horse trapped housings blue gold lined red bridle match saddle red knight armour steel shield emblazoned three hearts bears crest helmet two streamers transparent material like lawn antagonist horse trapped red gold housings bridle match wears kind cape shoulders cloth gold shield blue knights spectator left picture horse trappings gold red embroidery lined plain red shield yellow gold black bearings another blue gold trappings shield red white bearings knights right blue gold laced red shield red white trappings red gold shield yellow squires dressed limbs encased armour body clothed jupon either green embroidery red ground red embroidery green ground pavilions tinted red stripes darker red shields challengers left tent three hearts middle three hearts right three hearts illustration feat arms drawn romancer historian illustrate subject cited ancient documents copied contemporary pictures call poet complete labour chaucer knight tale gives long account just palamon arcite hundred knights came pass palamon arcite two cousins sworn misfortune fall love emily younger sister ipolyta queen theseus athens theseus found two young men may morning wood engaged single combat duke courser spurres smote start betwixt two pulled sword cried ho pain losing head discovering cause enmity duke ordained day fifty weeks bring hundred knights ready fight lists whether shall hundred speak now slay contrary listes drive shall given emilie wive rivals rode country far near fifty weeks enlist valiant knights make hundred eve appointed day party rode athens says chaucer never small band comprise noble company knights every wight loved chevalrie wolde thankes lasting name praied might ben game well thereto chosen poet goes testimony chivalrous feeling time fell case ye knowen well every lusty knyght loveth par amour might engleland elleswhere wolde hir thankes willen length day arrives gret feste athens thilke day morrow day gan spring horse harness noise clattering hostelries palace rode many rout lordes stedes palfries mayst see devising harness uncouth riche wrought well goldsmithry brouding steel shieldes bright testeres trappours helms hawberks lordes parements coursers knyghts retenue eke squires nailing speares helms buckeling gniding shields lainers lacing need nothing idle foaming steedes golden bridle gnawing fast armourers also file hammer pricking fro yeomen foot commons many shorte staves thick may gon pipes trompes nakeres clariouns battaille blowen bloody sounes palais full people duke theseus window sette arraied right god throne people presseth thitherward full soon see reverence eke hearken heste sentence herauld scaffold made till noise people ydo saw people noise still shewed mighty dukes duke none combatants use shot missile poleaxe short knife short pointed sword run course sharp spears long sword mace fight fill however forcibly drawn stake planted end lists de either leaders slain disabled drawn stake combat cease goe trumpets melodie listes rode compaynie ordinance throughout city large hanged cloth gold serge passen citie listes comen day yet fully prime set theseus full rich high ipolita queen emilie ladies degrees seates presseth rest arcite hundred knights enter western side lists red banner palamon company moment white banner enter eastern gates two ranges fayre hem dresse names read every number guile none gates shut cried loud now devoir young knyghtes proud herauldes left pricking ringen trompes loud clarioun say east west go speres quickly rest goeth sharpe spur side see men juste ride shiver shafts sheldes thick feeleth prick springen speres twenty foot hyhte go swords silver bright helmes bursts blood sterne streames red mighty maces bones thickest throng gan thrust stumble steedes strong goth rolleth foot doth ball foineth foe truncheon hurteth horse adown body hurt sith ytake maugre head brought stake last happened force twenty take unyolden drawen stake theseus seen sight folk foughten eche cried done troumpors loud minstralcie herauldes loude yell crie joy wele don arcite fierce arcite helm ydone courser show face pusheth endilong large place looking upward emilie towards cast friendly eye alas horse started fell crushed exulting victor lay bruised death listes seen victory decent time mourning theseus good offices emily accepts surviving lover alle blisse melodie palamon ywedded emelie two curious woodcuts pages show style carriage associated grotesquely associated seems eyes armour costume middle ages might represent duke theseus going state streets athens hung tapestry cloth gold solemn deed arms palamon arcite may represent us merry sir dinadan driving tournament castle maidens chapter mediæval bowmen archers england famous middle ages feel special interest knowing something early conquest find norman archers giving invader great advantage saxons cultivated arm success equipment appearance may seen bayeux tapestry evidently unarmed armour like usually quiver hangs side yet occasionally back arrows drawn shoulder fashions continued later times case least archer pursuit flying saxons seen horseback may doubted whether period case subsequently archers mounted whether archer leaped riderless horse pursue routed enemy bow simplest construction long afterwards became arrows barbed feathered archer later times least commonly carried two dozen arrows belt also frequently bore stake sharpened ends field front ranks fixed stakes ground points sloping outward rear rank fixed intermediate spaces formed de cavalry flanks properly cared hold ground even chivalry latterly also archers sometimes protected great movable shield fixed upright rest behind sheltered adverse bowmen archer also carried sword defend attacked hand hand act offensive main body foot artillery expended twelfth century stories record show english bowmen acquired skill make weapon formidable richard devizes tells us siege messina sicilians obliged leave walls unmanned look abroad arrow eye shut thirteenth century archer became important always began battle distance artillery modern warfare main bodies came actual fighting find century regular use mounted corps bowmen knights scorn practise use weapon occasionally resort special occasion field bowmen continue found illustrations less fully armed majority seem worn helmet iron perhaps half armour leather often nothing woollen jerkin arbalest appear used war close twelfth century equal strong skilful hands powerful skilful bowman probably send shaft much force shoot arrows wound discharge second bolt still introduced mechanical advantage gave men ordinary strength inferior skill caused keep ground invention gradually superseded arbalest bow seems usually steel strung putting foot loop end stock pulling cord notch main force illustration early form appears arbalester shooting battlement castle early illumination another powerful bows required mechanical assistance bring string place picture national gallery martyrdom sebastian antonio pollajuolo florence arbalester cord attached belt pulley running hook catch putting foot loop end stock looping end cord hook butt catching pulley straightening apply whole force body stringing weapon frequently however little winch used string wound place little expenditure strength men cut next page stringing bow seen cut arrow shot called bolt quarrel shorter stouter ordinary arrow heavier head arbalester seems carried fifty bolts field store bolts carried waggons followed army already thirteenth century bodies mounted arbalesters far larger proportion archers arms footmen usually placed front array commence engagement arbalest however used continent england hence came especially considered national arm english genoese became famous arbalesters superior rapidity fire gave english archer advantage foemen gave prussians late war later fourteenth century battle seems usually begun great machines throwing stones darts played part modern cannon bowmen placed flanks frequently also archers intermixed horsemen body spearmen archers among play part body dragoons modern warfare throwing opposing ranks confusion missiles charging hand hand fourteenth century bow attained climax reputation weapon french wars many battle decided strength skill sturdy courage english bowmen edward iii conferred honour craft raising corps archers king guard consisting men expert found kingdom period french kings enrolled allies scotland corps scottish archers guard afterwards famous already given good illustration royal folio volume illustrated fine pictures executed king edward iv now take illustration accompanying cut part larger picture represents several interesting points siege right town surrounded moat approach bridge moat defended outwork arbalesters cut skirmishing bowmen battlements outwork left picture besiegers erected wooden castle towers surrounded timber front elaborate cannon type represented cut page little distance battery cannon elevated wooden platform screened usual way concealing cannon time henry viii illustration man right cut wears visored helmet amail body protected skirt mail appears shoulders hips openings blue surcoat legs brown hose feet brown shoes centre figure helmet camail sleeves mail iron breastplate overlapping plates upper plate skirt red spotted gold hose shoes dark grey third man helmet camail body protected mail shows arm also plate surcoat yellow hose red artist admirably illustrated use crossbow case see archer stringing help little winch next taking bolt quiver side load weapon third attitude discharged illustration illustration cott julius iv represents siege walled town right front wall acting part town cut protected great shields kept upright rest men seem preparing fire uniformity attitude compared studied variety attitude groups bowmen illustrations suggests preparing fire volley left picture sketched group tents representing camp besiegers front camp palisade screens cannon considerable length whole picture sketched pen ink woodcut given royal iv xiv forms part large interesting picture middle picture castle bridge protected advanced tower postern drawbridge drawn archers man battlements front group tents archers shooting defenders right group seem meditating attack surprise postern left opposed principal gate timber fort shown woodcut construction great posts thick slabs timber strengthened stays well indicated seem two separate works battery two cannon cannon wheeled carriages manned archers curious see mixture arms portable wheeled cannon used time indeed may questioned whether earlier much superior effect ancient weapons supplanted doubt many archer preferred shoot truer aim clumsy perhaps good catapult inferior early cannon larger heavier engine illustration fol wooden tower lofty thrown front town defenders additional protection usual stone tower defends approach bridge assailants making assault need ladders scale evident defenders stand raised platform behind timber defence see similar work mounted cannon practice archery commonalty england protected encouraged long series legislation early henry find enactment indicates accidents happened unhappily days become national practice practising arrows darts accident slay another punished crime fourteenth century archer reached height importance warfare time many enactments passed subject intended encourage encourage practice commonalty become national arm statutes passed calling people leave popular amusements ball coits casting stone like festivals sundays practise archery instead servants labourers shall bows arrows use sundays holidays leave playing tennis games called coits dice casting stone kailes inopportune games statute says dearness bows driven people leave shooting practise unlawful games though king subjects perfectly disposed shoot therefore regulates price bows crude legislation course failed remedy evil bowyers sell profit cease make rather import wood made since best yew bows came abroad english yew supplying pieces sufficiently long without knots accordingly another statute required merchants sending merchandise england place usually exported send four every ton merchandise two persons appointed port inspect staves sent mark reject good sufficient still later erection butts encouraged every parish prevent accidents statute henry directed justice wink traces still remain names places newington butts still frequently names fields history ancient artillery imperfect without words modern artillery metal balls propelled hollow tubes explosive force gunpowder superseded slings bows darts catapults trebuchets mangonels used beginning warfare world also drove use armour whether leather bone steel failed pay security person shot weight encumbrance wearer good deal curious inquiry bestowed origin great agent revolution modern warfare chinese arabs generally regarded first inventors gunpowder among europeans invention attributed marcus graecus albertus magnus barthold schwaletz roger bacon first written evidence relating existence cannon ordinances florence year wherein authority given priors gonfalionieri twelve good men appoint persons superintend manufacture cannons iron balls defence commune camp territory republic barbour poet usually quoted authority use cannon crakeys war edward scottish campaign year since barbour born till year write till authority contemporary may doubted especially since strong negative evidence contrary army accounts campaign still remain mention guns gunpowder found however unquestionable evidence cannon iron brass employed board english ships war inventory things delivered year john starling formerly clerk king vessels helmyng keeper noted un canon de fer ov ii chambers un autre de bras ove une chamber iii canons de fer chambres un handgonne explanation two five chambers appears earliest cannon breechloaders cannon several movable chambers contain charges year gives first french document relating cannon doubly interesting first relates provision made expedition southampton year secondly curious attempt combine cannon arbalest words make use force gunpowder propelling old short quarrel iron provided bolts carreaux made iron feathered brass learn tube received arrow wrapped round leather butt make fit closely tube fitted box chamber contained charge kept place wedge recorded english used cannon siege cambray experiments improved cannon made peter bruges famous maker consuls tournay siege calais english built castle wood armed bombards household expenses edward commencing payments engyners artillers gunners received sixpence day date first appearance cannon field still disputed say used crecy year certainly men ghent carried guns field brugeois combat year read used illustration arquebus cannon greek already given several illustrations cannon siege cannon throwing heavy balls need great accuracy aim soon superseded entirely cumbrous military engines formerly used purpose first greatly superior bows rapidly come exclusive use yet good deal inventive ingenuity bestowed improvement development brown bess great continental war clumsy weapon may fairly doubted whether regiment armed stood row robin hood men really left day produce portable fire rapidly far accurate aim robin hood men shoot shafts six hundred years ago yet curious find ingenious inventions present day anticipated long since still preserved tower armoury revolving chambers conical shot time henry viii woodcut preceding page royal contains several figures taken large illuminations adorn affords another curious illustration simultaneous use various forms projectiles right side archer sheaf belt sword side left picturesque suit complete armour firing much modern form former woodcut small wheeled cannon ground shows contemporary form arm pikes beside help illustrate great variety weapons use introduced illumination winding weapon winch like shield slung back illustration specially call attention two men throwing shells probably charged greek fire invention inspired terror middle ages seems discovered east europe employed early seventh century hear much use crusades greeks early possessed secret fabrication used either ejecting pipes set fire shipping military engines annoy kill soldiers enemy cast distance means vessels charged affixed javelins hurled larger vessels means great engines casting stones threw fire hand conflict used hollow maces charged broken person enemy liquid fire poured finding way crevices armour doubt terrible sight see ship wrapped instant liquid flames added terror inspired flames extinguished water available appliance introduction use gunpowder european warfare greek fire seems also experimented find several representations use drawings chiefly thrown hand set fire shipping present example however used field illustration lastly cut give representation interesting work illustrates usual military engines contains curious contrivances throwing affixing battlements inventors may borrowed suggestions others bridging wide moats rivers light scaffolding handled fixed easily quickly drawing ram indicates machine consists heavy square beam timber provided probably metal head suspended rope tall frame worked manual strength cut especially interesting illustration style armour latter part fifteenth century gives back well front figure also several varieties helmet chapter xi fifteenth century armour fifteenth century advanced wars roses gave urgent reason attention subject defensive armour find accordingly fashions armour underwent many modifications attempt give wearer perfect protection life limb tedious enter minute details changes exact date introduction must limit brief history general character new fashions horizontal bands armour called depending corslet became gradually narrower pieces hung front thighs called became proportionately larger reigns richard iii henry vii knightly equipment reached strangest forms besides usual pieces protected arms enlarged enormous shape protected elbow overlapped fore arm peculiar shape protected upper arm shoulder also strengthened sometimes several overlapping plates sometimes hammering ridges sometimes addition kind high collar protected neck sweeping side blow breastplate globular shape often narrow waist depend narrow often find deep skirt mail shoes came fashion iron shoes knight followed fashion time place old gauntlet fingers divided finger protected several small plates metal leather glove now furnished back hand three four broad plates like lobster stretched across whole hand alterations may added strength armour cost elegance appearance suit armour embossed ornamental patterns partially covered blue mantle may seen book hours harl time henry place defence body thighs kind skirt steel called introduced fluted ribbed vertically give much appearance short petticoat henry viii represented costume equestrian figure great seal suit armour kind magnificent presented king emperor maximilian occasion marriage katharine arragon preserved tower armoury good sketch suit kind seen pikemen fifth right hand nearest rank army engraving king henry viii army faces page armour reign sometimes fashioned exact imitation shape ordinary garments gentleman time engraved inlaid imitation woven embroidered ornamentation tournament armour time defences complete unwieldy inelegant front saddle large piece armour attached came protect trunk bent round encase thigh clearly drawn representation found tilting scene illumination add date several examples tower armoury shield also elaborately shaped curved form outer armour defence whole left side instead shield sometimes additional piece armour called screwed breastplate protect left side shoulder great spear also piece armour affixed front grasp protected hand made large enough make kind shield right arm breast also sometimes secondary defence affixed upper part breastplate stood front face defences thigh breast observed woodcut playing tournament combat earl warwick seen combined piece came front face behind defences tilter must almost invulnerable hand defences unwieldy must got saddle first packed securely armour nothing sit still hold spear rest seems impossible even struck single sword stroke james remark armour especially true suit admirable invention preserved man injured made incapable injuring else illustration several good authorities military costume reign henry viii easily accessible student artist roll preserved college arms represents tournament held westminster honour birth son henry katharine arragon engraved vetusta monumenta painting field cloth gold hampton court another contemporary authority full costumes kinds engravings hans burgmaier contain numerous authorities valuable clearness artistic skill armour depicted given illustration preceding page reduced plates latter work represents combat two knights foot armour partly covered surcoat figure seen fluted shields noticed illustrating shapes use best illustration contemporary drawing british museum aug represents henry viii army gives us small scale sketchy intelligible style curious valuable picture military equipment period two armies drawn battle array assault just commenced nearer army main body pikemen know contemporary writers formed main strength army time long front two lines arquebusiers front protected artillery screened great timber opposing army similarly main body pikemen two lines arquebusiers first line engaged assault enemy artillery left flank main body cavalry seems reserve pikemen little distance rear behind rising ground tents pitched village represent army baggage waggons left picture show artist overlooked nothing fortress distance seems taking part engagement guns similar pictures volume supply details given clearly expressed folio two armies van musketeers three deep main body pikemen eleven deep third line musketeers three deep cavalry distinctly shown picture us full armour lances folio drummers fifers baggage camp followers shown plate representation camp surrounded baggage waggons plates square fort timber field battle plates cannons surrounded mantelets wicker probably filled earth plate good representation column troops defiling gate city following account grafton chronicle array henry viii took field marched siege boulogne illustrate picture xxj day july thinges counsayle bene ordered concernyng order battaile king passed town calice goodly array battaile toke field notwithstandyng forewarde rerewarde kinges great armye tyrwin heard yet king battaile made three battailes fassion warre lord lisle marshall hoste captain foreward three thousand men sir rychard carew three hundred men wing foreward lord darcy three hundred men wing left hande scowrers battaile northumberland men light geldings erle essex speres sir john pechy horsemen king went viij hundred almaynes plump came standard red dragon next banner ladie next banner trinitie kinges housholde servauntes went banner armes englande borne sir henry guilforde banner king himselfe divers noblemen others number three thousand men duke buckyngham sixe hundred men kinges left hande egall almaynes like wise right hande sir edward pournynges sixe hundred men egall almaynes lord burgoynie viij hundred men wing right hande sir william compton retinue bishop winchester master wolsey king almoner number viij hundred manner rereward sir anthony oughtred sir john nevell kinges speres followed foure hundred whole armie xj thousand iij hundred men mayster ordinaunce set forth kinges artillerie fawcons slinges bombardes cartes powder stones bowes arrowes suche thinges necessary fielde whole number carriages xiij hundreth leaders dryvers xix hundreth men rekened battaile good fightyng men full ix thousande order battayle king rode sentreyla illustration little description king camp illustrate pictures noted thursedaie fourth daye auguste king good order battaile came city tyrwyn planted siege warlike wise camp environed artillerie fawcons serpentines crakys hagbushes tryed harowes spien trestyles warlike defence savegard campe king himselfe house timber chimney iron lodgings great goodlye tents blewe waterworke garnished yellow white divers romes within officers necessarie top pavalions stoode kinges bestes holding fanes lion dragon greyhound antelope done kowe within lodginge paynted full sunnes rising lodginge hundred xxv foote length folio already referred aug iii connected arrangement numerous tents form royal quarters folio two gorgeous tents hardly constructed great personage red watered gold ornamentation green white stripes rather gores gilded cresting along ridge red blue fringe eaves next engravings coloured drawings respectively represent clearly worn pikeman arquebusier weapons took name reign elizabeth james armour probably little worn every country knight esquire possessed suit armour usually hung hall chair state surrounded corslets iron hats pikes halberts wherewith arm tenants civil troubles foreign invasion call country field knights esquires times also commonly represented armour kneeling monumental effigies fashion armour differs preceding reigns elaborate ingenuities latter part fifteenth century dispensed extravagant caprices also armour henry viii time imitated steel fashion ordinary costume day equally abandoned armour simply made fit breast body arms legs thighs protected modification form succession overlapping plates reach corslet knee illustration civil war great rebellion offers tempting theme must limit notice except great noblemen acting military leaders ever wore anything like complete suit armour beautiful suit inlaid gold belonged charles tower armoury knights still sometimes represented armour monumental effigies breast leather coat round iron cap commonly worn cavalry infantry time charles ii james william mary officers still wore breastplates military leaders sometimes painted full armour though may doubted whether ever actually wore late present century officers regiments least wore little steel gorget rather distinction defence even yet remain breast helmets thick leather boots show us bright steel scarlet waving plumes embroidered banners trained chargers gay trappings give outward bravery chivalric grace holiday aspect sanguinary trade war merchants middle ages chapter beginnings british commerce remotest antiquity european civilisation dawned greece britain already commercial importance days art tempering iron discovered copper occupied place iron now fills alloy tin requisite give copper hardness edge needed fit useful tools artisan arrow spear heads hunter warrior sword shield two places known world valuable metal obtained spain britain ages phoenician merchants carthaginian colonists monopoly commerce secret whereabouts isles tin difficult us realise heroic daring early adventurers explored whole earth steam telegraph brought every corner within easy reach small matter make voyage women children side world walk pier see ships return world keeping time regularly minster clock comprehend tideless sunny mediterranean great sea groped cautiously rocky headland another fine weather laid harbour winter pillars hercules western boundary world beyond weird ocean great tides stretched without limit towards sunset comprehend heroic daring men little ships without compass came easternmost shores great sea ventured western portal outer waste steered boldly northwards towards unknown regions ice darkness readers remember strabo tells us rome became rival carthage romans tried discover route mysterious islands relates master carthaginian vessel finding pursued romans appointed watch purposely ran vessel aground sacrificing ship cargo preservation national secret repaid return public treasury trade included lead hides well tin left hands phoenicians however fall romans took quite different channel greek colony marseilles became emporium world supplied scanty accounts received imply conveyed direct native ships traders gallic towns coasts continent conveyed british commerce across channel thence transported overland marseilles britons however ships interesting know kind prototypes vast magnificent vessels later days composed mercantile navy great britain kind large basket wickerwork shape like walnut shell strengthened ribs wood covered outside hides constructions seem frail capable undertaking considerable voyages pliny quotes old greek historian timæus affirming britons used make way island distance six days sail boats made osiers covered skins solinus states time communication britain ireland kept sides means vessels two passages adamson quoted macpherson tell us people sailed ireland far orkney occasion hear frail vessels advancing far northern ocean fourteen days full sail south wind common use vessels fact intercommunication england ireland islands farther north seem imply least coasting traffic ships instruments either war commerce invasion julius cæsar opened island knowledge civilised world indications interval hundred years brief campaign actual conquest claudius commerce sprang south britain opposite coasts continent interval first british coinage struck london became chief emporium britain island became province roman empire active commercial intercourse carried rest empire chief production corn large quantities exported britain northern part empire sicily southern besides island exported cattle hides slaves british hunting dogs famous british oysters pearls imports include articles convenience luxury used civilised inhabitants know certainty whether foreign commerce carried british vessels history preserved record military navy know british fleet raised control piratical enterprises saxons northmen powerful admiral carausius able seize share empire successor command allectus able though shorter period repeat exploit may conclude natives island must acquired considerable knowledge experience maritime affairs likely turn acquirements direction commerce many representations roman ships found works roman antiquities illustrate part subject may content referring reader representation witsen sheeps bouw roman ship laden merchandise porter just putting board sack probably corn received man roman armour brings salient features trade eyes saxon invasion overwhelmed civilisation widely spread britain history country long time great event profoundly ignorant appears saxons settlement england completely neglected sea reign alfred towards end ninth century began build ships years later foreign commerce carried english vessels later saxon times however considerable intercourse took place continent rage among saxon men women foreign pilgrimages thousands persons continually going coming england famous shrines europe especially rome capital city western christendom among travellers whose object traffic probably portable articles jewellery saxon goldsmiths famous throughout europe seems probable merchants accustomed adopt pilgrims character habit order avail immunities hospitalities accorded perhaps hand whose first object religion carried articles sale eke expenses probably explanation earliest extant document bearing saxon commerce letter emperor charlemagne offa king mercians says concerning strangers love god salvation souls wish repair thresholds blessed apostles let travel peace without trouble nevertheless found among service religion pursuit gain let pay established duties proper places also merchants shall lawful protection kingdom place unjustly aggrieved let apply us judges shall take care ample justice done latter clause seems clearly imply english merchants acknowledged character also found dominions great emperor next notice find saxon foreign commerce equally picturesque far important law passed reign king athelstan enacts every merchant shall made three voyages sea ship cargo rank thane nobleman throw light law mention stands side side another gives equally generous recognition success agricultural pursuits every prospered possessed five hides land hall church also rank thane law indicates usual way foreign commerce carried native merchants merchant owned ship laded cargo captain though might perhaps employ skilful mariner doubt crew well armed protection pirates days ship often chartered carry cargo particular port captain obtains another cargo market affords port may wander world unforeseen manner finds profitable opportunity returning probably times spirited merchant merely oscillate home given foreign point carry traffic adventurous hazardous exciting kind great european ports another volume saxon dialogues british museum tiberius iii apparently intended gives information various kinds form question answer turner quotes passage illustrates subject interesting way merchant introduced characters give account occupation way life useful says king ealdormen rich people ascend ship merchandise sail places sell things buy dear things produced land bring great danger sea sometimes suffer shipwreck loss things scarcely escaping question bring us demands account imports answers skins silks costly gems gold various garments pigment wine oil ivory onchalcus perhaps brass copper tin silver glass like author omitted make merchant tell us things exported sources gather chiefly wool slaves probably metals tin lead goldsmith work embroidery saxons famous throughout europe dialogue brings principle lies bottom commerce next question sell things bought labour profit sell dearer bought may get profit feed wife children silks ivory merchant perhaps push adventurous voyage far marseilles italy corn used chief export british roman times appears never exported saxons pastoral rather agricultural people traffic slaves seems regular considerable reader remember sight number fair english children exposed sale roman excited gregory interest led ultimately augustine mission contemporary account wolfstan bishop worcester time conquest speaks similar scenes witnessed bristol port slaves exported ireland probably danes masters east coast might seen sorrow long ranks young people sexes greatest beauty tied together ropes daily exposed sale men ashamed horrid wickedness give nearest relations nay children slavery good bishop induced abandon trade set example rest england nevertheless william malmesbury wrote nearly century later says practice selling even nearest relations slavery altogether abandoned people northumberland memory already death ethelbert citizens london arrived importance conjunction nobles city chose king whole english nation edmund ironside death canute took considerable part election harold battle hastings burgesses london formed harold years previously canute pilgrimage rome met emperor conrade princes obtained subjects whether merchants pilgrims exemption heavy tolls usually exacted journey rome peaceful reign edward confessor much larger general intercourse seems sprung continent commerce england greatly increased testimony william poictiers william conqueror chaplain says speaking time immediately preceding conquest english merchants opulence country rich fertility added still greater riches valuable treasures articles imported notable quantity quality hoarded gratification avarice dissipated indulgence luxurious inclinations william seized bestowed part victorious army part churches monasteries pope church rome sent incredible mass money gold silver many ornaments admired even constantinople able give authentic contemporary illustration shipping period given strutt really representations ships period byzantine art still exercised powerful influence saxon art illuminators frequently gave traditional forms ships introduced strutt though executed saxon artist probably copied byzantine authorities bayeux tapestry probably earliest trustworthy authority british ship gives considerable number illustrations intended represent place numerous fleet william conqueror gathered transport army across channel another place considerable fleet harold hoped bar way chosen duke ship displays banner pope blessed trumpeter high poop also evidence commander ship present case trumpeter known contemporary authority wood gilded many subsequent illustrations shall also find trumpeter usually two part staff commander perhaps employed signalling ships fleet illustration conqueror conquest checked thriving commerce william plunder saxon merchants probably confined london must gone far ruin engaged general depression saxon men long time prevent others reviving normans averse mercantile pursuits conquest really know little nothing history commerce charters first norman kings make mention stephen troubled reign must unfavourable still foreign merchants seek market dispose goods long wise reign henry ii enabled english commerce recover surpass ancient prosperity interesting account london given william fitzstephen introduction life à becket gives much information subject says city world sent wealth merchandise great distance enumerate exports among articles brought london foreign merchants mentions gold spices frankincense arabia precious stones egypt purple cloths bagdad furs ermines norway russia arms scythia wines france citizens describes distinguished others england elegance manners dress magnificence tables city suburbs thirteen large conventual establishments parish churches adds dealers various sorts commodities labourers artizans every kind found every day stationed several distinct places throughout city market held every friday smithfield sale horses cows hogs citizens distinguished towns appellation barons malmesbury author age also tells us superior opulence greatness city considered ranking chief people nobility kingdom great charter king john provided merchants protection going england coming back well residing kingdom travelling without impositions payments cause destruction trade thirteenth century seems probable much foreign commerce country carried foreign merchants imported chiefly articles luxury carried back chiefly wool hides leather metals found england various enactments prevent foreign merchants engaging domestic trade country fourteenth century commerce received much attention government many regulations made endeavour encourage rather secure much profits possible english leave little possible foreign merchants limits allow us enter details subject plan aims giving broad outside views life merchants middle ages let us introduce illustration ships commerce conducted perhaps illustration derived illuminations thirteenth century roll guthlac early century gives large clear picture guthlac ship single mast sail steered paddle consisting pole short cross handle top like poles barges still punted along expanding bottom short blade seals century also give rude representations ships de neville gives perfectly hull single mast supported two stays hugo de burgh high prow stern reminds us build modern another town monmouth artistic representation ship similar shape high prow stern ornamented animals heads like prow william conqueror ship psalter queen mary early date gives illustration building noah ark ship shape found bayeux tapestry sort house within illustration give opposite add also executed early fourteenth century though rude valuable earliest examples ship rudder modern construction also clearly indicates fact early vessels used oars well sails usual mode steering previous time subsequent time large broad oar ship counter worked noose rope hole piece wood attached vessel side first mode found illustrated add second ms men period insensible value means propelling vessel independently wind employed human muscle motive power great trading cities mediterranean used galleys worked oars warfare commercial purposes king henry granted merchants venice permission bring carracks galleys vessels laden merchandise pass flanders return sell cargoes without impediment sail english merchandise go back country illustration ship early fourteenth curious interesting add recently acquired british museum appears genoese art date enables us give valuable illustration subject occupies whole page given lower half size original appears represent siege tripoli city upper part page cut represents harbour suburb town clearly indicated low water mark shown drawing different colour moreover timber pier noticed stretching high mark boat left high dry receding tide harbour ships various kinds especially several galleys spoken may found fully illustrated witsen sheep bouw illustration harbour fourteenth illustration early representation whale lower margin folio exceedingly interesting picture whaling scene glad introduce illustration commerce shipping early period seen whale killed successful adventurers cutting blubber much modern fashion chapter ii merchant navy history merchant navy middle ages much mixed military navy time earlier norman kings seem king two ships uses hired impressed others needed ships burden transports soldiers munitions war conveyed continent back occasion required hostile vessels encountered another sea fight ensued seems simple business sailors nothing fighting navigated ships soldiers board discharged missiles another ships approached vessels laid alongside fought hand hand first ships war revival classical get first clear description time richard vinesauf historian second crusade compares ancient galleys says modern ones long low water slightly built rarely two banks oars armed spear prow ramming gallernes smaller kind galleys bank oars reign sovereign seems always maintained something approaching regular naval establishment aimed keeping command narrow seas reign john find king galleys galliases another kind vessels probably also sort galley called long ships used guard coasts protect ports maintain police seas accompanying drawing illuminations famous froissart chronicle british museum harl perhaps clearest best contemporary illustrations mediæval galleys seen consists long low open boat outrigger galleries rowers hold left free merchandise present instance forecastle like ordinary ship shields occupy hung bulwarks commander stands stern covered tapestry bearing shield holding leader truncheon close examination drawing seems show two men oar know sources several men sometimes put oar difference costume soldiers sailors conspicuous former full armour forecastle distinctly shown sailors entirely unarmed except man probably officer wears ordinary hat period rest wear hood drawn head ship illustration ordinary ship burden filled knights trumpeters stern indicate commander fleet board ship seen amidships visor raised face towards spectator shield arm truncheon hand illustration reader curious see illustrations details naval combat considerable number found illuminated mss nero folio latter part thirteenth century tolerably clearly drawn chronique de denis royal cvii time richard folio folio representations ships occur folios bridge boats ms ships continued late period small compared notion ship rude arrangements great undecked boats cabin bows beneath raised platform formed forecastle crew largest ships usually thirty men illumination froissart chronicle harl folio shows ship king suite embark point view see interior ship perspective find cabin prow earliest notice cabins occurs year ship sent gascony effects king paid making chamber ship king wardrobe king queen went gascony convenient chambers ordered built ship majesties use wainscoted like probably earl richard warwick ship present woodcut engraving taken rouse life richard beauchamp earl warwick british museum julius iv latter part fourteenth century gives clear representation ship boat earl setting pilgrimage holy land foreground see pilgrim staff hand stepping boat carry ship lying anchor harbour costume sailors illustrated men boat vessel ship burden kings great personages equipped uses resembling ordinary essentials fitted furnished usual convenience sumptuousness earl richard ship sail emblazoned arms pennon besides red cross england badges bear ragged staff ragged staff also appears castle castle ships age stern case roofed handsomely ornamented doubt formed state apartment earl also castle head ship though plainly shown drawing consists raised platform entrance cabin beneath seen picture two bulwarks also protect sides visible though meaning first sight obvious glance forecastle ships illustrations enable reader understand construction use besides boat convey earl board another boat seen hanging ship quarter illustration richard earl next woodcut taken interesting british museum add borrowed illustrations containing pictures subjects travels sir john mandeville introduced illustrate two peculiarities first way steering paddle passed gummet rope still see use latter part fourteenth century long rudder introduced use obviate ship make hold course nearer wind high small raised castle stern empty forecastle curiously defended palisade instead ordinary bulwarks another representation use occurs folio illustration mandeville voyage though royal navy small case need naval force available ancient ports kent sussex called cinque ports members twelve neighbouring ports incorporated bound tenure forty days notice supply king ships containing men boy ship fifteen days year expense service required mandate rich addressed john de beauchamp constable dover castle warden cinque ports reciting obligation requires ships master twenty men well armed arrayed meet bristol stating expiration fifteen days ships men king charges pay long use master ship constable men per day year list royal galleys vessels war ready service instructive see stationed london newhaven sandwich romney rye winchelsea shoreham southampton exeter bristol ipswich dunwich lyme yarmouth ireland gloucester total cinque ports furnished ready sea galleys occasion required greater force cinque ports required furnish king liberty issue royal mandate impress merchant ships may barons cinque ports commanded portsmouth certain date service owed writs also issued merchants masters seamen might meet king messengers sea repair portsmouth enter king service royal galleys sent cruise sea arrest ships send commons parliament stated necessity armed force sea pointed number ships men proper employ eight ships carrying men attendant ship barge carrying eighty men balynfer carrying forty men four spynes pinnaces carrying men necessary commons also pointed individual ships recommended obtained compose force bristol dartmouth spanish ship lord poyntz sir philip courtenay great ship port london two great ships called hull great ship called taverner name newcastle great ship called also state barges balynfers pinnaces may obtained may royal ships hull know rymer john taverner hull mariner made ship large great carrack larger granted ship reason unusual magnitude named carrack enjoy certain privileges trade great emergency still sweeping impressment mercantile fleet made henry third year directed nicholas manslyt arrest ships vessels every port kingdom burden twenty tons upwards king service edward fourteenth year made similar seizure ships sixteen tons burden hand king hired ships merchants use john blancboilly custody king henry iii great ship called life trade wherever pleased paying annual rent eighty marks lands england charged fulfilment contract directions given surrender custody king galleys ireland sailors waterford drogheda dungaroon trade way taking security rent restoration royal ships however maintained police seas inefficiently seems carried continually ships different countries even ships different seaports downright piracy uncommon injuries inflicted ships another nation injured men often sought redress government government people injured mediæval governments generally took warmly complaints merchants unfrequently took law hands twelfth century happened merchant berwick cnut name ships wife board seized piratical earl orkney burnt cnut spent marks fourteen stout vessels suitably equipped go punish offender late sort private naval war carried john mercer merchant perth john philpott london mercer father time given assistance french harassing merchant ships england driven foul weather yorkshire coast caught imprisoned scarborough castle thereupon son carried strife collecting little fleet scottish french spanish ships captured several english merchantmen scarborough slaying commanders putting crews chains appropriating cargoes philpott mayor london cost collected number vessels put armed men sailed north within weeks retaken captured vessels effectually beaten captors turn seized fifteen spanish ships laden wine came way return london summoned council answer conduct taking armed force sea without king leave boldly told council expose money men dangers sea might deprive colleagues knightly fame might win pity misery people country noble realm dominion nations supineness become exposed ravages vilest race since lift hand defence exposed property safety deliverance country ships cinque ports seem frequent feud ports kingdom see matthew paris example edward ii complained great dissension discord existed people privileged cinque ports men mariners western towns poole weymouth melcombe lyme southampton homicide depredation evil acts resulting therefrom place taking vigorous measures repress disorders king apparently find able issue proclamation loose morality prevailed among seafaring men police seas badly maintained follows almost matter course piracy flourish people brittany especially men malo time accustomed roam sea old plundering making descents coasts england exacting contributions ransoms towns time alfred seem laws english vessels sometimes pillaged coasts year sir william de marish accused murder treason took refuge isle lundy whence robbed merchantmen passing fro made descents coast building galley carry piracies taken hanged spirit lingered recent times among wreckers remote spots coast seems prevailed largely days writing foreigner regarded natural enemy ships goods legitimate prize seized impunity find mariner named dennis committed newgate present spanish ship plundered crew slain sandwich year inhabitants towns norfolk accused robbing norwegian ship give later example spanish merchants applied king edward iv compensation loss seven vessels alleged piratically taken people sandwich dartmouth plymouth jersey yet saxon law early king ethelred gives immunities merchant ships even time war council paris years ago hardly equalled merchant ship even belonged enemy entered port england peace freedom molestation provided driven chased port even chased reached frith burgh crew escaped burgh crew whatever brought shipping time henry viii admirably illustrated holbein famous painting hampton court great vessel reign grace à also illustrated subjects easily accessible think necessary reproduce found large size drawing galley intended built king henry viii discovery india new world opened commerce new career heroic adventure prospect fabulous wealth england backward entering course truth although sebastian cabot englishman birth claim honour discoveries england inasmuch resident among us fitted bristol cost english merchants voyages discovery career part discover part conquest part commerce hawkinses drakes frobishers raleighs trained besides historic names scores men fitted ships entered roads pioneers opened completed discoveries created commerce whose possibility indicated limitation subject mediæval period forbids us enter tempting theme may complete brief series illustrations merchant shipping giving picture gallant little ships little indeed compared ships now employed great lines heroes accomplished daring voyages woodcut reproduction frontispiece hulsius curious tracts naval affairs represents ship magellan sailed round world passing straits gave name epitaph author subjoined engraving tells briefly story famous ship prima ego velivolvis ambivi cursibus orbem magellane novo te duce ducta freto ambivi meritoque dicor sunt mihi vela alæ precium gloria pugna mare ship seen different general features middle ages considering high prow stern castles shields outside bulwarks imitation way seen former illustrations mediæval hung shields bulwark ship sailed decks apparently two armed cannon bows stern illustration ship chapter iii social position mediæval merchants though commerce england now attained vast dimensions forms much larger proportion national wealth greatness former period yet inclined think times write pursuit commerce held higher honourable place esteem classes us true class distinctly separated another costume external habits life knight franklin monk priest trader peasant always carried badges position modern notions apt think man marked costume trader must looked call higher classes society doubt something feeling existed think extent now trade meanly considered throughout middle ages upper classes engaged trade various ways disposal produce estates manorial lord engaged trade purchased fairs markets stores needed numerous dependants noblemen bishops abbots convents nay kings fourteenth fifteenth centuries ships commanded manned servants traded profit foreign countries thirteenth century cistercian monks become greatest kingdom fifteenth century edward iv carried considerable commerce profit just now noblemen gentlemen commonly engage agriculture farming comes considered less vulgar trade dignified ecclesiastics noblemen kings engaged trade must helped soften caste prejudices professional pursuit commerce considerable number traders fourteenth fifteenth centuries cadets good families half dozen sons knightly family eldest succeeded family estate honours rest might become lawyer another might religious vocation secular priest take family living obtain stall choir neighbouring monastery third might prefer profession arms enter service great lord king find employment sword lance pay dozen men formed following lance wars seldom ceased part europe another another son might engage trade either neighbouring town great commercial cities time bristol norwich london leading men trading class stood side side leading men classes consulted king affairs kingdom employed bishops nobles foreign embassies ennobled greatness men attain class reflects honour whole class archbishop canterbury high position gives social consideration poor curate may day also archbishop lord chancellor now briefless barrister may attain woolsack great free towns german empire reflected honour every town europe merchant princes venice florence low countries humblest member calling perhaps anything else tended maintain social consideration traders incorporation wealthy powerful guilds civil freedom political weight towns rather man plain cloth gown flat cap jogging along high road hack great compared appearance knight prances past spirited charger couple armed servants heels trader pulls horse side road touches bonnet cavalcade passes cloud dust knight glances hood passes recognises member great guild merchants staple returns courtesy nobleman jostling court portly citizen furred gown short dagger inkhorn belt sees alderman great towns whose help king maintains balance power feudal aristocracy yet merchant rather man alderman portly citizen apt let sober sense fooled imagination apt minds abstract types classes men ideal knight gallant bearing gay apparel chivalrous character ideal merchant prosaic closefisted character plain uncourtly manner speech moment thought enough remind us nature anticipate adapt class distinctions knight merchant seen might brothers reared old elder son might naturally clown though fortune made sir hugh cadet might full intelligence spirit dignified courteous though fortune put flat cap instead helmet head pen instead lance hand plan limits us mere glances picturesque outside aspect things let us travel across england see learn subject experiences journey right pleasant journey genial early summer must taken horseback though sometimes shall find highway great town another yet part road along across heath moor miles greenwood across fords wide unenclosed wolds downs dotted sheep valleys oxen feed deep meadowland comparatively little arable covered green blades rye barley oats little long fields barley rye clothe wold meet sky now ride village cottages scattered see perhaps cassock biretta coming mass pass moated country knight substantial old house franklin blue puffing volume louvre hall curling away among great overshadow may stay ask luncheon sure hearty welcome chaucer tells us table dormant hall alway stands ready covered longe day strong castle comes sight rising ground picturesque group walls towers rising high midst surmounted banner lord seek monasteries hospitable shelter nights inns mediæval england gaze admiration approach enter courts outside see great rise clerestories towers noble entered find cloister court convent buildings monks another court offices entertainment travellers separate establishment great hall chambers chapel like noble surrounded wall strong monastery looks like great castle little town doff hats monk ambling great gate mule representative noble community erected grand house maintains hospitalities charities schools hospitals offers seven times day choir glorious service praise almighty god prayer welfare church people time time also approach ride towns studded thickly land castles monasteries surrounded fair margin common meadowland rise long line strong walls angle towers picturesque machicolations overhanging great moat drawbridge barbican wall numerous spires seen rising forest gables making goodly show enter find wide streets handsome picturesque houses abundance garden orchard ground behind guildhalls chapels various guilds companies traders wealthy indulge conveniences rare franklin house even lord castle live refined mode life old rude magnificent feudal life look extent town strong defences estimate wealth contains think clannish spirit guilds see sturdy burghers turn sound half armour pike bow man walls consider chiefs community men better education wider experience world deeper knowledge political affairs countrymen many gentleman class birth breeding men perfect high public spirit journey terminates seaports hull lynn dover hythe bristol find addition usual town houses noble churches guildhalls harbour full exchanges full foreign merchants soon learn links join england rest world period peace enable time war make power felt beyond seas many towns inherited walls civic freedom roman times stood like islands amid flood saxon invasion received charters norman kings maintained norman barons little republic amidst surrounding feudalism citizen freeman everybody else sworn feudal lord experiences ride across england left strong impressions minds castles impressed minds sense feudal power chivalric state territorial class monasteries admiration grandeur learning munificence sanctity religious orders towns feeling solid respect wealth power freedom civilisation trader class people illustration queen isabel bavaria first illustration forms part large picture great harleian froissart chronicle harl represents isabel bavaria queen charles making entry paris attended noble dames lords france sunday august year lord great crowd spectators froissart tells us paris twelve hundred horseback ranged pairs side road clothed livery gowns baudekyn green red queen seated canopied litter occupies middle picture robe mantle blue powdered three noblemen walking side robes coronets page ladies follow horseback given woodcut queen just arrived gate city open door may seen bishop archbishop paris cope blue powdered gold holding gold jewelled box perhaps contains chrism coronation wall overlooking entrance king ladies court perched angle wall court jester cap bauble left picture burgesses paris short gowns green red described hats hang shoulders black opposite side road represented cut another party burgesses wear hats bands falling side face background towers spires city west front rising picturesquely middle ages left name still known history popular legend first de la pole family whose name connected history hull little town belonging convent selby edward iii saw capabilities bought monks called granting trading civil privileges induced merchants settle de la pole merchant neighbouring port ravensern earliest immigrants hull owes much greatness commercial genius public spirit inspiration bricks introduced low countries build walls great church much latter yet remains rose esteemed greatest merchant england edward iii honoured visiting house hull time made chief baron exchequer knight banneret following reign find engaged together distinguished men kingdom affairs state foreign embassies son also began life merchant hull made richard ii earl suffolk lord chancellor end royal alliance raised merchant children height power designs still daring ambition length brought headlong fall ruin william cannynges bristol another great merchants monument magnificent church mary redcliffe founder recorded occasion edward iv seized shipping amount tons included ships even tons richard whittington hero popular legend london merchant thrice lord mayor however humble origin stated legend cadet landed family whittington gloucestershire explanation story cat satisfactorily made antiquaries munificence characteristics great merchants de la pole seen built church hull cannynges founded grandest parish churches yet remaining england whittington founded college holy spirit mary charitable foundation long ceased exist sir john crosby alderman london reign edward allied family highest nobility house still remains bishopsgate left great city merchants houses stowe describes large beautiful highest time london richard iii took residence received adherents preparing usurpation crown monuments remaining day keep alive memory great merchants otherwise perished series monumental brasses several earliest sumptuous memorials merchants engraver monuments living england middle fourteenth century whose works style art subsequently surpassed gough calls cellini fourteenth century executed grand effigy thomas delamere abbot alban abbey artist executed two designs less sumptuous meritorious works art two merchants flourishing town lynn norfolk adam de walsokne formerly burgess lynn died margaret wife contains artistically drawn effigies two persons commemorated surmounted ornamental canopy diapered field monumental brass represents robert braunche two wives feature peculiar interest design representation running along bottom entertainment braunche mayor lynn gave king edward iii still third brass lynn similar character robert attelathe now alas lost another monument apparently artist exists newark memory alan fleming merchant died hundreds churches yet bear traces munificence mediæval traders noble churches still exist now comparatively small places lincolnshire norfolk suffolk monuments merchants staple lived eastern counties monuments merchants marks sometimes inscriptions cut stone worked fabrics afford data local antiquary may glean something history many interesting traces mediæval traders houses remain places seem quite overlooked little town coggeshall example full interesting bits domestic architecture traces houses peacockes families merchants staple clothmakers made flourishing town fifteenth century monumental brasses remain fine perpendicular church probably rebuilt go side kingdom little town northleach among cotswold hills grand church evidences sculpture monuments contributed largely building contains interesting series small monumental brasses preserve names costumes wives children merchants marks painted woolpacks appear honourable badges monuments traces old houses town general survey historical facts antiquarian remains confirm assertion began chapter least early part fourteenth century downwards mediæval traders earned great wealth spent munificently possessed considerable political influence occupied honourable social position beside military ecclesiastical orders must omit notice illustrations subject may derive chaucer gallery characters merchant canterbury cavalcade merry pilgrims merchant forked beard mottély high horse sat head flaundrish beaver hat bote clapsed fayre fetisly reasons spake full solempnely sounding alway increase winning sea kept thing betwixen middleburgh orewell well exchanges sheldes sell worthy man full well wit beset weste wight debt steadfastly didde governance bargeines chevisance forsooth worthy man withal sooth say men call trader class great author gives us also examples haberdasher carpenter webber dyer tapiser yclothed livery solempne great fraternitie full fresh new gear knives ychaped brass silver wrought full clene well girdles pouches every deal well seemed fair burgess sitten dais wisdom likely alderman chattles hadden enough rent eke wives well assent elles certainly blame full fair ycleped madame go vigils mantle royally upbore figures next page monument john field alderman london son interesting characteristic waller whose work monumental brasses woodcut taken able discover something history alderman field john field senior born beginning fifteenth century nothing known early life clearly risen commercial eminence london since year appointed fifteen commissioners treat duke burgundy concerning commercial interests two countries general specially frame regulations traffic wool brought staple calais commissioners five london three boston three hull ipswich names says waller probably comprise chief mercantile wealth intelligence eastern ports kingdom period made sheriff subsequently elected alderman never served office mayor says writer may accounted fact latter part life afflicted bodily sickness ground obtained grant lord mayor releasing civic services alderman acquired large landed estates kent hertfordshire succeeded eldest son john original second effigy survived father short term three years brasses inlaid colour alderman gown father red enamel indicated white metal tabard arms son also coloured according proper heraldic blazoning three eagles displayed de fesse unfinished inscription runs lyeth john feld sometyme alderman london merchant stapull caleys deceased xvj day august yere lord god mcccclxxiiij also lyeth john son squire deceased iiij day may yere monumental slab ornamented four shields arms first city london second merchants staple third bears alderman fourth arms appear tabard son esquire perhaps specially granted college arms father costume long gown edged fur leather girdle hang gypcire purse rosary worn alderman gown son wears full suit armour time edward tabard arms execution brass unusually careful excellent illustration brass alderman field third woodcut harleian represents execution paris famous captain robbers aymerigol macel scaffold enclosed hoarding nearer corners two friars brown black probably franciscan dominican official stands hands resting staff superintending executioner gown red sleeves lined white fur bonnet black turned also white fur background timber houses side place people looking windows signboard seen standing forth houses groups people distance foreground give costumes ordinary dwellers city man left pink short gown trimmed white fur hat two ends liripipe hanging shoulders purse hose black man right long blue gown red hat liripipe man little front brown long gown black hat man horseback left wears short green gown red hose black hat footman left short green gown red hat liripipe man left black jacket black hat fringed man horseback behind holding horse tail pink long gown black hat liripipe purse girdle right picture long blue gown red hat liripipe purse just behind unhappily included woodcut touch humour part artist stealing apple basket wears blue gown red hood liripipe tucked girdle basket apples arm another head still right horse whose rider dismounted sitting crupper behind saddle holding reins illustration execution last cut taken painted glass tournay fifteenth century represents en illustration warehouse merchant clerk men casks bales great scales full tide business curious interesting chaucer shipman tale gives us illustration subject speaking merchant denys says countour house goth reken himselvin wel may thilke yere stood dispended good encreased non bookes bagges many layeth counting bord ful riche tresor hord ful fast countour done shet eke man shuld let accountes mene time sat till passed prime illustration en gros fifteenth board marked squares counters placed way facilitate arithmetical operations also picture setting business journey attended apprentice bifell marchant day shope maken ready array toward town brugges fare byen portion ware morrow came forth marchant rideth flaundersward prentis wel gideth til came brugges merily now goth marchant fast bisily nede bieth creanceth neither playeth dis ne danceth marchant shortly tell ledeth lif ther let dwell chapter iv mediæval trade difficult first believe possible internal trade mediæval england carried chiefly great annual fairs wholesale business weekly markets chief towns means itinerant traders modern pedlar degenerate representative length breadth country order understand possibility must recall minds small comparatively population country two millions norman conquest hardly increased four millions end fifteenth century five millions time william iii nearly every towns villages existed london bristol norwich york fourteenth century though relatively important places nation size towns grown manchester leeds liverpool score towns existed mere villages country population thinly scattered unenclosed pastoral country begin fairs king exercised sole power granting right hold fair sought corporations monasteries manorial lords order might profit first letting ground traders came dispose wares next tolls levied merchandise brought sale sales indirectly convenience getting near market produce neighbourhood sell goods desired buy annexed woodcut add represents passengers paying toll landing foreign port perhaps belongs strictness earlier part subject reader notice picturesque officers indications town architecture next illustration painted glass tournay la croix seré moyen age et la renaissance shows group people crossing bridge town collector levying toll oxen pigs horseback lamb laid front saddle represent mule left attendant interesting illustration itinerant trader bringing goods seems dress bearing rather dignified official countryman recognises touching hat river wharves boats moored alongside indication town gates houses make interesting sketch mediæval life illustration paying illustration entering certain great fairs traders resorted parts country great fair nijni novgorod lesser degree fair leipsic remain help us realise gatherings bartholomew fair used even now great horncastle barnet may help us understand answered purpose buyers sellers meet annually general rendezvous gathering centre whole stock sale whole demand ways convenience buyers sellers especially regulated general prices current vendibles checked capricious variations fluctuating local supply demand created condition country commerce king sometimes capricious exercises authority subject fairs seriously interfered interests frequented granting license hold new fair interfered already established licensing temporary fair forbidding trade carried elsewhere continuance henry ii proclaimed fair westminster held fifteen days required london traders shut shops bring goods fair happened season wet consequently came fair traders goods injured rain penetrated temporary tents stalls repeated attempt benefit westminster four years afterwards similar result course great crowds gathered together days succession money circulating abundantly others seek profitable market besides great dealers woolfels foreign produce sellers ribbands cakes purveyors food drink hungry thirsty multitude caterers amusement people minstrels jugglers exhibitors still less reputable people besides men came serious business mob also crowd people ranks classes every part country consequent variety costume material fashion colour knight helm coat mail embroidered plumed bonnet lady furred gown jewels merchant sober suit cloth minstrel gay costume jester motley monk robe cowl peasant smockfrock continually motion streets temporary canvas town music minstrels cries traders loud talk laughter crowd must made picturesque scene full animation real business country found channels fairs still continued many places still continue mere still temporary stalls lining streets shows preserve something old usages outward aspect though must confessed dreary desolate relics mediæval fairs used fair usually proclaimed sound trumpet ceremony unlawful begin traffic conclusion legal term fair granted court held sittings cognizance offences committed fair many readers remember spirited description fair sir walter scott novel betrothed great towns shops retail trade daily carried different conditions modern times various trades seem congregated together trading parts town concentrated now case respects resembling bazaars eastern towns london tradesmen shops cheap resembled sheds many simply stalls limit dealings travelled country also mercers dealt toys drugs spices small wares generally stocks miscellaneous description present day station mercers london bow church friday street round old cross cheap sold goods little standings stalls surrounded belonging trades trade modern grocer preceded pepperer often hands lombards italians dealt also drugs spices drapers originally manufacturers cloth drape meaning make cloth trade fishmonger divided two branches dealt exclusively dried fish common article food goldsmiths shops street cheap fraudulent traders craft members guild set shops obscure lanes sold goods inferior metal list various trades handicrafts afford general idea trade town edward iii mysteries trades london elected common council city number increased ordinance year follows grocers masons ironmongers mercers brewers drapers fletchers armourers fishmongers bakers butchers goldsmiths skinners cutlers vintners girdlers spurriers tailors stainers plumbers saddlers webbers haberdashers barbers braziers painters salters tanners joiners cappers pewterers chandlers hatters woodmongers fullers smiths pinners curriers horners specimen provincial town may take colchester detailed description town reign edward iii shows contained houses built mud others timber none houses latticed windows stone handsome norman doorway also royal castle three religious houses great wealthy abbey several churches surrounded old roman wall number inhabitants three thousand yet colchester capital large district country nine towns england greater importance year movable property town including furniture clothing inhabitants estimated purpose taxation worth details give us curious picture times tools carpenter consisted broad axe value another adze square probably spokeshave making total value tools tools stock blacksmith valued shillings highest household goods tanner estimated mercer stock valued household property trades carried following baker barber blacksmith bowyer brewer butcher carpenter carter cobbler cook dyer fisherman fuller furrier girdler glover mercer miller mustard vinegar seller old tailor tanner tiler weaver woodcut add already supplied us several valuable illustrations represents mediæval shop high class probably goldsmith shopkeeper eagerly bargaining customer easily recognised shopkeeper clerk making entry transaction customer servant stands behind holding purchases flagons cups dishes seem principal wares heaps money lie table covered handsome tablecloth background hung perch sale girdles cup purse sword illustration goldsmith le pélerinage de la vie humaine french national library another illustration mediæval shop mercer merceress describes wares following lines quod sche schal telle mercerye selle boystes soote oynementes therewith don allegementes ffolkes gladde discorded malade kyves phylletys callys ffestes hang walles kombes mo nyne ten bothe horse eke ffor men mirrours also large brode ffor syght wonder gode hem ffull greet plenté ffolke haven volunté byholde himselffe therynne provincial towns nottingham names several streets bear witness aggregation traders calling bridlesmith gate clearly street knights yeomen shire resorted trappings open stalls fletcher gate sheaves arrows hung sale foresters neighbouring sherwood trace custom left butcheries shambles exist many towns butchers stalls still gathered together street building illustration national greater part trade towns transacted whole neighbourhood flocked farmers sell farm produce wives daughters poultry butter eggs week consumption citizens carry back every usually wide open space accommodation weekly traffic principal towns several appropriated different kinds produce nottingham besides principal vast open space middle town surrounded overhanging houses supported pillars making open colonnades like italian town poultry adjoining great market middle small square assumed women displayed butter provincial still day week streets full bustle shops business days week town stagnates must still case old times write instances seems reason think weekly market held places hardly claim called towns mere villages whose green neighbourhood assembled weekly market round green perhaps stalls booths erected day pedlars probably supplied shop element artificers neighbouring towns came day villages now saddler shoemaker watchmaker attend week makings mendings required still seen towns remote country places usually consist tall cross stone round lower part whose shaft penthouse stone wood erected shelter rain sun cross salisbury good example village castle combe gloucestershire wood shelford cambridgeshire many others country well worthy collected illustrated antiquary swept away illustration painted glass tournay represents market scene women sitting low stools baskets goods displayed ground female left seems filling time knitting woman right paying market dues collector cut habited clerk background appears represent warehouse transactions larger kind going illustration market inhabitants rural districts altogether dependent visit nearest market purchases pursuit gain enlisted services numerous itinerant traders traversed land directions calling castle manor house monastery grange cottage tempting display pretty objects handy supply little wants brought healthy circulation many silver penny otherwise jingled longer owner rested hoard homely entry mine curious information york fabric rolls reveals incident pedlar mode dealing presentation complaint made archbishop churchwardens parish riccall yorkshire date represent time quod pedlars diebus festis porticum ecclesiæ et ibidem vendunt mercimonium say pedlars come sell merchandise another entry records seems sometimes chapmen congregated numbers gathering assumed proportions irregular weekly market among presentations michael de berefredo city york states parishioners say common market vendibles held churchyard sundays holidays divers things goods rushes exposed sale complaint early fourth century find st basil mentioning abuse great men kept markets times places colour making better provision feasts kept thereat presentation riccall carries us back old times enables us realise picturesque curious incident primitive mode life little consideration enable us see practice arose tolerated people least much respect religion come church sundays holidays call mind state country districts half reclaimed half covered forest marsh common traversed chiefly footpaths shall understand isolated life led inhabitants country villages hamlets farmhouses cottages sundays holidays neighbours met together days goodman mounted put dame behind pillion jogged deep miry ways church younger poorer came sauntering along footpaths may now stand country churchyards sunday afternoon watch people coming directions across fields copse common climbing rustic styles crossing rude bridge formed thrown sparkling till lines converge church porch felt paths many ploughed every year made every year afresh feet wayfarer among venerable relics ancient times among ancient laws wales assures us conjecture true every habitation says two good paths convenient right road church pleasant summer young folks saunter along couples groups disagreeable wet wintery weather difficult times old infirm another presentation york fabric rolls gives us contemporary picture church paths seen gloomy aspect people haxley complain archdeacon inhabit unresonablie fer ther parisch cherche substaunce majority inhabitauntes impotensaye feblenes farrenes farness distance way also grete abundance waters perlouse passages small brigges peple age unweldye ther next parische cherche may come ese seasonable tyme ther saide parische cherche cristen people wold pray leave help chaplain must remember forefathers hold modern doctrines concerning proper mode observing sundays holydays observed way makes us still call day leisure recreation holiday observed much spirit still observe whitsuntide duly served god mass thought sin spend rest day lawful occupations rather laudable otherwise spend innocent recreations riccall presentation gives us picture doubt might seen many another sunday pedlar lays pack charitably suppose assists service service ready spread wares bench porch eyes assembled villagers make traffickings ecclesiastical canons contrary notwithstanding save many weary journey along devious ways customers return evening scattered homes complaint churchwardens seem directed traffic much conducted consecrated precincts let pedlar transfer wares steps probably complained though wanted anything might sought lost chance catching eye want anything tempting want buy course must blame pedlar much since told essence commerce large small scale create artificial wants supply late royal ed illuminations mediæval story afford us curious illustrations pedlar pack pedlar asleep tree monkeys stealing pack large bundle bound across across rope red strap attached rope slung shoulder next page monkeys opened wrapper showing covered kind box mischievous creatures running contents among distinguish shirt circular mirrors monkeys conveyed spoil tree make purse belt musical pipe belt dagger pair slippers hood gloves mirror next page continuation subject see pair gloves man hat woman addition hose mirror woman man hood curious illuminations sufficiently indicate usual contents pedlar pack illustration egerton fourteenth century representation flight egypt joseph represented carrying round pack stick shoulder probably illustrates usual mode carrying pack pedestrian personal luggage illustrations pedlar latter part fifteenth sixteenth centuries found series dance death former illustration shown us mule means itinerant traders chiefly carried merchandise country kinds goods bear packing ordinary bundles kind shown goods boxes trunks slung side used able give illustration ancient tapestry figured fine work anciennes tapisseries achille jubinal minor incident background picture represented sufficient clearness another mode carrying personal baggage represented royal gentleman travelling horseback followed two servants large roll baggage strapped croupe saddle use even yet years ago utterly died england writer saw string peak derbyshire employed carrying ore mines occasional occurrence sign roadside inn also helps keep alive remembrance primitive form many readers may travelled valise cloak strapped croupe fashion even now quite date chapter costume former chapter given pictures illuminated illustration costume personal appearance merchants middle ages scale give much characteristic portraiture except example bourgeoise paris illumination froissart page inadequately represent minute details costume shall endeavour chapter bring men vividly eye reader dress feature catalogus benefactorum alban abbey often indebted help us pictures unusual character fourteenth century illustrate people burgess class donors abbey peculiarity representation portraits unusually large scale illuminations call portraits mean absolutely assert originals sat pictures artist tried make accurate portrait probable donations recorded pictures executed soon gifts made therefore presumedly lifetime donors moreover probable artist resident monastery dependent town consequently acquainted personal appearance originals case even artist subjects actually eyes time painted memorials likely least recollection give general portrait faces dissimilar characteristic expression confirms us idea mere conventional portraits seem chiefly tradespeople rather merchants higher class latter half fourteenth century example william cheupaign wife johanna gave two tenements halliwelle street tenements represented picture house timber thatched carved stag head finial gable william also gave adornment church several frontals gold roses embroidered black ground also gave belt make fastening brooch principal copes figure swan beautifully made goldsmith work also gave refectory wooden cup handsomely ornamented silver cover wood wears green hood lined red wife habited white hood illustration johanna next picture represents johanna de warn also gave described house louvre alban town house timber traceried windows arched doorway ornamental hinges door unusually large handsome louvre louvre doubtless roof hall probably middle hall still exists hall pevensey kent lady face strong corroboration theory portraits illustration de next portrait man robe fastened front great buttons hood drawn round strongly marked face reminding us altogether portraits dante illustration gentleman civilian last take curious series picture william de langley gave monastery house dagnale street town alban monastery received sixty shillings per annum geoffrey stukeley held time writing william de langley man regular features partly bald pointed beard moustache kind face might easily merely conventional really much individuality expression house benefaction represented beside house three square compartments just eaves seen colouring illumination windows tiled upper story overhangs lower gable finished original carried beyond limits picture dots empty spaces pictures diapering coloured background illustration de curious early portraits interesting character costume far go still fail give us complete illustrations dresses people shall resort class illustrations hitherto part avoided monumental brasses now recur give us want costume far higher perfection find elsewhere instead selecting part country another another thought add interest series illustrations take many possible church whose happen furnish us continuous series short intervals effigies men inhabited old houses town northleach gloucestershire series however go back far earliest extant monumental brass merchant therefore take first example another source already mentioned three grand effigies robert braunche adam walsokne lynne alan fleming newark select effigy robert braunche merchant lynn date taken single figure grand composition forms perhaps finest monumental brass existence costume elegantly simple tunic reaches ankle narrow line embroidery edges sleeves reach elbow fall two hanging lappets arm seen covered tight sleeves garment ornamented rather fastened close row buttons elbow wrist tunic hood covers upper part person head part falls behind hood example fits tightly figure reader might perhaps think doubtful whether really second garment tunic contemporary similar effigy adam de walsokne quite clear hood plain leather shoes laced across instep also noticed reader happen compare woodcut engraving figure boutell monumental brasses perhaps perplexed finding head given different find beg assure woodcut correct boutell artist curious error given drawing braunche head alan fleming newark fleming given braunche head feel quite sure every artistic feeling thankful made acquainted accompanying effigy merchant northleach whose inscription lost name therefore unknown brass highest merit work art carefully accurately engraved worthy minute examination costume year seen consists long robe buttoned front girded belt enlarged plate end strap ornamented probably initial wearer christian name side hangs dagger worn men middle class wear sword even secular clergy cloak opens right side give much freedom possible right arm cloak attached hood falls shoulders hands covered half gloves feet shows trade effigy elegant canopy necessary purpose give adds much beauty sumptuousness monument illustration braunche illustration merchant northleach next series john fortey whose costume elegant last figure distinctly represented tunic essentially shorter reaching sleeves peculiar shape know contemporary monuments fashionable date fastened girdle though less ornamental preceding figure lined trimmed wrists fur similar figures hugo bostock wife wheathamstead church herts date latter effigies specially interesting parents john de wheathamstede abbot alban illustration fortey northleach next interesting figure though far inferior artistic merit beauty gone name lost fragment remaining inscription gives date blank completion date case date wife death effigies may executed lifetime persons date probably little later face different previous ones may unnecessary say great pains taken make accurate copy original drawn engraved hand others manifest endeavour indicate deceased elderly man induces us suspect peculiarity may arise mere conventional brass monumental brass artists doubtless kept order specially executed desire make nearly resemble features deceased conjectured executed lifetime perhaps may account differing conventional type dress gown worn civilians period purse hung side girdle rosary illustration merchants northleach lastly give effigy another nameless northleach habited gown rather stiffer material robes predecessors trimmed fur neck feet wrists inscription recording name date death lost curious epitaph also engraved brass remains follows farewell frends tyde abideth man departed hence shall ye passage best songe requiem eternam now graunte ended myn adversitie graunte puradise mansion shed blode redemption mention fur effigies suggests restrictions matter imposed sumptuary laws king advisers sought time time restrain extravagance lieges important acts passed lord mayor london wife respectively allowed wear array knights bachelors wives aldermen recorder london mayors cities towns esquires gentlemen property yearly value man less wife daughter shall wear fur martrons martin letuse pure grey pure miniver merchants citizens burgesses artificers people handicraft well within city london elsewhere goods chattels clear value allowed dress like esquires gentlemen year possessing property amount like landed proprietors year features monumental brasses worth notice knightly effigies often represented feet lions symbols martial courage sheep feet symbol calling given woodcut accompanying another church merchant foot sheep two significant symbols combined sheep stands examples mark former case something like usual merchant mark latter two shepherds crooks seem badge another crook laid beside feet effigy john fortey also merchant mark enclosed elegant wreath represented initials initials name remainder device give two merchants marks two last series effigies reader cares see examples marks learn little known may refer paper ewing vol iii norfolk archæology illustration illustration illustration illustration former chapter given monumental brass figure alderman field date habited tunic edged fur girded waist rosary girdle alderman gown paul church bedford another brass sir william harper knight alderman lord mayor london died wears suit armour date alderman robe forming drapery figure thrown back conceal little figure possible abbey church shrewsbury effigy mayor town armour mayor gown still modern shape brasses sir rowe lord mayor london sir rowe lord mayor kneeling figures formerly hackney church engraved robinson history parish many churches london great commercial towns middle ages monumental effigies exist necessary might extend notes illustrations civic costume explanation civil costume mss illuminations refer artist harleian romance rose harl find beautiful drawing appears man long blue gown open little breast showing pink black hat liripipe kind already given citizens paris wears purse side presenting money beggar another similar costume penner belt addition purse nothing prove men merchants except represented streets town costume worn merchants time costumes civilians eyes wish use illustration subject touched former section work secular clergy middle ages devoted pages discussion ordinary costume clergy stated professional peculiarity shape like worn contemporary civilians better class colour blue red colours seldom black reader turn back pp find woodcuts clergy ordinary costume let compare now costumes merchants example take woodcut roger chaplain compare brass northleach style art different spite resemblance costume readily seen gown reaching ankle cloak fastened three buttons right shoulder hood falling back shoulders shoes latchet instep turn priest seen wears gown girded waist purse hung girdle flat cap long liripipe described costumes merchants lastly let reader look brasses compare gown wore cassock now adopted clergy seen identical clergy continue wear gown civilians wore three four hundred years ago manner academic gown clergy wear common university men gown respectable citizens wore time henry viii elizabeth chapter vi mediæval towns mediæval towns england four origins ancient roman foundation lived saxon invasion like lincoln chester colchester others grew gradually neighbourhood monastery monastery founded wilderness number artisans employed travellers resorted inn perhaps place pilgrimage affairs lord abbot business large estates convent brought people constantly thither gradually town grew alban edmundsbury cases religious house castle powerful wealthy lord drew population together shelter walls norwich lines old streets follow line ludlow side kingdom gathered round norman castle ludlow third category mediæval towns descend ancient times grow accidental accretion course time deliberately founded built mediæval period specific purposes special interest present point view period beginning latter part eleventh extending close fourteenth century kings feudal lords motives high policy fostered trade anxious care encouraged traders countenance protection grants privileges founded commercial towns gave charters made little independent republics midst feudal lords ecclesiastical communities surrounded england find many newly founded towns continent towns already scattered abundantly land needed foster growth english kings founded towns continental dominions edward planted numerous free towns especially guienne aquitaine order raise power interest antagonistic feudal lords continental sovereigns alphonse poitiers brother louis dominion toulouse england cases history foundation hull afford us example edward returning scotland battle dunbar visited lord wakes barnard castle hunting day led chase hamlet belonging convent meaux king perceived capabilities site fortress security kingdom port extension commerce left hunt take course questioned shepherds spot depth river height tides rose owner place like sent abbot meaux exchanged lands wyke issued proclamation offering freedom great commercial privileges merchants build inhabit erected incorporated town free borough great church built town fortified wall towers king visited time time journeys north family de la pole settled first ably seconded king intentions became great commercial towns kingdom de la poles rose rapidly wealth highest rank michael de la pole builded brick west end mary church like palace goodly orchard garden large enclosed brick builded also three houses town besides whereof every tower brick leland antiquary time queen elizabeth left us description plan town day highly interesting english towns roman origin laid first comprehensive plan principal streets tolerably straight crossing right angles great majority towns grew described exceedingly irregular irregularity important element picturesqueness mediæval towns quite accidental mediæval builders laid town methodical manner laying streets wide straight equal distances crossing rectangularly appropriating proper sites churches public purposes regulating size plan houses continental towns must especially look examples find edward building free towns sent englishmen lay similar opportunity occurred winchelsea plan pursued old town winchelsea destroyed sea king determined rebuild chief owners new site knight sir tregoz maurice owners battle abbey king compounded rights seventy acres land sent bishop ely lord treasurer lay new town monarch accorded usual privileges settlers gave help towards fortifications town laid streets divided area rectangular blocks two blocks set apart churches two colleges friars within town somehow place flourish harried incursions french fortifications completed people attracted whole area never taken continues day shrunk corner walled area three old gates part walls portions three four houses remain king edward town illustration illustration canterbury woodcut preceding page lydgate storie thebes royal ii gives general view town travellers foreground group canterbury pilgrims mediæval times population towns diverse afterwards became houses various classes wealthy merchant palace like michael de la pole hull sir john crosby london cottage humble craftsman mediæval town possessed squalid quarters found modern towns inhabitants chiefly merchants manufacturers craftsmen various guilds just military order permanently attached service feudal lord lodged castle manor dependencies attached religious community lodged monastery century ago labouring men lived house towns clerks apprentices lodged house master apprentices every craftsman formed part family lodgings usual sense word great towns especially suburbs hostelries received travellers adventurers minstrels people fixed establishment often outskirts town without walls houses inferior kind sprang like parasites harboured poor dangerous classes views county towns corners speed famous places well worth study give representations condition many towns time elizabeth still part ancient condition walls gates crosses pillories maypoles still standing indicated engravings perhaps perfect examples left small mediæval town conway true old houses appear left streets probably old lines walls gates perfect latter especially giving us picturesque features find remaining gates towns taken combination adjoining castle architecturally unchanged corners england also old houses still left sufficient form series examples various dates twelfth century downwards must refer reader turner domestic architecture notices much greater number examples much perfect condition exist towns continent reference made viollet le duc dictionary architecture plan requires space admits give general notion citizen house mediæval town like houses wealthy citizens doubt mansions comparable unembattled country gentry already quoted leland description michael de la pole hull fourteenth century crosby hall bishopsgate street mary hall coventry perfect example middle fifteenth century norwich also possesses houses character house ordinary citizen narrow frontage usually presented gable street frequently basement story groined formed cellar elevated first floor house three four feet level street winchelsea vaulted basements three four old houses remain show entrance house short stone stair alongside wall stairs entrance cellar beside steps window cellar window first floor usually case upper part house probably wood roofed tiles first floor shop beside alley leading back house straight stair gave access building shop hall common occupying whole first floor kitchen back near hall sometimes cooking done hall private stair mounted upper floor sleeping apartment probably often left undivided garret great roof house wareroom storeroom goods lifted crane projected door gable town cluny possesses examples little modernised houses description twelfth century others thirteenth century antonin rue martin amiens others subsequent date found dictionary viollet le duc vol pp gives plans elevations perspective sketches enable us thoroughly understand realise picturesque old edifices country supply us abundance examples houses timber stone fifteenth century nowhere perhaps better examples shrewsbury numerous parts high street butcher row give good notion picturesque effect whole street whole town must admitted continental towns far exceed antiquarian artistic interest first place period great commercial prosperity occurred countries middle ages mediæval towns consequence larger handsomer second place great outburst prosperity countries since encourage pulling mediæval houses make way modern improvements england commercial growth came later result clearing away nearly old except places left outside tide commercial innovations consequence walk towns normandy enable student artist better realise picturesque effect old english town amount diligence putting together fragments old towns remain us german towns also find old houses still remaining apparently untouched ancient walls mural towers gateways still surrounding illuminations mss show english towns equally picturesque mediæval artists appreciated illustrations last chapter pp give idea houses inhabited citizens town alban roman bodleian library oxford whole street houses rudely represented gable street side door approached exterior stair windows apparently unglazed closed shutter might quote another page page content noting exterior views royal dated town bridge barbican still better represented refer also hans burgmaier der weise könige abounds picturesque bits towns backgrounds pictures exteriors view venice roman full interest especially recognise gives remaining features doge palace cathedral columns piazzeta therefore merely fancy picture many supposed represent jerusalem constantinople cities mentioned text venice view shows us time city lighted lanterns hung end poles extended doors houses gives us representation butcher shop interesting features illustration mediæval street town illustration preceding page also interesting fifteenth century plate le croix seré moyen age vol corporations et metiers plate take first side engraving remove forest picturesque towers turrets spirelets vanes appear roofs houses artist probably indulged imagination effect buildings town beyond left sober representation part mediæval street row lofty timber houses gables turned street see indications usual way arranging timber patterns also indications pargeting raised plaster ornamentation painting panels row shops protected projecting open unglazed arches bench across lower part arch counter goods exposed first shop tradesman seen behind counter ready cry lack every likely purchaser second shop customer conversation shopkeeper third shopkeeper apprentice seem busy displaying goods old houses shrewsbury butcher row unlike especially shops exactly character turn rest engraving find apparently fine building perhaps artist drawn little vague recollections civic magnificence perspective quite satisfactory perhaps guildhall building represented shops halls chambers ornamented sculpture panels building filled figures either painted executed plaster relief upper part building still unfinished see scaffolds cranes conveying mortar timber masons yet work shop right building note usual open counter tradesman pair scales interior shop assistant seems vigorous action pounding something mortar conjecture shop apothecary costume man crossing street long gown girded waist may compared merchants given last chapter engraving figure bench corner engraving may perhaps workmen engaged building far another seen hauling bucket mortar means pulley upper part building first mason seems wear trousers probably overalls protect ordinary dress dirt occupation later date pair views given opposite margin pictures alchemy book plut british museum early date nearest house picture shows shops still mediæval character several houses signs projecting poles examples shops nearest house picture public fountain opposite end street see two pictures waggon horsemen carts considerable number people standing shops doors houses passing along street foot pavement illustration accompanying cut barclay shippe fools gives view interior mediæval town lower story houses stone upper stories timber projecting lower stories small apparently unglazed windows living rooms oriels glazed lattices first floor next cut french national library gives interior courtyard great house notice portion towers left external stair principal rooms first floor covered unglazed gallery formed mode communication different apartments first floor dormer windows illustration town barclay shippe whole chapter might written inns mediæval england must content giving references pictures exterior two country royal broom projecting door way sign another roman bodleian reproducing two pictures interiors hostelries wright domestic manners customs middle ages represent sleeping accommodation ancient inns first quatre fils romance latter part fourteenth century french national library beds arranged side apartment separate berths like ship cabin like box beds highlands scotland necessary perhaps explain artist imagined side room removed introduce illustration mounted traveller outside interior inn illustration french national library next woodcut royal side hostelry next spectator supposed removed bring view party travellers approaching travellers tucked truckle beds fast asleep sign inn noticed projecting door brush hung many houses displayed signs middle ages brush general sign house public entertainment bench common dormitory seen staves scrips travellers pilgrims illustration french national library fragment romance floyre blanchefleur published early english text society illustrates mediæval inn little modernised ancient original floris travelling retinue servants hope finding blanchefleur riche city bothe ycome whaire inn ynome palais soothe riche lord inn non liche fell gold enough honde bothe water lande hadde yled life ful wide travelled much great experience life gained gold sea land besides houses entirely devoted entertainment travellers usual citizens take travellers houses give entertainment profit seem floris servants taken inn house burgess called subsequently burgess wel kind curteis child sette next side glad blithe weren alle many halle floris ne drank naught blanchefleur thought illustration lady inn perceiving melancholy speaks husband sire takest care child mourning sit mete ne drink nabit net mete ne ne drinketh nis marchaunt thinketh gather usual guests merchants host afterwards tells floris blanchefleur house little time therein day sat blanchefleur faire may halle ne bower ne board ne herde never word floris mone hadde herte joie none floris rejoiced news caused brought cup silver robe minever offered host news took leave wende way nighte gesting gaf host hundred schillinge feature town requires special mention soon town incorporated needed large hall transact business hold feasts wealth magnificence corporation shown partly size magnificence hall similarly guildhalls great guild town hall often several guilds vied another splendour halls feasts pageants continent exceed size architectural beauty antoine france elegant little structure thirteenth century belgian bruges well known engravings aware existence england date earlier fifteenth century leicester middle fifteenth century lincoln south gate latter half century southampton north gate date unusual gates early part sixteenth century many examples type large oblong hall stone timber supported pillars open colonnade beneath salisbury stone wenlock lately restored timber others hereford ross leominster ashburton guildford late gothic bourse antwerp early example cloistered covered courts end fifteenth century began built convenience merchants assembling certain hour transact business covered bridge rialto used exchange venice none towns relative importance belonged middle ages latter part period write usual county families county town good neighbouring town came live winter months fashion began hardly know fine old timber houses remaining shrewsbury built shropshire families gentry times go london season great nobility used go court held three times year parliament sat king courts law open business nation transacted houses capital convenience occasions called inns lincoln inn recent period since increased facilities locomotion made practicable fashion people certain class society spend season london consequence country gentry longer houses provincial towns even better classes whose occupation lies live suburbs towns rapidly changing character physically socially morally worse london becoming rapidly great town england great manufacturers agencies london people going furnish house buy wedding outfit come london artisans rustics search day holiday whirled london excursion train london consequence extending widely threaten convert england mere suburb metropolis british empire index abbesses costume abbey infirmary internal arrangement abbot duties habit abbot lodgings alien priories ampulla canterbury anchorages anchoresses bequests judith foundress patroness order sketch anchorholds anchorites bequests rule mode life angel minstrels augustine apostle arbalesters genoese famous archers corps enrolled body guards edward iii french kings importance battle mounted corps norman equipment time conquest skill english archery practice commonality england protected encouraged legislation armorial bearings date invention armour details suit thirteenth century differences suits mediæval little worn reigns elizabeth james many modifications fifteenth century king henry viii reign fourteenth century fifteenth century various kinds early arquebusier artillery ancient date first appearance field disputed first evidence existence augustinians order austin friars order banker mediæval bard anecdotes concerning father minstrels mediæval europe basilican institution introduction africa augustine france martin tours ireland patrick syria hilarion bede houses benedictine monks habit orders benefices abuses connection bonhommes brigittines female order saviour britain exports roman province british church early history coinage date fast commerce beginnings camaldoli order canons secular cathedral establishments costume canterbury pilgrimage chief sign origin meaning carmelite friars order carthusian order founded bruno charterhouse chartreux principal house england carthusians cistercians clugniacs orders camaldoli vallambrosa grandmont history successive rise castle mode assaulting various methods attacking castles used defenders mediæval greek fire stinkpots employed repelling assailants mines used effecting breaches walls places hospitality well trials arms cells monastic chantry chapels bequests priests chapels private curious internal arrangement establishments chaplains domestic christendom coenobitical orders church england date present organization cinque ports ships frequently war ports kingdom cistercian order founded robert de thierry introduced england bernard clairvaux great saint clairvaux external aspect internal life founded bernard clergy comparison mediæval seculars modern extracts injunctions john archbishop canterbury robes form degradation heresy friars popular order parochial cause change condition rivalry friars secular secular stories illustrating deference squire olden days wills clerical costume archbishop bishop cardinal minor orders pope meaning word clugniac order mediæval curious symbols combat mediæval commerce checked conquest discovery india opens career adventure earliest extant document bearing saxon england greatly increased reign edward confessor receives much attention government fourteenth century recovers surpasses ancient prosperity reign henry pioneers compostella pilgrimage legend connection badge offerings made pilgrims return convent officials abbot almoner artificers servants cellarer chantor chaplains cloister monks hospitaller infirmarer kitchener master novices novices porter precentor prior professed brethren sacrist seneschal subprior succentor council hertford differences affecting parochial clergy reconciled council lyons suppression minor mendicant orders red hat cardinal first given innocent vi used war till close twelfth century various forms croyland monastery crusades objects organised crutched friars order deaconesses order de poenetentia friars order dominican friar chaucer friars order dunstan archbishop reduces saxon monasteries rule benedict education monasteries famous places edwardian period armour arms egyptian desert hermits eremeti augustini order habit eremetical life curious illustration fairs sole power granting right hold exercised king great feudal system introduction england william conqueror points difference continental english fontevraud nuns franciscan friars order several branches nuns habit free towns mediæval hull example manner laying friars orders austin carmelites crutched de poenetentia dominicans franciscans chaucer type certain class convents pictures ancient customs manners principle inspired gilbertines founded gilbert sempringham godrie finchale grandmontines order greek church costume monks nuns rule st basil followed monasteries fire used crusades grimlac rule guild priests bequests duties guilds minstrels laws regulating hampton court shipping time henry viii illustrated harper mediæval henry viii army account taking field description king camp heresy form degradation hermit modern form vow made mediæval popular idea service habiting blessing superstition regard typical pictures hermitages localities descriptions traditional histories early costume hermits curious history relating holy land early pilgrims pilgrim entitled wear palm accomplishment pilgrimage special sign worn pilgrims holy reliques account horses equipment fifteenth century trappings tournaments hospitals middle ages foreign examples hospitium contrast cloister resorted travellers houses description given mediæval traders various churches monasteries impropriation evil iona monastic institution inventories clerical church furniture isles tin jewellery portable saxon goldsmiths famous jousting judicial combats anecdotes illustrative various authorities subject kelvedon parsonage knight manner bringing chaucer portrait armour costume royal graphic account incidents single combat squire romances knighthood won deeds arms field lists knight hospitaller knights malta john jerusalem order temple order knights noblemen eldest sons landed gentry made ceremony making essentially religious equipment reached strangest form reigns richard iii henry vii knights middle ages armour arms costume scarcity authorities costume manners quaint poetic phrases romances laura original arrangement hermits lindisfarne monastic institution national arm english attains climax reputation fourteenth century london burgesses battle hastings date becoming chief emporium britain importance citizens previous conquest interesting account mediæval mysteries trades regulations dress merchants citizens burgesses city marseilles greek colony chief emporium world mediæval dance england inns signs picturesque aspect population town houses county families life characters sketches artist point view shops descriptions towns best specimens found normandy germany conway perfect example gradual growth houses inhabitants mode lodging population numerous continent eleventh fourteenth centuries picturesque views streets shops built specific purposes trade merchant mediæval account occupation way life curious epitaph brass relating effigy northleach merchant guilds navy ships early king liberty impress merchants commerce england thirteenth century carried foreign details dresses worn mediæval early english law conferring rank munificence mediæval private naval wars carried provision charter king john social position mediæval various classes distinguished costume middle ages armour archers england famous combats consecrated widows costume tradespeople description combat king arthur knight drill tactics soldiers engines war habitations secular clergy harper dignified minstrel craft throughout hermits recluses hospitals hospitium monastery houses itinerant traders manner bringing youth good family merchant navy merchant princes merchants minstrels part regular establishment nobles gentry monks primitive mode life rural english population ships sketch life led country parson sumptuary laws regulating dress merchants system pluralities military engines exercises encounters orders knights john jerusalem knights temple lady mercy teutonic knights trinitarians minstrels mediæval assist musical part divine service costume curious anecdotes concerning duties female incorporated guild marriage processions attended often men position worth part regular establishment nobles gentry patronised clergy singular ordinance relating tournaments enlivened strains welcome guests religious houses minstrels unattached parish clerks took important part survival spain minstrelsy high repute among normans grostête lincoln great patron israelitish compared music mediæval england mitre earliest form transition shape twelfth century monachism origin monasteries benedictine british saxon suppression monastery arrangement carthusian description graphic sketch arrival guests monastic orders traditionary histories founders saints suppression england monk cell carthusian pilgrim monks abodes lord monumental brasses costume middle ages supplied peculiar features movable tower music sketch earliest history musical instruments date invention occasions used names used colleges prophets saxon learned essays mediæval used celebration divine worship forms order redemption captives habit rules ostiary costume lady mercy order lady walsingham shrine relic pachomius written code laws palmers graves three holy parish clerk frequently recipient legacy duties office ancient worth office priests early handbooks instructions points difference monks friars parochial clergy domestic economy early organization established archbishop canterbury parsonage houses early description furniture pastoral staff earliest examples pedlars mode dealing mediæval times pilgrim equestrian female penitential pilgrimage chief sign canterbury chief signs roman holy land first object mendicant palmers return received ecclesiastical processions practice return thanks returning relics saying jerome special roads great shrines sign compostella usual places pilgrimages pleasant religious holiday gathering cry popular english pilgrims costume description staff scrip graphic sketch company passing town insignia office special signs singers musicians employed vow made pioneers commerce piracy prevalence mediæval times plate armour first introduction pleasure fairs costume priesthood curious history way many poor men sons attained prior functions prioress chaucer description recluse service enclosing recluses bequests canons concerning cells female curious details life dress female giving alms hermitages female popular idea life sketch reclusorium rectors saxon reformed benedictine orders regular canons premonstratensian branch founded norbert rettenden reclusorium richard hampole life rome pilgrimage number pilgrims visiting description relics sacred music salby abbey staff servants saxon soldiers costume ornaments romantic fancies connection swords weapons used saxons musical people pastoral rather agricultural race corn exported famous throughout europe goldsmiths work embroidery rage among foreign pilgrimages traffic slaves considerable time scottish archers guard enrolment secular clergy comparison costume mediæval merchants costume shrines pictures siege interesting points mediæval solitaries mediæval curious incident relating two spenser description typical hermit hermitage squires duties anthony coenobite system attributed monks augustine canons secular costume canons regular chaucer sketch order st basil abuse great church festivals mentioned introduction monachism asia minor rule benedict rule archbishop dunstan reduces saxon monasteries rule clare foundress female order franciscans edmund bury abbey francis character priory john hermit mary winchester abbey sumptuary laws civil costume regulated teutonic knights order remains seen carisbrook castle timber fort used william conqueror tournament miniature historical example description encounter french english knights directions form challenge form proclamation inviting habiliments required knights incidents relating manner arranging mode arming knights pictures illustrating various scenes prizes à à weapons used tournaments feasting merriment usual mediæval romances safe authorities relating subject unusual deeds performed architectural beauty continental date earliest english towns provincial mediæval specimens various time edward traveller religious houses chiefly trinitarians order vallombrosa order vestments mediæval official description abandoned time reformation wager battle account mediæval walter hamuntesham beating rabble cannon iron brass employed board english costume sailors soldiers mediæval description early list english stationed waverley cistercian abbey westminster abbey grants made henry viii whale fishing early widowhood description lady took vows widows order dress worn profession vow service consecration william swynderby wills inventories attached ancient wool merchants costume mediæval end riverside press limited edinburgh footnotes put supernatural tales fables impostures similar tales abound lives religious people middle ages unknown modern days luther conflict satan wartzburg colonel gardiner vision saviour considered true supernatural visions may put natural results spiritual excitement imagination mere baseless legends critic professed cases decide besides consulting standard authorities archæology subject student well read kingsley charming book hermits desert strutt dress habits people england computation tanner notitia monastica editors last edition dugdale monasticon adding smaller houses cells swell number benedictine establishments england total two hundred child received hand wrapped hanging altar says rule benedict let offer words si quas forte de nobilibus offert filium suum deo monasterio si ipse puer minore ætate est parentes ejus faciant petitionem et manum pueri involvant pallu altaris et sic eum offerunt abbot herman tells us year mother took brothers monastery afterwards abbot went martin tournay delivered sons god placing little cradle altar amidst tears many bystanders maitland dark ages precedents dedication infant ascetic life course case samuel dedicated mother infancy samson john baptist directed god consecrated nazarites birth law made prohibiting dedication children earlier age fourteen nero picture benedict boy monk habit holding book reading preaching group monks engraved boutell monumental brasses probably means clocks little ornaments sewn lower margin tippet hood jameson legends monastic orders viollet le duc dictionary architecture vol vi ibid vi ibid vi ibid vi houses called temples carthusian houses called chartereux corrupted england charterhouse four round churches england popularly supposed built templars temple church london built maplestead essex hospitallers northampton simon de liz first norman earl northampton twice pilgrim holy land cambridge unknown individual order divided nations english knights french knights nation separate house situated different points island defence houses large fine buildings still remain many unedited records order still preserved island order called lady mercy founded spain peter nolasco similar object including scope christian captives infidel also slaves captives prisoners debt afternoons mornings indication zeal pursuit science necessary mention names friar roger bacon franciscan friar albertus magnus dominican arts cultivated equal zeal finest paintings world executed friars orders produced artists highest excellence fra giacopo da turrita celebrated artist mosaic thirteenth century franciscan fra antonio da negroponti painter fra fillippo lippi painter carmelite fra bartolomeo fra angelico da fiesole man ever conceived heavenly visions spiritual loveliness purity dominicans satan queyntise comen curates helpen harmed hem hard help ful littel ploughman extract chaucer lines seem indicate individual friar sometimes farmed alms district paying convent stipulated sum taking surplus france jacobins wives burgesses stuffed musical instrument called piers ploughman creed line describing burly dominican friar describes cloak cope terms describes gown kirtle also cope beclypped wel clean folden double worsted heel kirtle clean white cleanly good enough ground grain beren limitour explained friar whose functions limited certain district country lister might exercise office wherever listed thirty masses repose deceased person convents friars monasteries monks secular clergy forbidden say convent friars used undertake masses dead friar saying whole number masses speedily completed whereas single priest saying mass day long completing number meantime souls supposed torment usual way concluding sermon days ascription praise father cake choose slip piece hired man trifles requite staff closely part forbidden good man also seen friar fourteen nights limitour go round fortnight dormitory convent infirmarer aged monks friars lived infirmary certain privileges wert implying whether truly enrolled fraternity house prayed benefactors chapter health strength doctor little preaching probably preaching friar dominican waxed nearly mad lived foundation say now colleges endowed schools maysters divinite matynes leve cherliche richly cheveteyn chaumbre holden chymene chaple chosen list served sovereyn lord sytten just heads colleges now master provost principal lodge constitution existing colleges assist acquainted understanding many points monastic economy ellis early english romances long well proportioned tall stature touching almesse monks delt hospitality kept every man knoweth many thousands well received might better many great men horse fede bin overcharged idle gentlemen never abaies abbeys complaint made parliament long dissolution quoted coke person penance hunting without state plan chartreuse clermont given viollet le duc dict vol pp arrangements carthusian monastery nearly parts europe consists surrounded twenty square enclosures enclosure technically called cell fact little house garden little house corner enclosure consists three apartments middle west side oratory whose apsidal sanctuary projects court small outer court west prior lodgings cell like others building entertainment guests see also paper carthusian priory mount grace near thirsk read archdeacon churton yorkshire architectural society year view citeaux given viollet le duc dictionary architecture vol give good notion monastery english monasteries fountains perhaps finest existing remains extensive left england plan found walbran guide ripon see also plan furness archæological vi newstead augustinian house ibid ix durham benedictine ibid xxii double choir fifteenth century king rené book hours egerton folio another religious late fifteenth early sixteenth century date well drawn may found egerton lydgate life edmund executed preserved british museum harl gives several good representations shrine saint edmund bury attendant monks pilgrims worshipping tombes tabernacles tiled aloft made marble many manner wise knights conisantes clad nonce seemed saints earth lovely ladies lyen sides many gay garments ploughman henry vii agreed abbot convent westminster four tapers burning continually tomb two sides two ends eleven feet long twelve pounds weight thirty tapers hearse four torches held weekly obit hundred tapers nine feet long torches twice weight lighted anniversary though man mynster masse wolde heren sight shal set sundrye werkes penons pornels poyntes sheldes withdrawen devotion dusken heart ploughman attached cathedrals york salisbury wells octagonal hereford lincoln decagonal lichfield polygonal worcester circular built secular canons two exceptions hitherto observed benedictine abbey westminster polygonal thornton abbey regular canons octagonal norwich appears eastern apse see mackenzie walcott church conventual arrangement piers ploughman describes benedictine convent wrought great church carved covered quaintly entayled sculptured seemly selure ceiling aloft parliament house vision piers ploughman characters complains commits fast fridays bread water challenged child punished childish way plainly spoken bear quotation see note woodcut preceding page another initial letter book room adjoining hall fellows retire dinner take wine converse ordinary fashion time sleep without clothing whatever plan benedictine monastery gall published june dormitory east calefactory refectory south cellar west larders plan canterbury cathedral benedictine house existed latter half twelfth century church south dormitory east refectory parallel church north cellar west benedictine monastery durham church north locutory east refectory south dormitory west augustinian regular priory bridlington church north fratry refectory south east dortor also east stair twenty steps high west side occupied prior lodgings premonstratensian abbey easby church north transept passage small apartments east refectory south west two large apartments passage rev turner chaplain bishop cozin hall durham describes common house kitchen places dormitory building west inconvenient distance church maitland dark ages winchester school comparatively recent period scholars summer time studied cloisters much curious information scriptoria monastic libraries see maitland dark ages quoted hall royal palace winchester erected period feet feet inches total length perhaps paces woodcut harleian represents probably cellarer dominican convent receiving donation fish curiously suggests scene depicted sir edwin landseer bolton abbey olden time see account hall sketches street volume worcester architectural society quoted archdeacon churton paper read yorkshire architectural society dominican friary norwich carmelite friary hulne franciscan friary kilconnel may found walcott church conventual arrangement national gallery painting fra angelico hermit clad dress woven rushes flags wonderful godly history holy fathers hermits among caxton books piers ploughman vision speaks anthony egidius holy fathers woneden wilderness amonge wilde bestes spekes spelonkes seldom spoke together ac nobler antony ne egedy ne hermit time lions ne leopards livelihood ne took fowles fly find men books prayers penance putten many love lord liveden full strait hope heavenly blisse ancres heremites holden cells coveten country kairen walk likerous lifelihood liking please yet ac ancres heremites eaten nones ere morrow mine almesse shall cattle keep cloisters churches ac robert shall nought mine ploughman piers ploughman vision describes beginning poem assuming habit summer season soft sun habit hermit unholy works went wild world wonders hear may morning malvern hills beginning eighth part robed roamed summer season custom admitting fraternity religious house see officium induendi et benedicendi heremitam indebted bloxam copy tuus noticable masculine gender used without note find service inclosing shall notice hereafter service shall serve sexes hermit interposed sir lionel sir bors killed sir lionel interference malory prince arthur iii lxxix called also episcopal registry lichfield find bishop date february giving brother richard goldeston late canon wombrugge now recluse prior lee near shiffenall license hear confessions great loobies long loath swink work clothed copes known others shaped hermits ease wanderers breakers cells kindred piers ploughman read hermits hoked staves wenden walsingham hooked staves may however pilgrim staves hermit staves pastoral staff official seal odo bishop bayeux shape staff represented staff similar shape occurs early welbeck priory engraved rev cutts manual sepulchral slabs crosses plate xxxv blomfield history norfolk says observed hermitages erected part near great bridges see warwickshire dugdale badwell tottenham high roads appears brandon downham stow bardolph norfolk erith isle ely settlement vicarage kelvedon essex rectory impropriated abbot convent westminster fourteenth century expressly ordered convent besides providing vicar suitable house also provide hall receiving guests see subsequent chapter secular clergy officium et legenda de vita ricardi rolle stated died afterwards described cell distance family accustomed sit solitary pass time contemplation sir john dalton wife according sentiment time following example shunammite husband made elisha little chamber wall set bed table stool candlestick kings iv knight la tour landry illustrates tales ch xcv describes shunammite act language mediæval custom good woman gret devocion holy man required praied hym come burghe loged hous husbonde made chambre solitaire holy man might use devocions serve god either little window communicated outer world perhaps suggested window cell received visitors hermitage partly stone partly timber may seen beautiful egerton good representation cave hermitage may found late egerton also harl hermit cave royal iv man bringing hermit food drink eugene aram famous murder perpetrated within see sir bulwer description scene eugene aram see view stukeley itin pl suggesting room often found church porch year dispute arisen abbot convent easby grey friars richmond part burgesses richmond part respecting disposition goods margaret richmond late anchoress town length settled goods remain warden brethren friars debts repair anchorage defrayed anchoress took habit friars abbot convent disposition anchoress alison comeston decease continue evermore abbot warden happens anchoress took habit religion burgesses shall nomination free election anchoress evermore time time happens void without time mind test ebor ii june edward iii granted brother regnier hermit chapel mary magdalen without salop certain plot waste called shelcrosse contiguous chapel containing acre hold successors hermits habitation find chaplain pray chapel king soul owen blakeway history shrewsbury vol ii perhaps say authors eremitical habitation wood suttona sutton village just without salop recorded elsewhere given richard dapifer chester monks salop vita godrici published surtees society simple meddle since written writer opportunity visiting hermitage like warkworth wetheral bewdley lenton still use habitation parish limay near mantes pretty little town railway rouen paris nearly top hill north valley seine mantes situated low face rock crops rock excavated chapel sacristy hermit present hermit long refectory added establishment give annual dinner people come day year considerable numbers pilgrimage chapel differs described text larger ruder wide rocky roof supported two rows rude pillars left standing purpose excavators altar east end west end representation entombment figure lord lying become rigid midst writhing agony without rude force expression group figures standing tomb late head saint placed body roman soldier renaissance period incised cross inscription beside tomb niche north side recumbent monumental effigy stone head hands white glazed pottery whether things originally placed hermitage whether waifs strays neighbouring churches brought ecclesiastical hard determine profusion incongruous odds ends ecclesiastical relics fineries whole place furnished inclines latter conjecture built rock chapel chimney peeps sacristy fireplace platform front hermitage walled little garden hill curé limay performs service certain days year hermit disappoint desire see modern example aged sire long black weedes yclad feet bare beard hoarie gray aged sire years old rest simply little withered old french peasant blue blouse wooden sabots passes days solitude unless rare party visitors ring little bell due inspection admitted peep chapel grotto share fine view valley shut hills seine winding flat meadows clean pretty town mantes middle long bridge church whether spends time bidding beades day trespas inquire finds hours lonely good curé limay wishes sleep hermitage like warkworth prefers sleeping village foot hill little hermitages represented campo santo series paintings old egyptian engraved jameson legends monastic orders little grated window hermit within probably john talking another outside recluses however sometimes quit cells great emergency learn legenda richard hampole already quoted told death dame margaret kyrkley recluse anderby hearing saint death hastened hampole present funeral wilkins concilia several mss rule known different names fosbroke quotes rule simon de gandavo simon ghent cott nero xiv another bennet college cambridge another name alfred reevesley see fosbroke british monachism pp various copies indeed seem differ considerably derived work ascribed bishop poore books addressed female recluses confirmation opinion expressed majority recluses women iii earth give food heaven light sport repose lock day night desperation turn trust hope anchor cheer prison scope opposite blanks face joy meet well destroy cell angle edington abbey church wilts seems kind wearing cuirass hauberk chain mail next skin became noted form undertook called cell carthusian monk stated consisted little house three apartments little garden within inclosure wall picture given also another date marked add folio probably case warkworth hermit living hermitage chantry priest lived house foot hill eremites inhabiten highways boroughs among brewers ploughman probably anchoret means male recluse female recluse test ii ibid ii ibid ii ibid ii note instructions parish priests early english text society test ii ibid ibid ii ibid bequests recluses occur henry recluses jerusalem england normandy sussex archæol blomfield norfolk ii pp see also bequests norwich recluses stow chronicle ancren riewle read facility commit sin false recluse owen blakeway history shrewsbury rogerus delecto christo filio roberto de worthin cap salutem precipue devotionis affectum quem ad serviendum deo reclusorio juxta capellam sancti joh babtiste civitate coventriensi constructo et spretis mundi deliciis et ipsius vagis discurribus contemptis habere te asseres propensius intuentes ac volentes te consideratione nobilis domine domine isabelle regine anglie nobis pro te supplicante hujus laudabili proposito confovere ut prefato reclusorio morari possis et recludi et vitam tuam eodam ducere tui laudibus redemptoris licentiam tibi quantum nobis est concedi per presentes quibus sigillum nostrum duximus apponendum dat apud heywood kal mccclxii et consecrationis nostræ tricessimo sexto dugdale fosbroke british monachism engraved iv reports lincoln diocesan archæological society pp peter abbot clugny tells us monk priest abbey cell oratory high remote consecrated honour michael archangel devoting divine meditation night day mounted high mortal things seemed angels present nearer vision maker lichfield registers find february bishop granted brother richard goldestone late canon wombrugge now recluse prior lee near shiffenale license hear confessions history whalley paper rogers xi twysden henry de knighton vol ii translator book camden society edition says therein word original saxon english ther thurgh refers window looking church recluse looked daily celebration mass caput suum decidit ad fenestram ad quam se reclinabit sanctus dei ricardus stories reginald durham learn school according custom common enough kept church norham tweed parish priest teacher wright domestic manners middle ages two expressions seem imply recluses sometimes went cell church also churchyard already noticed technical word cell seems included everything within enclosure wall whole establishment possible case anchorages adjoining churches churchyard wall represented enclosure cell included church churchyard commission given william wykham bishop winchester enclosing lucy de newchurch anchoritess hermitage brendun bristol given burnett history antiquities bristol monasterio inclusorio suo vicino seems writer rubric specially thinking inclusoria within monasteries ordo romanus pontifical egbert pontifical bishop lacey newspaper surrey society transactions vol iii collect variations used also consecration nuns virgin chastity held bring forth fruit hundred fold widowed chastity sixty fold married chastity thirty fold garment worn next skin mortification king henry pt act sc come us series narratives pilgrimages holy land christian bordeaux early paula daughter given jerome bishop arculf willebald sæwulf sigurd crusader sir john de mandeville travels bohn antiq lib present day hospital pellegrini rome capable entertaining seven thousand guests women well men entitled hospitality institution must walked least sixty miles provided certificate bishop priest effect pilgrims wild last winter rome longmans latter part saxon period history great rage foreign pilgrimage thousands persons continually coming going england principal shrines europe especially threshold apostles rome subject letter charlemagne king offa concerning strangers love god salvation souls wish repair thresholds blessed apostles let travel peace without trouble year king canute made pilgrimage rome saxon kings done met emperor conrad princes obtained subjects whether merchants pilgrims exemptions heavy tolls usually exacted journey rome marriage edward leonora sister alonzo castile protection english pilgrims stipulated came numbers alarm french difficulties thrown way fifteenth century rymer mentions licences make pilgrimage santiago granted king horn taken disguise palmer horn took bourden scrip went palace athulf hall took place among beggars beggar row sat century romance king early english text society beggars persons usually sit ground hall wait share food learn also vision piers ploughman xii right sum man gave meat set amid floor meat enough much worship sit side table sovereigns hall sit beggar boardless ground romance king horn hero meets palmer asks palmere met fair grette greeted palmer shalt tell thine spell wallet pillow covering called took latten kind bronze set mock precious stones pretending relics saint see archæological journal vol iii taylor edition blomfield norfolk enumerates less seventy places pilgrimage norfolk alone man might go without wife consent wife without husband preche also might wonde fear hesitate wyf eke husbande nowther hem penance take ny non vow chastity make ny pylgrimage take bothe assente thereto save vow jherusalem lawful ether parish early english text society marked footnote previous page leads us conjecture ancient modern times pilgrim may received certificate blessed pilgrim now give certificates baptism marriage holy orders see woodcut history music conscience patience passed pilgrims patience pilgrims poke vittailes ploughman xiii grose gloucestershire pl lvii girdle two pilgrims first cut carries palm branch hand represent two disciples emmaus returning jerusalem existence several accounts stations rome english prose poetry early thirteenth century published early english text society indicates popularity pilgrimage innocente epist lib ed baluzio rock church fathers church fathers vol iii note seen scrip lydgate pilgrim woodcut see paper pilgrim shell tennant james anales de galicia vol southey pilgrim compostella anales de galicia vol quoted southey pilgrim compostella rock church fathers iii vita thomæ apud willebald folio stephani ed giles lily valley another canterbury flower still plentiful gardens precincts cathedral veneration times concentrated blessed head suffered stroke martyrdom exhibited shrine kissed pilgrims abbey derbyshire dedicated beauchef beautiful head still called beauchief abbey late caldecot dartford possessed beautiful little pilgrim sign lead found winchester engraved journal british archæological association rock church fathers vol iii fosbroke fallen error calling burden bound pilgrim back list bourdon pilgrim staff round list long narrow strip cloth wound elsewhere meet list round staff appear use meaning may call mind list wound round barber pole imagine list attached pilgrim staff use may remember vexillum banner attached bishop staff long narrow riband often affixed staff placed saviour hand mediæval representations resurrection staff cut looks might list wound round fosbrooke wright rock understand bowl bottle carry drink shaped something like gourd unfrequently find hung hook shepherd staff pictures annunciation shepherds pilgrim erasmus praise folly bears back sinai galice compostella galicia cross asked people ask first whence come armenia holy body object pilgrimage tell us knight la tour landry stories tells us young lady herte moche worlde squier loved hym might better leiser speke hym made husbande understande vowed diverse pilgrimages husband thought none evelle wolde displese suffered held hym content go wherin lust alle thei gone pilgrimage place foul plesaunce devocion place thei go covereth thaire goinge service god fowlethe scornethe god ladie place thei goo la tour chap xxxiv poor pilgrim says history troubadours came court lived honestly respectably wages given restore mule wallet staff return manner came church fathers vol iii pope calixtus tells us sermones bib ed bignio xv pilgrims santiago accustomed dawn top town cry loud voice deus adjuva sancte jacobe god help santiago surely excepted thomas shrine newspaper visitor rome gives description exhibition relics forms interesting parallel account text shortly public notice sagro issued authority setting forth inasmuch certain principal relics immagini exposed ensuing season lent certain churches specified confraternities rome exhorted pope resort procession churches ceremony soon described procession entered slowly west door moved towards altar foremost within yards knelt minutes pavement church worship signal given party rose slowly defiled direction chapel wherein preserved column flagellation way sex may ever enter chapel except day year day speaking day men rigorously excluded well knelt minutes rose moved slowly towards door departing came making way another procession enter altogether interesting agreeable spectacle utterly alien english tastes habits certainly institution evidently suited tastes people exactly dare say may conducive piety recommend religious instincts coming several parishes returning chant psalms follows naturally speak little particularly adoration relics just another many definite religious acts make sum popular devotion supply void occasioned entire discontinuance old breviary offices romano little book describing publicly transacted religious character every day year daily throughout lent indeed every occasion unusual solemnity think read church whatever may imply beside denotes relics displayed adoration church day indicated pavement accordingly strewed box lights burn altar constant influx visitors church throughout day example prisca little church aventine april romish missal perceive feria tertia majoris hebdomadæ year april ad interesting church way proved evidently built site immense antiquity traditionally house prisca descend steps subterranean edifice little church strangers arriving time thirty young dominicans sabina hard streamed crypt knelt time repaired perform similar act worship altar friend conducted spot showed vineyard immediately opposite extraordinary remains wall servius tullius return observed fresh parties straggling towards church bent performing perhaps mentioned prayers put forth authority used occasions must pass subject relics slightly evidently occupies considerable place public devotions roman catholic sagro already adverted specifies relics displayed six churches enumerated heads ss peter paul chains wood cross granting seven years indulgence every visit whomsoever paid promising plenary indulgence every person confessing communicating shall thrice visit aforesaid churches pray awhile behalf holy church besides nine chief festivals many great displays relics rome particulars may seen liturgique pp witnessed somewhat leisurely church twelve apostles afternoon may congregation two three hundred church somebody lofty gallery displayed relics companion proclaiming loud voice il braccio gave basilica formula every instance sonorously intoned part arm bartholomew james less part andrew leg arm cross part paul fingers nails peter crucified philip right foot liquid blood james remains john evangelist baptist joseph blessed virgin together part manger cradle cross tomb lord dwelt somewhat disproportionally relics play conspicuous part religious system country enumerating several substitutes invented old breviary services nearly enough discussed subject lines visit paid church objects exposed distinct well popular religious exercise always seemed performed great reverence devotion wright archæological album slip lead probably put coffin sometimes called thomas acre chaucer wife bath read thrice jerusalem haddé passed many strangé stream rome haddé boloyne galice james coloyne dugdale monasticon crudities lydgate life edmund harl picture king alkmund pilgrimage rome receiving pope blessing treatment subject like illumination text shells indicate pilgrimage accomplished rod may intended represent pilgrim bourdon harl fol beginning thirteenth century bishop holding slender rod pastoral staff fol putting similar rod bishop coffin priors small cathedrals bore staff without crook privilege arrayed pontificals mass often bore staves rock church fathers vol pt ii gives cut late flemish book hours priest sitting confession bears long rod engraved boutell christian monuments england wales engraved nichols leicestershire vol pl engraved manual sepulchral slabs crosses rev cutts pl lxxiii shown hereafter secular priests ordinarily wore dresses gay colours ecclesiastical canons contrary notwithstanding good example baker northamptonshire broughton rectory richard meyreul presented peter de vieleston deacon presented though still deacon previously rector cottisbrook matthew paris tells us beneficed clergy diocese lincoln urgently persuaded admonished bishop allow promoted grade priesthood many refused thirteenth constitution second general council lyons held ordered curates reside take priests orders within year promotion lists quoted show inoperative attempt remedy practice directed writer july says fourteenth century seem half number rectories throughout england held acolytes unable administer sacrament altar hear confessions even baptise presented benefice often age ordained rector preferred marry remain layman best clerk minor orders short time refer rectories looked treated lay fees see chaucer poor scholar hereinafter quoted busily gan soulis pray gave wherewith scholaie dialogue heresies book iii norwich corporation records sessions book henry vii thursday holyrood eve xijth king henry sir william grene accused spy examined mayor deputy others gave following account sir william saieth borne boston countie lincoln xviij yeres nowe paste dwellyd stephen grene father wantlet saide countie lincolne lerned gramer space ij yeres vj yeres used labour father sometyme husbandrie wiles longe sawe dwelling boston genet grene aunte used labour wiles goyng scole space ij years time receyved benet accolet first tonsure acolytate freres austens boston frere graunt beying suffragan diocese lincoln frere graunt william grant titular bishop pavada province constantinople vicar redgewell essex suffragan ely registrum sacrum dwelling within boston wt williamson merchaunt half yere dwellinge cambridge space half yere used labour day beryng ale pekynge saffron sometyme going colleges gate mete drynke almes aft sir william ij monks whitby abbey edward prentis went rome thentent ben made order admitted abiding larkington countie essex used labour levyng wt thom grene broder cam cambridge ther teried iiij wekes gate levynge almes dwelling boston agen laboured dyvs persones vij viij wekes dwelling london holborn rickerby fustian dyer iij wekes william resorted cambridge ther met agen wt edward prentise instance labour cony cambridge grene edward prentise obteyned licence year cappes deputee chancellor seal office wherby edward gathered toguether cambridgeshire releaff toward exhibicon scole space viij weks edward departed company william shortly robert draper scoler borne feltham countee lincoln accompanyed wt forged made newe licence putte therin ther bothe names sealed wt seale licence granted edward aforeseid forged licence robt gathered cambridgeshire shires coventre robt caused knolles tynker dwelling coventre make case tynne mete seale title robt draper holdde makby abbey willm robt cam cambridge ther met wt john manthorp hadde ben lately rome ther made prest robert draper copied bulle orders deken subdeken willm willm toke waxe leyed prynte seale title robert makby aforeseid led forged seale casse tynne aforeseid labels fastned ye forged bull sithen willm gathered dyvers shires northampton cambridge suffolk norfolk alway shewyng feyning hymself hadde ben rome ther made preste means whereof receyved almes dyvers many persones vol iv cobbler grease york fabric rolls note church fathers ii richmond wills church fathers ii note newcourt repertorium johnson canons ii ang cath lib edition johnson canons ii sang annual yearly masses dead enough chapel earl northumberland household book henry algernon fifth earl northumberland born died antiq repertory iv first preist doctour divinity doctor law bachelor divinitie dean lord chapell preist surveyour lorde landes preist secretary lorde preist amner lorde preist ordering keaping queir lorde chappell daily preist riding chaplein lorde preist chaplein lorde eldest son waite uppon daily preist lorde clark closet preist maister gramer lorde hous preist reading gospell chapel daily preist singing ladies mass chapell daily number persons chapleins preists houshould xi gentlemen children lorde chappell appointed attend time exercising godde service chapell daily matteins evensong compeynge bass second bass third bass maister childer second third standing tenour second third fourth standing tenor number theis persons gentlemen lorde chapell xi children lorde chappell trebles three second trebles six table earl lady accustomed offer mass holydays keep chappell offering annual lights paid holy blood haillis hales gloucestershire lady walsingham margaret lincolnshire lady whitefriars doncaster lord foundation xmas barne bishop beverley york comes accustomed yearly rewards children chapell sing responde called exaudivi mattynstime xi vespers allhallow day nicholas eve lordshipe chappell doe play play nativitie xmas day mornynge lorde chapell lordship singing gloria excelsis mattens time xmas day abbot miserewle misrule xmas yeoman groom vestry bringing hallowed taper candlemas day lordship chaplains servts play play lordship shrofetewsday night play play resurrection estur daye lorde chapell lordship yeoman groom vestry allhallows day syngynge cristynne soles saide nyhte past mydnyght earl lady brother sister christopher gilde yorke pd yearly master gild brought lord lady lyverays yard narrow violette cloth yard narrow rayed cloth yard procter robert knasbrughe lord lady brother sister pp elaborate programme ordering lord chapel various services appears organs several singing men played turn order washing linen chapel year surplices washed sixteen times year great feasts eighteen surplices men six children seven albs washed sixteen times year five covering alters washed sixteen times year page ordered vestry stuff shall every removal house house cart carrying nine antiphoners four grailles hangings three altars chapel surplices lord closet ladie sort suit vestments single vestments copes accopeed daily lord chapell stuff sent afore lord chariot lordship remove cardinal wolsey earl death intimated wish books earl chapel note speaks fine service edited gough nichols camden society richard burré wealthy yeoman ffarmer parsonage sowntyng called temple holde howse jonys henry viii wills sir robert bechton chaplen syng ffor soule span ix yers requires obit soul eleven years sompting notes wills lower sussex archæological collections iii dialogue heresies iii see note previous page lord closet ladie inventories found wills give two chapels country gentlemen rudulph adirlay esq colwick testamenta eboracensia nottinghamshire leaves alan de cranwill chaplain little missal another book elizabeth wife chalice vestment two candelabra laton little missal ornaments belonging chapel inventories john smith blackmore essex occur chappell chamber item long setle yoyned chappell item aulter yoyner worke item table two leaves passion gilt item long setle waynscott item bell hanging chapel chappell stuff copes vestments thre aulter fronts foure corporall case dyvers peces silk necessary cusshyons thomas smith moche wyll serve chappell resydue solde myn executours plate candlesticks chapel specially mentioned probably included among plate otherwise disposed xiiiij latyn candlestyckes dyvers sorts elsewhere archæological society vol iii see rev stubbs learned laborious registrum sacrum anglicanum gives lists suffragan well diocesan bishops church england richmondshire wills test pontifical middle fifteenth century british museum egerton illumination beginning service ordering ostiary act represented bishop habited green chasuble white mitre delivering keys clerk habited surplice black cassock tonsured pretty little picture showing ordination priests consecration bishops episcopal acts illustrated confirmation dedication church consecration altar benediction cemetery consecration chalice paten reconciling penitents outer short cloak sufficiently man world fit secular occupation obtain pursue studies another good illustration clerk time richard ii see illumination king coronation frontispiece royal seems attendance bishops habited blue cassock red liripipe black purse penner inkhorn test vol ii vol ii test vol ii vol ii archdeacon hale precedents criminal causes duty carrying holy water mentioned extracts clerk derived name often called many places archdeacon hale precedents criminal causes york fabric rolls york fabric rolls bohn edition ii hair complexion neatly kind cloth small twigs trees musical instruments parish clerk mary york used go people houses holy water sundays grafted lies debtors flee sanctuary westminster live borrowed set creditors defiance know great little gave angry difficult proud smite rebuke scrupulous cardinal otho papal legate england time henry deacon matthew paris sub ann cardinal pandulph king john time wendover sub ann fine drawing archbishop latter part thirteenth century royal church fathers spanish book hours add representation ecclesiastic similar robe dark purple hood wears cardinal hat holds papal tiara hand engraved rock ii engraved vii plain straight staff sometimes seen illuminations put bishop grave staves actually found coffins bishops alb often coloured materials find coloured albs mediæval inventories louandre arts somptuaires vol xi siecle picture canons martin tours blue albs costume altogether worth notice another ecclesiastical procession shows clearly costume various orders clergy see achille jubinal anciennes tapisseries plate ii cut slashed show lining monumenta franciscana lxxxix master rolls publications york fabric rolls word frequently occur means kind ornamental dagger worn hanging girdle front civilians knights armour instructions parish priests already quoted honeste clothes thow muste gon baselard ny bawdryke non honorary title sir given priests late period law canute declared priest rank second order thanes landed gentry laws armorial civil arms priest place civil conversation always esquire knight fellow holy orders third three sirs request old baron viscount earl marquis use wit sir king sir knight sir priest afterwards sir english restrained four sir knight sir priest sir graduate common speech sir esquire always since distinction titles sir priest ever second decacordon quodlibetical questions concerning religion state quoted knight shakespeare vol comedies note sc act merry wives windsor shakespeare characters hugh oliver later period still sir john popular name priest piers ploughman vision xi calls god knights also psalter says david overskippers deo nostro psallite quoniam rex terre deus israel psallite bishop shall blamed god leve believe crowneth goddes knightes conneth nought synge ne psalmes rede ne segge masse day ac never neyther blameless bisshop ne chapleyne either endited non excusat episcopos nec idiotes york fabric rolls described engraved sussex archæological collections vii described engraved parker domestic architecture parker domestic architecture ii numerous curious examples timber essex churches deed settlement vicarage bulmer year gives us description parsonage house similar character consisted hall two chambers annexed bakehouse kitchen chamber vicar servant stable loft competent garden ingrave rectory house similar house described terrier house containing hall parlour buttery two lofts study also kitchen house poultry barn stable ii ingatestone rectory terrier hall parlour chamber within study newly built parson chamber parlour another within closet without kitchen two little rooms adjoining chamber two little butteries hall next chamber chamber without kitchen another house built parson barn stable ruinous ii seem old house hall middle parlour chamber end two butteries midst successive additions also description rectory house west haningfield essex newcourt ii north bemfleet ii newcourt repertorum ii newcourt ii george darell leaves book statutes containing statutes kings edward richard henry iv book law called natura brevium portus par statutorum ii inventories goods clerics help throw light domestic economy different periods vicar waghen york wills ii chantry priest sussex archæological collections iii bohn edition vol ii matthew paris vol bohn edition vol ii vol iii numb exod xv sam xviii jer xxxi sam sam vi psalm lxviii also paper read london middlesex architectural society june king minstrel last saxon king mentioned domesday book holding lands gloucestershire reign henry rayer king minstrel temp henry galfrid jeffrey temp richard blondel romantic memory temp henry master ricard harper prince edward afterwards king edward brained assassin attempted prince life noble wife eleanor risked extract poison wound edward reign mention king robert may impetuous minstrel prince temp edward occur two grant houses made william de morley king minstrel held predecessor john de boteler bride glamorganshire insculpt effigy knightly figure date edward inscription john le boteler nothing identify king minstrels temp richard john camuz king minstrels henry went france took fifteen minstrels walter haliday marshal time chief royal minstrels seems styled instead king next reign find minstrels temp henry walter haliday still marshal minstrels king issued commission boys supply vacancies number king edward iv granted walter haliday marshal seven others charter restoration fraternity gild governed marshal two wardens regulate minstrels throughout realm except chester minstrels royal chapel establishment king thirteen number trumpets shalms small pipes singers charter edward iv renewed henry viii john gilman marshal whose death hugh wodehouse promoted office ellis early english metrical romances bohn edition wright domestic manners english among nobles great chamber answering modern couches illustrations musical instruments see good representation venus playing rote plectrum right hand pressing strings left sloane also band consisting violin organistrum like modern harp dulcimer harl represents feast return prodigal son arundel david band instruments early date instruments early david tuning harp key dives faring sumptuously carver musicians lute pipe mallory history prince arthur vol making sign cross edward vi commissioners return pair organs church peter mancroft norwich value church peter parmentergate city pair organs value equal days soon find paied carpenter makyng plaunche platform planks sette organs another trumpets add harp case lower part add casts mediæval court crystal palace annales archæologiques vol vi vol ix account minstrel kenilworth subsequently given described squiere minstrel middlesex travelled country summer time miri somer tide swainés gin justing ride whanne april shourés sote longen folk gon pilgrimages tedious irksome lose renders tedious fontenelle histoire du théâtre quoted percy tells us france men division family property half fourth part old seignorial castle sometimes went rhyming world returned acquire remainder ancestral castle illuminations thirteenth fourteenth centuries messenger denoted peculiarities equipment generally bears spear small round target perhaps badge lord arms girdle add close thirteenth century folio fifteenth century see messengers carrying letters openly fastened cleft split wand date harl folio fourteenth century add folio hans burgmaier der weise könige right state statute gives mareschans instead menestrals reading text preferred record commission published whole interesting document romance richard coeur de lion read capture acre distributed among heralds disours tabourers trompours accompanied greater part money jewels horses fine robes fallen share many accounts lavish generosity chivalrous lords propitiated favourable report heralds minstrels whose good report fame may infer exemption jurisdiction duttons court tutbury guild beverley jurisdiction king minstrels whole realm established former latter french minstrels incorporated charter king year years tutbury ordonnance edward allusion general jurisdiction minstrels king edward fourth household thirteen others called duty pipe watch romance richard coeur de lion richard fleet come silently night walls jaffa besieged land side saracen army looked castel heard pipe ne flagel drew em nigh land mighten understand ne nought espie ne voice minstralcie quick man castle continued uncertainty spring day wait came kernel piped nott flagel recognised king richard galleys merrier note blew piped sus sus king richard comen us flageolet battlement offended repent give travel praise introduction reliques early english poetry outer garment worn fourteenth century shown engravings percy supposes mean like priests monks percy supposes expression inferior orders may also infer superior orders told batchelor whose chivalric signification reference matrimony yet disposed believe real minstrel langham tells us dressed partly probably things according wont lord leicester may given new coat little capon grease usual hair set sing solemn song warranted story king arthur acts instead modern minstrel ware heralds fourteenth century bore arms lord small scutcheon fastened side girdle annales archæologiques vii eoten giant eotenish made descended giants harl close eleventh century contains number military subjects rudely drawn conveying suggestions artist able interpret profit add date goliath group soldiers next white skin contend stamped leather brass compare tennyson description sir lancelot lady shalot gemmy bridle glittered free like branch stars see hung golden galaxy rode camelot royal picture represented sword hung tomb helmet sword shield edward black prince still hang tomb canterbury cathedral henry iv saddle helmet tomb westminster abbey hundreds parish churches helmets swords gauntlets spurs still hang tombs mediæval knights probably bridge tower defend approach couch hewitt ancient armour album villars de honnecourt thirteenth century contains directions constructing trebuchet hewitt ancient armour much curious detail subject see babee book published early english text society cover bench illustration way actual warfare sometimes treated chivalrous trial skill take following anecdote froissart occasion french bribed amery de puy governor betray calais fell ambush edward iii set king fought banner sir walter murray kyng lyht lord eustace rybemount strong hardy knyht long fyht bytwene hym kyng joy beholde knight strake kyng day two tymes knees finally kynge toke hym prisoner yelded sword kyng sayd sir knyght yeled prisoner knewe kyng evening king gave supper castle french prisoners sat guests supper done tables take away kyng taryed styll hall knyghtes frenchmen savyng chapelet fyne perles ware heed kyng went fro another frenchmen kyng come sir eustace rybamont joyously hym eustace ye knyht worlde sene moost valyant assayle ennemyes defende hymselfe never founde knyght ever gave moche ado body body ye done day wherefore give price knyghtes court ryht sentence kyng took chapelet heed beying bothe faire goodly ryche sayd eustace gyve chapelet best doar armes journey past either party desire bere yere love say whersover ye come dyd give quyte prison ransom ye shall depart please samuel ii took place windsor park sixth year edward according document record office tower printed archælogia vol xvii appears knights armed tunic surcoat helmet leather gilt silvered crests parchment wooden shield sword parchment silvered strengthened whalebone gilded hilts strangers challengers afterwards called gentlemen within forms challenge romantic challenges full length see lansdowne probably shed tent field end lists lansdowne says gentlewomen obvious error correctly given hastings dugdale history warwickshire gives curious series pictures famous combat john astle piers de massie year showing various incidents combat harleian book certain triumphs containing proclamations tournaments statutes arms regulation numerous documents relating subject folio onwards given pictures combats folio represents barriers folio barriers picture given dugdale combat john astle piers de massie combatants represented sitting chair great carvad chair something like coronation chair westminster abbey tremouille oyez perhaps ho wright domestic manners customs middle ages ancient cannon europe lieut brackenbury see also viollet le duc dictionary architecture british museum possess fine work copy accessible public library south kensington museum afterwards cardinal dun cow hung round says truewit ben jonson pikes halberds petronels calivers muskets looks like justice peace hall clement sysley eastbury house near barking bequeathed gonnes pikes weapons thomas sysley go house remain standards ever eastbury hall sketch illustrating construction may found witsen sheeps bouw appendix plate history commerce sir harris nicholas history british navy vol day see scorn trade rapidly softened many commercial houses almost important department state conducted much way principals houses often considerable landholders besides educated public schools universities frankly received equals societies hand nobility putting younger sons trade moment believe princess england mercantile house piers ploughman vision says ymade many knyht mercer draper payed nevere prentishode paire gloves neatly properly shields french crowns agreement borrowing money know name wright domestic manners customs middle ages boxes sweet ointments give relief engraved fisher bedfordshire collections london middlesex archæological society proceedings take woodcut royal taken like eat transcriber notes derived copies internet archive two editions combined missing pages missing images page numbers book indicated numbers enclosed curly braces located page breaks occurred original book obvious spelling errors corrected inventive inconsistent spelling left unchanged end transcriber notes author fordham university press series makers modern medicine lives men nineteenth century medical science owes second edition new york net popes science story papal patronage sciences especially medicine thousand new york net makers electricity lives men important advances electricity due collaboration brother potamian london professor physics manhattan college new york net education old new addresses history education various occasions thousand new york net makers medicine story students teachers sciences related medicine middle ages new york net modern progress history academic addresses old new education medicine dentistry politics etc new york act century columbus story renaissance net dolphin press series catholic churchmen science first second third series net psychotherapy lectures influence mind body delivered fordham university school medicine appletons new york net ii illustration le beau dieu amiens iii thirteenth greatest centuries james walsh litt georgetown notre dame medical director school sociology fordham university professor physiological psychology cathedral college new york lecturer psychology marywood college scranton mary college plainfield trustee catholic summer school america member new york academy medicine german french italian societies history medicine etc sixtieth thousand catholic summer school press new york iv copyright james walsh set stereotyped first edition reprinted appendix georgetown edition enlarged extra illustrated fourth edition reprinted additions thousand fifth edition knights columbus made superior printing co akron ohio right rev monsignor lavelle rector patrick cathedral new york sometime president catholic summer school whose fatherly patronage book largely due without whose constant encouragement completed respectfully affectionately dedicated author vi proem epimetheus wake teutonic speak beloved primeval creeds flash ancestral spirit pages wake greedy age noble deeds ye built churches worship ye framed laws move fathers long belied long forsaken oh forgive children love peometheus find laws shall interpret simpler past existing life delving mines fairy caverns charmed blades cut age strife rev charles saints vii preface take style heroic times nature brings back mastodon times man remodel models tennyson first essay idyls king introduction morte occurs probably aptest expression men immediate thought regard subject thirteenth greatest centuries though tennyson confessedly remodeling thoughts thirteenth century willing nothing new else something nothing loss idyls make large lacuna literature nineteenth century allowed compare little things great similar intent laureate seemed sufficient justification paradox author tried set forth volume may prove nothing worth mere chaff draff much better burnt many friends insisted found interesting authors usually blame friends inflictions public fear find better excuse though book patiently labored idea represent serious work done catholic summer school lake champlain viii now completing nearly decade half existence volume hoped first series bring wider audience thoughts gathered summer school friends many workers put permanent form contributions made summer leisure respond greek term school object book interpret terms readily intelligible generation life concerns people century author mind done human progress like period human history whose eyes now holden used surpassing place history culture last three centuries middle ages personally author convinced however beginning proper appreciation come yet feels solution many problems vexing modern world especially social order found much misunderstood ages culmination medieval progress period subject originally taken series lectures extension course catholic summer school given year lent advent catholic club new york city portions material subsequently used lectures many cities country portland portland paul new orleans la subject treated brooklyn institute arts sciences publication suggested author flatter book adequately represents great period claims present subject central idea studies leisure moments dozen years many wanderings europe doubtless prove errors detail author crave indulgence serious students ix history original form material cast influenced style extent made book wordy otherwise cause certain repetitions appear striking print seemed manuscript seemed good reasons delaying publication however leisure work instead growing becoming scant intrusted tender mercies critics benevolent reader still may appealed sake ideas contains spite inadequate expression preface georgetown university edition third edition published patronage georgetown university slight token appreciation degree doctor letters conferred author work last commencement issue enlarged addition many illustrations selected bring fact various parts europe shared achievements time appendix containing compendium chapters might brief sketches easily extended average length original chapters impossible use material gathered hints sources now appended afford suggestions study may care follow idea thirteenth greatest centuries period human existence man thoughts important human interests profoundly valuable future generations accomplishments models time preface fourth edition many now rather numerous readers hearers book read refectories religious communities title seemed almost deterring first high claim set medieval century mitigate possible initial deterrent effect paradox thirteenth greatest centuries seemed worth edition premise series quotations distinguished historical writers english time amply justify claim set frederic harrison macaulay freeman fiske sufficiently different make agreement supreme admiration thirteenth century striking spite lack sympathy many things period emphatically declare source great good since added details failed surpass artistic intellectual achievement years elapsed august preface fifth edition success knights columbus edition popes science issued gives great pleasure accede request supreme officers order permit issue correspondingly large edition present volume good work knights columbus done diffusing knowledge true relations church science generous patronage encouragement instead supposed opposition think greatly furthered wide distribution information contained volume regard supremely helpful attitude church towards art architecture literature education important social problems well illustrated great period thirteenth century sincerely hope brother knights columbus find book renewal devotion mother church came result studies glorious period history action untrammelled political considerations free express every great movement benefit humanity feast immaculate conception xi frederic harrison macaulay freeman fiske place thirteenth century history epochs effort new life age aquinas roger bacon francis louis giotto dante purely spiritual really constructive indeed truly philosophic whole thirteenth century crowded creative forces philosophy art poetry statesmanship rich humanist accustomed look much limited rude forget poor resources instruments creative genius giotto peer superior raphael dante qualities three chief successors much besides tenable view inventive fertility imaginative range vast composite creations cathedrals thirteenth century wealth architectural statuary painted glass enamels embroideries inexhaustible decorative work may set beside entire painting sixteenth century albert aquinas philosophic range peer come descartes roger bacon surpassed versatile audacity genius true encyclopaedic grasp thinker namesake chancellor statesmanship qualities born leader men match great chiefs thirteenth century comparing greatest names three even four centuries later now great century last true middle ages drew end gave birth modern society special character character gives abiding enchanting interest find harmony power universality endowment glow aspiring ambition confidence never find later centuries least generally permanently diffused thirteenth century era special character nothing nothing discordant great thinkers great rulers great teachers great poets xii great artists great moralists great workmen called material age devotional age political age poetic age special degree equally poetic political industrial artistic practical intellectual devotional qualities acted harmony uniform conception life real symmetry purpose common creed ritual worship sacred language church single code manners uniform scheme society common system education accepted type beauty universal art something like recognized standard good beautiful true world occupied ridiculing combating half men absorbed ideals treating ideals neighbors matters indifference waste power men utterly different stephen langton francis thomas aquinas roger bacon dante giotto louis edward profoundly accepted common order ideas equally applying things intellect moral duty action soul public private life feel together working task may doubted happened europe ever frederic harrison survey thirteenth century meaning history historical macmillan sources noblest rivers spread fertility continents bear richly laden fleets sea sought wild barren mountain tracts incorrectly laid maps rarely explored travellers tract history country thirteenth century may unaptly compared sterile obscure portion annals must seek origin freedom prosperity glory great english people formed national character began exhibit peculiarities ever since retained fathers became emphatically islanders islanders merely geographical position politics feelings manners first appeared distinctness constitution ever since changes preserved identity constitution free constitutions world copies spite defects deserves regarded best great xiii society ever yet existed many ages house commons archetype representative assemblies now meet either old new world held first sittings common law rose dignity science rapidly became unworthy rival imperial jurisprudence courage sailors manned rude barks cinque ports first made flag england terrible seas ancient colleges still exist great national seats learning founded formed language less musical indeed languages south force richness aptitude highest purposes poet philosopher orator inferior tongue greece alone appeared first faint dawn noble literature splendid durable many glories macaulay time fusion direct traces foreign conquest got rid naturally time political social institutions country gradually took form distinguishes modern england england last years older england first years english history time edward though english tongue yet finally displaced french assumed main characters distinguished modern ancient form architecture great change taken place romanesque style gave way gothic subordinate arts taken prodigious strides sculpture thirteenth century parted twelfth wider gap parts centuries law language root matter law constitution changes made wrought body politic england shape left future ages nothing improve italics short great destructive creative age europe civilized asia passed england passed lands age saw eastern empire fall beneath arms frank eastern caliphate arms mogul age saw true power glory western empire buried grave wonder world age ruled warriors cross work spain prussia xiv work holy land age made venice mistress eastern seas bade florence stand forth new type democratic freedom age changed nominal kingship lord paris orleans mighty realm philip augustus philip fair age wonders work wonder england freeman norman vol page oxford clarendon press moment interaction might seemed point reaching complete harmonious result glorious thirteenth century culminating moment holy roman empire times caesar trajan might seemed union among civilized men separate life individuals localities submerged golden age alike feudal system empire church seen greatest monarchs fullest sympathy peoples christendom ever known edward louis frederick ii pontificates innocent iii successors roman church reached apogee religious yearning men sought expressions sublimest architecture world seen aquinas summed profound speculations substance catholic theology morning twilight modern science might discerned treatises roger bacon wandering minstrelsy revealed treasures modern speech soon wrought hands dante chaucer forms exquisite beauty sacred fervor apostolic ages found renewed tender mystic piety francis assisi wonderful time less memorable culmination medieval empire medieval church dawning new era live wave wave germanic colonization poured romanized europe breaking old boundary lines working sudden astonishing changes map setting every quarter baronies dukedoms kingdoms fermenting vigorous political life twenty generations salutary wild dangerous work going never moment imperial sway xv rome quite set aside forgotten never time union sort maintained dominion church established european mind duly consider great fact relations went came hard find words fit express debt gratitude modern civilization owes roman catholic church think work big promise future went centuries modern writers ignorance used set apart stigmatize dark ages consider seeds noblest modern life painfully sown soil imperial rome prepared think various work gregory benedict boniface alfred charlemagne feel sense brilliant achievements pagan antiquity dwarfed comparison quite lately indeed student history attention narrowly confined ages literature art classical ages sense historical perspective fiske beginnings new england puritan theocracy relations civil religions xvi xvii contents chapter introduction thirteenth greatest centuries deeds men marvellous period evolution man intellectual development historical period wonderful medieval gothic ancestors education classes masses universities cathedrals arts crafts origins art supreme literature every language origins law liberty beginnings modern democracy chapter ii universities preparatory schools origins universities triumph invention character unchanged ever since university evolution salerno bologna paris oxford cambridge italian french spanish universities origin preparatory schools cathedral colleges decree council lateran every cathedral school metropolitan churches colleges attendance preparatory schools chapter iii studied universities education middle ages usually ridiculed ignorance critics scholastics laughed know second hand logic ethics metaphysics owe scholasticism precision unknown ancients condorcet teaching methods scholarly interests quite day magnetism literature magnetic engine aquinas indestructibility matter conservation energy roger bacon four grounds human ignorance prophecy explosives motor purposes correction calendar contributions optics experiment basis scientific knowledge whewell appreciation albertus magnus natural sciences humboldt praise physical geography contributions botany declaration regard foolish popular notions xviii great group scientific men university paris robert sorbonne directions study education heart well head chapter iv number students discipline largest universities time students population time since discussion numbers attendance comparative average ages students numbers supported working way college reasons false impressions university attendance paragraph education middle ages supposed ignorance monks universities many students clerical college abuses discipline nations committee discipline teaching practical democracy chapter work universities medieval universities additions knowledge original work done best apology extensive writings professors enthusiasm students copied books work theology philosophy period scholastics graduates law collections digests work medicine important teaching case histories significance dropsy suture divided nerves healing first intention william salicet pupil lanfranc danger separation surgery medicine red light smallpox mondaville arnold villanova republication old texts supposed bull forbidding anatomy supposed bull forbidding chemistry encouragement science medieval universities chapter vi book arts popular education gothic cathedrals stone books medieval arts hugh lincoln wealth meaning cathedrals power please gothic architecture everywhere slavish imitation english french german italian gothic spanish gothic gothic ideas modern architecture beauty details sculpture gothic statuary stiff ugly affinity greek sculpture reinach angel choir lincoln xix marvellous stained glass period lincoln york chartres bourges storied windows teachings beauty utility arts magnificent needlework cope ascoli cathedral educator great stone book ran must read symbolism cathedrals great abbeys monasteries municipal domestic architecture century furniture decorations ruskin giotto tower chapter vii arts crafts great technical schools solution problems social unrest blessed man found work merrie england workman pleasure work influence church arts crafts movement rivalry building cathedrals organization technical instruction correction optical illusions village blacksmith carpenter comparative perfection work done now trade guilds training workmen system instruction apprentice journeyman master masterpiece social fraternity mystery plays social education chapter viii great origins painting rise painting franciscans dominicans patrons art francis return nature incentive art cimabue madonna gaddi guido ugolino duccio siena berlinghieri lucca giunta pisa giotto master work assisi verona naples rome marvellous universal appreciation art contrast times false notions regard gothic art sadness characteristic beauty human form divine chapter ix libraries bookmen monastic regulations collecting lending books library rules circulating libraries abbey victor sorbonne germain des notre dame fines misuse books library catalogues library la ste chapelle first medical library hotel dieu books collected exchange books special revenue libraries monasteries book collecting bequests ecclesiastics cost books franciscan dominican libraries richard de bury xx philobiblon books valued richard typical bookman place history illuminated books interesting original time humphreys louis beautiful books chapter cid holy grail nibelungen literature equal accomplishment lines architecture literature expression national feelings national epics three nations informed within half century cid unity authorship action martial interest spirited style tender domestic scenes psychological analysis walter mapes arthur legends authorship place literature launcelot greatest heroes ever invented unity authorship nibelungen place literature modern interest influence epics national poetry chapter xi meistersingers minnesingers troubadours great century song high character women represented songs love walter von der vogelweide hartman von aue wolfram von eschenbach conrad von kirchberg troubadours love songs selections arnaud de marveil arnaud daniel bertrand de born william gregory peyrols chapter xii great latin hymns greatest poetic bequest period place rhyme latin latin hymns first native poetry language influence charm rhyme rhythm developing languages europe supremacy dies irae many admirers surpassing latin hymns celtic origin rhyme stabat mater translations critical faculty hymn selection jerusalem golden place christian song aquinas hymn pange lingua popularity musical expression feeling plain chant best examples period invention part music adaptation development popular music xxi chapter xiii three read books generation books reads reynard fox golden legend romance rose reynard profoundly humorous book ever written powers author observer besides gulliver travels don quixote pilgrim progress relations uncle remus many animal stories place golden legend literature longfellow use romance rose three centuries read book europe answer charge dullness rose commentary morning paper abuse wealth poet saw thirteenth century praise poverty light heart gay chapter xiv thirteenth century prose prose century great poetry medieval latin unappreciated eminently expressive prose style simple direct nicely accurate saintsbury opinion influence modern literature scholastic philosophers style chroniclers modern war correspondent villehardouin jocelyn brakelond joinville matthew paris vincent beauvais first encyclopedia pagel opinion vincent style durandus famous work symbolism examples style scriptures basis style chapter xv origin drama francis first nativity play earlier mystery plays chester cycle humorous passages introduced complete bible story represented actors wages costumes innocent diversion educational influence popular interest everyman day comparison passion play oberammergau drama important factor popular education active well passive participation great poetry anticipation movement just beginning chapter xvi francis saint father renaissance renaissance renaissance gothic architecture art francis father real renaissance xxii matthew arnold poor little man god francis literary man canticle sun francis career simple life ruskin francis poverty francis last ten years disciples gathered around century franciscans third order francis kings queens nobles scholars hail francis father religious orders accomplished clare second order chapter xvii aquinas scholar nobility education studies cologne paris distinguished faculty paris time contra pope leo xiii aquinas teaching foundations christian apologetics characteristic passages aquinas necessity revelation god existence explanation resurrection liberty aquinas writings greatness aquinas contemporaries subsequent decadence scholasticism contemporary appreciation thomas capacity work sacred poetry chapter xviii louis monarch greatest rulers relations son husband father passion justice interest education books encyclopedia tribute voltaire guizot praise righting wrongs letters son affection children regard monks children enter monasteries treatment poor attitude towards lepers nature noblemen louis crusades bishop stubbs real meaning crusades louis interest crusades stigma added reason praise chapter xix dante poet dante solitary phenomenon troubadour minor poems prose works wonderful sonnets growth appreciation italian art great kept nearer dante tributes italy greatest literary men michael angelo sonnets world poet english admiration old new tributes two great english cardinals dean church essay ruskin grotesque xxiii dante german critical appreciation humboldt tribute america burden praise dante modern thinker wonderful powers observation comparison milton place supreme poets times type century chapter xx women century women century worthy great period clare assisi place history happiness supper portiuncula peace cloister woman influence equality sexes religious orders elizabeth hungary first settlement worker dear elizabeth influence women since time blanche castile queen mother influence ruler difficulties mabel rich london tradesman wife sons isabella countess arundel courageous womanly dignity women work century service sick italy reason absence france england women professors italian universities feminine education four times history reasons decline women literature century high place accorded poets every country dante tribute charm without hint physical chapter xxi city hospitals organized charity charity occupied place education pope innocent iii organized foundations city hospitals world santo spirito rome model rise hospitals every country virchow tribute innocent iii care lepers special hospitals eradication disease meaning modern time tuberculosis special institutions erysipelas prevented spread disease organization charity monasteries people freeing prisoners held slavery two famous orders purpose chapter xxii great origins law legal origins surprising feature century significance magna charta excerpts show character church widows orphans common pleas international law xxiv tax without consent rights freemen development meaning time progress demanded bracton digest common law edward english justinian simon de montfort real estate laws chapter xxiii justice legal development legal origins countries besides england montalembert france louis enforcement law fehmic courts germany vigilance committees andrew golden bull legalized anarchy hungary laws poland popes legal codification innocent iii gregory ix commentaries law universities pope boniface viii canonist origin taxation without representation chapter xxiv democracy christian socialism nationality origins popular representation governing body german free cities swiss declaration independence christian socialism three eights saturday vigils christian fraternity guilds organization charity guild merchant fraternal solidarity guild holy cross stratford place town government education progress democracy crusades strengthened democratic spirit place history human liberty nationality chapter xxv great explorers foundation geography geography wonderful development modern problems thibet explored lhasa entered perhaps greatest triumph century marco polo travels former mistrust now unstinted admiration striking observations polo john carpini travels near east colonel yule book tartars friar william rubruquis travels tartary anticipations modern opinions language details description friar odoric irish companion praemonstratensian hayton franciscan missionary zeal supplied geographical societies idle monks xxv chapter xxvi great beginnings modern commerce interesting phase generation hanseatic league obscurity origin league lombard cities effect crusades importance hansa enforcement decrees confederation cities england central russia surprising greatness cities beginnings international law commerce peace origins coast regulation fraternal initiations equivalents aftertime origins hazing commerce liberty fostering democracy international comity appendix history appendix ii chapters might america thirteenth century papal documents ii representative upper house iii parish training citizenship iv chance rise insurance fire marine robbery injustice vi old age pensions disability wages vii ways means charity organized charity viii scientific universities investigation writing ix medical education high professional status magnetism first perpetual motion inventor north pole xi biological theories evolution recapitulation xii pope century innocent iii xiii international arbitration xiv bible revision xv fiction century xvi great orators xvii great beginnings english literature xviii origins music xix refinement table manners xx textiles satins brocades laces needlework xxi xxii inventions xxiii industry trade xxiv fairs markets xxv intensive farming xxvi cartography teaching geography hereford map world appendix iii criticisms comments documents human progress century origins education technical education masses stopped comfort poverty comfort happiness comfort health hygiene wages condition working people interest loans eighteenth lowest centuries xxvi xxvii list illustrations le beau dieu amiens frontispiece ii virgin divine child mosaic mark venice opposite page pulpit pisano siena opposite page archangel michael giovanni pisano pisa opposite page christ andrea pisano florence opposite page sta reparata andrea pisano florence opposite page paschal candlestick baptistery florence opposite page reliquary cathedral orvieto ugolino di vieri opposite page church symbol paris page adoration magi pulpit siena nic pisano opposite page cathedral lincoln opposite page cathedral york opposite page cloister john lateran rome opposite page jacques coeur house bourges page rathhaus opposite page cathedral hereford opposite page cathedral york east opposite page single flying buttress page christ driving money changers giotto opposite page bride marriage cana giotto opposite page head mosaic mark venice opposite page head blessed virgin annunciation opposite page petrarch portraits benozzo gozzoli opposite page dante portraits benozzo gozzoli opposite page giotto portraits benozzo gozzoli opposite page screen hereford opposite page doorway sacristy bourges opposite page double flying buttress page angel choir lincoln opposite page cathedral amiens opposite page cathedral rheims opposite page cloister paul without walls rome opposite page cathedral bourges opposite page cathedral chartres opposite page durham castle cathedral opposite page king john castle limerick opposite page giotto tower florence opposite page palazzo vecchio florence campanile giotto opposite page xxviii fountain perugia town pump opposite page lavatoio todi public opposite page reliquary limoges museo florence opposite page crucifix duomo siena opposite page madonna cimabue rucellai chapel santa maria novella florence page francis marriage poverty giotto assisi opposite page espousal catherine gaddi xiii century pupil perugia page group visitation rheims page monument cardinal de bray arnolfo opposite page decoration xiii cent psalter mss page santa maria sopra minerva rome gothic cathedral opposite page crozier obverse reverse page tower scaligers page francis prophesies death celano giotto upper assisi opposite page virgin child pisa campo santo giov pisano opposite page entombment blessed virgin page christopher alto relievo venice opposite page madonna child giov pisano padua opposite page tower lincoln page porta romana gate florence pisano opposite page ponte alle grazie lapo opposite page church cloisters san antonio padua opposite page catherine opposite page stone carving paris page first nativity play giotto upper church assisi opposite page palazzo buondelmonti florence opposite page palazzo tolomei siena opposite page capital lincoln page glorification francis giotto lower church assisi page francis church frari venice nic pisano opposite page clare three franciscans giotto opposite page louis three franciscans giotto opposite page elizabeth three franciscans giotto opposite page side capital lincoln page notre dame paris opposite page la sainte chapelle paris opposite page missing cathedral orvieto opposite page missing xxix apostle la sainte chapelle paris opposite page decoration queen mary psalter xiii century page portrait dante giotto bargello florence opposite page torre del fame dante pisa opposite page palazzo pretorio todi opposite page angel rheims page clare bids dead francis giotto ch assisi opposite page church doberan germany opposite page san damiano assisi opposite page elizabeth cathedral marburg opposite page marriage blessed virgin giotto padua opposite page mosaic mark venice opposite page stone carving amiens page hospital holy ghost opposite page charity giotto opposite page fortitude giotto opposite page hope giotto opposite page hospital interior page tower marburg page city gate neubrandenburg opposite page rathhaus stralsund opposite page portrait pope boniface viii giotto rome opposite page decoration xiii cent psalter page doorway lincoln opposite page nave durham opposite page broken arch mary york climax gothic opposite page animals bestiarium xiii cent page door giotto tower florence opposite page principal door baptistery pisa opposite page palazzo dei consoli gubbio opposite page palazzo zabarella padua opposite page rathhaus opposite page city gate neubrandenburg opposite page minster chorin germany opposite page hinge schlestadt page portion letter innocent mentioning greenland page double pivoted compass needle page peregrinus compass page portion ormulum page key map world hereford page map world hereford opposite page xxx introduction thirteenth greatest centuries seem paradox say thirteenth greatest centuries people idea appear preposterous may even care consider certain number course curiosity piqued thought anyone evolve curious notion either attitudes mind yield properly receptive mood recalled thirteenth century gothic cathedrals foundation university signing magna charta origin representative government something like constitutional guarantees throughout west europe cathedrals represent development arts probably never equaled either since university definite creation generations lived maintained usefulness practically form cast seven centuries ever since foundation stones modern liberties found documents first time declared rights man precious period little consideration men period lived lives undying influence mankind still attract attention usually grouped great characters together just century opened three great rulers died height influence still always subject men thoughts literature frederick barbarossa saladin richard coeur de lion formed suggestive prelude come following century great monarchs louis france ferdinand spain alfonso wise castile frederick ii germany edward english justinian rudolph hapsburg whose descendants still rule austria robert bruce occupied thrones europe chance providence century saw rise beginning fall great eastern monarchy created genius conquest jenghiz khan tartar warrior ruled eastern world beyond now western confines russia poland hungary including now call china thrones europe asia monopolize great men time thirteenth century claims wonderful churchmen francis dominic influence hugh lincoln died just began proud edmund canterbury stephen langton robert grosseteste men whose place history due people magnificent women queen blanche castile clare assisi elizabeth hungary century opened greatest popes throne innocent iii closed misunderstood popes spite worthiest successors peter boniface viii century men honorius iv patron learning gregory ix canon law owes much john xxi famous scientist becoming pope scholars thomas aquin albertus magnus roger bacon bonaventure duns scotus raymond lully vincent beauvais alexander hales patrons learning robert sorbonne founders nearly twenty universities artists gaddi cimabue giotto literary men authors arthur legends nibelungen meistersingers minnesingers troubadours dante universally considered now greatest literary men times often thought solitary phenomenon period culmination great literary movement supreme expression order properly round cycle existence addition century saw birth democratic spirit many different ways various countries europe always form never quite die reasons talking possibly greatest centuries readily appreciated even whose reading given preliminary basis information regard period unfortunately shrouded eyes people fact place midst middle ages seem preclude possibility idea represent great phase development human intellect esthetic possibilities seem less insuperable objection consideration thirteenth greatest centuries arises fact idea evolution consciously unconsciously tinged thoughts generation degree seems almost impossible think period far distant past produced results comparable naturally flow heightened development long subsequent epoch whatever truth may great theory evolution however must forgotten added evidence acceptance obtained intellectual history human race may heirs ages foremost files time thing certain scarcely hope equal think surpassing great literary achievements long past ages things spirit apparently little evolution homer wrote nearly three thousand years ago supreme expression human life absolute literary values world ever known reverence future ever likely know great dramatic poem job emanated hebrew poet earlier times yet judged standpoint mere literature surpassing expression human intelligence presence mystery evil ever come mind man nearer solution problem evil life though thousands years passed man much occupied thoughts disturbed mind ruler moab code hammurabi recently discovered shown definitely men make laws nearly five thousand years ago well calculated correct human abuses legislators spend much time present olden time laws probably quite effective hope well intentioned purpose praiseworthy efforts reform used favorite expression virchow great german pathologist besides however greatest living anthropologists history human race theory evolution receives confirmation kind favorite subject study skulls conformation five thousand years remains traced showed absolutely change also development intellectual order human life long period human history course comparatively brief long aeons geological times considered yet development might expected manifest two hundred generations come gone since beginning human memory perhaps prejudice regard evolution supposed effectiveness making men recent times superior past may considered little weight objection consideration thirteenth century representing highest stage human accomplishment far scientific anthropology goes utter indifference period may selected representing man best people greater portion surprise regard assertion thirteenth greatest centuries fact period picked almost heart middle ages amazing fifth century christ produced marvelous accomplishments letters art philosophy among greeks chosen greatest human epochs might even much unpreparedness mind supreme century roman history fifty years christ fifty years picked signal notice illustration virgin divine child mosaic mark venice grown accustomed however think middle ages hopelessly backward opportunities afforded men expression intellectual artistic faculties development human liberty means much happiness race must constitute basis real advance worth talking human affairs make thirteenth century seem place comparative study purpose determining proportionate epochal greatness spirit breathes however mighty wind spirit human progress abroad thirteenth century whose effects usually miss proper recognition history people fail group together minds influences modern life come us precious period present volume pretends gather scattered details influence order make age coincided wonderfully properly appreciated accept usual historical division places middle ages thousand years fall roman empire fifth century fall grecian empire constantinople middle fifteenth thirteenth century must considered culmination middle age three centuries renaissance minds magical word represents beginning modern therefore best world people forget entirely much progress made renaissance many great writers artists fostering taste developing intelligence people italy long fall constantinople renaissance means greek ideas ideals greek letters arts modern world new birth greek esthetics found soil thoroughly prepared fruitful labor three centuries history seen outburst artistic literary accomplishments actually came end fifteenth sixteenth centuries taking thesis thirteenth greatest centuries seems absolutely necessary define just meant term great application period historical epoch people concede really great just proportion happiness provides largest possible number humanity period greatest done make men happy happiness consists opportunity express whatever best us find utterance whatever individual essential element opportunity develop apply intellectual faculties whether purely artistic thoroughly practical character happiness opportunity rise original station necessary requisites opportunities comes contentment possible man imperfect existence present conditions almost important quality epoch considered supremely great difference condition men beginning conclusion period represents progress even though end uplift reached degree equal subsequent periods must considered best accomplished duty race purposes comparison amount ground actually covered definite time rather comparative position end deserves taken account seem sort hedging terms comparison thirteenth centuries made favorable establishment different standards however need makeshift order establish actual supremacy thirteenth century since well afford estimated merits alone without allowances stage cultural development occurred john ruskin proper estimation accomplishments period human history obtained careful study three books book deeds book arts book words given epoch thirteenth century may promptly ready judgment accomplished men wrote subsequent generations artistic qualities found art remains book deeds century especially important accomplished men period education people alone classes masses precious heritage liberty social coordination left behind people appear important chapter thirteenth century accomplishment found book deeds deeds judged according standard just given education liberty need seek since words supposed actual equivalent human life history least several centuries close thirteenth matter fact however chapter thirteenth century found strongest claim true greatness thirteenth century saw foundation universities gradual development institutions learning present time scholars thirteenth century recognized development practical purposes human intellect best trained along certain lines preliminary training seemed need since come called liberal arts knowledge certain languages logic well thorough consideration great problems relation man creator universe around grammar much wider subject now include term philosophy constituted undergraduate studies universities thirteenth century practical purposes life division study made suit life design individual accordingly faculties theology training divines medicine training physicians law training advocates came existence shall consider subject detail subsequent chapter clear university organized wise generations thirteenth century come unchanged us modern time still practically methods preliminary training division studies specialize greater degree must forgotten specialism unknown means thirteenth century though fewer opportunities practical application things life century done nothing else create instrument human mind ever since trained must considered deserving place highest rank periods human history however much accomplished education masses institutions succeeded developing training classes thirteenth century merits place roll fame declaration doubtless seem utterly paradoxical ordinary reader history prone consider time anything like popular education come existence matter fact however education afforded people little towns middle ages represents ideal educational uplift masses never even distantly approached succeeding centuries thirteenth century developed greatest set technical schools world ever known technical school supposed creation last half century outside medieval towns however course building cathedrals public buildings various magnificent edifices royalty nobility succeeded accomplishing artistic results world ever since held admiration admiration increased rather diminished development taste recent years nearly every important towns england thirteenth century erecting cathedral altogether twenty cathedrals remain subject loving veneration frequent visitation modern generation intense rivalry various towns tried surpass grandeur cathedral auxiliary buildings instead lending workmen another civic pride accomplishing native town whatever best illustration pulpit pisano siena towns none twenty thousand inhabitants except london even scarcely develop succeeded demonstrates great educational influence work arts crafts towns scarcely succeed obtaining trained workmen proportionately much fewer numbers even aid technical schools thirteenth century people think term evident reality able develop artistic handicraftsmen best world ever known education abroad lands surprising great results flowed human efforts prove enduring even time accomplishments highest significance necessarily bound opportunities tempting complete provided generations thirteenth century books words well arts thirteenth century found eminently interesting period ever furnished many examples wondrous initiative followed almost immediately just marvelous progress eventual approach near perfection perhaps possible come things human ordinarily literary origins known sufficient certainty dates professional scholar realize scope century literature little consideration however needed demonstrate thoroughly representative enduring literary expression modern times works every country origin century single country civilized europe contribute quota great significance literary movement time spain came cid certain accompanying products ballad poetry form basis national literature still read scholars amateurs even people generally supreme human interest england beginning thirteenth century saw putting shape arthur legends form appeal nearly subsequent generations walter map work shall see great literary accomplishments time subsequent treatments subject slight modifications theme elaborated mallory spenser even tennyson work derive interest humanly sympathetic story written close heart nature thirteenth century always prove attractive germany just time receiving form live great national epic meistersingers also accomplishing supreme work christianizing modernizing old german christian legends prove precious heritage interest posterity south germany minnesingers sang tuneful strains showed possible take cruder language north pour forth melodious hymns praise nature beloved ones fluent southern tongues done old suabian high german dialect basis modern german language laid low german prove vehicle original form animal epic stories regard reynard fox prove popular throughout europe time thereafter north france accomplishing similar work minnesingers south germany original genius refinement style characteristic nation finish form impress french literature subsequent time also jean de meun guillaume de lorris wrote romance rose remain popular book europe age printing time thereafter south france work troubadours similar yet spirit character creating type love songs world recurs pleasure whenever lyrical aspect poetry becomes fashionable influence troubadours felt italy end thirteenth century many writers short poems deserve place best literature men like sordello guido cavalcanti cino da pistoia dante da maiano deserve mention historical review literature quite apart influence great successor prince italian poets immortal trio world supreme creative singers dante alighieri must seemed limit conceit placed among six greatest poets posterity breathes name homer shakespeare dante spite giant personality sublime poetic genius exception solitary phenomenon course century worthy culmination literary movement beginning distant west spain england gradually worked eastward quite contrary usual trend human development inspired greatest work musical tuscan dialect helped foundation modern languages dante supreme type thirteenth century child age great master medieval influences made belongs century doubt alone quite sufficient lift period obscurity place among favorite epochs human mind found opportune moments expression sublimest human thought however bock arts thirteenth century deserves thumbed modern reader intent learning something marvelous period human existence single branch art men generation accomplish excelling things favorite subjects study loving imitation ever since perhaps marvelous quality grand old gothic cathedrals erected thirteenth century impressiveness whole much wonderful finish detail matters element construction decoration taken consideration always approach perfection accomplishment cathedrals shows thoroughness men time comprehended best art finally strivings perfection rewarded bountifully perhaps ever given men realize major arts architecture sculpture painting word since treated fully subsequent chapters perfect effort worthy worship high ever accomplished seen gothic cathedrals every country europe exist present day movement began north france gradually spread countries never question mere slavish imitation contrary country gothic architecture took national character developed charming expression special characteristics people made english gothic course quite different france spanish gothic character german gothic cathedrals partake heavier characteristics northern people italian gothic adds certain airy decorative qualities french model give renewed interest inevitably indicate origin structures painting cimabue work wonderfully appreciated people florence spontaneously flocked procession honor great picture beginning modern art much accomplished end century best appreciated name giotto mentioned culmination art movement century shall see work done especially assisi source inspiration artists even time certain qualities art especially faculty producing feeling solidity paintings probably never surpassed gothic cathedrals countries lend well subjects inspiration decorative art every country sacred books use cathedral adorned command artistic impulse period way made illuminated missals office books thirteenth century perhaps precious history illustration archangel michael giovanni pisano pisa illustration christ andrea pisano florence illustration sta reparata andrea pisano florence might thought sculpture least generations prove level perfection artistic expression came assuredly lines true sculptures period defects make unworthy imitation though matter technique fail rather honest effort express feelings appropriately within domain chiseled work hand supreme examples best sculpture found among adornments cathedrals period simply dignified rendition god man ever made stone statue christ charming appropriateness people amiens called beau beautiful god visitors great cathedral never admire sufficiently admirably set beautiful situation main door great cathedral examples lacking instance effigies french kings queens denis wonderful sculptures rheims place subsidiary art architecture decorative purposes sculpture even eminently successful best example famous angel choir lincoln beautiful things ever came hand man whose designation indicates belief centuries angels made handicrafts nearly allied arts thirteenth century reigns supreme splendor unapproached accomplished century iron work gates railings even hinges latches locks admired imitated many generations since piece longer use loosens crumbling woodwork attached straightway transported museum displayed alone antiquarian interest also model suggestion modern designer thing true precious metal work times also least regards utensils ornaments employed sacred services chalices sacred vessels made severely simple lines according models since become types sacred utensils times vestments used sacred ceremonials partook character eminently appropriate handiwork united chastest designs executed supreme taste famous cope ascoli recent pierpont morgan incident brought prominence year ago sample needlework times illustrates perfection authorities matter needlework represents best line elaborate showy accordance best taste supremely suitable objects formed part almost inevitable appendix beautiful work done illumination sacred books sacred vestments quite supremely artistic just much triumphs art matter fact every minutest detail cathedral construction ornamentation shared artistic triumph even inscriptions done brass gravestones formed part cathedral pavements models kind rubbings frequently taken marvelous effectiveness designs gothic tracery bells made care perfection present time nothing better accomplished handicraft marvelous retention tone shows thorough work early triumph artistic decoration cathedrals however marvelous page book arts century remains spoken magnificent windows learned secret know artists modern time spent years trying perfect work line give anything secrets thirteenth century windows five sisters york wonderful jesse window chartres companions despair modern artists stained glass fact done even common centers apparently executed small medieval towns site cathedral adds marvel workmen time succeeded well accomplishing purpose solving difficult problems stained glasswork illustration paschal candlestick baptistery florence illustration reliquary cathedral orvieto ugolino di vieri crown thirteenth century now add brief account accomplished men matter liberty establishment legal rights shall reasonably adequate introduction great subject liberty thought word whose true significance much recent origin end middle ages rights men usually supposed received serious acknowledgment comparatively recent centuries recalling facts however dispel illusion show men later middle age laid foundation rights privileges proud consider birthright modern time first great fact history modern liberty signing magna charta took place little middle first quarter thirteenth century movement led arisen amongst guildsmen well churchmen nobles preceding century document signed however men consider work finished kept ready take advantage necessities rulers long secured political well legal rights shortly middle thirteenth century first english parliament met latter part half century became formal institution regularly appointed times meeting definite duties privileges began era law modern sense english people english common law took form great principles enunciated practically terms stated present day bracton made famous digest english common law use judges lawyers became standard work reference remained time end century reign edward english justinian laws land formulated lacunae legislation filled rights privileges fully determined laws put modern basis important portions english law became realities modified essentially changed time history liberty familiar regard england must repeated almost literally regard continental nations france foundation laws kingdom laid reign louis ix french authorities history law point pride deeply broadly foundations french jurisprudence laid louis cousin ferdinand iii castile like french monarch received title saint uprightness character people forgetful foundations spanish law laid time spanish jurists trace origin nearly rights privileges people germany corresponding story saxony issue famous book laws represented grants sovereigns claims subjects admitted monarchs time word everywhere codification laws laying foundations jurisprudence modern superstructure law rise probably surprising part thirteenth century began men rank nobles practically slaves whatever rights uncertain liable frequent violation indefinite character generation might tyranny consciousless monarch lost even privileges enjoyed close thirteenth century longer possible laws written monarchs bound well subjects individual caprice might longer deprive arbitrarily rights hard won privileges though tyranny might still assert submissive generation might time allow governed measures beyond domain legal justification subsequent generation might however begin anew assertion rights laws rather position forbears reduced tyrant whim wonder call generations gave us cathedrals universities great technical schools organized trades guilds great national literatures lie basis modern literature beginnings sculpture art carried heights artistic principles revealed time finally great men women century glories names born die surprising claim period addition saw foundation modern law liberty right hailed greatest human history illustration church symbolized paris ii universities preparatory schools see well thirteenth deserves name greatest centuries necessary open book deeds read therein accomplished period education men time generation accomplishes intellectual development social uplift must counted greatest triumph life larger opportunities men appreciate significance better development human mind rendered easier precious thing whose name education much abused made readier attainment generation stamps written book deeds things worthy subsequent generations read though anything like proper appreciation come recent times absolutely period equal length history mankind much attempted successfully accomplished education every sense word thirteenth century included education classes also education masses moment shall concern education offered taken advantage many universities time just beginning thirteenth century great universities came schools ordinary forms learning taught twelfth century bologna famous school law attracted students europe irnerius canon civil law secured popularity subjects study never study old roman law brought back interest latin classics beginning true new birth real renaissance modern education must traced paris theological school attached cathedral gradually became noted devotion philosophy basis theology middle twelfth century attracted students every part civilized world case bologna interest time limited philosophy theology branches study admitted curriculum university modern sense came existence first quarter thirteenth century schools developed faculties teaching known branches knowledge bologna faculties arts philosophy theology finally medicine gradually added students flocked ever increasing numbers take advantage additional opportunities paris school medicine established early thirteenth century graduates medicine year law came later limited canon law great extent orleans monopoly civil law century two universities bologna paris every sense word early century real universities differing essential modern institutions bear name thirteenth century done nothing else put shape great instrument training human mind maintained effectiveness seven centuries must accorded place among periods history advances modern education found necessary even advisable change essential way mold human intellect cast years man wants knowledge sake practical purpose life faculties enable make good beginning road wishes travel wants knowledge liberal arts consideration man duties creator find faculties arts philosophy theology great sources knowledge subjects hand wishes apply mind either disputes men property injustices toward another correction abuses faculty law supply wants finally medical school enables wishes learn known given time regard man ills healing admitted subjects university life though without protest architecture engineering like men thirteenth century accomplished wonders relegated guilds whose technical schools though call name quite effective practical educators even vaunted modern university mechanical departments rather interesting trace course development schools modern sense term evolution recapitulates degree least history individual interest life first school acquired european reputation salernum little town far naples possessed famous medical school early ninth century perhaps earlier never became university though reputation great medical school maintained several centuries first educational opportunity attract large body students world concerned mainly needs body next set interests man course evolution develops acquisition retention property maintenance rights individual surprising find next school reputation law bologna became nucleus great university man looked bodily needs property rights comes think duties toward creator third great medieval schools time philosophy theology paris sometimes thought word university applied institutions aggregation faculties due fact universality studies branches knowledge might followed word university however originally applied school faculties modern university thirteenth century called latin word universitas quite different usage time whenever letters formally addressed combined faculties reigning sovereigns pope high ecclesiastical authorities always began designation universitas vestra implying greeting faculty universally without exception gradually word constantly occurring beginning letters faculty term universitas came applied institution footnote footnote certain terms occur letters greeting university officials passing interest rector university instance always formally addressed amplitudo vestra ampleness considering fact rectors old time universities necessarily ecclesiastics must ampleness girth characteristic order certain circumstances appropriateness formal designation perhaps appeals risibilities modern mind medieval time universities typically exemplified histories bologna paris even noteworthy degree oxford grew around cathedrals considered sense deliberate creation much less formal invention particular set men idea university born world full panoply minerva brain jove set consciously organizing establishment complete institutions learning like everything destined mean much world universities natural growth favoring soil living seeds planted sprang wonderful inquiring spirit time marvelous desire knowledge higher intellectual life came people europe thirteenth century school paris became famous attracted pupils twelfth century interest scholastic philosophy pupils gathered large numbers enthusiasm led establishment courses study thing true bologna study law first attracted crowd earnest students demand broader education led establishment faculties conscious attempt part supposed better class stoop uplift presumably shall see students university came mainly middle class population became ardently devoted teachers really educational work man institution counted much case disagreement university authorities infrequently sacrifice personal advantage moment part students order follow favorite teacher paris examples several times thirteenth century notably case abelard seen thousands students follow distant desert retired later abuses part authorities paris limited university privileges led withdrawal students foundation oxford community interest part certain members faculty thousands students movement however distinctly popular character sense guided political leaders nearly features university life thirteenth century emphasize democracy feeling students make clear blowing wind spirit human liberty intellectual enthusiasm influencing minds generation rather formal attempt part class men deliberately provide educational opportunities underlying feature university foundation development great universities paris bologna oxford far important must considered educational institutions deserving name universities even modern sense took definite form thirteenth century italy mainly fostering care ecclesiastics encouraged popes innocent iii gregory ix honorius iv nearly dozen towns cities saw rise studia generalia eventually destined within decades foundation complete set faculties number teachers students merited name university illustration adoration magi pulpit siena nic pisano early century vicenza reggio arezzo became university towns first quarter century finished universities padua naples vercelli spite troublous times great reduction population rome university founded connection roman curia papal court middle century siena piacenza founded rival university institutions perugia famous school became complete university early fourteenth century countries much behind italy enthusiastic movement montpelier century beginning thirteenth rejoiced medical school important rival salernum beginning reflected largely moorish element educational affairs europe time course thirteenth century montpelier developed university though medical school still continued important faculty medical students world flocked salubrious town patients attracted teachers writers medicine famous medical history ever since thorough organization clinical medical work montpelier may perhaps best appreciated fact noted chapter city hospitals organized charity pope innocent iii wished establish model hospital rome idea form exemplar european cities sent montpelier summoned guy head hospital holy ghost city papal capital establish roman hospital holy ghost connection large number hospitals europe corresponding state affairs montpelier noted orleans central school around university gradually grouped faculty civil law canon law taught paris connection theological course always objection admission civil law faculty basis equality faculties indeed time rivalry civil canon law study civil law relegated universities even early twelfth century orleans famous school civil law exposition principles old roman law constituted basis university course thirteenth century remaining departments university gradually developed close century seem conservative claims thousand students besides three french universities also established angers toulouse beginnings institutions become universities early next century recorded avignon cahors spain felt impetus university movement early thirteenth century university founded palencia end first decade founded alfonso xii greatly encouraged sometimes university transferred salamanca denied denifle whose authority matters university history unquestionable seems unlikely salamanca drew number students palencia latter continued still attract many students middle thirteenth century university valladolid founded end century fourth university lerida established spanish peninsula spain see greatest development universities fourteenth century long end thirteenth century coimbra portugal began assume importance educational institution though sufficient faculty students deserve ambitious title university half century people know anything history education realize important position occupied universities thirteenth century appreciate estimation held numbers attended seem know anything preparatory schools time prone think educational effort generations exhausted connection university often shall see reason large number students reported attendance universities thirteenth century found fact institutions practically combined preparatory school academy time university universities supposed centers education worthy mention doubt number quite young students attendance universities boys time preparatory school shall explain however chapter numbers attendance universities students went college much younger past graduated much earlier day yet apparently without injury efficacy educational training universities southern europe still custom boys graduate degree age supposes attendance university equivalent courses age even less need however appeal precociousness southern nations explanation since good examples comparatively recent times america colleges country early part nineteenth century end eighteenth graduated young men thought accomplishing good purpose allowing get life work early manhood many distinguished divines made names educational work famous early graduations benjamin rush philadelphia medical profession country hails father american medicine graduated princeton must begun college course therefore age may considered inadvisable generation must remembered many even day think college men allowed get somewhat late good must emphasized moreover many university towns also preparatory schools courses regularly organized well thirteenth century younger brothers friends students well professors infrequently placed care enabled receive preparation university work paris robert sorbonne founded preparatory school institution name college calvi colleges kind also existed paris custom preparatory school association university abandoned even day decided advantages educational standpoint though perhaps enough balance certain ethical disadvantages almost sure attach system disadvantages ultimately led middle ages prohibition young students taken universities pretext presence young students university towns probably add considerably numbers reported attendance must thought however formal preparatory schools quite apart university influence thought root misunderstanding medieval system education almost matter fact preliminary preparatory schools now call academies colleges connection important monasteries every cathedral schools less importance required decree council held beginning thirteenth century maintained connection every bishop church thirteenth century twenty cathedrals various parts england cathedral school besides least many important abbeys nearly dozen immense institutions fine libraries large writing rooms copies books constantly made many members communities university men around therefore clung atmosphere bookishness educational influence made preparatory schools high type buildings highest type architecture community life well calculated bring best intellectuality members community rivalry various religious orders made prepare men well order might honor order opportunity later ability taste actually go universities system preparatory schools need accepted mere assumption monasteries churches must surely set work abundant evidence actual establishment maintenance schools regard monasteries doubt members religious orders particularly distinguished universities histories oxford cambridge paris full accomplishments succeeded obtaining right houses universities examinations count university work order might maintain influence members orders precious formative period intellectual life regard church schools convincing evidence another kind chapter foundation city hospitals detailed authority virchow innocent iii accomplished hospital system europe chapter published originally form lecture historical department medical school fordham university reprint sent distinguished american educator well known condemnation supposed church intolerance matter education scientific development glad confirmed even broadened idea long cherished church done charity despised middle ages national governments ever able accomplish since though surprising circumstances done education since might prevented ills charity afterward relieve expression probably represents state mind many scholars regard period church supposed interested charity almost exclusion educational influence charity course admitted special work yet scholars help regret done social prophylaxis encouragement education light almost universal expression interesting find opinions founded entirely lack knowledge done education since pope practically way exertion prestige ecclesiastical authority education just charity matter hospitals ailing poor virchow shall see declared innocent iii due foundation practically city hospitals europe effect certain decrees issued papacy carefully followed found practically many schools hospitals owe origin beneficent wisdom paternal desire spread advantages christianity civilized world policy regard hospitals led foundation end century least hospital every diocese countries closely allied holy see extant decree issued famous council lateran council innocent authority dominant requiring establishment chair grammar connection every cathedral christian world chair grammar included least three liberal arts provided now called education school preparatory university innocent iii footnote received benefit best education time spent years rome later paris bologna encouraged sending students universities every way footnote details accomplished education pope innocent iii references needed supply information found litteratire de la recent volumes issued french institute though magnificent work begun benedictines maur completed fifteen volumes sixteenth volume written especially valuable period du boulay history university paris furnish additional information regard pope innocent relations education throughout europe especially course regards university paris illustration cathedral york illustration cathedral lincoln bishops came rome sure hear inculcated advisability taste letters clergymen hear often enough taste surely increase usefulness churchmen schools encouraged issuance decree came confirmatory document calculated perpetuate policy already prominently vogue church fifteen years pope reign meant make clear hesitant tardy bishops might thought papal interest education merely personal policy church concerned recalled sense duty matter since ordinary enthusiasm letters even added encouragement pope suffice make realize necessity educational establishments institution schools grammar connection cathedrals well adapted bring definite increase opportunities book learning desired connection cathedrals always band canons whose duty take part singing daily office ceremonial ritual duties however occupy hours day rest time free devote subject might interested ample time teaching requirement least school grammar connection every cathedral afforded definite opportunity ecclesiastics intellectual tastes devote spread knowledge culture reacted readily understood make whole band canons interested things mind make cathedral even intellectual center district might otherwise case metropolitan churches regulation made council lateran inspiration pope important archiepiscopal cathedrals required maintain professors three chairs teach grammar second philosophy third canon law designations practically included much now studied preparatory schools also beginning university courses regulation evidently intended lead eventually formation many universities existence already become clear traveling students long distances gathering large numbers towns away home influences led many abuses might obviated stay native cities least leave native provinces regulation like many decrees century manifests practical policy pope matters education well charity matter fact decree lead gradual development twenty universities thirteenth century establishment number schools important scope attendance evolution universities fourteenth century became comparatively easy formal church law moreover imposed ecclesiastical authorities necessity providing even higher education dioceses made realize entirely sympathy church spirit accord wish father christendom make ample provision education charity though last supposed special task pastors christian flock important work foundation preparatory schools every diocese preliminary organization teaching institutions might easily develop universities actually score cases metropolitan cities accomplished first pope thirteenth century innocent iii successors kept good work pope honorius immediate successor went far matter depose bishop read donatus popular grammarian time bishop evidently considered unfit far mental training went occupy important post head diocese pope gregory nephew innocent important patrons study law period see legal origins countries encouraged collection decrees former popes make available purposes study well court use famous protected university paris serious trouble municipal authorities large increase number students attendance university unfortunately brought strained relations town gown pope innocent iv several decrees encouraged development university paris increased rights conferred new privileges also much develop university toulouse especially raise standard make equal paris far possible patronage toulouse part pope striking study civil law special feature ecclesiastical authorities often looked askance rising prominence civil law since threatened diminish importance canon law cultivation frequently seemed give rise friction civil ecclesiastical authorities pontifical court innocent iv maintained lyons seemed according literary history france footnote like academy theology canon law court great monarch whose power acknowledged throughout world great ecclesiastic might expected occupied details church government footnote histoire litteratire de la france vol xvi introductory discourse succeeding popes century less prominent patronage education pope alexander iv supported cause mendicant friars university paris evidently best intentions mendicants came claim privilege houses association university might lectures members orders asked due allowance matter degrees courses taken faculty university want grant privilege though acknowledged best professors university members mendicant orders need mention names albertus magnus thomas aquinas dominicans bonaventure roger bacon duns scotus franciscans show truth assertion give privilege seemed derogation faculty rights university refused holy see interfered insist university must give degrees work done rather merely regulation attendance best possible proof pope alexander considered wishing injure even diminish prestige university way found fact afterwards sent two nephews paris attend university popes far mentioned frenchmen therefore national feeling matter university paris french universities general surprising find pope urban frenchman alumnus university paris elevated many french scholars especially fellow alumni paris church dignitaries various kinds urban nicholas iv succeeded though italian founded chairs university montpelier also professorship school hoped develop university gray franche comte word looked every point view must admitted church ecclesiastical authorities quite much interested education charity century must traced foundation preparatory schools well universities origin development great educational movement stamps century greatest human history illustration jacques coeur house bourges illustration cloister john lateran rome iii studied universities usually custom text books education dismiss teaching universities middle ages expression teachers mainly engaged metaphysical speculations students occupied exercises logic dialectics learning long drawn disputations use intellectual instruments possessed never actually applying knowledge supposed amenable increase dialectical discussion truth supposed obtainable conclusion regular syllogism great fun especially made disputations public exercises dialectics fine distinctions presumably scantiest basis truth behind general placing words realities investigation truth conveyance information sublime ignorance educators talk century saw rise universities connection erection great cathedrals equaled assumption knowledge easy make fun past generation often rather difficult enter appreciate spirit ridicule comes natural human nature alas sympathy requires serious mental application understanding sake fortunately come recent years different feeling minds many mature faithful students period regards middle ages education dialectics may seem waste time consider training human mind little value comparison stocking information dialectical training probably often enable men earn money might otherwise case eminently true dialectician devote commercial enterprises future life take professions however may doubt whether even practical effectiveness increased good course logic however another point view matter study dialectics may viewed taken well saintsbury university edinburgh recent volume thirteenth century insists passage quote length chapter prose century training logic obtained time european development results might serious modern languages modern education says outset career modern languages men thought looseness modern thought indulged haphazard slovenliness modern logic popularized theology vulgarized rhetoric seen popularized vulgarized since indeed evil case maintains educative influence mere language mere system arrangement expression must considered great benefits scholasticism similar opinion evidently entertained john stuart mill saintsbury says often philosopher quotes preface logic two striking opinions different sources scotch philosopher hamilton french philosophical writer condorcet hamilton schoolmen vulgar languages indebted precision analytical subtlety possess condorcet went even used expressions doubless great source surprise realize much admiration always engendered really study schoolmen seriously take opinions chance reading scattered passages depend data judgment authority thought clever abuse thinkers condorcet thought far advance old greek philosophers logic ethics metaphysics owe scholasticism precision unknown ancients regard methods contents teaching undergraduate department university now call arts department naturally little interest present time besides standards set tests required scarcely fail attract attention professor turner history philosophy summed much know matter paragraph full information quote order give readers best possible idea compendious form details education statutes issued various times thirteenth century provided professor read expound text certain standard authors philosophy theology document published denifle distinguished authority medieval universities referred year find following works among prescribed faculty arts logica vetus old boethian text portion organon probably accompanied porphyry isagoge logica nova new translation organon gilbert liber sex principorium donatus barbarismus years later following works prescribed aristotle physics metaphysics de anima de animalibus de caelo et mundo meteorica minor psychological treatises arabian jewish works liber de causis de differentia spirititus et animae first degree student arts presented bachelor candidate degree preliminary test called responsiones regulation went effect later presented determination public defense certain number theses opponents chosen audience end disputation defender summed determined conclusions determining bachelor resumed studies licentiate assuming also task cursorily explaining junior students portion organon test degree licentiate consisted exposition several texts manner masters student now licensed teacher however become magister master arts delivered called inaugural lecture actually installed continued teach called actu departed university took work called non may general rule course reading bachelor degree grammar logic psychology licentiate natural philosophy master degree ethics completion course natural philosophy quite apart value methods however scholasticism certain features value material discussed developed modern generations frequently fail realize regard distinguished authority quoted regard dialectics saintsbury hesitate use expressions seem little short rankly heretical swear modern science yet may serve inject eminently suggestive ideas sadly misunderstood subject yet always generous souls tincture philosophy subsisted curious kind sympathy yearning work generations mainly disinterested scholars whatever thorough whatever think even latter days graceless ones asked whether science nineteenth century equal interval positive value whether even less comparative interest appertains scholasticism thirteenth light seemed well try show terms science important reflections regard problems natural history magnetism composition matter relation things physical another now include name science thoughts scholars thirteenth century thinking developing benefit enthusiastic students flocked universities find review though must necessarily brief many anticipations modern science thought possible take example moment magnetism usually considered subject entirely modern attention good idea intense interest century things scientific obtained following short paragraph brother potamian sketch petrus peregrinus condenses references magnetic phenomena found literature time writers mentions scientists ordinary sense word literary men fact references occur shows clearly must interest scientific phenomena since attracted attention literary writers spoken doubtless knew satisfying well exciting public interest abbot neckam augustinian distinguished properties two ends lodestone gives de utensilibus perhaps earliest reference mariner compass albertus magnus dominican treatise de mineralibus enumerates different kinds natural magnets states properties commonly attributed minstrel guyot de provins famous satirical poem written refers directive quality lodestone use navigation also cardinal de vitry historia orientialis brunetto latini poet orator philosopher teacher dante tresor des sciences veritable library written paris raymond lully enlightened doctor treatise de contemplatione begun guido guinicelli bologna died footnote footnote letter petrus peregrinus magnet translated bro arnold introductory note bro potamian metaphysics medieval universities come quite much animadversion say ridicule dialectics none departments spared condemnation though fun made gropings medieval mind truth physical sciences cosmology science matter appealed medieval mind usually considered entirely speculative deserve attention presumably learned much experimental demonstration original observation physical sciences thinking medieval mind along lines may opinion know nothing speak set aside preposterous best nugatory surely source surprise find consideration composition matter problem forces connected minds medieval schoolmen occupied just questions interesting nineteenth century curiously enough conclusions reached though different methods investigation almost exactly modern physical scientists attained refined methods investigation two examples suffice think show clearly students thirteenth century presented practically problems regard matter origin composition occupy students present generation instance thomas aquinas usually known thomas series lectures given university paris toward end third quarter thirteenth century stated important conclusion regard matter nihil omnino nihilum nothing ever reduced nothingness evident context meant matter never annihilated never destroyed might changed various ways never go back nothingness taken creative act annihilation pronounced part scheme things far human mind hope fathom meaning sentence thomas aquin proclaiming doctrine indestructibility matter well nineteenth century chemists physicists modern times realized truth great principle chemists seen matter change form many ways seen disappear apparently smoke fire evaporate influence heat investigation proved care taken collection gases came circumstances ashes combustion residue evaporation original material contained supposedly disappearing substance recovered least completely accounted physicists part realized truth finally came definite enunciation absolute indestructibility matter thomas conclusion nothing ever reduced nothingness anticipated doctrine nearly seven centuries happened nineteenth century came experimental demonstration truth principle principle however reached long human mind speculative processes quite inerrable way modern method investigation thomas used aphorism nothing ever reduced nothingness another signification attached words quite clearly expressed indestructibility matter nothing meant neither neither material substance energy contained meant energy ever destroyed well matter ever annihilated teaching conservation energy well indestructibility matter experimental demonstration doctrine delayed six centuries half truth however reached medieval subject teaching university students paris thirteenth century examples think serve illustrate minds medieval students occupied practically questions now taught university students day however even striking anticipations modern teaching serve demonstrate community educational interests spite seven centuries time separation recent years come realize matter manifold material accustomed think accepted hypothesis seventy odd different kinds atoms absolutely independent representing ultimate term science atomic theory standpoint proved working hypothesis useful time physicists now agreed must considered something absolute radium observed changing helium relations atoms another now known make almost certain underlying differentiated dynamic energies matter different forms gifted sir oliver lodge stated theory constitution matter clearly recent years voicing practically universal sentiment following latest developments physical sciences strange may appear exactly teaching aquinas schoolmen regard constitution matter two constituting principles matter prime matter form prime matter meant material material things form meant special dynamic energy entering prime matter causes act differently kinds gives particular qualities recognize theory original adopted aristotle clearly set forth profoundly discussed amply illustrated schoolmen development theory made greatest help explanation many difficulties regard living well things hands theory difficulties less theory constitution matter accepted philosophic thinkers since thirteenth century doctrine similar nature may reached deduction experimental observation expression however instead really objection rather demonstration fact great truths may reached deduction yet demonstrated inductive methods many centuries later course may well even communities interest medieval modern teaching general principles science pointed universities middle ages present subjects discussion practical way teaching likely lead directly beneficial results applied science might well responded function university teach applications science great principles broad generalizations underlie scientific thinking leaving details filled whatever form practical work man may take however talk purely speculative character medieval teaching manifestly ever made business know anything actual facts university teaching definite knowledge rather allowed guided speculation inadequate authorities whose dicta never taken trouble substantiate glance contemporary authorities medieval matters interesting quote information men opinion greatest medieval scientists regard reason men obtain real knowledge rapidly seem case amount work devoted obtaining roger bacon summing pope clement body doctrine teaching university oxford thirteenth century starts principle four grounds human ignorance first trust inadequate authority second force custom leads men accept unquestioningly accepted time third placing confidence opinion inexperienced fourth hiding ignorance parade superficial wisdom surely ever able improve four grounds human ignorance continue important twentieth century thirteenth emanated eminently practical mind accustomed test observation careful searching authorities every proposition came professor henry morley professor english literature university college london says grounds ignorance roger bacon english writers volume iii page part ground yet cut away beneath feet students although six centuries ago oxford friar clearly pointed character still make sheep walks second third fourth references authority still slaves habit still found following frequently untaught crowd still flinch righteous wholesome phrase know acquiesce actively opinion others know appear know substitute honest research original independent thought strict truth comparison really know really known others strong redoubt ignorance fallen number things roger bacon succeeded discovering application principle testing everything personal observation almost incredible modern student science education known nothing progress science made wonderful man sometimes declared discoverer gunpowder mistake since known many years arabs introduced europe study explosives deeply however besides learning many things realized much might accomplished use declares opus magnum may cause burst forth bronze thunderbolts formidable produced nature small quantity prepared matter occasions terrible explosion accompanied brilliant light may multiply phenomenon far destroy city army considering little known gunpowder time marvelous anticipation might accomplished illustration rathhaus bacon prophesied however much merely destructive effects use high explosives indeed almost amusing see closely anticipated modern usages high explosives motor purposes seems concluded time apparently uncontrollable forces explosion come control man harnessed purposes realized great applications force transportation accordingly art construct instruments navigation largest vessels governed single man traverse rivers seas rapidly filled oarsmen may also make carriages without aid animal run remarkable swiftness footnote recall latest thing transportation automobiles driven gasoline high explosive roger bacon prophesy becomes weird anticipations human progress seem almost human footnote quotations taken ozanam dante catholic philosophy published cathedral library association new york regard explosives alone however roger bacon make great advances still marvelous anticipations physical science sometimes claimed either inventor telescope theory lenses however perhaps anyone else make principles lenses clear establish mathematical basis traditional connection telescope probably traced fact much interested astronomy relations heavens earth pointed clearly errors crept julian calendar calculated exactly much correction needed order restore year proper place suggested method future errors kind avoided ideas far beyond century applied practical way without effect formed basis subsequent correction calendar time pope gregory xiii three centuries later rather surprising find much besides theory lenses friar bacon succeeded finding department optics taught instance principle aberration light still marvelous consider taught light travel instantaneously definite rate motion though extremely rapid rather difficult understand reached conclusion since light travels fast far regards observation made earth diffusion practically instantaneous three centuries later german astronomer demonstrated motion light rate observations moons jupiter different phases earth orbit showed light moons took definite quite appreciable time reach earth eclipse planet surprised find bacon praise contemporaries devoted mathematics experimental observations science correspondents even distant italy sent observations order might great franciscan precious comments bacon given quite panegyric reasons praise however different ordinarily proclaimed sources laudation distant medieval scientific circles prefer quote bacon words opus tertium bacon talking petrus peregrinus says know person deserves praise work experimental philosophy care discourses men wordy warfare quietly diligently pursues works wisdom therefore others grope blindly bats evening twilight man contemplates brilliancy master experiment hence knows natural science whether pertaining medicine alchemy matters celestial terrestrial worked diligently smelting ores also working minerals thoroughly acquainted sorts arms implements used military service hunting besides skilled agriculture measurement lands impossible write useful correct treatise experimental philosophy without mentioning man name moreover pursues knowledge sake wished obtain royal favor easily find sovereigns honor enrich illustration cathedral york illustration cathedral hereford lest thought expressions laudatory appreciation great thirteenth century scientist dictated desire magnify work bring influence science churchmen period seems well quote expression opinion modern historian inductive sciences whose praise scarcely less outspoken others quoted might supposed somewhat partial judgment opinion fortify doubters must authority time sums excellently position roger bacon occupies history science whewell says roger bacon opus majus encyclopedia novam organon thirteenth century work equally wonderful regard general scheme special treatises outlines plans filled professed object work urge necessity reform mode philosophizing set forth reasons knowledge made greater progress draw back attention sources knowledge unwisely neglected discover sources yet almost untouched animate men undertaking prospect vast advantages offered development plan leading portions science expanded complete shape time assumed improvements wide striking kind proposed principal branches study even work leading purposes highly valuable treasure solid knowledge soundest speculations time even contained details work remarkable general views scope might expected however roger bacon training made great progress physical sciences university paris favorite teacher albertus magnus deeply interested physical sciences though concerned study chemical problems practical questions occupy greatest pupil doubt albertus magnus accomplished great amount experimental work chemistry made large series actual observations theologian well philosopher scientist idea immense industry man obtained fact complete works published consist twenty large folio volumes contains average least words among works many treatises relating chemistry titles serve show explicit albert consideration various chemical subjects treatises concerning metals minerals concerning alchemy treatise secret chemistry concordance collection observations many sources regard philosopher stone brief compend origin metals treatise compounds found works general heading theatrum chemicum surprising know albert work find pupil roger bacon defined limits chemistry accurately showed understood exactly subject methods investigation must order advance made chemistry speaks opus tertium following words science treats generation things elements inanimate things elements liquids simple compound common stones gems marble gold metals sulphur salts pigments lapis lazuli minium colors oils bitumen infinite find nothing books aristotle natural philosophers latins acquainted things physics albertus magnus possible advanced progressive even chemistry knowledge physical sciences merely speculative partook great degree nature now call applied science humboldt distinguished german natural philosopher beginning nineteenth century undoubtedly important leader scientific thought time whose work great enough enduring influence spite immense progress nineteenth century summed albert work given headings scientific research must considered says albertus magnus equally active influential promoting study natural science aristotelian philosophy works contain exceedingly acute remarks organic structure physiology plants works bearing title cosmographicus de natura locorum species physical geography found considerations dependence temperature concurrently latitude elevation effect different angles incidence sun rays heating ground excited take humboldt headings order illustrate quotations albert condensed accounts appear biographer sighart christian schools scholars footnote serve show extent albert knowledge presumptuous ignorance make little science medieval period catalogued instance many facts regard astronomy physics light supposed come human ken much later yet may seen clearly within range albert knowledge evidently formed subject teaching various times paris cologne found authentic works scarcely help amused pretentious misconception relegated author place education trivial represented many minds term scholastic footnote christian schools scholars drane decides milky way nothing vast assemblage stars supposes naturally enough occupy orbit receives light sun figures visible moon disc says hitherto supposed reflections seas mountains earth configurations surface notices order correct assertion aristotle lunar rainbows appear twice fifty years says observed two single year something say refraction solar ray notices certain crystals power refraction remarks none ancients moderns acquainted properties mirrors albert great pupil roger bacon rightly looked true father inductive science honor history unfortunately taken confer undeservedly namesake four centuries later teaching roger bacon develop principles experimental science found many places master writings albert tenth book wherein catalogues describes trees plants herbs known time observes set result experience borrowed authors know written personal experience confirmed matters experience alone give certainty solum certificat expression says biographer might proceeded pen francis bacon argues prodigious scientific progress shows medieval friar track successfully pursued modern natural philosophy fairly shaken shackles hitherto tied discovery slave neither pliny aristotle botany supposed modern science people humboldt expression found albertus magnus writings exceedingly acute remarks organic structure physiology plants come supreme surprise details regard albert botanical knowledge however serve heighten surprise show foolish tirades modern sciolists often expressed wonder beauties nature around scholars middle ages devote nature study absurd critics knew profound interest nature manifestations series discoveries anticipated little consider important modern science story albert botanical knowledge told single full paragraph biographer sighart also quotes appreciative opinion modern german botanist serve dispel doubts regard albert position botany modern students might perhaps continue harbor unless good authority support opinion though course remembered main difference medieval modern mind often medieval required authority modern makes opinion even skeptical modern minds however probably satisfied following paragraph acquainted sleep plants periodical opening closing blossoms diminution sap evaporation cuticle leaves influence distribution bundles vessels folial indentations minute observations forms variety plants intimate exquisite sense floral beauty distinguished star tells us red rose turn white submitted vapor sulphur makes sagacious observations subject germination extraordinary erudition originality treatise tenth book drawn meyer following comment botanist lived albert compared unless theophrastus acquainted none painted nature living colors studied profoundly time conrad gesner cesalpino honor man made astonishing progress science nature find say surpass even equal space three centuries point chapter geography exploration much wonderful thirteenth century added knowledge geographical science even great explorers time however accomplished work particular branch science made great progress bring quite within domain call science geography present time remember much ignorance men later middle ages regards shape earth inhabitants many foolish notions supposed accepted regard limitation possible residents world queer ideas antipodes following passages taken albert biographer serve better anything else show absurdly traditional notions regard time knowledge permitted educators tinge supposed serious opinions regard subject matters education early university period treats fabulous idea bede acquiesced region earth south equator uninhabitable considers equator south pole earth habitable probability actually inhabited except directly poles imagines cold excessive animals says must thick skins defend rigor climate probably white color intensity cold however tempered action sea describes antipodes countries comprise divides climate earth seven zones smiles scholar freedom simplicity suppose persons living opposite region earth must fall opinion rise grossest ignorance speak lower hemisphere must understood merely relatively geographer albert superiority writers time chiefly appears bearing mind astonishing ignorance prevailed subject truly admirable find correctly tracing chief mountain chains europe rivers take source remarking portions coast later times submerged ocean islands raised volcanic action level sea noticing modification climate caused mountains seas forests division human race whose differences ascribes effect countries inhabit speaking british isles alludes idea another distant island called tile thule existed far western ocean uninhabitable reason frightful climate says perhaps yet visited man nothing seriously disturb complacency modern minds wonderful advances made last century branches physical science read albertus magnus writings nothing wholesomely chastening present day conceit get proper appreciation extent knowledge schoolmen albertus magnus great pupil besides roger bacon thomas aquinas suspicion still left thomas appreciate just significance teachings physics announced neither matter force ever reduced nothingness surely removed consideration many years intimate relations albert probably also close roger bacon association men knowledge displays regard physical science scarcely presumed stumbled unawares thomas left three treatises chemical subjects first occurrence word amalgam traced treatises everybody much interested present time transformation metals mercury silvery sheen facility enter metallic combinations kinds elusive ways naturally made center scientific interest quite radium present moment material regard thomas also subject education found chapter aquinas scholar brief review things taught science thirteenth century universities people scarcely fail wonder peculiar erroneous impressions regard uselessness university teaching training come generally accepted fault lies course thought knew something university teaching found things now look ridiculous certain supposed facts generation always succeeding generations know thought conclude character whole content medieval education another example artemus ward pointed effectively nothing makes men ridiculous knowing many things aint accepting without question ever many things simply regard wonderful generations organized universities organized teaching lines different occupy people seven centuries later amusing feature unfortunately serious arraignment literature grown around peculiar baseless notions regard scholastic philosophy number men science permitted make fun certain supposed lucubrations great medieval philosophers long ago pointed harper metaphysics school professor tate lecture recent advances physical science repeated old slander even aquinas occupied attention students inane questions many angels dance point needle modern science proudly insists occupies observations concerns little authority tate unhappy quotation shows made personal studies medieval philosophy accepted inadequate authority statements makes much confidence result prolonged research field many modern scientists fallen like blunders huxley opinion see appendix modern student well teacher prone wonder methods study habits life students thirteenth century fortunately short sketch written robert sorbonne famous founder sorbonne gives advice attendants institution spend time least able get hint ideals set student robert whose long experience university life made thoroughly competent advise student wishes make progress observe six essential rules first consecrate certain hour every day study determined subject bernard counselled monks letter brothers mont dieu second concentrate attention reads let pass lightly reading study bernard says difference host guest passing salutation exchanged street embrace prompted unalterable affection third extract daily study thought truth engrave deeply memory special care seneca multa percurreris die unum tibi elige quod illa die excoquas run many things day select digest well day fourth write resume words confided writing fly dust wind fifth talk matter either regular recitation familiar conversation exercise even profitable study result clarifying doubts removing obscurity study may left nothing perfectly known unless tried tooth disputation sixth pray indeed best ways learning bernard teaches study touch heart profit always elevating heart god however interrupting sorbonne proceeds tone vividly recalls modern university professor seen generation generation students learned realize many waste time certain students act like fools display great subtility nonsensical subjects exhibit devoid intelligence regard important studies seem lost time gather together many sheets parchment make thick volumes note books many blank interval cover elegant binding red letters return paternal domicile little sack filled knowledge stolen thief comes along may eaten rats worms destroyed fire water order acquire instruction student must abstain pleasure allow hampered material cares paris long since two teachers great friends seen much read much used remain night day bent books scarcely took time say father nevertheless four students colleague possessed much less complete library less devoted study heard mass every morning delivering lecture spite classroom full asked friend simple friend smiling studies go mass come back know heart teach meditation sorbonne continues suitable master good student also go take promenade along banks seine play order repeat lesson meditate instructions students different issued interested head university department freshmen present day insistence especially difference reading study might well taken heart present time seems idea reading sufficient enable obtain education lesson learning thing day learning well might selected motto students succeeding generations manifest advantage success college study things sorbonne departs modern ideas matter education still many even present time read profound sympathy emphatic advice university students must educate hearts well intellects make education subserve purpose bringing closer god word certain customs prevailed less generally universities time much misunderstood now looked sympathetically light recent educational developments place advantages modern german university education often acclaimed fact students tempted make portions studies various cities since courses equalized certain ways time spent counted properly degrees long recognized travel makes best possible complement university course even english universities eighteenth century sank little pleasant abiding places young men upper classes ate terms fact custom make grand tour continental travel supplied much lacking serious side education little might anticipated feature ruder times thirteenth century travel difficult must counted great advantages inquiring spirits time dante besides attending universities italy certainly several also paris time probably also oxford professor monroe text book history education stated custom distinctly founding universities establishment nations practically every university became quite customary students travel university university finding home appropriate nation many however willing accept privileges clergy students without undertaking obligations adopted wandering life permanent privileged order readily found living made begging monk early university period writes scholars accustomed wander throughout whole world visit cities many studies bring understanding paris seek knowledge liberal arts ancient writers orleans medicine salernum black art toledo place decent manners regard old monk criticism must remembered old age always rather depreciative criticism present happened past abuses always seem creeping going ruin force education yet somehow next generation succeeds obtaining intellectual development rather good shape besides must always remember educational questions evils ever exaggerated memory prone live longer loom larger good associated indeed anyone reasonable experience educational circles knows may constitute comparison small amount undoubtedly wanderings students brought many abuses listen stories foreign student life paris time might think much evil nothing good accomplished wandering inasmuch invite serious error judgment another striking feature university life constituted distinct anticipation something modern educational system lending professors different nationalities among universities beginning twentieth century reestablished custom thirteenth century however albertus magnus taught time cologne later paris apparently also rome thomas aquin taught time paris lectured various italian universities finally university rome tempted popes duns scotus besides teaching oxford taught also paris alexander hales seems done thing roger bacon studying university paris seems commenced teaching though professional work accomplished university oxford raymond lully probably professional experiences several spanish universities besides paris word man distinguished genius almost sure given opportunity influence generation number centers educational life confined case centuries since accident intent perhaps two word distinctive feature modern university life anticipated thirteenth century illustration flying buttress amiens iv number students discipline people surprise finding subjects students occupied universities thirteenth century much claim attention modern students probably somewhat mitigated thought attendance universities consequence small proportion population shared illumination become universal spread opportunities higher education later times impression cherished many even think know history education unfortunately considered authorities subject falsest possible idea conceived medieval time concerned may say matter comparatively easy collation statistics show proportion population various countries actually students taking advantage opportunity acquire university education thirteenth century time nineteenth century even midst era widespread educational opportunities twentieth century people know traditions declare twenty thirty thousand students university paris toward end thirteenth century time fifteen twenty thousand students university bologna correspondingly large numbers reported university oxford many thousands supposed attendance university cambridge usually considered however figures gross exaggerations easy assert rather difficult prove matter fact nearer comes actual times history education definitely writers speak large numbers students attendance instance gascoigne says thirty thousand students university oxford end thirteenth century lived within hundred years events talks even goes far declare saw rolls university containing many names doubt evidence matter mistake possible regard figures written latin expressed arabic roman numerals copying might easily give opportunities error creep spite evidence generally conceded accept large numbers almost surely mistake without doubt many thousands students thirteenth century universities certainly students university paris last quarter thirteenth century time nineteenth century enough startle modern complacency ridiculous scarcely doubt university bologna time largest attendance students university modern times proud may deservedly immense institutions learning regard english universities presence large numbers much doubtful making every allowance however hesitation saying oxford last quarter thirteenth century larger number ever afterwards within walls cambridge though never numerous rival like good fortune professor laurie edinburgh conservative authority likely concede much middle ages anything allow shall see ten thousand students oxford others claimed half number cambridge lowest possible estimate even conceded sometimes urged service universities also counted students numbers reduced materially must forgotten days enthusiastic striving education young men perfectly willing take even onerous duties personal services others order opportunity closely touch great educational institution receive even moderate amount benefit educational system time many students working way universities thirteenth century spirit independence much less developed stigma attached personal service much less felt present time many examples earnest striving intellectual development discuss situation countries regards comparative attendance universities thirteenth century time shall able get reasonably good idea must thought matter authorities neither difficult consultation distant comparatively much known population england time continental countries england single ruler geographical divisions now know name france spain italy germany seats several rulers least sometimes many circumstance favor obtaining adequate idea populations two universities provided opportunities whatever higher education england time seem stamp era backward educational matters little consideration comparative number students reference population country given opportunity higher education took advantage time present show unreasonableness opinion easy might imagined determine just population even england thirteenth century elizabeth reign according census estimate made time great armada altogether four millions people froude accepts estimate representing well actual number population certainly five millions end sixteenth century lingard purpose must considered thoroughly conservative authority estimates much two millions people england end twelfth century probably underestimate end thirteenth century many two millions half people country outside let us say three millions meagre population ten thousand students conservative estimate taking advantage opportunities higher education provided universities present moment though pride numbers attendance universities though world population much numerous means transportation much easy universities large thirteenth century american university present moment large number students oxford end thirteenth century course none compares paris bologna respect even european universities suggested fall behind former glory standpoint attendance number population comparison even startling thought middle ages time wonderful educational facilities opportunities greater city new york begin twentieth century perhaps fifteen thousand students attendance educational institutions university privileges may say liberal allowance universities ordinary sense word ten thousand students remainder added order surely include may considered undergraduate work colleges schools various kinds fifteen thousand least come outside greater city think even large number calculate drawn directly population connecticut new jersey furnish large numbers students besides schools universities large numbers attendance even distant states foreign countries within bounds truth say ten twelve thousand students population four millions greater new york taking advantage opportunities higher education provided universities colleges end thirteenth century england least ten thousand students population probably less three millions glad avail similar opportunities seems perfectly fair comparison tried conservative possible every way order bring truth matter scarcely fail matter supreme surprise find century distant thirteenth equal vaunted twentieth century matter opportunities higher education afforded taken advantage always presumed middle ages little better dark ages typical periods little desire higher education even fewer opportunities thought constant repression desire knowledge springs eternally human heart church least ecclesiastical authorities time set firmly widespread education set people thinking matter fact however every cathedral every monastery became center educational influence even poorest showed special signs talent obtained opportunity secure knowledge degree wished beyond doubt cavil time world history many opportunities higher education open classes thirteenth century order show thoroughly conservative numbers attendance universities taken shall quote two good recent authorities professor laurie professor institutes history education university edinburgh thomas davidson american authority educational subjects works shall quote published revised within last years professor laurie rise early constitution university survey medieval education formed international educational series edited commissioner harris published appleton hears large number students attended earliest universities ten thousand even twenty thousand bologna equal time greater number paris thirty thousand oxford help thinking numbers exaggerated certainly evidence oxford attendance never great alleged see anstey acad consider attendants servitors college cooks regarded members university community universities provided time sole recognized training grounds wishing enter ecclesiastical legal teaching professions see reason doubt substantial accuracy tradition attendance especially remember paris oxford large number mere boys twelve fifteen years age inclusion servitors already many probably indeed actual students working way university enthusiastic days professor laurie authority assertion large number students paris oxford mere boys regulation known existed universities requiring students less twelve years age anyone studied medieval university life however impressed idea students average older medieval universities rather younger present time rough hazing methods employed almost equal day seem indicate besides professor laurie confesses next paragraph many students actually much older present university courses arranged young men fall back herbert spencer presumably period infancy lengthening evolution race many consider present time students long delayed opportunity get professional studies partly consequence practical branches much taken elective system chapter universities preparatory schools italy southern countries surprising thing young man graduate age degree thoroughly creditable scholastic career means began university work proper years age must judge medieval universities extent least thought mind thomas davidson history education footnote chapter medieval university paragraph discusses attendance especially thirteenth century admits numbers perhaps large reported large comparison modern institutions kind frankly concedes education rose centuries often supposed unfavorable educational development amazing height scarcely ever surpassed says footnote history education thomas davidson author aristotle ancient educational ideas new york scribners number students reported attended universities early days almost passes belief oxford thirty thousand year half number even early numbers attending university paris still greater numbers become less surprising remember poor accommodations bare room armful straw students days content numbers even single teacher like abelard long draw lonely retreats twelfth following centuries lack enthusiasm study notwithstanding troubled condition times clear instruction given universities moreover reacted lower schools raising standard supplying competent teachers thirteenth fourteenth centuries education rose many european states height attained since days seneca quintilian illustration christ driving money changers giotto illustration head annunciation giotto illustration bride marriage cana giotto illustration saint head mosaic mark venice serious objection seem much weight preclude possibility accepting true large numbers mentioned fact hard understand immense number students supported town middle ages objection carried much weight minds make give thought large numbers medieval universities professor laurie answered effectively however plausible explanation gives number points emphasize intense ardor students middle ages search knowledge shows ready bear serious trials inconveniences say absolute sufferings hardships order might opportunities higher education objection redounds rather glory medieval universities lessens prestige either regards numbers enthusiasm students chief objection accepting tradition large numbers universities lies difficulty seeing days large number young men europe afford expense residence away homes difficulty however partly removed know many students well considerable number matured men already monks canons endowments cathedral schools also frequently used enable promising scholars attend foreign universities monasteries also regularly sent boys thirteen fourteen university seats papal instruction required every benedictine augustinian community send boys universities proportion twenty residents state authorities ordered free passages wending way country seat learning houses country priests speak monastery hospitals traveling scholars always accommodated gratuitously even local subscriptions frequently made help way poor traveling scholars fact medieval institution considered disgrace student beg receive alms support reading authoritative opinions rather difficult understand false impressions obtained commonly last three centuries regard education middle ages realize history especially people several centuries written narrow standpoint definite purpose century ago comte de maistre de petersburg history three hundred years time conspiracy truth curiously enough editors cambridge modern history first volume renaissance sentiment french historical writer philosopher even use words history conspiracy truth proclaim get truth generation must go behind classical historians look contemporary documents evidence authorities maintenance tradition nothing good possibly come nazareth times reformation led serious misapprehension true position extremely important centuries modern education thirteenth fourteenth know even little accomplished centuries supremely amusing read childish treatment accorded trivial remarks even accredited historians education make regard occasionally however feeling reader knows something subject amusement far times help feel ignorance deliberate purpose minimize importance times culture education basis utterly mistaken remarks made shall take occasion give example afford ample evidence intolerant spirit characterizes work even supposedly enlightened historians education quotation history pedagogy understand use nearly every normal school country among books required many normal school examinations infamous paragraph bears title intellectual feebleness middle age furnishes excellent example utterly misunderstood deliberately misrepresented whole spirit content real progressiveness education wonderful period belittling expressions influence christianity education expressions utterly unjustified facts say regard thirteenth century surprising place calls attention says monks convent gall read write difficult find notaries public acts passed verbally barons took pride ignorance even efforts twelfth century instruction remained luxury common people privilege ecclesiastics even carry far benedictines confess mathematics studied purpose calculating date easter whole paragraph rest must read appreciated whose history education considered value deemed worthy translation president state normal school adopted work reference cases required study many normal schools throughout country wonderful concoction ingredients meant dissolve every possible idea people might existence tincture education middle ages fact deeply concerns us refers thirteenth century says monks convent saint gall read write single fact meant sum education century reader especially meant show student pedagogy deeply sunk ignorance monks ecclesiastics period attempting say anything may well call attention fact original french edition writer say single monk monk read write possibly seemed translator make story complete leave poor monk perhaps monk less especially medieval monk may count much modern students education us however consider bad obliterate even single monk crude way ask shall put back read write carry affairs monastery let us least means year says single monk monastery gall read write professor french normal school must known well twenty thousand students university paris almost many university bologna five thousand authorities say many professor laurie admit ten thousand university oxford though christian europe time population people must known hopelessly ignorant educational matters many students universities belonged franciscans dominicans indeed many greatest teachers universities members monastic orders says nothing however says education privilege ecclesiastics carry far way writing history education effective way poisoning wells information securing persistence tradition education beginning sixteenth century meantime scarcely help admire ingenuity deliberate purpose uses condition monastery gall confirm statement gall founded irish monks probably beginning eighth century least three centuries center education civilization culture well religion barbarians settled swiss country nations irish originally obtained culture christian missionaries now christian missionaries brought back europe accomplished work wonderful effectiveness gall centuries lasting monument efforts tenth century however monastery began degenerate almost directly path armies frequently went italy german interest italian peninsula claims german emperor time according tradition emperor insisted certain veterans army received cared old age gall gradually feature institution became prominent thirteenth century become little home old soldiers order live benefices monastery men submit ecclesiastical regulations wear habit true sort monk willing sake peace ease brought accept living provided obey degree least rules monastery surprising among read write soldiers time despised men letters prided able write historian pedagogy however take fact order give students idea depth ignorance middle ages exhibition qualities modern educated men like think compatible capacity read write indeed better able read write read write prejudices history history education discussion causes ignorance middle ages next paragraph curious bits special pleading man holds brief side question think ever seen considered serious history first makes clear much opposed christian church education admits things denied minimizes significance concludes fault church precious bit damning faint praise impossible ordinary person authority feel anything reading paragraph christianity serious detriment surely help cause progress education quote part paragraph permanent causes situation lasted ten centuries catholic church sometimes held responsible doubtless christian doctors always profess warm sympathy intellectual culture saint augustine ignorant gain possession heaven indocti coelum rapiunt saint gregory great pope sixth century declared blush holy word conform rules grammar many christians word confounded ignorance holiness doubtless towards seventh century darkness still hung thick christian church barbarians invaded episcopate carried rude manners doubtless also feudal period priest often became soldier remained ignorant however unjust bring constructive charge church middle age represent systematically hostile instruction directly contrary clergy midst general barbarism preserved vestiges ancient culture schools period episcopal claustral schools first annexed bishops palaces second monasteries religious orders voluntarily associated manual labor mental labor far back benedict founded convent monte cassino drew statutes made reading intellectual labor part daily life monks damning faint praise taken connection paragraph single monk monastery gall declared able read write utterly false impression sure result readily understood even sympathetic students middle ages histories education written rule consequence precious period modern education great origin ignored even professional scholars great detriment historical knowledge also proper appreciation evolution education portraits bennozo gozzoli illustration petrarca omnium virtutum monarca illustration giotto pictor eximius illustration dante theologus nullius dogmatis expers appreciate conditions existed middle ages numbers universities seeking higher education mean little culture people since practically attendance universities belonged clerical order doubt students clerics thirteenth century mean however taken major orders way bound irrevocably continue clerical vocation surprising thing spread culture desire higher education thirteenth century developed spite fact rulers time century embroiled war either neighbors nobility anyone wanted live quiet intellectual life turned naturally clerical state enabled escape military duties gave opportunities study well protection many exactions might otherwise levied church encouraged education supplied peaceful asylums might cultivated heart content student clerical state necessity whole time residence university necessarily maintained afterward many clerics even minor orders orders well understood carry absolute obligation continuing clerical state sextons assistants clerics word canon originally came use meant nothing man entered rolls church received form wages therefrom students universities ecclesiastical courtesy clerics comes word clerk read write though orders university able maintain rights students well understood graduation men might take secular life indeed succeeding chapters shall see examples discuss question professors universities maintain clerical condition even professors law medicine allowed marry law continued long beyond thirteenth century however professors medicine first freed obligation celibacy middle fifteenth century paris professors bound full century later certain minor teaching positions oxford still law evidently seemed advantage maintained might perhaps thought wealthier class sons nobility wealthy merchants cities opportunities universities matter fact however vast majority students drawn great middle class nobility nearly always occupied pleasures martial duties time higher education tradition nobleman educated gentleman yet come indeed many nobility thirteenth century rather prided fact higher education know even read write reflect large numbers went universities adds surprise realize drawn burgher class evident many sons even poor afforded opportunities different ways universities time tradition shows earliest time foundations poor students live various arrangements made aside might make living continuing studies working way university common thirteenth century present day though proud large numbers now succeed double task supporting educating excellent success enterprises many stories poor students found obliged give studies encountering patrons various kinds enabled go education pretty set legends regard edmund canterbury matter bears name afterward sainted primate england many years taught university oxford story told clerical friend sending student oxford asking bills sent edmund answer robbed opportunity good like took burden caring student time many others dependent bounty reputation enabled help great many benefactions friends found higher pleasure life able come generously edmund assistance charities know difficulty managing large bodies students wonder inevitably medieval universities less formal less complete organizations succeeded maintaining discipline thousands students people remember stories roughness horse play drinking gaming worse heard medieval students apt conclude wondered since must practically impossible faculties universities keep order among vast numbers matter fact however story origin maintenance discipline universities interesting features university life process discipline became precious part education course well regulated institution learning fact moreover spite large numbers factors shall call attention moment comparatively disgraceful stories university life come us still important fact universities kept constantly attainment great purpose numbers magnificent tribute succeeded system gradually evolved faculty alone teachers students university government regard discipline medieval universities much known considerable written obscure subject wears unfavorable tinge unfortunately true good men oft interred bones evil immortality student escapades universities quarrels town gown stories evils apparently inevitable many young men congregated hazing rough horse play carousing immoralities come us easy miss supreme significance enthusiasm learning difficult times gathered many students together distant parts world traveling difficult dangerous kept universities long years spite hardships inconveniences life regard modern universities thing true outside world knows much escapades little scandals college life scarcely make ripple easily exaggerated frequently repeated lose nothing repetition waste time athletics gambling social things earnest work successful intellectual progress interests many quite enough make modern university man slow accept supposed pictures medieval student life founded mainly worse side goodness proverbially uninteresting happy people history ordinary life university student needs patient sympathetic chronicler medieval universities found yet need many allowances remembered discouragements labored much accomplished reputation medieval universities suffered human tendency interested evil neglect good even however good deal regard discipline universities early times known lose interest fact main factor committee students working conjunction faculty anticipating modern development disciplinary regime universities first apparently schools universities originated thought necessity discipline desire education considered sufficient keep men occupied way discipline necessary readily understood crowds flocked hear abelard paris sufficiently interested follow desert paraclete longer allowed continue lectures connection school paris quite enough ruling internal forum supreme interest need discipline external forum course time however coming even greater numbers university paris especially attendance ran many thousands form school discipline became absolute necessity developed practical way masters seem little beginning since occupied entirely teaching preparation lectures become later principal instruments discipline first scarcely social organization among students came different countries naturally attracted another ready help students first came welcomed compatriots took care keep imposed enabled secure suitable quarters introduced university customs generally might able take advantage soon possible educational opportunities friendships fostered gradually grew formal organizations nations began take form just beginning thirteenth century made duty find lodgings student compatriots evidently also supply food cooperative plan least poorer students whenever students particular nationality injured way nation formal organization took cause maintained rights even extent appeal formal process law magistrates necessary nations organized faculties universities formally recognized independent divisions institution acted intermediaries university head students making responsible discipline slight degree beginning thirteenth century paris students belonged four nations picard norman french embraced italians spaniards greeks orientals english embraced english irish germans poles heterogeneous collection consider modern days addition students north europe professor laurie university edinburgh rise early constitution universities international educational series footnote says footnote rise early constitution universities survey medieval education laurie professor institutes history education university edinburgh new york appleton company subdivisions nations determined localities students masters came subdivision elected dean kept whole nation represented true elected procurators deans subdivisions regarded important officials frequently always assessors procurators procurators four number elected students bologna padua students masters nation procurator deans independent body passing statutes rules exercising supervision students seal distinguished university seal procurator stood nation relation rector whole university rector elected procurators sat assessors together constituted governing body purposes discipline protection defense privileges chiefly regulating schools independent nations question whether power make statutes overrode still question late beginning seventeenth century typical times governing system grown amongst students rather organized teachers imposed university nations represented rise democratic spirit make felt claims recognition rights people countries thirteenth century undoubtedly character government student body universities fostered spirit therefore noteworthy degree responsible advances direction liberty chronicled great century form unconscious education none less significant eminently practical results time europe place members community flocked largest numbers universities sons middle classes opportunities share government learn precious lessons participation except universities gradually came effort part faculties lessen many rights nations universities struggle maintain part student body precious training usurpation privileges great service later larger arena national politics effects noted every country europe nowhere england development law liberty give rise supreme heritage democratic jurisprudence english speaking peoples succeeding generations work universities modern times often university considered proper work unless besides teaching also adding existing body knowledge original research unfortunate educational traditions probably last thing world enter minds people conceive likely found history universities thirteenth century original research form spite almost universal false impression original work valuable kind much workers considered amply deserving doctorates various faculties departments modern universities constantly accomplished wonderful century matter fact phase university activity modern educator sure sympathy significant details work become clear surprise surpassing original work accomplished cease recalled besides creating universities century gave us great cathedrals originality literature every civilized country europe inspiration many subsequent generations last men time devote things mind called dark ages term must ever used realization many bright points light men occupied wars civic political dissensions kinds gradually climbing back heights interest intellectual matters invasion barbarians migration nations rebirth intellectual interests came intense curiosity know everything investigate every manifestation everything men touched novel wonderful advances made realized actual consultation works reader puts far possible mental point view surveyed world relations modern university prides number volumes written professors makes special feature announcements call attention least supposed additions knowledge mode must immensely difficult preserve writings professors medieval universities copied laboriously hand yet enormous number large volumes works nearly every intellectual topic carefully preserved twenty closely printed large folio volumes writings albertus magnus come us two centuries time printing ardent students must satisfied spend much time preserving mainly devoted theology treat nearly everything else least folio volumes taken almost exclusively physical science thomas aquinas many volumes credit work even importance duns scotus died early age scarcely forty yet writings voluminously extensive carefully preserved men enthusiastic students alas name preserved people familiar satiric appellation modern educator rejoice fact students time must indeed devoted masters set task copying work faithfully cardinal newman pointed personal influence master rather greatness institution makes education effective first regard philosophy mistress studies whose throne shaken shattered ultimate times must forgotten great century development scholastic philosophy scholastic philosophy supposed many students modern philosophy thing past still continues basis philosophical teaching catholic seminaries universities throughout world catholic philosophers well known conservative thinkers writers yet perfectly free confess consider nearer truth nearer great scholastic thinkers thirteenth century even circle students philosophy outside influence scholasticism doubt recent years opinion much favorable schoolmen gradually arisen due study scholastic sources despise talk slightingly scholasticism either know know second hand regard system thought ever true close acquaintanceship respect regard theology case even stronger regard philosophy practically great authorities theology belong thirteenth century true men like saint anselm lived time leaders great movement culminated century saint anselm book deus indeed best examples combination scholastic philosophy theology well cited triumph logical reasoning applied religious belief besides great classic read unmoved admiration thinker many centuries ago trenchantly lay thesis develop must lacking qualities human admiration writers thirteenth century theology beyond even anselm marvelous powers systematizing thought need mention names albertus magnus thomas aquinas bonaventure duns scotus raymond lully make acquainted history time realize idle expression enthusiasm special votary thirteenth century shall see discussing career saint thomas aquinas catholic church still continues teach scholastic theology exactly lines laid great doctor church teaching university paris amid crumbling many christian systems thought upheld various protestant sects general realization catholic church built edifice christian apologetics stand storms time development human knowledge confessedly edifice founded thirteenth century scholasticism pope leo even estimation least sympathetic toward high office man supremely practical intelligence generation insisted thomas aquinas must general principle least groundwork teaching philosophy theology form minds future catholic apologists scholastic theology philosophy thirteenth century come us absolute purity huge tomes represent indefatigable labors ardent scholars well preserved subsequent generation thought much spite absence printing come us perfectly clear texts easy neglect say study worth represent however work research department philosophy theology days university modern time consider honored authors among professors alumni think need turn volumes read understanding sympathy another convert ranks growing multitude scholars learned appreciate marvelous works university colleagues thirteenth century regard law much need since well understood foundations modern jurisprudence see chapters legal origins well methods teaching law laid thirteenth century universities active factors direct indirect work university bologna developed law school toward end twelfth century irnerius revived study old roman law put curriculum modern civil law firm basis little later gratian made famous collection decretals basis canon law great popes thirteenth century beginning innocent continuing worthy emulators gregory ix boniface made special glory pontificates collect decrees predecessors arrange publish might readily available consultation french law assumed modern form basis french jurisprudence laid louis called assistance matter professors law university paris many intimate terms cousin ferdinand castile laid foundation spanish law time almost similar circumstances corresponding help study law english universities helped formulation principles english common law simple connected form made readily accessible consultation just beginning last quarter thirteenth century bracton whose work much subsequent chapter drew digest english common law basis english jurisprudence ever since took just century countries previously without proper codification principles laws complete fundamental work degree still firm substructure rests modern laws legal origins modern sense came long thirteenth century end work finished intents purposes influence universities university law departments doubt incentive undoubtedly came teachings men much legal origins importance mainly students universities time whose enthusiasm work subsided obtaining degrees medicine however much law theology eminently practical character university teaching thirteenth century seen least form appeal scientific generation accustomed think anything like real progress medicine especially surgery come recent years source great surprise find much earnest students long distant century anticipated answers problems solutions usually supposed among modern advances professor allbutt regius professor physic university cambridge position occupant always leader english medical thought present professor world best authorities history medicine recently pointed marvels medicine surgery address historical relations medicine surgery end sixteenth century delivered congress arts sciences louis exposition allbutt spoke regard great university medical teachers thirteenth century follows great merits original independent observer master lanfranc william salicet guglielmo salicetti piacenza latin placentinus de saliceto now cadeo eminent among great italian physicians latter half thirteenth century now great italians distinguished surgery medicine william protestants period division surgery inner medicine division regarded separation medicine intimate touch nature like lanfranc great surgeons italian tradition unlike franco ambroise advantage liberal university education italy like wurtz large practical experience hospital battlefield practised first bologna afterward verona william fully recognised surgery learned books surgery contains many case histories rightly opined good notes cases soundest foundation good practice opinion method lanfranc followed william discovered dropsy may due substituted knife arabist abuse cautery investigated causes failure healing first intention described danger wounds neck sutured divided nerves forwarded diagnosis suppurative disease hip referred chancre phagedaena real causes paragraph sets forth almost incredible anticipations usually considered among modern phases medicine surgery perhaps surprising thing simple statement salicet recognized surgery learned books alone case histories instructive even modern surgeon reads insistence students making careful notes cases soundest foundation progress surgery direct contradiction nearly everything recent years medieval medicine especially teaching medicine see appendix william great pupil lanfranc followed lanfranc encouraged practise university paris student university paris made toward end thirteenth century carefully preserved museum university berlin notebook kept lanfranc teaching contains sketches dissections well illustrations operative procedures studied celebrated surgeon tradition case histories continued university paris beginning modern surgery doctrines medicine william salicet stated clearly sound surprisingly modern connection instance dropsy hardening kidneys shows wonderfully observant old master present time know little dropsical condition associated chronic bright disease fact constantly occurs sclerosis contraction kidney bright study albuminuria contracted kidney practically taught us except added symptom presence albumin urine must result many carefully studied cases followed autopsies doctrine come existence dropsy occurs heart disease also dropsy connection certain affections liver yet frequent cause just hardening kidneys spoken century italian professor medicine believe many historians medicine supposed occupy ante studies patients medical authorities almost surprising question dropsy investigation causes failure healing first intention modern surgeon apt think ever occupied thought wounds might made heal first intention without occurrence suppuration granulation certainly suspect interest matter far back thirteenth century william salicet however lanfranc occupied much question evidently looked practical standpoint many careful observations must made many sources observational error eliminated enable men realize possibilities primary union especially knowing nothing external causes suppuration considering surgeons nearly seven centuries afterward something within patient tissues cases suppuration rise unfortunately pioneer work done william great disciple effect succeeding generations question men minds whether nature worked better primary union means suppurative process next century surgeons took wrong horn dilemma even distinguished surgeon guy de chauliac called without good cause father surgery came conclusion suppuration practically necessary process healing large wounds least must encouraged rather discouraged doctrine first famous incident ambroise career morning battle coming patients expecting find many severely ill found contrary better condition others forebodings accord old custom poured boiling oil wounds patients great surgeon supply oil failed day used plain water cleanse wounds number fearing worst however poison must necessarily stay wounds agreeable disappointment finding patients much better condition treated rules art even incident however serve correct entirely old idea value suppuration lister time almost last quarter nineteenth century still question value suppuration expediting healing wounds hear laudable pus proper inflammatory reaction expected bring wound repair danger wounds neck course modern doctrine yet people think moment traced back middle thirteenth century practical teacher surgery medieval italian university evidence work careful observer seen patients expire minutes result serious incident course operations neck realize danger due many cases sucking air large veins even present time question wholly settled problem danger presence air still subject investigation suture divided nerves ordinarily matter course claimed modern historians surgery practically surgeons affair entirely last half century william salicet however neglected none ordinary surgical procedures undertaken discouraging surgical circumstances lived limitations anesthesia though much aid commonly idea frequent occurrence suppuration must constant sources disheartenment insistence use knife rather cautery shows much appreciated value proper healing man might expect advance careful investigation just tissues injured idea bringing together juxtaposition prevent loss function encourage rapid perfect union illustration screen hereford illustration doorway sacristy bourges perhaps ordinary individual william reference certain known venereal affections proper cause astonishing marvelous list anticipations supposed modern whole subject venereal disease anything like scientific treatment supposed date early part sixteenth century even question certain minds whether venereal diseases come existence least introduced america distant country europeans exploring time william studies subject however serve show nothing escaped watchful eye best sense word careful observer must eminently suggestive helpful teacher learned serve without ado stamp unpractical character medical teaching medieval universities utterly unfounded men taken trouble look teaching times works recent years buried old folios difficult obtain still difficult read obtained easy ignore merit even impugn value teaching completely william salicet destined moreover surpassed ways distinguished pupil lanfranc taught university paris end thirteenth century lanfranc address already quoted professor allbutt striking paragraph shows progressive work great french surgeon fruitful suggestive teaching great master says lanfranc magna great work written reverent independent follower salicet distinguished venous arterial hemorrhage used styptics rabbit fur aloes white egg popular styptic elder surgery digital compression hour severe cases ligature chapter injuries head classics medieval surgery clerk cleric lanfranc nevertheless saw clearly danger separating surgery medicine certain assertions paragraph deserve case lanfranc master discussed anticipations sometimes thought modern surgery older surgeons supposed feared hemorrhage much often asserted knew little nothing ligature control hemorrhage inadequate matter fact however primary hemorrhage old surgeons feared secondary hemorrhage suppuration often led opening important artery accident well understood much dreaded surgeons lose patients come relief thoroughly lanfranc knew control primary hemorrhage appreciated quotation just made allbutt address ligature sometimes invention ambroise matter fact use least three centuries time perhaps even longer usually considered difficult chapter head injuries problems involves diagnosis treatment product nineteenth century hence read interest allbutt declaration lanfranc wrote practically classical monograph subject surprising find great french surgeon far ahead generation matters even realized danger separating surgery medicine regius professors medicine two great english universities cambridge oxford since beginning twentieth century made public expression opinion physician see work surgeon depend autopsy room knowledge results internal disease professor osler particularly emphasized colleague professor allbutt opinion matter surgical professor university paris thirteenth century anticipated two leaders medical thought twentieth century surprising unfortunately history medieval teaching prejudice lamentable tradition read aright occasionally finds startling bit anticipation modern medicine well surgery instance toward end thirteenth century distinguished english professor medicine known gilbert englishman teaching montpelier among things insisting rooms patients suffering smallpox hung entirely red curtains doors windows covered heavy red hangings claimed made disease run lighter course lessened mortality much less disfigurement smallpox extremely common disease thirteenth century probably many chances observation interesting realize important observations made end nineteenth century finsen danish investigator whose studies light employment therapeutics drew attention world eventually nobel prize greatest advance medicine admission red light room smallpox patients modified disease materially shortened course often prevented secondary fever almost away completely subsequent disfigurement evident men searching investigating following blindly footsteps master often middle ages heresy depart ever little teaching galen usually customary add first writer break away galen effectually vesalius de fabrica corporis humani published toward end second quarter sixteenth century may passing matter fact vesalius though accomplished much original investigation break effectually galen best work especially influence successors certainly set example independent research personal observation fully medical teachers thirteenth century already mentioned others like mondaville arnold villanova whose names well deserve associated reason surprise find thoroughly practical teaching thirteenth century university medical schools somehow come general impression medicine taught mainly disputations consultation authorities always important passage galen support medical notion original observation false impression due fact writers history medical education recent years drawn largely imaginations consulted medical books spite fact printing discovered two centuries later many treatises medicine come us early time historians medicine now opportunity taking trouble read consequent alteration views lack encouragement original observation later middle ages old tomes easy reading nothing daunts german investigator bound get bottom subject men pagel puschmann done much rediscover us medieval medicine french medical historians behind german colleagues magnificent work accomplished especially republication old texts william salicet surgery republished pifteau toulouse mondaville surgery republished auspices society publication old french texts republications made works surgeons readily available study interested great predecessors medicine world always necessary get libraries old texts preserved course made extremely difficult ordinary teacher history medicine know anything besides old texts difficult reading except earnest students patience practically impossible modern hurried students unfortunately writers history medicine filled gap knowledge frequently either imaginations inadequate authorities consequence inveterating false impression regard absence anything medical surgical interest even later middle ages another much serious reason false impression regard supposed blankness middle age medical progress notion quite generally accepted even yet entirely rejected many church opposed scientific advance centuries reformation even sciences allied medicine fell ban instance history medicine far know published english language assert pope boniface bull promulgated end thirteenth century forbade practise dissection people seem natural conclusion feeling study human body dissection reached pass call forth papal decree matter end century previous hundred years must enough ecclesiastical hampering anatomical work prevent anything like true progress preclude idea genuinely progressive teaching anatomy slightest basis bit false history except unfortunate hoped intentional misapprehension part historical writers meaning papal decree issued boniface viii year forbade pain excommunication boiling bodies dismemberment order piecemeal might transported long distances burial purposes now well known bull aimed certain practises crept especially among crusaders east member nobility fell victim wounds disease companions infrequently dismembered body boiled prevent putrefaction least delay decay transported long distances home order might christian burial favorite graveyard friends might consolation knowing remains rested body emperor frederick barbarosa died east treated boniface broadly educated men time great professor canon civil law paris younger realized dangers involved proceeding sanitary standpoint forbade requiring bodies buried persons died evidently considered ancient custom consecrating portion earth purpose burial order full christian rites might performed quite sufficient noble common soldier commendable sanitary regulation boniface set historians medicine striking death blow development anatomy next two centuries matter fact however anatomy continued studied universities bull evident never misapprehension meaning practise dissection lessened curiously enough history human dissection traced absolute certainty time immediately bull next years university bologna always closely touch ecclesiastical authorities italy especially pope foundations dissection important practical department medical teaching laid mondino whose book dissection continued text book used medical schools next two centuries guy de chauliac studied first half fourteenth century says saw many dissections made montpellier middle century popes avignon far away guy de chauliac made attendance dissections obligatory every student obtained permission use bodies criminals dissection purposes time chauliac occupied post chamberlain popes fourteenth fifteenth centuries constant progress making anatomy especially italy accomplished rome distinguished teachers anatomy summoned popes capital order add distinction teaching staff famous papal school science sapienza attached next two centuries many distinguished scientific professors time story regard papal prohibition dissection foundation history times little however making times much misunderstood still continues see printed references misfortune usually called crime prevented development great humanitarian science ecclesiastical prejudice story regard anatomy however whit worse told chemistry almost terms beginning fourteenth century pope john xxii issued bull forbidding chemistry pain excommunication according writers matter included death penalty felt way regard anatomy culmination feeling ecclesiastical circles chemistry must hampered progress thirteenth century examination bull regard chemistry really decree shows even less reason slander pope john xxii boniface viii john scarcely year papal throne issued decree forbidding alchemies inflicting punishment practised first sentence title document alchemies prohibited practise procure done punished evidently decree quoted prohibition chemistry seem ever read name alchemies pope john clear rest document meant particular kind chemical manipulations forbade supposed manufacture gold silver first sentence decree shows thoroughly recognized falsity pretensions alchemists matter poor says alchemists promise riches forthcoming forbids impose poor people whose confidence abuse whose good money take return none punishment inflicted alchemies might transgress decree death imprisonment pretended makers gold silver required turn public treasury much gold silver paid alchemies money paid go poor case bull regard anatomy clear possible misunderstanding time development science chemistry hindered papal document chemistry certain extent cultivated university paris mainly ecclesiastics aquinas master albertus wrote treatises chemical subjects roger bacon devoted much time well known next three centuries history chemistry number names men unhampered ecclesiastical authorities usually either ecclesiastics high favor churchmen time place true hollandus arnold villanova basil valentine finally many abbots bishops paracelsus time acknowledged obligations aid chemical studies almost needless say impossible brief sketch kind limited single chapter give anything like adequate idea enthusiastic graduate students professors thirteenth century succeeded accomplishing probably department university life however least understood rather say persistently misunderstood education time usually supposed eminently unpractical great advances departments knowledge important bearings human life relations therefore thought possible just however sympathetic interpretation pointing coordination intellectual work often considered quite distinct university influences needed hoped short sketch prove sufficient call attention modern educators field neglected least received little cultivation compared importance must sedulously worked generation understand degree thoroughness spirit manifested results attained medieval universities illustration double flying buttress rheims vi book arts popular education important portion history thirteenth century beyond doubt significant chapter book arts found great gothic cathedrals many erected time whose greatest perfection finish design detail came just beginning wonderful period concerned gradual development gothic older romanesque architectural forms oriental elements may helped great evolution especially concerns us fact generations thirteenth century took gothic ideas architecture applied marvelously thereafter felt problem structural work left unsolved feature ornament decoration left untried least unsuggested great center gothic influence north france spread every country europe owing intimate relations existing england france presence normans countries developed almost rapidly much beauty effectiveness mother country fact england just thirteenth century spirit gave rise cathedrals best observed work purposes thoroughly appreciated great cathedral lincoln important features beginning thirteenth century doubtless due famous hugh lincoln frenchman birth whose experience normandy early life enabled successfully set creation gothic cathedral country become adoption illustration angel choir lincoln hugh great soul deeply interested people welfare ready make every sacrifice even extent incurring enmity king even froude usually unsympathetic medieval men things included among short studies great subjects help think devoted erection magnificent cathedral realized well become center influence religious eminently educational effects people diocese work begun consciousness results attained influence cathedral must looked accidental must appreciated creating work beauty people shared looked property came nearly every second day year religious services telling book receive education come way course hope short chapter two convey adequate impression work done cathedrals even important reactionary influence educating people ferguson says footnote footnote ferguson history architecture dodd mead subject cathedrals architecture decoration fact practicably inexhaustible priests laymen worked masons painters sculptors bent producing best possible building improving every part every detail till amount thought contrivance accumulated single structure almost incomprehensible man devote lifetime study great cathedrals assuming complete medieval arrangements questionable whether master details fathom reasonings experiments led glorious result consider great cities alone every convent every parish thoughtful professional men trying excel done predecessors fellows shall understand amount thought built walls churches castles colleges dwelling houses thinks master reproduce hardly fail mistaken impression tenth part reproduced works written subject day much probably lost never recovered instruction delight future ages profound significance charming quality cathedrals usually unrecognized see twice though much interested moment idea wealth artistic suggestion thoughtful design solicitously yet happily put builders people seen many times however lived close touch away time come back find wondrous charm buildings architects workmen put souls always interest reason casual visitor times moods finds ever source constantly renewed pleasure matter many times may seen elizabeth robbins pennell expressed power cathedrals please times even often seen well known recent number describing great cathedral notre dame often seen notre dame says marvel never grows less go paris thought time busy many things way bridges across river perhaps see island beautiful towers high houses palaces view now familiar strikes afresh wonder first impression think experience everyone opportunity see much notre dame present writer course medical studies spent many months daily view cathedral good deal work old morgue situated behind cathedral even end stay constantly finding new beauties grand old structure learning appreciate changing seasons paris fall winter spring threw varying lights shadows like work nature never growing old constantly displaying new phase beauty pennell resents restorations made generations even time considered rebuild beautifully thirteenth century constructors even thought better doubtless yet work opinion good critics served spoil least detract finer beauty original plan wonder stevenson knew loved old cathedral well notre dame thing unites majesty elegance awfulness inasmuch typical product wonderful thirteenth century serious rival greeks ever course stand alone cathedrals built time least handsome full suggestions indeed opinion many critics inferior certain respects three four greatest gothic cathedrals possible generations builded much better knew sort happy accident edifices still continue subject profound admiration endless sources pleasure seven centuries experience certainly glad happy accident occur generation building nothing present time regard high hopes course generations cathedral builders knew appreciated work triumph thirteenth century therefore marked must considered directly due environment education people study cathedrals keynote modern appreciation character development builders readily understood inevitably fragmentary must consideration cathedrals yet consolation best known feature thirteenth century achievement consequently necessary point significance construction basis great movement education uplift century perhaps first word needed regard varieties gothic different countries europe meant period probably interesting feature history gothic architecture period found circumstance countries erected gothic structures along general lines laid great inventors north center france none architects builders century countries slavishly followed french models english gothic quite distinct french ancestor defects beauties simplicity grandeur well suited rugged character people among developed italian gothic less merits perhaps forms art developed different nations italy bright sunlight less crying need window space provision darker northern countries gothic invented even possibilities decorated architecture along certain lines exhausted fully anywhere else might expected esthetic spirit italians german gothic less refinement national forms yet lacking certain straightforward strength simplicity appearance recommends germans often violated french canons architecture yet spoil ultimate effect stephen vienna many defects yet good architectural authority declared work poet looks recent paragraph regard spanish gothic article spain havelock ellis illustrates national qualities style well much less generally known special development gothic architecture spanish peninsula seemed worth quote length moreover type architecture admirably embodies romantic spirit spanish gothic statement implies heresy supremacy french gothic qualities harmony balance finely tempered reason make french gothic exquisitely satisfying softened combination mysteriously grandiose splendor detailed realism lies essence gothic manifestation romantic spirit spanish gothic massiveness extravagance realistic naturalness far potently embodies spirit medieval life less esthetically beautiful romantic leon cathedral spain possesses noblest purest examples french gothic church may almost supreme type gothic ideal delicate house glass finely poised buttresses nothing spanish typical gothic spain must go toledo burgos tarragona barcelona find elements stupendous size mysterious gloom grotesque yet realistic energy dominant characters alike spanish architecture medieval romance think gothic architecture came perfection sort wonderful manifestation genius single generation stayed sadly mistaken constant development noted thirteenth century development always line true improvement just century closed degeneration began decoration became important consideration parts ornament decadence taste gothic architecture escape eye even untutored thirteenth century tendency always greater lightness elegance apt think immense structures manifestations power man overcome great engineering difficulties solve immense structural problems rather representing opportunities expression beautiful poetic intellectual aspirations generations architects poets best sense etymology word creators raw material stone mortar rather words accident environment architects succeeded expressing wonderful individuality work cathedral improvements introduced thirteenth century people architecture came practical kind never suggested sake merely adding opportunities ornamentation matter skillful combinations line form thought executed wonderful success beginning century delicate shafts marble highly polished employed rather freely seldom carried weight mainly ornamental character gradually eliminated yet without sacrificing beauty structure since combinations light shade secured composition various forms use delicately rounded mouldings alternated hollows produce forcible effects high light deep shadow word architects builders thirteenth century set problem building effectively making every portion count building yet securing ornamental effects actual structure set architects ever able surpass probably greek architects periclean period ever equaled needless say acme success architectural work reason generations time gone back lovingly study work period might thought gothic architecture great invention time extremely suitable ecclesiastical even educational edifices various kinds time usefulness passed men widening experience structural work ever since carried far away matter fact ecclesiastical buildings still built purely gothic lines definite effort made rule completed religious edifice combine number best features thirteenth century gothic success accomplished best appreciated fact none modern structures attract anything like attention old cathedrals early time still continue best asset towns situated number visitors attract far considering gothic architecture outlived architects still apply devotion practical suggestions contains wide experience still continue think wonderful example architectural development ever come even hesitate foretell great future reinach story art throughout ages footnote enthusiastic matter paragraph opinion must find place reinach may excellent authority member institute france made special studies comparative architecture written works carry weight almost others generation footnote scribners new york aim architecture considered art free much possible subjection materials may buildings successfully realized ideal gothic churches connection light airy system construction freedom slenderness supporting skeleton afford presage art began develop nineteenth century metallic architecture help metal cement reinforced metal bars moderns might equal daring feats gothic architects even easy surpass without endangering solidity structure audacities gothic art conflicts obtain two elements construction solidity open space everything seems show principle free spaces prevail palaces houses future flooded air light formula popularized gothic architecture great future following revival style sixteenth century day shall see yet enduring renaissance gothic style applied novel materials mistake however think gothic cathedrals impressive grandeur immense size still mistake consider examples great development architecture much compendious expression art impulses glorious century every single detail gothic cathedrals worthy study deserving admiration always inadequate means secured details found worthy imitation subsequent generations considering separate details art work cathedrals full lesson wonderful people accomplished learned many centuries since entirely unappreciated fortunately time come back recognition greatness art impulse work perfecting even might considered trivial portions cathedrals brightest hope future accomplishment founded belated appreciation work medieval workman lively symbol creator way work mattered obscure portion cathedral set decorated beautifully knew without thought work appreciated might see trivial details finished perfection important parts microscopic studies recent years revealed beautiful designs pollen grains diatoms far beneath possibilities human vision discovered lens combinations high powers compound microscope always beauties though hidden away eye creator hand touch anything without leaving beautiful well useful illustration cathedral amiens great extent possible perhaps man secure desideratum thirteenth century workman succeeded purpose reason even magnificent grandeur design skilful execution inadequate means makes gothic cathedral source admiration wonder take first example sculpture usually considered thirteenth century represented time entirely early history plastic art fine examples sculptor chisel left us impression however soon corrected examines carefully specimens form art certain cathedrals probably charmingly dignified presentation human form divine stone ever made figure christ main door cathedral amiens amiennois lovingly call beautiful god examples statuary cathedral wonderful specimens sculptor art lending decorative purposes architecture true number cathedrals statues beautiful portions definite piece structural work doorway facade wonderful models different arts became subservient general effect produced rheims however sculpture reached acme accomplishment architects always unstinted praise feature may called capitol church france doubts place gothic art art history need authority always bolster opinion may hold find ample support enthusiastic opinion authority quoted already interesting significant feature ardent expression enthusiasm comparison romanesque gothic art respect amount ground covered artistic mode greater advance art ever made real value work period must judged rather amount progress made stage advance actually reached since development rather accomplishment counts evolution race hand found reinach opinion actual attainments gothic art far beyond anything used thought subject half century ago much higher modern art critics hold matter says contrast romanesque art yet bondage convention ignorant disdainful nature mature gothic art thirteenth century appeared brilliant revival realism great sculptors adorned cathedrals paris amiens rheims chartres works realists highest sense word sought nature knowledge human forms draperies cover also principles decoration save gargoyles cathedrals certain minor sculptures longer find thirteenth century unreal figures animals ornaments complicated nightmares load capitals romanesque churches flora country studied loving attention sole almost sole source decorators take motives charming profusion flowers foliage genius gothic architecture freely displayed admirable creations famous capital vintage notre dame rheims carved year since first century roman empire art never imitated nature perfectly ever since done like grace sentiment reinach defends gothic art another serious objection constantly urged know certain examples advantage wide study whole field artistic endeavor thirteenth century distinguished member institute france succeeded obtaining curious unfounded opinions come prevalent art circles often writers regard cathedrals spent time mainly large cities along principal arteries travel realized smaller towns contained work better fitted illustrate gothic art principles depended information particular phases art time matter important considered forming judgment judgment almost surely unfavorable many ways lack completeness view happened unfortunately regard gothic art better spirit coming matter careful study periods art return reverence grand old middle ages illustration cathedral rheims reinach says certain prejudices admirable though incomplete art difficult combat often instance gothic figures stiff emaciated convince contrary need study marvelous sculpture meeting abraham melchisedech rheims cathedral cathedral visitation seated prophet standing angel exquisite magdalen bordeaux cathedral see stiff sickly puny art affinity perfect gothic neither romanesque byzantine greek art strange coincidence gothic artists even reproduce somewhat stereotyped smile forerunners usually renaissance brought supreme qualities greek plastic art back life thoroughly competent critic finds exhibited long fifteenth century manifestation generations renaissance called gothic meaning thereby barbarous art sculpture however repeated even force perhaps regard every detail construction decoration builders architects make mistakes times even mistakes always reveal artist soul struggling expression inadequate media many things done experimentally things done first time everything originality made execution something merely secure accomplishment previous careful tests spite state affairs might expected sadly interfere artistic execution cathedrals main full admirable details worthy imitation designers actually imitating least finding eminently suggestive present time begin well known example decorative effect found earliest english cathedrals lincoln nave choir finished just beginning thirteenth century choir beautiful conception wonderful construction charming finish satisfactory detail though little called striving effect still called angel choir name originally given considered beautiful even thirteenth century visitors scarcely believe constructed human hands legend became current work angels critics thirteenth century opportunity see work nearly kind constructed many parts england judged highly surprising modern visitors unstinted praise interesting note representative feeling cultured modern scientific mind osler long ago medical addresses probably nothing beautiful ever come hands man angel choir lincoln designers conceived workmen executed records unlikely famous hugh lincoln great bishop cathedral owes foundation much splendor responsible little extent beautiful feature cathedral church workmen made best sense word surprising beautiful architectural features flourished country workmen found almost impressive angel choir stained glass work lincoln rose windows among beautiful ever made indeed considered gem kind beautiful colors wonderful effectiveness stained glass old time cathedrals appreciated unless windows actually seen lincoln impressive contrast scarcely help calling attention frequently subject comment visitors parliamentary time unfortunately stained glass lincoln fell ban puritans lower windows almost completely destroyed soldiers cromwell army rose windows owing height preserved destroyer old sexton cathedral however stained glass become apple eye boy man lived beautiful colors broke light rising setting sun precious neglected even lying pavement cathedral fragments gathered shattered pieces bags hid away dark corner crypt saving least desecration trampled dust long afterwards indeed almost time found seen beautiful regardless fact fitted together anything like former places pieced windows made serve original purpose happened new stained glass windows cathedral lincoln ordered nineteenth century made unfortunate time stained glass making nearly absolutely unattractive say nothing worse possible make stained glass contrast antique windows fragmentary made broken pieces thirteenth century glass striking old time colors rich sun shines directly look like jewels pays slightest attention unless perhaps doubtful compliment smile given modern windows however costly best obtained time stained glass thirteenth century preserved york friendship general ireton town cathedral spared worst ravages parliamentarians consequence york still possesses best old time windows probable nothing beautiful wonderful effectiveness glass five sisters window york ordinary lancet window five compartments hence name west front cathedral figures window mass beautiful greyish green tints marvelously subdues western setting sun vesper hour produces beautiful effects interior cathedral anywhere realize meaning expression dim religious light recent years however become custom many people rave five sisters spared necessity mentioning tints far injured time probably enriched doubt however artistic tastes esthetic genius man designed windows cathedral unworthy triumph art truly cathedral technical school appreciated fact able inspire workmen produce wondrous effects experts stained glass work often called attention fact windows constructed thirteenth century greater artistic value also solidly put together many windows made century still maintain places spite passage time though later windows sometimes dropping pieces might thought due fact later stained glass workers delicate construction windows order injure effect stained glass extent true stained glass workers thirteenth century preserve effectiveness artistic pictures glass though making frame work substantial another example ability combine useful beautiful characteristic century stamping practically every phase accomplishment making work admirable usefulness suffer account strained efforts supposed beauties though somewhat place refrain pointing educational value stained glass work stories windows gave details many passages bible must impressed people much sermon reading text possibly accomplished literally sermons glass walked read whether remember common people middle ages papers distract books turn information illustrations provided stained glass windows painting statuary decorations cathedrals must studied fondest devotion even apart religious sentiment mere inquisitiveness famous prodigal window chartres good example every detail story pictorially displayed colors time young man demands patrimony various temptations met helped spend naive richness detail matter temptations quite medieval boon companions first led astray depths degradation finally reached returned father even picture fatted calf lacking others windows stories patron saints certain crafts life crispin shoemaker given rather full detail true romain hunter patron furriers ordinary experiences life pictured methods turned account making craftsman saint must many ways ideally uplifting example fellow craftsmen whenever viewed window sort teaching without effect poor taught something else life besides money getting happiness contentment might chosen occupation reward heaven end top windows hand almighty introduced reaching heaven reward faithful servants just presentation ideals even poor thirteenth century differs modern time even teaching schools seems emphasize fact men must get money honestly must get money called success life another interesting feature windows fact usually gifts various guilds represented much interest members true france particularly monarchs frequently presented stained glass windows louis time common scarcely french cathedral without testimonials kind generosity windows given various societies among people much construction window well done make education taste contributed expense erection scarcely besides friendly rivalry matter thirteenth century served bring talents local artists inevitably suggested comparisons eventually served educate taste people must thought however stained glass painting sculpture major arts workmen attained triumphs practically every detail cathedral construction monument artistic genius century wonderful inspiration afforded workmen education provided guilds really maintained shall see kind technical school approbation fostering care ecclesiastics connected cathedrals excellent example different class work may noted hinges cloister door cathedral york personally seen three art designers sketching time englishman another coming continent third america hinge still swings heavy oak door thirteenth century arborization metal spreads main shaft hinge beautifully decorative effect illustration cloister paul without walls rome little study hinge seems show branching portions arranged make mechanical moment swinging door less dead weight hinge solid bar iron besides spreading branches wide surface serves hold woodwork door thoroughly place hinge beautiful eminently useful good many standpoints trivial though might considered reality type work accomplished connection thirteenth century cathedrals according old latin proverb tulit punctum qui miscuit utile scores every point mingles useful beautiful certainly thirteenth century workman succeeded accomplishing desideratum eminent degree mingling useful beautiful supreme difference thirteenth century generations yeats well known irish poet bidding farewell america years ago party friends country consider making real progress culture utensils kitchen beautiful well useful anything merely useful hideous anyone handle things impunity true culture thirteenth century never chance made anything merely useful especially associated beloved cathedral excellent example found chalices ceremonial utensils meant divine service elsewhere craftsman journal arts crafts movement country long since compared chalice thirteenth century prize cups offered yacht races competitions country may say form chalice received thirteenth century constitutes great extent model sacred vessel ever since comparison modern design therefore interesting spite fact money object rule construction many modern prize cups compare unfavorably according writer craftsman old time chalices tendency ornamentation spoils effectiveness lines metal work many cases also often attempt introduce forms plastic art lend well class work design particularly older workman excels modern colleague though usually suggestions several sources present day work word thirteenth century chalice much admirable modern piece metal work lines simpler combination beauty utility readily recognizable obtrusiveness ornamentation much less marked thing true even coarser forms metal work connection cathedrals anyone seen beautiful iron screens built cathedral choirs olden times realize even worker iron must artist well blacksmith effect produced especially dim light cathedral often delicate lace work appreciate strength screen must actually test hands represents charming adaptation might expected rough work meant protective purposes suitable ornament gates old churchyards beautiful designs often imitated quite recent years gates country places modern millionaires reverend augustus jessopp written much regard times reformation says found investigations infrequently gates made village blacksmiths old parish records lost suppression parishes well monasteries henry eighth time original documents however preserved among receipts village blacksmith now admire specimens artistic ironwork corresponding receipts village carpenter woodwork now consider equally high order carved bench ends choir stalls seem produced way just generations thirteenth century little towns less ten thousand inhabitants succeeded raising artisans numbers capable fine work yet content make living ordinary occupations indeed hard understand must forgotten moreover though much furniture thirteenth century little rule carefully artistically made thirteenth century benches tables famous cathedrals castles worked together inspiring giving occupation wonderful workmen workmen engaged construction edifices proper made beautiful things created marvelously artistic treasures century adornments cathedrals especially everything associated intimate way religious service sure executed delicate taste vestments time beautiful ever made historians needlework tell us period represents flourishing era artistic accomplishment needle modern history example secured large share notoriety quite recent years american millionaire bought famous piece needlework known cope ascoli example large garment worn shoulders religious processions benediction price paid garment considered extortionate enforced cope declared experts finest pieces needlework world jewels originally adorned removed money paid needlework time became clear cope stolen sold accordingly returned italian government presented american millionaire medal honesty spoken cathedrals great stone books ran might read even though able read technical sense term expression regard cathedrals even inventor perhaps certainly repeated realized literally true saying elsewhere quoted reinach story art throughout ages authority subject intellectual significance people cathedrals towns must remembered personal interest sense really felt ownership quite much modern member parish feels regard church emphasizes illuminates subject wonderful degree realization information time deliberately woven great stone structures mainly course decorative purposes partly also idea educating people startling confirmation idea education important significant work great century gothic cathedral perfect encyclopedia human knowledge contains scenes scriptures legends saints motives animal vegetable kingdom representations seasons agricultural labor arts sciences crafts finally moral allegories instance ingenious personifications virtues vices thirteenth century learned dominican vincent beauvais employed louis write great work epitome knowledge times compilation called mirror world divided four parts mirror nature mirror science moral mirror historical mirror contemporary archaeologist male shown works art great cathedrals translation stone mirror vincent beauvais setting aside episodes greek roman history place imagers read vincent work like sought epitomise knowledge contemporaries first aim art please teach offer encyclopedia use read translated sculptor clear precise language lofty direction church left nothing chance present always everywhere advising superintending artist leaving devices modelled fantastic animals gargoyles borrowed decorative motives vegetable kingdom footnote footnote reinach story art throughout ages scribner illustration cathedral bourges illustration cathedral chartres much cathedrals held meaning built worshiped careful study symbolism time enable admirer understand modern generations lost appreciation significance symbolism occupation mind trivial things usually read day leaves little room study profounder thought artist may care put work modern artist tells story far possible without deeper significance since lost thirteenth century however everything artistic secondary meaning literature full allegories even arthur legends considered expression battle soul worldly influences well poetic presentation story old time british king gothic cathedrals mass symbolism perhaps best understood following explanation cathedral symbolism take translation durandus work meaning divine offices account found chapter prose century far away long ere catch first view city three spires cathedral rising high din turmoil preach us high undivided trinity approach transepts striking crosswise tell atonement communion saints set forth chapels clustering around choir nave mystical weathercock bids us watch pray endure hardness hideous forms seen hurrying eaves speak misery cast church spire pinnacle finial upward curl sculptured foliage upward spring flying buttress sharp rise window arch high thrown pitch roof overpowering horizontal tendency string course parapet teach us vanquishing earthly desires also ascend heart mind lessons holy wisdom written delicate tracery windows unity many members shadowed forth multiplex arcade duty letting light shine men pierced flowered parapet crowns whole enter triple breadth nave aisles triple height pier arch triforium clerestory triple length choir transepts nave set forth holy trinity besides tell blessed saviour point first western door last distant altar midst great rood without end monogram carved boss corbel holy lamb lion tribe judah mystic fish close us font regeneration enter church deep capacious buried baptism christ stone rock spiry cover teaches us indeed risen waters seek things us vista massy piers apostles prophets many members many graces every saint beautifully delicate foliage round head plentiful good works beneath feet badges worldly pomp glory graves kings nobles knights presence god dross worthlessness us swells vast valley high pitched roof crossing interlacing curious rafters hang fadeless flowers fruits earth project wreaths stars adorn heavenly beings center stands lamb slain around celestial host cherubim seraphim thrones principalities powers look peacefully worshipers harpers among harping harps song church earth heaven walls wind narrow cloister galleries emblems path holy hermits anchorets whose conflicts known god reached home compassed mighty cloud witnesses rich deep glass windows teems saintly forms fair niche invested holy repose glorious company apostles goodly fellowship prophets noble army martyrs shining band confessors jubilant chorus virgins kings long since changed earthly heavenly crown bishops given glad account shepherd bishop souls none things rest piers arch behind arch windows light behind light arcades shaft behind shaft roof bay behind bay saints around us heavenly hierarchy dignity preeminence still increasing eastward lead eye soul thought image crucified saviour displayed great east window gazing steadfastly pass nave church militant till reach rood screen barrier church triumphant therein shadowing forth death faithful high hangs triumphant cross image death overcome death portrayed saints martyrs warriors fighting lord entered rest inherit tearless eternity examples seven lamps typify graces spirit alone tread steps screen glows gold crimson gold heads golden crowns crimson passed red sea martyrdom obtain delicate network unfolding holy doors catch faint glimpses chancel beyond massy stalls heaven everlasting rest sedilia emblems seats elders round throne piscina washed robes made white heart soul life altar unquenched lights golden carvings mystic steps sparkling jewels even christ whose merits find admission heavenly inheritance verily think oneness design may say jerusalem edificatur ut civitas cujus participatio ejus idipsum wealth meaning embodied cathedrals old time continue interesting unfailingly attractive even distant differently constituted generation footnote footnote care realize degree wonderful symbolic meaning ornamentation cathedrals read huysman book la cathedrale believe translated english needless say often hands compiling chapter death author chapter going press poignantly recalls beauty work close chapter book arts leaving impression church architecture time deserves considered category great art influences many municipal buildings stately castles large number impressively magnificent abbeys monasteries besides educational charitable institutions built time town halls great hansa towns german free cities members hanseatic league present striking examples civil architecture period characteristics discussed treating cathedrals wonderfully impressive eminently suitable purpose intended decorations always forming integral parts structure sounded note combination beauty utility characteristic every phase art accomplishment century castles deserve special description unfortunately space forbids passing mention certain castellated fortresses still standing england ireland come time king john excellent examples stability forceful character form architecture thirteenth century interesting find come build twentieth century america armories used training militia storage arms ammunition many ideas used construction borrowed olden time illustration durham castle cathedral illustration king john castle limerick famous castle limerick ireland built john time constituted excellent example doubtlessly often studied less imitated portion kenilworth castle england dates thirteenth century often subject careful study modern architects thing might many others regard english abbeys much praise architecture model large educational municipal buildings ever since mary abbey york though scattered fragments beauties seen little walls still stand almost interesting yorkminster great cathedral many abbeys built england thirteenth century dozen least probably full score distinguished history architecture english cathedrals remembered now called westminster abbey cathedral church monastery church attached abbey westminster well preserved example class furnishes excellent idea religious institutions signify thirteenth century meant much art impulse cathedrals feature monastic establishments deserves special mention cloisters usually constructed beautifully make veritable gems art period cloisters porticos usually surrounding garden monastery within monks walk shaded sun protected rain snow might easily hideously useful porches especially quite concealed outer world rule belonging order admitted except special occasions name cloister signifies enclosed place lay persons ordinarily admitted know anything recall beautiful constructive work put certain examples john lateran rome cloister paul without walls five miles rome constructed thirteenth century influence great art movement gave cathedrals beautiful specimens now remain thing compared famous angel choir lincoln indeed recall many ways pictures two cloisters present give idea beauty thoroughly appreciated however must seen delicacy finish every detail makes unending source admiration brings people back see yet always find something new apparently unnoticed might thought studied variety columns two exactly form produce bizarre effect lack symmetry might result feature expected spoil essential beauty neither effects produced however cloisters moreover purple patches monasteries ever worthy portions beautiful buildings buildings furnished regards metal work wood work portions lent decoration spirit cathedrals magnificent tables benches thirteenth century still considered best models simplicity line beauty form eminent durability history furniture making fashion colonial furniture time brought us nearer thirteenth century furniture making true time history delightful combinations beauty utility characteristic century even kitchen utensils beautiful well useful irish poet might satisfied heart content illustration palazzo vecchio arnulfo florence campanile giotto illustration giotto tower florence certain architectural forms wonderfully developed thirteenth century opening years fourteenth century men trained former period still work giotto tower instance must considered thirteenth century product since architect well past years age thirteenth century closed artistic character formed precious inspiration curious reflection modern architecture modern high business buildings saved hideous just much approach character structures thirteenth century first new york skyscrapers escaped stigma utterly ugly appeal mere utility new york times building just giotto tower large scale set broadway beginning twentieth century seen mile away effect exactly great florentine architect beautiful structure course deliberate intention modern architect anyone think however modern business building plain walls recalls adequate sense great pattern read ruskin regard wealth meaning found giotto tower structures just cathedrals architects builders time succeeded putting whole burden suggestion generations time built accustomed symbolism every art feature life around precious wealth significance appreciate deep study long contemplation felt quotation ruskin fully illustrate wish convey matter representations human art heavenly guidance series basreliefs stud base tower giotto must held certainly chief europe first may surprised smallness scale proportion masonry smallness scale enabled master workmen tower execute hands rest finest architecture decoration precious kind usually thought jewel set space round jewels crown clasp girdle vii arts crafts great technical schools interesting social movement time undoubtedly arts crafts central idea lift workmen mere machine likely become result monotonous occupation trade requires constantly repeated series acts direct little portion machinery kills soul course idea generation workmen shall created able make beautiful things use household well adornment house another principal purpose many people mistaken entirely secondary aim movement primary end effect workman effort use intellect designing taste arrangement artisan skill execution beautiful things arts crafts movement appeal generality mankind success movement promises solve social problems socialistic agitation present causing much dismay quarters raising many hopes destined disappointed hearts laboring classes solution problem social unrest found creating new wants people giving additional wages still stimulate desire many things continue spite increased wages beyond means rather give interest life work principal source pleasure found occupation unfortunately work come looked drudgery men must spend greater portion lives least vast majority must something enable make living clear unhappiness discontent still continue blessed man found work blessed man work appeals much interest goes longing able finish comes back prospect now shall able accomplish time perhaps fatigue allow proceed day best feature promises held arts crafts movement men shall interested work may seem people unrealizable idea poetic aspiration rather possible actuality little study accomplished line thirteenth century surely prove even skeptical much success capable realized matter men worked around cathedrals given opportunities express best class workmen since ever opportunity every single portion cathedral made beautiful mind man conceive taste plan hands achieve consequence carpenter chance express woodwork village blacksmith opportunity display skill small ironwork hinges latch door every workman felt called best easy understand circumstances interest men must applied tasks rule designers well executors work assigned planned executed rough tried modified adapted finally know cathedrals finished product nearly perfect particulars ordinarily given man achieve aim make combination utility beauty line yet simplicity finish make work worthy counterparts portions cathedral sense competition must stirred men depths souls yet heartless rivalry crushes succeeds inspiring emulation makes well better others though necessarily way belittle others efforts contrast humble triumph illustration fountain perugia town pump illustration lavatoio todi public old medieval days england used called merrie england easy understand workmen profoundly merry heart consciousness accomplishing good work men must almost tardily quitted labor evening hoped strove accomplish something worthy magnificent building many fellow workmen achieving triumphs handicraftsmanship went home rest night also dream might able awoke morning thought possibly see noteworthy result represents ideal workman life interest quite apart mere making money picture modern workman contrast looks vain sordid vast majority workmen labor merely must make enough money order may able buy food enough get strength work interest little day day task providing self others nothing wonder social unrest discontentment workmen merry unless artificial stimulus strong drink nothing look forward except days weeks years labor succeeding another remorselessly surcease nature puts effective demand rest inevitable end comes idle say men knew make beautiful things cathedrals conscious perfection work accomplishing fact line achieving beautiful results must stamped thoroughly capable appreciating work others source pleasure must therefore twenty towns england alone see cathedral approaching completion must joy far beyond anything imagine possible workmen present day interest supreme heightened fact done relatives friends brother workmen even though might rivals whatever done redounding first glory lord turned much confidence ages faith secondly scarcely less satisfaction thought reputation native town feature life lower classes thirteenth century deserves studied time hear much people kept ignorance servitude men talk way know nothing lives towns middle ages able appreciate even slightest degree wonderful system education made life much fuller possibilities intellectual development classes happiness life period know phase thirteenth century interesting significant future generations important lessons time following far exemplification thirteenth century john ruskin saying wish get real significance achievements period history must read book deeds book arts book words turning pages book deeds thirteenth century studying history establishment universities method content university teaching deeds count history mankind done men accomplished something uplift mankind history unfortunately occupied deeds many kinds perhaps saddest blot modern education mainly history deeds destructive man human happiness many cases human rights human liberties supposed worthy study rising generation history written schools great extent satire efforts social progress shall continue study book deeds thirteenth century interesting important chapter education masses shall find accomplished educating people thirteenth century model form education spite exist must come time education fulfill real purpose perhaps interesting phase question education masses fact studying book deeds shall also study book arts thirteenth century best accomplishment linked achievement progress art yet masses large number workmen true artistic spirit came time nearly every part europe created masterpieces art every department since admiration world may say opportunity education masses furnished connection cathedrals light read great stone books constant source surprise church opposed education reinach story art throughout ages says church rich powerful middle ages dominated directed manifestations human activity practically art art encouraged art needed construct adorn buildings carve ivories reliquaries paint glass missals foremost among arts fostered architecture never played important part society even now enter romanesque gothic church impressed might vast force manifestation force shaped destinies europe thousand years result demand art technical schools naturally developed around cathedrals take example england alone thirteenth century twenty cathedrals erected various parts country built now call small towns indeed considered scarcely villages large cities praise spoken thirteenth century must forgotten whole population england beginning century scarcely two millions people reach three millions even end every rood ground perhaps maintain man every part england quota population many crowded centers even london probably time century thousand inhabitants oxford palmiest days university perhaps populous place land rivalry building cathedrals main portion buildings erected short space single century feeling intense competition rife little possibility procuring workmen towns town create cathedral workmen finish details consider cathedral like salisbury practically completed short space years becomes extremely difficult understand just little town succeeded apparently accomplishing impossible often artists obtained merely demand slow creation rather capricious nature another way saying artist born made nature must particularly fruitful mood tense thirteenth century doubt wonderful artistic beauty details gothic cathedrals nature beneficence meant much however training century probably meant even special form popular education developed well deserves attention generations may education sense teaching everybody read write none students universities number population twentieth century seen people devote life book learning burdened acquisitions doubtful benefit might provide stores useless information enable away hours precious time reading trash make conceited thought absorbed opinions others things general right judge things sun things besides circulation newspapers records books demand libraries show much knowledge reading means population popular education kind may benefit works harm great many education sense training faculties individual might express whatever especially might bring best much take example england considerably less population greater new york present time yet twenty places altogether building cathedrals century monuments artistic impulse accomplishment future time city country proud english cathedrals thirteenth century expression taste power execute tried imitate less many places order accomplish purpose matter though deliberately everything much smaller less ambitious scale people small english towns seven centuries ago results bear comparison moment appeal parts country even europe architects designers even secure finished products art distant places spite fact seven centuries later education supposed developed high extent twenty places instruction greater new york architects artist workers iron glass metal kinds wood stone trained become finished artisans found twenty different little towns england thirteenth century sure manual training schools architectural departments universities schools design wonderfully successful find true england thirteenth century conclude somehow better opportunities art education must supplied times though find mention records formal schools must look patiently methods instruction enabled generations accomplish much needless say attainments come spontaneously large number people must carefully fostered result greatest factor education environment hard find ambitious youth england even workman class found opportunities technical education highest character little towns never merely theoretic though sufficiently grounded principle enable men solve problems architecture engineering decoration artistic arrangement still sources anxiety modern students questions take single example readily appreciated consideration guilds builders cathedrals constituting great technical school marvelously emphasized certain recent observations regard architects builders methods cathedrals passage evelyn diary describes certain corrections introduced old paul cathedral london gothic edifice predecessor present classical structure order remove appearances dissymmetry certain seeming mistakes construction passage always misunderstood editors usually considered defective way classical critics always fall back imperfect text insoluble difficulties somehow evelyn considered either understood intended say else printer failed put words wrote modern readers however evelyn printer mistaken goodyear brooklyn institute arts sciences proved series photographs carefully made observations many old gothic cathedrals incorporated builders optical corrections correspond made greeks building classical period subject much admiration moderns medieval architects builders knew nothing classical architectural refinements learned actual experience necessity making optical corrections introduced carefully last decade presence realized educational tradition greatest value use refinement become general professor goodyear found besides practical work actual exercise craftsmanship design apprentices obtained guild evidently body definite technical information conveyed least certain chosen spirits among carried precious traditions place place state affairs must course existed regard stained glass work making bells especially finer work precious metals practical metallurgy must studied quite faithfully modern technical school least far practical purposes application concerned secret technical schools revealed extremely interesting study details practical organization great educational movement arts crafts brought due entirely trades merchants guilds time cathedral towns trades guilds preponderated influence gathered around cathedrals years work active numbers workmen engaged various occupations requiring mechanical skill long practice trade workmen affiliated another gradually organized trades unions certain independent existence guild stone workers guild metal workers places divided guild iron workers guild gold workers workers precious metals guild wood workers various forms occupation connected supplying finished unfinished materials cathedral association established guilds tailors bakers butchers affiliated merchants guild maintained rights members well artisans guilds idea number variety obtained list given chapter origin drama illustration reliquary limoges museo florence illustration crucifix duomo siena workmen accomplished brilliant results art work also succeeded training workmen admirably every line artistic endeavor somewhat difficult understand just village carpenter exquisite design artistic finish detail remained subject admiration centuries quite difficult understand village blacksmiths time made handsome gate constant admiration posterity ever since designed huge hinges doors artists delight copy locks latches bolts transported museums looked interest antiques wonderful combination beautiful useful illustrate assured however rev augustus jessopp seen archives old english parishes receipts bills village workmen term making beautiful specimens arts crafts surprise grows greater realize beautiful objects made alone place even places nearly every town size england france italy germany spain various times thirteenth century time town considerably less ten thousand inhabitants seemed able obtain among inhabitants men make works art copies servile imitation others original ideas make perfection many cases remained models future workmen many centuries even bells cathedrals seem cast practically cases little town used may added bells thirteenth century represent highest advances bell making ever attained form composition simply imitated since time even finer precious metal work chalices various sacred vessels objects used church services obtained distance made home article appeared years ago craftsman syracuse magazine published interests arts crafts movement called attention much beautifully thirteenth century workman precious metals accomplished artistic purpose corresponding workman present day definite comparison made typical chalices thirteenth century prize cups made without regard cost rewards yachting competitions twentieth century artist workman olden time knew combine beautiful useful use decoration just enough offend good taste make lines work eminently artistic general turn fine work art modern prize cup usually made large firms engaged work employ special designers purpose designs ordinarily passing trained hands series critics accepted turned modern skilled workmen executed metal assure artistic results according writer craftsman demonstrates much success matter men individual taste rather method already called attention fact needlework arts connected provision church ornaments garments success thirteenth century workers quite great cope ascoli considered experts beautiful bits needlework ever made example many examples found treasuries churches monasteries spite ravages time often intolerant unfortunate destruction reformers see beauty even beautiful things ran counter certain religious prejudices training necessary production beautiful objects handicraftsmanship obtained guilds boy small town thought liking certain trade craft received apprentice course year demonstrated aptness chosen craft allowed continue labor assisting workmen various ways indeed early history guilds bound particular workman usually supplied board clothing though remuneration years apprenticeship four five years always however understanding shown definite talent chosen trade accepted among workmen lowest grade journeymen usually went traveling order perfect knowledge various methods craft maintained standard workmanship different parts country three years journeying striking development likely take place mind ambitious young workman came just susceptible period sometime continued three years young workman ambitious likely see many men methods know much cities towns country returned native place sometimes took even france learned methods secrets different home years wished settle native town brought evidence accomplishment apprenticeship years journeyman became applicant full membership guild years training devoted admitted however presented officials organization piece work showing skill might hinge lock door hand might design important window delicate piece wood considered worthy standard workmanship guild declared masterpiece fine old english word masterpiece comes workman admitted master workman became full member guild membership carried number rights besides permission work full wages whenever guild employed guilds certain privileges conferred towns lived nobles worked ecclesiastical authorities whose various church structures employed beginning thirteenth century least feudal ideas prevailed extent supposed enjoy rights privileges except conferred authority besides workmen guild bound together ties injury inflicted considered done whole body human rights much less recognized come case since constituted important source protection many forms injury infringement rights besides privileges however guild possessed certain decided advantages made membership desirable even though involved fulfilment certain duties various towns england introduction thirteenth century practice mystery plays various towns guild claimed obtained privilege giving various times year guild goldsmiths give performance portion old testament guild tailors another guild butchers trades crafts still another year whole cycle mysteries christian religion type reality exhibited people region almost needless say festive occasions plays given important feast days people countryside flocked see influence widespread important however influence took part plays intimate contact prolonged period simplicity style sublimity thought concentration purpose effectiveness expression scriptures scripture narratives even dramatized form fact actually taking part performances meant ever much merely viewing outsider doubtless intimate relationship great truths christianity profound devotion characteristic accomplishments arts crafts thirteenth century must little extent attributed illustration madonna cimabue rucellai chapel santa maria novella florence beautiful work come men profoundest faith also come ignorant basis accepted faith words mental training regard sublimest truths life significance creation christian philosophy life made workman see clearly great truths religion able illustrate handiwork education higher order never conceived lack tedious formality made effectual action duties involved membership guild members bound attend church services regularly perform known religious duties periodic intervals rule guild required go mass sundays holy days abstain manual labor days unless absolute necessity go confession communion several times year besides bound contribute support sick unable work injured interesting phase duty toward sick members existed least parts country workman supposed pass night certain intervals turn helping nurse seriously hurt ill considered family quite worn enough care sick man day brother guildsmen came relieve duty night custom still maintained certain country places course passed use entirely unsympathetic city life word thorough education life work made wages family support also precious social duties make happiness contentment life viii great origins painting footnote footnote chapter taken work italian painting la peinture italienne depuis les origines jusqu la fin du xv siecle par georges lafenestre paris ancienne maison quantin reunies may motteroz directeurs rue nouvelle edition forms series text books instruction art des famous french government art school paris may collection art manuals recognized authority matters treated crowned academie des prize bordin better source information regard development arts none readily consulted assurance facts opinions exposed commencement thirteenth century movement emancipation every phase thought life italy went apace extraordinary ardor serious struggle italian republics point forcing german empire recognize everywhere first enthusiasm independence achieved valiant deeds aspirations liberty lofty modern times cities though united confederations acting independent rivals brought enterprises lay religious foundations commercial educational institutions wonderful youthful activity enterprise papacy allied favored movement political well educational aspects strengthened art movement time christianity guidance powerful religious exaltation inspired hearts men became potent factor forms art pope innocent iii boniface viii probably series popes misunderstood misrepresented subsequent generations certainly popes century much awaken enthusiasm christians modes religious development though credit often refused also educational charitable social betterment two great church institutions time destined act people others franciscan dominican orders preachers friars minor within short time formation deep widespread influence strata society orders birth showed ready anxious employ arts means religious education encouragement piety position matter enormous influence art painters time dominicans became ambitious intellectual training purpose preachers word demanded encyclopedic learned compositions franciscans asked loving familiar scenes touch hearts common people aided greatly helping artist break away old fashioned formalism longer sufficient satisfy new ardors men souls way prepared italian imagination double revolution come great body legends grew francis particularly bound supreme charity neighbor love living creatures even lowliest tenderest feelings every aspect external nature appealed painters veritable light darkness times especially churches founded disciples poor little man assisi world saw burst forth end century first grand flowers renewal art prove beginning modern art history hard understand happened painters time without spirit brought world francis beautifully simple love every phase nature around encouraged return nature soon supplanted oriental formalism due compensation greatest works early modern painters done francis honor besides important factor art revival thirst knowledge arose among intellectual portions communities developed enthusiasm antiquity little later become veritable passion important phase italian art thirteenth century developed florence world familiar began cimabue commenced painter quaint old english phrase long middle century whose great work occupies second half wanting interesting traditions certain florentine painters time marchisello early part century lapo painted facade cathedral pistoia fino di tibaldi painted vast picture walls municipal palace middle century much shadow later masters work scarcely known everywhere nature began reassert workers mosaic even occupied famous baptistry florence middle century though followed byzantine rules art introduced certain innovations brought composition subjects closer nature enough show school painting decoration florence quite sufficient account cimabue development without necessity appealing influence wandering greek artists sometimes done though absolute inventor new art modes sometimes supposed cimabue undoubtedly great original genius like many others acclaimed first particular line thought effort culminating intelligence grasped done assimilated made distinct exception usual history great initiators father italian painting rich born noble family character eager work ambition succeed chosen art mainspring life death result influence artists acquired much better social position comparatively easy successors maintain famous madonna subsequently borne triumph studio church santa maria novella placed seal popular approval new art enthusiasm evoked raised artist time plane mere worker colors member liberal profession even triumph great picture deemed worthy visit charles anjou french king visit florence according tradition ever afterwards portion city painted carried procession bore reason happy events name borgo allegri ward joy picture still place rucellai chapel course subject devoted attention part visitors lafenestre says monument florentine art quite justifies enthusiasm contemporaries compare expressionless madonnas preceded air beneficent dignity features quite unlike rigidity preceding art besides attractive suppleness attitude body far better proportioned predecessors certain roseate freshness colors flesh pleasant substitutes pale greenish tints byzantines require exalt imaginations people delivered conventional painting ray dawn dark night announced glorious sunrise art confident anticipations wondrous day come aroused depths feeling peoples hearts life nature went back art wonder saluted much delight two madonnas painted florence academy paris louvre besides great mosaic apse cathedral pisa serve show prudence cimabue introduced naturalistic qualities art always respecting tradition older art preserving solemn graces majestic style monumental painting old frescoes upper church assisi represent episodes life francis also attributed cimabue evidently done number artists probably direction easy see important role florentine artist played directing gropings assistant artists cimabue important name florentine thirteenth century friend gaddo gaddi whose years life correspond almost exactly great contemporary famous coronation virgin santa maria de fiore florence shows greatly influenced new ideas come art greater either predecessors however giotto friend dante whose work still considered worthy study artists certain qualities never surpassed quite outgrown giotto however shall turn aside moment say something development art cities italy must thought florence take new art methods developed marvelously thirteenth century even phenomenal rise modern art florence pisa lucca especially siena new wind spirit felt blowing fine inspirations realized spite hampering difficulties kinds madonna guido church dominic siena proof emancipation besides ugolino segna duccio make siena school enable tuscan city dispute even florence priority new influence art lucca bonaventure berlinghieri flourished famous francis recently found proves right place among great founders modern art giunta pisa called assisi paint frescoes upper church noted striven make figures exact colors natural much help generation away conventional expressions preceding time must reason counted among great original geniuses history art greatest name art thirteenth century course giotto dante poetry villani history compatriot friend painting ambrogio de bondone familiarly called ambrogiotto abbreviating habit italians always names thought much shortened giotto indeed dante name shortened durante born just beginning last quarter thirteenth century according legend guarding sheep father day passing time sketching lamb smooth stone soft pebble cimabue happened passing painter struck signs genius work took boy florence made rapid progress art soon surpassed even master wonderful precocity genius may best realized fact age twenty given commission finishing decorations upper church assisi fulfilling broke completely byzantine formalism preceding millennium must considered liberator art deliverer chains conventionalism freedom nature wonder critics literary men unstinted praise example decamerone great genius nothing nature reproduced like thing seemed thing eulogies tenor works art quite true common periods alike accomplished classical antiquity well primitive middle age must accepted relatively according notion entertained period constitutes truth naturalness point view age giotto advance towards nature considered relatively predecessors truth enormous sought merely external truth sense also inward truth spirit instead solemn images devotion painted pictures spectator beheld likeness human beings exercise activity intelligence merit lies well entirely new conception character facts footnote footnote history ancient early christian medieval painting german late alfred woltmann professor imperial university strasburg karl woertmann professor royal academy arts dusselford edited sidney colvin dodd mead lafenestre history italian painting paris already referred says survived giotto work justifies enthusiasm contemporaries none predecessors accomplished anything like revolution worked fixed destinies art italy moment dante fixed literature stiff confused figures mosaics manuscripts grew supple fingers confusion disappeared simplified gestures varied expression rectified proportions perhaps best example work upper church assisi accomplished thirty represent scenes life almost contemporary yet already raised realm poetry popular admiration interpreted beautiful legend life saint preserved bonaventure like subject sketches turned nature every step work figures compared artists preceding generations truth life natural expressions easily explain surprise rapture contemporaries beautiful pictures upper church however ten years completion giotto genius seen taken still higher flight study pictures vast ceilings lower church four compartments contain triumph chastity triumph poverty triumph obedience glorification francis ideal real figures compositions mingled grouped admirable clearness inventive force appreciated properly must seen studied many artist made pilgrimage assisi none come away disappointed never artist dared introduce many numerous figures yet done variety ease movement eminently pleasing even now thoroughly satisfying artistic mind work assisi best giotto pictures found chapel arena padua magnificent opportunity giotto took full advantage whole story christ life told fourteen episodes life mother painted giotto sake padua well assisi favorite place pilgrimage artists ever since never time illustration francis marriage poverty giotto assisi greater tribute century lived possibly given say genius recognized sought end italy another popes kings republics princes convents municipalities competed privilege genius work ever increasing enthusiasm easy think say wonder transcendent genius recognized appreciated received due reward usually case history however contrary imposing genius artist scientist great innovator things human surely subject neglect even misunderstanding persecution fact giotto lifted art routine formalism sunk might seem enough assure failure appreciation men suddenly turn round like even great innovations long satisfied something less principles criticism formed experience old need go farther back supposedly illuminated nineteenth century find striking examples turner great english landscapist failed appreciation long years wait till end life obtain even small meed reward famous barbizon school french painters still striking example went back nature classic formalism early nineteenth century painters just giotto went back nature byzantine conventionalism immediate rewards two cases different attitude contemporaries strikingly contrasted poor millet magnificent work spite fact family nearly starved madame millet satisfied take fair share hardships family order husband might opportunity develop genius way might magnificent pictures millet sold paltry francs barely kept wolf door next generation paying almost fabulous sums thirteenth century characteristic found genius rule lack appreciation greater revolution genuinely progressive thinker worker tried accomplish human progress sure obtain ready audience enthusiastic encouraging following greatest compliment paid enlightenment age men minds open ready willing see things differently accustomed constitutes best possible guarantee progress however probably last thing think attributing generations thirteenth century usually frankly wrapped notions ready accept things authority rather powers observation judgment clingers past rather lookers present future giotto life shows better much prejudiced view thirteenth century perforce middle age needs corrected forty years giotto responded every demand made suffice every call worked nearly every important city italy enkindling everywhere went new light art end century completed cartoon famous picture boat peter adorn facade peter rome first jubilee year arranging decorations john lateran next year florence working palace podesta went full two score years pisa lucca arezzo padua milan went south urbino rome even naples unfortunately strain work proved much carried away comparatively early age sixty midst artistic vigor glory illustration espousal catherine gaddi xiii century pupil perugia art middle ages especially time beginnings modern art thirteenth century commonly supposed inextricably bound certain influences place beyond pale imitation modern life frequently art besides deeply mystical pietistic remote ordinary human feelings preclude proper understanding men time certainly prevent deep sympathy pagan element art entered time renaissance emphasized joy life pleasure mere living sake supposed modified sadder aspect things earlier art now care go back day much writing kind carried weight wonder impression deeply made founded almost entirely misunderstanding however reinach quoted completely overturns false notion paragraphs bring better others know something true significance thirteenth century art particular think gothic art mainly gloomy character absolutely sad heart always expressed sadder portion religious feelings consider ascetic side life always ascendant brighter side things seldom chosen pictorial purposes recall gothic cathedrals cheery lightsome buildings indeed owe character creations new idea architecture determined purpose builders get admission possible light dreary northern climates contradiction idea gothic art essence gloomy manifest quite apart however gothic art studied subjects thirteenth century particularly found far distant anything justify criticism sadness reinach story art throughout middle ages stated clearly prefer simply quote passage authoritative informing also gothic art bears impress ardent piety emotional mysticism dwells suffering jesus virgin martyrs harrowing persistency believe never studied gothic art far truth fact gothic art best period thirteenth century never represented sufferings save damned virgins smiling gracious never grief stricken single gothic rendering virgin weeping foot cross words music stabat mater sometimes instanced highest expression religion middle ages date end thirteenth century earliest become popular till fifteenth century jesus represented suffering serene majestic expression famous statue known beau dieu may instanced typical illustration group visitation rheims ix libraries bookmen thirteenth century begins years art printing introduced seem idle talk libraries especially circulating libraries period quite futile talk bookmen book collectors false impression however founded entirely lack knowledge true state affairs wonderful period diocesan council held paris year words advice religious recalled duty lend books might possess proper guarantee return course might make good use council indeed formally declared lending books works mercy cathedral chapter notre dame paris leaders matter records lent many books thirteenth century abbeys around paris considerable libraries also lending custom obtained especially true abbey victor rule records extant course realized number books large hand must forgotten many works art every particular come us continue even present day among precious bibliophilic treasures great state city libraries value depends alone antiquity perfection works art general may missals office books prayer books made royal personages nobility time yet counted among best examples bookmaking world ever seen surprising case since books mainly meant use cathedrals chapels edifices beautiful every detail generations erected think making books use unworthy artistic environment intended candlesticks vessels implements used ceremonial surpassing works art every form decoration nearly perfect source unending admiration vestments altar linens specimens exquisite handiwork kind ever made books associated excellent execution expressive refined taste finished attention utterly careless time labor might required since sole object make everything absolutely beautiful possible hence dearth wonderful examples beautiful bookmaking century great libraries world libraries moreover surpassing interest rules management little might expected wonderful century anticipated matters modern library regulations bookmen time made beautiful books made every provision secure free circulation make available many people consonant proper care books true purposes libraries chapter thirteenth century history ignored perhaps deserves known appeal century perhaps intervening period constitutions abbey victor paris give us excellent idea solicitude books guarded yet also careful effort made render useful many persons possible important rules victor librarian know contents every volume library order able direct might wish consult books selection sparing books unnecessary handling also save readers precious time apt think modern times training librarians know books help readers insisted however find full force seven centuries ago much difficult present day know books confided care librarians victor noted perfection knowledge regard often consulted interested various subjects book thirteenth century footnote lecoy de la marche says france least circulating libraries quite common might expected people practical century first established rule book might taken provided value deposited borrower lending libraries found sorbonne germain des well notre dame also famous library time corbie practically every large abbeys library books obtained certain castles nobility instance la ferte en ponthieu libraries regard record librarian custom lending certain volumes provided person known assumed responsibility book footnote le treizieme siecle litteraire et scientifique lille regulations libraries century interest exact care required regard books sorbonne instance rule inflicted fine anyone neglected close large volumes making use many librarian modern times glad put effect regulation severe fine inflicted library assistant allowed stranger go library alone another anyone take care close doors seems unlikely regulations lecoy de la marche says vigor many ecclesiastical secular libraries time regulations victor quite interesting show liberal spirit time well indicate completely modern library management anticipated librarian charge books community required detailed list year possession least three times placed obligation see books destroyed way either parasites kind dampness librarian required arrange books manner make finding prompt easy book allowed borrowed unless pledge safe return left librarian emphasized particularly strangers must give pledge equal value book cases however name borrower taken also title book borrowed kind pledge left larger precious books borrowed without special permission superior origin various libraries paris interesting proof mode accumulating books nearly enriches university libraries present time library la chapelle founded louis ix continuously enriched deposit therein archives kingdom soon became first importance many precious volumes given presents louis found way library made lifetime valuable collection books paris louis moreover devoted much time money adding library made point whenever journeys stopped abbeys ecclesiastical institutions find books library la saint chapelle copies made intimate friendship robert sorbonne thomas aquin saint bonaventure vincent beauvais famous encyclopedist century widened interest books must made excellent judge procure complete library shall see louis munificent patronage enabled vincent accumulate precious store medieval knowledge prove mine information many subsequent generations earliest times certain books mainly medicine collected hotel dieu great hospital paris collection added time time bequests physicians attendance doubtless first regular hospital library though probably medical books also collected salernum principal colleges universities also made collections books valuable though rule seem attempt made procure books absolutely needed consultation students best working library paris undoubtedly sorbonne indeed books long time treasures first sorbonne nothing teaching institution required rooms lectures usually obtained either university authorities canons cathedral possessed property except library beginning professors bequeathed whatever books collected library became custom easy understand within short time library became best europe libraries devoted mainly sacred literature sorbonne came possess large number works profane literature interesting details regard library sorbonne precious treasures given leopold delisle second volume le cabinet des manuserits describing mss nationale paris according lecoy de la marche gives excellent idea persevering efforts must required bring together many bibliographic treasures time books rarity consequently enables us better almost anything else appreciate enthusiasm scholars early times wonderful efforts make acquisition knowledge easier succeeding generations recall library sorbonne thirteenth century open professors students sorbonne also interested books literature might come elsewhere provided properly accredited realize full thorough liberality spirit early scholars usually prone consider liberality spirit even educational matters came much later world spite regulations demanding greatest care easy understand time even books written vellum parchment become disfigured worn ardent fingers enthusiastic students comparatively copies available general use order replace copies every abbey scriptorium writing room especially younger monks gifted plain handwriting required devote certain hours every day copying manuscripts manuscripts borrowed neighboring libraries copied modern day exchanges duplicate copies made avoid risk precious manuscripts might subject journeys abbey another much duty transcription valued may appreciated fact abbeys every novice expected bring day profession religious volume considerable size carefully copied hands besides methods increasing number books library special sum money set aside abbeys procuring additional volumes library purchase usually took form ecclesiastical regulation requiring certain percentage revenues spent libraries scholars closely associated monasteries frequently bequeathed books besides left money incomes especially devoted improvement library easy understand sources enrichment many abbeys possessed noteworthy libraries quote france important collections books found cluny luxeuil fleury moissac mortemer savigny fourcarmont saint de chartres saint denis saint corneille de corbie de tournai vincent de beauvais found greatest collections manuscripts existed time especially great parisian abbeys already referred saint victor precious treasures well known familiar nationale paris whose manuscript department relics constitute valuable nucleus bequests books made libraries time interesting show spirit testators time furnish valuable hints consideration books held reverent care possessors peter nemours bishop paris setting crusades louis ix bequeathed famous abbey victor bible volumes considered finest copies scriptures time existence abbey olivet gave psalter glosses besides epistles paul book sentences evidently intended work title famous peter lombard finally gave cathedral paris rest books besides little leave typical reputation paris century devotion churchmen learning culture practically revenues considered due personal services invested books disposed way secure greatest possible good largest number people bible evidently given abbey victor sort work kept occasional reference learned rather frequent consultation students might well find desired less valuable copies practical intention regard books best judged gift notre dame noted already possessed valuable library allowed circulate among properly accredited scholars paris according peter ameil archbishop narbonne dated gave books use scholars supported university paris deposited library notre dame condition scattered reason sold abused effort booklover keep books together characteristic centuries since people surprised find manifesting early bibliophilic history archbishop reserved books however bible church death given dominicans diocese many books library churchman first half thirteenth century seems evidently deserve prominent place among bookmen times records many others bequeathed libraries gave books lifetime various institutions may found literary history france footnote already mentioned well various histories university paris many gifts made condition sold constantly recurring condition made booklovers collections kept together libraries paris also market books however proof sorbonne purchased number volumes cost price noted inside cover quite libraries days realize forbidding cost surprising much say many constantly changing hands ordinary folio volume probably cost francs values footnote histoire litteraire de la france benedictines st maur older abbeys benedictines earlier religious orders possessed magnificent collections books newer orders thirteenth century mendicants though name indicates bound live alms given faithful within short time foundation began take prominent part library movement southern part france dominicans strongest record regulations libraries made toulouse early part thirteenth century paris considerable time discussion devoted chapters order question books kept library increased regard franciscans though poverty possible stricter thing known end century orders arrangements made copying important works course zeal enthusiasm younger members orders copying work owe preservation means large number manuscript copies voluminous writings men albertus magnus thomas duns scotus others illustration monument cardinal de bray arnolfo existence libraries various kinds even circulating libraries thirteenth century may seem definitely settled appear people speak book collecting time must place fad usually presumed much later origin indeed comparatively recent manifestations enough already however various collections books libraries especially france show book collector abroad much direct evidence available english writer richard de bury philobiblon well known interested books sake people realize book practically origin thirteenth century writer born beginning last quarter century completed education close reasonable attribute formative influences work intellectual development young man germs thought come later life interesting book bibliophily first kind treasure ever afterwards philobiblon tells us among things richard visits continent embassy holy see subsequent occasions court france delight experienced handling many books never seen buying purse allow enthusiasm tempt owners conversing tell books contents men chosen comrades journeys sat table henry morley tells us english writers volume iv page almost constant fellowship paris particularly richard heart satisfied time great treasures found magnificent libraries city interested course university opportunity intellectual employment afforded academic proceedings found delight books monks monarchs professors churchmen kinds scholars students gathered great intellectual capital europe time anyone thinks books valued quite highly thirteenth century present time read philobiblon apt rise reading thought modern generations properly appreciate books early chapters philobiblon argues books always bought whatever cost provided means pay except two cases knavishly overcharged better time buying expected sun men solomon richard says bids us buy books readily sell unwillingly proverbs runs truth sell also wisdom instruction understanding richard quaint way thought interests life temptations men away books famous paragraph naively personified books complaining regard lack attention men now display unworthy objects richard eyes least fasten affections instead take away great life interest really worth books yet complain books evil times cast place inner chamber turned doors place taken dogs birds beast called woman beast always rival spies us corner better protection web dead spider drags us frown violent speech laughing us scorn useless soon counsels us changed costly fine linen silk scarlet double dyed dresses divers trimmings linens woolens complain books still turned homes coats torn backs backs sides ache lie disabled natural whiteness turns yellow without doubt jaundice us gouty witness twisted extremities bellies griped wrenched consumed worms side dirt cleaves us nobody binds wounds lie ragged weep dark corners meet job dunghill seems hardly fit hidden abysses sewers sold also like slaves lie unredeemed pledges taverns thrust cruel butteries cut like sheep cattle committed jews saracens heretics pagans always dread plague forefathers known poisoned richard de bury must thought mere wandering scholar beginning fourteenth century however perhaps important historical personage even excepting royalty nobility era striking examples high mere scholar might rise period quite apart achievement arms though usually supposed almost basis distinguished reputation reason advancement time son norman knight aungervyle name born bury edmund became steward palace treasurer royal wardrobe lord treasurer england finally lord keeper privy seal mission pope commended holy see resolved make next english bishop accordingly made bishop durham shortly occasion installation great banquet young king queen queen mother isabelle king scotland two archbishops five bishops great english lords present time scots english actually engaged war another special truce declared order allow join celebration consecration distinguished individual see durham near frontier consecrated bishop richard de bury time treasurer kingdom end year consecrated became lord chancellor time affairs kingdom needed master hand french scots seriously disturbing english peace prosperity resigned office chancellor henry morley states go abroad royal service ambassador might exercise trusted sagacity carrying peaceful policy advised diplomatic mission continent visited courts paris flanders hainault germany succeeded making terms peace english king counts hainault namur marquis juliers dukes brabant guelders seem indicate must considered prominent men europe time attitude toward books noteworthy many people surprised great statesman like gladstone nineteenth century interested many phases thought literature able find time contribute important works english letters richard de bury least important man time gladstone occupied much books great english commoner greatest source surprise time accustomed think great scholars deeply interested books yet men practical worth helping generation great problems limited modern times least likely found heart middle ages spite occupations politician bookman richard de bury noted faithfulness fulfilment duties churchman bishop worthy note many important clergymen england find highest church preferment afterwards among members household various times post secretary bishop particularly filled various times best scholars period men devoted friends bishop dedicated works generally added reputation stamped greatest scholar england leading lights european culture time surprising realize member richard household access best library england many scholars naturally ambitious opportunity results showed many took advantage among richard durham chaplains thomas bradwardine afterwards became archbishop canterbury richard fitzraufe subsequently archbishop armagh walter seagrave afterwards bishop chichester richard bentworth afterwards became bishop london among distinguished scholars occupied post robert holcot john manduit astronomer fourteenth century richard kilmington distinguished english theologian walter burley great commentator aristotle dedicated bishop provided many opportunities study commentaries politics ethics ancient greek philosopher richard love books time necessarily devoted politics dry fountains charity heart cause neglect important duties pastor people especially poor know well certain traditions regard charitable donations according standing rule household eight quarters wheat regularly every week made bread given poor alms giving richard careful discriminating collection books used number regularly organized channels diocese make sure bounty really helpful encourage lack thrift feature charitable work supposed modern personal service charitably inclined thirteenth century far surpassed securing even elaborate organization charity modern times whenever bishop traveled generous alms distributed poor people along way whenever made journey durham new castle eight pounds sterling set aside purpose five pounds journey durham stockton middleham five marks durham auckland money time least ten times purchasing power present easy appreciate good bishop eminent liberality richard justified admiration books time know remain must thought moment making books task thirteenth century therefore made beautiful contrary shall see shortly beautiful books ever made time show precious eyes collectors time books since wanted beautifully made satisfied pay high prices demanded works art books size cost less equivalent time illuminated books cost much higher yet seem never drug market indeed considering number still existence day spite accidents fire water war neglect carelessness ignorance must immense number handsome books made generations thirteenth century illumination invention thirteenth century indeed great art features century time book decoration carried great perfection reached development artists next century improve certain extrinsic features though intrinsic qualities remain determined essential characteristics branch art earlier time thirteenth century instance saw introduction miniature principal feature also drawing initials way make illuminated border whole side page development given art thirteenth century evolution come certain less important details thirteenth century generations accomplishing done practically everything else touched laying foundations broad deep giving superstructure commanding form future generations able modify slight degree always absolute good grace humphreys magnificent volume illuminated books middle ages according title contains account development progress art illumination distinct branch pictorial ornamentation fourth seventeenth centuries footnote striking words praise thirteenth century illuminations artists made says footnote illuminated books middle ages henry noel humphreys longman green brown longmans london different epochs art illumination present widely different distinct styles showy best known though least pure inventive design middle end fifteenth century whilst period perhaps least generally known thirteenth century may considered interesting original many best works period displaying astonishing variety profusion invention manuscript two pages form opposite plate may ranked among elaborate profusely ornamented fine books era every page sufficient make fortune modern decorator quaint unexpected novelties inventions displays every turn intricate design illuminations century worthy time also typical general work century known experts originality wealth invention displayed designs men fear might exhaust inventive faculty display originality sparingly order might enough complete work workmen cathedrals artist illuminators devoted best efforts piece work came hands results masterpieces art every department period details beautifully wrought showing power artist accomplish work yet designs never overloaded least best examples century details ornamentation obscure minimize effect original design fault error sophisticated successors two centuries later must thought high opinion century derived fact examples illumination bookmaking now extant chosen specimens give illumination century higher place might otherwise many examples preserved beautiful books made paris particularly home form art thirteenth century indeed school established influenced modes illumination everywhere much dante speaks art epithet parisian exclusively done incentive development form art came louis much interested books taste exhibited la sainte chapelle demand artistic excellence high grade department art many relations architecture period especially stained glass might possibly thought present time decoration books partook character architectural types moment among precious treasures century three books belonged louis hours office book second psalter contains extremely beautiful initials third library arsenal paris sometimes known prayer book louis though better name prayer book queen blanche made louis orders mother famous blanche castile worthy testimonial affectionate relations existed mother son outside paris preserved many books great value come century bestiarum book beasts ashmoleam museum oxford beautiful example illumination thirteenth century even interesting shows efforts artists time copy nature pictures animals presented acuity observation vigor representation displayed book highly complimentary powers thirteenth century artists even brief notes books libraries thirteenth century serve make clear enthusiastic interest generations time beautiful books collections meant show well practical usefulness perhaps nothing amusing attitude modern generations regard middle ages assumption methods education distribution knowledge worth talking inventions comparatively modern times fact libraries also creation time regulations supposed first fruit quite recent science circulation books adopted earlier generations commonly ignored utterly though precious bit knowledge help increase sympathy bookmen olden times thought much books yet wished share privilege use employ properly great practical way succeeded working scheme many people opportunity consulting treasures thought much without risk loss destruction even though use might bring deterioration value illustration decoration xiii cent psalter mss cid holy grail nibelungen anyone studied even perfunctorily books arts deeds thirteenth century realized accomplishments enduring artistic creations sublime exemplary models inspirations time appreciated succeeded education classes masses higher education provided least large proportion people present century creation practically great technical schools culled masses latent geniuses accomplish supreme artistic results arts crafts better masses subsequent generation scarcely help turn interest read book words period find forms literature interested surprising people almost sure think first moment consideration literature found worthy achievements times men minds thirteenth century readily call idea series great works literature whose influence profound enduring universities educational order cathedrals artistic order false impression however due fact literary creations thirteenth century diverse subject origin seldom associated unless actual recognition contemporaneousness deliberate calling mind dates certain basic works modern literatures composed least surprise comes student thirteenth century find great origins well deserves name classic modern literature comprising series immortal works prose poetry initiated contemporaries makers universities builders cathedrals stop think moment must realized generations succeeded expressing effectively departments esthetics scarcely expected fail literature alone cid spain arthur legends england nibelungen germany minnesingers meistersingers southern part now german empire north france troubadours south france italy dante century closed never mass undying literature written within little single hundred years came period shortly great fifth century christ matter surpass thirteenth century christ influence subsequent generations already pointed discussing cathedrals characteristic features gothic architecture marvelous ease lent expression national peculiarities norman gothic something quite distinct german gothic arose almost contiguous provinces also english gothic two closely related origin undoubtedly english cathedrals owe much norman influence prevalent england end twelfth century beginning thirteenth century italian gothic principal characteristic peculiarities architectural style passes name developed remarkable degree yet finished product far distant three national forms mentioned yet lacking similar interest spanish gothic identity always special appeal traveler ever visited shores baltic sea seen accomplished places stralsund greifswald others old hansa towns appreciate still power gothic lend feelings people materials hand distant north far away sources stone ordinarily deemed absolutely necessary gothic construction effectively used brick ecclesiastical edifices realized seen remains gothic monuments portion europe distinguishing mark different styles eminent opportunity expression nationality afford might expected since gothic little better servile copies best scarce good imitations great originals north france matter fact assertion national characteristics far destroying effectiveness gothic rather added new beauties style architecture true even occasionally mistakes made architects designers ferguson history architecture stephen vienna full architectural errors yet attractiveness cathedral remains poet designed something poetic soul gleams material structure lapse centuries nearly way literatures different countries thirteenth century eminently national mirror quite wonderful appropriateness characteristics various people true even similar subjects instance graal stories treated nearly standpoint two teutonic nations germans english parsifal galahad national well poetic heroes distinction character shall see practically every nation finds century fundamental expression national feeling among cherished classics ever since illustration santa maria sopra minerva rome gothic cathedral first time cid written spain latter half twelfth century probably took definite form just beginning thirteenth might well considered spanish ballad little interest modern readers yet scholars past century interested literary treasure critics nations unstinted praise since schlegels recalled world attention spanish literature considered almost unpardonable anyone pretended literary culture read cid read don quixote true national epics founded series ballads collecting mouth people several centuries great poetic genius came give supreme expression doubt expressed single authorship cid shall find problem considered come discuss nibelungen lied half century ago fashion critics insisting divided authorship poems much prevalent present time great many scholars following initiative wolf german separatist critics declared even homeric poems due mind still cling idea regard many primal national epics present time literary men quite content accept idea single authorship regard cid matter fitzmaurice kelly short history spanish literature literatures world series says simply unity conception language forbids accepting poema del cid work several hands division poem several cantares managed discretion argues single artistic intelligence first part closes marriage hero daughters second shame infantes de carrion proud announcement kings spain sprung cid loins singer rises level subject chiefest gust recital brilliant deed arms spanish ballad epic characteristic example epics formed earliest poetic genius country basis patriotic stories national origin accumulating centuries course cid christian hero time moslem spain interesting story made glorious deeds recorded poets even doubt existence expressed genuine historical character seems clear many people recall canons argument chapter don quixote cervantes evidently speaking says cid deny likewise bernardo del carpio performed exploits ascribed believe good reason doubt cid derives name arabic seid means lord owes usual epithet el campeador champion fact actual champion christians moors end eleventh century gloriously warlike exploits described may best appreciated following description charge alcocer bucklers braced breasts lances pointing low stooping crests heads bent firm hand high heart roll foe good hour born clarion voice rings clear clang arms heard gentlemen strike home love charity champion bivar ruy diaz bearing bermuez still maintains unequal fight three hundred lances come pennons flickering white go three hundred moors earth man every blow wheel three hundred charging back go sight see lances rise fall day shivered shields riven mail see thick lay pennons went come gory red horses running riderless riders lying dead moors call muhamed james christians cry martial interest early poems generally conceded usually considered little likely significant domestic even might called romantic interests cid marriage result exactly called romance nowadays though ruder times may certain sense sentimental reparation least killed fair fight father young woman left without protector appealed king appoint troublous middle ages heiress likely snapped unsuitable suitor literally quite much haste cultured epoch king knew trust well guardianship rich fair young orphan cid whose bravery honor many proofs accordingly suggested protector cid generously realizing much fair jimena lost death father consented famous passage poem little shocking modern ideas must confessed frankly states feelings matter now altar bride bridegroom stand fair jimena cid stretched forth hand spake great confusion father slain treacherously face face just revenge gain cruel wrong man slew man give place dead father husband find heard well liked man approving rodrigo castilian stately bride tender domestic scenes cid wife daughters serve show sincere affection sympathetic humanity great poet knew depict tender natural relations interest times domestic scenes unworthy placed beside homer picture parting hector andromache though naive work spanish bard artistic colleague grecian olden times particularly famous picture duties noble ladies spain time tender solicitude father daughters innocence quite beyond expectation hands poet whose forte evidently war alarms rather expression ethical qualities home life following passage descriptive cid parting wife give idea qualities better conveyed way knowest well went parting love doth consent love joyance never may stand duty way king commandeth noble must obey now let discretion guide art worthy name parted let none find blame employ hours full wisely tend household well never slothful woe death idleness dwell lay costly dresses come husband absence let wives dress plain look well daughters let aware comprehend danger see care lose unconscious innocence home must abide safety daughter mother serious servants strangers guard friends kind friendly well household ward show letters best friends may see lest reading also may guess thine good news bring dost seek sympathy others daughters speak farewell farewell jimena trumpet call hear last embrace mounts steed without peer touch paternal solicitude prudence passage put italics apparently modern scarcely fail source surprise coming crude period end twelfth century minute psychological observation young folks ways little expected least rough warrior hero poet creator whose notions right wrong judge many passages poem much coarser time cid point time next enduring poetic work destined influence succeeding generations series arthur legends completed england case cid stories king arthur court knights round table long time favorite subject ballad poets among english people just originated clear though seems likely original inspiration came celtic sources old ballads however little literary form end twelfth beginning thirteenth century cast present mold passed alembic mind great poetic literary genius refined away dross left pure gold supremely sympathetic human stories owe transformation known absolute certainty though literary historical criticism last quarter century seems made clear work must attributed walter map mapes english clergyman died first decade thirteenth century claims authorship graal legend artistic completeness invention character lancelot great triumphs arthur legends told time much discussed french english critics discussion perhaps best summarized henry morley late professor literature university london whose third volume english writers contains immense amount valuable information regard literary history alone england time practically countries europe morley plan conceived breath view makes work interesting authoritative guide literary matters time summation position critical opinion regard authorship arthur legends deserves quoted entirety arthurian romances according opinion perfectly detached tales till twelfth century robert de borron let us add map suggestion translated first romance graal introduction series shortly afterwards walter map added quest graal lancelot mort artus way work prepared geoffrey monmouth bold setting forward king arthur personage history book much sought discussed made arthurian romances fresh subject interest educated men paulin paris whose opinions founded wide acquaintance contents old mss now sketching part adopting looked walter map soul work christian spiritualisation romance graal latin french doubt sees mysticism subtlest theologian knight jongleur well read apocryphal gospels legends first christian centuries rabbinical fancies old greek mythology graal theory sacrifice mass explanation saviour presence eucharist work says loftiest brilliant imagination matters knight twelfth century dare touch came ecclesiastic man genius refuse credit assertion repeated every first written latin earliest mss date long subsequent death walter map latinist theologian wit chaplain king henry took liveliest interest breton legends king henry paris supposes wished collected prefer method another map reconciled satisfied clergy pleased scholar filled chasms popular tales reconciled contradictions rejected inconsistencies also introductory tale graal first written latin robert de borron translate french best literary appreciation map genius apart course fact generations ever since acknowledged supreme human interest eminently sympathetic quality work perhaps found certain remarks modern critics made special studies earlier literary periods george saintsbury university edinburgh instance second volume periods english literature footnote quite unstinted praise early english writer hesitated even say striking passage map least original author launcelot story greatest literary men deserves place next dante century preciously full artistic initiative footnote flourishing romance rise allegory george saintsbury professor rhetoric english literature university edinburgh new york charles scribner sons whether walter map chrestien de troyes neither glory completing exalting story due least pretension decide whoever great man indeed man second dante among men middle age even done irregular company men patching piecing efforts result shows marvelous spirit abroad blowing company saintsbury proceeds show much even readers mallory miss greatness especially sympathetic humanity original poem passage states firm conviction man created lancelot greatest literary inventors sympathetic geniuses times work destined wellsprings action deep human heart interest generations men long present form civilization lasts perhaps great artistic stroke whole legend greatest literature concoction hero paris handsome like hector brave heroic paris interesting hector knight sinful lover queen champion achieve person son actually achieve sacred adventure holy graal seems valid reason disbelieve hitting idea invention adoption lancelot carry work walter mapes map walter mapes great novelists world greatest unknown person hardly chrestien chrestien form graal interest belongs percevale lancelot galahad compliment must paid person unknown meanwhile conception execution lancelot whomsoever may due things happy entirely free faultlessness curse classical hero unequaled valor seldom rewarded reverses merits redeemed mawkishness great fault yet including virtues amiable deformed vice actually loathsome soul goodness always warring human frailty sir lancelot fully deserves noble funeral eulogy pronounced grave felt elect senses first extant pieces perfect english prose appreciate fully much walter map accomplished series stories regard king arthur court remembered poets painters many generations ever since found subjects inspiration within bounds work created main interest succeeding poets put legends later forms centered depth humanity stories poetic details responsible succeeding generations poets often felt stories beautiful deserved retold terms readily comprehensible generation hence malory wrote morte fifteenth century spenser used certain portions old myths sixteenth late set retell idyls king nineteenth century adding little new literary form work genius drawn sources close heart human nature stories always remain enduring interest treasure poesy humanity enriched conceived idea setting old ballads king arthur literary form must considered due literary original writer great successors precisely merit walter map less ambitious literary work many examples show us thoroughly interested details human existence even trivial likes dislikes seems disappointed ambition made rather bitter towards ecclesiastics seems unfortunate experiences especially cistercians though much assumed rather genuine hard determine modern day many extremely bitter things says regard cistercians might well considered examples exaggeration certain minds constitutes modality humor rather serious expressions actual thought hard instance take expression following example form jesting exaggeration map heard cistercian become jew comment wanted get far cistercians become christian england transition germany easy exactly contemporary rise arthur legends england standard literary excellence give enduring poetic value came also definite arrangement literary transformation old ballads german people form exert lasting influence german language national feeling date nibelungen lied set somewhat indefinitely work undoubtedly accomplished beginning thirteenth century form present seems doubt much done famous meeting meistersingers wartburg subject song story music drama ever since took place probably year regard nibelungen lied case great literary arrangements question singleness authorship however regard homer cid trend modern criticism towards attribution poem writer internal evidence similarity expression constantly maintained certain simplicity feeling repetition seems leave doubt matter regards merits nibelungen lied great work literature little doubt world least enthusiastic recognition accorded german critics influence german criticism branches literature whole teutonic race nineteenth century english admiration poem began carlyle introduction english reading public essays since time come well known yet notwithstanding english critic expressed fully place great german poem world literature enthusiastic first half nineteenth century carlyle essays sealed book loss interest passage time citation appreciative critical expressions may necessary old frankish oberdeutsch dialect nibelungen clear decisive utterance real system verse without essential regularity great liveliness now even harmony rhythm doubtless must often call diffuse diluted utterance time genuine certain antique garrulous heartiness rhythm thoughts well words simplicity never silly even perpetual recurrence epithets sometimes rhymes two words instance lip body lif leib wip woman weib wife indissolubly wedded together never shows without following something reminds us much poverty trustfulness childlike innocence indeed strange charm lies old tones gay dancing melodies sternest tidings sung us deep floods sadness strife play lightly little purling billows like seas summer meek smile whose still thoughtful depths whole infinitude patience love heroic strength lie revealed cases seen outward sport inward earnestness offer grateful contrasts cunning excitement example tasso though otherwise different enough old northern singer reminded us dark solemn meaning light guise deeds high temper harsh daring death stand embodied soft verse nay farther implement much might fancy influenced work done two poems trust individual feeling respect poetical result us nibelungen gerusalemme persons story indeed brought vividly us yet near palpably present rather looked scene inverted telescope whereby whole carried far away distance figures compressed brilliant miniatures clear real yet tiny beautiful well lessened colors now closer brighter shadows trivial features longer visible partly apprehend comes singing epic poems part pretend sung tasso rich melody still lives among italian people nibelungen also professes song story nibelungen ordinarily supposed distant interests modern life scarcely hold attention reader unless interested scholarly less antiquarian standpoint think however thing correct false impression read nibelungen depth simplicity sympathetic human interest reminds homer anything else literature homer faults lack interest beginning story young man think marry whose mother think good enough young woman sure come attract enough attention compel subject yoke marriage types permanent humanity readers attention caught fighting parts story become center interest hold attention spite refining influences later centuries supposed brought humanity hence saintsbury second volume periods european literature already quoted able say much modern interest story may says many episodic personages deitrich bern instance extremely little galley strength thoroughness savage way charm kriemhild character incomparable series battles burgundian princes etzel men later cantos cantos contain best poetical fighting history world far redeem nibelungen lied great poem beowulf oldest least interesting whole roland artistically finished form poem cid cheerfullest perhaps fullest character composes quartette epics literary story great european literary nations appropriately begins bulk dramatic completeness certain furia nibelungen lied though youngest probably least original greatest four less need nibelungen cid walter map work much familiar even ordinary readers literature brought closely touch relation wagnerian operas even know fine old german poems passingly yet realize supreme genius author need opinions distinguished critics back form estimate need seek far modern literature find lofty praises old german epic even brief treatment reader doubt three epics typical products literary spirit three great european nations whose literatures rising high deep firm substructures greatest influence development human mind yet remain practically always within limits thought feeling traced old founders literature early thirteenth century whose work like contemporaries every form artistic expression model source inspiration future generations illustration crozier obverse reverse xi meistersingers minnesingers troubadours supreme mistake think idea literature thirteenth century usually associated arthur legends nibelungen dante literary content century inevitably serious character always epical form matter fact soul wit humor entered body social shall see subsequent chapters spirit gaiety admiration nature found frequent expression time history always literary history came outbursts love lyric strains destined die poets south germany italy sang love loftiest description never mingled anything merely sensual tuneful trifles quite satisfying modern ear sense sound elaborate de modern times german poets particularly hesitate emphasize fact sensuality part minne pretty term love yet sang natural grace fervid rapture grecian poets old pagan times worshiping shrines fleshly goddesses singing frail beauties unmoral period nothing history literature better proof ideal love unmixed anything sensual inspire lyric outbursts supreme enduring beauty poems minnesingers french italian troubadours period easier understand dante position matter reading poems predecessors thirteenth century feeling lofty character love sang spite sometimes confined germans though well known time immemorial teutonic feeling towards woman racial influence higher character southern nations chaytor says introduction troubadours dante came gradual change mind troubadour beginning thirteenth century seeing love inspiring force good deeds later troubadours gradually dissociated love object aroused among among minnesingers love longer sexual passion rather motive great works winning honorable name courtier poet chaytor quotes well known lines bernart de ventadorn troubadours dante refers whose works dante seems read special attention since poems contain similar errors mythology indeed know subtle passion heaven maiden passion maid keep base man teach high thought amiable words courtliness desire fame love truth makes man sentiment surely considered true now ever time thirteenth century earlier later represents best solution social problems ever put forward nature panacea ills remedies best palliate early nineteenth century carlyle period may well repeat shall suppose literary period partially known readers let recall whatever learned figures regarding represent brave young heyday chivalry minstrelsy stern barbarossa stern sang sirventes hand wield sword sceptre twanged melodious strings tilted ladies eyes rained bright influences suddenly sunrise whole earth grown vocal musical truly time singing come princes prelates emperors squires wise simple men women children sang rhymed delighted hearing done universal noise song spring manhood arrived warblings every spray indeed without infinite twitterings also except gladness music bidding welcome keynote century song blithesome gay birds solemn harmonious organ tones accord well great latin hymns everywhere song believers says tieck great collector thirteenth century poetry sang faith lovers love knights described knightly actions battles loving believing knights chief audience spring beauty gaiety objects never tire great duels deeds arms carried away every hearer surely stronger painted pillars dome church encircled flock religion highest encircle poetry reality every heart equal love humbled names meistersingers musical lovers least music drama name famous war wartburg familiar doubtless walter von der vogelweide asked found tuneful melodies songs learned birds recall longfellow pretty ballad regard walter leaving substance feed birds grave near nuremberg minster towers find surprising meistersinger poetry breathes deepest love nature lyric quality joy things nature apt think modern find bards spirit woods fields spring time meant much follower wordsworth school poetry conscious walter regard may serve illustrate well phase work gentle may showerest fairly gifts afar near clothest woods rarely meadows heath new colors glow flowers clover plain merry rivals strive amain fastest grow lady part sadness love may mine borrowed gladness frown alway look around smile anew world glad free let little joy fall lot walter occasion however serious meistersingers especially known religious poems surprising set woman high pedestal walter written beautiful poems blessed virgin first express sentiment woman god bless name far nobler name lady occasionally seriously didactic hesitated even express sentiments regard methods education among things discusses question whether children whipped process education curiously enough takes modern view whipping always mistake course disagrees practical educators time considered rod effective instrument education children strictly followed scriptural injunction sparing rod spoiling child walter opinion reason interesting children rod worst schooling honor made know word seems blow birds always favorite subject poetic inspiration part minnesingers bird music rapt poetic souls ecstasies passage time utterly unnoticed thirteenth century comes beautiful legend regard monk wondered time kept dragging heaven permitted listen song bird day forest awoke rapture went back convent found hundred years passed monks acquaintance dead name found rolls monastery note disappeared day never heard afterwards almost tenor pretty song dietmar von eist written beginning thirteenth century type charming songs characteristic times sat bird sung strain sweet sung heard heart went back went remember spot saw grow thought thoughts love cherished long ago thousand years seems since fair sate yet stranger long choice fate since seen flowers heard birds sweet song joys briefly past griefs long hartman von aue contemporary walter best known romantic stories rather curiously interesting find old chroniclers considers great mark distinction though hartman knight able read write whatever found written books must forgotten however poets read write indeed distinguished literary man wolfram von eschenbach author percival story wagner founded opera parsifal neither read write developed wonderful memory able store faithfully poems course composition need pen paper hartman famous written story poor henry longfellow chosen effectively golden legend hartman appreciation women judged following lines accord equal share lord glory sufferings prayer home glory whose word sends dear lord bitter fight although conquer sword praise equal right sword battle home prayer win victory glory share occasionally finds among little songs minnesingers time tuneful trifles included appropriately modern collection de might even serve love message modern valentine christmas card surprise finding things time justify quotation brother wernher owes title brother membership religious order probably fact belonged brotherhood poets time since creation thine now forever art mine shut fast heart last dropped key unknown sea forever must prisoner wolfram von eschenbach chief group poets close twelfth beginning thirteenth centuries gathered landgraf hermann thuringen court wartburg foot lies eisenach present grand duchy shaped tales knightly adventure blended reflection spiritual suggestion grace verse represented best culture court address immediately people wolfram younger son lower noble bavarian families settled eschenbach nine miles ausbach middle franconia poor little home wildenberg went abroad seek adventures knight tell adventures poet welcome great lords welcome lavish friend poets hermann thuringen whose court wartburg remained twenty years latter year parzival finished passages poem may safely inferred happily married children landgraf hermann died succeeded ludwig husband elizabeth ascribe english writers alone spiritualizing grail legends wolfram parzival drawing cycle myths noble poem striving bind earthly knighthood god gawain type earthly knight wins great praise love chivalry parzival percival finds way childhood humble searchings spirit till ruler kingdom soul designs lohengrin eldest son shall successor kardeiss younger son rule earthly possessions beautifully minnesingers enter spirit nature time much spirit spring always prone appeal poetic sensibilities may judged following song conrad kirchberg translated closely meter original old high german poem evident none spirit spring lost poet olden time hand possibility poetic expression missed music lilt verselets eminently suggestive lyric effect new birth things poet wished convey readers however every must judge give poem may found roscoe edition sismondi literature south europe may sweet may come may frees land gloom children go blooming roses grow joyful company bursting flowers see festal dress prepare gay hearts meeting may pleasures inviting heart sight ear delighting listen bird sweet song hark soft floats along courtly dames pleasures share never saw may fair therefore dancing go youths rejoice flowrets blow sing ye join chorus gay hail merry merry may least beautiful tributes lady loves lyric descriptions beauties spring troubadours whose tuneful trifles sometimes deserving much serious consideration application term seem demand come us though centuries best known arnaud de marveil born humble circumstances succeeded raising poetic genius companion ruling princes friend high nobility among provencals called great master love though name petrarch reserves especially arnaud daniel calls marveil less famous arnauds example work poet love typical usually considered favorite mode troubadour poets runs follows behold recalls memory love freshness hour th enamell fields many coloured flower speaking move melody poets courtly phrase saluted many fair meaner worth now render praise justly due fairest earth name speak name waken cheek blush modest shame example love nature characterizes arnaud de marveil work serve show thoroughly entered spirit much sights sounds nature found echo poetic spirit translation preceding specimen arnaud taken english edition historical view literature south europe sismondi translation owe thomas roscoe well known author life lorenzo magnificent considering sismondi furnish enough specimens troubadour poet inserts following verses translation acknowledges indebted kindness friends modest concealment doubtless work oh sweet breeze april breathing soft may draws near nights tranquil beauty songs gladness meet ear every bird language uttering morning pride revelling joy gladness happy partner side around smiling life young birds spring thoughts love hinder come heart habit incline joy bear part sounds bliss around wear sadden heart description lady love another example worship nature different strain serves show lover exaggeration qualities lady modern development belle fairer helen lovelier gay teeth lips heart open day golden hair fresh bright formed thing fair knows never yet another lived compare single stanza bertrand de born show better amount critical appreciation beautifully treat serious side love troubadours usually sung love strains less serious vein german brother poets north ring tenderness truth yet qualities different others songs well known translation chosen made roscoe rendered number songs troubadours english verse presents excellent equivalent original bertrand insisting must listen rumors may hear others regard faithfulness hide much fear whispers breathed flatterers thine ear faith turn oh pray heart true faithful sincere humble frank dear oh lady turn away times surprised find pretty tributes nature even midst songs devoted war two things nearest hearts troubadour poets war beauties nature became mixed love songs also battle hymns least ardent descriptions military preparations glories war excellent example found following stanza written william saint gregory troubadour best known songs war rather tenderness beautiful spring delights well flowers leaves growing pleases heart hear swell birds sweet chorus flowing echoing wood love see scattered around pavilions tents martial ground spirit finds good see level plains beyond gay knights steeds caparison occasionally troubadours indulge religious poetry though usually mystical profoundly devotional character even famous peyrols well known love songs sometimes wandered religious poetry unworthy placed beside lyric effusions topics peyrols best known perhaps lamentations king richard lion heart fate monarch crusade like troubadours went army drank deep admiration poetic king visit holy land occasion stanza song memory visit runs follows footnote translated roscoe seen jordan river seen holy grave lord thanks render joys goodness gave showing raptured sight spot whereon light vessel good favoring breezes pilot trusty soon shall see towers marseilles rising briny sea farewell acre farewell temple hospital now alas world decaying shall behold kings like richard france monarch stout bold illustration tower scaligers verona xii great latin hymns church music precious bequests thirteenth century succeeding centuries undoubtedly great latin hymns sublime religious poems comparable hebrew psalms wondrous expression awe devotion religious feeling present beginnings rhymed poetry yet acclaimed competent modern critics among greatest poems ever came mind man come us period composed least thirteenth century shortly though received century stamp ecclesiastical popular approval made many centuries afterward principal medium expression congregational devotion exemplar incentive vernacular poetry latter standpoints deserve attention students literature quite apart significance great expressions mind wondrous generations latin hymns sometimes spoken perhaps certain degree contempt rhymed latin poetry use rhyme conjunction latin somehow lowered dignity grand old tongue cicero wrote graceful periods horace sang tuneful odes matter fact far detracting beauties latin expression hymns added new laurels glory language shown wonderful possibilities roman speech hands generations long classical period served purpose demonstrate beyond cavil profoundly scholars generation succeeded possessing genius latin language serve contradict foolish critics talk education period superficial negligent everything scholastic philosophy theology least distinguished philologist professor march now better part half century occupied chair comparative philology lafayette college hesitate say latin hymns represent expression genius latin people language characteristic classical poetry even golden silver ages hymns says first original poetry people latin language unless perhaps latin critics may right think find livy prose rendering earlier ballads classic poetry echo greece substance form matter meters imitated poems composed lovers grecian art roman court spring people christian hymns proper folk poetry bible people homeric poems making much speech action substance festive prayers simplest rhythmic offering thanks praise giver light rest natural spiritual morning evening seasons suited remembrance rhythmical rehearsal truths bible march opinion echoed many another enthusiastic student wonderful hymns know fail grow enthusiastic stamp great poems worthy careful study however additional reason modern interest hymns sung whole congregation many services attended medieval period regard seems well recall custom go church much oftener present besides sundays many holy days obligation religious festivals attendance church obligatory addition certain number days devotion special reverence particular saint celebration event life lord saints people special parts country found drawn attendance church services seems probable instead sixty times year now obligatory people went church thirteenth century hundred times year twice week least uplifting cultural influence congregational singing wonderful hymns among greatest poems ever written belong literature highest order educational value intimate contact best literary expression scarcely fail distinct effect people idle say hymns latin understood since language close akin spoken tongues subjects eminently familiar mysteries religion constant repetition frequent explanation must led general comprehension even least educated classes anyone pretension education must easy understand since latin practically universal language always realized students whose interests mainly confined modern literature estimation latin hymns held best position able judge critically value poetry take example dies irae confessedly greatest found many great poets literary men nineteenth century counted among favorite poems men goethe friedrich august schlegel scott milman archbishop trench enthusiastic praise geniuses dryden johnson jeremy taylor musicians mozart hayden avowed supreme admiration herder fichte august schlegel besides crashaw drummond roscommon trench macaulay gave proof appreciation great thirteenth century hymn devoting making translations goethe use faust scott lay last minstrel show much poets whose sympathies involved religious aspects caught literary esthetic merit recent times latin hymns coming distinguished critics henry morley george saintsbury hesitated express critical appreciation hymns great literature saintsbury says volume thirteenth century literature footnote footnote flourishing romance rise allegory volume ii periods european literature edited george saintsbury new york scribners illustration francis prophesies death celano giotto upper assisi convenient postpone later chapter volume consideration exact way latin sacred poetry affected prosody vernacular well point almost finest famous examples medieval hymns perhaps sole exception veni sancte spiritus date twelfth thirteenth centuries period stately rhythms adam victor softer ones bernard greater time jacopone da todi intervals eccentric vernacular exercises inspired write stabat mater time comes glorious descant bernard morlaix famous elegant english paraphrase read beside jerusalem golden greatness beauty original appear time comes greatest hymns greatest poems dies irae attempts make dies irae wonderful thing attempts perhaps extreme examples cheap despicable paradox thinks escape charge blind docility affectation heterodox independence judgment greatest always pious men letters modern times may confirm uncomfortable without authority different opinion fortunately likely ever lack authority authority youth age much reading without much time tribulation time wealth hold wonderful triplets thomas celano another nearly quite perfect wedding sound sense know seems almost limit praise saintsbury say even possible indeed illustrate complete dissertation methods expression serious poetry lines dies irae rhyme alliteration cadence adjustment vowel consonant values things receive perfect expression least first thirteen stanzas last four little inferior quite astonishing reflect careful art felicitous accident line tuba mirum spargens sonum thud trochee falling instance different vowel still continuous sequence five stanzas sit word displaced replaced another without loss climax verbal harmony corresponding expressing religious passion religious awe reached sedisti lassus redemisti crucem passus tantus labor non sit cassus sudden change dominant sounds except rhyme foot first two lines last simply miraculous miraculously assisted may called internal latter effect rarely attempted without jingle jingle ineffable melody dies irae poet say effect poetry far sound goes unattainable though hoped equal perhaps except dante shakespeare fully done higher praise scarcely given comes acknowledged authority whose interests moreover secular rather religious literature whose enthusiastic praise therefore striking america schaff whose critical judgment religious literature unquestionable whose sympathies old church hymns deep roman catholic quite unstinted laudation marvelous hymn acknowledged masterpiece latin poetry sublime uninspired hymns secret irresistible power lies awful grandeur theme intense earnestness pathos poet simple majesty solemn music language stately meter triple rhyme vowel assonances chosen striking adaptation sense combining produce overwhelming effect heard final crash universe commotion opening graves trumpet archangel summoning quick dead saw tremendous majesty seated throne justice mercy ready dispense everlasting life everlasting woe neale says thomas aquinas great hymn pange lingua hymn contests second place among western church regis mater dulcis memoria regias agni dapes supernam two others leaving irae unapproachable glory furnishing another supreme testimony hymn discussing indeed needs read appreciated since inevitably tempt successive readings bring ever ever increasing admiration showing way work sublime genius regard rhyme particularly triumph art influence latin hymns undoubted latest beauty poetry reached perfection expression latin hymns rather curious trace gradual development constitutes feature literature apparently come us east earlier specimens poetry know anything among oriental nations hebrews beautiful examples possibilities rhythm beginnings meter poetry goes westward meter becomes important rhythm poetry two qualities differentiated prose literary modes however eastern origin rhyme comes distant west seems originated alliteration invented celtic bards vowel assonance time completed addition consonantal assonance invention rhyme completed first fully rhymed hymns seem written irish monks carried continent christianizing expeditions irruption barbarians obliterated civilization europe tenth eleventh centuries rhyme developed mainly connection ecclesiastical poetry twelfth thirteenth centuries reached acme evolution never surpassed succeeding generations must thought much attention given dies irae constitutes supremely great hymn thirteenth century least five six others well deserve mentioned breath famous stabat mater jacopone da todi considered critics quite beautiful dies irae poetic expression though poetry lesser sublimity subject certainly marvelously poetic expression saddest human sorrow ever put words found stanzas franciscan monk known depths human sorrow trial people know opening stanzas well enough scarce need presentation yet poem critical appreciation greatness must judged illustration virgin child pisa campo santo giov pisano stabat mater dolorosa juxta crucem lacrymosa dum pendebat filius cuius animan gementem contristantem dolentem pertransivit gladius quam tristis et afflicta fuit illa benedicta mater unigeniti quae moerebat et dolebat et tremebat dum videbat nati poenas inclyti quis est homo qui non fleret matrem christi si videret tanto supplicio quis non posset contristari piam matrem contemplari dolentem cum filio case dies irae many translations stabat mater done poets whose hearts work accomplishing purpose labors love realize many beautiful translations almost pitiful think poor english versions sometimes used devotional exercises present day beautiful translations undoubtedly denis florence maccarthy hailed probably best translator english foreign poetry generation known whose translations calderon present greatest spanish poets dress worthy original possible poet foreign tongue maccarthy succeeded following intricate rhyme plan stabat perfection deemed almost impossible harsher english readily yield double rhymes permits frequency rhyme rule sacrifice vigor expression first three stanzas however stabat mater serve show well maccarthy accomplished difficult task cross suspended bleeding hands extended hung son adored stood mournful mother weeping whose heart silence keeping grief cleft sword mother sad oh grieving heaving breast perceiving dread sufferings son man unfeeling heart pity steeling behold sight unmoved christ mother see weeping see pious mother keeping vigil son loved beautiful translation meter original also made distinguished irish poet aubrey de vere last two stanzas translation considered perhaps charmingly effective equivalent english jacopone wonderfully devotional termination ever written may wounds wound heal blood enkindle cleanse anneal cross hope stay virgin mountains quiver flame burns ever shield christ shaped calls advancing death appalls prayer storm make calm dust dust returneth save soul yearneth grant crown palm even distinguished professors philosophy theology occasionally indulged privilege writing latin hymns surprising succeeded making poetry high order least two distinguished professors branches university paris latter half thirteenth century must acknowledged written hymns confessedly immortal canonical usage keeps alive express different ways wondrously beautiful language sublimest religious thoughts time two bonaventure franciscan thomas aquin dominican bonaventure hymns passion cross christ represent beautifully sung subjects ages thomas poetic work centers around blessed sacrament whose honor ardent devoted composition office feast confided pope hymns wrote far series prosy theological formulas might expected perhaps circumstances great contributions form literature contains gems purest ray collection almost thomas poetic jewels shine borrowed radiance effulgence cast shadow even greatest companion pieces among latin hymns wonderfully productive century neale tribute already quoted earlier part chapter indeed considered almost miraculous profoundest thinkers able attain within bounds rhyme rhythm accurate expression intricate theological thoughts ever expressed yet accomplished purpose clarity language simplicity directness words poetic sympathy feeling utter devotion make hymns great literature best sense word least pange lingua gloriosi constant use church ever since time two last stanzas beginning tantum ergo sacramentum perhaps familiar latin hymns familiar realize place literature greatness author marvelous poetic merits must forgotten time hymns popular modern languages just assuming shape even end thirteenth century none reached anything like form continue hold except perhaps italian extent spanish dante wrote divine comedy beginning fourteenth century tempted use latin language common language scholars day language ordinarily used ambitious literary project nearly century later forgotten petrarch fourteenth century wrote epic africa expected fame poet rest preferred use latin language fortunately dante large enough mind realize vulgar tongue italians prove best instrument expression thoughts wished communicate cast italian language mold practically ever since remained hesitation however shows incomplete yet modern languages considered scholars used formative period however people whose use nascent modern languages future character depended dinned ears numerous church services great latin hymns wonderful finish expression undoubtedly effective factors whatever sweetness modern tongues must attributed influence exerted unconsciously minds people rhythm expressiveness magnificent poems scarcely fail stamp degree language crude though might people become familiar small extent influence latin hymns modern languages possess rhythmic melodiousness time enabled become instruments poetic diction way satisfy requirements modern ear rhyme rhythm meter striking corresponding effect exactness expression modern languages noticed pointed chapter prose century representing according professor saintsbury greatest benefit derived exaggerated practise dialectic disputation curriculum medieval universities think thirteenth century happy creative genius lacking critical faculty enable select best hymns presented generations also came preceding centuries make acquainted history latin hymns just thirteenth century monks famous abbey victor took writing hymns wonderful success two adam hugh became favorites succeeding generations thirteenth century received work men gave vogue continued time hymns acclaimed made popular among greatest contributions form literature periods eclipse owing bad taste times followed reputation secured thirteenth century always sufficient recall memory bring men realization beauty esthetic generation came existence hymns immediately preceding time attained great popularity thirteenth century popularity reflects credit among noted well great hymn bernard cluny bernard morlaix hymn concerning contempt world many ideas used freely book bearing title written first pope century innocent iii whose name usually though gratuitously associated quite ideas contempt worldly grandeur description new jerusalem come found beginning great poem basis modern religious poems subject hymns praised schaff christ song says glowing description sweetest new jerusalem hymns heavenly homesickness taken inspiration last two chapters revelation extreme difficulty meter author selected seem almost preclude possibility expressing great connected thought especially long poem became master hand poetic genius whose command latin language unrivaled source new beauties poem besides maintaining meter old latin hexameters added double rhymes line yet every alternate line also end rhyme appreciate difficulty must read hora novissima tempora pessima sunt vigilemus ecce minaciter imminet arbiter ille supremus imminet imminet ut mala terminet aequa coronet recta remuneret anxia liberet aethera donet auferat aspera duraque pondera mentis onustae sobria muniat improba puniat utraque juste hic breve vivitur hic breve plangitur hic breve fletur non breve vivere non breve plangere retribuetur retributio stat brevis actio vita perennis retributio coelica mansio stat lue plenis quid datur et quibus aether egentibus et cruce dignis sidera vermibus optima sontibus astra malignis many versions translators dared attempt close imitation original meter beauty great however even labor required deterred enthusiastic admirers english tongue however lend readily production hexameters though lines rhyme rhythm caught extent latter times better times let us stand waiting lo awfulness first lawfulness comes arbitrating even may realized doctor neale justified enthusiastic opinion lovely way dies irae sublime stabat mater pathetic medieval poems scarcely place properly word must regard music thirteenth century might possibly thought wondrous rhymes spoiled effectiveness crude music set harbor notion however another exhibition intellectual snobbery concludes generations distant anything worth consideration developed time music thirteenth century great triumph feature accomplishment clearly absurd suppose people created cathedrals made every element associated church ceremonial beautiful attract attention generations since failed develop music suitable magnificent fanes matter fact suitable music congregational singing gregorian chant reached acme development thirteenth century invented fact catholic church tried modern music now going back medieval musical mode devotional expression noteworthy tribute enduring character another phase thirteenth century accomplishment rockstro wrote article plain chant grove dictionary music encyclopedia britannica declared wonderful succession single notes even strung melodies harmoniously adapted expression words sung plain chants middle ages especially thirteenth century sublimely beautiful musical expression depths sadness ever found way music simply expressed lamentations sung office called tenebrae holy week even beautiful joyousness marvelous melody exultet sung office holy saturday latter sublimest expression joyful sound ever come human heart mind word music every artistic department men thirteenth century reached standard never excelled remains present day source pleasure admiration intellectual men continue numberless generations yet unborn must thought thirteenth century men women satisfied church music alone middle century part singing came use churches less formal ceremonials soon spread secular uses mystery plays gave rise modern drama church music gave birth popular music time england particularly middle century various glee songs sung portions come us great movement folk music begun end century interaction church secular music given rise many modes modern musical development musical movement substantially begun great artistic intellectual movements century marvelously initiated subject course kind needs studied special works satisfactory amount information obtained even passing hint able give enable reader realize important place thirteenth century development modern music illustration entombment blessed virgin notre dame paris xiii three read books century three books read others thirteenth century course apart holy scriptures contrary usually accepted notion matter frequently subject study almost daily contact way another classes people three books reynard fox series stories animals used cloak satire man ways called often animal epic golden legend impressed longfellow much spent many years making hoped might prove modern world bit wonderful old medieval book subsequent generations finally romance rose probably read book thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth centuries countries europe popularity well appreciated fact though chaucer much read three times many manuscript copies romance rose existence chaucer canterbury tales earliest books see light print footnote footnote favorite occupation years ago pick considered ten best books sir john lubbock first suggested interesting thing pick ten books confined life thought likely enduring interest favorite game played selection limited authors single century reasonably sure educated people pick thirteenth century group ten exclusive reading rest life rather experimental list ten books selected thirteenth century writers include cid legends king arthur nibelungen lied romance rose reynard fox golden legend summa thomas aquinas parsifal perceval wolfram von eschenbach durandus symbolism dante readily appreciated anyone knows literature well eminently books enduring interest considered making list call made icelandic literature literature supreme interest reached maturity time abounding literary wealth century understood become fashion recent years take pains time time find read books criterion worth set valuable unfortunately increase readers come corresponding demand best books solid literature fact book best seller read time usually stamps trivial quite momentary interest likely endure interesting find three read books thirteenth century merely academic interest present time literature best sense word always means helping people pass time sad office generality books reduced time source inspiration literary men many generations since first became popular story reynard fox profoundly humorous books ever written satire aimed time yet never moment antiquated modern reader time owing imperfect development personal rights extremely dangerous satirize author freely rulers judges nobility ecclesiastical authorities churchmen practically classes society writer whose name unfortunately completeness literary history come us succeeded painting foibles men pointing differences men pretensions actual accomplishments methods cunning scoundrel escape justice exploited various modes escaping punishment direct indirect bribery pretended repentance reformation cunning appeal selfishness judges revealed fidelity detail modern muckraker yet humanly humorous quality takes away nothing completeness exposure removes bitterness probably made satire fail purpose every class community time comes satirical allusions give us better idea closely men women time resembled found single literary work preserved us century indeed series stories seemed scarcely collection fables children probably read quite unsuspectingly unmercifully satirized though doubtless usually noted cases may applied satire story saw neighbor recent editor well reynard fox universal books interest classes critics times ready praise found fault books answers well cardinal newman declared least accidental definition classic pleases childhood youth middle age even declining years eternal verity humanity book much truth froude writing reynard say addressed passing mode folly profligacy touches perennial nature mankind laying bare sympathies tastes weaknesses keen true edge living world old suabian poet winced earliest utterance writer traced portraits must counted great observers time case many creative artists thirteenth century though truer elsewhere literature author known perhaps thought safer shroud identity friendly obscurity rather expose risks finding supposed keys satire might occasion much credit must given explanation however though writers made material exploit church intolerance conditions justify sure wrote arthur legends know author cid even german scholarship settled problem writer nibelungen authorship dies irae doubt though sources honor praise rather danger authors evidently yet become sophisticated extent seeking immortality works even seem indifferent whether names associated enough apparently satisfaction else seemed futile original reynard fox probably written netherlands though may somewhat difficult modern mind associate much wit humor dutchmen middle ages arose time cid came vogue spain arthur legends put shape england nibelungen reaching ultimate form germany reynard fills geographical chart contemporary literary effort thirteenth century since france italy come share forms literature country missing story successful enduring accomplishment letters written close heart nature makes interesting gift book even twentieth century child yet read probably even pleasure parents good reason another recent editor summed catholicity appeal generations book belongs rare class equally delightful children elders regard may compared travels quixote progress wit shrewd satire pure drollery situations descriptions unsurpassed animals men dressed skin beasts throughout true characters strongly realized consistently drawn albeit simple captivating way subtle art narrator quite hidden aware reading absorbingly interesting witty tale place beside gulliver old spanish knight christian shows estimation book held best acquainted work probably best known version come us greatest german poets goethe whose reineke fuchs perhaps sympathetic readers wider audience goethe works fact deeply intellectual literary man considered worth devote time making modern version shows estimation held also affords excellent testimony worth literature goethe unlike poets fine literary critic knew reasons esthetic faith animal stories every age however imitations much usually imagined author probably obtained hint work fables came tradition though reason think aesop familiar many thinking greek fabulist added much simple literary mode transformed thoroughly child literature world literature main merit modern animal stories must attributed uncle remus many compilations kind popular generation owe much animal epic might thought possible familiar original thirteenth century work every language translation animal epic generations since interested amused quaint conceits enable author picture undisguisedly men women animal garb discloses better specimen literature time men women change even course centuries heart middle ages wise observer see foibles humanity just exist present time thinks evolution seven centuries changed men somewhat ethical aspects least made aspirations higher tendencies less commonplace say less degenerative read old versions reynard fox convinced men women thirteenth century quite familiar present moment second read books century famous legenda aurea called english golden legend written jacobus de voragine distinguished dominican preacher writer born first half thirteenth century died just close rising higher grades order became archbishop genoa work sprang popular favor continued perhaps widely read book exception holy scriptures fourteenth fifteenth centuries earliest books printed italy first edition appearing evident considered widespread popularity reimburse publisher help nascent art printing bringing attention great many people subject different modern read books librarians often supply lives saints nowadays though similarities material books now much demand help account vogue jacobus de voragine work consisted lives greater saints church since time christ detailed especially wonderful things happened lives course mythical containing marvelous stories gave prominence many legends continued maintain hold popular imagination ever since adventitious interest however book contained solid fund information regard lives saints besides taught precious lessons unselfishness care others men come greeted title saint work must done little stir faith enliven charity build characters people time certainly fewer objections popular reading period world history young folks wonderful legends afforded excellent absolutely innocuous exercise functions imagination quite well modern wonder books fairy tales stories presented many descriptive portions subjects decorative purposes readily obtained must set another typical distinction thirteenth century addition greatness made golden legend popular preserved future generations became deeply interested precious heritages received great original century illustration madonna child giov pisano padua illustration christopher alto relievo venice third read books century romance rose well known except scholars animal epic perhaps even golden legend anyone wants understand burden time however wishes put mood tense comprehend literature era must included even dante also social educational even scientific movements period must become familiar well knowledge study three read books century named afford far clearer insight daily life spirit working within people written annals wars political struggles waged period kings nobles clearer insight knowledge romance rose important others provides better introduction customs habits manners thought action literary educational interests people thirteenth century mere history however detailed respect resembles homer froude declares given us better idea greek life whole encyclopedia classified information done intimate life stories periods history well illustrated readily comprehended homer authors medieval romaunt romance rose continued two centuries read book europe every pretense scholarship literary taste european country considered necessary familiar without exaggeration lowell declared regard don quixote considered mark lack culture miss reference country europe might well repeated fourteenth fifteenth centuries romance rose recent years put suitable english dress ellis published among temple classics placing within easy reach english readers ellis must certainly considered suitable judge interest work spent several years translating two twenty thousand six hundred eight lines yet considers books deserve much attention typical thirteenth century allegory says charge dulness made highly imaginative brilliant book successive english writers quite recent times content accept verdict though professor morley others late ably repelled charge testimony necessary falsity accusation opinion found grateful pastime translating might considered weight hesitate traverse attribution dulness assert poem extreme interest written first part delicate fancy sweet appreciation natural beauty clear insight skilful invention de meun continuation distinguished vigor brilliant invention close observation human nature thirteenth century lives us rose written lofty plane literary value fact popular speaks well taste times enthusiasm people serious forms literature romance rose serious book compare popular publications barely touch realities life modern time seem eminently serious spite years elapsed since original publication lost interest even casual reader especially whose principal study mankind varying environment ages presents interesting picture men ways wonderful century stories reynard fox brought face face fact men women changed peccadillos generation history middle ages also take instance question great love money now subject much writing sermonizing might think least modern however author romance rose say three cruel vengeances pursue miserable wretches hoard worthless wealth great toil win spoil fear lose lastly grieve bitterly must leave hoards behind cursed die living lived wretchedly man lack love peace joy heap wealth show fair love others go life beloved reign sweet happy days fain hold much good shower around bounty found need thereof nobly lent money free measurement usury yet gave idle gangrel men wot throughout land seen pauper carl starveling quean lust wealth doth abase man heart even love sweet grace bows men love neighbors love may prove profit bought sold friendships price gold nay shameless women set hire bodies heedless reading passage like book written thirteenth century feels full truth expression greatest american critics james russell lowell often comes back mind regard works century read classic like reading commentary morning paper principle applied way suppose may book written long ago sounds utterance aroused evils round modern life springs close heart nature destined live influence far beyond time romance rose written seven centuries ago now promises renewed youth awakening interest gothic ancestors accomplishments renaissance came trouble stream thought writing passages serve show completely poet realized abuses desire wealth much makes men waste lives unessentials instead trying make existence worth others arraignment strenuous life business every line true us poet generation truth though little please hear trader knows ease ever soul prey anxious care may amass wealth mad desire doth thought actions fire devising means whereby stuff barns coffers hungreth yet neighbors goods gold get though thirst fain quaff volume seine full draught yet fail find waters avail quench longing distress anguish wrath bitterness devour wretch fell rage spite possess spirit day night tear heart fear want pursues like spectre gaunt wider mouth opes draught quench drouth old poet pictures happiness poor man contrast conclusion depict even pitilessly real poverty spirit man struggleth still get never stops enjoy life helping fellows gay goes many beggar way little heeding though back bent beneath charcoal sack labor patiently sing dance laugh whatso thing befalls havings care nought feed scraps chitlings bought beside marcel dispend gains wassail straight wend work grumblingly light heart bird tree winning bread without desire fleece neighbors nought tire round week week mirth work contentment seek returning work done swill jovial tun holds esteems enough rich beyond dreams many dreary usurer lives happier far nought signifies gains wretched usurer makes pains poverty afflict yet struggleth still get pictures true life beginning twentieth century latter half thirteenth little touches realism pictures show acute observer full humor appreciation yet sympathetic writer author romance time reveal something sociological value work discloses easily concealed mask formal historical writing tells us people rather great ones among time chance made leaders men seems long read recent translator represents file newspaper eighteen months talks quite trivial things modern newspaper information kind likely good prove satisfaction passing crimes scandals now occupy readers illustration central tower lincoln xiv thirteenth century prose unpardonable allow notion entertained poetry writers thirteenth century succeeded creating works enduring influence prose writings time deeply interesting many reasons modern prose formative period evolution style things making proverbially worthy serious study even developed result prose writings thirteenth century mainly done latin lack command vernacular tongues shall see practically universal language century among advantages subsequent ages striven unsuccessfully common medium expression scholars least however beginnings prose modern languages easy understand latin time great influence vernacular modes expression become familiar learned tongue naturally transferred vulgar speech called whenever accuracy thought nicety expression invited transmutation regard latin period custom many presumably men sniff little say deprecatingly much expected writers time since dependent medieval scholastic latin expression ideas criticism supposed away idea possibility praiseworthy prose style time middle ages chapter latin hymns call attention fact mode criticism supposed preclude possibility rhymed latin worthy occupy prominent place literature widespread encouragement false impression matter fact led neglect wonderful poems though may opinion competent critics even considered representing true genius latin language powers poetic expression better greek poetic modes adopted romans possible exception two greatest poets never seem acquired spontaneity characterize native outburst lingual vitality philosophic writers century great period holds departments position palmiest time middle ages belongs alexander hales doctor irrefragabilis disputes aquinas prize best example summa theologiae bonaventure mystic writer beautiful hymns roger bacon natural philosopher vincent beauvais encyclopedist four greatest albertus magnus dumb ox cologne born seven years opening life lasted aquinas covered second third quarters occam though main exertions lie beyond century probably born aquinas died john duns scotus hardly outlived century close decade raymond lully characteristic figures scholasticism medieval period great art automatic philosophy died born early peter spaniard pope author summulae logicales grammar formal logic ages well several medieval treatises attracted renewed attention day died regard accomplished philosophic theologic prose examples found chapter thomas aquinas prove beyond doubt utter simplicity directness power prose thirteenth century medical works time less directness always simplicity made commendable general university writers influenced scholastic methods find reflected constantly works minds many people enough condemn usually found however noted readiest condemn scholastic writing know nothing little opinion worth considering usually whatever knowledge think possess second hand sometimes read scholastic philosophy particularly obscure passages abstruse subjects selected prejudiced historian order show impossible philosophic writing centuries later middle ages opinions however quite different significance value shall quote written professor saintsbury university edinburgh volume flourishing romance rise allegory twelfth thirteenth centuries periods european literature shown sympathetically prose writing thirteenth century may appeal even scholarly modern whose main interests life literature far thinking prose spoiled scholasticism saintsbury considers scholasticism fortunate training school possibilities modern prose brought naturally introduced budding languages time says however may whether science nineteenth century equal interval positive value whether even less comparative interest appertains scholasticism thirteenth century claim modest even meager may seem put forward scholasticism claim educative influence mere language mere system arrangement expression remain valid outset career modern languages men thought looseness modern thought indulged haphazard slovenliness modern logic popularized theology vulgarized rhetoric seen popularized vulgarized since indeed evil case used thought clever moralize felicitate mankind rejection stays fetters prison thought medievally kept justice injustice taste vulgarity moralizings felicitations may concern us expression distinguished thought value discipline youthful languages subjected likely now denied scholar paid attention subject perhaps pity thought gone phases certainly pity tongues subjected fullest influence latin constraint lawless benefited constraint doubt whatever influence form best latin hymns middle ages exercised poetry influence vocabulary logical arrangement scholasticism exercised prose beyond dispute even pardon literature whatever historic educative importance something less masterly find difficult maintain exclusion cur deus homo impossible refuse admission dies irae besides philosophic scientific prose two forms writing century presents copious number examples chronicles biographies time stories travelers explorers latter treated separate chapter chronicles time deserve studied patient attention anyone wishes know prose writers century character men time outlook life usually considered chroniclers rather tiresome old fogies talk much say little accept sorts legends insufficient authority like fill pages wonderful things regardless truth regard must forgotten times almost within memory men still alive herodotus now looked deservedly father history great historical writers time considered place among chroniclers works ranked scarcely higher except purity greek style first great chroniclers modern tongue famous geoffrey de villehardouin writer actor scenes describes enrolled among elite french chivalry crusade beginning thirteenth century resulted foundation empire book entitled conquest constantinople includes story expedition years modern war correspondents seldom succeeded giving vivid picture events witnesses first french chronicler thirteenth century evident work composed idea recited old poetic chansons de geste castles nobles assemblages people perhaps fair days times gathered together consequence written lively straightforward style direct appeals auditors contains passages highly poetic description show chronicler literary man mean order probably well versed effusions old poets country description fleet crusaders set sail east description arrival imposing walls imperial city best examples surpassed even modern writers similar topics though french writer beyond doubt familiar grecian writers knew nothing xenophon constant reminder greek historian work xenophon simple directness sincerity impression produces absolute good faith confidence completeness picture feels present almost many scenes described encountered medieval successor villehardouin went far ahead predecessors chroniclers foregoing centuries careful devotion truth french writer declared villehardouin must ascribed foundation historical probity none facts stated ever impugned though long speeches must necessarily composition seems doubt contain ideas expressed various occasions besides composed due reference character speaker convey something special style expression saintsbury article encyclopedia britannica villehardouin sums strikingly place first great vernacular historian book must occupy says impertinent time excuse already repeat villehardouin book brief reality capital books literature merely merit authentic striking embodiment contemporary literature sentiments determined action great important period history books hold position villehardouin every contemporary record crusades perished still able aid understand realize mental attitude crusaders teutonic knights rest without lack earliest undoubtedly genuine characteristic records inconsistency villehardouin chargeable absence compunction relates changing sacred religious pilgrimage something means unlike mere filibustering raid great scale add charm book religious entirely free slightest touch hypocrisy indeed kind famous description crusades dei per evidently villehardouin plain description occurred doubt divine favor extended expeditions alexius theodore doubt shown expeditions saracens turks illustration ponte alle grazie florence lapo illustration porta romana gate florence pisano especially exploitation biographical material thirteenth century chroniclers best recalls carlyle unstinted admiration jocelyn brakelonds life abbot sampson essays past present sure least writer england succeeded pleasing difficult critic rather thorny mode literary expression easy say much little virtues vices man whose biography chosen write jocelyn simple straightforward story seem fulfill best canons modern criticism respect probably vivid picture man ways ever given boswell johnson english chronicler alone respect sieur de joinville biographical studies life louis ix furnish another example literary mode best modern writers biography better go back read intimate pictures life great king flattered overdrawn give us man actually english biographic chronicler olden time picture exciting scenes without waste words specimen work serve show merit style reading likely surprised carlyle taken chronicler heart enthusiastic praise type impressionism style course time become fad day abbot informed church woolpit vacant walter coutances chosen bishopric lincoln presently convened prior great part convent taking story began well know trouble respect church woolpit order obtained exclusive use journeyed rome instance time schism pope alexander octavian passed italy time clerks bearing letters lord pope alexander taken imprisoned hanged nose lips cut sent forward pope shame confusion however pretended scotch putting garb scotchman gesture often brandished staff way use weapon called gaveloc mocked using threatening language manner scotch met questioned answered nothing ride ride rome turne cantwereberei conceal errand get rome safer guise scotchman obtained letters pope even wished return passed certain castle way led city behold officers thereof came laying hold saying vagabond makes scotchman either spy bears letters false pope alexander examined ragged clothes boots breeches even old shoes carried shoulders fashion scotch thrust hand little wallet carried wherein contained letter lord pope placed little cup drinking lord god edmund permitting drew letter cup together extending arm aloft held letter underneath cup see cup plain enough see letter got clear hands name lord whatever money took away therefore beg door door without payment arrived england another excellent example biographic prose century though vernacular joinville life louis without doubt precious biographical treasures times contains vivid portrait louis made man knew well personally took part important actions book general active personage affairs time think rapid picturesque description vividly recalls deeds battle reserved modern war correspondent read certain portions joinville book example ventured quote page seneschal historian recounts role played famous battle mansourah count de soissons pierre de neuville defended small bridge enemy hail arrows says us two sergeants king named william de boon john gamaches turks placed river little tributary led whole mob villains foot hurled clods turf whatever came hand never make recoil us however last resort turks sent forward foot soldier three times launched greek fire william de boon received pot green fire buckler fire touched anything entirely burned rear covered arrows missed sergeants happened found waistcoat stuffed saracens turned open side towards made shield vest rendered great service wounded arrows five places though horse wounded fifteen men brought banner arms lance every time saw pressing royal sergeants charged fled good count soissons point joked let us hoot rabble headdress god favorite oath shall talk day many time ladies halls writing thirteenth century must done great extent sake women time existence proof women possessed degree culture might realized details preserved us education habits life last passage joinville proof since evidently telling stories days battle done mainly order women folks might share excitement campaign might enabled vividly appreciate dangers gloriously lords triumphed every period world history true literature mainly made women best portions always concerned closely purposely left till last greatest chroniclers thirteenth century matthew paris author historia major owes surname doubtless fact educated university paris instead trying tell anything slight personal knowledge prefer quote passage green history english people greatest modern english historians pays magnificent tribute colleague earlier times story period misrule preserved us annalist whose pages glow new outburst patriotic feeling common expression people clergy produced matthew paris greatest reality last monastic historians school albans survived indeed till far later time writers dwindle mere annalists whose view bounded abbey precincts whose work colorless jejune matthew breadth precision narrative copiousness information topics whether national european general fairness justice comments surpassed patriotic fire enthusiasm whole succeeded roger wendover chronicler albans greater chronicle abridgement long passed name matthew westminster history english lives earlier abbots among voluminous works attest prodigious industry eminent artist well historian many manuscripts preserved illustrated hand large circle correspondents bishops like grosseteste ministers like hubert de burgh officials like alexander de swinford furnished minute accounts political ecclesiastical proceedings pilgrims east papal agents brought news foreign events scriptorium albans access quotes largely state documents charters exchequer rolls frequency royal visits abbey brought store political intelligence henry contributed great chronicle preserved terrible faithfulness memory weakness misgovernment solemn king recognized matthew bidding sit middle step floor throne begged write story day proceedings visit albans invited table chamber enumerated name two hundred fifty english barons information royal patronage left little mark work case says historical writers hard tell truth provoke men write false offend fullness school court historians benedict hoveden matthew paris combines independence patriotism strange pages denounces unsparing energy oppression papacy king point view neither courtier churchman englishman new national tone chronicle echo national sentiment last bound nobles yeomen churchmen together english people twentieth century people information encyclopedias rather literature shall surely appreciate important specimen prose writing thirteenth century since comprises first modern encyclopedia author famous vincent beauvais vincent consulted authors sacred profane possibly lay hands number indeed prodigious often men supposed authorities history historians middle ages disposition small number books familiar older historians true regards greek latin historical writers vincent beauvais quotations caesar de bello gallico sallust catiline jugurtha quintus curtius suetonius valerius maximus finally justin abridgement trogus pompeius vincent advantage disposition numerous libraries monasteries throughout france extent usually unrealized modern times appreciated special chapter subject besides consulted documents chapter houses cathedrals especially paris rouen laon beauvais bayeux particularly rich collections documents might thought libraries archives closely guarded far closed writers outer world accessible extent indeed number mentioned vincent public institutions method collecting information interesting shows system employed practically obtained day made use immense investigation whole army young assistants furnished order dominicans makes special mention number places quotations due collaboration costliness maintaining system made completion work absolutely impossible liberality king louis generously offered defray expenses composition vincent acknowledged declaring prefatorial letter king always liberally given assistance even work gathering materials illustration catherine illustration church cloisters san antonio padua vincent method writing quite interesting method compilation facts great dominican satisfied merely source information philosophy history received greatest christian contribution augustine city god attempt made trace meaning causal sequence events well mere external connection place time lesser medieval way vincent tried deliberately imitate besides writing history attempted trace philosophy great french philosophic historian bossuet universal history five centuries later everything runs provided race creation redemption toward consummation world describes first commencements church time abel progress patriarchs prophets judges kings leaders people birth christ traces history apostles first disciples though makes point find place famous deeds great men pagan antiquity notes commencement empires kingdoms glory decadence ruin sovereigns made illustrious peace war much defective details history traced vincent much lacking completeness intention evidently best patience labor devoted sources history command perhaps never present moment position realize history best full defects even centuries consultation documents printed materials likely mood blame first modern historian much portions encyclopedia biographic literary scientific freely consulted contemporaries successors find traces influence writings also decorative work next two centuries already spoken use book provision subjects ornamentation cathedrals thing might edifices kinds must thought vincent historic ecclesiastical interest julius pagel chapter medicine middle ages puschmann history medicine footnote says three writers whose works even popular albertus magnus three bartholomew englishman thomas cantimprato vincent beauvais last must considered important contributors generalization scientific knowledge alone thirteenth immediately succeeding centuries important work really encyclopedia knowledge time called greater triple mirror doubt reflected knowledge period true scientific spirit constantly cites authorities information derived cites hundreds authors scarcely subject touch book work concerned human anatomy concluding portion abbreviation history carried year footnote puschmann der geschichte der medizin jena fischer might considered compend information reading fragmentary character little likely attractive except serious student pagel opinion agree impression says regard language clear readily intelligible information conveyed usually excellent simple style introduction interesting similes contents lack certain taking quality reading work easily becomes absorbing suppose almost last thing might expected scientific teacher thirteenth century vincent beauvais must considered schoolmen supposed eminently arid evidently trust testimony modern german physician taken trouble read important works thirteenth century prose rationale divinorum officiorum significance divine offices written william durandus bishop mende france whose tomb inscription handsome old gothic cathedral santa maria sopra minerva rome shares body catherine sienna honor attracting many visitors book translated english title symbolism churches church ornaments widely read popular thirteenth century best possible idea subsequent reputation gathered fact rationale first work pen uninspired writer accorded privilege printed editio princeps real first edition supreme value appeared press john fust books printed time psalters edition course extreme rarity according english translators durandus beauty typography seldom exceeded style durandus praised much critics succeeding centuries straightforwardness simplicity brevity qualities evidently owes hours spent author reading holy scriptures durandus fashioned style much sacred writings book possesses something impressive character bible impression derived reading book religious subject written eminently suitable tone spirit impression must attributed without doubt fact durandus formed style scriptures actually incorporated scriptural expressions writings extent make mostly scriptural composition far fault appears quite appropriate book subject method treatment quotation proeme quaint spelling english translation give best idea things pertain offices matters ecclesiastical full divine significations mysterious overflow celestial sweetness man diligent study know draw honey rock oil hardest stone knoweth ordinances heaven fix reasons thereof earth prieth majesty overwhelmed glory truth well deep nothing draw unless giveth giveth men liberally upbraideth journey mountains may draw water joy wells salvation wherefore albeit things handed forefathers capable explain yet among thing done without reason forthwith put away wherefore william alone tender mercy god bishop holy church mende knock diligently door key david open king may bring treasure shew heavenly pattern shewed moses mount may learn things pertain rites ecclesiastical whereof teach signify may able plainly reveal make manifest reasons help ordained strength mouth babes sucklings whose spirits bloweth listeth dividing severally praise glory trinity passage alone durandus serve excellent refutation protestant tradition fortunately now dying though yet entirely eradicated stated emphatically bible allowed read luther time wish obtain good idea durandus style way presents material obtain well chapter bells first two paragraphs venture quote found quite full interesting information way modern writer might brought together dignity simplicity best modern prose bells brazen vessels first invented nola city campania wherefore larger bells called campanae campania district smaller nolae nola town must know bells sound people assembleth together church hear clergy preach morning mercy god power night signify silver trumpets old law people called together sacrifice trumpets shall speak sixth book just watchmen camp rouse another trumpets ministers church excite sound bells watch livelong night plots devil wherefore brazen bells sonorous trumpets old law god known judea now whole earth also durable signify teaching new testament lasting trumpets sacrifices old law namely even end world bells signify preachers likeness bell exhort faithful faith typified lord commanded moses make vestment high priest entered holy holies also cavity bell denoteth mouth preacher according saying apostle become sounding brass tinkling cymbal course apt consider exaggerations symbolic meanings explanations references taste time subsequent centuries beyond canons good taste present durandus goes tell hardness metal bell signifies fortitude mind preacher wood frame bell hangeth doth signify wood lord cross rope bell strung humility also showeth measure life ring length rope crown reward perseverance end proceeds show often bells rung significance ringing explains bells silent three days easter also times interdict gives justification last quotation prophet make tongue cleave roof mouth rebellious house even specimens prose thirteenth century serve show writers period express vigor directness made books interesting reading generations long time stamp authors worthy period found enduring adequate modes expression every form thought feeling illustration stone carving paris xv origin drama last place world perhaps look great impulse development modern drama entirely new invention outgrowth christian culture practically connection classic drama life francis assisi utter simplicity cordial poverty sincere endeavor life make little might seem quite enough forbid thought father literary movement kind poor little man god however liked call supreme effort get back nature ways conventional world succeeded accomplishing number utterly unexpected results love nature led wonderful expression feelings favorite hymn first great lyrical outbursts modern poetry religious poem shall see chapter father renaissance renan declares appreciated properly comparing old hebrew psalms beside worthy placed know life francis best easily appreciate dramatic though unconsciously actions life utter renunciation things taking holy poverty bride address birds sisters famous question butcher killed brothers sheep personification sun moon even death body brothers sisters eminently dramatic moments life full incidents lent dramatic quality painters succeeding centuries subjects striking pictures end century giotto picked interesting decorative illustration upper church assisi succeeding century author little flowers francis embodied many beautiful scenes little work favorite reading poets many centuries since surprise might otherwise find francis may considered sense father modern drama story pretty additional value illustrated less brush giotto christmas eve just beginning thirteenth century francis gathered round poor people living outside town assisi order recall vividly great event taken place night many centuries little figure child dressed swaddling clothes laid straw manger breath nearby animals warm manger throne child king bethlehem came adoration hymns recalled angels visit first shepherds surrounding country country people represented kings east retinues bringing royal gifts little scene probably first nativity plays ever given francis according old legend took little image arms excess devotion pressed heart according story infant came life embrace putting little arms around neck embraced return course modern generation entirely devoted common sense accept pretty pious story beautiful poetic legend legend provided subject poet painter many time subsequent centuries perhaps never used better effect giotto whose representation favorite pictures wall upper church assisi whether little baby figure play actually came life arms know thing certain infant modern dramatic literature come life moment end thirteenth century vigor influence made great factors social life period franciscans soon spread world filial reverence took customs loved father assisi especially appealed masses brought home vivid way great truths religion middle century many towns cycles mystery plays given various times year associated different feasts illustrating enforcing lessons liturgy people manner effective probably never equaled since potent factor dissemination early religious drama traced francis franciscans promoters movement already well begun mystery plays attempted thirteenth century england north france story matthew paris wrote middle thirteenth century geoffrey afterwards became abbot albans yet secular borrowed certain precious religious vestments used sort miracle play honor catherine performance play vestments destroyed fire geogory much afflicted misfortune spirit reparation became religious abbey albans must beginning twelfth century towards end century mystery plays infrequent though anything like developed form popular character acquired thirteenth century fitz stephen writing life thomas becket towards end twelfth century contrasts holier plays london days theatrical spectacles ancient rome plays mentioned however scarcely slight developments church ceremonial almost literal employment scripture liturgical language illustration francis nativity play giotto first cycle mystery plays definite mention chester according proclamation chester plays representation cycle dates form mayoralty john arneway mayor chester series plays given thirteenth century remains probable even early date acted english french english plays probably first given cathedral towns along east coast england perhaps york credit innovation easy understand simpler dramatic additions ritual church inevitably develop earnest full religious life people came building cathedrals evolution church ceremonial social life fostered time none remains actual plays thirteenth century doubt excellent idea form content gathered english mystery plays recently edited modern form serve show characteristics various cycles might perhaps thought mystery plays furnish great amount entertainment populace especially seen certain number times yearly repetition might naturally expected bring long satiety lead inattention well known however enduring interest old religious stories makes much greater attractiveness ordinary historical traditions many faithful reader bible finds constantly renewed interest old biblical stories spite frequent repetition significance eye faith middle ages gave beyond doubt quality literary work exemplify fulfill horace dictum repetita besides must forgotten men women thirteenth century superficial facilities printing press cloy intellectual curiosity trivial titillation make constantly crave novelty must thought spite fact religious plays always serious merely instructive without amusing large fund amusement injected old biblical stories writers different cycles undoubtedly actors added certain personal elements matter still enhanced comical aspects solemn stories nearly always incidents scriptural narrative though followed less literally treated large humanity scarcely fail introduce elements humor dramatic performances liberties however taken characters mentioned bible inventions writers series quotations chester cycle plays best illustrate give quaint spelling oldest version extant scene quote play dealing noah flood pictures noah wife veritable shrew vessel shall kepte children woulde ye lepte noye fayth noye hade leffe slepte frynishe fare doe reade wyffe doe nowe bydde noye christe see neede though stande daye stare wemen crabbed aye non meke dare well saye well seene daye witnesse ichone goodwiffe lett beare maiste place heare wene arte maister arte sante john noah artful concession wife mastery household avail move tries objurgation come standes arte ever frowarde dare well sweare come godes halfe tyme yt feare leste drowne noye sir sette youer saile rowe fourth evill haile withouten anye fayle oute towne gossippes everyechone foote gone shall drowne sainte john may save ther life loven full well christe lett cheiste ark elles rowe nowe wher leiste gette newe wiffe evident succeed noah wise doubtless wisdom experience forbears urge appeals sons bring sonne loe mother wrawe forsooth another doe knowe shall fetch trowe withoutten anye father sends byddes yeinder shippe wende loke see wynde bene readye sayle noye goe againe hym saie come theirin daye wiffe twentye devilles waye elles stand without feche sonnes christe blessinge myne woulde hied flude doubte praye together heare youer owne childer come shippe feare weither love boughte noye youer call gossippes faith mother yett shalle wheither wylte nought sons bring steps aboard greeted noah wiffe botte noye note husband cuff ha marye hotte good still ha children thinkes botte remeves tarryinge heare highlye greves lande watter spreades god doe quotation give good idea human interest mystery plays serve show fail dramatic power lack humor acute observation easy illustrate much amply opportunities enjoy plays abundant chester cycle earliest mention method presentation described henry morley fourth volume english writers says scaffolds erected spectators places successive pageants drawn citizen first day saw place first pageant fall lucifer kept place returned good time successive morning see scripture story told pass right order pageant drawn four six wheels room actors properties concealed upper room stage played morley describes action various parts cycle showing clearly lessons old testament history symbolic typical meaning pointed spectators miss completely story bible told may judged order pageants play corpus christi time mayoralty william alne third year reign king henry compiled roger burton town clerk tanners god father almighty creating forming heavens angels archangels lucifer angels fell hell plasterers god father substance creating earth therein space five days cardmakers god father creating adam clay earth making eve adam rib inspiring breath life fullers god forbidding adam eve eat tree life coopers adam eve tree betwixt serpent deceiving apples god speaking cursing serpent sword driving paradise armourers adam eve angel spade distaff assigning work gaunters glovers abel cain offering victims sacrifice shipwrights god warning noah make ark floatable wood pessoners fishmongers mariners noah ark wife three sons noah wives divers animals bookbinders abraham sacrificing son isaac altar boy wood angel hosiers moses lifting serpent wilderness king pharaoh eight jews wondering expecting spicers doctor declaring sayings prophets future birth christ mary angel saluting mary saluting elizabeth pewterers founders mary joseph wishing put away angel speaking go bethlehem tylers mary joseph midwife child born lying manger betwixt ox ass angel speaking shepherds players next pageant chandlers shepherds talking together star east angel giving shepherds good tidings child birth orfevers goldsmiths goldbeaters moneymakers three kings coming east herod asking child jesus son herod two counsellors messenger mary child star three kings offering gifts completely people town engaged presentation plays judged following supplementary list trade guilds took parts many bear quaint names now obsolete included girdellers makers girdles nailers sawyers lorymers bridle makers spurriers makers spurs fevers smiths curriers plumbers bottlers skinners bladesmiths scalers cordwainers bowyers makers bows fletchers tilemakers hayresters workers horse hair boilers tunners sellers saddlers fuystours makers saddle tree verrours glaziers broggours brokers dubbers refurbishers clothes luminers illuminators scriveners drapers potters weavers hostlers mercers men occupation however menial may seem us barred companies special pageant portion old new testament represent succeeding year spent much spare time preparing dramatic performance studying practising parts making everything ready competition brother craftsmen pageants know supreme educative value dramatic representations actively interested appreciate plays meant popular education best sense word readily understand much stood popular occupation mind high thoughts much must acted preventive debasing dissipations extremely interesting follow details management mystery plays shall find even meagre accounts sufficient show us men expected work nothing even satisfied compensation might honor chosen certain parts special banquets provided actors performances definite salary paid actors according importance part took loans garments costume purposes furniture material stage properties repaid definite sums money large considering buying power money time wages paid workmen enabled live least well comparatively modern workmen compensation ample morley fourth volume english writers given us details special social interest old documents rejoice comic literalness statement deserve citation set play guild chose competent manager gave rule pageant voted fixed sum expenses standing wardrobe properties handed accountable course return close performances manager appoint actors give several parts written perhaps prompter regular official see rehearsals two old play least five new rehearsal time well great performance actors ate drank cost guild ending supper roast beef roast goose wine chiefs beer rest actors paid course according length parts quantity business dignity play setting forth trial crucifixion lord actors herod caiaphas received representative annas christ also sum paid actor parts executioners paid acting devil judas united plays descent hell ascension payment actor represented christ played devil play find gradation scale payment performers paid playing peter xvid two damsels xiid demon vid fawston hanging judas ivd paid fawston ivd illustration palazzo buondelmonte florence illustration palazzo tolomei siena costume actors stage furniture tolerably clear notion also drawn coventry sharp printed bears questions record course chiefly repairs renewals stage properties wardrobe year pilate new green cloak another new hat pilate wife dame procula entries mending dame procula garments viid reward grimsby lending gear pilate wife xiid quart wine hiring porcula gown iid actor naked hands masks faces prepared painter costume part traditional varied little course years much originally designed pictures painted sculpture churches medieval decorations gilding used freely performer christ wore gilt peruke beard peter probably apostles saints represented church walls gilt nimbus christ coat white painted gilded girdle red sandals part high priests caiaphas annas often played ecclesiastical robes hired church practice sad result fire already noted eventually condemned likely lead disrespect sacred objects herod wore mask set sceptred royal warrior gilt silvered helmet armour gown blue satin saracen details dress crusaders connected worship mahomet including crooked faulchion gilt tormentors christ wore jackets black buckram nails dice virgin mary crowned images angels wore white surplices wings devil also wings played appropriate mask leather dress trimmed feathers hair prologue chester plays describes devil feathers ragged rent coventry show carried three pounds hair hose probably greater impulse social uplift real education masses mystery morality plays people took part consequence presence friends various roles spectators livelier interest otherwise case even favorable circumstances elaborate presentation recent years come realization drama may made real educational influence unfortunately present time whatever influence exerted almost exclusively classes many opportunities educational uplift plays thirteenth century brought people intimately contact great characters old testament new testament history besides giving precious religious information however might mean little true education helped insight character right appreciation human actions sympathy right even though entailed suffering otherwise obtained course easy say dramas constantly repeated subjects always cast varying year year become intolerably familiar might time degenerate merely contemptible matter fact however old stories religious heroes written close heart nature involved intimately problems life undying interest repetition year year give opportunity familiarity breeds contempt besides though plays various cycles existed definite forms seems doubt certain changes made players managers plays time time indeed changes text play know experience almost inevitable might urged people scarcely possessed histrionic talent necessary make plays effective ordinarily however know modern city life much less actor art needed interest action secure attention gallery must assumed readily however guilds able supply men great artistic decoration cathedrals thirteenth century supply actors enter artistic expression part represent life actor born made spite number schools acting supposed turning successful rivals roscius recurring graduation days must forgotten example mystery plays still left us passion play oberammergau world greatest spectacles last occasion given half million people world many even distant america australia found way tyrolese mountains order present old old old story passion death lord represented villagers chosen among inhabitants little village fourteen hundred inhabitants distinct taste artistic produce best done anywhere europe approximating interestingly thirteenth century peoples particularly noted education dramatic ability went see passion play came away dissatisfied either interest play manner representation distinctly example well men women things thoroughly interested influence tradition according must ability accomplish expected tradition actually existed thirteenth fourteenth centuries leading gradual development dramatic power writers actors eventually result magnificent outburst dramatic genius elizabethan period must forgotten mystery morality plays continued hold stage almost quite time shakespeare early manhood probably saw coventry cycle plays acted certain number plays course disappeared time attrition centuries invention printing handed round manuscript form plays shall something say moment stopping call attention fact literary mode mystery morality plays dramatic literature english reached height development equaled greatest dramatic geniuses within last years large cities world besides important universities given opportunity hear great products form literary activity everyman probably great play english comparable best work shakespeare marlowe jonson author took four last things remembered death judgment heaven hell things must come every man wrote story around yet artistic effectiveness make drama triumph literary execution mystery plays interesting way medieval generations everyman us may seen list quoted morley practically significant parts bible story acted craftsmen much scarcely educational value dramatic exercises bible deep religious teachings simple sublime style beautiful poetry entered time lives people wonder english speech centuries became saturated biblical thoughts words anyone ever experience amateur theatricals really great play given able realize much thoroughly every quality dramatic literary poetic even lyric historical might drama entered hearts minds took part feature especially deserving attention regard mystery plays began thirteenth century people interest lifted trivial round life higher life great religious poetry hand teachings bible came distant plane might otherwise set entered life people familiarity scripture made something discussed merely applied everyday affairs besides organization company give play necessity display exercise taste costumes ingenuity stage settings great educative value rivalry naturally existed various companies chosen different guilds added zest rehearsals taken made play fully occupy minds actively engaged preparation several dull winter months easter time intense preoccupation mind great thoughts beautiful words instead paltry round daily duties otherwise form burden conversation gossip scandal mongering fewer opportunities since people minds taken much worthier affairs towns plays given never thousand inhabitants must personally interested way play jesuits whose acumen managing students proverbial always considered great importance students prepare plays several times year reason occupation mind affords well intellectual elocutionary training comes work premeditation old guilds unconsciously even effectively success must considered social triumphs wonderful thirteenth century recent years idea succeeded making way government circles continent giving free dramatic entertainments poor form excellent addition educational procedures performances new given nearly score years berlin subvention allowed government great theaters opera houses europe part policy though unfortunately calculated affect upper classes need help stimulus great dramatic art great music less lower classes little variety anything makes uplift lives thirteenth century modern notion anticipated way benefit poorest population passively hearing dramatic performances also actively taking parts details action words impressed illustration capital lincoln xvi francis saint father renaissance renaissance often thought movement originated middle fifteenth century careful students sometimes trace origin back somewhat recent years come realized however great intellectual development came century fall constantinople italy gradually spread civilized countries europe preparing least two centuries half period middle fifteenth end sixteenth centuries well deserves name renaissance important fructifying principles movement rebirth greek ideas modern world dispersion greek scholars turkish advance byzantine empire term must allowed carry mistaken notion often plausibly accepted new birth poetic literary esthetic ideas time just nothing worth considering lines notion height absurdity light history previous centuries italy cherished notion people renaissance first artistic literary work hence invented term gothic meaning thereby barbarous art preceding time exercising amusing generation deems right succeeding generations adopting depreciative term turned glory gothic art now highest honor fortunately recent years come growing recognition fact real beginning modern art lies much farther back history real father italian renaissance man people last three centuries appreciated true worth undoubtedly leader great return nature constitutes true basis modern poetic artistic ideas kinds francis assisi poor little man god humility loved call surely last suspect ever come thought initiator great movement literature art however highest sense term modern appreciation regard publications concerning frequent last ten years regard almost single individual hand present moment means claims complete bibliography francis life work yet count less thirty different works various languages reckoning translations separate originals issued press last ten years alone gives idea present day interest francis must thought however time significant tributes paid much influence literature art well life recognized southern nations centuries since death last century nations come appreciate better especially realized literary significance loss literatures beginning nineteenth century german historian sympathetic towards middle ages wrote francis troubadours even hesitate add without francis beginning thirteenth century dante end renan french rationalist historian literateur hesitate proclaim francis great religious poets time famous canticle sun greatest religious poem since hebrew psalms written renan matthew arnold received introduction francis literary man studies led write famous passages essays criticism usually much source surprise think arnold rationalizing critic rather sympathetic admirer medieval saint beginning thirteenth century clouds storms come gay sensuous pagan life gone men living senses understanding looking speedy coming antichrist appeared italy north rome beautiful umbrian country foot appennines figure magical power charm francis century think interesting history christianity primitive age interesting even century reformation chief figures perhaps chief interest attaches francis profound popular instinct enabled man since primitive age fit religion popular use brought religion people founded popular body ministers religion ever existed church transformed monachism uprooting stationary monk delivering bondage property sending mendicant friar stranger sojourner wilderness crowded haunts men console good popular instinct bottom famous marriage poverty poverty suffering condition people multitude immense majority mankind towards people soul yearned listens god listen matthew arnold surprisingly summed francis age work sympathy scarcely expected man deity become merely stream tendency makes righteousness realized influence supreme lover personal god generation brother poet soul flew affinity spite apparently insurmountable obstacle extreme aloofness spiritual temperament illustration glorification francis giotto lower church assisi matthew arnold proceeds return man francis listened umbrian town village heard approach whole population went joyful procession meet green boughs flags music songs gladness master began two disciples lifetime died collect keep whitsuntide presence immense multitude five thousand minorites found fulfilment prophetic cry hear ears sound tongues nations shall come us frenchmen spaniards germans englishmen lord make us great people even ends earth reach next paragraph secret surprising paradoxical sympathy literary esthetic side francis appealed like renan hesitate give poor little man god place among great original geniuses time associating name dante prose satisfy ardent soul made poetry latin learned simple popular nature composed mother tongue italian beginnings mundane poetry italians sicily court kings beginnings religious poetry umbria francis humble upper waters mighty stream beginning thirteenth century francis end dante now happens francis like alexandrian songstress hymn sun adonis canticle sun canticle creatures poem goes names like alexandrian hymn designed popular use use king ptolemy people artless language irregular rhythm matches childlike genius produced simple natures loved repeated probably satisfactory translation may able appreciate original sublime hymn evoked many tributes following literal rendering english quite successful attempt give naif rhythm original italian necessarily disappears formal rhymed translation made father paschal robinson order francis recent edition writings francis footnote footnote philadelphia dolphin press begin praises creatures blessed francis made praise honor god ill damian high omnipotent good lord praise glory honor benediction thine alone belong high man fit mention praise lord creatures especially worshipful brother sun lights day dost brightness give beautiful radiant splendor great high signification gives praised lord sister moon stars heaven formed clear precious fair praised lord brother wind air clouds fair every kind weather givest creatures nourishment praised lord sister water greatly helpful humble precious pure praised lord brother fire lightest dark fair gay mighty strong praised lord sister mother earth sustains keeps us brings forth diverse fruits grass flowers bright praised lord love forgive weakness bear tribulation blessed shall peace endure high shall crowned praised lord sister bodily death living man flee woe die mortal sin blessed shall find holy second death shall ill praise ye bless ye lord give thanks subject great humility except place literature art lives men seem little interest modern time francis assisi yet man many now turn spirit entirely opposed sordid principles accepted basis success modern life idea happiness consisted free unsatisfied desires rather seeking secure satisfaction wishes duty pretext stripped literally everything mystic marriage lady poverty far concerned absolute reality union actual instead imaginary commonplace details early years seem interesting later developments subject much sympathetic study recent years francis father cloth merchant francis brought educated became son man whose commercial journeys often took france indeed father absent business expeditions francis born father return received name francisco frenchman joyful commemoration birth grew differ ordinary young man time seems taken world pleasures quite found fashion around age fell seriously ill first time came realization true significance life dean stanley shortly death life seemed different viewed horizontal position life lived sake worth francis came realization god became man lived life others francis set literally imitating enthusiastic students life consider great type genuine christian real disciple christ ever lived money goods came hands disposed poor francis father made serious objection francis brought ecclesiastical authorities moment stripped everything bishop even provide cloak cover nakedness became wonderful apostle poor remained rest life curious must ever seem long many wished imitate insisted becoming disciples followers francis idea infectious example prove death disciples numbered thousands great order franciscans centuries much work come existence conscious planning mere force great christian principles guiding factors francis life ruskin mornings florence discussing giotto famous picture francis renunciation inheritance incurrence thereby father anger characteristic passage sounds keynote saint life goes heart things explains meaning apparently contradictory incident francis life since francis great virtue obedience yet apparently beginning perfect christian life act disobedience ruskin explanation however difficult understand present generation revival interest francis unless attributed liking contrast meaning francis renouncing inheritance beginning giotto gospel works unless hardest deeds done first inheritance mammon world cast away deeds useless serve obey god mammon charities obedience use still heart conformity world go church world goes keep sunday neighbor keeps dress ridiculously neighbors ask dare rough piece work neighbors despise must renounce neighbor riches pride remember distress francis illustration francis church frari venice nic pisano spite ruskin charming explanation francis place history elucidation hard passages life people find difficult explanations understand modern acute reawakening interest francis generation ardent devotion things world seem promising field evangel give follow mystery francis attraction deepens know american franciscan tried solve problem words worth quoting father paschal robinson true francis says cause present widespread homage francis course far wide question allow present writer make suggestions first foremost must ever reckon perennial charm saint personality seems wield ineffable influence hearts men drawing holding different habits mind sense personal sympathy perhaps man unless paul ever wide reaching sympathy may wider paul find evidence great apostle love nature animals exquisite franciscan spirit called perfume religion spirit humble tender devout akin good odor christ passed whole world become permanent source inspiration character exhalted purified francis sure keep alive ideal easily understand francis dominance among small earnest band enthusiasts now pointing world back reign spirit gentle idealism francis inspired art umbrian people translated paintings greatest artists school painting ever penetrated pure idealism umbrian inspiration religious artistic came tomb giotto painted mystical frescoes earnest study medieval beginnings western art therefore rightly set another cause pilgrimages assisi like manner scientific treatment romance literature leads naturally francis humble upper waters mighty stream beginning thirteenth century francis end dante matthew arnold believe first held poor man assisi literary type type distinct formal author says easily satisfy saint ardent soul made poetry writes ozanam first cry nascent poetry grown made heard world considering thoroughly impractical francis seemed life scarcely help source ever increasing wonder succeeded influencing generation widely thoroughly evident many men time tired less strenuous life chained either cares business tempted sake bubble reputation military career francis method life came especially strong appeal example neglect worldly things thoroughly maintained resolve harassed ordinary cares life especially take much thought future penetrated classes made rich realize much lives living merely sake others helped poor satisfied since sublime complete recognition fact existence without cares better many cares sure come wrought ever anon increase goods world ideas may seen essentially modern anyone turn chapter three read books century read passages romance rose wealth poverty know better think anything perennial men gathered around francis pleaded allowed follow mode life men came choice spirits times thomas celano master favorite disciples subsequently authoritative biographer great literary geniuses times author sublime dies irae first companions men extreme simplicity mind world rather amused admiring attitude regard doubt simplicity index genuine sincerity heart greatness mind set ordinary run mankind made live poetry write institute established francis destined course century attract great men every country besides thomas celano italy anthony padua almost famous master beauty saintly life jacopone da todi author stabat mater hymn rivals poetic genius dies irae bonaventure great teacher philosophy theology university paris writer sublimest treatises mystical theology text books members franciscan order many religious bodies centuries death indeed even times roger bacon england famous teacher science paris oxford subtle doctor duns scotus whose influence philosophical speculation destined never quite disappear many others pick generations lived proud look francis assisi father glad opportunity order gave pass lives peace far madding crowd strifes competition providing constantly opportunities live lives find souls cultivate individualities untrammelled worldly cares francis success matter propaganda influence surprising americans generation recall still precious memory minds men yet alive efforts found community unlike franciscans certain ways attracted widespread attention even country half century ago men gathered brook farm ideas ideals distant cherished francis early members franciscan order main effort also get away worldly cares opportunity work philosophy life far disturbing influence city life peaceful pursuit agricultural efforts might necessary ensure simple sustenance yet time enforce exercise open air guarantee preservation health men brook farm eyes generation quite far practical ideas early franciscans must forgotten however men attempted nineteenth century francis succeeded accomplishing thirteenth subsequent careers succeeded impressing strongly life american people much best nineteenth century life lost brook farmers accomplished removed men ideals usually also men working ideas two experiences history seem show illustration elizabeth three franciscans giotto illustration louis three franciscans giotto illustration clare three franciscans giotto alone men generation however francis destined furnish refuge worldly care place peace thoughtful life already chance certainly without conscious intention francis part franciscan order men usually spoken first order came existence last thing world probably ever entered mind francis began lead simple life poor little man god founding religious order women tell elsewhere story clare interest francis mode life trials underwent order obtain permission opportunity fashion life way problem even serious women men francis considered allowed follow franciscan custom going seek alms yet required live absolute poverty possessing nothing supporting contributions faithful work hands clare attempted apparently impossible solved problem new career women time long clare example proved infective francis beginning members family strenuous objectors taking unwonted mode existence long joined monastery damian little community living sister become almost famous name agnes mother near relatives assisi neighborhood second order francis women admitted proved germ active life first order end thirteenth century women franciscans every country europe convents furnished women refuge worried hurried life around proved quite attractive similar opportunity men many hundreds years even time women find quiet obscurity franciscan convents peaceful happy life occupied simple conventual duties manual labor monastery gardens making needle work became expert world illuminating missals office books artistic beauty become precious treasures great libraries long hours prayer hoped accomplish much making world better devoted ardent efforts reform course circumstances time permitted finally third order francis gather many distinguished people century whose occupations obligations permit live conventual life yet felt must attached bond beautiful sanctity entering better life century third order established permit world become franciscans whatever degree considered possible share sublime christianity founder admired much even able imitate sublimer virtues third order francis finer spirits time entered enthusiasm need recall louis ix france greatest monarch century considered special privilege follower humble francis elizabeth hungary daughter king wife mother ruling prince gave another example francis work dante another great members third order buried habit francis glorying thought brotherhood gave saint loved much centuries since distinguished men many countries europe proud claim distinction modern science supposed unorthodox tendencies electricity recent sciences development three great founders electricity volta galvani ampere members third order francis least galvani insisted buried habit order six centuries death father francis order show much appreciated privilege man lived thirteenth century influenced better side men succeeding ages including time poor little man god assisi just coming precious heritage uplift men time surprising buried merely material fail realize much ideal still rules minds thinking men seems natural inevitable appreciate attractiveness simple life lived without bootless hurry unattaining bustle excitement strenuous existence francis order accomplished italy another great saint dominic achieving west fact another order similar francis many respects yet differing number essential particulars arisen almost time shows profoundly spirit organization effort penetrated minds generations thirteenth century poverty badge dominic followers well francis learning replace simplicity francis desired sons order preachers began give many eminent scholars church three centuries single generation see dominicans intellectual men europe leaders philosophy development thought education every phase ecclesiastical life watch dogs lord domini canes called punning name everwhere van defense enemies christianity thirteenth century given rise two great religious orders stamps wonderfully fruitful period religion well every phrase human development order understand great founders tried work two orders must considered together never ceased intervening seven centuries source great influence religious world proven refuges many gentle spirits times homes learning well piety occasionally privileges abused men taken advantage opportunities idle luxurious happened much seldomer world imagines single century failed show men among world honors saints whose lives examples accomplished human nature best literally schools unselfishness men learned think less labor contemplation lives begging friars england rev augustus jessopp clergyman england recently told well studies history higher estimation knows less talk vices green history english people paid tribute well remember bring world back within pale church aim two religious orders sprang suddenly life opening thirteenth century zeal spaniard dominic aroused sight lordly prelates sought fire sword win albigensian heretics faith cried met zeal lowliness lowliness false sanctity real sanctity preaching lies preaching truth fiery ardor rigid orthodoxy seconded mystical piety imaginative enthusiasm francis assisi life francis falls like stream tender light across darkness time frescoes giotto verse dante see take poverty bride strips flings clothes father feet may nature god passionate verse claims moon sister sun brother calls brother wind sister water last faint cry sister death strangely two men differed aim convert heathen extirpate heresy reconcile knowledge orthodoxy carry gospel poor work done entire reversal older monasticism seeking personal salvation effort salvation exchanging solitary cloister preacher monk friar force new entire dependence among labored vow poverty turned stern reality friars subsist alms poor might possess neither money lands houses lived held trust others tide popular enthusiasm welcomed appearance swept reluctance rome jealousy older orders opposition parochial priesthood thousands brethren gathered years around francis dominic begging preachers clad coarse frock serge girdle rope around waist wandered barefooted missionaries asia battled heresy italy gaul lectured universities preached toiled among poor illustration side capital lincoln xvii aquinas scholar sons thirteenth century even dante typifies greatness mentality period thomas called birthplace aquinas aquin immediately succeeding generations considered almost human intellectual acumen bestowed title angelical doctor church supremely unselfish character life formally conferred title saint life aquinas special interest serves clarify many questions education thirteenth century correct many false impressions prevalent regard intellectual life period though aquinas came noble family related many royal houses europe son count aquino important noble houses italy education begun early years continued midst opportunities even modern student might well envy often nobility time paid little attention things intellect indeed rather prided ignorance even ordinary attainments reading writing doubtless true aquinas life stands open contradiction impression state mind general many exceptions nullify supposed rule evidently wished take advantage educational opportunities quite day aquinas early education received famous monastery monte cassino southern italy benedictines six centuries providing magnificent opportunities studious youth italy students europe scarcely boy proceeded university naples time patronage emperor frederick encouraged take place long held salernum educational world europe also rival renowned universities paris bologna remained seventeen years age resolved enter dominican order founded short time dominic yet already begun make felt throughout religious educational world time just custom declare rule nobility cared little education less usual proclaim practically clergy opportunities higher education thirteenth century thomas evidently given early educational opportunities however without thought possibility becoming clergyman mother much opposed entrance among dominicans every effort made picture pleasures advantages accrue noble connections life world thomas insisted however firm purpose matter finally conquered even serious obstacles noble family place way boy seventeen regards disposition life way opposed wishes dominicans realized surpassing intelligence youth received accordingly sent trained greatest teacher order famous albert great lecturing cologne thomas brilliant scholars young man seems even butt successful called dumb sometimes bulkiness even youth dumb ox albert however deceived estimation intellectual capacity young student according tradition declared bellowings ox yet heard throughout christendom years spent cologne thomas early twenties accompanied albert called paris paris thomas received bachelor degree also took license teach doctor degree time years spent cologne greatness man began dawn generation called back paris became popular professors great university height fame time greater group men perhaps ever gathered together shared honors professors chairs institution albert great roger bacon bonaventure thomas aquinas form among speak complete representation intellectual powers four doctors uphold chair philosophy temple middle ages mission truly reestablishment sciences final consummation exempt ignorances erroneous opinions day yet much overcome succeeded better usually acknowledged introducing era modern thought often majesty may even say grace conceptions disappears veil expressions clothed imperfections amply atoned superabundant merits christian philosophers admit within divorce since day become frequent intellect lives uniformly laborious application doctrines realized plenitude practical wisdom often dreamed ancients abstinence disciples pythagoras constancy stoics together humility charity virtues unknown antique world albert great thomas left castles noble ancestors seek obscurity cloisters dominic former abdicated latter declined honors church cord francis roger bacon bonaventure girded loins last named sought roman purple might placed shoulders begged envoys wait finished washing dishes convent withdraw within exclusive mysteries esoteric teaching opened doors schools sons shepherds artisans like master christ come broken bread word seen distributing bread alms poor knew blessed names even yet lapse six hundred years dwellers paris kneel round altar angel school workmen lyons deem honor year bear brawny shoulders triumphant remains doctor modern students even scholars educated secular universities name aquinas scarcely type greatest true schoolmen much occupied distant impractical say least merely theoretic metaphysical problems later middle ages true renewed interest dante recent years english speaking countries brought revival attention aquinas work dante angelical doctor already called meant much divine comedy declared often often competent critics summa theologiae thomas aquin verse even adventitious literary interest however served lift obscurity aquinas veiled great majority scholarly people whose education conducted according modern methods ideas showing hopeful tendency recognize greatness thinkers middle ages interesting note five years ago thomas great works summa contra gentiles placed list subjects candidate may option offer final honor school oxford come definite appreciation fact old time philosopher represents phase intellectual development must neglected stands educational influence may well taken advantage even day information rather mental discipline purposes course father rickaby prepared annotated translation great philosophic work title god creatures published burns oates london enable latin thomas stumbling block read thoughts great scholastic translation least hoped shall hear trifling judgments disgraced english philosophical literature fact pope leo famous papal bull insisted thomas standard teaching philosophy theology catholic institutions learning throughout world aroused many thinkers realization fact far thing dead distant past thomas voice still great living force world thought people leo xiii appealed intensely practical thoroughly modern ruler whose judgment depended even regard teaching problems philosophy theology none qualities stamp mystic whose thoughts still limited medieval barriers fact making declaration pope formulating rule spontaneously become almost constant practice tradition catholic schools universities served show great enduring thomas influence drawing together christian sects inevitably come result attacks made christianity modern materialists later ardor higher criticism away practically divine christianity come general realization even part outside fold roman catholic church occupies position solidly founded consistent logical premises conclusions denominations without aid christian apologetics indeed sad case pope leo declaration emphasizes fact foundation stone christian apologetics laid great work thomas due wonderful coordination secular religious knowledge appoints branches knowledge proper place satisfies human mind better system philosophic thought real panegyric thomas adds sublimity come nearly six centuries half death bare handful men history human race given influence minds subsequent generations long laid principles thought satisfy men many generations attempt even inadequate treatment greatness thirteenth century thomas aquinas greatest scholar must prominent place present generation sufficient interest aroused however amply justify giving space leo xiii made recommendation thomas merely heard works great medieval thinker knew tradition slightly dipped dilettante long familiar studied angelical doctor youth pondered wisdom middle age resorted guidance difficulties doctrine maturer years difficulties morals presented practical life churchman depths knowledge great pope modern world came honor reverently death drew supreme admiration thomas recognition fact safer guide thorny path modern christian apologetics followed wonderful genius first systematized human thought far relations creator creature considered heyday medieval scholarship university teaching knowledge scholastic philosophy second hand men proclaim period human development occupied entirely fruitless discussion metaphysical theories surely think find nothing interest thomas writings true casual reader may penetrate far enough writing realize significance appreciate depth knowledge serious student finds constant details supreme interest applications problems venture quote example show less perfectly according special philosophic interest readers thomas discussion necessity revelation truth existence god statement reasons men occupied ordinary affairs life ordinarily come truth unless revealed though actually mental capacity reach reason alone show sympathetically saint appreciated human conditions truth nature left sole inquiry reason three disadvantages follow knowledge god confined discovery truth fruit studious inquiry many hindered hindered constitutional unfitness natures acquisition knowledge never arrive study highest grade human knowledge consists knowledge god others hindered claims business ties management property must human society men devoted temporal affairs possibly spend time enough learned lessons speculative inquiry arrive highest point human inquiry knowledge god hindered sloth knowledge truths reason investigate concerning god presupposes much previous knowledge indeed almost entire study philosophy directed knowledge god hence parts philosophy part stands learned last consists metaphysics dealing divine things great labour study possible arrive searching aforesaid truth labour willing undergo sheer love knowledge another disadvantage arrive knowledge discovery aforesaid truth take long time account profundity truth many prerequisites study also youth early manhood soul tossed fro waves passion fit study high truth settled age soul become prudent scientific philosopher says way open knowledge god way reason human race remain thick darkness ignorance knowledge god best instrument making men perfect good accrue considerable lapse time third disadvantage owing infirmity judgment perturbing force imagination admixture error investigations human reason reason many continuing doubt even accurate demonstrations perceiving force demonstration seeing divers judgments divers persons name wise men besides midst much demonstrated truth sometimes element error demonstrated asserted strength plausible sophistic reasoning taken demonstration therefore necessary real truth concerning divine things presented men fixed certainty way faith wholesome therefore arrangement divine clemency whereby things even reason investigate commanded held faith might easily partakers knowledge god without doubt error book cix still striking example thomas eminently sympathetic discussion difficult problem found treatment question resurrection body doctrine men rise last day bodies earth stumbling block faith great many persons beginning christianity recent times discovery indestructibility matter far lessening skeptical elements problem might anticipated rather emphasized material man body composed never destroyed broken largely original elements used many natural processes even enters composition men bodies long succeeding generations problem ordinarily presumed philosophic writer thirteenth century throw possible light venture say however following passage quote article thomas recent copy dublin represents best possible solution problem even face modern advance science bar numerical unity man lives uninterruptedly writes thomas clearly bar identity arisen man man man body lives always parts respect matter respect species respect matter flux reflux parts still fact bar man numerical unity beginning end life form species several parts continue throughout life matter parts dissolved natural heat new matter accrues nourishment yet man numerically different difference component parts different ages although true material composition man stage life material composition another addition made without stature boy without prejudice identity boy adult numerically man word aquinas says recognize body boy man though composed quite different material mind problem resurrection takes quite new aspect held call attention however much matter argument mode essentially modern every respect thomas know body changes completely course years knows agent matter parts dissolved natural heat new matter accrues nourishment passage contains marvelous anticipation physiology well distinct contribution christian apologetics coordination science theology though usually thought lacking among scholastic philosophers constantly typical mode thought discussion example far exceptional genuinely representative serious students scholasticism know perhaps last thing ordinary person expect find great modern teacher recommending reading thomas find therein proper doctrine regard liberty remedies modern social evils recall however well generations thirteenth century faced social problems even serious common people rights beginning century yet secured satisfaction lay foundation modern history liberty realize intellectual men time must much better grasp principles underlying problems otherwise imagined matter fact thomas treatment society rights duties mutual relationship individual triumphs wonderful work ethics wonder great pope end nineteenth century whose encyclicals showed understood thoroughly social evils time recognized tendencies appreciated danger recommended remedy reading thomas pope leo domestic civil society even see exposed great danger plague perverse opinions certainly enjoy far peaceful securer existence wholesome doctrine taught academies schools conformity teaching church contained works thomas aquinas teachings thomas true meaning liberty time running license divine origin authority laws force paternal just rule princes obedience higher powers mutual charity towards another kindred subjects great invincible force overturn principles new order well known dangerous peaceful order things public safety great pope however greater teacher serious philosophical ethical theological problems saint thirteenth century position matter seem exaggerated appreciate pope leo marvelous practical intelligence saint thomas exhaustive treatment questions always uppermost minds men characteristic humility considered scarcely commentator aristotle natural genius eminently original added much took master doubt gifted minds humanity history profundity intelligence deserves classed plato aristotle great disciple dante placed homer shakespeare know thomas best spent lives study cordially welcomed ardently applauded pope leo commendation considered lofty praise word changed even laudatory passage following therefore hold every word wisdom every useful thing whomsoever discovered planned received willing grateful mind exhort venerable brethren earnestness restore golden wisdom thomas spread far wide defense beauty catholic faith good society advantage sciences wisdom thomas say anything taken great subtlety scholastic doctors carelessly stated anything ill agrees discoveries later age word improbable whatever way enter mind propose imitation age let carefully selected teachers endeavor implant doctrines thomas aquinas minds students set forth clearly solidity excellence others let academies already founded founded illustrate defend doctrine use refutation prevailing errors lest false true corrupt pure drunk watchful doctrine thomas drawn fountains least rivulets derived fount far flowed according established agreement learned men pure clear careful guard minds youth flow thence reality gathered strange unwholesome streams tributes quite laudatory lacking modern secular writers many derogatory remarks always come men either knew aquinas second hand confess unable read understandingly praise comes men spent years study writings recent writer dublin january sums appreciation thomas works masterly book philosophy follows contra historical monument first importance history philosophy variety contents perfect encyclopedia learning day fix mark thirteenth century thought contains lectures doctor second none great school thought flourishing university paris study books enters mental life period written hasty perusal histories philosophy student contra gentiles likely acquiesce statement middle ages time mankind seemed lost power thinking medieval people thought thoughts curiously different profitable study similar high tribute aquinas great work theology modern biographer father vaughan theologica mighty synthesis thrown technical scientific form catholic traditions east west infallible dicta sacred page enlightened conclusions human reason gathered soaring intuitions academy rigid severity lyceum author man endowed characteristic notes three great fathers greek philosophy possessed intellectual honesty precision socrates analytical keenness aristotle yearning wisdom light distinguishing mark divine ever essential conditions highest intuitions religion matter fact greatness thomas aquinas great group contemporaries close produced unfortunate effect subsequent thinking teaching europe men surpassing grasp whole round human thought works came worshiped less fetishes men think appealed authorities great unfortunate tribute scholastics thirteenth century subsequent generations many hundred years think improve even hesitated entertain notion equal turner history philosophy pointed fact clearly attributed great extent decadence scholastic philosophy causes decay scholastic philosophy internal external internal causes found condition scholastic philosophy beginning fourteenth century great work christian syncretism completed masters preceding period revelation science harmonized contribution levied pagan philosophies greece arabia whatever truth philosophies possessed utilized form basis rational exposition christian revelation efforts roger bacon alfred great reform scientific method failed sciences cultivated therefore source development nothing left later scholastics except dispute meaning principles comment text master subtilize extent scholasticism soon became synonym captious quibbling great thomistic principle philosophy argument authority weakest arguments forgotten aristotle thomas scotus became criterion truth solomon whose youthful wisdom astonished world profaned old age worship idols philosophy schools days decadence turned service truth prostrate shrine master dialectic thirteenth century regarded instrument knowledge now became object study sake display fault method added fault style uncouthness barbarity terminology bewilder modern reader appreciation thomas time greatest tribute critical faculty century made genius praised starves words old roman poet certainly geniuses world met anything proper meed appreciation time true however thirteenth century already shown artists especially giotto end thirteenth century giotto years old appreciated much attention dante began attract contemporaries may add great scholars period following insured wide publication works time accomplished slow patient appreciation thomas indeed came near proving inimical completion important works philosophy theology many places europe wanted opportunity hear reintroduced practise exchanging university professors recent years quite common practise thirteenth century however thomas professor paris later rome taught naples number italian universities everywhere went noted kindliness disposition power make friends looked greatest thinker time easy expect signs consciousness consequence unpleasant often makes great intellectual geniuses unpopular thomas however never seems talents realizing little knew compared whole round knowledge superficial thinking compared depth mysteries trying solve treat satisfactorily must admitted question conceit place life must account universal friendship came contact popes insisted professor roman university much interested wished make greatest universities time thomas brought contact ecclesiastics world helped form mind time think popes middle ages opposed education study records roman university thomas became great friend successive popes brought contact years studying teaching rome paris gave many privileges abundant encouragement finally came near ruining career philosophic writer teacher since papal friends wished raise high ecclesiastical dignities urban iv seems first thought successor clement noblest churchmen period wished decline papacy actually made bull creating thomas archbishop naples document due course presented aquinas far giving pleasure proved source grief pain saw chance slipping evident friend pope withdrew bull thomas left peace rest career allowed prosecute great object dedicated mighty intellect summing human knowledge work show relation creator creature apply great principles greek philosophy sublime truths christianity thomas consented accept archbishopric naples human probability thomas great english biographer remarks summa theologica never written seems unlikely dignity pressed pope partly solicitation powerful members family hoped compensation relative abandoned opportunities military worldly glory fortunate efforts failed many examples history may considerations seem founded highest human prudence thomas left free go great work next five years applied every spare moment completion summa students pronounced greatest work ever written true ever used schools basis modern theological teaching seven centuries quite sufficient proclaim merit men enthusiastic used longest know best thomas english biographer rev roger bede vaughan worthy member distinguished vaughan family given many zealous ecclesiastics english church many scholars support cause christianity scarcely say enough great work place realm theology recalled father vaughan member thomas order dominicans benedictines seen de depths great admiration saint words praise written shown abundantly writer angelical day created synthesis knowledge greatest classic fathers treated reasons inability evident scholastics immediately preceded angelical minds ripe great complete work fullness time yet come possibly albert great alexander hales preceded thomas prepared write just probably newton never discovered law gravitation previous labors galileo kepler just english astronomer stands solitary greatness though surrounded succeeded men extraordinary eminence also angelical stands alone although albertus magnus genius alexander theological king bonaventure seraphic doctor just principia work unique unreachable theologica great angelical just dante stands alone among poets stands thomas schools probably marvelous thing life thomas capacity work written books fill twenty folios complete edition seem enough occupy lifetime without anything written works however represent apparently products hours leisure little fifty died university professor cologne bologna paris rome naples spite amount work asked order dominican constantly called busy certain internal affairs occasion least visited england order attend dominican chapter oxford better part several years paris occupied labors secure brethren proper place university might act teachers yet suitable opportunities education discipline members order verily seem though days must least twice long ordinary scholar student accomplish much yet type monks middle ages many people seem think principal traits fat lazy thomas fat know picture shows desk special segment removed accommodate conveniently rather abnormal abdominal development laziness surely last thing occur anyone knows anything accuse clearly accept ancient notion monkish laziness never understand middle ages great educational progress thirteenth century due almost entirely monks another extremely interesting side intellectual character thomas aquinas usually realized ordinary student philosophy theology still less perhaps interested educational standpoint poetical faculty thomas many great intellectual geniuses modern time sacrament holy eucharist wondrously satisfying devotional mysteries christianity subject special devotion time great cardinal newman manifested attitude mind thomas devotion blessed sacrament asked pope write office recently established feast corpus christi always certain hymns incorporated offices different feast days might ordinarily expected scholar like aquinas write prose portions office leaving hymns hand selecting hymns older sacred poetry thomas however wrote hymns prose surprising may hymns beautiful ever composed remain admiration posterity must forgotten regard thomas career occurred period latin hymn writing apogee dies irae stabat mater written thirteenth century precious latin hymns times composed century half aquinas hymns fail challenge comparison even greatest eminently devotional subject must forgotten certain supremely difficult theological problems involved expression devotion blessed sacrament spite difficulties thomas succeeded making good theology great poetry portion hymns tantum ergo perhaps used church services possible exception dies irae another beautiful hymns especially deserves admired less well known ventured quote three selected stanzas illustration thomas command rhyme rhythm latin tongue footnote adoro te devote latens deitas quae sub figuris vere latitas tibi se cor meum totum subjicit quia te contemplans totum deficit visus tactus gustus te fallitur sed auditu solo tute creditur credo quidquid dixit dei filius nihil veritatis verbo verius less musical wonderfully significative fourth sicut thomas non intueor deum tamen meum te confiteor fac tibi semper magis credere te spem habere te diligere ardent study many years give anything like adequate idea great schoolman universal genius content conveyed hints help beginning acquaintance half dozen supreme minds race footnote following translation made justice renders sense sound english adequately perhaps possible hidden god devoutly adore truly present underneath veils heart subdues since faints fails sight taste touch credit hearing trust secure believe god son truth ever shall endure though look wounds thomas lord god call make believe promise hope love xviii louis monarch large numbers men ruled number seems less inevitable ordinary course things without doubt best model monarch life found louis nearly half century ruler france period rulers men record history probably took duties seriously regard others least family single relation life distinguished career worth studying example done simple earnest man make life better happier come contact relations mother affectionate son indeed easy compliance wishes younger years might suspect weakness whose strength character displayed every turn assumed reins government many years ruling however departure crusade compelled absent kingdom turned act representative wisdom choice question husband louis life model though accomplish impossible able keep relations mother wife cordial liked judging human experience generally hard think constitutes serious blot fair name father men ever thought less material advantages children necessity realize happiness life consist possession many things rather accomplishment duty recognition fact giving happiness others constitutes best source felicity self letters instructions children preserved us joinville contemporaries give us perhaps taking picture man round personality telling french phrase defects virtues surely beautiful characters ever seen earth man took active extremely important part great events world time salient points character devotion three great needs humanity present time made aim life men justice education misfortune needed charity every portion career taken successful achievement great departments social action well known became conscious judges sometimes abused power gave sentences partial reasons monarch took onerous duty hearing appeals succeeded making judges kingdom realize strictest justice save king displeasure condign punishment unjust judge short shrift old tree versailles used hear causes poor appealed stood many centuries reminder louis precious effort make dispensing justice equal men duty hearing appeals took much time transferred worthy shoulders important phase jurisprudence france relating appeals came thoroughly established part organic law kingdom illustration notre dame paris regards education much louis influence anybody else university paris owes success achieved great institution learning end thirteenth century monarch opposed spread education idea might possibly undermine authority even indifferent paris come educational center world louis encouraged every way also acted patron great subsidiary institutions add prestige enhance facilities among noteworthy sorbonne la sainte chapelle deserves mentioned however library attached owed foundation development louis important factors attracting students paris furnishing interestingly suggestive material thought development taste residence patronage vincent beauvais encyclopedist manifestation interest everything educational benefactions hotel dieu must considered rather head charity yet also serve represent encouragement medical education proper care poor educated hands voltaire louis character supreme believer revealed religion must utterly unsympathetic whose position historical symbol voltaire held antipathy medievalism might expected make french philosopher avoid mention since condemn forced striking utterances praise louis quote louis ix appeared prince destined reform europe reformed render france triumphant civilized things pattern men piety anchorite deprive kingly virtue wise economy took nothing liberality profound policy combined strict justice perhaps sovereign entitled praise prudent firm counsel intrepid without rashness wars compassionate always unhappy man carried virtue guizot french statesman historian whose unbending calvinism made men institutions middle ages almost incomprehensible catholic aspects much good say louis though wanting rather definite evidence reluctance admiration world seen profound politicians throne greater generals men mighty brilliant intellect princes exercised powerful influence later generations events subsequent times never seen king louis never seen man possessing sovereign power yet contracting vices passions attend displaying throne high degree every human virtue purified ennobled christian faith louis give new personal impulse age strongly influence nature development civilization france whilst endeavored reform gravest abuses feudal system introduction justice public order endeavor abolish either substitution pure monarchy setting class class order raise royal authority high neither egotist scheming diplomatist sincerity harmony age sympathetic alike faith institutions customs tastes france thirteenth century yet thirteenth century later times louis stands apart man profoundly original character isolated figure without peer among contemporaries successors far possible middle ages ideal man king christian guizot goes even says reported seventeenth century brilliant reign louis montecuculli learning death illustrious rival turenne officers man died honor mankind louis honor france royalty humanity christianity feeling contemporaries six centuries still confirmed judgment historian louis wonderful influence good ruler historians agreed talking highest terms private life however even admirable purpose bringing greatness thirteenth century course many legends myths gathered around name still enough remains absolutely trustworthy tradition even documentary evidence make clear man among men nobleman nature making position life acquitted perfection sure make life worthy admiration striking traits character love justice insatiable desire render men rightly biographer told story gives telling proof relating solicitude tried right wrongs reign predecessors set crusade wished absolute satisfaction owed man reparation precious treasure take perilous expedition wished even undo wrongs might done name though entirely unconscious wished state grace moment departure take holy land quiet conscience leaving kingdom happy condition possible resolved carry noblest measures ever undertaken king order inquisitors sent provinces annexed royal dominion since accession philip augustus maltreated despoiled bailiffs seneschals provosts sergeants representatives royal authority came declare wrongs newly appointed judges demand reparation due number great since forty years much suffering country districts even towns royal officers often acted conquered country believed safe observation might pleased people much endure forty years noble idea make reparation freely elaborate care prince known accord cost redress wrongs inflicted people reigns father grandfather made immense impression lasted centuries blanche son merely good king became unrivalled sovereign impeccable judge friend consoler subjects wonder inappeasable lover justice commend virtue others son read letters son successor light louis career appreciate utter sincerity written louis realized simple justice men undo world wrongs vaunted cures social ills often result injustice dear son writes instruction come reign befits king just deviate nothing justice whatever may befall poor man goes law rich support poor rather rich man know truth truth known just happen man dispute maintain cause adversary council appear partial cause truth known unless council may fear speak find possess anything unjustly acquired either time predecessors make restitution however great value either land money thing matter doubtful find truth follow advice trusty men make agreement may fully deliver soul predecessors hear predecessors made restitution anything take great trouble discover anything restored find case restore deliver soul predecessors education children future position engrossed attention king entirely subjects keen interest father task care children supper followed apartment made sit around time whilst instructed duty sent bed direct attention particularly good bad actions princes used visit apartment leisure inquire progress like second tobias give excellent instruction maundy thursday children used wash feet dozen poor persons give large alms afterward wait whilst dined king together king thibault loved looked son carried first poor man hospital two oldest sons louis philippe carried second accustomed act things showing great reverence desired thibault also obey implicitly everything commanded anyone still retains trace notion used unfortunately commonplace among english speaking people medieval monks unworthy great calling monasteries homes lazy men whose object taking life secure easy means livelihood thoroughly undeceived read attention stories louis relations monasteries journeys stopped always asked see libraries insisted treated better community every way tried show esteem story may may true little flowers francis comes almost contemporary source however travels called brother giles famous companion francis many delightfully humorous stories told brother giles received affectionate greeting never word return first words king nothing sat communed silence time king departed apparently visit needless say brother giles told story king france called commotion community time king far distant way indeed louis took many opportunities stop monasteries follow monastic regulations prayer taking meals quite disgusted members retinue ladies court impatience remarked indiscreet circumstances reported louis wished man monk king louis asked gently prefer spend time sport excesses various kinds even remarks however effect turning purpose live simply beneficently others possible genuine appreciation monks must recognized wishes regard children hand readiness secure happiness far possible way wished shows tenderness fatherly heart modern biographer anxious three children born east crusade jean tristan pierre blanche even eldest daughter isabella enter monastic life looked likely insure salvation frequently exhorted take step writing letters greatest tenderness piety especially daughter isabella show taste attempt force inclinations thenceforth busied making suitable marriages establishing according rank time gave judicious advice conduct actions world entering tunis found sick death gave instructions written french hand eldest son philip models virtue wisdom paternal tenderness worthy king christian perhaps interesting feature louis life treatment poor used literally recall fact must stand place god whatever least even favorite expression frequently mouth waited personally matter revolting appearance deterred personal service easy understand courtiers sympathize state mind though louis used encourage example personal persuasion every holy thursday used wash feet twelve poor people public ceremonial honor washing feet apostles christ illustration apostle la sainte chapelle paris must thought moreover proceeding perhaps less repugnant feelings men time present generation might considered general paucity means maintaining personal cleanliness medieval times make procedure less disgusting proof contrary words joinville tells following conversation many time says joinville seen cut bread pour drink day asked washed feet poor maundy thursday sire answered feet dirty wretches indeed shall never wash truly replied king spoken ill despise god intended instruction pray therefore first love god love towards make habit washing feet even striking however attitude toward lepers time poor creatures compelled live apart population allowed approach healthy individuals exceeding interest louis however took every opportunity mitigate trials hardships existence whenever met journeys insisted abundant alms given gave orders every possible provision welfare consonant care affection permitted spread made greeted brothers retinue feared approach go order console words exhibition personal interest incident told occasion muddy stream intervened lepers forded stream alone order get neither personal fear contagion natural repugnance permitted deter sublime work charity wonder people proclaimed saint thinks first others second even lifetime supposed blot louis character denunciation certain modern writers call fanaticism prompted go crusades instead remaining home properly care people opinion regard place must assigned crusades factor history national well european development changed much recent years formerly custom almost entirely condemn look serious mistake ideas however entertained realize conditions undertaken important results flowed bishop stubbs lectures medieval modern history delivered professor history oxford pains correct false notion passage constitutes best apologies louis interest crusades written crusades mind either popular delusions cheap literature determined papal conspiracies kings peoples appear protestant controversialists savage outbreak expiring barbarism thirsting blood plunder volcanic explosions religious intolerance believe deep sources minds best champions main tendency results capable ample justification first great effort medieval life go beyond pursuit selfish isolated ambitions young world essaying use glory god benefit man arms new knighthood failed direct object may alleged almost every great design great disposer events moulded help world progress world grown wise experience failure rather winning high aims good largely leavened evil may every war ever waged bad men rose good men fell must true wherever whenever race swift battle strong end benefit world reads doubt course brought love heroic human nature love freedom honor prowess sympathy sorrow perseverance last chronicles age abundantly prove proving moreover experience times forms virtues realized presented posterity footnote footnote stubbs seventeen lectures medieval modern history stigma supposed imprudence foolhardiness gone crusade turned new cause honor louis must considered probably greatest monarch ever occupied important throne instead surprised monarch come heart middle ages century distant thirteenth readers must now ready appreciate degree least fact environment instead hindrance sense word development louis greatness rather considered principal sources louis character representative men time exhibits striking form qualities set ideals period century produced nothing else louis considered great epoch history mere accident typically son age properly appreciated true significance louis life period lived better understood possible means want know men wonderful century actually study louis life detail able hint striking characteristics illustration decoration queen mary psalter xiii century xix dante poet often custom talk dante solitary phenomenon time even carlyle knew well properly appreciated many things medieval life letters especially literary productions thirteenth century dante ten silent centuries found voice anyone followed say regard thirteenth century longer think dante standing alone readily appreciate fitting culmination great literary era gone even hurriedly necessary brief space accomplished every country europe literature destined live greatness thoughts also ultimateness expression expect surpassing literary genius end period seems almost inevitable indeed supreme poet whose name stands others two whole history race lived thirteenth century summed effectually greatness century enshrined thoughts undying verse future generations illustration portrait dante giotto bargello florence dante dares place name men considered five greatest poets time seems sublimest egotism first thought many conclude reason unlettered times critical faculty well developed knew work far surpassed contemporaries scarcely help conclude place must among great poets thought however entirely due lack knowledge conditions dante life education universities italy exile visited paris probably also oxford knew poets country well appreciated highly consciousness genius made place high faulty comparison others succeeding generations set even higher place chosen now breathe name homer shakespeare considering three sublime immortals far poets scarcely second dante universal poets won recognition nations favorite reading diverse times conditions men beginning appreciated even death men begun realize something supremacy greatness commentaries works preserved day written almost lifetime supreme interest tempted men multiply hard labor patient handwriting petrarch young man contemporary recognized prince italian poets composed common tongue even tempted say subtle profound conceptions commedia written without special gift holy ghost boccaccio wont speak divine poet tells us learned petrarch deliberately held aloof commedia fear losing originality came spell great master realize great poet dante must considered even effusions younger years taken standard poetical ability sonnets beautiful kind found form poetry description famous among sonnets lovers may compared sonnets portuguese day two camoens original sonnets portuguese lofty praise beloved worthy numbers reading dante sonnets easy understand half century later petrarch able raise sonnet form excellence never surpassed beginning like wonder sonnet became popular europe next three centuries every young poet shakespeare time attack sonneteering just might attack measles first pair sonnets considered supreme class deserves place example dante poetic faculty form much less known sees completely fullest bliss abound among ladies sees lady face go surely bound give god thanks exceeding grace beauty strange might found envy finds hearts place makes walk clothed round love faith courteous gentleness sight makes things lowly alone gives delight receiveth honor due acts great courtesy none recollect wondrous sight sighs love sweetness true noted dante nothing say personal appearance beloved true however whole series poems never seems thought moment physical qualities finds worthy praise goodness shines features everyone rejoices sweetness fills heart heavenly visitor come supreme quality beauty envy finds place others hearts clothed around love faith courteous gentleness often shakespeare describe physical appearances heroines realized meant little shakespeare write stage realized blondes brunettes especially olden time made order better leave heroine physical appearance rather vague expected however dante southern temperament dwelt physical perfections fair next sonnet however best known group emphasizes abstraction physical influence matter insists goodness womanly beauty character found chapter women century earlier years dante considered troubadours doubt never written divine comedy still remembered great poets wrote love thirteenth century deserve place among greatest minnesingers troubadours perhaps greatest sung end century shows stream literary evolution merely carried idly along helping guide ever fairer channels dante minor poems made enduring fame poet less genius prose works deserve read anyone wishes know character greatest poets also appreciate educational environment thirteenth century succeeded making good intellectual material presented dante works real treasury information precious kind regard century since provide proper standpoint view accomplished dante supreme singer among poets great song time natural light know literary product rest century put epic form supreme product genius great national epics every country europe cid arthur legends nibelungen beginning century epical poems meistersingers first half surprising contrary rather might confidently looked arisen great national epic italy end century gothic art movement spread countries wind spirit esthetic accomplishment blew flame national literature country mighty blaze never extinguished beacon light realm national literatures forever already word contemporary admiration poet realized due appreciation dante continued italy time italian art literature highest dwindled periods decadence lack taste cornelius law regard dante influence art well known italian art according strong vigorous just proportion worked dante influence became weak sensuous influence declined held true beginning true literature art italians became interested trivialities gave weak imitations classics pastoral poetry real expression feeling passing fancy literary folk dante time obscurity even height renaissance however greek acme interest classics occupied much attention dante might expected eclipsed great thinkers critics time still worshipped shrine great master italian verse best proof found michael angelo famous sonnets praise dante second seem exhaust praise brother poet dark abyss made way nether worlds saw might great soul beheld god splendour bright gave us earth true light day star supremest worth clear ray heaven secrets revealed us dim sight guerdon base world spite oft gives souls noblest grace display full ill dante understood purpose high ungrateful state welcomed kindness good bear like evil fate taste exile share lofty mood gladly give earth calls great first pair sonnets however michael angelo gave possible even higher praise recalled besides greatest sculptors greatest painters architects wonderfully productive period also great poet sonnets dante crucifix vittoria colonna best proof knew chisel thoughts wonderfully suitable words quite well marble beautiful forms grew hands greatness must conscious thinks perfectly willing give earth calls great simply share dante lofty mood even exile greater tribute ever paid poet another michael angelo genius critical never thoughtlessly laudatory emphasizing highest enlightened taste great epoch seemed deserve place also speech may tell splendor great men dim sight easier blame foes aright poorest gifts praise well tracked path leads depths hell teach us wisdom scaled eternal height heaven open gates invite loved city might dwell ungrateful country fate loss full proof souls perfect bear greatest woe thousand things suffice state exile ever unjust world equal ever know england spite distance country race language appreciation dante began early readers chaucer know great italian favorite poet father english poetry expressed feeling much greater anything hope dante accomplishment readers remember chaucer feels unable tell story ugolino starving sons hunger tower refers interested conclusion tale dante religious revolt early sixteenth century dante lost sight great extent temper catholic appreciated puritan england elizabethans much occupied creation great national literature time appreciation foreigner different spirit times coming oxford movement however dante sprang favor number important critical appreciations reintroduced wide reading public england among cultured island renewed interest dante gave rise best critical appreciations language dean church famous essay classic english monograph dante opening paragraph sounds keynote critical opinion among english speaking people divina commedia landmarks history magnificent poem beginning language opening national literature inspirer art glory great people rare solemn monuments mind power measure test reach rise ineffaceably forever time goes marking advance grander divisions centuries adopted epochs consent come stands iliad shakespeare plays writings aristotle plato novum organon principia justinian code parthenon peter first christian poem opens european literature iliad greece rome like iliad never become date accompanies undiminished freshness literature began illustration torre del fame dante pisa illustration palazzo pretorio todi better introduction dante obtained dean church found difficult get interested great florentine poet prone think perhaps pretended liking part many people affectation rather sincere expression opinion read essay learn something wealth sympathy dante even man modern times thirteenth century poet easy read probably reading world brings much intellectual satisfaction much awakening best feelings man many glimpses depths lines dante pondered favorable circumstances like gothic cathedrals olden times never grows old contrary every favorite passage seems new message mood reader particularly true spiritual side man pointed dean church passage toward end essay know divina commedia best best know hard interpreter mind sympathize wish call attention know wish others also know hearsay experience power wonderful poem know austere yet submitting beauty know force free earnest solemn verse strengthen tranquillize console small thing secret nature man keen words opened eyes new sights earth sea sky taught new mysteries sound made recognize distinct image thought fugitive feelings unheeded expression look gesture motion enriched public collective memory society new instances never lost human feeling fortune charmed mind ear music stately march variety completeness plan besides know often seriousness put shame trifling magnanimity living energy indolence stern sad grandeur rebuked low thoughts thrilling tenderness overcome sullenness assuaged distress strong faith quelled despair soothed perplexity vast grasp imparted sense harmony view clashing truth know often found times trouble light least deep sense reality permanent though unseen light always give view suggested judgments love god might expected fact dante english popularity paralleling oxford movement great english cardinals prominent agents movement looked favorite author given precious tributes newman lofty compliment flattery imitation wrote dream gerontius poem poets told men generation immediate hereafter anything written latter centuries poet intervening period time satisfactorily presented world writers distant time different environment italian thirteenth englishman nineteenth century cardinal manning tribute much formal though less glorious occurs introduction father bowden english edition german critic hettinger appreciation dante deserves place shows much representative modern churchman thinks great florentine poet three works always seem form triad dogma poetry devotion summa thomas divina commedia paradisus animae manual devotional exercises horstius three contain outline faith thomas traces intellect dante imagination paradisus animae heart poem unites book dogma book devotion clothed conceptions intensity beauty never surpassed equalled uninspired hand ever written thoughts high words resplendent last stanza divina commedia thomas summan thomae nihil restat nisi lumen summa thomas nothing left except light glory may dante dantis paradisum nihil restat nisi visio dante paradise nothing left except vision god course john ruskin admiration great spiritual thinker dante expressed uncertain terms wonderful power point significance unexpected manifestations human genius ruskin even succeeded minimizing great objections urged dante better perhaps done anyone else english speaking people least many readers dante almost unbearable certain grotesque elements find source cause unfavorable criticism anything else great florentine writings ruskin course saw appreciated proper significance made clear passage every dante reader needs go occasionally order assure certain unusual things dante attitude towards life expression rather highest human genius outlook life narrow limitation medievalism ruskin believe test greatness nations periods men sure development among noble grotesque test comparative smallness limitation kind another sure absence grotesque invention incapability understanding think central man world representing perfect balance imaginative moral intellectual faculties highest dante grotesque reaches distinct noble development ever brought human mind grotesqueness shakespeare need hardly speak intolerableness french critics aeschylus homer opposed lower greek writers believe found periods minds first order great reverence dante might expected italy colder northern nations shared germany modern admiration dante began great wave critical appreciation entered german literature end eighteenth beginning nineteenth century might almost expected frederick schlegel first modern german admirers dante though brother august whose translations shakespeare began series german studies shakespeare fruitful past century also open admirer medieval poet since practically time germany distinguished dante scholar supplying world products profound study deep scholarship regard modern educational world come look confidently toward germany note critical appreciation dante devotion germans best possible encouragement need feeling liking shared good authorities quite satisfied appreciation dean plumptre summed dante movement germany compendious paragraph must find place year scartazzini great dante scholar nineteenth century recognizes new starting point period neglect supercilious criticism comes end reverence admiration exhaustive study begins account labors german scholars sixty years followed fills large part volume translations commedia kopisch kannegiesser witte philalethes nom de plume john king saxony josefa von hoffinger minor poems witte krafft endless volumes articles points connected dante life character publications deutsche present body literature scarcely parallel history exaggeration say germans taught italians understand appreciate poet just least helped teach englishmen understand shakespeare must thought literary lights germany thoroughly appreciated great florentine greater genius man admiration dante becomes interested noteworthy example alexander von humboldt distinguished german scientist generally looked perhaps greatest thinker european science first quarter nineteenth century faithful study dante expressed admiration uncertain terms curiously enough found much admire matters scientific generally realized dante acute observer nature given expression works many observations regard subjects now considered within scope natural science way anticipate many supposedly modern bits information regard humboldt cosmos glory aramaic greek roman dominion might almost say ancient world passed away find great inspired founder new era dante alighieri occasional manifestations deepest sensibility charms terrestrial life nature whenever abstracts passionate subjective control despondent mysticism constituted general circle ideas little humboldt seems realized absorption external nature qualities blames dante essence genius rounding humanity interest man relations supernatural well natural without world poet time america dante came almost soon literature obtained proper place new country first generation distinctly literary men comprise group cambridge including longfellow emerson oliver wendell holmes charles eliot norton james russell lowell others minor importance soon became favorite occupation among men give certain leisure hours dante cambridge dante society added little world knowledge poet longfellow translation edition dante works monumental achievement author likely remembered better future generations perhaps original work future generations likely remember james russell lowell essays dante shakespeare better anything else dante monograph magnificently illuminating dean church perhaps even satisfying critical readers men content give much time study thirteenth century poet shows appreciation must held rest us give due place literature many misunderstandings regard dante apparently serious study poet serves remove satisfactorily people consider distant prophetic religious genius poetry little sympathy humanity generally conceded saw man projected curtain eternity realized relationships universe creator better perhaps poet time usually thought must something medieval frame mind order read interest admiration impressions largely result reading lines dante finding difficult thorough comprehension allowing self forced conclusion interest modern reader inferno first part dante great poem oftenest read passing fashion many ideas regard dante derived portion masterpiece work taken alone sadly misrepresents genius poet morbid sentimentality need adventitious interest supreme suffering matter fact purgatorio much better introduction dante real greatness considered generality dante scholars humanly sympathetic really supreme expression creative faculty ascent mount expiation constant note hope gradually increasing facility ascent summit approached touches condolent cords human heart arouses feelings close best human aspiration spite consciousness defect purgatorio finds evidence dante wonderful powers observation poet first according etymology word creator gives life figments imagination recognize vital manifestations human genius also seer man sees deeper things sees anyone else ordinarily dante considered know observer things human around life passages works however entirely refute illustration angel rheims story went cities north italy exile countenance gloomy stare fixed men pointed spoke visited hell tradition however well may founded women sometimes pointed children used memory bogy man scare unpleasant things afterwards seem indicate occupied little things around paid little attention ways childhood shown especially purgatorio simplest natural actions engraved heart uses supreme truth figures knows infant seeks mother breast fear anguish vex troubled heart knows child done wrong confesses faults little children dumb shame keen smart listening stand eyes ground owning faults penitential heart stood passage inferno describes vividly rescue child flames mother plumptre even ventured suggest dante may actual subject rescue helps appreciation dante intensity expression poignancy vision passage plumptre comment seems deserving quotation suddenly guide arms fling around mother roused cries sees fierce flames around gathering takes boy ever halts flies caring far though scant shift robe supplies must thought however dante quality observer limited actions human beings capacity see many things amply manifested great poem even smallest living things surely thought beneath notice became subject similies show much everything nature interested spirit genius passage regard ants often quoted indeed surprising manifestation nature study unexpected time entirely unanticipated quarter dante saw souls soon enter realm blessedness already last circle purgatory greeting kiss peace picturesque simile oft within dusk brown host proceed ant till muzzle muzzle meet spying way affairs succeed birds pages full references bird similies couched terms show sympathetically observant habits ways knows different methods flying groups singly observed nests knows wonderful maternal anxiety young describes vividness credit naturalist modern time made home woods indeed figures taken birds constitute examples finest passages poetic description living nature ever written domestic animals moreover especially cat dog come share sympathetic observance able add greatly vividness pictures paints references habits animals wonder tradition grown fond pets possessed several early commentators poems subject little erudition nothing escaped attention acute observer world around finds surprising bits observation regard natural phenomena usually supposed quite range interest medieval students generally literary men middle age alexander von humboldt calls attention passage cosmos wonderful description river light thirtieth canto paradiso saw glory like stream flow brightness rushing either shore banks spring wondrous hues might vie river living sparks soar sank sides bloom like precious rubies set golden drunk rich perfume back wondrous torrent roll sank another filled room humboldt explains follows suggestion deserves remembered almost seem picture origin poet recollection peculiar rare phosphorescent condition ocean luminous points appear rise breaking waves spreading surface waters convert liquid plain moving sea sparkling stars probably best way modern realize much interest may dante consider great italian epic poet comparison greatest english epic poets milton comparison expressive latin phrase sure walk lame serves give excellent idea methods two men illustration ideas venture therefore quote comparison two poets distinguished critic knows well whose modern training english methods thought seem make likely partial modern poet though matter fact constantly leans toward great medieval bard poetry milton differs dante hieroglyphics egypt differ mexico images dante employs speak stand simply milton signification often discernible initiated however strange however grotesque never shrinks describing gives us shape color sound smell taste counts numbers measures size similies illustrations traveler unlike poets especially milton introduced plain manner sake beauty objects drawn sake ornament may impart poem simply order make meaning writer clear reader still striking similarity dante milton may lie rather kindred nature subjects parallel development minds mere external resemblance man greater poet souls star dwelt apart academically trained deepest studies age labour made dante lean made milton blind sweetnesse english poet absent tender pages vita nuova middle life spent active controversy lent services state felt quarrels age posterity left warnings ring ears later time lives failures evil days though fallen evil tongues gathered concentrated experience lives immortal work quintessence hopes knowledge sufferings dante something milton voice grown faint us passed modes expression thought comparison vergil still striking favorable italian poet dante reputation passed many vicissitudes much trouble spent critics comparing poets established fame read commented italian universities generation immediately succeeding death name bcame obscured sun renaissance rose higher towards meridian seventeenth century less read petrarch tasso ariosto eighteenth almost universally neglected fame now fully vindicated translations commentaries issue every press europe america dante societies formed investigate difficulties works occupies regenerated italy place side great masters whose humble disciple avowed divine comedy indeed true epic aeneid dante real classic vergil metre pliable flexible every mood emotion diction plaintive sonorous like immortalize simple expression person place phase nature dante even truer description vergil whether paints snow falling alps homeward flight birds swelling angry torrent gorgeous pageantry poetry lies unity conception power philosophic grasp earnestness religion roman poet entirely unknown recent opinion position dante literary man great intellectual force perhaps better obtained recent expressions michael rossetti whose italian descent english training literary artistic heredity seem place ideal position writing generation ultimate judgment regard great poet thirteenth century literature italy recur time time astounding protagonist phenomenon hero dante alighieri say italian literature consists dante doubt exaggeration gross yet contain certain ultimate nucleus truth dante fixed italian language everyone tread vestiges embodied learning thought age transcended went far ahead predecessors contemporaries successors wrote first remarkable book italian prose la vita nuova critical exposition convito latin linguistic treatise de vulgari eloquio upholds vulgare illustre speech best cultivated classes markedly tuscany bologna common dialects political study de monarchia fundamental quality even us moderns continues sane convincing essence though direct line argument collapsed finally important far produced la commedia divina poem modern europe shakespeare challenges antiquity sole book makes real pity anyone ignorant italian regarded singly much astonishing poem world dwarfing others theme pulverizing majesty sustainment unique force paraded personality thunderous reverberation judgments living dead xx women century generations whose men proved unending initiative forceful accomplishment commanding intelligence persistent purposes acute searching successful endeavors women time unworthy hints already given making furnishings church especially matter needlework handpainting various forms ornaments intimations histories time though unfortunately definite information regard even ambitious accomplishments women period instance traditions designs cathedrals certainly portions many came women hands ethical sphere however women accomplished great things thirteenth century influence stood best highest life time example encouraged generation many people many subsequent generations look look within without happiness trust god heaven well world number women time whose names race let die ordinary person asked enumerate great women thirteenth century rare find able properly place soon names mentioned recognized succeeded accomplishing work significance world likely let reputation perish names household words bearers written length quite recent years english well languages work kind ordinarily stands quite apart course history dates usually attached thought portion precious heritage mankind rather belonging particular period three names occur clare assisi elizabeth hungary queen blanche castile mother louis added queen berengaria sister blanche mother ferdinand castile mabel rich london tradesman wife mother edmund canterbury isabella famous countess arundel present day interest francis assisi brought clare publicity doubt name well worthy mentioned along like must considered strongest beautiful characters time daughter noble family assisi heard francis preach became impressed idea opportunity live simple life francis pictured course family opposed notion daughter take wandering preacher time looked little askance regular religious authorities whose rags poverty made anything proper associate young lady noble birth seem impossible idea accordingly clare ran away home told francis never go back must help live life poverty just sent neighboring convent cared also probably assured vocation time special convent home clare young women become enamored life poverty simplicity established clare sister agnes came postulant time apparently family become reconciled clare absence home stand another daughter following foolish example accordingly agnes removed convent force scene caused greatest excitement little town long however agnes returned convent within years mother followed became fervent members little community illustration clare farewell dead francis giotto peace happiness came life absolute poverty soon attracted many women clare asked establish houses distance gradually order poor clares second order francis came existence necessary draw constitutions order clare showed breadth intelligence depth knowledge human nature appreciation absolutely necessary order keep order degeneration counsels ecclesiastics time including many cardinals even pope insisted absolute poverty basis preservation spirit second order francis character well manifested contest came victorious body miraculously preserved may still seen assisi anyone seen strongly set lips full firm chin body crypt san damiano easily understand strength purpose character young woman moulded generation story told saracens invaded italy attacked convent mounted walls monstrance containing blessed sacrament hands marauders turned away consternation stern brave figure confronted bothered nuns francis death anyone else succeeded maintaining spirit franciscan order way francis go long death copy original rules found fold garments much restore franciscan life primitive simplicity purpose even earth still guardian promoter francis work wants know much happiness came life read famous passage describes visit francis sisters brothers around broke bread together sweetness beyond human passage found little flowers francis assisi written within century occurrences described recalls nothing much story disciples emaus worthy thought beside scripture story footnote footnote came day ordained francis saint clare companion passed forth convent companions saint francis bear company came saint mary angels devoutly saluted virgin mary altar shorn veiled conducted see house time hour breaking bread come meantime saint francis let make ready table bare ground wont hour breaking bread come set together saint francis saint clare companions saint francis companion saint clare companions took place table humility first dish saint francis began speak god sweetly sublimely wondrously fulness divine grace came wrapt god wrapt eyes hands uplift heaven folk assisi bettona country round saw saint mary angels house wood just hard house burning brightly seemed great fire filled church house whole wood together cause folk assisi ran thither great haste quench flames believing truth whole place fire coming closer house finding fire entered within found saint francis saint clare company contemplation rapt god sitting around humble board whereby truth understood heavenly flame earthly god let appear miraculously show signify fire love divine wherewith souls holy brothers holy nuns aflame wherefor got gone great consolation hearts holy edifying long space saint francis saint clare together others returning feeling good comfort spiritual food took little heed food body illustration church doberan germany illustration san damiano assisi saint clare accomplished life work making new vocation women always certain number women look peace quiet rather struggle existence older monasteries supply place unless wealthier class rule among poor clares women classes received way great practical lesson equality taught women marry perhaps unsuitable often even objectionable men simply order mode life join communities though absolute poverty many hours day devoted meditation prayer time give beautiful needlework painting book illumination feminine occupations might pass long happy lives apart bustle strenuous time italy time must recalled seething cauldron political military strife wars waged struggles kinds engaged precedence power women got away unfortunate state affairs occasionally times pestilence specially needed happened least saint clare life took care ailing lent convent hospital stood eyes generation chosen people saw things differently others taught great lesson caring much things world living life order get admiration though usually envy comes idle praise qualities either possess worthy notice showed people real value life reflection many man turned aside ambitious schemes injured others kindly influence unselfish women memory sister aunt whose sacrificing life rebuke foolish selfishness women learned something vanity human things learning value character poor clares realizing much happiness came accomplishment simple duties professor osler lecture science immortality ones serene faith socrates cup hemlock lips heroic devotion francis teresa often us beautiful life good woman homes silent prayer whose loves higher love endure keep alive among laodiceans belief immortality preaching land clare accomplished generation influence still great living force world especially attract attention modern time perfect basis equality franciscan dominican orders men women organized community opportunity elect superiors rules practically first men second women order francis except first order supposed live alms collected begging door door menial obligation imposed women expected supported alms brought convents faithful labor hands equality men women monastic establishments became widespread thirteenth century made felt social order time factor feminine uplift undoubtedly saint clare work foundation second order francis must held responsible small degree death half dozen scions royal families various parts europe become members order literally hundreds daughters nobility many high rank put dignity position world become poor daughters saint clare peace happiness vocation opportunity seek souls live lives quiet way convents afforded illustration elizabeth cathedral marburg saint clare best known woman thirteenth century undoubtedly saint elizabeth hungary world knows pretty legends serious historian recognizes first settlement worker history child wandered castle walls lived saw poor suffering felt much stripped garments finally even shoes order clothe taken task suffered whatever inconvenience minutes poor suffered lives became wife duke thuringia three years ideal happiness husband children went away crusade gave care poor died though twenty according tradition handsomest women time devoted still poor even went live among tried teach settlement workers modern time something true significance life bring realize degree least many things vainly desire worth thinking happiness consists lopping desires rather trying vainly must ever satisfy wonder throughout germany came called dear st elizabeth literally thousands women since time turned read story beautiful devotion charity incited example poor around know kingsley saint tragedy though disfigured many failures understand parts career environment scarcely fail realize world sublimely beautiful characters attempted thorny paths charity accomplished practical way amount good done almost incalculable simple recital often told story great individuality impressed deeply generation left example precious life act leaven good midst social fermentations succeeding generations yet elizabeth succeeded accomplishing spite fact born daughter king married reigning prince important ducal houses germany expect find life long many traditions gathered around name twenty husband died survived four years literally accomplished long space short time generation raising honor charming gothic cathedral marburg beautiful germany honoring nobly well greatest monument woman world next great woman century also belonged reigning family obvious historical reasons better known perhaps saint contemporaries blanche daughter king castile intimately related english royal family married louis viii france known principally mother louis ix ruled france many years boy minor came age might ordinarily assume reins government voluntarily permitted mother continue regency time longer france probably happier ruler country ever possible exception son louis succeeded suppressing great extent quarrels common among nobility strengthened centralized power crown began correction abuses administration justice son complete well organized charity various ways court example kingdom simple dignified life without abuse power wealth passion wonder louis went crusade left mother reign stead confident go well needed demonstration women rule well excellent example life blanche personally seems amiable deeply intellectual character encouraged education beautiful gothic architecture developing france wonderfully period course also worshipped boy louis much motherly tenderness tempered beautiful christian feeling understood famous expression attributed good authority rather see boy dead feet commit mortal offense god neighbor might almost say wonder louis became saint matter fact attributed mother whatever goodness touch humanity picture however trait shows blanche woman though fault draws sympathy even surely type perfection might without get well trials louis life keep scales evenly balanced mother wife loved dearly blanche life doubt woman given opportunity manage men administer government quite well masculine member race thirteenth century given another example power bring best fortunate children interesting women thirteenth century neither saint member nobility wife simple london merchant mabel rich mother saint edmund canterbury edmund striking men supreme century student paris later professor oxford became treasurer cathedral salisbury time little influence magnificent edifice receiving form make world great churches time later archbishop canterbury defending rights church people came ban henry iii spent latter years life exile continent edmund insisted owed mother single factor life two boys aged ten fourteen mabel rich left care worldly concerns household well education twelve sixteen many misgivings sent university paris get education edmund tells besides packing linen carefully also packed hairshirt wear occasionally according promise remind must look ease comfort life must yield sensual pleasures must ready suffer many little troubles voluntarily order might able resist temptation severer trials came mabel rich believed discipline factor education thought character formed habits fortitude resisting petty annoyances finally even serious troubles easy bear sons proved worthy maternal solicitude edmund tells poor around home london blessed charity life thought mother uppermost mind immortality given name utter forgetfulness self characterized life mother associated unfortunately details lacking show us something manner living strong woman people know enough make us realize fine type christian mother memory whose goodness means children come contact sermons pious exhortations hear often way human nature even divine commandments personal conscience loves noble women among gentlewomen england time though space let us dwell least must mentioned famous isabella countess arundel dignity matthew paris says woman reproached henry iii sought browbeat made bold tell king govern neither us well king sneer grin loud voice ho ho lady countess noblemen england granted charter struck bargain become spokeswoman eloquence answered liege nobles made charter father made charter sworn observe inviolably yet many times extorted money subjects kept word liberties england often reduced writing often granted often denied footnote footnote medieval england english feudal society norman conquest middle fourteenth century mary bateson question womanly occupations apart household duties great interest generation illustration marriage blessed virgin giotto padua hint form woman occupation already given discussing needlework done cathedrals especially cope ascoli must forgotten age alone cathedrals also monasteries convents convents every effort made whatever associated religious ceremonial beautiful possible hence needlework rose height accomplishment never reached since according best authorities many examples come us confirm opinion needlework done religious purposes however also presents kings queens nobility presents proved exemplars artistic beauty must helped raise taste time essentially woman work distant castles women households nobility occupied much better effect sisters modern time grievous burden social duties miss bateson footnote ibidem given pretty yet piquant picture woman occupations says wanting thirteenth century satires tell usual story female levities female devotion needle german work pierced work saracen work combed work cutout work multitude works clue seems now wholly lost whilst women engaged knows reads others listen attentively sleep mass la prise de vanite dont ont grant leesce joy anglicum consisted circles hollows made heated iron rod represent shadows cope work made rose de burford edward ii order sent rome known syon cope passed possession nuns syon isleworth seen victoria albert museum another form woman work came prominence century service hospitals records hospitals holy ghost innocent third fostering care spread widely throughout europe century mainly occupied institutions brothers holy ghost many hospitals care women indeed almost universally accepted idea women patients obstetrical cases cared women rather men easy make little hospitals time thought result ignorance rather serious attempt know actually accomplished sisters hospitals soon usurped prominent place life time succeeding centuries gradually replaced originally control men recognized nursing much suitable occupation gentler sex many less abuses men employed success hospitals gradually eradicating leprosy keeping anthony fire erysipelas shows capable accomplishing great humanitarian work perhaps interesting feature story woman position thirteenth century italian universities least admitted principle also practice many women attendance universities west europe feature exist startling comment comparatively trivial thing may change course history lamentable heloise abelard incident university paris twelfth century precluded subsequent possibility admission women students university paris oxford remembered formed withdrawal students university paris tradition maintained cambridge university paris french spanish universities must considered standing relation direct descendants unfortunate experience paris shaped policy sexes much expect university authorities take risks clearly demonstrated even regard distinguished professor excluded easy say proportion women attendance university bologna thirteenth century apparently difficult take lists matriculates far preserved little calculation obtain rather exact figures italy like latin countries differs teutonic regions quite exact distribution names different sexes first name inevitably determines whether individual male female unusual thing even present day man first name italy france spain equivalent name mary hand girls called men names without feminine termination distinctive among english speaking peoples olden times still case recently least now every child born venice given two names baptism maria giovanni honor two great patron saints city parents might add names desired matriculation list university bologna tells little absolute regard sex matriculates know sure women students university bologna apparently beginning thirteenth century secured distinction made professors pretty legend told seems illustrate fact charming young women profound intellectual qualities lose characteristic modesty thoughtfulness others sex elevation university professorship young woman maria di novella became professor mathematics university bologna according tradition pretty usual life unaware happy accident feared good looks might disturb thoughts students lessons accordingly delivered lectures behind curtain story may course myth best woman educators know tradition regard beauty true doubted rest story women always best judges actions women especially true question grave learned elderly woman passing judgment young handsome professor mathematics italians became much impressed advisability permitting women study universities certain amount existed centuries italy century passed since thirteenth chronicled presence least distinguished woman professor italian university indeed doubtless traditional position tolerance matter made seem quite natural women renaissance period came around take places beside brothers cousins schools new learning taught may rather difficult understand opening wedge higher education women well placed real opportunity widespread feminine education come time last idea however represent generation given women adequate opportunities intellectual development bits flattery period irritatingly characteristic recent times least three times world history many women wanted class interested educational matters given opportunities higher education matter fact whenever novelties introduced educational systems women demanded quite naturally since good woman wants modern saint god obtained privilege sharing educational opportunities time true charlemagne time women court attended lectures traveling palace school great charles founded fostered true four centuries later seen great change educational methods introduced foundation universities exemplified new learning came study classics took place long hours spent scholastic disputation previously occupied much university attention time introduction study social sciences particularly consequent appearance many novelties educational curriculum signal women asking quite naturally obtaining educational privileges illustration mosaic mark venice previous experiences matter feminine education followed considerable period distinct incuriousness part women educational matters course analogy though history worth studying lessons past warnings future yet foretell lessening feminine interest educational matters generations experience vanity make precious special privileges nature proper enjoyment exercise likely hamper interesting know just feminine education period efflorescence thirteenth century retrograded next century ungallant explanations offered mention merely historical interest without hint real significance matter distinguished german educational authority called attention fact prepared food bologna famous first heard time higher education women came vogue italian universities towards end century special kind pudding since bearing name native city bologna might well taken place ordinary dessert also began come prominence german writer suggests possibly serving meals consisting forms prepared food require much household drudgery necessitate bending kitchen range whatever took place days may led men grumble effects higher education adds though women get whatever want ask seriously proves time men want women lose interest care longer course must taken proverbial grain salt though illustrates certain phases domestic life time well affording possible glimpse inner circle family life real story woman intellectual position century found literature deep general culture women thirteenth century italy least judged sonnets dante friends loved ones end century beautiful poetry ever written inspired women like law hydrostatics rules history poetry inspiration never rises higher source poetry addressed women always best index estimation held reflection highest qualities objects addressed anyone reads certain sonnets dante friends guido cavalcanti gino da pistoia dante da maiano find ready assurance high state culture intellectual refinement must existed among women dedicated form reasoning apply also regard women south france troubadours addressed poetry north france greeted south germany minnesingers tuned lyres invoked muses enable sing praises properly seem sometimes forgotten poetry generally written much women men everyone realizes man read tennyson idyls king probably five women source delight think thirteenth century affording opportunities intellectual culture women ask meistersingers poets england germany france told romantic tales verse find audience among women stories selected meistersingers just proved popular feminine readers tennyson nineteenth century chosen subjects interest stories show men women changed much intervening centuries literature period reflects interest women interest index intellectual development thirteenth century literature must taken vivid reflection cultural character women time highest possible tribute intelligence education hand best possible testimony estimation women thirteenth century found attitude men generations towards clearly seen literature time holy graal cid minnesingers meistersingers woman occupies higher place life recognized highest incentive good unfortunately also sometimes evil always best reward men exertions great cause supreme tribute woman comes end century dante apotheosis divine comedy woman inspires woman leads woman reward man aspirations though symbolism may traced philosophy influence actual woman sure beyond doubt must thought merely highest flight imagination greatest poets expressed lofty sentiments regard women anyone thinks know dante minor poems contain women flesh wonderful tributes ever paid woman take sonnets instance gentle fair seems lady others doth salute every tongue becomes trembling mute every eye half afraid see goes way hears men praises free clothed garb kindness meek low seems heaven came show earth wondrous mystery looks seems kind eye sweetness fills heart know doth try face breatheth mind spirit sweet full love true art soul saith cometh sigh noted though contains highest possible praise woman loved single reference physical perfections indeed charms poets usually sing already called attention beauty face figure attracted charm character others must admire even women envy beautiful constitutes supreme reason dante admiration must thought unique example dante attitude matter contrary constant type expression feeling succeeding sonnet collection probably quite beautiful first quoted yet couched similar terms found chapter dante poet need say prove women century worthy men supreme time lived fit intellectual companions perhaps greatest generation men ever lived illustration stone carving amiens xxi city hospitals organized charity thirteenth century engaged solving problems higher education technical education masses occupied successfully seen questions rights man development law liberty directly social humanitarian works neglected hospitals existence even christian era intended rather chronic ailments name implies furnishing hospitality strangers others time habitation care acutely ill country places larger christian charity led people care even stranger sense human duty much binding modern world acutely ill infrequently taken houses even know cared solicitude difficult understand colder time much typical times however social conditions since many stories events colonial days cities however began feature life thirteenth century though counted inhabitants thousands count hundreds thousands need method caring cases made distinctly felt end twelfth beginning thirteenth centuries need became demandingly manifest consequence movement proved great practical benevolence first pope thirteenth century innocent owe modern city hospital present time main purpose care acutely ill may take care properly well injured picked street whose friends position care deliberateness innocent iii set establishment mother city hospital world striking characteristic genius man excellent illustration practical character century thoroughly representative pope innocent recognized necessity existence city hospital rome inquiry determined model hospital purpose existed montpelier connection famous medical school university montpelier succeeded heritage distinguished reputation medical matters enjoyed salernum far naples ninth tenth eleventh centuries shores mediterranean always recognized possessing climate especially suitable invalids diminution influence salernitan school transfer prestige montpelier close relationship spain given medical schools advantage intimate contact medicine arabs matter surprise montpelier hospital arrangements made guy de montpelier especially efficient hospital charge care members order holy spirit pope innocent summoned guy guido known rome founded hospital holy spirit borgo far peter still exists mother model hospital world visitors rome saw fail admire great humanitarian work bishops world official visits head church admired policy hospital conducted recognized interest pope went back homes organize institutions kind many established various parts europe hard determine virchow history foundations german hospitals list hundred towns germany hospitals holy spirit medical institutions modeled hospital rome founded many towns comparatively small contained time less five thousand inhabitants without hesitation practically every town importance least germany came influence great philanthropic hospital movement regard countries difficult determine number places institutions established france italy however much closely touch holy see time surprising affected much germany pope enthusiasm matter know various large cities florence siena paris london development existing hospitals establishment new ones points distinct community interest hospital movement paris hotel dieu moved petit pont present situation received large extensions size usefulness time particularly received donations endowment purposes enable number bequests property rent paid hospital made details bequests interest houses numbered time distinguished various signs usually figures different kinds formed part facade hotel dieu acquired houses image louis sign golden lion flanders image butterfly group three monkeys image wolf image iron lion cross gold chimneys etc hotel dieu indeed seems become practically fully endowed institution course thirteenth century apparently records special revenues voted city king though records regard places instance hospital louis received right collect special tax salt came city england hospital movement thirteenth century evidently quite active germany least far records go refer mainly london show influence work innocent iii enthusiasm felt english capital famous bartholomew hospital london priory founded beginning twelfth century took care poor ailing beginning thirteenth century became frankly hospital modern sense word thomas hospital remains present day great medical institutions london founded richard prior bermondsey bethlehem bedlam afterwards became hospital insane founded middle thirteenth century name bedlam corruption bethlehem since adopted english language express place fools congregate bridewell christ hospital two institutions long known five royal hospitals london also seem either founded received great stimulus reorganization thirteenth century ceased time places reception ailing became prison school names institutions became associated edward vi middle sixteenth century however proper justification since accomplished within reign boy king reestablishment institutions formerly existence confiscated laws henry necessity whose existence made clear suffering entailed many ailing poor fact absence nowhere go cared gairdner points history english church sixteenth century edward left name connection charities education critical scholars find little justified fact supposed foundation thomas hospital reestablishment institution even granted citizens london gairdner says without paying much hospital movement owes innocent iii best appreciated virchow account german hospitals great german scientist likely exaggerate beneficent influence popes says main cause decisive influencing arousing interest people time hospitals holy ghost papal enthusiasm matter beginning history connected name pope made boldest attempt gather sum human interest organization catholic church hospitals holy ghost many means innocent iii thought bind humanity holy see surely effective calculated create profound impression see mighty pope humbled emperors deposed kings unrelenting adversary albigenses turned eyes sympathetically poor sick sought helpless neglected streets saved illegitimate children death waters something conciliating fascinating fact time fourth crusade inaugurated influence thought founding great organization essentially humane character extend throughout christendom also taking form soul year new latin empire founded constantinople newly erected hospital santo spirito old bridge across tiber blessed dedicated future center universal humanitarian organization illustration hospital holy ghost virchow course considers innocent action due entirely interested motive binding catholic world holy see others however studied innocent life even profoundly considered purpose due mean motive hurter wrote history pope innocent researches began protestant idea life pope better anywhere else pretensions papacy effectively exposed taken character man completed history become catholic looks different way even virchow quotes hurter opinion though without taking exceptions hurter regard charitable foundations history pope innocent iii benevolent institutions human race still enjoys care deserted needy every stage suffering first moment birth return material part earth origin church directly indirectly sentiments feelings aroused strengthened vivified action church supplied model sometimes even resources great humanitarian needs neglected remedies lacking respect essentially due influence human character regard virchow says hospitals existed among arabs among buddhists distant east nevertheless adds may recognized admitted reserved roman catholic church innocent establish institutions care suffering diseases corresponding hospital movement received considerable attention within thirteenth century erection leproseries hospitals care lepers leprosy become quite common europe middle ages contact west east crusades brought notable increase disease definitely known much called leprosy time really belonged specific disease now known lepra doubt many affections since come considered quite harmless included designation leprosy populace even physicians incapable yet making proper differential diagnosis probably severe cases eczema chronic skin diseases especially complicated results wrongly directed treatment lack cleansing sometimes pronounced leprosy certain severer forms now known psoriasis skin disease running slow course sometimes extremely obstinate treatment almost surely included diagnosis leprosy personally seen general hospital vienna patient many months compelled villagers among lived confine dwelling sustained food thrown window neighbors fearful contagiousness skin disease yet suffering neglected case psoriasis doubt however existence actual leprosy many towns west twelfth fifteenth centuries erection special hospitals proved best possible prophylactic spread disease leprosy contagious mildly years association lepers may usually bring communication disease around especially exercise rather carefully certain precise precautions cleanliness personal contact handling things previously leper possession result existence houses segregation leprosy disappeared course next three centuries great hygienic triumph obtained sanitary regulation successful hygienic sanitary work brought practically complete obliteration leprosy middle ages furnished first example possibility eradicating disease become scourge mankind accomplished movement greatest source thirteenth century surprising since usually accustomed think people times sadly lacking interest sanitary matters significance success segregation movement lost men almost time however considered epidemic diseases conveyed air thought infectious due climatic condition rather contagion conveyed actual contact person disease something touched view now held beginning crusade tuberculosis latter part nineteenth century however encouraging factor engaged history success segregation methods careful prevention spread disease pursued leprosy word lessons sanitation prophylaxis thirteenth century now bearing fruit intervening centuries sufficient knowledge realize import take advantage pope innocent iii occupant papal throne whose name deserves remembered benedictions connection hospital movement thirteenth century successors took work encouragement left death much bring successful accomplishment intentions even wider spheres honorius iii distinguished made order antonine congregation vienna especially devoted care patients suffering holy fire various mutilations disease known holy fire seems called modern times erysipelas middle ages received various titles anthony fire francis fire like latter part designation evidently due intense redness characterizes disease compared nothing better erythema consequent rather severe burn affection great deal commoner middle ages later times though must forgotten disappearance come mainly last years now known contagious disease indeed oliver wendell holmes pointed half century ago may readily carried place place physician attendance always manifest erysipelas carried however merit holmes work pointing fact physicians attended patients suffering erysipelas waited obstetrical cases especially likely carry infection manifested puerperal fever number cases kind reported discussed doubt warning served save many precious lives course nothing known thirteenth century yet encouragement given religious order devoted practically exclusively care special hospitals erysipelas must little effect bringing limitation spread disease hospitals patients likely come contact many persons consequently disease limited time immediate segregation cases discovered practically eradicated many young physician even though ten years practise never seen case common america civil war half century prior thereto frequent epidemics hospitals generally recognized disease contagious gained foothold hospital nearly every patient suffering open wound likely affected interesting learn people middle ages attempted control disease erecting special hospitals though unfortunately position know just much accomplished means congregation devoted special care disease organized early thirteenth century end century given full weight amplest approval pope boniface conferred privilege priests among members remembered pope boniface viii issued bull forbade practise dissection decretal question however bull regulated shown abuse sprung dismembering bodies boiling order able carry distance burial excellent hygienic measure many orders care special needs humanity established thirteenth century period religious habits worn women originate used considered rather cumbersome serious work nursing care sick recent years quite different view taken covering head instance shearing hair must distinct value preventing communication certain diseases curious assimilation last years dress required worn nurses operating rooms worn religious communities head must completely covered garments worn material washed recalled headdresses religious rule spotless white must renewed frequently therefore must kept condition practically surgical cleanliness intention adopted particular style headdress worn religious yet choice proved may well considered providential way excellent protective patients certain dangers inevitably present dress ordinary women class many centuries hospital nursing religious women organization charity supposed feature social life reserved modern times subsequent chapter democracy christian socialism national patriotism shows false notion standpoint little additional interpretation show generations organized hospitals took care lepers way prevent becoming sources infection others segregated severe contagious diseases erysipelas knew organize charitable efforts able accomplish purposes matter way friction charity organization absorbed little possible beneficent energy put much less case time besides monasteries really active centers charity organization practical character gave people necessities required active employers labor times scarcity constantly made large sacrifices order keep people employed even community went short rations order suffering neighborhood might extreme times prosperity doubt abuses monasteries ever accused neglecting poor times famine thirteenth century intent relief social needs consequent illness injury neglect forms social endeavor crying evils thirteenth century fact mariners merchants well pilgrims holy land infrequently captured corsairs northern coast africa sold slavery times hope large ransom news condition poor victims might find way homes rule however much lost family friends actually swallowed sea usually concluded fate hardships endured utter helplessness conditions made fitting subjects special social effort institution provide relief sad state affairs rise typically thirteenth century way doubtless modern world apt think characteristically medieval result achieved good example practical benevolence ever effected centuries illustration charity giotto illustration fortitude giotto illustration hope giotto shortly beginning thirteenth century two intelligent men whose friends honored much saintliness lives meaning saintliness piety thoughtfulness others dream saw poor captives held slavery asking christian charity come ransom men john matha distinguished teacher theology university paris felix valois distinguished piety learning means ignorant man night though living distance another identical dream told next day friends happened time came mutual knowledge similar vision circumstance seemed striking applied pope interpretation pope innocent founder city hospitals saw magnificent opportunity foundation another great christian charity accordingly interpreting directed thoughts toward redemption christian captives taken saracens consequence regarded founder order trinitarians fact draft rule called object ordo de redemptione captivorum order redemption captives members generally known trinitarians wore white habit red blue cross breast well received france originated recipients large sums money devoted objects order large accessions number among many distinguished ability profound learning year first company ransomed captives arrived morocco may easily imagine joy regaining freedom beholding friends native land members order sometimes called mathurins title first church occupied paris spread rapidly southern france spain italy england saxony hungary foundations similar kind also opened women cerfroid diocese meaux first house order opened became residence general minister generalis fine field labors spain moors constantly war christians spirit religious led incur almost dangers accomplishment purpose equaled zeal arousing interest poor captives became accredited agents ransoming prisoners also exchange even mahometans learned trust eventually reverence ransom succeeded ameliorating conditions slave prisoners kept proved great source consolation another order object view differing somewhat constitution founded peter nolasco distinguished frenchman raymond pennafort famous authority canon law medieval supernaturalism evolved usual practical results consequence vision order placed special protection blessed virgin called order blessed virgin mercy ordo mariae de mercede members bound vow give fortunes serve soldiers cause devotion ardent accomplishment purpose vowed necessary make sacrifice persons peter actually africa redemption christian captives hence members divided knights wore white uniform brothers took orders provided spiritual wants community gregory admiring heroic devotion intrepid men approved order many thousands captive christians otherwise dragged miserable existence slaves among mahometans north africa rescued restored families life freedom happiness europe fine practical example abolitionism worthy study admiration illustration hospital interior xxii great origins law perhaps surprising phase thirteenth century history much valued valuable modern laws especially concern fundamental rights man found clearly expressed great lawmaking thirteenth century scarcely fail astonish look middle ages hopelessly barren progress find human liberty development reached pass end middle ages period long renaissance reformation picked representing distinctive epoch supremely liberal legislation careful study surprise apt rather comparatively little advance since time seeing much generations marvelous century able accomplish definitely formulating principles human rights first great document laws thirteenth century course magna charta signed foundation liberties english speaking people ever since perhaps highest possible tribute great charter fact grown estimation intelligent men rather lost significance quite recent years become somewhat custom belittle import influence must forgotten times national crises england magna charta confidently appealed fundamental law sacred altered talisman containing magic spell capable averting national calamity bishop stubbs great charter first supreme act nation realized identity perhaps nothing supremacy basic legislation national purposes shine forth fact vague statement great principles mere declaration human rights documentary rehearsal fundamental legalities carefully collected series practical declarations solution problems disturbing peace kingdom leading charge countercharge infringement right part king subjects might expected men thirteenth century generations human history succeeded uniting useful beautiful everything decoration churches great architectural structures ordinary objects everyday life eminently practical character custom talk much magna charta praise wonderful influence people ever actually read provisions classics books everyone praises reads magna charta constitution united states documents joined fate little consideration chapters charter give excellent idea thoroughly straightforward practicalness though may serve also undeceive expect find primal document lofty statement abstract human rights men thirteenth century never conscious since thoughts always concrete efforts bent solution problems lying just lifting burdens human nature bear course development legislation furnish basis come thirteenth century famous constitutions clarendon henry ii assizes clarendon quite different matter north hampton forest henry gave assurances rights existed somewhat shadily according constitutions clarendon sworn men gave verdict cases knowledge course quite different matter giving verdict knowledge obtained witnesses trial germ jury trial seen however next reign men england merely wait free gifts legal rights demanded obtained new hitherto spirit abroad thirteenth century men dared ask rights considered opening chapter magna charta states especially subjects rights guaranteed document surprising find first subject church extensive guarantees made english church liberties shall inviolate churchmen largely concerned movement secured signing magna charta must never forgotten church time distinctly felt spiritual expression religious aspirations people concluding sentence chapter grant unwritten liberties freemen kingdom little discussion consider applied englishmen condition villeins serfs others limit application practically nobly born kingdom posterity undoubtedly came translate broader sense whatever original intention phrase became grant eventually free englishmen chapter first place granted god present charter confirmed us heirs ever english church shall free shall rights entire liberties inviolate observed apparent freedom elections reckoned important essential english church pure unconstrained grant charter confirm obtain ratification lord pope innocent iii quarrel arose us barons observe observed good faith heirs ever also granted freemen kingdom us heirs ever underwritten liberties held heirs us heirs ever perhaps interesting feature magna charta found fact actually cases come applied ever much wider apparently original intention sense vital document since within power developing suit varying circumstances recourse doubt good faith men appealed firm persuasion document actually intended claimed find modern criticism succeeded stripping original expressions many added meanings posterity attached really lessened estimation magna charta must held position indeed noteworthily analagous original deposit faith development doctrine taken place higher criticism done much show little certain modern ideas apparently contained explicitly original formulas christian faith yet lessened beliefs rather tended make us realize vitality original christian tenets everything living god creation developed principle implanted within suit evolutionary conditions man intelligence developing problems supposed offer solutions comparison course like comparisons must walk little lame since magna charta human document yet fact presented many varying conditions ever new significance succeeding generations thinking men best evidence nearly man work best may approach creator exemplification word creative genius century worthy compeer accomplishments proved enduring capable making influence felt even distant generations essence practicality magna charta among early chapters important document chapter concerns widows property rights immediately death husbands previous chapters discussed questions guardianship inheritance since especially minors rude period likely suffer injustice crown nobility even guardians magna charta begins principles regulation matters property regards children proceeds next class liable injustice inability properly defend force arms widows chapter vii widow death husband shall forthwith without difficulty marriage portion inheritance shall give anything dower marriage portion inheritance husband held day death husband may remain house husband forty days death within time dower shall assigned chapter viii let widow compelled marry long prefers live without husband provided always gives security marry without consent holds us without consent lord holds holds another first provisions serves show well early history english jurisprudence thoroughgoing respect woman legal rights began place beginning thirteenth century made excellent start favor reason movement justice initiated continue suffered sad interruption almost times second provisions widows embodied chapter sounds little queer modern ear protection widows compulsion marry apt seem absolutely unnecessary modern days unmarried indeed prone think perhaps widows due opportunity matter without necessity protecting compulsion course understood always much charms lady must protected compulsion property inherited political martial influence might expected bring husband troublous times disputes appeals arms extremely frequent important regulation death husband sudden unbalancing political power compelled marriage widow powerful noble certain subsequent chapters twelfth question mainly rights jews collect debts interest death principal loaned instance according chapter debt shall bear interest heir age debt fell hands crown nothing principal taken chapter xi died indebted jews wife dower pay nothing debt children age principle held right provision necessaries keeping condition father last clause perpetuated practice courts consider even extent abuse debtors collect income young man money left income impaired extent make method living unsuitable condition life born brought chapter xii subject discussion perhaps mckechnie recent commentator magna charta says footnote footnote magna carta commentary great charter king john historical introduction william sharp mckechnie phil glasgow james maclehose sons publishers university famous clause greatly valued time framed precise terms narrow scope made evasion difficult even highly valued days exactly opposite reasons came indeed interpreted broad general sense enthusiasts british constitution read clause enunciating modern doctrine crown impose financial burden whatsoever people without consent parliament readers may judge tenor chapter wide latitude interpretation permits invites chapter xii scutage aid shall imposed kingdom unless common counsel kingdom except ransoming person making eldest son knight marrying eldest daughter shall levied reasonable aid like manner shall done concerning aids citizens london doubt hard read chapter found enthusiastic appellants magna charta many times succeeding centuries matter fact however within half century promulgated appealed confidently reasons english parliament meet king required special levies money purpose carrying war sixth seventh decades thirteenth century great principle english legislation shall taxation without representation six centuries later appealed american colonies justification war independence gradually came considered fundamental principle relationship government people origin magna charta seems doubt another example unconscious development vital principle know history took place often regard chapters great charter undoubtedly important chapters magna charta brief concerns holding court common pleas whole chapter common pleas shall follow court shall held fixed place represented distinct step advance dispensing justice little bit hard us understand departments government originally centered king household court attended royal national business every kind pointed mckechnie magna charta court united functions modern cabinet administrative department home office foreign office admiralty various legal tribunals parent court james courts westminster almost needless say fact dispensing justice function royalty places holding trials still called courts according chapter magna charta thereafter ordinary trials common pleas follow court royal household wanderings various parts kingdom held appointed place days henry ii entire machinery royal justice follow monarch passed sometimes mere impulse moment favorite another crowds thronged hot pursuit since difficult transact business moment court without actually present entailed almost intolerable delay extreme annoyance great expense litigants brought pleas king decision account hardships system inflicted suitors told celebrated case richard gives graphic record journeyings search justice throughout period five years visited king wake parts england normandy aquitaine anjou ultimately successful paid dearly legal triumph borrow ruinous rate interest order meet enormous expenses mostly traveling scarcely able discharge debts litigation directly involve crown criminal procedures tried thereafter set judges sat permanently fixed spot though named probably intended beginning westminster hence distinguished english jurists magna charta gave england capital hand chapter xxiv insured justice criminal cases reserving pleas judges appointed crown short chapter reads sheriff constable coroner others bailiffs shall hold pleas crown last expression necessarily mean matters concerned royal business might thought king john time come signify criminal trials kinds easy understand accused crime look confidently justice representative central government dreaded jurisdiction less responsible officials resident counties reputation cruelty oppression venality hard suppress seem though quotations serve make even casual reader appreciate thoroughly magna charta deserves reputation borne now nearly seven centuries extremely valuable fundamental document history liberties english speaking people subsequent chapters may quoted without comment show careful attention detail rights people guaranteed charter many apparently trivial things considered worthy mention may call attention fact chapters definite expressions guarantee rights even aliens represent great advance feelings respect animated people century foreshadow development international comity now coming distinguishing mark modern civilization freeman shall amerced small offence except accordance degree offence grave offence shall amerced accordance gravity offence yet saving always merchant way saving wares villein shall amerced way saving wainage fallen mercy none aforesaid amercements shall imposed except oath honest men neighborhood freeman shall die intestate chattels shall distributed hands nearest kinsfolk friends supervision church saving everyone debts deceased owed constable bailiff shall take corn provisions anyone without immediately tendering money therefor unless postponement thereof permission seller sheriff bailiff person shall take horses carts freeman transport duty freeman kydells future shall removed altogether thames medway throughout england except sea coast nothing future shall taken given writ inquisition life limbs freely shall granted never denied bailiff future shall put man mere word mouth without credible witnesses brought purpose freeman shall arrested detained prison deprived freehold outlawed banished way molested set forth send unless lawful judgment peers law land sell refuse delay right justice merchants shall safe secure exit england entry england right tarry move well land water buying selling ancient right customs quit evil tolls except time war merchants land war us found land beginning war shall detained without injury bodies goods information received us chief justiciar merchants land found land war us treated men safe others shall safe land shall lawful future excepting always imprisoned outlawed accordance law kingdom natives country war us merchants shall treated provided leave kingdom return safe secure land water except short period time war grounds public policy reserving always allegiance due us appoint justices constables sheriffs bailiffs know law realm mean observe well shall moreover respite manner rendering justice concerning disafforestation retention forests henry father richard brother afforested concerning wardship lands fief another namely wardships hitherto reason fief held us knight service concerning abbeys founded fiefs lord fee claims right returned desist expedition immediately grant full justice complain things fines made us unjustly law land amercements imposed unjustly law land shall entirely remitted else shall done concerning according decision five twenty barons mention made clause securing peace according judgment majority along aforesaid stephen archbishop canterbury present others may wish bring purpose present business shall nevertheless proceed without provided always aforesaid five twenty barons similar suit shall removed far concerns particular judgment others substituted places selected rest five twenty purpose sworn moreover aforesaid customs liberties observance granted kingdom far pertains us towards men shall observed kingdom well clergy laymen far pertains towards men head caused made letters patent stephen archbishop canterbury henry archbishop dublin bishops aforesaid master pandulf evidence clause security aforesaid concessions last provisions show closely church bound securing maintenance rights english people clauses quoted just need comment show sturdily spirit liberty strode abroad even beginning thirteenth century magna charta signed rest century see great advances liberty human rights even beyond guarantees great charter magna charta glorious beginning basic legislation distinguish thirteenth century england middle century bracton began collection laws land since great english classic common law work accomplished chief justiciary reign henry iii many years occupied various judicial positions justice itinerant counties nottingham derby seventeen years name appears justices aula regis experience put eminently fitting position mouthpiece english practice law applications book accepted authority comprehensive systematic work five volumes bearing title de legibus et consuetudinibus angliae modeled institutes justinian reign edward english justinian called english common law came supreme expression monarch rightly placed among great benefactors mankind magnanimous generosity securing legal rights subjects framing english liberties time little edward greatness readiness recognize rights subjects consequent willingness english law arranged published must attributed connection earlier years prince wales famous simon de montfort man english speaking people owe development constitutional rights gradually came considered inalienably thirteenth century undoubtedly great characters history thirteenth century much greater scene labors many years establishment constitutional limitations power monarch uplifting rights subjects among nobility also among lower classes edward time english common law fashioned shape exist many centuries afterwards true may perhaps best judged fact even laws regard real estate changed essence since time though medieval titles land seem different present day according encyclopedia britannica changes made since time mainly due action equity legislation latter sometimes interpreted courts manner different intention parliament authority responsible statement reign edward notable three leading real estate statutes still law regard mortmain important statute known eighteenth chapter laws edward practical effect making transfer land thenceforward commercial less legal transaction period owed writ introduced law practice creditor remedy real estate little accomplished matter subsequent centuries may gathered fact james williams writes article real estate encyclopedia britannica ninth edition says reign henry sixteenth century statute first importance dealing real estate word may thirteenth century anticipated legal difficulties statutory provisions case chapters magna charta seemed originally narrow application certain urgent legal questions time proved eventually contain essence legal principles applied circumstances original even imagined indeed typical triumph century every line endeavor apparently devoted narrow problems time solutions whether art architecture decoration literary expression poetic effectiveness educational methods social uplift always proved complete thoroughly human broadest sense word consonant development work done greater praise bestowed illustration spire elizabeth marburg xxiii justice legal development must thought devoted much time triumphs english thirteenth century therefore little nothing admirable feature time countries matter fact every nation europe saw foundation modern legal system laid responsive witness expression first principles popular rights popular liberties montalembert life elizabeth hungary footnote makes mention introduction really panegyric thirteenth century progress english yet considers able bring together enough evidence show legislation acme development just time paragraph subject serve best possible preface scant treatment continental enforcement justice period limited space allow says footnote life elizabeth hungary count de montalembert translated francis deming hoyt new york longman green company legislation never perhaps illustrious period hand popes supreme authorities matters law well faith gave canon law fullest development possible magnificent security christian civilization sat judges exemplary assiduity published immense collections founded numerous schools hand period gave birth national legislation various states europe great swabia saxony first laws published german language frederick ii diet mentz code given sicily france institutes louis together pierre des fontaines philip beaumanoir lastly french version found complete now extant christian chivalric law precious monuments old christian organization world preserved native languages various people distinguished less even fact generous pious spirit pernicious roman law progress destined soon change principles former montalembert paragraph refers france naturally familiar supplied ample material consultation wish follow interesting theme even significant however france new ideas regard enforcement law came reign louis ix wait generation realize rule absence law much lack enforcement laws exist gives rise many injustices men louis made business bring enforcement laws proper construction terms way secure rights sat famous old oak versailles court appeals reviewing especially cases poor soon came known sad occasion every court official found given judgment poor partiality yielding unlawful influence hand order keep right appeal abused punishments meted made appeals without good reason finding unable hear many causes appealed louis chose stephen boileau act chief justice committed care proper legal enforcement confidence hands boileau become famous condemned near relatives circumstances relationship might expected weigh wrong side scales justice years enhanced reputation utter disregard motives settlement suits law except strictest justice much louis order safeguard rights poor judged famous incident told biographers risked enmity powerful among barons order secure punishment put two students death first time rights men men asserted constitutes best possible testimony development law true liberty france three young nobles county flanders surprised together abbot nicholas wood pertaining coucy bows arrows although neither dogs hunting implements found guilty gone hunt hanged abbot several women families made complaint king enguerrard arrested taken louvre king summoned appeared king navarre king burgundy counts bar soissons brittany blois archbishop rheims sire john thorote nearly great men kingdom accused wished take counsel retired seigneurs accompanied leaving king alone household returned john thorote name submit inquiry since person honour heritage stake ready battle denying hanged three young men ordered hanged opponents abbot women ask justice king answered causes poor churches persons worthy pity took part fitting decide battle easy find anyone fight sorts people barons kingdom action accused new thing alleged example predecessor philip augustus therefore agreed request complainants caused enguerrard arrested sergeants taken louvre prayers useless louis refused hear rose seat barons went away astonished confused however consider beaten came together king navarre count brittany countess flanders rather intervened victims conspired king power honour content implore coucy release asserted kept prison count brittany maintained king right institute inquiries barons kingdom matters concerned persons heritage honour king replied speak former times barons direct dependence came complaints offered sustain battle battle way justice barons put forward final argument namely according customs kingdom king judge accused punish person inquiry refused submit king resolute declared neither rank guilty man power friends prevent full justice coucy life however spared fact present judgment execution prevailed favour advice counsellors king condemned pay livres parisis considering difference purchasing power money may estimated considerably pounds sent sum john acre defense palestine wood young men hanged confiscated abbey nicholas condemned man also constrained found three perpetual chapelries souls victims forfeited jurisdiction woods fish ponds forbidden imprison execute offense since enguerrard defender john thorote anger told barons king well hang king told sent comes john hang barons certainly hanged punish amiss john thorote denied offered justify oath twenty thirty knights king carry matter let go best evidences development spirit law germany time establishment famous fehmic courts vehmgerichte achieved highest importance thirteenth century regard universities tradition carries origin courts back time charlemagne much likely developments relics ancient free courts old teutonic tribe first definite knowledge existence traced much earlier decade two thirteenth century principal existence westphalia practically whole country rhine weser ruled subordinate degree fehmic courts thirteenth century used beneficial liberal spirit supplying means redress time public administration justice almost completely abeyance matter fact establishment disregard authority extent utter lawlessness prevailed part germany illustration city gate neubrandenburg illustration rathhaus stralsund significance courts sometimes missed arose however justice loving spirit people meant supply legal enforcements regularly constituted authorities unable secure remind much vigilance committees country cities distant west bravely admirable prudence race often supplied place regular courts brought justice order chaos lawlessness last place people expect prototypes however germany thirteenth century much vehmgerichte accomplished thirteenth fourteenth centuries difficult say represent outgrowth spirit people constitutes another striking feature practical side generations thirteenth century much bringing development modern acute sense justice among teutonic peoples usually thought german expression feelings england dictated trial jury secured english speaking people time precious privileges justice right judged peers alone western countries europe great advances made liberty democratic spirit abroad made felt everywhere foundations rights people laid even central europe countries ordinarily thought time scarcely emerging barbarism hungary may cited example andrew ii usually set historians entirely visionary character fact led fifth crusade apparently even fruitless others supposed additional proof even duruy history middle ages says organized state anarchy decreeing golden bull king violate privileges nobility permitted resist force resistance treated rebellion matter fact people granted constitution liberal even magna charta containing quite similar provisions many respects curious historical analogy heightened recall two ends civilized europe constitutions given decade help wonder whether saxon elements peoples many saxon frisian colonists induced settle certain parts transylvania just half century much extremely interesting development hungary like corresponding evolution democratic spirit among western kinsfolk poland development law came little later evidently result factors work thirteenth century casimir great born shortly close thirteenth century gave wise laws poland constituted basis polish law ever since time poland important countries europe casimir besides giving laws people also founded university every way encouraged development progress make subjects intelligently realize rights maintain apparently foreseeing king better able strengthen many enemies surrounded central europe much great popes century accomplished foundation development law appreciated realize extent contributions codification canon law arrangement definite shape put civil jurists time work setting house order innocent deservedly called devoted great deal wonderful energy genius arrangement canon law placed first time canon law absolutely sure footing filled many gaps formerly existed gregory ix commissioned chaplain famous raymond pennafort professor canon law university bologna codify decretals since time gratian work officially promulgated four years labor devoted laws form decisions pronounced cases submitted pope parts christendom including many distant east england scotland gregory decretals published five books supplement name sixth book published pope boniface viii first time abstract rules law laid extracted actual judgments compendium roman law added approximate canon civil procedure gives best possible idea deeply popes authorities canon law century laying foundations canonical practise procedure times origins modern law found yet might anticipated distance time confused unmanageable fashion worth consulting contrary clarity distinctness orderly arrangement subjects study part distinguished jurists centuries ever since never lost interest great lawyers canonists prefer know things foundation rather accept second hand commentaries glosses called canon law serve give excellent idea legal ability well intellectual acumen canon lawyers century system teaching oral careful study devoted original authorities law explanatory notes added professors copies text later texts given lent transcription notes also copied usually written margin time commentary however proved students least important text transcribed called apparatus series mechanical helps understanding text names distinguished glossatores memory carefully preserved produced much effect legal teaching gloss written gratian joannes teutonicus john german probably first decade thirteenth century revised supplemented bartholomew brescia middle thirteenth century ten years later bernard parma wrote commentary decretals gregory important fundamental works canon law great influence bringing principles law showing basis founded almost needless say aroused additional interest made subject much easy approach fact magnificent contributions science literatures law made thirteenth century serves emphasize fact everything men touched period sure illuminated practical genius time put form many centuries appealed model authority line much legal commentary writing besides readily understood fact represent activity university bologna true greatest universities law department must forgotten many universities throughout europe also distinguished professors law time seem little interest secular period must forgotten civil law closely related canon law times development canon law always meant renewed evolution principles practise procedure civil law countries scotland indeed canon law formed basis civil jurisprudence influence felt even centuries reformation hand must forgotten popes ecclesiastics helped fight battles middle lower classes king nobility practically every country europe striking example found life much misunderstood pope boniface last pope century received legal training bologna great jurists time circumstances differ much however obscure realities degree present time need light sympathetic interpretation enable us realize boniface accomplished illustration portrait pope boniface viii giotto rome much complete time arrangement codification canon law predecessors thirteenth century efficiently commenced like innocent iii much maligned supposed attempt make governments time subservient pope make church nation independent political government regard famous bull clericis laicos thrice unhappy name fortune designated much justification usually considered case indeed rev barry whose story papal monarchy stories nations series furnished latest discussion subject hesitate declare bull far subversive political liberties expressive arrogant spirit part church really expression great principle become prominent modern history basis many modern declarations rights claims tyranny says part imprudent headlong main contention founded history extraordinary declared laity always hostile clergy now much ever possessed jurisdiction persons claims property church though dared exact tenth nay even half income secular objects prelates resisted now title whatsoever henceforth taxes levied without permission holy see every layman though king emperor receiving moneys fell act anathema every churchman paying deposed office universities guilty like offense struck interdict robert winchelsea langton successor primate shared langton views moment rome doubtless urged boniface come rescue frightened clergy edward otherwise regard parliament bury year clerics refused make grant edward sealed barns archbishop ordered every cathedral pope interdiction read hereupon declared whole clergy outlawed might robbed murdered without redress naturally gave way fifth fourth revenue yielded archbishop robert alone prelates except lincoln dominicans preaching paul cross behalf king stood lost lands banished country parsonage war broke flanders saving archbishop westminster edward relented apologized confirmed two great charters away illegal judgments infringed next year primate excommunicated royal officers seized goods persons belonging clergy violated magna charta church came conflict exempt truly estate realm must considered greatly concurred towards establishment fundamental law invoked long thirteen american colonies taxation without representation corner stone british freedom often heard nothing new sun finally expression come mean little though startling truth sometimes throws vivid light historical events certainly last place world expect find origin thirteenth century great principle gradually asserting least wondrous confirmation principle american revolution justified papal document end thirteenth century however distinguished scholar insists colonists contention must taxes levied unless allowed representation way body determined mode amount taxation received first formal justification history hands roman pontiff nearly five centuries beginning quarrel colonies mother country passage serves suggest much modern definite though unsuspected origin earlier time illustration decoration thirteenth century psalter xxiv democracy christian socialism nationality democracy word conjure usually considered thing represents origin modern world much later period occupied idea people ready realize rights claim privileges ask allowed rule supposed ordinarily product last century two perhaps matter thirteenth century need interpretation modern mind yet think certain democratic factors developments life period pointed significance made clear become evident foundations modern democracy deeply laid thirteenth century spirit best aspiration people ruled birth precious seed time much important modern life lest thought idea development democracy engendered merely enthusiastic ardor special admiration author favorite century seems well call attention fact historians recent years generally emphasized role thirteenth century played development freedom typical example may quoted history freedom professor james hosmer footnote hesitate say england representative government gradually developing century germany cities beginning send deputies imperial parliament emperor frederick allowing certain amount representation government sicily spain alfonso wise castile permitted cities send representatives cortez france spirit developed degree representative parliament met beginning fourteenth century none countries however unfortunately spirit representative government continue develop england many privileges obtained thirteenth century subsequently lost footnote scribners new york certain phases rise democratic spirit already discussed reader referred now definite idea recognizing democratic tendencies time trade guilds constitutes extremely important element movement discussed chapter comes guild merchant various forms hanseatic league manifestation guilds widespread influence awakening people minds realization much secure success endeavors much better united efforts anything accepted political rulers least readily appreciated read chapter hansa must great enlightener teutonic peoples history league shows political rulers rather interfering fostering commercial prosperity rulers always little jealous wealth citizens growing towns realm able accumulate showed occasion history hansa towns exhibits citizens everything dissemble feelings disaffection inevitably came result appreciation fact rule much better ruled accomplish much commercial combination cities ever done hereditary princes claimed much yet gave little turn training came necessities defense well protection commercial visitors cities league trustfully came deal people education democracy fail bring results rise free cities germany represents growth democratic spirit time better single set manifestations international relations cities broaden men minds make realize brotherhood man spite national boundaries factor human history commerce always great leveler proved early days germany must thought german cities faint glimmerings great purpose engaged seldom spirit popular government risen higher clearly teutonic mind grasped idea democracy best appreciated perhaps attitude swiss matter hardy mountaineers whose difficult country rather severe climate separate effectually nations soon learned advisability ruling benefit end thirteenth century formed defensive offensive union among hapsburgs though time overborne influence house head ascended imperial throne immediately rudolph death proceeded unite still firmly together formed famous league represents important step democracy modern times formal document constituted league federal government deserves quoted first great declaration independence ideas crop many another declaration times original document strictest sense word runs follows know men people valley uri community valley schwiz mountaineers lower valley seeing malice times solemnly agreed bound oath aid defend might main lives property within without boundaries expense every enemy whatever shall attempt molest us either singly collectively ancient covenant whoever lord let obey according bounden duty decreed shall accept magistrate valleys shall obtained office price native resident among us every difference among us shall decided wisest men whoever shall reject award shall compelled confederates whoever shall wilfully commit murder shall suffer death shall attempt screen murderer justice shall banished valleys incendiary shall lose privileges free member community whoever harbors shall make good damage whoever robs molests another shall make full restitution property possesses among us everyone shall acknowledge authority chief magistrate either valleys internal quarrels arise parties shall refuse fair satisfaction confederates shall support party covenant common weal shall god willing endure forever england democracy fostered guilds already seen connection cathedrals proved sources education intellectual development nearly every mode thought art interesting feature guilds fact institutions suggested workmen tradesmen outgrowth spirit self help organization came mankind century beginning scarcely simple beneficial associations meant aids times sickness trial make parting families especially death head family quite difficult survivors since affiliated brother workmen remained behind care century however spirit democracy organized effort people take care better conditions add happiness led development guilds fashion rather difficult generations modern time understand trades unions yet least present anything quite resembles work times effective social work guilds urbain gohier french socialist writer sociological subjects able say long ago north american review workmen european continent demand three eights eight hours work eight hours rest refreshment physical mental eight hours sleep aware fact reform already exists countries ignorant fact middle ages immense number labor corporations cities often nine eight even seven hours long ever told every saturday eve two dozen holidays work stopped everywhere four saturday half holiday began may even earlier namely vesper hour according medieval church customs time two three true vigils eves important church festivals called possible way give reasonably good idea spirit guilds succeeded accomplishing wonderful social revolution quote rules serve show intents purposes least even though may always fulfilled aims rules regard two things particularly religious social functions guild fine absence special religious services held members also fine equal amount absence annual banquet resemble rules religious orders coming widely known end twelfth beginning thirteenth century according members religious community required quite strictly present daily recreation hour conversation meals daily prayer interesting phase social rules guild member expected bring wife wife sweetheart franker matters simpler age doubtless custom encouraged matrimony little bit modern colder customs giving fair idea ordinances guilds original shape rules guild luke lincoln may cited luke chosen patron according tradition artist well evangelist patron saint chosen always might model life well protector heaven members painters guilders stainers alabaster men city first rule provides sunday next feast luke brothers sisters guild shall officers go procession appointed place carrying great candle cathedral church lincoln every two brethren sisters shall offer devotion shall offer great candle image luke within church absent without lawful cause shall forfeit pound wax sustentation great candle sunday love amity good communication several weal fraternity guildmen dined together every brother paying wife sweetheart sum four pence absentees fined pound wax towards aforesaid candle third rule provided four mornspeeches business meetings held year ordering good rule made amongst absentees mornspeech forfeited pound wax luke candle another rule provided decision ambiguities doubts forfeitures prescribed referred mayor four aldermen city rules also regulate taking apprentices setting trade forbid employing strangers provide settlement disputes examination work sufficiently done sample already tendency limit number workmen might employed later prove stumbling block artistic progress noted hand effort keep work certain standard mean much artistic accomplishment next generations must noted compensatory feature guild regulations illustration doorway lincoln illustration nave durham cathedral illustration broken arch mary york climax gothic rule directs shall happen brother sister fraternity depart decease world first mass gracemen wardens skyvens time shall offer goods chattels fraternity two pence eighth day thirtieth day every brother sister shall give poor creature token made dean tokens every brother sister shall pay dean fixed sum money money raised shall buy white bread give poor creatures holding tokens bread distributed church parish deceased lived twelfth rule regard manner giving charity particularly striking shows deliberate effort avoid certain dangers evil possibilities modern organized charity emphasized according rule guild luke lincoln members bound give certain amount charity benefit deceased member however direct alms means tokens paid fixed price dean redeemed tokens presented deserving poor guaranteed member give fixed sum charity time safeguarded almsgiving abuses since member guild likely know something poor person deservingness always question dean informed regard needs case accomplished however without hurting feelings recipients charity since felt done benefit deceased member much guilds came influence life people next two centuries may best appreciated great increase number wealth england computed beginning sixteenth century thirty thousand institutions spread country county norfolk alone nine hundred number small town wymondham least eleven still known names guild holy trinity wymondham possessed whilst guilds town well endowed lands tenements bury edmunds suffolk guilds boston lincolnshire fourteen titles particulars known whilst london number must great london trade guilds stow elizabethan antiquary records names sixty sufficient importance entitle representatives places civic banquets reign henry viii many still existence spared time reformation plea trading secular associations fifteen largest including merchant tailors goldsmiths stationers present time annual income reasons popularity readily found many social needs cared socialistic cooperation perhaps never carried far medieval institutions literally people people people often regulation made provisions insurance poverty fire sometimes burglary frequently provided schoolmasters schools funds loaned needy brethren small sums easy terms whilst trade disputes likely give rise contention constantly referred guilds arbitration rules guild lady wymondham ordains manner cause brothers sisters fraternity go law till officers guild informed circumstances done best settle dispute restore unity love betwixt parties assist burial deceased brethren aid providing celebration obits repose souls duties incumbent defaulters without good excuse subject fines censure must thought tendencies true democracy confined trades guilds however historian merchant guilds demonstrated spirit especially true great guild merchant says category powerful affinities must added gild merchant latter outset compact body emphatically characterized fraternal solidarity interests protective union naturally engendered consciousness strength spirit independence men generally directed counsels town gild gradual unconscious extension unity cohesive force gild making felt throughout whole municipal organism influence fraternity material well moral constituted bond union heterogeneous sokes classes tenants borough townsmen might exclusively amenable courts different lords engaged trade within town members gild merchant independent regulation trade also accustomed burgesses constituted important step toward autonomy town judiciary always dependent crown mesne lord gild merchant supreme interest everything connected shakespeare existence important guilds stratford led illustration guilds works better english town period guild holy cross important institution stratford enthusiastic shakespeare scholars applied find every detail history far now available order make clear conditions social religious existed great dramatist birthplace halliwell descriptive calendar records stratford avon sidney lee stratford avon time shakespeares gathered together much information guild lasted wrote chief officer many many years beginning time whereunto memory man reaches bowden volume religion shakespeare number important details regard stratford guild earliest extant documents regard reign henry include deed gift william sede tenement guild indulgence granted october giffard bishop wooster forty days sincere penitents duly confessed conferred benefits guild close reign edward beginning fourteenth century guild wealthy houses lands foundation laid chapel almshouses hall meeting rode reed hall stood guild hall present day edward iii richard fourteenth century confirmed rights guild even added privileges though purely local institution fame good works spread wide next centuries affiliation became distinction nobility attracted ranks george duke clarence brother edward wife children earl warwick lady margaret counted among members merchants distant towns counted honor belong later also judge littleton famous founders english law roll membership objects guild many varied touched social life stratford every point first object mutual prayer guild maintained five priests chaplains say masses daily hour hour six ten members expected present masses fees guild wax candle kept alight every day throughout year every mass church rood cross god blessed virgin venerated cross may keep guard brethren sisters guilds every second object charity included various works mercy needs brother sister fallen poverty robbed provided long bears rightly towards brethren brother died brethren bound follow body church pray soul burial guild candle eight smaller ones kept burning body time death till funeral poor man died town brethren sisters soul health find four wax candles sheet hearse cloth corpse rule also applied event stranger death stranger necessary means burial efforts guild stratford devoted solely alleviation ills mankind serious purposes life year easter week feast members held order foster peace true brotherly love among time offerings made poor order might share happiness festival time attendance church feasting prayer offered brethren sisters god blessed virgin venerated cross whose honor come together keep us ills sins frequent reference cross better understood recalled guild stratford bore name guild holy cross figure crucified respected symbols always looked special object veneration part members thoroughly progressive spirit guild stratford perhaps best appreciated modern mind fact town owed foundation famous free school thirteenth fourteenth centuries study grammar various theoretical branches considered essential part education gradually however arisen feeling children taught vulgar tongue whose parents wished receive education latin also hence establishment grammar schools stratford founded children members guild middle fifteenth century normal development earlier spirit guild enabled meet growing social needs time school reconstituted edward shakespeare educated reestablishment edward response many complaints arose absence school suppression henry viii fact shakespeare educated edward vi grammar school often given occasion commentators point practically reformation england led establishment free schools suggestion however made complete ignorance preexisting state affairs people organization succeeded accomplishing much matter fact guild stratford towns england taken example easier get details history important factor preservation social order distribution charity providing education even maintenance security life property inhabitants dissolved stratford found chaotic state petition edward vi reconstitute guild civil corporation charter consideration guilds purpose success wonder declare wind spirit democracy blowing england carrying away old landmarks absolute government spirit fostered must attributed marvelous progress representative government steps recall england united odious john lackland obliged grant magna charta declaration national liberty provisions oxford henry established moment stated recurrence great national council parliament prince earl leicester admitted parliament knights shire representatives townspeople formed later lower house house commons personally summoned attend king great nobles formed upper house house lords beginning year reign edward attendance county town members became regular making parliament really representative country reign edward parliament revealed possible strength putting conditions vote taxes factors work however least importance deserves recalled chapter great beginnings modern commerce call attention fact crusades responsible great degree spirit enterprise led formation lombard league cities later great hanseatic league seems taken least incentive southern confederation chapter louis ix point crusades connection far blots louis career must rather considered manifestations great heart time awakening needs religious aspirations stirred deeply men ready give everything order follow idea thing certain crusades set ferments work social organization europe possible movement ferments brought two results uplift common people centralization power hands kings gradual diminution influence nobility fostering spirit democracy hand gave birth spirit nationality accomplished modern history storrs life bernard recently issued given expression thought striking fashion says used fashion regard crusades mere fantastic exhibitions temporary turbulent religious fanaticism aiming ends wholly visionary missing wasting best life europe colossal bloody undertakings leaving effects evil time came reasonable views now prevail impulse vast movement took rise recognized passionate seen many effects followed beneficial rather harmful perhaps time ways realized already suggested properties important extent redistributed europe constitutions states favorably affected lands sold low prices going distant expeditions probably knew never return horses armor martial equipments bought high prices jews hold land history throughout middle ages commonly traced fearful lines blood fire increased immeasurably movable wealth transfers property communes bought liberties large contributions needs lord liberties secured naturally confirmed augmented years went smaller tended absorbed larger larger often come strictly royal control increasing power sovereign meant time general laws instead local less minutely oppressive administration furtherance movement toward national unity noticeable fact italy took comparatively small part crusades long postponement organic union different parts magnificent peninsula without relation influence operated elsewhere europe efface distinction custom language separate communities override extinguish local animosities make scattered peoples conscious kinship operate persistent severance sections favored course run rivers vast separating walls apenines natural consequence want powerful unifying force footnote footnote storrs bernard chairvaux new york scribners pp matter fact people realize much accomplished spirit democracy liberty true progress regards rights men classes feeling brotherhood man crusades practical age may consider examples foolish religious fanaticism studied profoundly sympathy deeply interested social amelioration brought look higher poetic spirit lift man sordid cares everyday life see far different way charles kingsley sang poem saints tragedy tell us stout crusading fathers fought bled god gold quite apart poetry practical side much even matter fact men appreciate instance series paragraphs history middle ages george washington greene confesses taken chiefly french footnote make clear something place great expeditions considered holding history democracy liberty footnote new york appleton christendom spent vain treasures blood holy wars immense sacrifices repaid immense results evils great expeditions necessarily brought compensated advantages procured whole europe crusades saved europe mussulman invasion immediate good influence felt manner less direct less useful crusades preached religion equality society divided odious distinctions taken part weak well strong serf baron man woman equality man woman christianity taught made social fact louis declared nothing without consent queen wife period must date influence woman gave rise chivalric courtesy first step towards refinement manners civilization poor adopted children christian chivalry crusades celebrated orders palestine instituted protection poor pilgrims knights hospitals called poor masters surely lesson needed proud barons middle ages charity humility ideas first shake stern despotism feudality opposing generous principles chivalry sprang armed crusades bound military orders solemn vow interests christendom knight felt free feudal dependence raised national limits immediate warrior servant united christendom god chivalry founded territorial influence personal distinction necessarily weakened nobility rendering accessible diminishing interval separated different classes society every warrior distinguished valor kneel king dubbed knight rise equal superior even powerful vassals poorest knight sit king table noble son duke prince excluded unless won golden spurs knighthood another way crusades contributed decay feudalism favoring enfranchisement serfs even without consent masters whoever took cross became free just every slave becomes free touching soil england france communities whose development referred period crusades multiplied rapidly nobility gladly granting charters privileges exchange men money communities royal power grew aristocracy decreased royal domain enlarged escheating great number fiefs left vacant death lords kings protected communities favored enfranchisement employed usefully insubordinate vassals extension royal power favored organization nation establishing principle unity till multitude masters nation little else agglomeration provinces strangers another destitute common bond common interest great vassals often united royal banner became accustomed distant expeditions submission discipline learned recognize legitimate authority lost submission part personal power gained compensation honorable distinctions chivalry national feeling alone fostered crusades relations fraternity till wholly unknown grew different nations softened antipathy races knights common object united common dangers became brothers arms formally formed permanent ties friendship barbarous law gave feudal lord right call every man serf settled domains softened stranger enemy seemed synonymous crusaders say chroniclers times divided language seemed form people love god neighbor without coloring picture warmly making due allowance exaggerations natural first recorders movement may say human society founded united europe began pass painful period organization fuller rapid development reality modern democracy rise striking roots deep disintegrating soil old feudalism whence never plucked though times languished remain ever alive luxuriant growth recent times illustration animals bestiarium thirteenth century xxv great explorers foundation geography geography usually considered quite modern subject idea great contributions made thirteenth century ordinarily entertained america discovered end fifteenth century knowledge east obtained sixteenth century africa explored nineteenth detailed knowledge asia came us recent years books still among novelties publication knowledge persia northern india thibet interior china triumphs nineteenth century enterprise exploration matter fact however portions east explored capital dominions jenghis khan described lhasa entered greater part china thoroughly explored travelers thirteenth century whose books still remain convincing evidence great work accomplished chapter thirteenth century accomplishment indeed interesting surprising whole story time usually considered teaching supposed less generally accepted antipodes exist prevented significant development geography comparatively modern times question existence antipodes discussed schools middle ages especially thirteenth century men minds occupied practically important problems even physical science many intelligent men accepted idea inhabitants side world physical difficulties supposedly made impossible mistake think idea universally accepted already called attention fact chapter taught universities albertus magnus instance ridiculed notion men live heads urged doctrine existence antipodes suggesting simply side earth call really expresses course heart solution supposed difficulty matter fact seems clear many great travelers explorers later middle ages harbored notion earth round shall note little later mentioning sir john mandeville work writer whomever took pseudonym believed thoroughly rotundity earth hesitate use striking expressions often quoted heard travelers traveling continually eastward come back eventually point started schools existence antipodes may discussion practical acceptance existence among better informed regard countries peoples topics form proper subject matter geography must realized moreover though existence antipodes important matter geography early period mere theory condition antecedent progress really side issue compared many questions relating earth surface inhabitants medieval mind occupied consider knowledge geography obtained definite acceptance right view earth surface obliterate much precious knowledge argument existence antipodes carried entirely outside geography properly never influenced slightest degree men consciously unconsciously laying deep broad foundations modern geography consider matter vital development many sided subject geography illustrates typically narrowness view many modern scholars apparently see value nothing entirely accord modern knowledge really interesting historian knowledge however point beginnings now know unexpected quarters medieval mind story travels explorations really glorious chapter history encouragement things intellectual well interesting phase important origin whose foundations laid broad deep thirteenth century must told detail century great leader exploration geography many matters true place often unrecognized people time usually considered facilities travel often go far home known distant countries therefore little mainly legendary nothing false impression crusades previous century given people deep interest distant lands curiosity go see pilgrimages holy land frequent ecclesiastics often traveled least far italy general tide travel proportion number population must much less amount day establishment religious orders missionary expeditions east became common thirteenth century shall see franciscans particularly established many parts near east also far east especially china many wrote accounts travels literature travel exploration thirteenth century interesting chapters literature times wonderfully deep foundations laid science geography worthy set beside great origins sciences arts century noteworthy people come distinct surprise learn travelers explorers thirteenth century merchants ambassadors missionaries succeeded solving many geographical problems deepest interest generations last half last century eastern part asia particularly traveled thoroughly described even northern part india however neglected spite difficulties encountered thibet explored lhasa entered travelers thirteenth century china much written learned succeeding generations practically time may sound like series instead serious science travelers explorers modern time thought worth comment writings wanderers thirteenth century pointed significance work men described countries passed also characters people habits customs forms speech many marvelous hints regards relationship different languages even something religious practises countries attitude toward great truths christianity presented undoubtedly greatest travelers explorers times marco polo whose book long considered mainly made imaginary descriptions things places never seen development modern geographical science travels expeditions proved valuable contributions department knowledge ever made took many centuries marco polo come respect nineteenth twentieth centuries almost made neglect predecessors marco polo suffered fate herodotus voltaire sneered father history say rather father lies long succeeding generations knowledge things great writers written distrusted even treated contemptuously just soon however definite knowledge began come seen wonderfully accurate descriptions things actually seen though admitted certain stories authority others herodotus now come acknowledged greatest historians lives celebrated travelers james augustus john states change mind regard marco polo rather forcibly travels marco polo first appeared generally regarded fiction absurd belief far gained ground lay death bed friends nearest relatives coming take eternal adieu conjured valued salvation soul retract whatever advanced book least many passages every person looked untrue traveler whose conscience untouched score declared solemnly awful moment far guilty exaggeration described wonderful things beheld reception discoveries extraordinary man experienced first promulgated degrees however enterprise lifted veil central eastern asia relations traveler rose estimation geographers now world though containing many unknown tracts successfully explored begin perceive marco polo like herodotus man rigid veracity whose testimony presumptuous ignorance alone call question many fable clings around name marco polo distinguished traveler needs fictitious adornments tale make greatest explorers time sometimes helped introduce many important inventions europe even finds name connected mariner compass gunpowder probably good grounds thinking europe owes knowledge either great inventions venetian traveler regard printing doubt polo passage regard movable blocks printing paper money used china may proved suggestive need however surmises order increase fame simple story travels quite sufficient reputation time well modern travelers explorers developing polo indicated least outline scarcely describing precision detail first touched brought general notice remembered visited cities eastern turkestan kashgar yarkand khotan subject much curiosity satisfied quite recent years visited thibet least traveled along frontier medieval world owed definite knowledge christian kingdom abyssinia know china centuries almost merits readily appreciated matter fact scarcely interesting country east marco polo something relate personal experiences told burmah siam cochin china japan java sumatra islands great archipelago ceylon india fabulous dreamland spirit contact east definite precise fashion heard tell much though geographical lore legendary rather dim coast zanzibar vast distant madagascar remotely opposite direction siberia shores arctic ocean curious customs inhabitants distant countries wonderfully acute yet thoroughly practical polo observations best appreciated quotations description products industries saw travels apt think use petroleum dating much later thirteenth century marco polo seen near east travels evidently learned much great deposits baku constitute basis important russian petroleum industry modern times says north armenia found fountain liquor like oil flows though unprofitable seasoning meat good burning anointing camels afflicted mange oil flows constantly copiously camels laden quite definite information acquired regard use coal knew states confidently immense deposits coal china deposits extensive distinguished geologists mineralogists learned modern times predicted eventually world great manufacturing industries transferred china apt think mineral wealth exploited chinese yet even marco polo time commentator remarked rich poor land learned value black stone whole province cathay says polo certain black stones dug mountains put fire burn like wood kindled preserve fire long time kindled evening keep fire night another important mineral product even petroleum coal supposed essentially modern employment asbestos polo seen realized exactly found origin recognized value curiously enough attempts explain origin peculiar usage word salamander salamander supposed animal injured fire reference incombustibility asbestos whole passage appears romance travel exploration deserves quoted discoursing dsungaria polo says must know mountain substance salamander made real truth salamander beast allege part world substance found earth everybody aware animal nature live fire seeing every animal composed four elements now marco polo turkish acquaintance related lived three years region behalf great khan order procure salamanders way got digging mountain till found certain vein substance vein taken crushed treated divides fibres wool set forth dry dry fibres pounded copper mortar washed remove earth leave fibres like fibres wool spun made napkins needless say excellent description asbestos surprising twentieth century interested travel exploration ready lay tributes feet marco polo important book announcements recent years publication annotated edition marco polo hands modern explorer considered better way putting definitely public true historical aspect evolution modern geographical knowledge regard eastern countries scarcely fail surprising modern mind polo practically forced print none itch modern traveler publicity story travels often told wondrous tales unfold large numbers found frequently necessary use order give proper ideas wanderings acquired nickname marco millioni never thought however committing story writing perhaps feared drudgery literary labor return travels however bravely accepted patriot duty fighting native country board galleys captured genoese famous adriatic taken prisoner remained captivity genoa nearly year time rusticiano writer profession attracted tempted tell complete story travels order might put connected form rusticiano pisan compiler french romances accordingly polo story first told french prose surprising rusticiano chosen french since naturally wished story polo travels read many people possible realized quite much interest ordinary folk literary circles europe interesting story read even knowledge acquired explorers since time properly appreciate lacks entirely egotistic quality usually characterizes explorer account travels indeed scarcely fail something disappointment fact doubt touch personal adventure added interest book characteristic thirteenth century however insist merely personal consequently world lost treat might otherwise question however greatness polo work traveler glory shed thirteenth century like nearly everything else done marvelous century represents acme successful endeavor special line even time sometimes marco polo work greatly influenced columbus encouraged attempt seek india sailing around globe however considerable doubt learned recent times definite tradition regard possibility finding land sailing straight westward atlantic existed long columbus time footnote polo indirect influence columbus creation interest geographical matters generally much clearer doubt much work succeeded drawing men minds geographical questions fourteenth fifteenth centuries footnote learned friend father deroo portland written two interesting volumes history america columbus hesitate say columbus may even met travels spoken sailors touched portions american continent course traditions regard greenland clear marco polo undoubtedly enterprising explorer interesting writer travel thirteenth century john carpini author wonderful series descriptions things seen northern asia like many travelers explorers time john franciscan friar seems early companions disciples francis assisi joined young man going missionary ambassadorial expedition prominent men order much propagation among northern nations europe occupied successively offices custos prior saxony provincial germany seems afterwards sent organizer spain gone even far barbary coast surprising pope innocent iv sometime mongol invasion eastern europe disastrous battle legamites threatened place european civilization christianity power tartars resolved send mission tartar monarch john carpini selected dangerous important mission time friar john sixty years age confidence ability executive power everything embassy committed discretion started lyons easter day sought counsel first old friend wenceslaus king bohemia country took another friar pole act interpreter first stage journey kiev crossed dnieper don volga traveled camp batu time senior living member jenghis khan family batu exchanging presents allowed proceed court supreme khan mongolia yule says old man rode horseback something like three thousand miles next hundred days bodies companion tightly bandaged enable stand excessive fatigue enormous ride led across ural mountains river past northern part caspian across jaxartes whose name find along dzungarian lakes till reached imperial camp called yellow pavilion near orkhon river interregnum empire terminated formal election friars yellow pavilion opportunity see three four thousand envoys deputies parts asia eastern europe brought tributes presents ruler elected three months november emperor dismissed letter pope written latin arabic mongolian containing brief imperious assertion khan tartars scourge god christianity must fulfill mission sad heart ambassadors began homeward journey midst winter sufferings better imagined described friar john dwell much tells enough make realization comparatively easy reached kiev seven months later june welcomed slavonic christians though arisen dead thence continued journey lyons delivered khan letter pope friar john embodied information obtained journey book called liber tartarorum book tartars according another manuscript history mongols call tartars yule notes like medieval monks itineraries shows entire absence characteristic traveler egotism become abundantly familiar recent years contains little personal narrative know john stout man addition age went mission make us realize thoroughly unselfish spirit followed call holy obedience undertake work seemed sure prove fatal inevitably bring train suffering severest kind critical historical value work good idea obtained fact half century ago educated mongol galsang gombeyev historical philological bulletin imperial academy petersburg reviewed book bore testimony great accuracy statements care details verified evident personal character observations friar john book attracted attention compilers information regard distant countries soon issued abridgment found encyclopedia vincent beauvais written shortly middle thirteenth century end sixteenth century hakluyt published portions original work borgeron beginning seventeenth century geographical society paris published fine edition work middle nineteenth century time brief narrative taken lips john companion friar benedict pole somewhat personal character fully substantiates friar john written readily understood curiosity contemporaries deeply aroused friar john tell story many times return hence necessity found committing paper save bother telling order brother franciscans throughout world might opportunity read yule says book must prepared immediately return traveler friar salimbene met france year return gives us interesting particulars clever conversable man well lettered great discourser full diversity experience wrote big book tartars sic marvels seen whenever felt weary telling tartars cause book read often heard seen chron fr salembene parmensis monum histor ad provinceam placent pertinentia parma another important traveler thirteenth century whose work theme praise extensive annotation modern times william rubruk usually known name rubruquis franciscan friar thought result recent investigations probably owe cognomen birth little town rubruk brabant author remarkable narrative asiatic travel thirteenth century whose death seems taken place name rubruquis commonly used designate found latin original work printed hayluyt collection voyages end sixteenth century friar william sent partly ambassador partly explorer louis ix france tartary time descendants jenghis khan ruled immense empire orient king louis deeply interested introducing christianity east possible making rulers christians middle thirteenth century rumor spread throughout europe nephews great khan embraced christianity louis thought favorable opportunity getting touch eastern potentate dispatched least two missions tartary head second william rubruk accounts travels proved interesting reading many subsequent generations perhaps none encyclopedia britannica ninth edition says narrative journey everywhere full life interest details travels show reasons rubruk party landed crimean coast sudak soldaia port formed chief seat communication mediterranean countries now southern russia friar succeeded making way great khan court held far karakorum journey several thousand miles route taken worked laborious study key description given country intervening basin talas lake enables whole geography region including passage river ili plain south bal cash identified beyond reasonable doubt return journey made summertime route lay much farther north travelers traversed jabkan valley passed north river bal cash following rather direct course led mouth volga traveled south past derbend shamakii uraxes iconium coast cilicia finally port ayas embarked cyprus travels friar william made observations men cities rivers mountains languages customs implements utensils modern criticism accepted representing actual state things appear medieval sightseer occasionally period intervening time scholars thought knew better conceited enough believe position point glaring errors rubruquis accounts saw subsequent investigation discovery rule proved accuracy earlier observations rather modern scholar corrections excellent example quoted encyclopedia britannica article rubruquis already referred illustration doorway giotto tower florence illustration principal door baptistery pisa diotisalvi writer says sagacious honest observer denounced ignorant untruthful blunderer isaac jacob schmidt man doubt useful learning kind rare day narrow natural acumen candour far inferior thirteenth century friar maligns simply evidence latter turkish dialect uigurs traversed pet heresy long since exploded schmidt entertained namely uigurs race language tibetan descriptions towns travelers passed interesting comparisons towns corresponding size europe karakorum instance described small city size town denis near paris karakorum ambassador missionary maintained public disputation certain pagan priests presence three secretaries khan religion umpires rather interesting diversity first christian second mohammedan third buddhist interesting feature disputation fact khan ordered pain death none disputants slander traduce abuse adversaries endeavor rumor insinuations excite popular indignation seem indicate great tartar khan usually considered cruel ignorant despot whose quality gave supremacy military valor really large man idea seems discover truth different religions adopt adjudged best groundwork reason easy understand however disputation argued interpreters wholly ignorant subject without proper understanding nice distinctions words practise conveying proper significance come serious conclusion arguments therefore fell flat decision rendered friar william work unappreciated contemporaries even scientific value thoroughly realized surprising course great contemporary franciscan order roger bacon come knowledge brother minorite book made frequent copious quotations geographical section opus majus written time seventh decade thirteenth century bacon says brother william traversed oriental northern regions places adjacent wrote accounts illustrious king france sent expedition tartary adds read book diligently compared similar accounts roger bacon recognized sort scientific intuition certain passages proved best recent times description instance caspian best time friar william corrects error made isidore generally accepted caspian sea gulf rubruk quoted roger bacon states explicitly nowhere touches ocean surrounded sides land think foundations scientific geography laid recent times little consultation roger bacon opus majus undoubtedly revelation probably regard language might reasonably expect find least interest modern scholars friar william book might easily gathered previous references however frequent surprises acuity medieval traveler await modern reader scientific philology much product last century difficult understand missionary able reach many almost intuitive recognitions origin relationships languages people among traveled came contact group nations occupying now known near east whose languages well known constituted series difficult problems philology deal thorough establishment scientific lines enabled separate properly surprising find friar william much book even modern philologist read attention unstinted admiration regard colonel yule whose personal experience makes valuable guide matters written paragraph contains much compressed information venture quote entire furnishes grounds claim might seem overstrained author greatest modern explorers william acute intelligent observer keen acquisition knowledge author fact best narratives travel existence yule says interest acumen matters language may cite examples language pascatir bashkirds hungarians learned dominicans among language ruthenians poles bohemians slavonians wandals wends town equinus immediately beyond ili perhaps aspara people mohammedans speaking persian though far remote persia yugurs uigurs country cailac formed language character language character nestorians tract used perform office write books yugurs among found fountain root turkish comanian tongue character adopted moghals using begin writing top write downwards whilst line follows line left right nestorians say service holy book syriac know nothing language just monks sing mass without knowing latin tibet people write letters strong resemblance tangut people write right left like arabs lines advance upwards matters besides language religion friar william made observations though book eminently human giving us interesting view personality difficulties dragoman many modern eastern traveler sympathize picture includes detail heavy man makes travel horseback miles wonderful also contains mass particulars marvelously true near truth almost interesting asiatic nature ethnography manners morals commercial customs nearly everything else relating life peoples among traveled typical example found following suggestive paragraph current money cathay cotton paper palm length breath print lines like mangu khan seal lineas sicut est sigillum mangu remarkable expression write painter pencil combine character several letters forming expression una figura plures literas comprehendentes unam dictionem still remarkable utterance showing approximate apprehension nature chinese writing distinguished travelers whose inspiration came thirteenth century though works published early part next century know mainly adaptation incorporation work without due recognition first great writer spurious travels sir john mandeville mandeville work probably written time early part second half fourteenth century used materials gathered travelers end thirteenth beginning next century sir henry yule pointed far greater part supposed distant travels sir john mandeville appropriated narrative friar odoric monk became member franciscan order end thirteenth century whose travels missionary east gave opportunities collect precious fund information contained odoric famous story voyages odoric shall something say presently meantime seems well worth calling attention accepted narrative sir john mandeville called may written physician name john burgoigne assumed name contains number interesting anticipations facts supposed enter domain human knowledge much later intellectual development race certain passages especially familiar cited johnson preface dictionary mandeville use name story best known shows correct idea form earth position latitude ascertained observation pole star knew also noted beginning article antipodes ships sent voyages discovery might sail around world yule pointed mandeville tells curious story heard youth worthy man travel ever eastward came country odoric already spoken must considered next great missionary traveler age took franciscan vows scarcely boy encouraged travel east example holy father francis also interest missionary zeal convert east aroused marco polo travels long journeys readily understood however realize stated article encyclopedia britannica authority surely unsuspected great partiality work catholic missionaries risen also latter half thirteenth century energetic missionary action extending east part new orders preaching minorite dominican franciscan friars caused members orders last especially become established persia now southern russia tartary china course travels east odoric visited malabar touching pandarini twenty miles north calicut craganore quilon preceding thence apparently ceylon shrine thomas mailapur near madras even interesting travels india however china sailed hindustan peninsula chinese junk sumatra visiting various ports northern coast island telling something inhabitants customs country according sir henry yule visited java seem also coast borneo finally reaching kanton time known western asiatics chin kalan great china went great ports fuhkeen schwan chow found two houses order thence proceeded fuchau place struck across mountains chekaeng visited hang chow time renowned name cansay modern authorities exploration suggested might king sae chinese name royal residence greatest cities world thence odoric passed northward nanking crossing great kiang embarked grand canal traveled cambaluc pekin remained three years thought attached churches founded archbishop john monte corvino time extreme old age surprising part odoric travels still come fever traveling came turned almost directly westward great wall shenshua adventurous traveler still practically quoting sir henry yule entered thibet appears visited lhasa considering much interest aroused recent attempts enter lhasa surprising adventures men gone effort success medieval monk expedition seem incredible substantiated documents place matter beyond doubt even minds distinguished modern authorities geography exploration odoric returned home definitely known though certain fragmentary notices seem indicate passed khorasan probably tabriz europe remains complete interest odoric wondrous tale add large portion years long journeys companion friar james irishman attracted italy order become franciscan appears record public books town udine italy monastery odoric members situated present two marks made municipal authorities irish friar shortly odoric death reason gift stated friar james love god odoric typical celtic expression characteristic companion blessed odoric wanderings unfortunately odoric died within two years return though story travels taken homely latin friar william bologna shortly death odoric became object reverence part brother friars devotion part people recognized wonderful apostolic spirit displayed long wanderings patience borne sufferings hardships sake winning souls outside church sir henry yule summed opinion odoric following striking passage bears forcible testimony also healthy curiosity times regard original sources information recognized valuable first hand numerous mss odoric narrative come time upwards forty known chiefly fourteenth century show speedily widely acquired popularity deserve charge general mendacity brought though language writers spoken traveler man learning still injudicious like medieval travelers indiscriminating accepting strange tales habitual stories age many particulars recited attest genuine character narrative tiraboschi others condemned mendacious interpolations seals truth besides odoric another monkish traveler mandeville borrowed much though without giving credit praemonstratensian monk hayton member princely armenian family just beginning fourteenth century dictated work affairs orient especially history nearer east time place nativity bringing abundant information found round france living time greatest thirst knowledge regard part world book seems dictated originally french poictiers attracted great attention subject many copies made well translations languages within years original appearance story odoric forcible reminder much missionaries accomplished geography ethnology ethnography thirteenth century succeeding centuries missionaries added sciences lost enormous gaps knowledge modern scholars began scientific labors philology may surprise people moreover forcibly reminded wonderful evangelizing spirit characterized later middle age needless say graduates thirteenth century universities wandered distant eastern lands brought european culture uplifting orientals brought back europe many ideas fruitful sources suggestions geographical ethnological philological departments learning also manufactures arts mentioned fact odoric travels eventually reached cambaluc pekin found archbishop john monte corvino still alive though advanced age probably attached three years stay churches founded marvelous old friar made archbishop wonderful power organization administration displayed earlier career missionary story grand old man early franciscan missions another romances thirteenth century travels exploration well deserves studied detail unfortunately old archbishop much occupied work missionary ecclesiastic return europe order tell write lengthy account experiences like many another great man thirteenth century doer writer casual mention others records deeds found certain ecclesiastical records work now known master alone unselfishly done noted traveling missionaries franciscans must thought franciscans sent missionaries dominicans established beginning thirteenth century also wonderful missionary work quite faithfully even franciscan brothers undoubtedly franciscans surpassed extent labors dominicans founded idea preaching uplifting people europe rather spreading good news gospel outside bounds christianity existed earliest traditions order franciscans eyes attracted towards east story francis went holy land beginning thirteenth century order convert saladin eastern monarch whose name made famous stories crusade richard coeur de lion took part doubted seems founded good contemporary authority considered entirely apocryphal francis heart went darkness knew nothing christ learned love ardently supreme desire life good tidings christianity spread followers world great work accomplished unwittingly great things series sciences now included term geography gathered precious information races men relations another part earth live scientific progress made always redound largely credit story intellectual development modern europe work far ahead times properly appreciated quite recent generations must emphasize sympathy obscure patient fruitful workers great field human knowledge thought ignorant work proclaim church tolerate geography hard say geographical knowledge comes mainly travelers whose wish gain commercial opportunities compatriots middle ages gained men wished anxiously spread light christianity throughout world geographical societies earlier days religious orders sent explorers travelers furnished return enthusiastic audience hear stories helped disseminate books civilized world probably better refutation expression often heard know nothing regard supposed laziness monks middle ages chapter story exploration missionary labors thirteenth century usually supposed monk fat possibly accomplished serious work life men weighty yet hesitate take long journeys east lives best illustration expression montalembert let us banish world fiction affirmation long repeated foolish credulity made monasteries asylum indolence incapacity misanthropy pusillanimity feeble melancholic temperaments men longer fit serve society world sick souls contrary vigorous healthful human race ever produced presented crowds fill xxvi great beginnings modern commerce present eminently commercial age nothing accomplishment thirteenth century probably possess livelier interest fact spite must seemed insuperable difficulties less enterprising generation men time succeeded making business combinations municipal affiliations besides arranging various trade facilities among distant different peoples commerce rendered possible even easy modern developments facilitation international intercourse anticipated story rise combination many men different nations many cities whose inhabitants different races different languages commercial enterprise carried men comparatively much farther now go trade expeditions though thought age exhausted possibilities progress matter fail interest everyone whose attention attracted people time must taken symbol initiative generations allowed obstacle hinder progress thought difficulty great surmounted beginning history great commercial league thirteenth century first opened men minds possibilities peace commerce among nations alas perhaps agent except christianity awaken different races sense brotherhood man english historian hanseatic league miss zimmern stories nations scarcely remarkable chapter history deals trading alliance association known hanseatic league league long since passed away served time fulfilled purpose needs circumstances mankind changed new methods new instruments devised carrying commerce world yet league disappeared beneficial results action survive europe though become completely part daily life accept matters course stop inquire origin last declaration may seem surprising comparatively know anything medieval commercial league yet effects claimed seen true regard important institutions period origins best modern life like many great movements thirteenth century origin hanseatic league clouded somewhat obscurity times lack definite historical documents footnote doubt however just middle century flourishing existence end century reached acme power influence maintain several centuries spite jealousy nobility certain towns privileges even authorities various countries resented time went growing freedom independence wealthy cities impetus formation league seems given crusades like many important movements time commerce greatly influenced expeditions commercial spirit aroused shown possibility accomplishing hitherto impossible results matter transportation exchange returning crusaders brought back many precious eastern objects whose possession source envy others whose value rated high make even distant travel well worth returning crusaders also knew cheaply objects considered precious west might purchased east told stories acquisition willing listeners stimulated try fortunes expeditions promised rich rewards footnote perhaps better idea obscurity origin hansa confederation given derived fact even derivation word hansa clear bishop ulfilas old gothic translation scriptures used word hansa designate mob soldiers servants high priest came take christ prisoner garden later word hansa used mean tax contribution term originally employed designate sum money cities compelled pay becoming member league thought terms hansa hanseatic league eventually derived illustration palazzo dei consoli gubbio illustration palazzo zabarella padua besides crusaders return italy observed accomplished league lombard cities existence less imperfect way century end twelfth beginning thirteenth century begun provide example strength union power good properly regulated combinations commercial interests due regard civic rights privileges league lombard cities encouraged popes especially innocent iii successors usually given approbation purposes though look side case german emperors endeavored assert rights italian territory came collision popes temporal matters also spiritual things noted short sketch popes century innocent iii first great italian patriot original advocate italy italians constantly opposed influence german emperor italian politics mainly course interfered power church great degree also proved source manifold political evil italian cities germans train emperor went italy saw working league lombard cities talked return naturally tempted essay might accomplished means german territory two elements incentive crusades stimulus example italians must considered basis hansa though seeds nurture fostering care german mind ever since days tacitus noted freest europe gave league wonderful development difficult tell many towns belonged hanseatic league thirteenth century end period hansa came called flourishing condition know something definite numbers little half century later deputies towns met large council chamber famous town hall cologne discuss certain injustices committed members league document set forth free german merchants order determine way preventing injuries inflict due punishment altogether deputies towns present declared solemnly wrongs injuries done king denmark common german merchant cities enemies help another faithfully distant smaller cities expected send troops even naval forces promised give contributions money cities take part movement considered forfeited membership longer permitted trade members hansa lest thought cities incapable enforcing boycott effect story town must recalled occasion refused join hansa towns boycott certain places flanders refused observe regulations trading effect vessels lost coast become property people neighborhood though right due share salvage fair proportion must returned citizens town suffered loss moment powerful commercial cities germany citizens seemed think violate hansa regulation impunity years however hansa boycott maintained little trading done city according old writer people starved markets deserted grass grew street inhabitants left large numbers lesson enough make hanseatic decrees observed scrupulous care shows perfection organization outcome war denmark demonstrates power league king denmark scorned declaration war making untranslatable pun word hansa called members league geese cackled much need feared fleet league however succeeded shutting commerce coast denmark though truce winter war renewed vigorously summer many danish cities ransacked plundered end second year denmark exhausted people weary war pleaded peace valdemar accept terms geese willing offer triumph common people reigning monarch striking passages medieval history comes half century close thirteenth evidently direct result great practical forces set movement wonderful period mighty heart humanity everywhere bestirring men deeds high purpose significance matter fact hansa became early career firmest authorities midst troubled times meted unfailingly sternest justice infringed rights outsiders broke rules league members ever ready send ships offenders soon came feared fear mingled respect regulations seldom infringed interesting reflection english historian says never whole course history draw sword aggressively members ever increase power adding new cities league cities forced join meted punishments members levying war fines refusal pay followed declaration boycott soon brought offender terms war declared cases last resort ships league constantly spoken designated documents peace ships even forts league built protection towns places members might sure protection described peace burgs unfortunately lessons peace taught commerce bear fruit abundantly many centuries thirteenth practically time renewed last generation two rather plumed fact trade much prevent war evidently guarantee perpetuation improvement national international morals influence hansa peace came lost entirely centuries cities however belonged league gradually became free independent rulers fact free cities germany origin much modern liberty born ever appreciated except whose studies brought close marvelous medieval manifestations old spirit teutonic freedom names cities members hansa league well known though easy understand decrepitude come many much importance claimed middle ages cities north sea baltic sea united together think german many really belonged slav people time membership number russian cities surprising rhenish cities important factors league cologne indeed important bremen hamburg frankforts rostock stralsund warnemunde important members novgorod founded hansa purpose trading orientals volga dnieper dwina oder extensively used purpose transporting goods central europe famous towns winetha german julin danish disappeared beneath waters baltic sea gave rise many legends reappearance hard realize important called venice north seriously compared great southern rival good idea intimate relations hansa towns england english people obtained article subject written richard lodge ninth edition encyclopedia britannica single paragraph compresses much external internal history rise development hansa rather expected commercial relations england various cities situated along north sea well baltic rhine active submitted careful regulation unless modern mind actually brought directly touch however complex yet practical state affairs actually existed utterly fail appreciate thoroughly progressive enterprising medieval peoples enterprise practicalness apt think exclusive possession much modern generations least apt consider likely found thirteenth century yet commercial arrangements made absolute premonitions modern thought literature architecture painting even teachings science period members league hanseatic came england mostly cologne first german town obtained great importance home abroad citizens possessed early date london germans wished trade england join guild soon included merchants dortmund soest munster westphalia utrecht stavern groningen netherlands bremen hamburg north sea beginning thirteenth century rapidly rising town wished admitted guild every effort made keep intervention frederick ii powerless overcome dread felt cologne towards possible rival supremacy obstacle extension league soon overcome charter henry iii assured protection german merchants years later hamburg also allowed form guilds hansa cologne long guild now sinks position branch hansa endure others equal privileges branch hansas rises hansa alamanniae first mentioned article gives additional information regard many varied influences work end thirteenth century furnishes brief moreover excellent picture activity mind power organization frequently displayed period every branch life highest quality man development associations various kinds especially helpfully purposive outcome social quality man mind surest index rational quality succeeding centuries lost almost unaccountable reason much faculty organization result lamentable retrogression advances made older generations quite recent years anything like old international comity reestablished illustration rathhaus extent natural development community interests must ever attract attention first time modern history occurs men seven different races tongues last drawn represents greatest advance history led assimilation laws liberties best features nation customs preserved new codes extension even novgorod now heart russia surprising demonstration successful enterprise spread influence almost incredible settling trade disputes distant russian city courts north sea town evidence advance commercial relations emphasized writer britannica deserves well weighed manifestation often thought exclusively modern recognition rights commerce claims justice even national feelings league hamburg possibly first league among german towns gradually absorbed others besides influence foreign commercial interests motives compelled towns union chief protection commercial routes sea land vindication town independence opposed claims landed aristocracy first join league wendish towns east wismar rostock stralsund always intimately connected united common system laws known recht laws saxon westphalian towns long possessed league among also joined now became important town germany already surpassed cologne london bruges soon gained similar victory wisby great convention towns cologne revel took part decided appeals novgorod hitherto decided wisby henceforth brought much travail vexation spirit much diplomacy political parliamentary discussion much striving part men nations great cause universal peace mankind heart reached position least commercial difficulties referred sort international court adjudication standing court clear yet special arrangements least required special treaties many cases even reference merely commercial difficulties last quarter nineteenth century special tribunals erected settlement difficulties nations twentieth century outlook hopeful actual accomplishment indeed encouraging thirteenth century absence telegraph cable slowness sailing vessels distance towns emphasizing difficulties situation hanseatic league succeeded obtaining international tribunal whose judgments regard commercial difficulties final accepted men many different races habits customs causes referred without immense machinery apparently required present time real triumph commercial development thirteenth century may astonishing many modern people learn much accomplished utterly unexpected quarter surprise realize thoroughly practical character century perfectly matter fact way went settling difficulties presented often succeeded reaching practical always ideal solution sad feature case think coming together nations lost gradual development national feeling much benefit may human race drawing language lines nations closely next three centuries saw development modern tongues form held ever since hansa almost institution northern europe establish reign law accomplished purpose make eminently worthy study interested sociology social evolution time hansa merchant sea land liable sorts impositions arbitrary taxes injustices even loss life well goods hansa gained power however abuses disappeared perhaps noteworthy improvement came regard navigation story told famous rock brittany many ships wrecked middle ages even late thirteenth century sometimes false lights displayed rock idea tempting vessels destruction everything thrown ashore neighborhood considered property people gathered except certain portion value paid lord manor worthy representative upper classes pointed rock visiting nobleman friends day declared precious precious stone diadem ruling monarch europe represents state feeling regard subjects hansa started correct abuses may looked serious disgrace thirteenth century low state ethical feeling existed amelioration conditions obliterated false sentiments constitutes triumph period hand must smug think generation much better past easy pharisaical forget many fortune modern times suffers shipwreck coasts business investment false lights advertising intended deceive displayed prominently anxious mariners olden times make fortunes doubtless proprietors many papers display advertisements nonsense say unconscious harm quite proud magnificent revenue advertising columns bring breton noble thirteenth century man changed much interval lest thought even initiation secret societies various kinds invention modern times seems well give details tests seeking members hanseatic league subjected already initiated may possibly seem customs barbarous mention breath initiations recalled least year serious accident reported result thoughtless fooling frat students universities opinion may withdrawn miss helen zimmern story hansa towns already quoted several times paragraph two descriptions shall quote may well remember tests entirely without serious significance members hansa much expected belonged hansa guild number precious trade secrets entrusted alone knew methods mysteries hansa order might possibility betrayed members hansa lived foreign countries forbidden marry abroad bound severest penalties live life celibacy supposed absent houses assigned night factories called residence guarded night watchman fierce dogs order secure keeping rules besides torture common thing times man belonged country happened war moment might easily subjected torture reason another idea securing important information members hansa wanted reasonably assured new members give secrets without brave struggle better way tests therefore excuse brutality tests perhaps miss zimmern maidenly way much commend paragraphs modern committees reception college secret societies elsewhere generation may get points thirteenth century illustration minster chorin germany illustration city gate neubrandenburg sully pages detailing thirteen different games modes martyrdom use bergen civilized age tolerate recital days attracted crowd eager spectators applauded vociferously cruel barbarous tortures popular practices known smoke water flogging games mad cruel pranks calculated cause freshman lose health reason truly dantesque hell tortures initiations hansa mysteries merely indicate nature mention smoke game victim pulled big chimney schutting burned beneath filthy materials sending nauseous stench choking wreaths smoke position asked number questions forced yet terrible penalties reply survived torture taken yard plied pump six tons water even water cure new variety tests different times places show lack invention part members hansa regard water tests miss zimmern furnished interesting details game took place whitsuntide consisted first treating probationer food taking sea boat stripped thrown ocean ducked three times made swallow much thereafter mercilessly flogged inmates boats third chief game less dangerous life limb took place days rude perversion may games victims first go woods gather branches later birched returned factory rough horse play pranks practised followed ample dinner succeeded mock combats ended victims led paradise disguised men whipped till drew blood outside black hole another party made hellish music pipes drums triangles deafen screams tortured considered ended shrieks victims sufficiently loud overcome pandemonic music extreme physical cruelties initiations modern fraternities eliminated whole story much familiar air might expected probably interesting feature history hanseatic league fact great combination purposes trade commerce proved source liberty citizens various towns enabled improve political status better single means precious time development legal social rights interesting great commercial combinations similar purposes modern times usually proved fruitful rather opposite results persons much benefited least made much money quite another thing though money supposed represent power influence great mass people deprived opportunities rise taken many chances exercise initiative existed curious effect hansa political fortunes people cities members league deserves carefully studied regard many improvements come history race question much recognition great principles money revenues proved origin amelioration civic conditions commercial cities accumulated wealth money necessary rulers maintenance power waging war return moneys given purposes cities claimed inhabitants granted many privileges became perpetuated time went added new opportunities collection additional revenues occurred finally important set fundamental rights documentary confirmation hands city authorities like think state affairs developed result recognition part ruling sovereign benefits conferred realm associated important trading city whose enterprising citizens gave occupation many hands rarely case however true legal rights obtained england citizens thirteenth century largely question coordination taxation legislative representation consequent attainment privileges important effect life europe growth civilization hanseatic league exerted success showing people many different nations races living different circumstances might still united similar laws enable accomplish certain objects view germans slavs english learned live another towns observing customs various places maintained privileges homes mutual influence people another many practical enterprising individuals time scarcely fail produce noteworthy effects broadening minds came contact period must trace beginnings international law hansa showed world much commercial relations facilitated uniform laws just treatment even citizens foreign countries commerce owe first recognition rights people countries even time war hanseatic league done nothing else must considered important factor development modern civilization element influence great wonderful century illustration hinge cathedral schlestadt appendix history rulers emperors germany otho iv frederick ii conrad iv william holland richard earl cornwall rudolph hapsburg adolph nassau albert austria kings scotland william alexander ii alexander iii margaret john balliol interregnum kings castile leon alfonso ix henry ferdinand iii alfonso sancho iv ferdinand iv kings england john lackland henry iii edward kings france philip ii louis viii louis ix philip iii louis philip iv kings aragon pedro ii james conqueror pedro iii alfonso iii james ii kings naples conrad conradin manfred charles anjou charles events fourth great crusade boniface marquis montferrat english stripped normandy philip augustus france foundation great empire moguls battle ubeda defeat fall almohads africa john lackland acknowledges vassal pope battle bouvines won philip augustus magna charta palatinate rhine goes house wittelsbach crusade andrew king hungary extinction dukes zarringuia switzerland becomes immediate province empire charter decree andrew basis hungarian constitution renewal league lombardy oppose emperor frederick ii battle bornhoeved holstein waldemar king denmark loses conquests southern coast baltic crusade emperor frederick ii teutonic order establishes prussia conquest balearic islands king aragon formation duchy brunswick favor house guelphs conquest kingdoms cordova murcia seville castilians conquest russia origin mogul tartar horde kaptschak invasion poland silesia hungary moguls crusade louis king france beginning great interregnum germany accessions emperors different houses germany end dominion agubites egypt syria beginning empire mamelukes enfranchisement serfs bologna italy michel paleologus emperor nice takes constantinople end empire latins accession house anjou throne two sicilies admission commons parliament england corradino decapitated naples extinction house hohenstaufen suabia franconia become immediate provinces empire county toulouse passes king france venaissin pope accession emperor rudolph hapsburg throne empire first election seven electors conquest wales king england sicilian vespers kingdom sicily passes king aragon emperor rudolph gives sons duchies austria foundation house hapsburg teutonic order completes conquest prussia extinction male line old race scotch kings contest baliol bruce decline republic piza aggrandizement genoa taking ptolemais tyre mamelukes end crusades decline mogul empire death introduction hereditary aristocracy venice foundation modern turkish empire ottoman first jubilee proclaimed pope boniface viii appendix ii chapters might america thirteenth century people seem quite question chapter america thirteenth century might written surprising chapters readers previous edition great explorers foundation geography revelation learn thirteenth century travelers anticipated discoveries far near east seven centuries ago certain documents turned however make clear motives urged eastern travelers europeans went just far towards west time documents found vatican archives exhibited louis set rest finally absolutely long disputed question discovery america norsemen connection story america thirteenth century might well told letter pope innocent dated february addressed archbishop norway held jurisdiction greenland shows presence norsemen american continent time also considerable period number churches pastors large flocks roman see lively interest americana three popes thirteenth century john xxi wrote nicholas iii two letters dated january another june martin iii wrote inserted opposite page reproduction portion first papal document extant relating america letter pope innocent taken norse discovery america norraena society word underscored indicates subject writing example chirography century interest ii representative upper house historical attempts government people recognized legislation better balanced two chambers body directly elected people indirectly chosen representing important vested interests likely make members conservative initiative legislation comes rule direct representatives people upper chamber represses radical sudden changes legislative policy yet hamper much progress democracy illustration part letter pope innocent iii mentioning greenland last years crisis english politics led general demand modification status house lords almost similar conditions led beginning least similar demand modification senate country upper chambers come represent vested interests great degree house lords subject special deprecation remark sometimes made unfortunate england weighted political incubus house lords spoken heritage middle ages general impression course english house lords present constituted comes oldest times constitutional government england nothing well untrue idea old upper chamber england medieval house lords eminently representative body members english house lords present time five hundred fifty hold seats heredity sense elective least elected peers however must chosen hereditary nobility ireland scotland nearly membership house lords present constituted owe place national legislation entirely heredity reformation english house lords good working majority consisted lords spiritual besides bishops archbishops abbots priors monasteries masters religious orders men rule come people risen positions intellectual abilities administrative capacity abbots superiors religious orders chosen monks rule shown knew rule deemed fitting rule others even day church occupies nothing like position hearts masses held ages faith catholic cardinals archbishops bishops england chosen members arbitration boards settle strikes social difficulties felt working class full confidence thoroughly representative spirit democracy england cardinal manning served critical social conditions country series examples better understand lords spiritual represented english house lords abuses though nearly frequent thought unworthy men sometimes reached positions men abuse even best things general clerical members house lords chosen intellectual moral products kingdom since without families less temptation serve personal interests besides received training unselfishness best might expected ideal second chamber know none compare old english house lords middle ages much responsible foundation liberties people deservedly proud treated detail chapter origins law interesting trace iii parish training citizenship toulmin smith book parish dom gasquet volume parish reformation shown magnificent institution popular english medieval parish much contributed solution important social problems creation true democratic spirit toulmin smith calls particular attention fact local gets hands people neighborhood personal civic energy goes sleep feeling mutual responsibility men place lost great detriment larger citizenship municipality nation parish however forming separate community members rights duties primal solid basis government parish authorities took charge highways roads paths health police constabulary fires neighborhood kept besides registry births deaths marriages essentially local concerns controlled large bodies liability abuse becomes easy political corruption sets mentions besides many parochial institutions parochial friendly society loans security parish gilds insurance many phases thoroughly organized mutual aid characteristic middle ages parishes became completely organized thoroughly democratic representative possibilities local king edward end thirteenth beginning fourteenth century rev augustus jessopp great pillage tells story parishes broken consequence confiscation endowment reformation quotation may found appendix iii section stopped toulmin smith emphatic scarcely less explicit jessopp attempts ecclesiastical authority encroach civil authorities parish successful since reformation matter fact time government became centralized complete contradiction though may seem sometimes declared place reformation history human liberty genuine democratic institutions england great extent impaired reform autocracy later developed autocratic aristocracy largely took place england gradually lifted nineteenth century even now however pointed preceding chapter might house lords thirteenth fourteenth centuries majority members lords spiritual men come masses rule iv chance rise prone think even though may excellent opportunities higher education thirteenth century many ways ideal education masses still great social drawback times lack opportunity men humble birth rise higher stations nothing however less true probably never time even members poorest families might rise readily rapidly highest positions land sons village merchants village artisans nay sons grandsons farmers bound soil educational success become clergymen various ranks attaining bishopric position abbot prior monastery reach seat house lords lord high chancellors england middle ages famous genius canon civil lawyers diplomatic abilities breadth view capacity administrators sons humble parents take single example stratford details whose inhabitants lives greatness attracted attention town corresponding size england beginning fourteenth century call village probably inhabitants indeed number less book shakespeare boy rolfe calls attention certain conditions interest us old village tells us happened result development liberty thirteenth century villeinage gradually disappeared reign edward vii subject became free tenants paying definite rents house land three natives town fashion time took surnames place birth rose high positions church becoming archbishop canterbury others respectively bishops london chichester john stratford robert stratford brothers ralph stratford nephew john robert time chancellors england instance two brothers attaining high office succession many people fact avenue rise clergy way disappointing advantage however old people insist system men direct descendants less likely pursue selfish aims likely try secure benefit community time rise legal profession lord high chancellors recent time lawyers world confess advantage medieval peoples president woodrow wilson princeton realized sympathetically great element saving democracy middle ages paid worthy tribute reason government suffer dry rot middle ages aristocratic systems prevailed men efficient instruments government drawn church great church body now distinguish church bodies roman catholic church roman catholic church now great democracy peasant humble might become priest priest obscure might become pope christendom every chancellery europe ruled learned trained accomplished men priesthood great dominant church kept government alive middle ages constant rise sap bottom rank file great body people open channels roman catholic priesthood insurance insurance usually supposed modern idea representing developments capitalization mutual risks life property like come consequence modern progress insurance system middle ages organization came thirteenth century therefore extremely interesting accomplished every form effort special gilds trade merchant gilds among objects gilds enumerated toulmin smith insurance loss fire paid particular gild merchant belonged case artisan special gild joined purpose provision made however much insurance fire fire insurance companies probably several centuries old also insurance arrangements shipwreck features insurance however much recent practically active existence middle ages though disappeared reformation come existence several centuries indeed time old gilds instance provided insurance loss flood feature insurance far know developed time loss robbery burglary insurance quite recent loss fall house imprisonment also insurance loss cattle farm products features life insurance also existence partial disability clauses life accident insurance policies recent developments old days insurance loss sight loss limb form crippling deaf dumb might insured secure income corresponding relief leprosy might obtained set apart community law requiring segregation lepers might provision food lodging even though productive work become impossible word insurance system middle ages thoroughly developed capitalistic charges enough maintain system provide large percentage returns invested stock bonds accumulation huge surpluses almost inevitably lead gross abuses best modern system insurance imitation older methods certain trade insurance companies assume portion risk mills factories like typical examples know conditions enforce proper precautions keep absolute check suspicious losses accumulate moderate surplus present opportunities insurance abuses thing true fraternal societies conduct life insurance properly managed represent lowest possible cost best efficiency least opportunities fraud without temptations interfere legislation allurements legislators spend time making strike graft bills instead legislative work vi old age pensions generation occupied much question old age pensions probably people feel first time world history arrangements made movement supposed represent recent development humanitarian purpose feature recent philanthropic evolution rather interesting light idea see well accomplish purpose thirteenth fourteenth centuries time government affair possibilities abuse huge pension system surely country knows better america old countries germany france established contributing system pension model system caring old disabled middle ages toulmin smith cites rule gilds gives us exactly status old age disability pension question workman seven years member gild assured livelihood case disability cause recall employer well employee rule belonged gild real mutual organization sharing various risks life see eminently well adapted avoid abuses old system pensioners appeal government pension system abuses almost inevitable constant temptation exploit system part pensioners feeling others investigation particular case difficult favoritism graft various kinds inevitably finds way pension paid small body fellow workmen investigation easy temptation exploit readily find place abuses extent inevitable small amount likely frequent friends neighbors know conditions men pauperized system injury seemed first disabling permanent pensioner improve enough able get back work least something support system elastic enough likely tempted continue live others rather efforts vii ways means charity organized charity us apt think modern methods obtaining funds charitable purposes represented definite developments least special features collections charity invention recent years value able reach great many people even small amounts particularly recognized tag day manifestation everyone neighborhood asked contribute small amount particular charitable purpose whole collection usually runs snug sum practices similar quite common thirteenth century time women collected money rope instance stretched across marketplace traffic busy everyone passed required pay toll charity occasionally rope stretched across bridge tolls collected particular day year forms charitable accumulation resembled many respects entertainments various kinds given charity special collections made exhibition mystery plays partly pay expenses representation surplus go charities particular gild charity however organized indeed organization charity thirteenth century represents best feature fraternalism needy cared gilds practically poorhouses man willing work already shown willingness definite bureaus help least feed family work system however flexible enough provide also tramps beggars given money tokens enabled obtain necessaries life without able abuse charity committees gilds consulted various ways among church wardens sure needy receiving help abusing charity drawing help number different quarters course problem large city life comparatively simple organization charity sufficed needs time time anticipated methods viii scientific universities first edition book called attention fact science even sense physical science spite impressions contrary favorite subject students teachers early universities might insisted however old universities scientific universities resembling closely devotion science differ certain unimportant aspects universities three centuries nineteenth occupied mainly classical studies prone think main subjects university teaching centuries nothing well less true undergraduate studies consisted seven liberal arts though largely studied scientific standpoint quotation huxley appendix education makes clear now call graduate studies consisted metaphysics considerable physics studied astronomy medicine mathematics ethical sciences studied now call ethics politics economics picture medieval universities given lecture medieval scientific universities education old new makes clear interests studies like time names different favorite subject pointed popes science dante must considered great nature student able draw exquisite figures details knowledge living things poets familiar books professors thirteenth century preserved albertus magnus roger bacon aquinas duns scotus others make clear scientific teaching main occupation university faculties preservation huge tomes diligent copying disciples shows deeply interested pupils science time ix medical teaching professional standards times history education standards scientific education institutions learning best judged condition medical schools medical sciences taken seriously thorough preparation demanded study may taken four five years attention theoretic practical medicine required graduation professors writing textbooks attract attention generations afterwards always thoroughly scientific temper university medicine likely suffer first whenever neglect science studies german historians puschmann pagel neuberger sudhoff recent years made clear medical schools universities thirteenth century maintaining high standards republication old texts especially france called attention magnificent publications professors review laws regulations confirms idea good work done gurlt history surgery geschichte der chirurgie berlin reviewed textbooks roger roland four masters william salicet lanfranc many others way make clear men excellent teachers discover three years preparatory university work required study medicine begun four years medical studies required subsequent year practice physician direction license independent practice issued scientific character medical schools therefore universities attached placed beyond doubt terms law issued emperor frederick ii two sicilies substance applied countries learn fact charters medical schools granted popes time require proper university preliminary studies four five years medicine degree doctor given know besides cities graduates properly recognized medical schools allowed practice medicine every encouragement maintenance professional standards indeed strange may seem generation standards thirteenth century medical education much higher medical schools fine work magnetism proper understanding thirteenth century scholars especially important appreciate thoroughly scientific temper mind powers observation successful attainments science know compendious way reaching knowledge qualities medieval mind study letter peregrinus time call monograph magnetism brother potamian chapter makers electricity fordham university press peregrinus columbus sums interesting contributions medieval student magnetism subject list chapters alone peregrinus monograph epistola makes clear deep interests thoroughly practical investigations illustration double pivoted needle peregrinus part chapter purpose work qualifications experimenter characteristics good lodestone distinguish poles lodestone tell pole north south lodestone attracts another iron touched lodestone turns toward poles world lodestone attracts iron north pole lodestone attracts south pole another vice versa inquiry natural virtue lodestone part chapter construction instrument measuring azimuth sun moon star horizon construction better instrument purpose art making wheel perpetual motion order illustrate peregrinus accomplished seemed worth reproduce sketches illustrate epistle double pivoted needle first pivoted compass light certain recent events passage new naval history complete review british marine london special interest illustrates perhaps new confidence came men sailing long distances result realization practical value magnetic needle thirteenth century illustration first pivoted compass peregrinus year recorded friar oxford called nicholas de linna lynn good astronomer went company others northern island thence traveled alone went north pole means skill magic black art magic black art may probably nothing knowledge magnetic needle compass found sixty years though common use many years xi biological theories evolution recapitulation course quite unfamiliar history philosophic thought apt think theory evolution modern serious students biology familiar long history theory especially anticipations greeks know however certain phases evolutionary theory attracted little attention scholastic philosophers difficult find expressions roger bacon albertus magnus serve show thought possibility intimate relation species developmental connections great teacher time thomas aquinas striking expressions matter deserve quoted important representative philosophy science century whose works influenced succeeding generations lecture medieval scientific universities published education old new fordham university press called particular attention phase thomas teaching two quotations serve make clear osborne greeks darwin quotes aquinas commentary augustine opinion regard origin things augustine declared creator simply brought life seeds things given power develop aquinas expounding augustine says production plants augustine holds different view say third day plants actually produced kind view favored superficial reading scripture augustine says earth brought forth grass trees received power produce quoting genesis first days god made creation primarily rested work like expressions might quoted writers thirteenth century might well cited confirmation fact great teachers middle ages thoroughly recognize necessity creation begin placing creator power living things enables develop means bound thought living species due special creations even hesitate teach possibility lower order living beings least coming existence spontaneous generation probably found difficulty accepting theory descent limitations scientific men generation prone demand lest thought mere accidental agreement modern thought due much certain looseness terms actual similarity view seems well point close thomas came thought modern biology probably considered distinct modern contributions theory evolution though recent years serious doubts thrown expressed formula herbert spencer ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny according completed repeats course development history race say varying phases foetal development single cell originates perfect special type born world retrace history single cell creature question gradually developed curious find thomas aquinas teaching regard origin development human says almost exactly ardent supporters fundamental biogenetic law proclaimed latter half nineteenth century thinking expressing absolutely new thought says higher form scale farther removed mere material form intermediate forms must passed finally perfect form reached therefore generation animal perfect forms occur many intermediate forms generations consequently destruction generation destruction another thomas draws ultimate conclusions doctrine without hesitation proclaims human material first animated vegetative soul principle life animal soul ultimately matter properly prepared rational soul vegetative soul therefore first embryo lives life plant destroyed succeeds perfect soul nutrient sentient time embryo lives life animal destruction succeeds rational soul infused without xii pope century absence chapter pope century always seemed lacuna previous editions book pope innocent whose pontificate began just century opened occupied first fifteen years well deserves place beside francis saint thomas scholar dante poet louis monarch great century single individual responsible great development intellectual life took place time wonderfully broad influence enabled initiate many movements meant human uplift alleviation suffering period councils church summoned important legislation passed requiring development schools foundation colleges every diocese universities important metropolitan sees accomplished hospitals well told virchow quote magnanimous tribute chapter foundation city hospitals legislation innocent iii much encourage yet regulate properly religious orders time engaged charitable work besides much charity stern upholder morals king time realized innocent pope trifling marriage vows hand innocent stern enforcement marriage laws wonderfully judicious character care weak innocent particularly noted treatment children cases compelled recalcitrant kings take back wives repudiate put away women won affections hesitate make due provision far possible illegitimate children pirie gordon recent life pope innocent notes invariably legitimated offspring illegal unions kings even declared capable succession visit guilt parent innocent offspring innocent encourage idea international arbitration anyone time period arbitrator rival national claims might led war referred probably greatest claim admiration modern time attitude toward jews centuries ahead time indeed policy laid far ahead accorded many nations even present time must forgotten past hundred years jew come real privileges comparable accorded men time jew real rights law innocent insisted according rights men famous edict regard well known let christian violence compel come dissenting unwilling baptism let christian venture maliciously harm persons without judgment civil power carry property change good customs hitherto district inhabit addition recalled distinguished scholar graduate university paris looked intellectual geniuses time author treatise contempt world time kings earth obeying known personal piety thorough regulation household something greatness man appreciated wonder historians taken special study career always won deep personal admiration though many began prejudiced regard practically converted sincere admirers xiii international arbitration peace conference new york programme william stead london editor english much interested volume thirteenth century suggested chapter book devoted consideration accomplished peace international arbitration century doubt developed result many papal decrees greater tendency existed ever since refer quarrels nations ordinarily end war decision selected umpire usually pope head christian church nations civilized world belonged selected arbitrator international arbitration strengthened decrees pope innocent pope honorius iii pope alexander developed way well worth studying deservedly subject careful investigation since present peace movement began certainly outlook securing peace international arbitration better time time since striking example instance choice king louis france umpire dispute barons king england might led war louis position regard empire papacy great extent pacificator influence peace felt everywhere throughout europe spirit century arbitration adjudication intranational well international difficulties peaceful means xiv bible revision people quite sure least question bible revision critical study text comparative investigation sources reserved time two orders friars founded early part thirteenth century however devoted task supplying people thoroughly reliable edition scriptures first systematic revision made dominicans twenty years revision set aside containing many errors another dominican correction replaced came great scholar hugh cher known later cardinal santa sabina author first great biblical concordance bible studies much clarify obscurities text sometime organized commission friars revision known paris exemplar bible text favor time aim hugh cher establish old vulgate jerome text received name century revision make version correspond nearly possible hebrew greek activity part dominicans rivaled franciscans might expect find great scientist roger bacon biblical scholar reviser working willermus de mara according father denifle late librarian vatican library must attributed title given roger bacon sapientissimus vir dominicans leadership hugh cher high ideals hoped achieve perfect primitive text version made de mara however approval advice bacon meant bring jerome text perfectly possible two revisions made thirteenth century typical efforts men made since direction contrary usual present day impressions characterized critical scholarship probably represent great contribution biblical lore made century xv fiction century ordinarily presumed life taken entirely seriously thirteenth century generation pay much attention fiction certain sense true sense however stories worthy great literature departments quite untrue story telling rather amuses sophisticated age yet elements modern fiction found stories popular century arranged dramatic effect must given wide appeal important contribution fiction century found collection known novelle hundred ancient tales contains earliest prose fiction extant italian many come period anterior dante probable manni learned editor says written thirteenth century collected early part fourteenth century originate italy indeed manni considers derived origin provence represent interest century fiction anecdotal literature longer fiction pure love story modern time typical example curious relic middle ages aucassin nicolette manuscript preserved us comes thirteenth century perhaps paris suggests tale preceding century least interest thirteenth century saved us think love romance features novel though call name development human nature enables writer love stories appeal deeper purer loftier feelings loved ones now past needed seems casual reading pretty old perhaps interesting feature oldest specimen modern fiction number precious bits psychologic analysis least called recent time occur course instance aucassin grieving find nicolette wanders forest horseback torn trees brambles feels hand finds nicolette though suffering dislocated shoulder longer feels pain joy meeting nicolette first aid injured able replace dislocated part without difficulty trained nurse fiction happy notice pain psychotherapy herdsman meets wonders aucassin plenty money victuals grieve much loss nicolette much cause grieve loss ox means starvation toward end story scene nicolette stolen home young utterly unable remember anything childhood brought back memory view city carthage forgotten events childhood subconscious memory represent naively enough true study mind varying conditions recent years given rather ambitious name psychology fiction xvi great orators without chapter great orators period account thirteenth century quite incomplete great forms literature epic lyric religious poetry prose writing probable oratory time surpassed recall cid arthur legends nibelungen meistersingers minnesingers reynard fox romance rose troubadours even dante included term comparison made may seem extravagant know effect orators time fully justifies just thirteenth century great religious orators swayed hearts minds people organization crusades beginning thirteenth century mendicant orders organized important duties preaching teaching dominicans course order preachers traditions sway minds people time make clear power equal exerted department human expression traditions particularly oratory dominicans among german races serve show even phlegmatic people stirred depths eloquent spoken word france traditions almost explicit matter remains religious orations fully confirm reputation orators time rhetoric oratory studied assiduously cicero favorite reading great preachers time find court preachers louis de bourbon elinand guillaume de perrault others appealing precepts infallible guide oratory quintilian neglected however symmachus sidonius apollinaris also faithfully studied turn speeches incorporated epics instance cid historians villehardouin definite evidence thorough command writers time forms oratory paullin paris authority time literature thirteenth century quotes passage villehardouin canon de bethune speaks name french chiefs fourth crusade emperors isaac alexis comnenus paris hesitate declare passage equal many kind much admired classic authors force finish compression thucydides xvii great beginnings english literature fact work getting beyond number printed pages determined first edition prevented insertion chapter especially devoted great beginnings english literature thirteenth century important contributions early english made period ormulum layamon brut written probably first decade thirteenth century become familiar students old english gollancz goes far say ormulum perhaps valuable document possess history english sound orm purist orthography well vocabulary may fittingly described first english phoneticians illustration manuscript ormulum thirteenth century layamon garnett english literature garnett gosse sufficed fame layamon first minstrel celebrate arthur english song pretensions poet means inconsiderate everywhere vigorous graphic improved predecessor wace alike additions expansions spiritual handling subjects common even important history language ancren anchorites rule probably written richard poore bishop salisbury three cistercian nuns place english literature may judged quotation two regard says ancren forerunner wondrous change speech anything else written outside danelagh piece influenced standard english garnett says ancren work great literary merit spite linguistic innovations established well deserves described perfect models simple eloquent prose language religious poetry time behind great prose ancren love song thomas de hales akin spirit work well described contemplative lyric simplest noblest mold garnett says reflections common ages pleaded higher life whatsoever form deplored frailty transitoriness man earthly estate two stanzas latter theme expressed modernized version might almost pass villon paris helen fairest beauty bright view amadas tristrem ideine yea isold lived love true caesar rich power sway hector strong might glided earth realm away like shaft flew wondrous woes told sorrow hear anguish killed sevenfold dole lives drear now heat turned cold world gives false hope false fear fool strength bold xviii great origins music chapter great latin hymns words phase important musical development thirteenth century plain chant simple mode musicians thirteenth century succeeded reaching climax expression human feeling chants never surpassed something also origin part music little might easily thought century lagged far behind achievements departments pierre aubry recently published motets du xiiie three volumes first volume contains photographic reproduction manuscript bamberg hundred musical modes secured second transcription modern musical notation old music third volume studies commentaries music times anything needed show utterly ignorant interests artistic achievements middle ages book aubry victor hugo music dates sixteenth century quite custom even people thought knew something music declare remains music sixteenth century worth talking ancient music probably lost us forever aubry shown conclusively abundant remains show us musicians thirteenth century devoted art great success rivals gothic arts indeed thought nearly exhausted possibilities tried make science supposedly scientific rules succeeded binding music firmly bring obscuration succeeding centuries however old story happened every art whenever genius succeeds finding great mode expression formula evolved often binds expression rigorously prevent natural development xix chapter manners whatever people middle ages may morals manners supposed lacking refinement possible nearly everything else however impression utterly false due assumption generations century two ago therefore must almost infinitely advance respect people seven centuries ago ups downs manners however education beginnings formal setting forth modern manners like everything else modern found thirteenth century year thomasin zerklaere wrote german rather lengthy treatise manners contains details polite conduct accepted later times long afterwards john garland oxford man lived france many years wrote book manners english young men meant supplement dionysius cato treatise written probably fourth century latin concerned morals manners popular middle ages garland book first series treatises manners appeared england close middle ages many recently republished revelation development manners among english forefathers book usually alluded literature liber faceti facet full title book polite man teaching manners men especially boys supplement omitted moral cato romance rose course many references manners show us courtesy cultivated france italy dante teacher bruneto latini published tesoretto treats manners soon followed number similar treatises italian word must look thirteenth century origin least definite acceptance conventions make kindly courtesy among men made possible human society friendly intercourse modern sense words prone think refinement table manners matter distinctly modern times babees book oldest books english manners date present form middle fourteenth century many rules politeness table anticipated book usually looked compilation preceding times original supposed preceding century quotations show closely resembles instructions children shalt laugh speak nothing mouth full meat drink sup great sounding neither pottage thing meat cleanse teeth pick knife straw wand stick holdest meat mouth beware drink unhonest chare also physic forbids quite also eschew without strife foul board cloth knife blow drink meat neither cold neither heat bear meat knife mouth whether set strong couth lean elbow meat neither cold heat dip thumb drink art uncourteous put fish flesh men see vice men tells great wonder else directions behave thyself talking man old books minute specific man demand question thine answer making hasty weigh well words case understand ere answer make take hand else may judge little wit answer thing hear suffer tale whole told speak mayst controlled audible voice words utter high low using measure words see pronounce plaine spoken vain uttering whereon keep order matter thereby shalt much forder order observe purpose needs must swerve xx textile work century special chapter might easily written making fine cloths various kinds reached highest perfection thirteenth century velvet instance mentioned first time england existed earlier continent cut velvets elaborate patterns made genoa exactly know finished velvet now baudekin baldichin costly textile gold silk largely used altar coverings hangings came high perfection century also canopy blessed sacrament manufacture cloth still called italy chaucer next century tells streets royal processions hanged cloth gold serge satin also first manufactured probably thirteenth century first mentioned england middle fourteenth century bishop grandison made gift choice satins exeter cathedral word satin however derived silks mediterranean called italians spanish art making brought perfection preceding century art making textiles ornamented elaborate designs animal forms floral ornaments reached highest perfection thirteenth century chronicles learn paul london owned hanging patterned wheels birds accounts elaborate textile ornamentation peacocks lions griffins like almeria andalusia rich city thirteenth century noted manufactures textiles historian period writes christians nations came port buy sell traveled parts interior country loaded vessels goods wanted costly silken robes brightest colors manufactured almeria says persians passed country end thirteenth century excellent artificers city make wonderful things gold silk embroidery women make excellent needlework silk sorts creatures admirably wrought therein also reports king tartary wearing birthday precious garment gold tells girdles gold silver pearls ornaments great price unfortunately english embroidery fell greatly time wars roses wars constitute main reason nearly every form intellectual accomplishment artistic achievement went decadence fourteenth century just emerging reformation confiscation monastic property destruction monastic life came ruin schools kinds arts crafts taught successfully france end thirteenth century saw similar rise excellence textile embroidery work allusion le brodeur furnished magnificent cope count artois beautifully decorated set hangings made queen gautier de poulleigny references work done early part fourteenth century serve show height art reached mode thirteenth century ireland finer work due place making woolens specialty dyeing woolen cloth made irish famous brought many travelers continent learn secret work done england embroidery attracted attention world english needlework became proverb body book mentioned cope ascoli many beautiful garments syon cope opinion miss addison author arts crafts middle ages conspicuous example medieval embroiderers art made nuns middle thirteenth century just time cope ascoli convent near coventry according miss addison solid stitchery canvas ground wrought divers colors green design laid series interlacing square forms rounded barbed sides corners figure scriptural scene orphreys straight borders go fronts cope decorated heraldic charges much embroidery raised wrought stitch known opus anglicanum effect produced pressing heated metal knob work points raised real embroidery executed flat surface bossed means looked like stitches every part run vestments even nimbi heads executed stitches slanting direction center cope outward without consideration positions figures face worked circular progression outward center well interlaces crimson look well green ground wheeled cherubim well developed design famous cope pleasing decorative bit archaic ecclesiasticism central design crucifixion figure lord rendered silver gold ground xxi chapter might well devoted thirteenth century quite apart stained glass cathedral windows europe wonderful specimens colored glass possess made thirteenth century recently frederick rolfe looked venetian glass three centuries twelfth thirteenth fourteenth says twelfth century glass small form simple ignorant model excessively rich brilliant colors artist evidently ideal byzantine jewels emeralds thirteenth century glass absolutely different specimens pretty work beroviero family large splendid form exquisite sometimes elaborate model mostly crystal glass reticently studded tiny colored knobs also fragments two windows pieced together missing parts filled best modern murano show celebrated beroviero ruby glass secret lost marvelous depth brilliancy comparison modern work merely watery ancient just like decanter fourteenth century returns wriggling ideal exiguous form twelfth century fails woefully brilliance color small dull undistinguished may find war pest afflicted murano epoch explain singular degradation curious degradation took place manufacture art objects fourteenth century feel rolfe words like looking physical cause decadence universal however seems unlikely follows little known human law according man reached certain perfection expression art craft comes striving originality yet variety overbalancing judgment vitiation taste luxuriance beauty discovered leads decay contradiction supposed progress mankind evolution illustrated many phases human history history art letters education arts crafts xxii inventions people sure think least matter inventions time worth considering people thirteenth century however made many wonderful inventions adaptations mechanical principles well many ingenious appliances faculty invention mainly devoted work departments besides mechanics inventors designs architecture decoration furnishings textiles beautiful things life generally inventiveness arts crafts especially admirable indeed fruitful time since reawakening matter gone back imitate designs good authorities declare endless number variety mechanical inventions needed building great cathedrals municipal buildings abbeys castles piers bridges like admirably worked necessity mother invention whenever needs asserted old generations responded successfully however number inventions attract attention even modern time practical usefulness ingenuity growth universities writing became much common textbooks needed paper invented increase reading replace teaching hearing spectacles invented time became precious clocks greatly improved hear invention something like alarm clock apparatus fixed number hours woke monk abbey whose duty arouse others organs churches greatly improved bells perfected everything else connection churches well fashioned still use thirteenth century forms gunpowder invented great many new uses found roger bacon even suggested sometime explosives enable boats move sea without sails oars carriages move land without horses men roger bacon even suggested possibility airships described might made wings worked windlass thought make friend pupil peregrinus invented double pivoted compass first faddist described set making magnetic engine thought run forever recall much accomplished mechanically construction buildings becomes evident mechanical problem generations wanted solved succeeded solving well left us inventions among useful appliances without paper without spectacles intellectual world sad case indeed many secrets inventions arts crafts lost spite study succeeded rediscovering xxiii industry trade rather inclined think large organizations industry trade reserved comparatively modern times think however forget place occupied monasteries convents olden time heard much lazy monks know nothing idleness monasteries accusations made commission set furnish evidence henry viii might suppress monasteries every modern historian rejected findings commission false many forms manufacture carried monasteries convents principal bookmakers bookbinders great extent manufacturers art fabrics work intended church use also decoration luxurious private apartments us known something finer work much cruder industries also millers brushand shoemakers tenantry knitting done convents finer fancy work recent meeting institute mining engineers england brought discussion coal mining connection early history coal mines england records many english monasteries show early times monks knew value coal used rather freely also mined others monks tynemouth known mining coal manor tynemouth shipping distance durham finchale abbey also time require special study bring interesting details abundant material alone chapter volume industries thirteenth century like education literature culture time thought undeveloped knew nothing relation monasteries trade domestic foreign well brought paragraph ralph adams cram book ruined abbeys great britain new york churchman describes remains beaulieu show place monastery means important england trade benefit tenantry others done even idea power great monasteries may gained traces still existing center trade built monks outside gates head tide water spot great stone quay constructed came ships foreign lands near great marketplace now called cheapside though commerce exists longer height monastic glory religious houses actually chief centers industry civilization around grew eager villages many now exist even though impulse original inspiration long since departed course possessions abbey reached far away walls every direction including many farms even great distance abbeys great landowners beneficent landlords well even last days many records cruelty hardships came tenants moment stolen lands came hands laymen xxiv fairs markets chapter might well devoted showing significance curious old institutions fairs market days middle ages country folk flocked town bringing produce found gathered many parts merchants come exchange barter expense maintaining store year around done away profits large exchanges direct profits middlemen great extent eliminated distinctly advantage poor expenses commerce limited greatest possible extent every advantage accrued customer besides market days became days innocent merriment amusement diversion wandering purveyors amusement followed fairs obtained living generosity people amused amusements conducted doors objectionable features regards hygiene morality likely attach things day amusement call now vaudeville singing dancing exhibition trained animals acrobatic feats various kinds well say people advance medieval forbears matters since taste fairs market days made country life less monotonous regular recurrence prevented emptying country city deprecate time economic social even moral advantages worth studying xxv intensive farming hear much intensive farming modern time supposed distinctly modern invention mothered necessity due great increase population striking features story monasticism countries europe however middle ages especially thirteenth century many greatest abbeys reached climax power influence beauty construction successful devotion paid agriculture modern time gradually learning lesson growing larger larger crops area ground proper selection seed developing cattle way make valuable farming exactly old monastic establishments beginning thirteenth century many situated rather barren regions sometimes indeed surrounded thick forests end century great monastic establishments succeeded making beautiful luxuriant gardens taught numerous tenantry great lessons agricultural improvement made plenty happiness many monasteries belonged religious order traditions carried visiting monks sometimes transfer members community another monastic establishments great farmers europe proud boast farming lands instead exhausted year year rather increasing value doubtless many secrets farming lost rediscovered modern time just arts crafts success farming noteworthy knowledge trees must excellent since surrounded fine forests times arranged provide shady walks charming avenues knowledge simple farming must thorough farms monasteries always prosperous tenantry always happiest traditions especially english history seems almost impossible credit traditions manufactured purpose now entirely discredited learned recent years wonderful scholars architects painters teachers engineers monks surprising find magnificently developed agricultural knowledge well every department particularly interested xxvi cartography teaching geography chapter great explorers foundation geography body book much might maps thirteenth century great period matter lecoy de la marche among studies thirteenth century included volume collection maps thirteenth century purpose make work erudition rather popular information much might cartography time even work alone de charles du xiii paris great maps thirteenth century cathedral wall hereford deserves place made just end thirteenth century idea maker convey much information possible earth merely indicate political divisions relative size position different parts certain extent least resume history physical geography even geographical biology anthropology indications animals curious types men contains besides references interesting objects kinds interest reproduced map key explanations published hereford illustration photograph ancient map preserved hereford cathedral illustration map world hereford cathedral map executed single sheet vellum breadth extreme height fixed strong framework oak top fig representation last judgment saviour represented glory virgin mary interceding mankind convenience reference key map divided squares marked roman capitals prominent objects figures commencing sq circle marked fig represents garden eden four rivers adam eve eating forbidden fruit remainder square also ii occupied india fig shown expulsion adam eve right shown race giants left city enoch still golden mountains guarded dragons mountains shown race pigmies space bounded two rivers placed crocodile immediately female warrior left latter pair birds called map alerions large river left ganges shows inhabitants part india foot sufficiently large serve umbrella shelter sun city center samarcand seen elephant left parrot part red sea also shown island taprobana ceylon shown two dragons also bears inscription denoting dragons elephants found small islands shown crise argire ophir frondisia aphrodisia contains caspian sea figure holding tail hand author calls minotaur left shown albani see better night daytime two warriors combat griffin fig upper part bokhara thrace latter fig shown pelican feeding young left singular figure representing cicones right camel bactria left tiger right animal human head body lion called mantichora still lower seen noah ark fig shown three human figures beasts birds serpents lower corner fig golden fleece upper parts contain babylonia city babylon fig river euphrates city damascus right unknown animal called marsok right lot wife turned pillar salt fig decapolis river jordan near bottom square river euphrates figure frame representing patriarch abraham residence ur chaldees red sea figs conspicuous object fork formed shown giving tables law mount sinai touching line fig showing wanderings israelites seen worship golden calf dead sea submerged cities shown lower left red sea phoenix bottom mythical animal long horns called eale upper part monastery anthony ethiopia river left nile great interior lake figs figure satyr beyond lake extending distance map figs various singular figures supposed represent races dwelling circular island left meroe man riding crocodile bottom corner centaur upper part scythia shows cannibals fig two scythians combat man leading horse human skin thrown right latter placed ostrich asia minor black sea fig many cities shown prominent among troy fig described civitas near bottom left constantinople lynx shown near center nearly filled holy land center jerusalem fig supposed center world surrounded high wall crucifixion jerusalem right bethlehem manger near circular place right called puteus juramenti well oath unknown bird called map avis cirenus egypt nile upper part fig joseph granaries pyramids immediately salamander right mandrake fig denotes delta cities side nile partly sq rhinoceros unicorn ethiopia upper corner sphinx near bottom temple jupiter ammon represented singular shaped figure camp alexander great bottom corner immediately boundary line asia africa top left norway author placed monkey middle filled russia small circular islands left orkneys immediately inscription relating seven sleepers scotland part england shown lower part british isles described sq xix singular triangular figure center square identified germany part greece upper part right danube tributaries seen upper part lower rhine bank latter scorpion placed venice shown right contains italy great part mediterranean sea fig center fig rome bears inscription roma caput mundi tenet orbis frena rotundi upper part mediterranean sea seen mermaid fig island crete famous labyrinth left rock scylla crete sicily fig mount etna shown close sicily whirlpool charybdis part africa lower part left promontory seen carthage right leopard shown also part africa upper part fezzan shown basilisk still lower troglodytes dwellers caves left hand british isles figs right france great britain figs fully laid ireland author seemed know little england cities towns delineated among hereford conspicuous twenty rivers also seen mountains shown clee hills wales snowdon seen towns carnarvon conway david ireland four towns armagh bangor dublin kildare two rivers banne shown divides island two shannon scotland six towns france city paris fig conspicuous upper part provence lower spain mediterranean sea laid among others islands corsica sardinia majorca minorca bottom fig pillars hercules gibraltar considered extreme western limits world top left fig augustine hippo pontifical habit opposite corner lion agriophagi people live flesh lions beasts kingdoms shore mediterranean algiers setif tangier appendix iii criticisms comments documents human progress people impossible apparently accomplished century far back thirteenth even seriously thought greatest centuries evolution come accepted unquestioningly course heirs ages foremost files time must far ahead forbears especially distant past everything man talks glibly great progress recent times usually knows history time much men studied periods seriously hesitate claim progress anyone knows period less think surpassing many exemplifications recent literature cardinal point many criticisms book seemed well illustrate position taken absence progress humanity quotations recognized authorities just first edition book came press ambassador bryce delivered address harvard progress appeared august bryce evidently persuaded human progress real sense word striking quotations may made address get full impression bryce reasons hesitation accepting progress whole article needs read instance seem possible go back earliest literature survives us western asia southeastern europe say creative powers human mind subjects poetry philosophy historical narrative portraiture either improved deteriorated poetry early hebrews early greeks never surpassed hardly ever equaled neither philosophy plato aristotle speeches demosthenes cicero geniuses like dante chaucer shakespeare appear without able account aught know another may appear moment just difficult look back five centuries assert either progress decline painting sculpture never risen high level touched fifth century within last three centuries high level reached end fifteenth found generalizations fact music inscrutable arts whether progress expected may come improvement instruments constituting orchestra attempt conjecture dare raise controversy inquiring whether beethoven represents progress mozart wagner progress beethoven perhaps startling evidence subject absence evolution humanity opinion flinders petrie distinguished english authority egyptology added nearly millennium history egypt studies brought intimate contact egypt found reason thinking generation farther advanced important qualities men period article romance early civilization now us view powers man earliest point trace written history strikes us little nature abilities changed seven thousand years admired admire limits fine handiwork also may wider outlook greater understanding things interests may extended interval far human nature tastes go man essentially unchanged interval practical outcome extending view man three times far back used look must teach us little material civilization likely future change nature weaknesses abilities ancestors ages yet come think man advanced practical wisdom years history forget entirely lessons literature whenever great genius written displayed knowledge human nature great found time world history wisdom homer solomon typical examples probably striking evidence matter found considered oldest book ever written instructions ptah hotep son ptah hotep vizier king itosi fifth dynasty egypt nothing father modern time wish tell boy result experience found wise advice father nearly years ago written longer solomon solomon us yet practical knowledge gained intercourse men added careful father long ago written son century origins many readers apparently seemed main reason writing thirteenth greatest centuries fact church occupied large place life time therefore accomplished must naturally revert account interested old church however written enthusiastically thirteenth century since writing volume found frederick harrison almost quite ardent praise many others especially among historians art architecture apparently able say wish admiration supreme century catholics place beside frederick harrison great positivist generation john morley great rationalist chorus agreement subject greatness thirteenth century considered complete morley address popular culture delivered president midland institute england october great essays putnam new york present really interests us present seek understand explain least want know happened past except enables see way clearly happening want know men thought thirteenth century dilettante idle antiquarian curiosity thirteenth century root men think nineteenth education many even benevolent readers book quite sure exaggerated significance medieval education claimed much breadth culture given early universities huxley perhaps last man recent times suspected moment exaggerating import medieval education inaugural address universities actual ideal delivered rector aberdeen university discussing subject thoroughly scholars medieval universities seem studied grammar logic rhetoric arithmetic geometry astronomy theology music work however imperfect faulty judged modern lights may brought face face leading aspects mind man studies really contain rate embryo sometimes may caricature now call philosophy mathematical physical science art doubt curriculum modern university shows clear generous comprehension meant culture old trivium quadrivium italics results system education may judged best perhaps dante example popes science fordham university press chapter devoted dante typical university man time knowledge science displayed great poem poet modern time turned much confidence every phase science figures product medieval universities anyone thinks study science recent nature study delayed till day need read dante completely undeceived fact scholars professors universities almost without exception believers possibility transmutation metals old days used considered many educated people quite sufficient stamp lacking judgment prone believe sorts incredible even impossible things without justification supercilious condemnation point view medieval scholars matter however recently received serious jolt sometime ago sir william ramsey greatest living english chemists announced meeting british association advancement science succeeded changing copper lithium created sensation time represented culmination effort direction long expected recently sir william reported british chemical society succeeded obtaining carbon four substances containing element bismuth acid thorium zirconium american professor chemistry declared like remove traces silver quantity lead ore allowing stand years opportunity since confident find traces silver developed meantime sure reason two metals always occur together copper gold products developmental process precious metals step farther process base metals seem medieval scholars silly used appear knew enough subject judge properly supercilious critics silly probably regard exact sciences even educated people quite sure thirteenth century deserve thought representing great human advance middle ages drowsily speculative never exact thinking course people know nothing intense exactness thought thomas albertus magnus duns scotus impossible moreover make realize writings men exact human thought actually thirteenth century though modern students devote scholastic philosophy surely appreciate admire quality medieval philosophy people probably evidence made quite adequate answer objection chapter mathematics thirteenth century might easily made cantor history mathematics vorlesungen geschichte der mathematik leipzig devotes nearly pages second volume mathematicians thirteenth century two leonardo pisa jordanus nemorarius much arithmetic theory numbers algebra geometry make revolution mathematics cantor says accomplished much contemporaries successors scarcely follow much less go beyond great disciples like john sacrobusco probably john holywood near dublin joannes campanus others cantor calls attention particularly spread arithmetical knowledge among masses tribute century characteristic time new thoughts discoveries scholars soon made practical penetrated widely among people brewer preface roger bacon works quotes bacon expressions regard value mathematics english franciscan without mathematics nothing worth knowing philosophy attained knows mathematics know science discover ignorance find proper remedy term mathematics used bacon much wider application now brewer notes thirteenth century scientist included therein geometry arithmetic astronomy music regard education best evidence far exaggeration accomplished thirteenth century conservative estimate made book may gathered legally erected standards medical schools legal status medical profession appendix popes science two bulls published issued pope john xxii establishing medical schools perugia time papal states cahors birthplace pope bulls really formal charters medical schools require three years preliminary study university four five years medicine degree doctor may granted addition emphasized curricula new medical schools must equal paris bologna bulls issued early part fourteenth century show height standards medical education raised found also law frederick issued requiring physicians wished practice two sicilies three years preliminary study four years medical school year practice physician diploma constituted license practice issued law also pure drug law forbidding sale impure drugs penalty confiscation goods preparation penalty death pure drug law passed time issue first edition book ask results training may find story guy de chauliac father modern surgery life formed basis lecture johns hopkins medical club published bulletin john hopkins hospital incorporated catholic churchmen science second series dolphin press know chauliac work tradition great surgery great papal physician fourteenth century operated within skull hesitate open thorax sewed wounds intestines discussed subjects hernia catheterization treatment fractures manipulative surgery generally wonderful technical ability book used next two centuries won admiration everyone ever read technical education masses friends courteously firmly insisted greatly exaggerated technical abilities village workmen middle ages every town less ten thousand inhabitants england able supply workmen scarcely obtain cities million inhabitants scanty population supply greater numbers now secure teeming populations seems many simply impossible trying say however chapters arts crafts popular education much better authority scarcely questioned critics rev augustus jessopp twenty years rector searning england honorary fellow john college worcester college oxford besides honorary canon cathedral norwich devoted much time study question cathedrals built finished twenty years life spent study old english parish parish life studied old parish registers talks therefore distant impressions actual facts recorded position antiquarian authority add fact member roman catholic church credit much popular education accomplishment arts crafts century accrues value evidence placed entirely suspicion partisan partiality chapter parish life england book great pillage great pillage miscellanies augustus jessopp london fisher unwin paternoster square says evidence abundant positive increasing us year year work done fabrics churches work done beautifying interior churches woodcarving screens painting lovely figures panels screens embroidery banners vestments frescoes walls engraving monumental brasses stained glass windows vast aggregate artistic achievements existed immense profusion village churches till sixteenth century stripped bare executed local craftsmen evidence accumulating us every year antiquary another succeeds unearthing fragments accounts actual contracts church building church repairing undertaken village contractors cost rood screen paid village carpenter painting executed local artists find name artificer described aurifaber worker gold silver living parish never five hundred inhabitants find people another place casting new bell making mould find blacksmith another place forging iron work church door get payment entered carving bench ends little church five hundred years ago bench ends seen church present moment get fairly bewildered astonishing wealth skill artistic taste aesthetic feeling must england times till lately assumed barbaric times bewildered say understand came single generation knowing frightful spoliation churches parish buildings outrageous plunder parish gilds reign edward sixth horrible band robbers carried detestable work effected hideous obliteration clean sweep precious treasures dispersed rich profusion whole land dull despair ever replacing ruthlessly pillaged crushed spirit whole nation art died rural england king whitewash queen ugliness ruled supreme centuries argument century produced everywhere technical schools great profusion though may called ambitious name stopped people seems impossible understand artistic evolution proceeded perfection now seems clear actually attained thirteenth fourteenth centuries just getting back proper state public taste right degree artistic skill many accomplishments present time thought come many others knowing appreciating medieval progress art literature tried work reasons gap exists medieval art modern artistic endeavor explanations serve make clear art evolution stopped abruptly retracing steps taking models past rather original work advance must quoted many people find think reasons misunderstanding old times gerhardt hauptmann well known even among people great living german dramatists whose sunken bell attracted considerable attention german english versions new york recent criticism new german book declared reason gap modern medieval art movement now coming known religious revolt germany sixteenth century protestant often regret purchased freedom conscience individual liberty entirely high price order make room small mean little plant personal life destroyed whole garden fancy hewed virgin forest aesthetic ideas went even far insanity weakness throw garden souls fruitful soil accumulating thousands years else plowed sterile clay intellectual culture well protected hedge personality within hedge delicate dwarf trees unworthy plants poorer progeny great predecessors telegraph lines bridges railroads grow churches cathedrals sentry boxes barracks need gardeners cause present sterilizing process soil stop enrich surface working rich layers beneath ever photograph sebaldus tomb model metropolitan museum new york rich german symbol rose invisible luxuriant developmental period german art formal product art difficult appreciate deserves seems wonderful bits work whole field artistic accomplishment soul great medieval period encircles silver coffin wrapping noble unity enthrones summit death life growing child work come perfection protected spaces old mother church rev jessopp book already cited great pillage hesitate state unmistakable terms reason beauty happiness went english country life two centuries thirteenth century came modern generations begin beginning catholic forefathers medieval period left us used despised middle ages says talk great pillage mean horrible outrageous looting churches conventual robbing people country property land movables property actually inherited members organized religious communities known parishes necessary emphasize fact general scramble terror henry eighth anarchy days edward sixth class permitted retain large portion endowments monasteries plundered even pots pans almshouses old men women fed clothed robbed last pound poor turned cold hour warning beg bread hospitals sick needy sometimes magnificently provided nurses chaplains whose raison look care past caring stripped belongings inmates sent hobble convenient dry ditch lie die crawl barn hovel tended without fear consequences kindly man woman bear see suffering fellow creature drop die doorposts talk great deal indignation tweed ring day come someone write story two rings ring miscreants robbed monasteries reign henry eighth first ring robbers robbed poor helpless reign edward sixth ten times worse first universities just escaped general confiscation friendly societies benefit clubs gilds escape accumulated wealth centuries houses lands money vessels silver vessels gold ancient cups goblets salvers even chairs tables set inventories catalogues swept great robbers hoard last least immense treasures churches joy boast every man woman child england day day week week assembled worship old houses god fathers built whose every vestment chalice candlestick banner organs bells picture image altar shrine looked part birthright torn away rudest spoilers carted knew whither jeers scoffs ribald shoutings none dared raise hand let voice heard whisper prayer bitter grief agony class spared clergy church england managed retain endowments boy king lived another three years good reason believing gone graft prevailed old order disappeared slough selfishness comfort poverty number friendly critics insisted thirteenth century far behind later times comfort people poverty supposed almost universal doubtless many people poor personally doubt much poverty misery due actual want necessaries life present time certainly emphasized close constantly rendering pains poverty poignant contrast luxury modern time large city people country suffer much people city recent years investigations poverty england appalling statistics presented robert hunter book poverty furnished us details make feel generation last say thirteenth century behind progress many people poor ruskin ideal great nation wherein must many possible human creatures sure tried standard thirteenth century merrie england ahead generation far advance recent generations contrast know merrie english men women thirteenth century quote hunter paragraphs poverty modern english people says years ago england know extent poverty economists writers gave opinions kinds conditions others statements misleading tilting backward forward ponderous serious way booth business man undertook get facts even radical economist dared estimated poverty london extending per cent proved extent poverty number underfed underclothed insanitary houses greater reasonably estimated details investigation booth startling explanation found deny face booth facts set claim conditions london exceptional rountree made investigation york precisely results four population poverty quote hunter charles booth published results exhaustive inquiries actual conditions poverty london became known people thirty per cent entire population london found unable obtain necessaries sound livelihood state poverty living conditions actual misery rate bordering many districts considerably half population either distress verge distress results made public conservative economists gave opinion conditions london course exceptional unsafe make generalizations whole england basis booth figures london ten years later rountree incited work booth undertook similar inquiry native town york small provincial city ways typical smaller towns england large volume results published shown poverty york slightly less extensive london summary rountree compares conditions london york comments follows proportions arrived total populations living poverty london york respectively london per cent york per cent proportion population living poverty york may regarded practically london especially remember booth information gathered period average trade prosperity whilst york figures collected trade unusually prosperous continues accustomed look poverty london exceptional result careful investigation shows proportion poverty london practically equalled may regarded typical provincial town faced startling probability per cent town populations united kingdom living poverty us inclined think rountree must exaggerate calls poverty us doubtless inclined think modest competency little respectability fixed standard shillings eight pence week necessary family ordinary size says family living scale allowed estimate must never spend penny railway fare omnibus must never go country unless walk must never purchase newspaper spend penny buy ticket popular concert must write letters absent children afford pay postage must never contribute anything church chapel give help neighbor costs money save join sick club trade union pay necessary subscription children must pocket money dolls marbles sweets father must smoke tobacco drink beer mother must never buy pretty clothes children character family wardrobe family diet governed regulation must bought absolutely necessary maintenance physical health bought must plainest economical description child fall ill must attended family parish doctor die must buried parish finally must never absent work single day four population living scale conditions anything worse continent germany industry best conditions berlin recently reported daily consular reports government official somewhat two millions people live berlin income nearly incomes however exempt taxation amount minimum taxable income though per week taxable incomes nearly less year get day less less sixty thousand total population get day easy say hard understand living wage things cheaper germany meat however nearly twice dear sugar twice dear bread dearer country coffee dearer rent somewhat cheaper easy talk spread comfort among people generation raising standard living compares wages price things now hard understand just basis fact claim betterment time meaning general comfort happiness made people always refuse believe conditions bad really matters americans feeling reading hunter rountree words account american consul berlin may true england germany course different america extremely doubtful whether different america matter hunter opinion deserves weight years devoted gathering information regard subject seems sure seven population poverty probably number higher opinion many people country poverty number yearly growing larger year unskilled classes pursuing hopelessly elusive phantom independence dream working faster swiftly move backward year hungry children fathers whose utmost effort may bring home much energy food takes industry fanciful questions sentimental ones slightest doubt united states ten million persons precisely conditions poverty largely guessing may many fifteen twenty millions perhaps hunter exaggerates physician inclined think certainly words english statistics give pause sure general principles great mass people happier now comfortable mind real happiness thirteenth century due consideration kind insist comparative misery suffering poor old times england less thirteenth century probably never time history greater majority people fulfilled ruskin morris ideals human beings worker got least worker carlyle words always obtained due food lodging england nation sleek english horses hungry dissatisfied englishmen comfort happiness another side question comparative happiness may stated words william morris says hopes fears art greek roman luxurious time course medieval thirteenth century stare astonished brought back shown comforts house expression often prone wonder many use realize quotation appreciate fact morris made statement order rebut answer certain ways complete deserves quoted hear luxuries ancients must remember like luxuries rather indulgence pieces extravagant folly call luxury perhaps rather call comfort well accept word say greek roman luxurious time stare astonished brought back shown comforts house know think attainment comforts makes difference civilization uncivilization essence civilization indeed farewell hope thought civilization meant attainment peace order freedom man man love truth hatred injustice consequence attainment good life things breed life free craven fear full incident thought meant stuffed chairs cushions carpets gas dainty meat drink therewithal sharper differences class class part wish well living tent persian desert turf hut iceland hillside however think view true view tell art abhors side civilization breath houses lie stuffy slavery believe want art begin home must must clear houses troublesome superfluities forever way conventional comforts real comforts make work servants doctors want golden rule fit everybody nothing houses know useful believe beautiful comfort health comment william morris significant paragraphs may summed reflections scornful expression friend asked possible talk happiness time glass windows heating apparatus except open fireplace great hall larger houses kitchen dwelling houses ready answer modern time gone far opposite extreme work serious harm health city dweller develops tuberculosis physician now sends mountains asks sleep window wide open requires spend just much time possible open air even temperature zero hospitals fad making patients comfortable artificial heat passing stimulating cold fresh air gaining ground know fevers respiratory diseases brings notable reduction mortality surely good ailing must even better keep well disease many physician now arranges sleep doors winter certainly respiratory diseases rendered much fatal modern liability greatly increased houses medieval people less comfortable sensual standpoint healthy glow reaction cold probably made enjoy life better houses secured bodily warmth active circulation blood secure circulation hot water steam houses may better way question yet absolutely decided physician friend points great reduction modern times insists course means definite progress even quite sure often thought saving great many lives heretofore course nature conditions requiring vigorous life passed existence early doubtful however whether advantage race since insane asylums hospitals incurables homes various kinds now inmates much greater proportion population ever history mainly individuals lower resistive vitality allowed get existence early save friends useless suffering whose presence life add greatly possibilities human accomplishment reduced comfort seeking counterbalanced reduced advantage reaped race end reflections course meant suggest important view questions sides sure represent definite progress humanity progress much elusive ordinarily thought never simple unmistakable movement advance often thought hygiene objection medical friends claims thirteenth greatest centuries failed pay attention hygiene presumption founded real knowledge time rather easy show generations anticipating many solutions hygienic problems quite well solutions social intellectual difficulties sketch pope john physician became pope second half thirteenth century published ophthalmology quarterly review eye diseases pope john wrote little book subject many valuable anticipations modern knowledge called attention fact physician professor medicine medical school university sienna pope known peter spain made contributions sanitary science later appointed archiater physician charge city rome pointed sketch enlarged volume containing second series catholic churchmen science dolphin press seems particularly interested popular health little book thesaurus pauperum treasure poor contains many directions maintenance health treatment disease poor secure physicians advice fact head bureau health rome made pope thirteenth century speaks volumes awakening educated classes least value hygiene sanitation attention hygiene best shown consideration hospitals ordinarily assumed hospitals provided roof sick injured scarcely physicians probably quite sure rather disease real blessings ailing find study carefully generations gave us precious lesson eradicating leprosy quite general tuberculosis now made special hospitals erysipelas materially lessened diffusion disease rewriting chapter foundation city hospitals book popes science fordham university press incorporated description hospital erected tanierre france marguerite bourgogne sister louis hospital arthur dillon standpoint modern architect says admirable hospital every way doubtful surpass isolated ward separated buildings advantage often lose story high space given patient now afford ventilation great windows ventilators ceiling excellent cheerfully lighted arrangement gallery shielded patients dazzling light draughts windows afforded easy means supervision division roofless low partitions isolated sick obviated depression comes sight others pain moreover great contrast cheerless white wards vaulted ceiling beautiful woodwork richly carved great windows altars filled colored glass altogether best examples best period gothic architecture individual hygiene course much desired among people thirteenth century declared history europe fifth fifteenth century might hygienic standpoint summed thousand years without bath know period however less point find epigram cram ruined abbeys great britain pott described wonderful arrangements within monasteries conduction water long distances toilet purposes much attention sanitary details prone think cram describing means greatest english abbeys thirteenth century says beaulieu water brought underground conduit unfailing spring mile away served drinking washing bathing supply fish ponds constant flushing elaborate system drainage sanitary matters monks far advance rest society learning agriculture wages condition op working people every reader thirteenth century seems perfectly sure whatever else may precious time least workmen well paid men worked practically nothing confessed course working cathedrals right work little wished least decided step upward evolution gradual raising wages last workman beginning paid adequate compensation probably phase life middle ages regard people mistaken supposition workmen early time paid inadequately already called attention fact workmen period claimed obtained three eights eight hours work eight hours sleep eight hours recreation bodily necessities obtained saturday also release work vigils feast days nearly forty year vesper hour three summer two winter work eves obligation regard wages just way get subject present legal table wages enacted parliament placing beside legal maximum price necessities life also determined parliamentary enactment act edward iii fixes wages without food follows many things mentioned following enough purpose price shillings pence woman weeding corn day man filling reaper mowing acre grass threshing quarter wheat price shoes cloth provisions throughout time law continued force follows price pounds shillings pence pair shoes russet broadcloth yard stall fed ox grass fed ox fat sheep unshorn fat sheep shorn fat hog two years old fat goose ale gallon proclamation wheat quarter white wine gallon red wine act parliament fourteenth century fixing price meat names four sorts meat beef pork mutton veal sets forth preamble words food poorer sort poor england eat kinds meat now investigators poverty country declare poor live almost exclusively bread fact matter large city populations likely harbor many miserable people rural population england middle ages containing bulk people merry recall connection given text regard care people foolish notion founded mere assumption due aristophanic joke complacent makes us ready believe generation better others vanishes completely easy understand beef pork mutton veal even poultry food poor workman earn price sheep less four days buy nearly two fat geese day wages day laborer work forty fifty days now earn price ox hoof close thirteenth century fat hog costs less dollar man wages eight cents day low gallon good ale obtained two cents workman likely go dry gallon red wine obtained day wages hard see difference workman olden time present regard two yards cloth made coat gentleman cost little two shillings making brought price two shilling six pence prices taken preciosum bishop fleetwood took accounts kept bursars convents fleetwood book accepted generally excellent authority history economics cobbett history protestant reformation made exhaustive study just question material economic condition people england since reformation says things prove beyond dispute england catholic times real wealthy country wealth generally diffused every part country abounded men solid property course always great resources hand cases emergency short everything shows england country abounding men real wealth fortesque lord high chancellor england henry king century thirteenth say regard legal economic conditions england time people may think picture gives exaggeration written great lawyer definite idea giving picture times ordinary circumstances say better authority king england alter laws make new ones without express consent whole kingdom parliament assembled every inhabitant liberty fully use enjoy whatever farm produceth fruits earth increase flock like improvements makes whether proper industry retains service use enjoy without let interruption denial wise injured oppressed shall amends satisfactions party offending hence inhabitants rich gold silver necessaries conveniences life drink water unless certain times religious score way penance fed great abundance sorts flesh fish plenty everywhere clothed throughout good woollens bedding furniture house wool great store also well provided sorts household goods necessary implements husbandry every according rank things conduce make mind life easy happy interest loans number commercial friends interested wonderful story business organizations traced chapter great beginnings modern commerce sure however quite idle talk great commercial possibilities time ecclesiastical regulations forbade taking interest seem make quite impossible great commercial transactions carried yet somehow people succeeded accomplishing number writers economics recent years suggested possibly solution danger government popular rights accumulation large fortunes might avoided return system prohibition interest taking much proposition might possibly thought unfamiliar serious consideration succeed getting without thirteenth century time solved problem providing loans alone business people might need solving loan shark evil present time nearly way solved seven centuries ago abbot gasquet parish life england reformation describes methods early days follows parish wardens duties towards poorer members district instance guardians common chest temporary loans obtained needy parishioners tide persons difficulties loans secured pledges additional security parishioners interest charged use money case pledge sold everything sum lent returned borrower eighteenth lowest centuries doubt nineteenth century especially latter half saw satisfactory progress immediately preceding times recognition fact last century far surpassed predecessor tendency assume evolution occupies men minds eighteenth must quite far surpassed seventeenth seventeenth sixteenth course far ahead everything despised middle ages recent years indeed dropped attitude blaming earlier ages complacent pity born soon enough therefore enjoy advantages unfortunately conclusion term comparison nearest us eighteenth century without doubt lowest hundred years human accomplishment least past seven centuries true every form human endeavor every phase human existence goodyear brooklyn institute arts science author series books art history chapters handbook renaissance modern art new york mcmillan describing greek revival latter part eighteenth century says according accounts far throughout whole book either architecture painting sculpture appear earlier nineteenth century represents foot hill whose gradual descent began matter fact every department artistic expression taste eighteenth century almost worst possible monuments time shape churches municipal buildings least worthy imitation art ideas represent deprecated whole history modern art perhaps awful arraignment eighteenth early nineteenth century ever made cram ruined abbeys great britain already quoted calls attention fact century beautiful sculptured work ever came hand man torn ruins mary abbey york serve better purpose make lime description sculpture abbey give idea beauty render poignant loss inflicted art says wonderful amongst horde smaller statues mutilated fragment statue lady holy child consummate faultless art deserves place masterpieces sculpture every age race dim scanty undercraft epitome english art four centuries precious beautiful beyond power words describe york abbey national monument aesthetic historic value beyond computation feelings horror unutterable dismay stand beside existing fragments realizing irreparable loss make clear call mind henry sacrilege sixteenth century silly palace doomed instant destruction crass ignorance stolidity eighteenth century grants building material mercenary savagery nineteenth century smoking lime kilns rose air vanishing ghosts noblest creations owed existence man nothing sadder realize failure appreciation art early nineteenth eighteenth century men lost apparently proper realization value artistic effort achievement era travel commerce unfortunately industrial development consequence many parts europe especially england art remains inestimable value suffered hands utilitarians found use enterprises accustomed rail barbarians turks failure appreciate remains latin greek art wanton destruction shall say modern englishmen quite ruthlessly destroyed objects art equal value least roman greek great body nation made complaint protest heard anywhere kingdom true arts might reasonably expected quite true phases intellectual development education instance lowest ebb reached since foundation universities end twelfth century germany university professorship greek winckelmann introduced study greek school seehausen language available obliged write texts students case germany also true great degree rest europe leading french critics ridiculed greek authors homer considered ballad singer compared street singers paris voltaire thought aeneid virgil superior greek writers ever done edition plato published europe since end sixteenth century greek authors almost much neglected true scholarship little cardinal newman idea university wants find lowest possible term comparison intellectual life university takes english universities middle eighteenth century neglect education influence greek always chastening perfecting taste surprising literature every country europe low ebb feeble art two interdependent much usually thought france anything show literature enduring influence subsequent centuries compare french literature eighteenth seventeenth century however easy see much descent corneille racine moliãªre boileau la fontaine bossuet bourdaloue voltaire marivaux lesage diderot bernardin de pierre decadence literature noted even strikingly england spain italy seventeenth especially first half saw origin greatest works modern literature eighteenth century produced practically nothing live vital force aftertimes true art letters education true men liberty hospital organization care ailing lowest ebb eighteenth century jacobson german historian hospitals says footnote footnote zur geschichte des krankencomforts deutsche krankenpflege zeitung parts remarkable fact attention sick improvements hospitals institutions generally details nursing care period complete lasting stagnation middle seventeenth century close thirty years war neither officials physicians took interest elevation nursing improving conditions hospitals first eighteenth century nothing done bring either construction nursing better state solely among religious orders nursing remain interest remnants technique survive result period general level nursing fell far earlier periods hospitals cities like prisons bare undecorated walls little dark rooms small windows sun enter dismal wards fifty hundred patients crowded together deprived comforts even necessaries municipal state institutions period beautiful gardens roomy halls springs water old cloister hospital middle ages heard still less comforts friendly interiors might expected hospitals badly organized art nursing decay almost unutterable miss nutting johns hopkins hospital superintendent nurses miss dock secretary international council nurses history nursing chapter dark period nursing decadence eighteenth century regards training nurses intelligent care sick brought clearly say footnote footnote history nursing adelaide nutting lavinia dock two volumes illustrated putnam sons new york commonly agreed darkest known period history nursing latter part seventeenth middle nineteenth century time condition nursing art patient status nurse sank indescribable level degradation taine history old france told awful story attitude better classes toward poor conditions worst france every country europe saw something thing certain parts germany conditions possible worse wonder french revolution came end eighteenth century series revolutions nineteenth century required win back rights men gained earlier centuries lost sinking state decadence emerging though countries reached quite level human liberty christian democracy forefathers secured seven centuries ago considerations mind easier understand men later nineteenth century beginning twentieth century prone think periods representing acme course progress doubt far eighteenth century however deep valley human accomplishment indeed veritable slough despond climbed looking back prone think fortunate ascended high though beyond vision side valley hills rise much higher clouds human aspiration artistic excellence anything attained yet indeed whenever try serious work present time confessedly go back four seven centuries models must follow renaissance art gothic architecture literature end sixteenth century cut purview nothing look models phase history needs recalled approach equanimity consideration thirteenth greatest centuries index abbey schools victor aberration light abingdon edmund adam victor age students albertus magnus alchemies alfonso wise aliens rights allbutt amiens andrew ii golden bull angel choir angelo dante anselm antipodes ants dante appreciation art aquinas albertus appreciation capacity work education existence god liberty society paris poet pope leo xiii resurrection tributes arbitration arena padua arezzo arnaud daniel arnaud de marveil arnold matthew francis art friars artemus ward arts crafts arthur legends arundel countess asbestos ascoli cope assisi assizes clarendon jerusalem avignon bacon barbarossa barbizon school basil valentine bateson miss beau dieu beautiful god beauty usefulness beauvoisis statutes beowulf berrengaria queen bernardo del carpio bernart de ventadorn bernard cluny morlaix bertrand de born bestiarium bible study blanche castile mother ruler blessed work boileau stephen boniface vii american revolution books beautiful bequests collecting great stone booklovers book arts deeds words borgo allegri botany bracton bracton digest bremen brook farm cahors calendar calvi college capital english created canon law codified canticle sun carlyle minnesong nibelungen case histories casimir great caspian gulf castles armories catalogues libraries cathedral symbolism cavalcanti celano chalices charity organizations chartres glass windows chauliac chemistry forbidden chester cycle chrestien de troyes chronicles cid el cimabue cino da pistoia circulating libraries clare francis clare character happiness life clarendon assizes constitutions clerics universities cloisters lateran paul rome coal code hammurabi coeducation colleges origin cologne common law commentaries law common pleas comparative university attendance complaints books composition matter condorcet conrad kirchberg conservation energy cope ascoli corrections optical cost books crusades democracy greene storrs stubbs curtain lectures dante da maiano dante children milton virgil education america england germany italy alone power observation present estimation sonnets troubadour universality dean church dante decay philosophy declaration independence swiss degrees de maistre democracy crusades guilds denifle de roo america dialectics dies irae admirers supreme dietmar von eist digest common law discipline universities democracy disease segregation dissection forbidden dominicans art books dominic francis donatus deposition ignorance drama francis durandus education classes masses popular women four periods edward edward vi charity education el cid battle scene daughters innocence marriage single author emulation workers encyclopedia enforcement law english democracy enterprise commercial epic poetry equality women erysipelas segregated evelyn diary evolution man experiment explosives exultet fehmic courts felix valois feminine education four periods reasons decline ferguson francis great disciples drama influence still life literary man modern interest ruskin second order third order troubadour franciscans art explorers fraternal insurance fraternity initiations frederick ii freedom development free cities schools freemen rights friars green tribute explorers froude reynard furniture finsen anticipated five sisters york founder hospitals gaddi galsang gombeyev geography german london gerontius dream gild merchant giotto appreciation immense work giotto tower gladstone richard de bury glosses law goethe reynard goerres gohier urbain golden bull golden legend goodyear gothic development english french north german sculpture spanish varieties grail legends gratian gray green matthew paris greatness epoch gregorian chant grotesque dante grounds ignorance guido de montpelier guido guilds drama democracy boston london number rules list hamburg hamilton hammurabi hansa alamanniae denmark geese cackle obscurity origin harper hartman von aue hayton healing first intention herodotus marco polo history appendix hollandus homer hospitals earliest england hotel dieu endowment human life value human rights humboldt dante humboldt humor mystery plays humphreys huysmans hymns often heard languages seven greatest ignorance servitude illuminated books indestructibility matter international court comity fraternity irnerius iron work jenghis khan jerusalem golden jessopp rev augustus job jocelyn brakelond boswell selection john carpini john matha john monte corvino joinville poor selection journeymen justinian english kenilworth kidney disease lafenestre lamentations lanfranc lancelot lateran council laurie law canon french german glosses hungarian polish spanish lea henry league lombard legenda aurea lending books lending professors leo xiii lepers louis ix leprosy eradicated lerida lhasa entered liberties customs english hungary poland library la ste chapelle circulating hotel dieu sorbonne lincoln lingard literature women lodge sir oliver longfellow dante louis ix books charity crusades education father husband justice law monks son lowell dante punished laws lully lunar rainbows mabel rich maccarthy magna charta development excerpts et seq malory mandeville manning dante map mapes walter march latin hymns marco millioni maria di novella masterpieces matter form constitution matthew paris green tribute meaning cathedral meistersingers merchants privileges merrie england metaphysical speculations method study meyer middle ages place middle class students mill millet minnesingers modern war correspondents anticipated mondino money privileges money grabbers monks idle explorers monroe montalembert monks laws montpelier morley henry read books ten motor cars music church part mutual aid mystery plays players bible study influence names medieval nations neale needlework nerve suture newman tribute dante new york times building nibelungen noah wife nolasco peter notebook elegant novgorod founded numbers students et seq nurses habits odoric thing day optics optical corrections opus majus organized charity osler oxford padua pagel vincent beauvais palencia pange lingua papal court academy parliament first english parzifal peace burgs pennell elizabeth robbins peregrinus perugia petroleum peyrols philobiblon philosophic writers phosphorescence dante physical geography place women plain chant plumptre dante polo marco poor students poor washing feet popes laws pope alexander iv boniface viii gregory ix honorius iv innocent iii population england potamian brother piacenza practical knowledge preparatory schools professors publications progress liberty queen berengaria queen blanche castile ransom prisoners raymond pennafort real estate law redemption captives therapy religious order erysipelas slaves reinach representative government renaissance reynard fox original rheims rhenish cities rhymed latin rhyme origin richard coeur de lion richard de bury churchman chaplains charity place history rich mabel sons robinson fr paschal rod school roland romance rose charge dullness poor happy misers miserable satire money grabbers rossetti dante rubruquis customs languages rucellai madonna rudolph hapsburg appendix ruskin rusticiano sadness absent gothic art saintsbury saladin salamanca salamander asbestos salicet salimbene friar salisbury saturday schaff scholasticism style sculpture amiens rheims denis settlement work seneca siena sigbart simon de montfort social unrest sorbonne robert sordello bonaventure clare dominic edmund elizabeth ferdinand hugh thomas gall john lateran mary abbey paul rome victor adam hugh stabat mater translations stained glass lincoln york stevenson storrs crusades stubbs crusades students support studies studium generale symbolism systematizing thought tarragona tartars book tasso nibelungen taste popular tate taxation representation without representation three eights thibet thomas see aquinas thule toledo toulouse towns cathedrals trade facilities travel medieval troubadours turner training intellect ungreek thing universitas university bologna foundation orleans oxford paris salernum roughness vehmgerichte vercelli vicenza vienna cathedral vigilance committees vigils holidays villehardouin xenophon vincent beauvais historical writers methods style virchow evolution hospitals pope innocent vocation women vogelweide voragine jacobus de wandering students wanderjahre water cure wernher whewell widows magna charta william rubruk william salicet william gregory wolfram von eschenbach women hospitals literature occupations position working students wounds neck xenophon villehardouin yeats yule colonel odoric rubruquis zimmern miss hansa medieval initiations end text advertisements books walsh dear walsh beg thank interesting letter enclosing syllabus advent lectures circular latest work highest value attaches historical research lines ably indicate especially present time enemies holy church making renewed efforts show antagonism science human progress generally shall much pleasure perusing work entitled thirteenth greatest centuries wishing every blessing sincerely rome january card merry del val university press makers modern medicine series biographies men owe important advances development modern medicine james walsh ph dean professor history medicine fordham university school medicine third edition pp price net london list well chosen express gratitude convenient agreeable collection biographies might otherwise search many scattered books sketches pleasantly written interesting well adapted convey thoughtful members profession just amount historical knowledge wish obtain hope book find many readers new york book intended primarily students medicine laymen find little interesting italy professor walsh narrates important lives modern medicine easy style makes book delightful reading certainly give young physician excellent idea made modern medicine church protestant episcopal perhaps profession lives leaders make fascinating reading medicine walsh clever style sympathetic treatment means mars interest might expect new york medical welcome works kind evidence growth culture within medical profession betokens time come teachers leisure look backward accomplished sketches extremely entertaining useful perhaps striking thing everyone men described catholic faith dominant idea great scientific work incompatible devout adherence tenets catholic religion makers electricity brother potamian sc london professor physics manhattan college james walsh ph litt dean professor history medicine nervous diseases fordham university school medicine new york fordham university press west street illustrated price net postage cents extra scientific find book good sketches lives great pioneers electricity clear presentation men came make fundamental experiments now reach conclusions science impossible work revealing done biographies peregrinus columbus norman gilbert franklin contemporaries galvini volta coulomb oersted ampere ohm faraday clerk maxwell kelvin boston book surpassing interest new york researches brother potamian among pioneers antiquity middle ages perhaps interesting walsh admirable summaries accomplishment heroes modern science book testifies excellence catholic scholarship evening matter importance work lives men like gilbert franklin galvini volta ampere others made known students electricity office well fulfilled present authors book mere compilation brings many interesting obscure facts especially earlier men philadelphia glance whole field electricity men noted thoroughness research made accessible every reader capable taking serious interest wonderful phenomena nature aside intrinsic interest matter book delightful read owing graceful literary style common authors slightest acquaintance electrical science find book absorbing interest treating human way literary art life work greatest men modern times moreover course reading incidentally obtain sound knowledge main principles almost electrical development based shining example science popularized without slightest twisting facts distortion perspective electrical readers find book also scholarly treatise evolution electrical science refreshing change engineering english typical technical writer education old new series lectures addresses phases education past anticipate modern advances james walsh ph litt dean professor history medicine nervous diseases fordham university school medicine fordham university press pp price net postage cents extra cardinal moran sydney australia thank excellent volume education old new lectures admirable just sort reading want english readers present day york bright witty based deep erudition north phila wide historical research clear graphic statement salient elements interesting suggestive addition modern welter educational literature free full interesting facts parallels drawn afford much material reflection incidentally away number popular misconceptions education middle ages education countries somewhat later time book written straight unpretentious interesting style volume interesting shows deep research bearing marks indefatigable student bitterness controversy first things strike reader dean fordham quotes nearly everybody worth protestant catholic poetry biography history science wall street book calculated cause healthy reduction conceit generation enjoys expense preceded post book well worth reading new orleans book makes interesting reading succession shocks store complacent new englander bostonian orthodox perfunctory reader american literature old time makers medicine story medical sciences middle ages james walsh st ph dean professor history medicine nervous diseases fordham university school medicine fordham university press price net postage cents now know art architecture literature arts crafts middle ages almost won name bright ages instead dark ages seems just dark spot neglect science book removes tells story medieval medical education higher standards medieval surgery anaesthesia antisepsis beautiful hospitals fine nursing medieval dentistry gold fillings bridgework london enough whet appetite interested history early makers medicine cordially commend perusal fascinating volume shows much accomplished every department intellectual effort usually regarded unprogressive stagnant dark period middle ages new york walsh greatest centuries carries amazement revelations old many things call new modern progress history lectures various academic occasions james walsh ph litt sc dean professor history medicine functional nervous diseases fordham university school medicine fordham university press pp twelve illustrations price net postage cents though delivered various occasions lectures theme modern progress repetition previous phases human accomplishment whenever men faced certain problems solved well time history now educational problems shown greece rome time old time prescriptions medicine strangely like many now old time dentists filled teeth gold tin fine bridgework invented movable dentures transplanted teeth successfully anticipated dental progress pronunciation old new shows irish brogue shakespeare pronunciation women two republics demonstrates old political problems even suffragettism book disillusioning marvelously illuminating