the nature of the drink kauhi, or coffe, and the berry of which it is made described by an arabian phisitian. tadhkirat ūlī al-albāb. 1. bāb 3. harf b. english & arabic. selections anṭākī, dāʼūd ibn ʻumar, d. 1599. 1659 approx. 2 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 3 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a37215 wing d374 estc r5691 12270940 ocm 12270940 58239 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a37215) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 58239) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 140:2) the nature of the drink kauhi, or coffe, and the berry of which it is made described by an arabian phisitian. tadhkirat ūlī al-albāb. 1. bāb 3. harf b. english & arabic. selections anṭākī, dāʼūd ibn ʻumar, d. 1599. [8] p. printed by henry hall, oxford : 1659. arabic and english. reproduction of original in thomason collection, british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng coffee -early works to 1800. medicine, arab. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2003-12 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the nature of the drink kauhi , or coffe , and the berry of which it is made , described by an arabian phisitian . oxford , printed by henry hall , in the yeare of our lord , 1659. bun is a plant in yaman , which is planted in adar , and groweth up and is gathered in ab. it is about a cubit high , on a stalk about the thicknesse of ones thumb . it flowres white , leaving a berry like a small nut , but that sometimes it is broad like a bean ; and when it is peeled , parteth in two . the best of it is that which is weighty and yellow ; the worst , that which is black . it is hot in the first degree , dry in the second : it is usually reported to be cold and dry , but it is not so ; for it is bitter , and whatsoever is bitter is hot . it may be that the scorce is hot , and the bun it selfe either of equall temperature , or cold in the first degree . that which makes for its coldnsse is its stipticknesse . in summe it is by experience found to conduce to the drying of rheumes , and flegmatick coughes and distillations , and the opening of obstructions , and the provocation of urin . it is now known by the name of kohwah . when it is dried and throughly boyled , it allayes the ebullition of the blood , is good against the small poxe and measles , and bloudy pimples ; yet causeth vertiginous headheach , and maketh lean much , occasioneth waking , and the emrods , and asswageth lust , and sometimes breeds melancholly . he that would drink it for livelinesse sake , and to discusse slothfulnesse , and the other properties that we have mentioned , let him use much sweet meates with it , and oyle of pistaccioes , and butter . some drink it with milk , but it is an error , and such as may bring in danger of the leprosy . finis . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * finis .. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a37215-e160 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * al. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an answer to a paper set forth by the coffee-men directed to the honourable, the commons in parliament assembled being reflections upon some propositions that were exhibited to the parliament for the changing the excise of coffee, tea, and chocolate into a custom upon the commodities. 1680 approx. 6 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 1 1-bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a25542 wing a3334 estc r18391 11938555 ocm 11938555 51227 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a25542) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 51227) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 48:20) an answer to a paper set forth by the coffee-men directed to the honourable, the commons in parliament assembled being reflections upon some propositions that were exhibited to the parliament for the changing the excise of coffee, tea, and chocolate into a custom upon the commodities. england and wales. parliament. house of commons. 1 sheet ([1] p.) s.n., [london : 168-?] created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tax protests and appeals -england. coffee -taxation -england. tea -taxation -england. chocolate -taxation -england. broadsides -england -17th century. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-10 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 jonathan blaney sampled and proofread 2003-12 jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an answer to a paper set forth by the coffee-men ; directed to the honourable , the commons in parliament assembled . being reflections upon some propositions that were exhibited to the parliament , for the changing the excise of coffee , tea , and chocolate , into a custom , upon the commodities . they acknowledge the said paper seems to be in favour of the ●etailers of coffee , &c. and in reality it is so : because , as the tax before was up●n the liquor , many paid more than they ought , and many less : and therefore , they themselves petitioned the parliament , that there mig●t be an impost laid after this manner : and do not complain of the manner of the tax , but tha● the rates are too high ; when in truth , the tax is not half so high , as it is by the statute , if eve●y man paid his just due : and therefore , unjustly complain of the paper , as going about to ruine th●m , and their families . they accuse the paper of great falsities in the proportions of the co●●e , tea , and chocolate , to make the several quantities of liquors , though the proportions are the same as are used in most coffee-houses in and about london . and have set out a calculation of their own , which is much further from truth . but suppose their own calculation about the proportions of the quantities to be true . by the act , every coffee-seller is to pay eight pence per gallon for coffee ; sixteen pence per gallon for tea ; and sixteen pence per gallon for chocolate . now , by their own calculation , a pound of coffee makes ●wo gallons and an half of coffee liquor , which is to pay twenty pence . but by the paper , a pound of coffe● is to pay but ten pence . a pound of tea , by their calculation , makes nine galons of liquor , which by the act , at sixteen pence per gallon , amounts to twelv● shillings per pound . but by the paper , a pound of tea is proposed 〈◊〉 at five shillings per pound . chocolate , by the act , is t● pay sixteen pence per galon , and one pound makes but one gallon by their calculation . but this must be a false calculation : for if a ●ound of chocolate , which commonly is sold for four shillings pe● pound , will make but one gallon , and the gallon containeth , by their estimation , but twenty dishes ▪ which at three pence per dish , comes to but five shillings per gallon : now the duty being sixteen pence ▪ and the chocolate four shillings , amounts to five shillings and four pence per gallon ; so ●at they lose in every gallon four pence by the retailing of it , if their calculation were true . but if the calculation of the proportions in the paper , which was for milk-chocolate , and to be sold at two pence the dish ; or if one third part of chocolate be allow'd more to the same proportion of liquor to make it with water , and sold at three pence the dish , there would appear some profit to the retailer , which ought to be more believ'd than their calculation , which produceth loss . for cocao-nut , they make no objections ; so it 's taken for granted , that may pay one shilling per pound . so it plainly appears , by their own acknowledgment , that the rules set down in the paper , are not half so great as those already appointed by the act , if every man paid his full due . and it is not to be supposed , that the coffee-men designed , by their petition , to lessen the duty of the excise ; but to make it more equal , by changing it into an impost . and if they pay no more than they ought to do by the act , they have no reason to complain : and therefore they must acknowledge , that the paper was written with a design of ease and friendship to them , as well as out of service to the crown ; to improve the revenue to the king , and render the tax more easy to the subject . the consumption of coffee as appears by the coffee-mens calculation delivered with their petition , amounts to 100 tuns a year , which by the statute pays 20d . per pound , is — 16666. 13. 4. tea , 27000 pounds a year , at 12 s. per pound , is — 16200. 00. 00. chocolate , 6000 pounds at 16 d. per pound , is — 400. 00. 00. cocao-nut , 300 hundreds at 1 s. per pound , is — 1500. 00. 00. in all 34766. 13. 4. whereas the rates proposed in the proposition for changing the excise into an impost , amounts to but — 17033. 6 8. there is frequently sold in coffee-houses , these following liquors , which pay the duties , either of excise or customs , viz. coffee , tea , chocolate , mum , mead , metheglin , sider , perry , usquebaugh , brandy , aqua-vitae , strong-waters , beer , and ale. now , if all other invented liquors ( which pay no duty ) be prohibited under such a penalty as this honourable house shall think fit , it would cause a far greater consumption of those liquors that 〈◊〉 duties . finis . the women's petition against coffee representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniencies accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying, enfeebling liquor : presented to the right honorable the keepers of the liberty of venus / by a well-willer. well-willer. 1674 approx. 12 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 5 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a66888 wing w3331 estc r11811 12834905 ocm 12834905 94351 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a66888) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 94351) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 829:44) the women's petition against coffee representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniencies accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying, enfeebling liquor : presented to the right honorable the keepers of the liberty of venus / by a well-willer. well-willer. [2], 6 p. [s.n.], london : 1674. reproduction of original in bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng coffee -early works to 1800. coffee -physiological effect -early works to 1800. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2003-12 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the women's petition against coffee . representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniencies accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying , enfeebling liquor . presented to the right honorable the keepers of the liberty of venvs . by a well-willer — london , printed 1674. to the right honorable the keepers of the liberties of venus ; the worshipful court of female-assistants , &c. the humble petition and address of several thousands of buxome good-women , languishing in extremity of want. sheweth , that since 't is reckon'd amongst the glories of our native country , to be a paradise for women : the same in our apprehensions can consist in nothing more than the brisk activity of our men , who in former ages were justly esteemed the ablest performers in christendome ; but to our unspeakable grief , we find of late a very sensible decay of that true old english vigour ; our gallants being every way so frenchified , that they are become meer cock-sparrows , fluttering things that come on sa● sa , with a world of fury but are not able to stand to it , and in the very first charge fall down flat before us . never did men wear greater breeches , or carry less in them of any mettle whatsoever . there was a glorious dispensation ( 't was surely in the golden age ) when lusty ladds of s●ven or eight hund●ed years old , got sons and daughters ; and we have read , how a prince of spain was forced to make a law , that men should not repeat the grand kindness to their wives , above nine times in a night : but alas ! alas ! those forwards days are gone , the dull lubbers want a spur now , rather than a bridle : being so far from doing any works of supererregation that we find them not capable of performing those devoirs which their duty , and our expectations exact . the occasion of which insufferable disaster , after a serious enquiry , and discussion of the point by the learned of the faculty , we can attribute to nothing more than the excessive use of that newfangled , abominable , heathenish liquor called coffee , which riffling nature of her choicest treasures , and drying up the radical moisture , has so eunuch● our husbands , and crippled our more kind gallants , that they are become as impotent , as age , and as unfruitful as those desarts whence that unhappy berry is said to be brought . for the continual sipping of this pittiful drink is enough to bewitch men of two and twenty , and tie up the codpice-point without a charm. it renders them that use it as lean as famine , as rivvel'd as envy , or an old meager hagg over-ridden by an incubus . they come from it with nothing moist but their snotty noses , nothing stiffe but their joints , nor standing but their ears : they pretend 't will keep them waking , but we find by scurvy experience , they sleep quietly enough after it . a betrothed queen might trust her self a bed with one of them , without the nice caution of a sword between them : nor can all the art we use revive them from this lethargy , so unfit they are for action , that like young train-band-men when called upon duty , their amunition is wanting ; peradventure they present , but cannot give fire , or at least do but flash in the pan , instead of doing execution . nor let any doating superstitious cato's shake their goatish beards , and tax us of immodesty for this declaration , since 't is a publick grievance , and cries aloud for reformation . weight and measure , 't is well known , should go throughout the world , and there is no torment like famishment . experience witnesses our damage , and necessity ( which easily supersedes all the laws of decency ) justifies our complaints : for can any woman of sense or spirit endure with patience , that when priviledg'd by legal ceremonies , she approaches the nuptial bed , expecting a man that with sprightly embraces , should answer the vigour of her flames , she on the contrary should only meet a bedful of bones , and hug a meager useless corpse rendred as sapless as a kixe , and dryer than a pumice-stone , by the perpetual fumes of tobacco , and bewitching effects of this most pernitious coffee , whereby nature is enfeebled , the off-spring of our mighty ancestors dwindled into a succession of apes and pignies : and — the age of man now cramp't into an inch , that was a span. nor is this ( though more than enough ) all the ground of our complaint : for besides , we have reason to apprehend and grow iealous , that men by frequenting these stygian tap-houses will usurp on our prerogative of tatling , and soon learn to exeel us in talkativeness : a quality wherein our sex has ever claimed preheminence : for here like so many frogs in a puddle , they sup muddy water , and murmur infignificant notes till half a dozen of them out-babble an equal number of us at a gossipping , talking all at once in confusion , and running from point to point as insensibly , and as swiftly , as ever the ingenious pole-wheel could run divisions on the base-viol ; yet in all their prattle every one abounds in his own sense , as stiffly as a quaker at the late barbican dispute , and submits to the reasons of no other mortal : so that there being neither moderator nor rules observ'd , you may as soon fill a quart pot with syllogismes , as profit by their discourses . certainly our countrymens pallates are become as fanatical as their brains ; how else is 't possible they should apostatize from the good old primitive way of ale-drinking , to run a whoreing after such variety of distructive forraign liquors , to trifle away their time , scald their chops , and spend their money , all for a little base , black , thick , nasty , bitter , stinking , nauseous puddle-water : yet ( as all witches have their charms ) so this ugly turkish enchantress by certain invisible vvyres attracts both rich and pooor ; so that those that have scarce twopence to buy their children bread , must spend a penny each evening in this insipid stuff : nor can we send one of our husbands to call a midwife , or borrow a glister-pipe , but he must stay an hour by the way drinking his two dishes , & two pipes . at these houses ( as at the springs in afric ) meet all sorts of animals , whence follows the production of a thousand monster opinions and absurdities ; yet for being dangerous to government , we dare be their compurgaters , as well knowing them to be too tame and too talkative to make any desperate polititians : for though they may now and then destroy a fleet , or kill ten thousand of the french , more than all the confederates can do , yet this is still in their politick capacities , for by their personal valour they are scarce fit to be of the life-guard to a cherry-tree : and therefore , though they frequently have hot contests about most important subjects ; as what colour the red sea is of ; whether the great turk be a lutheran or a calvinist ; who cain's father in law was , &c. yet they never fight about them with any other save our weapon , the tongue . some of our sots pretend tippling of this boiled soot cures them of being drunk ; but we have reason rather to conclude it makes them so , because we find them not able to stand after it : 't is at best but a kind of earthing a fox to hunt him more eagerly afterward : a rare method of good-husbandry , to enable a man to be drunk three times a day ! just such a remedy for drunkenness , as the popes allowing of stews , is a means to prevent fornication : the coffee-house being in truth , only a pimp to the tavern , a relishing soop preparative to a fresh debauch : for when people have swill'd themselves with a morning draught of more ale than a brewers horse can carry , hither they come for a pennyworth of settle-brain , where they are sure to meet enow lazy pragmatical companions , that resort here to prattle of news , that they neither understand , nor are concerned in ; and after an hours impertinent chat , begin to consider a bottle of claret would do excellent well before dinner ; whereupon to the bush they all march together , till every one of them is as drunk as a drum , and then back again to the coffe-house to drink themselves sober ; where three or four dishes a piece , and smoaking , makes their throats as dry as mount aetna enflam'd with brimstone ; so that they must away to the next red lattice to quench them with a dozen or two of ale , which at last growing nauseous , one of them begins to extol the blood of the grape , what rare langoon , and racy canary may be had at the miter : saist thou so ? cries another , let 's then go and replenish there ▪ with our earthen vessels : so once more they troop to the sack-shop till they are drunker than before ; and then by a retrograde motion , stagger back to soberize themselves with coffee : thus like tennis balls between two rackets , the fopps our husbands are bandied to and fro all day between the coffee-house and tavern , whilst we poor souls sit mopeing all alone till twelve at night , and when at last they come to bed smoakt like a westphalia hogs-head we have no more comfort of them , than from a shotten herring or a dryed bulrush ; which forces us to take up this lamentation and sing , tom farthing , tom farthing , where hast thou been , tom farthing ? twelve a clock e're you come in , two a clock e're you begin , and then at last can do nothing : would make a woman weary , weary , weary , would make a woman weary , &c. wherefore the premises considered , and to the end that our just rights may be restored , and all the antient priviledges of our sex preserved inviolable ; that our husbands may give us some other testimonies of their being men , besides their beards and wearing of empty pantaloons : that they no more run the hazard of being cuckol'd by dildo's : but returning to the good old strengthning liquors of our forefathers ; that natures exchequer may once again be replenisht , and a race of lusty hero's begot , able by their atchievments , to equal the glories of our ancesters . we humbly pray , that you our trusty patrons would improve your interest , that henceferth the drinking coffee may on severe penalties be forbidden to all persons under the age of threescore ; and that instead thereof , lusty nappy beer , cock-ale , cordial canaries , restoring malago's , and back-recruiting chocholet be recommended to general use , throughout the vtopian territories . in hopes of which glorious reformation , your petitioners shall readily prostrate themselves , and ever pray , &c. finis . the character of a coffee-house wherein is contained a description of the persons usually frequenting it, with their discourse and humors, as also the admirable vertues of coffee / by an eye and ear witness. eye and ear witness. 1665 approx. 17 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 7 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2006-02 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a31685 wing c1967 estc r32619 12730494 ocm 12730494 66475 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a31685) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 66475) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1522:21) the character of a coffee-house wherein is contained a description of the persons usually frequenting it, with their discourse and humors, as also the admirable vertues of coffee / by an eye and ear witness. eye and ear witness. [2], 10 p. s.n.], [london : 1665. in verse. place of publication suggested by wing. reproduction of original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng coffeehouses -poetry. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-09 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2005-10 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2005-10 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-01 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the character of a coffee-house . wherein is contained a description of the persons usually frequenting it , with their discourse and humors , as also the admirable vertues of coffee . by an eye and ear witness . when coffee once was vended here , the alc'ron shortly did appear : for ( our reformers were such widgeons , ) new liquors brought in new religions . printed in the year , 1665. the character of a coffee-house . a coffee-house , the learned hold it is a place where coffee's sold ; this derivation cannot fail us , for where ale 's vended , that 's an ale-house . this being granted to be true , 't is meet that next the signs we shew both where and how to find this house where men such cordial broth carowse . and if culpepper woon some glory in turning the dispensatory from latin into english ; then , why should not all good english men give him much thanks who shews a cure for all diseases men endure ? as you along the streets do trudge , to take the pains you must not grudge , to view the posts or broomsticks where the signs of liquors hanged are . and if you see the great morat with shash on 's head instead of hat , or any sultan in his dress , or picture of a sultaness , or john's admir'd curled pate , or th' great mogul in 's chair of state , or constantine the grecian , who fourteen years was th' onely man that made coffee for th' great bashaw , although the man he never saw : or if you see a coffee-cup fil'd from a turkish pot , hung up vvithin the clouds , and round it pipes , wax candles , stoppers , these are types and certain signs ( with many more vvould be too long to write them 'ore , ) vvhich plainly do spectators tell that in that house they coffee sell . some wiser than the rest ( no doubt , ) say they can by the smell find 't out ; in at a door ( say they , ) but thrust your nose , and if you scent burnt crust , be sure there 's coffee sold that 's good , for so by most 't is understood . now being enter'd , there 's no needing of complements or gentile breeding , for you may seat you any where , there 's no respect of persons there ; then comes the coffee-man to greet you , vvith welcome sir , let me entreat you , to tell me what you 'l please to have , for i 'm your humble humble slave ; but if you ask , what good does coffee ? he 'l answer , sir , don't think i scoff yee , if i affirm there 's no disease men have that drink it but find ease . look , there 's a man who takes the steem in at his nose , has an extreme worm in his pate , and giddiness , ask him and he will say no less . there sitteth one whose droptick belly vvas hard as flint , now 's soft as jelly . there stands another holds his head 'ore th' coffee-pot , was almost dead even now with rhume ; ask him hee 'l say that all his rhum's now past away . see , there 's a man sits now demure and sober , was within this hour quite drunk , and comes here frequently , for 't is his daily malady . more , it has such reviving power 't will keep a man awake an houre , nay , make his eyes wide open stare both sermon time and all the prayer . sir , should i tell you all the rest o' th' cures 't has done , two hours at least in numb'ring them i needs must spend , scarce able then to make an end . besides these vertues that's therein , for any kind of medicine , the commonwealth — kingdom i 'd say , has mighty reason for to pray that still arabia may produce enough of berry for it's use : for 't has such strange magnetick force , that it draws after 't great concourse of all degrees of persons , even from high to low , from morn till even ; especially the sober party , and news-mongers do drink 't most hearty . here you ' r not thrust into a box , as taverns do to catch the fox , but as from th' top of pauls high steeple , th' whole city 's view'd , even so all people may here be seen ; no secrets are at th' court for peace , or th' camp for war , but straight they 'r here disclos'd and known ; men in this age so wise are grown . now ( sir ) what profit may accrew by this , to all good men , judge you . vvith that he 's loudly call'd upon for coffee , and then whip he 's gone . here at a table sits ( perplext ) a griping usurer , and next to him a gallant furioso , then nigh to him a virtuoso ; a player then ( full fine , ) sits down , and close to him a country clown . o' th' other side sits some pragmatick , and next to him some sly phanatick . the gallant he for tea doth call , the usurer for nought at all . pragmatick he doth intreat that they will fill him some beau cheat , the virtuoso he cries hand me some coffee mixt with sugar candy . phanaticus ( at last ) says come , bring me some aromaticum . the player bawls for chocolate , all which the bumpkin wond'ring at , cries , ho , my masters , what d' ye speak , d' ye call for drink in heathen greek ? give me some good old ale or beer , or else i will not drink , i swear . then having charg'd their pipes around , they silence break ; first the profound and sage phanatique , sirs , what news ? troth says the us'rer i ne'r use to tip my tongue with such discourse , 't were news to know how to disburse a summ of mony ( makes me sad ) to get ought by 't , times are so bad . the other answers , truly sir you speak but truth , for i 'le aver they ne'r were worse ; did you not hear vvhat prodigies did late appear at norwich , ipswich , grantham , gotam ? and though prophane ones do not not 'em , yet we — here th' virtuoso stops the current of his speech , with hopes quoth he , you will not tak 't amiss , i say all 's lies that 's news like this , for i have factors all about the realm , so that no stars peep out that are unusual , much less these strange and unheard-of prodigies you would relate , but they are tost to me in letters by first post . at which the furioso swears such chat as this offends his ears , it rather doth become this age to talk of bloodshed , fury , rage , and t' drink stout healths in brim-fill'd nogans , to th' downfall of the hogan mogans . vvith that the player doffs his bonnet , and tunes his voice as if a sonnet vvere to be sung ; then gently says , o what delight there is in plays ! sure if we were but all in peace , this noise of wars and news would cease ; all sorts of people then would club their pence to see a play that 's good . you 'l wonder all this while ( perhaps ) the curioso holds his chaps , but he doth in his thoughts devise , how to the rest he may seem wise ; yet able longer not to hold , his tedious tale too must be told , and thus begins , sirs unto me it reason seems that liberty of speech and words should be allow'd vvhere men of differing judgements croud , and that 's a coffee-house , for where should men discourse so free as there ? coffee and commonwealth begin both with one letter , both came in together for a reformation , to make 's a free and sober nation . but now — with that phanaticus gives him a nod , and speaks him thus , hold brother , i know your intent , that 's no dispute convenient for this same place , truths seldome find acceptance here , they 'r more confin'd to taverns and to ale-house liquor , vvhere men do vent their minds more quicker , if that may for a truth but pass vvhat 's said , in vino veritas . with that up starts the country clown , and stares about with threatning frown , as if he would even eat them all up , then bids the boy run quick and call up a constable , for he has reason to fear their latin may be treason . but straight they all call what 's to pay , lay 't down , and march each several way . at th' other table sits a knight , and here a grave old man ore right against his worship , then perhaps that by and by a drawer claps his bum close by them , there down squats a dealer in old shoes and hats ; and here withouten any panick fear , dread or care a bold mechanick . the knight ( because he 's so ) he prates of matters far beyond their pates . the grave old man he makes a bustle , and his wise sentence in must justle . up starts th' apprentice boy and he says boldly so and so 't must be . the dealer in old shoes to utter his saying too makes no small sputter . then comes the pert mechanick blade , and contradicts what all have said . the end of all their chat is this , each for the dutch have rods in piss . there by the fier-side doth sit , one freezing in an ague fit . another poking in ' t with th' tongs , still ready to cough up his lungs . here fitteth one that 's melancolick , and there one singing in a frolick . each one hath such a prety gesture , at smithfield fair would yield a tester . boy reach a pipe cries he that shakes , the songster no tobacco takes , says he who coughs , nor do i smoak , then monsieur mopus turns his cloak off from his face , and with a grave majestick beck his pipe doth crave . they load their guns and fall a smoaking , whilst he who coughs sits by a choaking , till he no longer can abide , and so removes from th' fier side . now all this while none calls to drink , which makes the coffee boy to think much they his pots should so enclose , he cannot pass but tread on toes . with that as he the nectar fills from pot to pot , some on 't he spills upon the songster , oh cries he , pox , what dost do ? thou ' st burnt my knee ▪ no says the boy , ( to make a bald and blind excuse , ) sir 't will not scald . with that the man lends him a cuff o' th' ear , and whips away in snuff . the other two , their pipes being out , says monsieur mopus i much doubt my friend i wait for will not come , but if he do , say i 'm gone home . then says the aguish man i must come according to my wonted custome , to give ye ' a visit , although now i dare not drink , and so adieu . the boy replies , o sir , however you ' r very welcome , we do never our candles , pipes or fier grutch to daily customers and such , they ' r company ( without expence , ) for that 's sufficient recompence . here at a table all alone , sits ( studying ) a spruce youngster one , vvho doth conceipt himself full witty , and 's ' counted one o' th' wits o' th' city , ) till by him ( with a stately grace , ) a spanish don himself doth place . then ( cap in hand ) a brisk monsieur he takes his seat , and crowds as near as possibly that he can come . then next a dutchman takes his room . the wits glib tongue begins to chatter , though 't utters more of noise than matter , yet ' cause they seem to mind his words , his lungs more tattle still affords . at last says he to don , i trow you understand me ? sennor no says th' other . here the wit doth pause a little while , then opes his jaws , and says to monsieur , you enjoy our tongue i hope ? non par ma foy , replies the frenchman : nor you , sir ? says he to th' dutchman , neen mynheer : vvith that he 's gone , and cries , why sho'd he stay where wit 's not understood ? there in a place of his own chusing ( alone ) some lover sits a musing , vvith arms across , and 's eyes up lift , as if he were of sence bereft , till sometimes to himself he 's speaking , then sighs as if his heart were breaking . here in a corner sits a phrantick , and there stands by a frisking antick . of all sorts some and all conditions , even vintners , surgeons and physicians . the blind , the deaf , and aged cripple do here resort and coffee tipple . now here ( perhaps ) you may expect my muse some trophies should erect in high flown verse , for to set forth the noble praises of its worth . truth is , old poets beat their brains to find out high and lofty strains to praise the ( now too frequent ) use of the bewitching grapes strong juice . some have strain'd hard for to exalt the liquor of our english mault , nay don has almost crackt his nodle enough t' applaud his caaco caudle . the germans mum , teag's usquebagh , ( made him so well defend tredagh , ) metheglin , which the brittains tope , hot brandy wine , the hogans hope . stout meade which makes the russ to laugh , spic'd punch ( in bowls , ) the indians quaff . all these have had their pens to raise them monuments of lasting praise , onely poor coffee seems to me no subject fit for poetry . at least 't is one that none of mine is , so i do wav t , and here write — finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a31685-e120 the derivation of a coffee-house . signs how to find it out . the vertues of coffee . the company . the several liquors their discourse . the company . their discourse . england's improvements justified; and the author thereof, captain y. vindicated from the scandals in a paper called a coffee-house dialogue. with some animadversions upon his popish designs therein contained. yarranton, andrew, 1616-1684. 1680 approx. 17 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 3 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a67740 wing y14 estc r205441 99825359 99825359 29740 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a67740) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 29740) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1771:23) england's improvements justified; and the author thereof, captain y. vindicated from the scandals in a paper called a coffee-house dialogue. with some animadversions upon his popish designs therein contained. yarranton, andrew, 1616-1684. 4 p. s.n., [london : 1680] by andrew yarranton. caption title. imprint from wing. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng yarranton, andrew, 1616-1684. -england's improvement by sea and land -early works to 1800. coffee-house dialogue -controversial literature -early works to 1800. great britain -politics and government -1660-1688 -early works to 1800. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 judith siefring sampled and proofread 2003-12 judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion england's improvements iustified ; and the author thereof , captain y. vindicated from the scandals in a paper called a coffee-house dialogue . with some animadversions upon his popish designs therein contained . malice and envy are the inseperable companions of a diabolical nature ; and that contagion is never more apparent , than by its dreadful symptoms , where it throws out its sulphureous fiery stink-pots of calumnies and slanders , blasting the reputations of the best of men , lessening and levelling at the most heroick actions , and endeavouring to make the greatest designs for the weal-publick frustrate and abortive , thus malice pregnant with revenge and envy in her insatiate repining● again virture ▪ joyn their consultations to suggest falshoods ; steals from discourses the antecedent occasion , making in some parts a divorce between the precedent matter , and coherent discourse ; and like an ill-seasoned vessel , qodcunque infandit acescit , perverts all , even the most pleasant liquors to its corrupt nature : thus hath this virulent dialogist dipt his pen in poyson ; and rather than his repining envy should not be answered in its importunities , will expose his weakness as well as wickedness to the world , forgetting what he declares to have read in the lord bacons essays , that silence in a fool may pass for wisdom : vir sapit qui pauca loquitur , few words become the wise ; but i must invert the words for his sake , vir 〈◊〉 qui pauca sapit , the fool is known by his babling . sacred writ records an ass to speak for the preservation of its master , to his conviction , in his evil undertaking ; but the creature ▪ by creation , superior to that heavy animal , brays out forged , frivolous defamations , and that so apparently false , that his own popish herd , blushing at his folly , will say , etiam & asin●● noster calcitrat , wondring that this dull insipid creature durst lift up his foot against a man of so true worth , industry and ingenuity , as that honest captain , the glory of whose publick spirit so manifest to the world , so far surmounts all those mists of envy , that no idle reflections can touch the belief of any man of common sense , that this worthy patriot , ( so i must justly stile him for his great merit in his publick undertakings ) , can be guilty of any such solecisms ; take the folly to your self , sir , and then laugh as simply at your own ginglings , for which all men else contemns you ; and were it not your happiness to be unknown , there 's not a barrester of the temple but would kick you , for fathering such a changling , simple brat upon so honourable a calling as a barresters ; and whoever shall lose so much time to read your nonsence , will find you but an imp of rome , a popish pettyfogger , a vermin that spits out only poyson to divide the protestant interest , thereby to support a languishing cause , which the high hand of god has hitherto witnessed against ; from whose almighty power , none of your black dirges , nor all your idols , jesuits and devils to help you , can deliver you . but before i come to examine your paper in its several paragraphs , i must shew you how unfarely you deal with this honest gentleman ; either you were one of the society , or not ; if you were , and the matter were true , you are a traytor , a iudas , acting against the laws and rules of human society , odi ●●●morem compotorem , you are to be detested and abandoned by all civil company , and if you were not of the society , you can know nothing ; and your whole discourse is a feigned undertaking ; and how easie a matter is it for a man to lay absurdities at any mans door , when the same man , out of a malitious design , first makes the question , and also the answer ; has the contrivance of the whole conference by himself ; and yet a person knowing nothing , wholly innocent , must be exposed ; from this arrow shot in the dark , no man can be safe ; and whether the captain ought to father so scandalous a bastard , i leave it to all wise and just mens censure : this being the true state of the business , the captain having never had this conference , he must be cleared from whatsoever is contained in this forged dialogue 〈◊〉 innocence , when he heard of it , only procured a smile , with this answer , spreta vilescunt , falshoods must perish , are soonest destroyed by contempt : ●o that he needs no further vindication ; and his works shall praise him in the gates , and so fully be-speak his worth , that every english man is now obliged in his quarrel , and upon that account i take my self concerned without his knowledg , and must give this publick scandal the lye , as publickly ; without which , i could neither satisfie my self , or answer the duty i owe to the rules of friendship , nor be just to the honour of the captains worth and innocence , being a frequenter of that society , where i had the injoyment of pregnant and ingenious gentlemen , and no such trumpery could take place there . but for your reflections upon rivers making navigable ; who will controvert the great advantage they are in all places to trade and commerce , and a common good ? is this a crime for a man to demonstrate ? saving your ridicule which belongs to your self , of making the streets of london navigable , and for lodging of ships upon an hill , what will be your reward to impose impossibilities ? but what the captain proposed for harbouring a considerable number of ships in safety , is no chymera , as your folly remarks ; for it has been demonstrated to many persons of honour , and that with a fair and plausible reception ; and for his register , which your inventions kick about with so much slight , i must say , ars nullum habet inimicum preter ignorantem , you speak evil of the things you know not , or your ill nature envies , and would blast what you cannot imitate ; but for these things let englands improvement speak for it self , there the profits and advantages of a register will appear , with the advancement of trade , by lombard-houses and common stores , which are all made practicable in forreign parts , and now by the hazard of his life in long travels , the sweat of his brows and vast expence , is brought by him home , and made publick for general good ; and is this the reward ? but 't is no marvel , quid cum amaraco sui , what must swine do with such pearls ? this dialogue-maker , i perceive , is for no improvements , he has been train'd up for french government , to bring popery into church , and slavery upon the nation , and to that purpose he introduces a forged discourse with the captain's , to frustrate the happiness of a free people ; methinks i see , poor scribler ! how his hypocondrias are distended , and like to burst with envy , when he beheld the grandure and gravity of the lord mayors installment , the great character of englands freedom not to be paralell'd in the government of any prince in the world ; this adds to the glory of the crown , that our king commands the hearts and hands of free-born subjects , flourishing under his gracious protection , with a stable government , that preserves the honour and majesty of the king , and the happy liberties of his people . here i might end , having said enough for the captains vindication , if i said no more , but that he is by a forgery imposed upon : but meeting with some things in his paper , i cannot but animadvert : first , where he queries , what game have the great ones now to play ? he might have answered himself , they have enough to do . your romish emissaries have cut out work with a witness , here 's plot upon plot , and all to murther the king , to subvert government in church and state , and by the mighty power of god all discovered ; and because the popish party had received so great a soil , the protestant party must now be made plotters , that under that colour you might murder the king , and give the blow in masquerade ; but no weapon formed against god can prosper : and if his providence had not embowelled your cursed designs , as you say , the city ere this might have been on fire at one end , and cutting of throats all over . the next question he begs , is an enforced reflection upon the clergy of the church of england , a fine device to create jealousies amongst protestants : you have played that trick too often to have it thrive ; we better understand the common interest , than to divide , divide & impera , we know the danger of a division ; and since the quarrel is plainly betwixt protestant and papist , and that all must endure the fiery tryal , they will neither turn , nor burn , but jointly oppose all your insinuations ; i hope mr. dangerfields plot has convinced the world so , that we shall not hear any more invectives against the dissenting party , for all are protestants . the church of england , as it is the best of governments , so i hope it will never want charity for any that agree in the same fundamentals ; the same gospel is owned by all , and by that rule , all are to be governed , which says , let your moderation be seen before all men ▪ the lord is at hand : and if any man be otherwise minded , viz. as to discipline , or other matters not so essential , god shall reveal it ; let there be therefore no animosities , no differences amongst them , for they are brethren . as for what you would suggest , as the saying of the captains , in the reflections of the church of england men , you beg the question , that you may take the occasion to discover yourself of what foot-mark you are , and that the mark of the beast is plainly in your forehead ; ex pede herculem , i see by this foot the dimensions of your mind , it is not your kindness or reverence you bear to the church of england or honoured clergy , but to sweeten our apprehensions , and mollifie our fears , and to assure us that popery is not such a bug-bear , but that all the lands taken away from those idolatrous , lascivious drones , will keep firm as they are ; and reinforceth his argument and perswasions , that as they were first sold by act of parliament , it was again corrobarated in queen mary's reign ; a necessary policy to keep all quiet till they had played up their game to a sure point : but the great assurance this gentleman gives it , is from infallibility it self , in these words , to which , consent of his holiness was given ; and this he counts security strong enough : then , sir , you are a simple papist , and your pope a jugler ; for the canons of your church denies a power to be in any pope himself , to divest the church of any of its possessions . where are your wheadles now , sir ? carry your trifles to your children nurst up in an implicit faith , we will trust in god , and use our lawful endeavours against popes and plotters , and enjoy our lands too , no thanks to your pope , whom you stile his holiness , which never any protestant so seriously did : a fair evidence of your principles ! the next thing he disputes with himself , and would father it upon the captain , is about the subject of a pamphlet , called , a word without doors : which i have heard the captain aver he never saw it , nor i neither ; therefore to approve or disapprove , belongs not to my present occasion ; but if any thing be in it , contra bonos mores , or savors of irreligion or disloyalty , i commit him with this popish disputant to the sword of the magistrate . as for your sophistries , and what absurdities are in them , take the shame to your self , for they are all of your own making . interest , i perceive , can never lye ; popery must come in , if your foul hand or crazy brain can help it . are not you a brave fellow to come in print ; that can censure parliaments , and charge them with injustice and folly too ; you do not like them , we may all see ; they are too hearty against popery , and too zealous to maintain the protestant religion to posterity . is this a crime ? as for the bill , that was , is not now in being ; for that parliament is dissolved , and another since chosen , and prorogued for a considerable time ; therefore you dispute , de lana caprina , you set up an image , and fall down before it ; go on with your idolatry , we will trust god for religion , and next humbly submit all to the wisdom and care of our gracious king , and his great council in parliament . to how little purpose do you revive the lord straffords case , in which you are a little too sawcy ; 't was done , perenni parliamento , the supream court of the nation , and by them he was judged guilty of high-treason , and you must not say he suffered without law , though his crimes were not within one , or any of the articles of the 25th of edward the 3d ; yet if you consult the same statute , you will find the parliament judg of treasons not there named ; the words of the act are these : and because many other like cases of treason may happen in time to come , which a man cannot think nor declare at this present time ; it is accorded , that if any other case , supposed treason , which is not above specified , doth happen before any iustices , the iustices shall tarry without going to judgment of the treason , till the cause be shewed and declared before the king and his parliament , whether it ought to be judged treason or other felony . sir , the articles are yet alive , and the recited clause shews the parliament not so mistaken , for they are judges of what is treason : i never heard that act was repented of by any parliament , though the same parliament provided that it should not be brought into pres●ent ; not that they would be understood thereby to judg themselves as unjust ; but in reference to inferior courts , and how far that clause reached him , or whether it did not imply that it was in the power of a parliament so to adjudg , i submit to better judgments than yours or mine , for i dare not presume to determine . qua supra nos nihil ad nos . in your last paragraph you would give a fresh assault upon the late parliament , charging them with the greatest injustice , and that from the act tricessimo quinto of the queen , as if it were denied to the d. liberty of other subjects , to declare and make his submission ; and implies , that he was never convicted ; if all were well in that case , what mean the bleating of the sheep , and the lowing of the oxen ? why were such proposals offered by his majesty for securing the protestant religion against a popish successor ? and all those great labours in parliament , and their votes , declaring what you would now question ? pray let me ask you , when was there the least appearance of the d's . inclinations to declare his submission to the church of england ? if you make not that appear , what do you argue for ? not to satisfie the world that there was or is any such intention , but to asperse the great council of the kingdom ? and certainly if the design had lain there , the concern of succession to three kingdoms would have brought it into act after so many fair opportunities , and especially when the parliament arrived at so high a pitch , caused by the care for the protestant religion , and those dreadful apprehensions of those horrid plots discovered against his majesties sacred person . i assure you sir , if ever such an offer had appeared ; it would have been cherished with the greatest indulgence ; but this is too much to argue upon a non entity , for that bill is gone , and you need not question but when the parliament meets , and ever take that debate in hand , the d. will have nothing offered but what is just , with relation to establishing the protestant religion , and the preservation of his most sacred majesty's person , and the liberties of all true english men . now , sir , upon examination of your ill-bestowed pains , i think you ought to ask god forgiveness in the first place , for breaking his commandment , thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour ; next , to answer to his majesty for breach of his law in libelling ; and upon your knees to crave pardon of the d. for your pitiful management of his cause ; and for my part , i shall throw you in my forgiveness for the trouble you gave me ; and as to the captains concerns , he is to thank you for the opportunities you have given , to make his deserts more publick , and englands improvements more honoured . finis a character of coffee and coffee-houses by m.p. m. p., 17th cent. 1661 approx. 18 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 7 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a56639 wing p77a estc r28769 10758813 ocm 10758813 45679 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a56639) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 45679) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1407:34) a character of coffee and coffee-houses by m.p. m. p., 17th cent. 10 p. printed for john starkey, london : 1661. reproduction of original in the harvard university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng coffeehouses -england -moral and ethical aspects. coffee -moral and ethical aspects. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2003-12 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a character of coffee and coffee-houses . by m. p. london , printed for iohn starkey , neer the devil-tavern , by temple-barr . 1661. a character of coffee and coffee-houses . a coffee-house is free to all comers , so they have humane shape , where a liquor made of an arabian berry called coffee is drunk . six or seven years ago was it first brought into england , when the palats of the english were as fanatical , as their brains . like apes , the english imitate all other people in their ridiculous fashions . as slaves they submit to the customes even of turky and india . doth the french-man wear feathers in his hat , and pantaloons to hide his stradling ? believe it , the english-man will be a la mode de france . with the barbarous indian he smoaks tobacco . with the turk he drinks coffee . the english-man , might he himself misplace , sure to be crosse , would shift both feet and face . 2. these capricious islanders , of the hop , malt , cock , china , rash-berry , and other ingredients , make and swallow as many and as various sorts of drink , as they amongst them have sects and opinions . they drink as much canary , as its native countrey produceth . 't is said , they devoure down a greater quantity of wine , ( called canary . ) than the canaries afford . all countries send in hither their several sorts of wine and other liquors . this variety of drink satisfies not the voraginous palat of the english. even the deserts of arabia are ransackt for a berry , which made into a drink , is as thick as puddle-water , and so ugly in colour and tast , that poets hereafter will undoubtedly choose it , as the best resemblance to describe the stygian lake by . oh heavens , how do the english palats differ from those of more sober nations ? these preserve snow to temper their liquor with , those gulch down coffee even boyling in the dish , more eagerly , than an almost ●●arved dog doth lick up pottage , just then taken from the fierce fire . in time ( sure ) the english-man will swallow down burning coals . 3. coffee is a dryer , and therefore with successe is drunk by those gentlemen , who are infected with the french-pox , which is now become the characteristal difference between the plumed nobless and the high-shoon . alas , vertue is a pedantical and vulgar quality . 4. 't is extolled for drying up the crudities of the stomack , and for expelling fumes out of the head. excellent berry ! which can cleanse the english-man's stomak of flegm , and expel giddinesse out of his head. yet it is certain , that for the small space of an hour or thereabouts it hath expelled out of an english head and stomack these infirmities . but after such a little interval , they return again . and the house being thus swept and cleansed , seven devils enter it . for physicians say , that coffee causeth the meagrim and other giddinesses in the head , &c. of this dayly experiment may be made : for if you set short-hand-writers to take down the discourse of the company , who prattle over coffee , it will be evident on reading the notes , that the talk is extravagant and exactly like that of the academians of bedlam , and such , as any others , would be asham'd of , but themselves . 5. coffee makes no man drunk . but for this , it is no more to be commended , than a neates-tongue , a dish of anchovaes , or a salt bit , which never yet intoxicated any man. for coffee being mixt with the more drying smoak of tobacco makes too many run to the tavern or ale-house to quench their thirst , which they cannot satisfy , till out of their gorged stomacks , they send up rich sacrifices to liber pater . 6. this forein liquor in truth qualifies the vapours of wine , which makes your good fellows resort thither to heat their stomacks made cold and infirm by their having powred thereinto too too much wine , and thus they inable their weak stomacks to receive a new load . but hereby in part may be made a judgment of the good company of this place . o heavens ! how well will the barrels of herings ( imposed on these houses ) agree with coffee . 7. coffee being dry , in proportion , dryes up the radical moisture . by constant use thereof , a man becomes , — ad unum mollis opus — the other sex hath just cause to curse the day , in which it was brought into england ; had women any sense or spirit , they would remonstrate to his majestie , that men in former times were more able , than now , they had stronger backs , and were more benevolent , so that hercules in one night got fifty women with child , and a prince of spain was forc'd to make an edict , that the men should not repeat the act of coition above nine times in a night , for before that edict , belike men did exceed that proportion ; that in this age , men drink so many spirits and essences , so much strong-water , so many several sorts of wine , such abundance of tobacco , and ( now at last ) pernicious coffee , that they are grown as impotent as age , as dry and as unfruitful , as the deserts of africk . having remonstrated this , they then would ( were they wise ) petition his majesty to forbid men the drinking of effeminating coffee , and to command them instead thereof to drink delicious chocolate . 8. 't is the interest also of women to have this drink damn'd , lest the men bereave them of one of their most excellent and appropriated qualities , that is garrulity and talkativeness . in this age men tattle more than women , and particularly at the coffee-house , when the number hath been but six , five of them have talkt at one time . the company here have out-talk'd an equal number of gossipping women , and made a greater noise than a bake-house . men are here born down by clamour , which resembles at times the noise of the cataracts of nilus , but alwayes resembles a school , fill'd with children , every one conning his lesson aloud . 9. here men carried by instinct sipp muddy water , and like frogs confusedly murmur insignificant notes , which tickle their own ears , and to their inharmonious sense , make musick of jarring strings . hic fluvius verborum , vix gutta mentis . 10. in this confused way of gabbling the coffee-drinkers fondly imagine , that they make a better consort , than four and twenty violins . they run from point to point , from one subject to another , as insensibly and as swifty , as polewheel runs division on the base viol. 11. the day sufficeth not some persons to drink 3. or 4 dishes of coffee in . they borrow of the night , though they are sure , that this drink taken so late , will not let them close their eyes all night . these men are either afraid to be alone with themselves , or they to excess love company , so that they never set apart any time to converse with themselves . this ill-tasted liquor ( by what charms i know not ) makes men to neglect and forsake themselves ; for who cannot rest , till he good fellows find , he breaks up house , turns out of dores his mind . 12. at this place a man is cheated of what is , by far more valuable than mony , that is , time. a constant companion of this house going in all haste for a midwife , or to save the life of a friend then dying , must call in , and drink at least his two dishes of coffee and his two pipes of tobacco . and which is yet more wonderful , many persons prefer coffee , ( and the company , which love it ) before the gain of money , for many men neglect their callings and vocation , to tattle away their time over two or three dishes of coffee . 13. here is no respect of persons . boldy therefore let any person , who comes to drink coffee sit down in the very chair , for here a seat is to be given to no man. that great privilege of equality is only peculiar to the golden age , and to a coffee-house . however even here , a small portion of wit , gilded over with an estate , hath an influence . mony ! thou art the man , and man but dross to thee . or with iuvenal i may say , — o nummi vobis hunc praestat honorem vos estis fratres — so also is it here in respect of titles ; children do not more for a time value their babies , than titles are for a while here gazed on . even a — as such , gains as good an opinion as the place is capable of . light-things weigh much in those scales , which are here used , heavy , little or nothing . wisedom and vertue are every where used , as fanatical — 14. such is the humour of the coffee-meetings , that that person shall gain more love and respect , who gives to the company a suger-plum , than he who bestows gifts more befitting men to receive , and he who hath attained the art of making an agreeable * addresse to the company , and knows , how by empty complements to flatter them into a good opinion of themselves , or to tattle to them little pleasing things , shall assuredly thereby insinuate himself into their good opinion more than if he discoursed to them of the most profitable subjects with the deepest judgment . 15. very critical and very discerning is the assembly here . the company within a very short while will look thorow and thorow the prudentest and most cryed-up person . a weak part will quickly be found in him , and not only real but imaginary faults will be laid to his charge . a man of reputation is so tender a creature , that he should in a manner alwayes keep within dores , and never come into the air , unless chosen , and cleer . but by all means let him beware of the coffee-house , for here there is alwayes a thick smoak , which will sully a fair colour . in plain terms , an assiduous frequenting the coffee-house , and exposing reason , parts and estimation , by conversation , to the open view of the society , renders them hereby first familiar , then contemptible . here a man too late will be taught , that the most excellent jewels , to wit , the noblest speculations , the d●vinest truths , the most exquisite fancies , the most meritorious actions , and the most complacential humours prodigally thrown away amongst a mixt number of persons , become as common , as gold was once in ierusalem , that is , as common , as stones . 16. such is the mixture of persons here , that me thinks i cannot better express it , than by saying , that at these waters meet all sorts of creatures . hence follows the production of diverse monstrous opinions and absurdities . here is a congress of old rome and of new , of turky , geneva , and amsterdam . a coffee-house , like logick , the lawyer , and the switzer , will maintain any cause . 17. infinite are the contests , irreconcileable the differences here . the society hath been divided about the manner of the creeping of a louse . were there not here , a constant contention amongst the elements of this body , it could not subsist . for should all agree , and be of one iudgment , they would as it were become but one person , the house would be solitary , and at last one or two persons would be the whole company . 18. however , though it resemble amsterdam , being divided into innumerable different opinions , yet is it free from effects of sedit on or war. for there are no bloody challenges here made , much less duels fought , or blows given . will you know the reason ? the company in this are more couragious than wise , that they contend about triffles only , but they are more wise than couragious , in that they fight not for the victory : so that in a true sense the lion and the lamb ly down together here . 19. such being the differences of opinion , and such the tameness of the company , how can any one in reason , think , that a coffee-house is dangerous to the government , that seeds of sedition are here sown , & principles of liberty insinuated ? a coffee-house hath alwayes been as great a friend to monarchy , as an enemy to liberty . the principles of a popular government at the rota were weakne'd , and rendred contemptible . men of such contrary judgments as here meet , cannot justly be feared to agree in a conspiracy . and in truth they talk too much , to be lookt on as dangerous , and active persons . 20. rather say the fanaticks , that this is not a place in which a great and generous truth can be maintain'd , that a person full of such a truth , not being able to contein it , is forc'd to whisper it in the ear of some ingenuosus , if he can find such a one . this is certain , that who ever intends here to discourse of worthy subjects judiciously , ought carefully not only to chuse his time , but to pack the company , that so he may be heard but with patience . 21. on the other side , who ever is troubled with impertinent fancies and ridiculous notions , is here quietly heard and sometimes heraunged . the relater hereof hath heard a young gentleman affirm , that he used to go to the coffee-house purposely to vent his strange and wild conceits , and to rid himself of such bad guests . an opinion , how foolish or fond soever , here receives entertainment . to this coast , as to the west-indies , you carry not rich merchandises to trade with , but only beads , looking-glasses , knives , and such like , nor shall the merchant make returns of any other commodities , than such as are fit for the pedlars box . 22. though the coffee-house may be condemned for ill choice of subjects , on which they discourse , yet are the company by many persons commended for this , that every one of them abounds in his own sense , and submits to the reason of no other mortal , following herein that great example of the men who inhabit the lunary world , who put the monsieur in a cage , for discoursing like a parrat in the words of aristotle . every one over coffee discourseth those things , which his own reason or fancy inspire him with , and he , who cants in the terms of aristotle , or argues by book , is lookt on to want terms and reason of his own , & jurare in verba magistri . 23. yet here being neither moderators , nor rules , ( were there no other reason ) a man shall as soon fill a quart pot with discourse , as profit by it . he may as rationally expect to carry a ship from the river of thames to the east-indies without a pilot or rules of navigation , as to manage a discourse successefully , or in this school to bring it to a good issue . 24. a school it is without a master . education is here taught without discipline . learning ( if it be possible ) is here insinuated without method . good manners and commendable humors are here infused into men by the contemplation of the deformity of their contrarie's , as the spartars infused into their children hatred of drunkenness by setting before them their drunken helots . 25. the company , ( that their intertainment man appear in its native colours ) at times divert themselves with the controverting such points as these . utrum corpus est immateriale . utrum chimaera bombinans in vacuo possit commedere secundas intentiones . utrum antiqua roma a christianis fundata fuit . utrum bestia honoranda sit . 26. a facetious or merry story is preferred by the gentlemen here before a banquet of philosophy . the auditors lissen to him , who tells a tale gracefully , with as great an attention , as orpheus his beasts did to his charming musick . and good reason such a person should be attentively heard . — nam quae comoedia ? mimus quis melior ? one relates he took thirty and three thousand pipes of tobacco in one night . he tickles the auditors . they laugh heartily . another informs the company , that the night before having swallow'd a vast quantity of ale , he slinkt home , and crept into bed , and that in the midst of the night he was wak'd by an alarum made in his guts by reason of an insurrection therein . hereupon he riseth to expel the rebel , but his weighty a — being too ponderous for an earthen chamber-pot to bear , the pot broke , and his a — unluckily fell on the bedighted ground . at this story the company laugh majore cachinno . here i at present stop , having run ( methinks ) a long race in dirty way , concluding with iuvenal , aspice quid faciunt commercia — an apology to those ingenuous persons , who frequent the coffee-house , for this description . the describer knows , there are several virtuosi and ingenuosi , resort to the coffee-house , whom , he hath the honour to be acquainted with , others are his friends . yet all the elements here being confusedly mixt , this house appears to him as a meer chaos , so that ( in contemplating it ) he cannot prefer even light before darkness , not being here separated or distinguishable one from another , amidst confusion it self . verbum sat . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a56639-e110 herb. with some little altering . herb. * by words . organon salutis an instrument to cleanse the stomach : as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee, how much they conduce to preserve humane health / by w.r. ... w. r. (walter rumsey), 1584-1660. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a57896 of text r5405 in the english short title catalog (wing r2280a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 68 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 41 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a57896 wing r2280a estc r5405 12270499 ocm 12270499 58229 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a57896) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 58229) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 925:4) organon salutis an instrument to cleanse the stomach : as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee, how much they conduce to preserve humane health / by w.r. ... w. r. (walter rumsey), 1584-1660. blount, henry, sir, 1602-1682. howell, james, 1594?-1666. [24], 56 p. printed by r. hodgkinsonne for d. pakeman ..., london : 1657. reproduction of original in huntington library. includes letters form henry blount and james howell. eng medicine -early works to 1800. tobacco -early works to 1800. coffee -early works to 1800. a57896 r5405 (wing r2280a). civilwar no organon salutis. an instrument to cleanse the stomach, as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee: how much they con w. r 1657 12941 25 0 0 0 0 0 19 c the rate of 19 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the c category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-12 rina kor sampled and proofread 2003-12 rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion organon salutis . an instrument to cleanse the stomach , as also divers new experiments of the virtue of tobacco and coffee : how much they conduce to preserve humane health . by w. r. of grays inne , esq. experto credo . london , printed by r hodgkinsonne , for d. pakeman , living at the rainbow in fleetstreet , neer the inner temple gate , 1657. to the right honourable , henry , lord marquess of dorchester , &c. as apollo among the planets , so , i may say , your lordship is among peers : in the vast firmament of learning you out shine them all : and understanding that , among other scientificall speculations , your lordship hath been addicted to the study of physick ( wherein you have made such an admired progresse , that you have attained , not only the theory , but the practise thereof ) i am bold to dedicate this small piece to your lordship ; wherein there are divers new physicall experiments , for the universall health of mankinde : therefore i presume no discerning reader will adjudge this addresse to be improper . moreover , ther 's another reason that induced me hereunto , which was , that i knew your lordship to have been pleased to admit your self to gray's inne , and make it your musaeum , or place of retirement , ( which i hold to be one of the greatest honours that society ever received ) and being a member thereof my self , i adventured to make this dedication ; for which nevertheless i crave your pardon , and rest , my highly honoured lord , your obedient , and most humble servant , w● . rumsey . to my worshipfull and much honored friend , sir henry blount knight . sir , my miseries ( in matter of my health ) made me in my old age ( being now seventy two yeers old ) to remember what i learned in my youth at school , in reading of tullies office , ( that is ) after taking notice of my own body , to observe what did doe me good , or harm , before i should use the help of physitians : this made me to collect what i have written in this book , for mine own private use . many of my friends urged me to leave the same to be printed for the benefit of others ; which i was loath to doe , in respect it is a novelty , not prescribed by others , untill i understood by you , that it was well accepted in foreign parts by persons of great quality and knowledge , which came by the same relations of yours unto them . i lately understood that your discovery , in your excellent book of travels , hath brought the use of the turkes physick , of cophie in great request in england , whereof i have made use , in another form than is used by boyling of it in turkie , and being less loathsome and troublesome ; wherefore i thought meet to send this book to you , and to referre it to your iudgement , whether it be fit to be published in print . if you let it to passe under your protection , i little care what others speak of it , and rest sir , your loving friend and servant w● . rumsey . the answer of sir henry blount knight , to the preceding letter of his worthy friend iudge rumsey . sir , i present you with many thanks for your excellent physick treatise , and for your favour in the direction of it to me ; but for your printing of it , all mankinde is to give you thanks . for certainly all ages and nations have ever held a gratefull memory of the inventors of any devise or engine , to the publique advantage of humane life : for , as it is the goodnesse of god that gives us life ; so , of all men , they are most subservient to that goodnesse , who help to make that life long and comfortable ; amongst whom this your whalebone instrument will assuredly cause your name to stand . it hath already ( though crept out by stealth ) gained much credit abroad , in forrain countreys ; where i have known persons of eminent quality to hold it in great esteem . and besides the undenyed reputation ( where rightly used ) it gains , in the experience & practise thereof , it cannot in a rationall discourse , but have much preeminence above the usuall way of physick . for doubtlesse mens diseases arise from the stomach ; whose impurities obstruct the passages of life , poysoning and fermenting the whole moisture of mans body , till it becomes like a house which having it vaults and sinks furred up and stopt , soon growes so full of putrifaction and stink as cannot be endured : in which case physitians are like men who should advise to cast into such a house mirrhe , musk , amber-greece , or other pretious stuffe , in hopes to amend the uncleannesse thereof : and to magnifie that course as rationall , they make learned discourses of the drugges and the severall degrees of heat or cold , with their specifique virtues , which countenanced under strange names and authors , prevail to be made tryall of . but at last , when the simple master of the house ( after much fruitless trouble and expence ) finds no effect , but that the corruption and stench is grown more abhominable : then come you with this engine , like some discreet person , who with a broom and a little water , without charge , in half an hours time , makes a cleaner house , than the others , with all their parade , cost , and trouble could ever doe : but as for the two remarkable simples , which you most imploy ; that is tobacco and cophie , a man may guess at their rare efficacie , who observes how universally they take with mankinde , and yet have not the advantage of any pleasing taste wherewith to tempt and debauch our palat , as wine and other such pernicious things have ; for at the first-tobacco is most horrid , and cophie insipid , yet doe they both so generall prevail , that bread it self is not of so universall use . the tartars and arabs , two great nations , have little or no use of bread , yet they , the turks , persians , and most of the eastern world , have hourly use of tobacco and cophie , but especially of cophie : for , besides the innumerable store of cophie houses , there is not a private fire without it all day long : they all acknowledge how it freeth them from crudities , caused by ill dyet , or moist lodging ; insomuch as they , using cophie morning and evening , have no consumptions , which ever come of moisture ; no lethargies in aged people , or rickets in children ; and but few qualmes in women with child ; but especially they hold it of singular prevention against stone and gout . when a turk is sick , he fasts and takes cophie , and if that will not doe , he makes his will , and thinks of no other physick . and as for your way of taking both cophie and tobacco , the rarity of the invention consists in leaving the old way : for the water of the one , and the smoke of the other may be of inconvenience to many ; but your way in both takes in the virtue of the simples , without any additionall mischeif . and as for tobacco , not in smoke , but swallowed down , there is not observed a more sure or sudden remedy for a cough or the stone , amongst all that men have found out . and whereas most medicinall books are usually but bare transcriptions from former writers ; and so nothing but hear-say upon hear say , with monstrous addition of untruth upon untruth , till upon try all not one receipt in an hundred makes good what it promiseth . yours is all of your own constant experience on your self and others ; which in your personall recovery , and healthfull old age , gives a fair pledge to all who please to follow so considerable an example . thus , sir , with my best thanks i present you the love and service of him who is your affectionate friend and servant , henry blount . to his highly esteemed friend and compatriot judge rumsey , upon his provang , or rare pectorall instrument , and his rare experiments of cophie , and tobacco . sir , since i knew the world , i have known divers sorts of instruments : the first that i was acquainted withall , was aristotles organon , or instrument at oxford : another was the great happy instrument at munster : the third was the instrument which was made after the dissolution of the late long parliament ; that in oxford was instrumentum logicae , the instrument of logick ; that in munster was instrumentum pacis , the instrument of peace ; the last was instrumentum politicum , the instrument of policy . now your instrument is most properly called the instrument of health and may take place among the rest . without controversie it was an invention very happily lighted upon , and obligeth all mankinde to give you thanks : for he who findes out any thing conducing to humane health , is the best cosmopolite , the best among the citizens of the world ; health heing the most precious jewel of nature , without which we cannot well discharge our duties to god or man . but indeed there 's no perfection of health in this life , where wee converse with the elements ; the best is a valetudinary kinde of disposition ; and this proceeds from the perpetuall conflict of the humors within us for predomination ▪ which were they equally ballanced , and in peace , methuselah's yeers would be but a short life among us . now this combate , and malignity of the humors ariseth from the stomach ; which , like a boyling pot on the fire , is still boyling within us , and hath much froth ; whence , if the concoction be not very good , there are ilfavoured fumes , and fuliginous evaporations that ascend into the head ; where being distill'd , they descend in catarrhes and defluxions sometimes upon the optiques , and that may be called the gout in the eyes ; if they fall upon the teeth , it may be call'd the gout in the mouth ; if into the hands , 't is chiragra ; if in the hip , sciatica ; if in the knees , gonagra ; if in the feet , podagra . now sir , your instrument serves to take away the grounds of these distempers , by rummaging and scouring the stomach , and make it expectorate that froth , or phlegmy stuffe which lodgeth there , and that in a more gentle manner than any drugge . 't is true that rhubarbe is good against choler , agarick against phlegme , and hellebore against melancholy ; but they use to stirre the humors so violently by their nauseousnesse , that their operation is a sicknesse of it self all the while . your instrument causeth no such thing , nor leaves any lurking dreggs behinde , as drugges use to doe . touching coffee , i concurre with them in opinion , who hold it to be that black broth which was us'd of old in lacedemon , whereof the poets sing ; surely it must needs be salutiferous , because so many sagacious , and the wittiest sort of nations use it so much ; as they who have conversed with shashes and turbants doe well know . but besides the exsiccant quality it hath to dry up the crudities of the stomach , as also to comfort the brain , to fortifie the sight with its steem , and prevent dropsies , gouts , the scurvie , together with the spleen , and hypocondriacall windes ( all which it doth without any violence or distemper at all ) i say , besides all these qualities , 't is found already , that this coffee drink hath caused a greater sobriety among the nations : for whereas formerly apprentices and clerks with others , used to take their mornings draught in ale , beer , or wine , which by the dizziness they cause in the brain , make many unfit for businesse , they use now to play the good-fellows in this wakefull and civill drink : therefore that worthy gentleman , mr. mudiford , who introduced the practise hereof first to london , deserves much respect of the whole nation ▪ concerning tobacco , which the spaniards call la yerva santa , the holy herb ; in regard of the sundry virtues it hath : without doubt'tis also a wholsom vegetal , if rightly applyed , and seasonably taken , it helps concoction , makes one void rhume , break winde , and keeps the body open : a leaf or two steeped in white wine , or beer over night , is a vomit that never fayles ; it is a good companion to sedentary men , and students when they are stupified by long reading or writing , by dissipating those vapours which use to o're-cloud the brain : the smoak of it is passing good against all contagious aires ; in so much that if one takes two or three puffs in the morning , before he goes abroad ▪ there 's no infectious air can fasten upon him ; for it keeps out all other sents , according to the axiome , intus existens prohibet alienum . but sir , i finde that you have made other experiments of these two simples , which though not so gustfull , conduce much to humane health : and touching your provang , or whale-bone instrument , let me tell you , that it hath purchased much repute abroad among forreiners ; in so much that some , in imitation of yours , have found a way to make such an instrument of ductible gold , and you know what a cordiall gold is . i have been told of another kind of new instrument , that will conveniently reach from the mouth , to let in the smoke of tobacco at the fundament , and it hath done much good . certainly there are in natures cabinet , many boxes yet undiscovered ; there are divers mysteries and magnalia's yet unknown ; there be sundry effects which she would produce , but she wants the hand of art to co-operate , and help her , as it were by the way of midwifery : the world must needs confesse that you have done her a great good office herein . so , with my hearty kinde respects unto you , wishing that some happy occasion were offered , whereby i might be instrumentall unto you , i rest , worthy sir , your most affectionate friend and compatriot , james howell . chap. i. the miserable case of mankinde . i. we cannot live without daily food ; and from that food there ariseth not only our nourishment , but also severall superfluous matters following , which are the principall causes of all diseases which cannot be absolutely helped , although much mitigated by any temperate dyet . ii. in the stomach undigested meat , flegme , and evill humors , from whence proceed choler and melancholy , &c. and by consequence the stone , gout , and many other infirmities . iii. also in the stomach , winde ; from whence cometh the wind-cholick , and vapours , which disturb the head , and breed headaches , &c. iv. in the guts , stoppages of wind , and of digested excrements ; which disturb the whole bodie . v. in the uritory passages , stoppages of wind , and all moist things ▪ wherewith we nourish nature ; which breeds the stone and stranguries , &c. vi . in the veins and other parts of the body are corrupt humors , which nature draweth , with the quintessence of our food , for maintenance of the severall parts of the body ; from whence commeth the gout , and infirmities in the eyes , and other parts of the body ; which when strength of nature cannot expell outwardly , then the same returns upon the inward noble parts , to destroy man . vii . excessivenesse of heat and cold in several parts of the body ; which breeds agues and feavers : so that a man cannot easily help the one , without offending the other . viii . when nature , by reason of age , or some other accident , falleth to expell these evills , although physick may do much to take away the enemies of nature , yet the same also taketh away the vitall spirits , to the destruction of man ; so that means must be found , otherwise to doe the same . that in the speaking of my opinion to all these points , i follow the method of my profession in the law , to open and argue my conceit in every part of the case , and cite experiences like judgements thereupon , and leave others to argue the contrary at their pleasure , without any reply , and leave the successe to justifie the truth of what i publish , chap. ii. materialls to be used as remedies for severall occasions following . 1. a whalebone instrument , wch may be made from two foot in length or more , to a yard long , after this form , to be used for all ages , according to the stature of their bodies . it may be made after the form of a long feather out of a goose wing , with a small button of fine linnen , or silk , to the bignesse of a cherry-stone , fastened at the one end , which goeth into the body , and with a string fastened at the other end , that a man may use it , and draw it out at pleasure . these are commonly sold in london , and especially at the long shops in westminster-hall . if it be kept in water , it will be as gentle as may be desired . it must be stirred gently , and alwayes used after some meat and drink , as any man liketh best , and findeth occasion for a vomit . 2. electuary of cophy . take equall quantity of butter and sallet-oyle , melt them well together , but not boyle them : then stirre them well that they may incorporate together : then melt therewith three times as much hony , and stirre it well together ▪ then add thereunto powder of turkish cophie , to make it a thick electuary . 3. infusion of tobacco . take a quarter of a pound of tobacco , and a quart of ale , white-wine , or sider , and three or four spoonfulls of hony , and two pennyworth of mace ; and infusé these by a soft fire , in a close earthen pot , to the consumption of almost the one half : then strain it , and keep it in a close bottle . if it be kept long , then once every week let it be warmed by the fire , to keep it from vinowing . 4. cordials . bake a pot of apples or pears pared and cored , with houshould bread : then lay a thin laying of hony in the bottome of an earthen pot : lay thereupon a laying of the baked apples , one inch thick : lay thereupon a thin laying of the powder of enulacampane roots , and a little pounded nutmeg , and ginger : lay thereupon ▪ severall layings of hony , baked apples , and powders , as before , to fill the pot . cover the same with paste , and bake the same with houshold bread : quinces , orenges and lemmon pills may be added thereunto , to bake . when the same is so baked , if you mingle therewith rosewater , and sugar pounded , altogether , it will be more pleasant . 5. oyntments . infuse in a close earthen pot by a soft fire , or boyl in a s●illet , a quarter of a pound of tobacco in a pinte of sallet-oyle or fresh butter , without salt , untill the tobacco grow so brittle , that it may be bruised with the finger : then strain it ; then add thereunto pounded nutmeg and cloves , before it be fully infused ▪ to make it sweet : then strain this and keep it for your use . note , that if it be afterwards melted with burgundie-pi●ch or frankincense , it may be made thicker at pleasure . 6. suppositers . take equall quantity of frankincense and rosin ; melt them well together ; then add thereunto as much of the said oyntment , as shall leave it to be of a sufficient consistence to be a suppositer , which will quickly be seen by laying it in cold water , and making it into rolls : if it be too soft , melt it again with more frankincense and rosin , and so it may be made softer , with adding more of the said oyntment . rosin only thus used will serve the turn . 7. plaisters . melt the said suppositers made of rosin and frankincense , with like equall quantities of burgundie or stone pitch and wax , which may then be cast into cold water : then work them in your hands , and make them up into rolls , and use it at your pleasure . you may make them softer or harder , as before . 8. aliter . also the same may be melted again , whereunto may be added verdigrease to eat dead flesh : also white-lead or red-lead may be used to cool and heal , &c. which i leave to the compounders of plaisters ; but i know by constant experience , that this oyntment and plaisters doe admirable things upon all occasions , as well as any other oyntments or plaisters which are ordinarily sold in the shops . 9. sinapismus . this mustard plaister is made after severall forms , but for a plain way , take equall quantity of sharp mustard and black ordinary sope , with store of fine pounded pepper to make it thick : if it be in summer you may ad thereunto the pounded leaves of spearwort , which growes in moorish grounds , and pound them altogether , and apply it to the place grieved . the leaves of spearwort pounded will work the like effect : also you may take six cantharides flies , and pound them very fine , and make them to a thick paste with vinegar and leven of bread ; but never use any of these to above the breadth of six pence . although these things be made after a rude and plain manner , yet the same are cheap , and without offence to be used , which i leave to be made more curiously by the apothecaries . chap. iii we cannot live without daily food , and from that food there ariseth not only our nourishment , but also several superfluous matters , following , which are the principall causes of all diseases ; which cannot be absolutely helped , although much mitigated by any temperate diet . 1. how necessary our food is , every man knoweth ; how it is our portion , and gods goodness in this life , see ecclesiastes cap. 2. and cap. 5. and how miserable a mans life is without a good stomach to his meat , see ecclesiasticus cap. 30. 2. that from the superfluities of that meat , after the concoction of it in our stomachs , there remains certain superfluous matters , which are like barm upon drink , and froth upon the best boyled meat , is the generall opinion of physitians : and that the same are the principall causes of all diseases , which is plainly set forth ●y gratorolus in his chapter of exercises . 3. that the increase of these superfluities may be much mitigated by temperate dyet and exercises , as the opinion of all honest and godly men , whereof a man may see good directions in ecclesiasticus , cap. 31. but how impossible it , is for a man by a strickt diet , although he observes the rules of lesius , to help this evill , a man may read at large in doctor primrose his book of vulgar errors in physick ▪ lib. 3. cap. 3. &c. and many learned physitians doe maintain , that there is lesse danger in a little over liberall , than in an over sparing diet ; whereof see hippocrates aphorisms , lib. 1. aphor. 5. &c , and rantzovius , and many others maintain the same , and lemnius de occultis in many places maintaineth the same ; in so much that he spendeth a whole chapter to maintain , that after a light breakfast , a man shall be more able to eat a more liberall dinner ; and there is good reason for it ; for that when nature hath no food to feed upon , then it feedeth upon the corrupt humors , which breeds unrecoverable diseases and a generall decay of nature , for want of sustenance . i leave this to every mans age and experience ; but i finde it expedient for all men , rather to eat often sparingly , than to eat much at usuall meals , and especially at supper . chap. iv. in the stomach undigested meat , fleagm and evill humors , from whence proceeds choler and melancholy , &c ▪ and by consequence the stone , and many other infirmities . 1. tthat after the disposition of the meat in the stomach , there remains part of the meat undigested , it is too well known to moderate surfeiters , and very often to foul and weak stomachs , and to old age : as for the time when the stomach hath disposed of what it can digest , that is after sleep ; so heurinus upon hippocrates aphorismes ; and then a man must look to it , to remedy himself or suffer great evils . 2. that superfluous matters doe arise after the concoction and digestion of our meat , hath been shewed before , cap. 3. that those matters are at first flegme , which , being baked with the heat of the stomach , breed choler , &c. and by consequence the stone , is the generall opinion of learned physitians ; and vanthelmont ( a rare late writer ) describeth the same in many places , and sheweth how the humors are not of such severall natures , as they are ordinarily distinguished , but originally are flegme , and then baked to higher degrees , and get other names , as choler , &c. 3. the seat of these humors are in the stomach , but principally in the mouth of the stomach , which is the principall seat of life , which vanthelmont describeth excellently ; where he saith , that in the stomach , but especially in the mouth thereof , as in the very center point and root , is evidently setled the beginning of life , of digestion of meat , and of the disposition thereof to maintain life , what then soever the philosophers ( or physitians ) did talk or think to be of great moment concerning the heart , whether they will or no , they have made it common to the stomach . 4. common experience shewes this to be true in very many men , who can neither eat or drink in the morning , but loath the same , and are troubled with waterish humors , but cannot get away the same with all their fasting and physick . 5. how to avoid these superfluous humors , is our great labour , for otherwise they are the occasions of diseases , as is said before ; and besides that , while they are in the body , they make our bodies like unseasonable vessells , which doe spoyl the good meat which we doe put in our stomachs for our nourishments , so that it cannot be well digested ; which made hippocrates to deliver the aphorismes , lib. 2. aphor. 2. corpora impura , &c. that the more sustenance is taken into unpure bodies , the more mischief happens unto them . how far then doe they erre , who having foul dodies , doe endeavour to help themselves with caudles and cordialls before their bodies be cleansed , and made fit to receive the same ? 6. labour and exercise have been accounted , and are the best ordinary means to wear out these corrupt humors , and to help digestion thereof , for which purpose rantzovius cap. 9. and grator in his chapter of exercise , have written much out of many authors ; yet for all that it must be with this limitation ( dum vires , &c. ) while youth and strength of body doth last , and before old age come , or the body groweth weak with infirmities : and let a man be never so lusty and strong , yet nevertheless excessivenesse of humors in the body doe often kill the strongest and most laborious men , whereof we have daily many fearfull examples , which made rantzovius , cap. 18. say well , that the retaining of corrupt meat in the stomach , is a strong destruction of the body ; and cap. 50. saith , that the plague it self cannot invade that man , who hath not corrupt humors . how farre then doe they erre , who think to weare out these humors by fasting and exercise , when it may be quickly done otherwise , with so little labour and trouble as before , cap 2 n. 1. and hereafter , n. 8. &c. i leave it to every mans judgement ? and leave careless men to perish in their own negligent wayes . 7. lemnius de occultis hath written a whole chapter of the rattle which men have in their throats before they die , and ascribes it to the contractions of the vitall spirits , &c. and so it may be well enough ; for that a mans breath is stopped by flegme and undigested humors , which come from the mouth of the stomach into the throat , as well as an halter doth stop it outwardly . 8. when all means are tried to avoid both corrupt humors and corrupt meat in the stomach , vomiting of it up is accounted the best means by rantzovius and heurinus , and many learned physitians commend it exceedingly , and say that the egyptians and caldeans used it twice every moneth : and fernelius saith , that it purgeth not only the stomach , but also all the other parts of the body , to the very heart . and finally , that as all evill humors doe come out of the stomach to disturb all parts of the body , by certain secret passages : so if the stomach be made clean by vomiting , the same corrupt humors return into the stomach again by the same passages , to be avoided by the ordinary passages of nature , which otherwise cannot be purged downwards ; whereof a man may read it at large in rantzovius , cap. 18. and fernelius there , lib. 3. cap. 3. and parent his notable book of chyrurgery and physick , and many others . 9. how dangerous it is to procure vomiting by the ordinary course of physick , i leave it untill you come to the eighth following pointe cap 10. but how to doe it otherwise with little or no offence or disturbance unto nature , and without observing of any curious diet , or hindrance to a man in his vocations or journeys ; that is my principall labour , for which purpose i shall shew this easie and safe way following . 10. whether it be in time of health or sickness , whensoever you finde any evill disposition in the stomach , eat a convenient meal of what meat and drink you please , then walk a little while after it : then sit down with your body bending , and thrust the said whalebone instrument into your stomach , stirring it very gently , which will make you vomit ; then drink a good draught of drink , and so use the instrument as oft as you please , but never doe this upon any empty stomach . 11. to make the stomach more apt to vomit , and to prepare the humors thereunto before you eat and drink , take the bigness of a nutmeg , or more of the said electuary of cophie , &c. into your mouth ; then take drink to drive it down ; then eat and drink , and walk , and use the instrument as before . there may be more or less of the said electuary taken at any time before meat , as a man findes it to be most agreeable to the constitution and strength of his body , without any curious observance of diet or fire , or hindrance for a man to goe or travell about his business . 12. some may think it strange to procure vomit with this instrument , rather than by physick ; but look upon rantzovius , cap. 18. and other books , and there you shall finde them , to direct , that if a vomit will not work , you must help the same with putting a feather into the throat ; and many use a rosemary branch : but these things doe not goe into the bottom of the stomach to stir up the humors ( as the whalebone instrument doth ) which i leave to every mans experience . 13. many objections have been made against this course , which neverthelesse i doe not finde by experience , that the same are of any weight , to alter what is before directed . 14. as to that which physick books say , that vomiting more often than twice a moneth is dangerous , and may bring a man to an habit of vomiting , and so weaken the stomach , whereunto i doe agree , if it be done by physick , whose opperations are contrary to nature , as fernelius saith . but this way i prescribe is naturall , which may appear in little children who are at nurse , and are never accounted healthy but when they vomit often . also the dog is taught by nature to vomit , and all manner of hawkes cast their castings every morning , otherwise they are not in health . and the councell in ecclesiasticus , cap 31. doth not extend only unto superfluity of meat , but also to superfluity of humors ▪ and divers old commentators of that place affi●m it , to extend as a councel to help and strengthen weak stomachs . 15. others say , what good doth the meat when it is vomited up again , and that whosoever doe use it , have not the benefit of nature downwards ? whereunto i say , by experience , that all the meat doth not come up , but part of it , which is in the upper regiment of the stomach , and doth carry with it the corrupt humors of the stomach , which doth swim upon the top of the meat , and nature being eased of that burthen , doth work the residue of the meat more freely downwards , which may be found by experience ; and also nature draweth quickly the quintessence of the meat to the nourishment of the body , to avoid all corrupt humors , so that the body & minde shall be more strong and free for all occasions , and shall be with far lesse trouble , charge , and danger , than to doe the same by physick . 16. in respect i have spoken so much of vomiting , i will add the opinion of learned fernelius there , where he saith , that if after a vomit , the pulse being full and strong , pleasant sleep commeth easie , and free breathing , a good appetite , and the rest of the body lighter ; then the vomit is commendable , otherwise not , and very hurtfull : i leave the experience hereof to every mans judgement who useth it . 17. that although by vomiting , as aforesaid , a man shall avoid much thick flegme , yet by the often using of the said electuary of cophie , &c. although a man shall by ordinary coughing avoid great pieces of blew congealed fleagme , which i could not see avoided by any other means . if a man will take a spoonfull of the said infusion of tobacco in his mornings draught of ale or beer , it will add much good for this purpose , without lothsomness or trouble to the body . 18. lastly , i have often found , that if a man taketh from two spoonfull to twelve , according as a man findeth by experience to be agreeable to his age and constitution , of the said infusion of tobacco , cap. 2. n. 4. and drink it in a cup with ale or beer , the same is very good vomit : and divers lately have made the like infusion in posset drink ; but i finde no great difference in the operation thereof . observe when it doth work to drink good store of posset or other drink after it . chap. v. in the stomach wind , from whence commeth the wind-collick and vapours , which disturb the head , and breed head-aches , &c. 1. the principall cause of wind in the stomach is either undigested meat or undigested humors . clear the stomach with vomiting , as before , and then you shall be clear from wind . 2. when a man is troubled with wind in the stomach , let him put the instrument into his stomach , as before , a man shall finde great belching , and ease of the wind ; and especially if a man take a little of the said electuary of cophie , as before , before you put in the instrument , and then drink after it , as before , and then use the instrument without stirring of it to procure vomiting . 3. afterwards eat of the said cordiall made of enulacampane , &c. cap. 2. n. 4. which is a plain cheap cordiall , and is admirable good to comfort the stomach upon all occasions . that any cordiall or powders may be added or mingled with this electuary , with very good effect . 4. because men cannot ordinarily have the said composition , i thought fit to add one thing more , made with great ease , and of admirable use , as well for the wind , as also to dissolve tough flegme and humors in the stomach , as also to comfort the stomach , that is , take enulacampane roots dried , pounded , and sifted , mingle therewith as much sugar as shall please your taste , to take away the bitterness of the roots : then add thereunto a small quantity of pounded nutmeg and ginger : mingle all these together with a sufficient quantity of sallet-oyl , hony , or other pleasant syrope , to the thickness of an electuary . take into your mouth , from the bigness of a nutmeg to the bigness of a figge , every morning or oftner at pleasure ; then drink after it to wash it down , if you please ; but if you will not drink , then this cordiall will lie in the upper part of the stomach , and much comfort the same ; but herein i leave it to every mans observation and experience , to observe what doth best agree with his own body . 5. i have also found good use of taking a spoonfull of powders of nutmeg and ginger , with a spoonfull of hot waters for that purpose . chap. vi in the guts stoppages of wind , and of digested excrements , which disturb the whole body . 1. the stoppage of excrements in the guts are the occasion of many evils . gratorolus ▪ fol. 180. saith , all physitians doe agree , that health is principally preserved with , keeping the body conveniently loose : and let them all say what they will , unless the fore dore and the back dore of the body be kept open , as occasion serveth , the body will be quickly destroyed , with much reluctation and trouble . and how impossible it is to purge downwards , what is not first digested in the stomach , all men know , and authors agree . 2. this maketh physitians to be so ready upon all occasions , and sickness , to give pills potions , and glisters , &c. which are made of many and costly compositions , and require much observances of dyet , and aire , &c. but in the end breed infinite inconveniences , as may appear hereafter , cap. 10. 3. to spare all this cost and curiositie , whosoever will use the said electuary of cophie : and then a man may keep himself conveniently loose at his pleasure . but if a man be desirous for this electuary to work stronger , then one may add thereunto a small quantity of sena epithamum , or rubarb ( which physitians account to be safe physick for old men , children , and women with child . ) and then if a man take a pipe of tobacco in the morning , he shall finde good use thereof . 4. in respect divers men are loth to take any physick into their mouths , and especially little children are not able , when they are sickly and very pale with wormes , the said suppositers , cap 2. n. 6. being taken from the roll , and warmed in a mans hand , or by the fire , and used to what bigness a man pleaseth , but ordinarily to the bignesse of the fore joint of your little finger , and cast it into could water to harden , and after anointed with the said oyle of tobacco , and use it at your pleasure , with good success . although it be not a quick worker , yet the same brings no danger of the piles of ulcers in the fundament , by 〈◊〉 using thereof , as other suppositers doe ( but rather heal the same ▪ in the making of these suppositers , ●e 〈◊〉 and powder of commin seed , may be added to very good purpose for the wind . 5. if the same be used to little children , it will much conduce for their health , and to avoid wormes , to have their bellies well anointed by the fire with the said oyl of tobacco , when they use these suppositers . 6. if a man hath not a convenient loose stool , then let him put in another like suppositer presently . this may be used every morning or at any other time , as occasion serveth . 7. as the suppositers commonly used doe bring the danger of the piles and ulcers , so glisters oftentimes prove very dangerous , by working upwards the clean contrary way , which doctor primrose confefleth : and when a glister will not work , then they must have the help of a suppositer , as wecker confesseth . 8. in respect i have spoken so much of the use of tobacco , to work upwards and downwards , let a man read doctor primrose , in his book of vulgar errors in physick , who maintaineth the same , and also where he maintaineth , that if a physitian prescribes a vomit or a purge , which works contrary effects , he ought to be blamed , by reason of some inward and unknown causes . and for the admirable use of tobacco taken inwardly , or used outwardly , a man may read many excellent things in wickers antidotary , in so much as he calleth it the panacea , or generall remedy for all diseases and griefs , besides the excessive taking of it in smoak , which i leave to the censure of democritus junior : besides that , it doth over heat the body , and bake the undigested humors in the mouth of the stomach to the destruction of man . chap. vii . in the uritory passages , stoppages of wind , and all moist things , wherewith we nourish nature , which breeds the stone and the strangurie . &c , 1. as the stone proceedeth from the said corrupt humors , so the vomiting thereof doth much conduce to stay the growing thereof . also if you make a toste of manchet bread , with saletoyle , and then toste it again with hony , and eat it , and drink a good draught of beer or white-wine after it . the constant use hereof is very good to preserve a man from the stone , as i found by many experiences . 2. i have spoken so much before concerning the means of vomiting and purging , and how much the same doe conduce to preserve a man from the stone , that i need not say any more thereof : yet i must once again , upon certain evidence , say , that the often using of the said electuary of cophie , and tosts , doth exceedingly conduce to the help and cure of the stone ; together with a temperate dyet , but especially at suppers . 3. i have heard lately from men of good credit , that there is an excellent remedy for the stone in the kidnies , by drinking of the liquor in the tanners pits ; and for the stone in the bladder , by using of the same liquor there with a syringe : which i leave to further experience ; and will not trouble my self with it , while i may drink good ale , &c. and help my self otherwise , as aforesaid . chap. viii . in the veins , and other parts of the body , are corrupt humors , which nature draweth , with the quintessence of our food for maintenance of the several parts of the body ; from whence commeth the gout , and infirmities in the eyes , and other parts of the body ; which when strength of nature cannot expell outwardly , then the same return upon the inward noble parts to destroy man . 1. that those humors come out of the stomach to the severall parts of the body ; and that those humors return to the stomach again , to be avoided by the ordinary passages of nature , and especially by vomit , doth appear , by that which is before spoken . 2. the gout is the principall , and reputed unrecoverable disease , which commeth from those humors , and runneth up and down into severall parts of the body , to seek some vent to get out of the body : in which case , although i will not presume to say , that the gout can be absolutely cured , yet i dare say , that it may be much eased , so that a man may live long , without much trouble of that disease . 3. although vomiting is the principall means to avoid the matter of the gout , as aforesaid ; yet there be other outward means to draw the goutie humor which remaineth in the joynts ; which may stand well with hippocrates his aphorism , where he saith , that where nature swelleth , and offereth to vent it self , there it is to be avoided in convenient places . 4. many be the wayes and means which are prescribed in physick books : but that which , after many experiences , i found best , is , to apply a sinapismus , or mustard plaster , as before ; and that before and afterwards to apply one of the dropaces , or pitch plaster , as cap. 2. numb. 7. which the learned heurinus in his method doth commend exceedingly ; and doth much condemne the neglect thereof ; which he thinketh to be for no other cause , but because it is cheap . 5. it must be applyed in convenient places , as i cited before out of hippocrates . which places i found to be most convenient , and with lesse offence ( are these , that is ) if the pain be in the feet , between the great and little toes , where the toes doe part : if in the heel or ancle , to the sinews of both sides of the shinne bone , over against the lower part of the calf of the legge : if in the knee or legge , a little below the kneepanne , and , as before , by the calf of the legge : if in the fingers , upon the back of the hand , between the fore-finger , and little-finger , where the fingers part : if in the wrist or arme , to the inner part of the wrist : if in the neck , &c. then to the nape , or hinder part of the neck . 6. this mustard plaister is to be used in this manner first , a convenient large plaister made of frankincense , pitch &c. as before , is to be applyed to one of the said places for at least six hours ; then make a lesser plaister of about an inch , and not above two inches in breadth , of the said mustard plaister ; and apply it to one of the said places , as occasion shall require : let the same stay there for about eight hours , until the place blister and grow red : then take away the mustard plaister , and lay the other plaister thereupon . if the place doe blister , prick the same , to let out the water . take this plaister from the place applyed , once every twelve hours , or oftener : w●pe the place affected , and plaister , and so continue the same untill the place doth heal . thus i have seen it often used , and never miss admirable effects ; and without this course i have found all to be labour in vain . 7. although men generally conceive the gout to be only a waterish humor , yet , by the use of the means aforesaid , i have drawn out of the feet and hands , humors of the thicknesse of white of egges ; and when it had stood a quarter of an hour , it grew to be a substance , like leather ; so that i could scarce tear it with the strength of both my hands : which i verily beleeve is the humor which congeals in the hands , and makes crooked and knotty hands . 8. although this will draw the waterish and salt humors out of the joynts ; yet there is an easie convenient way to draw it out of the stomach , to prevent it from coming to the joynts , ( that is ) take about the bignesse of a nutmeg of the said electuary of cophie , as before , every morning when a man is rising out of his bed : then take into your mouth about an inch in length of the stalk of a tobacco leaf well dryed , and a little cinnamon , to take away the loathsome taste thereof ; which will draw the rhume out of the mouth ; and as it doth moisten , bite it ; and sometimes a little of the juice of it may be let into the stomach ; and then drink some drink to drive it down : this a man may doe while he is putting on of his clothes , and oftener , as a man findeth it to agree with his body , without offence . but tobacco leaves , or the stalkes thereof , undryed are loathsome and troublesome , howsoever the same are prescribed by wecker's antidotaries . i have known some being troubled with the pox , have received great benefit by often drawing of waterish humors with tobacco , &c. as before : but i leave them to mother cornelius tub. 9. i doe know that there are infinite numbers of bathes and pultices prescribed for the gout ; but i have often found , that boyled turnips made to a pultice , and the water wherein they were boyled for a bathe , will serve as well as any others . look more thereof chap. 11. numb. 20. the end thereof . 10. also i have found a very good pultice , by beating of the white of egges to a froth ; and then to mingle therewith ordinary soap , and apply it to the grieved place . but if any skinne be broken it will burn , unlesse one of the pitch plaisters be laid on the place under the pultice . 11. also if there be any swelling or heat , after these plaisters , take greene hemlock and vinegar pounded to green sauce , and binde it to the place , or lay the leaves of burres under the said pitch plaister , to the place grieved . 12. he that will not use these means to draw the humos out of the body , but repercussive means to drive the same back into his body , may shorten his dayes , and breed many diseases , as i have known it to happen often times . 13. also the malignancy of these humors may be known by this ; for by the said application for the gout i have often seen , that besides abundance of waterish humors , and thick humors drawn out , as aforesaid , of severall parts of the body , but especially out of the knees , there came out thence an excessive heat , with much smoak , as if it were out of a boyling pot . chap. ix . excessivenesse of heat and cold in severall parts of the body , which breeds agues and feavers ; so that a man cannot easily help the one , without offending of the other . 1. this is a strange thing , but commonly seen , as in agues , when a man hath sometimes an hot fit , and sometimes a cold fit , with little intermission of times . and men commonly complain that they have a hot liver and a cold stomach . doctor primrose hath handled this question among the vulgar errors in physick ; and makes it plain , that although the liver be alwaies hot of it self , which over heateth the bottom of the stomach ; yet the stomach is cold by accident , by reason of the noisome humors , like barm or froth , which come into the uppermost part of the stomach , by evill digestion . 2. there be many julips and curious medicines prescribed by physitians to remedy this evill ; and especially in burning feavers ; and these are of great use . but to spare much trouble herein , in hot diseases , and upon surfeits , let a man drink oftentimes great store of cold water , and eat a convenient quantity of broth , bread , and butter , and cheese , and then vomit with the whalebone instrument , as before . a man shall thereby avoid the corrupt humors in the stomach ; and then a man shall quickly avoid these infirmities , and bring the body to a good temper ; after which a man may drink strong drink , and wine , &c. with little offence . 3. i have known so much good done to all men of all ages , who would first in the morning drink at least half a pinte of cold water ; whereunto sugar may be added , together with the juice of oranges and lemmons , to make it pleasant . that i must say , that i never found any thing of more use for the health of man ; but i am afraid i labour in vain , in respect that most men doe abhorre it , as present poyson ( as doctor primrose saith , ) yet he sheweth the excellency thereof , by many experiences , and the authorities of many ancient and modern learned authors . for all this i have found many doctors of physick ( with whom i have conferred hereof ) to speak much against it ; whereat i doe not much marvail ; for that , if that be practised , which i have alledged in this chapter , there will be little use to be made of their physick , and of the shopps of the apothecaries . 4. i must adde one thing more for the use of good fellows , who use much drinking , &c. let them first drink cold water , as before , to cool their liver , and bottome of their stomachs : then the drinking of strong drink , &c. will comfort the upper part of their stomachs ; and much hinder the vapours , which fume up to their heads , from the excessive heat of their stomachs : and their drinking of water after the taking of tobacco is very good . 5. i have known divers men doe swallow small white pibble stones , to cool the heat of their stomachs ; which i conceive to be in imitation of long winged hawks : i have used the same my self , and they doe passe thorough a man downwards ; but i found little benefit thereby . 6. i have known others that used to swallow small bullets of lead ; which giveth me occasion to report a strange history , which i know to be true . an old souldier , and a commander in queen elizabeth's time , in the low countries , was drinking of healthes amongst his companions , and at every health he did drink a pistoll bullet , to the number of eighteen ; which continued in his belly for neer the space of two years , with much pain and grief : he acquainted a physition with this case , who did hang the souldier by the heels , by a beam in the chamber ; and then all the bullets dropped out of his mouth again ; but the same were somewhat worn in his belly . this souldier is yet living , and in good health , and about fourscore and ten years of age . 7. i have spoken so much of the cooling of the stomach , that it may be expected i should write somewhat of warming of cold stomachs : but i finde every man so ready to take tobacco , and to drink wines , and strong drinks , that i need say no more thereof ; but , as i have said before , so i say still , keepe the stomach clean , with the said whalebone instrument , when you finde any disturbance or loathsomnesse therein : and keep the lower parts conveniently loose , with the said suppositers : and draw out the humors which trouble the outward parts , with the said plaisters , &c. and keep the body in a temperate heat , as before ; and avoid intemperancy in dyet ; then there will be little use of physick . chap. x. when nature by reason of age , or some other accident , faileth to expell these evils , although physick may doe much to take away the enemies of nature , yet the same also taketh away the vitall spirits , to the destruction of man ; so that means must be found otherwise to doe the same . 1. i know divers have carpt exceedingly against all physitians , and their whole profession and medicines , whereof a man may read much in cornelius agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum , and democritus iunior , and many others cited by him , and the late booke of mr. biggs , intituled , the vanity of the craft of physick . but i much honour and admire the skill and knowledge of such of them as are honest and learned . 2. as for emporiques , mountebanks , quacksalvers , and the like , every place is too full of them , which will cure all diseases with one antidote . dr. primrose hath well discovered the errors of the people concerning them , &c. 3. that the common course of purgative physick is dangerous , by reason of the venemous qualities of the medicines , appeareth by that which is said before , and by the authority of fernelius and rantzovius , and all modest physitians : and the often use thereof is very inconvenient , as those authors , and doctor primrose ingeniously confesse : and that when ordinary physick faileth , the best way is to leave the patient to god and nature . 4. what infinite number of medicines , and what strange compositions are for every disease , & with what costly materials the same are made , every man may see in weckerus his antidotarium basiliense , and divers others dispensatories ; besides a great deal of curious observations must be used at the taking thereof . 5. what diversities of opinions there are about the compounding and administring of these medicines , and the ordering of the patient to use them , whether they be naturall things , after the form of the galenists , or chimicall , after the prescripts of the paracelsians ; or mixt , as doctor primrose , and the wiser sort conceived , there are as many controversies amongst them , as there were ever between the pope and luther , about matters of religion . then what shall the poor sick patient doe , especially , if there be a colledge of such physitians called to consult about this desperate case , but stand quaking like a poor condemned prisoner at the barre , expecting to have his finall judgement , to be sent to the place of execution . chap. xi . additions of severall intervenient remedies for most parts of the body . 1. for scabs and lice in the head , rub the scabby place with the said infusion of tobacco . 2. for sore or decaying eyes , take fine linnen clothes , and moisten them in the said infusion of tobacco , and binde them to your eyes , as you are going to bed , for the space of five or six nights , one after the other . i have known very many , who were almost blinde , cured in a short space by this means ; and never any missed . 3. there happened a strange cure to a servant of mine , who was stark blinde for three quarters of a year , which i thought meet to discover . as he was led by his wife ( a poor woman ) wished her to breath often in the morning fasting in both his eyes by turns , one after the other , which she did accordingly ; this made him to have a great itch in his eyes , which made him rub his eyes often , and with his nayles he drew some slime out of his eyes ; so that at three dayes end he began to see , and shortly after he perfectly recovered his eye-sight . this was about twenty yeers past , and he is now perfectly well and of 66. yeers of age . 4. if a man will take a linnen ragge , or brown paper , and moisten it in the said infusion of tobacco , and put it in his nose , & draw his breath upwards , it will purge the head and eyes ; and if there be any ulcers , in the nose ( as most men have , who are troubled with the poxe ) it will much help them . 5. if a man doth bleed over much at the nose , let a man stand behinde the party troubled , and with both his thumbs presse hard both sides of the upper part of the back-bone upon the neck , it will presently stopp the blood . 6. for deafnesse and noyse in the eares , drop the said oyle of tobacco cap. 2. n. 7. into the eares often , but especially at your going to bed : stop them with a paste made of figgs and mustard ▪ seed pounded , and sifted , and mingled with the said oyle , which being used without the oyle will be troublesome ; and be sure to keep your eares very warm with a cap. 7. although i doe not know any present cure for the toothache ; yet i say , that whosoever will use the stalks of tobacco as before , it will doe him much good , and be a great occasion to fasten the teeth : also if the said sinapismus , and pitch plaister be applyed behinde the lower part of the eare , it will doe much good . 8. the headache commeth principally from the fumes of the stomach , whosoever will cleer the stomack as before , but especially use to drink water in the mornings , and before meals as before , it will be a principall means to keep a man from the head-ache . 9. he who will use to drink cold water as before , it will preserve him from the toad-evill , and especiallly before drinking of wine , &c. and then wine and stronge drinks will be lesse offensive to a man . 10. i know some that have lain sick of the small-pox , and their breath almost stopped ; yet by the use of the whalebone-instrument , as before the blisters of the pox were broken in the throat , and they vomitted and were cured . 11. one was in a deep consumption , and when all physick failed , by using the whalebone-instrument as before , there was an imposthume broken in the stomach , and the party perfectly cured , after many physitians had given him over . 12. it often happens that men have great i che in bones close by the throat , and in the ▪ upper part of the back-bone by the neck , and sometimes lice come out of the same , if the said pitch-plaisters be applyed thereunto , it will draw much water therehence , and cure the same . 13. i have seen wennes in the throat , and the kings-evill often cured , with the application of the said pitch-plaister , mingled with verdigrease without breaking the skinne . 14. i have known many children very sick of the worms , unto whom some of the infusion of tobacco was given in drink , and their bellyes were annoynted with the said oyle of tobacco , holding them to the fire , and then using the said suppositers , whereby they avoyded great store of worms and were perfectly cured . 15. for the winde in the stomach , look before cap. 5. but for the winde in the guts , the said suppositers mingled with powdered cummin-seed , is an admirable remedy for it . 16. it is a common evill to old age to have weake knees , especially when men doe ride in cold weather : for remedy whereof let a man have a plaister made of the said pitch-plaister , applyed to cover the pans of both knees , and continued , which will doe very much good . 17. it is a common evill to have ulcers and caukers in leggs , especially in old age , for remedy whereof , keep the stomach clean as before , and the using of the tobacco stalks as before , will doe much good : but for outward applications , let linnen cloth be made wet in the said infusion of tobacco , and apply it to the sore place : i have known some have the flesh consumed from the bones , and the bones scraped with a knife , and being very old , yet cured by this means , and the flesh restored again . 18. for the gout in the feet , i refer it to what hath been spoken before : but for a common pain which men have in the bottome of their feet , whether they have the gout or no , let a man lay to the sore place one of the said pitch-plaisters , and then put in his shoes the warm water wherein powder beef , or cow-heels were boyled , or tobacco and ale or urine well boyled , and wherein store of bay-salt is dissolved , and let him walk as well as he can , he shall finde very much good ; so that the shoes be big and large : i have seen more by the using hereof ; than by any baths or oyntments , or any other outward means , saving the drawing out of the humor as aforesaid . cap. 8. 19. some may question , whether the having of the gout , be a great means to cure all diseases : i will not presume to decide the question , but say , that i have found much benefit thereby , with little trouble , and leave every man to his own sense ; for whereas i had preserved my self from the gout , for above one yeer , partly by repercussive medicines in my shoes , and partly by attractive remedies in drawing the humors into my mouth as before : in the end i had a great noyse and deafness in my eares , pains , and strange dreams in my sleep , much disturbance in my stomach , great heat and itching over all my body , &c. but when the gout came again upon me , i was cleered from all these evills ; so that i might say , ( silentia cuncta tranquilla sunt omnia ) saving , that when i had the gout again , i did quickly and easily rid my self thereof , by drawing out the humors as i have before declared , which makes me believe that these humors were vented from all parts of the body , as men doe usually draine quagmires . 20. lastly , seeing i have spoken so much of this disease of the gout , to be a generall cure , for all other diseases , i think meet to add somewhat concerning what dyet a man should use , when he hath the gout . before a man hath the gout , a temperate dyet is best to preserve a man from it , but especially ▪ to avoyd the moderate use of strong sharp drinks and wines , hot spices , salt meats , tobacco , &c. but when a man hath the gout , and is desirous to be rid thereof quickly , a man may make a more liberall use of these things , which will urge nature to make more speedy vent , of the corrupt humors , from all parts of the body , into some outward part of the body , to be drawn out by outward applications as aforesaid , this may seem to be a paradex but constant experience hath made me to presume to write so much : and then whether it be better to endure a little pain and labor for a short time , which bringeth so much good to all the body , and as i conceive prolongeth health , or to leave the body to be continually troubled with languishing diseases , and to run up and down to the bathe , physitians , and apochecaries , to their great charge and expence , i leave it to every mans judgement ; and for a mans better satisfaction herein , he may read the witty & eloquent apologie of learned rilibaldus in praise of the gout . thus i have made an end , of shewing a great part of the miserable case of mens bodies , which comes to them by unavoydable course of nature , with shewing my well wishes to remedy the same , hoping that this may move some honest and learned physitians to make more additions of more artificiall medicines thereunto , for relieving of mens miseries in those cases : but i am afraid of another greater misery , spoken of by the learned physitian in his preface gratorolus , wherein he doth much lament the miserable negligence of mankinde , who never ▪ thinks of the preserving of health untill it be too late , after the losse thereof : and for my part i shall end with that honest wish ( optandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano ) that in every man there may be an honest and sound soul in a sound body : and so we shall all make a good end . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a57896e-1130 note . notes for div a57896e-1270 note . notes for div a57896e-1630 1. point . notes for div a57896e-1880 2. point . vomiting . remedy ▪ instrument . ☞ ☞ notes for div a57896e-2510 3. point . note . notes for div a57896e-2650 4. point . note . notes for div a57896e-2920 5. point . notes for div a57896e-3010 6. point . note . notes for div a57896e-3300 7. point . notes for div a57896e-3450 8. point . notes for div a57896e-3670 9. point . head . eyes . nose . eares . teeth . head-ache . throat . belly and guts , &c. winde . knees and leggs . leggs . feet . conclusion . the manner of making of coffee, tea, and chocolate as it is used in most parts of europe, asia, africa, and america, with their vertues / newly done out of french and spanish. de l'usage du caphé, du thé, et du chocolate. english dufour, philippe sylvestre, 1622-1687. 1685 approx. 118 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 62 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a36763 wing d2455 estc r4072 12246570 ocm 12246570 56959 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a36763) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 56959) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 141:8) the manner of making of coffee, tea, and chocolate as it is used in most parts of europe, asia, africa, and america, with their vertues / newly done out of french and spanish. de l'usage du caphé, du thé, et du chocolate. english dufour, philippe sylvestre, 1622-1687. colmenero de ledesma, antonio. curioso tratado de la naturaleza y calidad del chocolate. english. chamberlayne, john, 1666-1723. [10], 116 p. : ill. printed for william crook ..., london : 1685. the tracts on tea and on chocolate have special title pages. those on tea and coffee are translated by john chamberlayne from the french of philippe sylvestre dufour; that on chocolate from the spanish of a. colmenero de ledesma. cf. bm. reproduction of original in british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng coffee -early works to 1800. tea -early works to 1800. chocolate -early works to 1800. 2003-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-10 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-11 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2003-11 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-12 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the manner of making of coffee , tea , and chocolate . as it is used in most parts of europe , asia , africa , and america . with their vertues . newly done out of french and spanish . london : printed for william crook at the green dragon without temple bar near devereux court , 1685. to the right worshipful sr. thomas clayton , kt. warden of merton colledge in oxford . this treatise is humbly dedicated by the ranslator iohn chamberlayn . the preface . natvre desiring , that man should go forth of her hands as a perfect master-peice , and as a microcosm full of wonders , has made him a present of a considerable apanage , to wit , a sound and vigorous health , that he may live the longer , and exercise all his functions with the less trouble . but as this health may be easily alter'd and destroyed by an infinite number both of external and internal causes , the divine providence knowing that nothing can be more profita●le , more agreeable , or more precious 〈◊〉 this her creature , than this incomparable benefit of health , without which all the honours , all the riches , and all the delights of the world do perpetually incommode , vex , and t●rment a man , t is therefore very wise advice , to draw out of the bosom of the earth many sorts of medicines , as well for the conservations of those persons that are in perfect health , as for the ease and cure of those that are infirm and crazy . in the mean time , as climates are very different th' one from th' other , and as several countries produce different species , so nature has distributed certain plants and drugs to some countries , which she has denied to others ; to the end that hereby she might the better favour the mutual commerce of all people , and for the better cementing humane society , at which she alwaies seems particularly to aim , since she has implanted the love and desire thereof in the minds of all , except such as are ill natur'd and men-haters , who seem to be abhortives and monsters in nature . they therefore do seem to clash with reason , who in contempt of the sacred rules of divine providence , do hold , that every country ought to be content with the sole use of its own drugs , without seeking after those things wherewith strangers and foreigners may furnish us . for is it not the meer effect of a capricious and peevish humour , to desire without any reason to deprive mankind of the use of those healthful productions wherewith nature from all parts presents him , and to hinder him from all advantages , which he may thence expect ? now amongst all the drugs whereof heaven has shewed it self liberal to men , there be three chiefly which in our time have required so great a vogue or credit , and so particular an esteem through all europe by the signal effects which they are daily found to produce in an infinite number of people , who make use thereof with good success that i have thought it a thing of great importance to communicate to the publique some discourses and treatises made on this subject , compiled and gathered together in one body , that our nation , alwayes curious and greedy of no velty , may understand the very depth and bottom of these abovesaid drugs , as well as others ; the use whereof has been but lately known amongst us , yet they become more famousevery day than other , by the frequent and dayly use we make of them , and with a success which is no less wonderful than profitable ; those three drugs which i mean , and whereof i intend to treat here , are coffee , tea , and chocolate : the two first are simple drugs , the latter is a mixt composition of several drugs . coffee grows in arabia , but the other two come from the indies , viz. the tea from the east-indies , and the chocolate ( or cacao nut , whereof it is chiefly made ) from the west-indies . the first peice i present you with in this book is a curious discourse of coffee , done into french out of an original copy in latine , not long since composed by a very learned physitian of germany , who would be nameless , to the which i have added some draughts gathered out of the works of some learned travellers on this same subject . the second treatise consists of some particular remarks extracted from the dutch east-india companies embassy to the emperour of china . from a relation of the voyage of the bishop of beryte to cochinchina . from the voyage of father alexander of rhodes : and from the medicinal observations of nicholas tulpius a a physician of amsterdam . the last peice is a discourse of chocolate , made by a spanish physician , named antonio colmenere of ledesma . i am perswaded that this little collection will be well accepted by all good men , who shall thereby be enabled to understand what excellent vertues the creator has distributed to these three foreign drugs : which shall so much the more oblige them to admire and bless the sovereign author of all these creatures , and shall render them the more desirous to make good use thereof , with continual thanksgiving , in all the distempers wherewith they shall find themselves either threatned , or really afflicted . of the use of coffee . although the use and the eating of beans , were heretofore forbidden by pythagoras , because that their flowers being spotted with a black colour , did represent a melancholly shape , and the souls of the dead that did dwell therein : and though there be others that reject them , affirming that the use of them dulls the senses , and causes troublesome dreams : yet because they serve us in the nature of victuals and physick , i shall not think my time and labour mis imployed , if i communicate to the publick , something on this subject of beans . nevertheless i don't mean to speak of our european beans ; neither of the wilde , nor those they sow , whether they be lupine , or kidney beans , or whatsoever sort ; of all which we were ever wont to make use , either in the kitchin or in the drugsters trade , since that the most famous physicians and chyrurgions have employed them in the cure of maladies internal as well as external ; viz. in the dropsie , the stone , the stoppage of the urine , the bloudy flux , loosness , bruises , and other diseases . neither will i mention the bean of egypt ; which dioscorides speaks of , which the crocodiles avoid as being destructive to their eyes , witness pliny . neither of the kidney beans of paludan garet , like the cacao nut ( whereof they make chocolate ) named otherwise coles by clusius : nor will i treat of the purging beans of carthage ; or those of ferdinand de lopez of castagneda ; which come from the isle of st. thomas . i will speak for the present of a certain bean of arabia called bon , whereof they make a drink termed coffee , which was heretofore in use amongst arabians , and egyptians ; and which is now a dayes in very great request amongst the english , french , and germanes . the first that makes mention of the property of this bean , under the name of bunchum in the 9th . century after the birth of our saviour , was zachary mahomet rases , commonly called rhasio , a very famous arabian physician , who has composed a great many excellent books , to wit , ten dedicated to king almansor , and fifteen other learned works . he was the first , that did explain what was the meaning of bunchum , assuring us that it is hot and dry , very good for the stomach , it hinders the unpleasant smell of sweat , and of depilatory oyntments . after rases divers other physicians , and particularly avicenne , explains bon under the name of bunchum . as to the choice thereof , he says that of a lemmon colour , light , and of a good smell is the best ; that the white and the heavy is naught , that it is hot and dry in the first degree , and according to others cold in the first degree . as to its operations and effects , it fortifies the members , it cleans the skin , and dries up the humidities that are under it , and it gives an excellent smell to all the body . prosper alpinus in his book of the medicines and plants of egypt , throughly describes the bean bon , and the drink they make thereof . for he sayes the grain bon is in great use among the egyptians , of which they prepare a decoction , whereof they drink in their country just the same as we do the wine in our taverns : and tho they drink it all day long , yet their manner is alwayes to take a large quantity thereof in the morning fasting , as hot as they can well indure it , it being the general opinion amongst them , that it warms and corroborates the stomach , and that it is a powerful remedy to cure all the obstructions of the bowels . it is an excellent remedy against the stoppage of womens courses , and they make often use thereof , when they don't flow so fast as they desire , they sip a great deal of it , as hot as they can drink it ; alwayes taking care to drink it by little and little : for it is the custome of every one to drink it after that manner . he proceeds further in it , saying , that the drink called coffee is much esteem'd of in those countries , the which they prepare with certain black grains , which come very near to beans . this decoction they make two ways : the one with the skin or the outside of the aforesaid grain , and the other with the very substance of the bean. that which is made of the skin is of more force , then the other that 's made with the bean it self : i have seen the tree whereon it grows in the orchard of a turkish commander , who had caused it to be transplanted out of arabia , it very much resembles the plant , called priests bonnet . the quality of this drink is cold and dry , or rather temperate in respect of cold , by reason of some heat , which is found mingled therewith : for this grain is composed of two different substances ; to wit , the one gross and terren , whereby it strengthens and corroborates , and the other is thought to be made up of warm parts , by which it heats , cleanses , and opens . this decoction has a taste not much different from that of succory , tho it has a greater power to remove all obstructions . having then took notice ; that the women in the beginning of their courses , to help evacuations , drink of it by little and little , a great quantity very hot , and in that time make great use of this drink . assisted and with this experience i begun to employ it for all women whatsoever , who by some cause or other have their purgations ceas'd or diminished , the which i have seen experimented by very many with good success ; and thence i have learned , that this sort of medicine was excellent for the stopping of womens courses , which proceeds from the obstructions of the veins in the matrice , having before hand provided for the purging of the body . this drink took in the morning fasting , mightily provokes the courses , and it is a quick and certain remedy for those women , who not having their courses are troubled with violent pains . they prepare this decoction taking a pound and a half of the kernels of this grain , peeling off the skin they roast it before the fire , and having roasted or parched it , they boyl it in twenty pintes of water . others take the grain roasted or parched , and beat to powder , and let it lie steept in water a whole day : and without any other infusion they boyl it half a way , and having strain'd it , they keep it in earthen pots stopt close , to make use thereof when they shall want it . they prepare this drink after the same fashion , with the bark of the aforesaid grain : which nevertheless they take in a less quantity , viz. some only six ounces , others nine , with twenty pintes of fountain water , which they boyl half away . this drink the arabians call caova : the berries ( as i said before ) grow on a tree much like our priests bonnet , tho the leaves are thicker , harder , and greener , and besides they are green all the year round . they use this decoction to fortifie the stomach , when it is too cold , and to help digestion , as also to remove the obstructions of the entrails : they make use of it several days with good success , in the cold swellings of the liver and the spleen . avieenne mentions these grains , and attributes the same use to them ; esteeming them to be hot in the third degree , and dry in the second ; which does not seem likely ; since it has a sweet with a kind of bitterness , without any sharpness or acrimony . we must now particularize the preparation of this drink made with coffee ; t is true , i have spoken something hereof before , but in general now i will proceed to the particulars . the coffee tree . the instrument . i have here explained in general the virtues of that wholesome drink called coffee ; tho it will not be altogether unnecessary , to relate what an eminent arabian physician speaks thereof , who more particularly declares these things that follow . the fruit bon ( says he ) is gathered in the month ab , which being took out of its shell is divided into two parts , its flowers are whitish , this bean is hot in the first degree , and dry in the second , that is to say its skin , as to the kirnel , it is altogether temperate , nevertheless it dries , but moderately and plesantly : its drink is good against catharrs and rheums , which trouble the breast : in the stoppage of womens courses , and urine , against the boyling of the blood , and the decaying of the strength 't is very necessary . this drink has got the same esteem in denmark and sweden : in which countries the great lords make use of it frequently . and especially at paris there are a great many shops that sell coffee publickly with this following commendation . the most excellent virtues of the berry called coffee . coffee is a berry which only grows in the desert of arabia , from whence it is transported into all the dominions of the grand seigniour , which being drunk dries up all the cold and moist humours , disperses the wind fortifies the liver , eases the dropsie by its purifying quality , 't is a sovereign medicine against the itch , and corruptions of the blood , refreshes the heart , and the vital beating thereof , it relieves those that have pains in their stomach , and cannot eat : it is good also against the indispositions of the brain , cold , moist , and heavy , the steam which rises out of it is good against the rheums of the eyes , and drumming in the ears : 't is excellent also against the shortness of the breath , against rheums which trouble the liver , and the pains of the spleen : it is an extraordinary ease against the worms : after having eat or drunk too much : nothing is better for those that eat much fruit. the daily use hereof in a little while will manifest the aforesaid effect to those , that being indisposed shall use it from time to time . 't is related that the turks amongst other drinks , make use of one which they greatly esteem , and which they call chaube , the same with our coffee as black as ink , and which is excellent , especially in the illness of the stomack : they are wont to drink thereof in the morning , in publick places without any difficulty , they take it in earthen or porcelain porringers , their manner is seting themselves down on the ground in a ring , every one drinks in his turn : they set the porringer oftentimes to their mouth , but they drink but a very little at a time , by reason of its extream heat . the ingredients they use in the making of this liquor , are certain fruits which are call'd buncho , by the inhabitants of the country ; being like ( as to the out side ) in greatness , and colour to the laurel berries , having two skins very thin , they say they are brought from the indies , 't is athing of small price amongst them . there is observed to be two yellow grains within , which have each of them their little several partition ▪ and resembles in colour , name , and quality , the bancha of avicenne or the buncha of rases . and for my part i shall think it to be the same thing till the learned shall better inform me , this drink is very frequent amongst them , for which cause there be very many of them that sell it in publick shops , and a great many trade abroad with this fruit in houses of entertainment . they count it as wholsome as we do our wormwood wine or other physical drinks at amsterdam this drink is sold with great commendation of the publick , for it preserves the radical moistness , strengthens the stomach , cures sore eyes , pain in the head , catharrs , palsie , gout , the dropsie , 't is good against the scurvy , breaks the stone , and eases women with child . monsieur simon pauli an eminent physician does altogether condemn the use of coffee , in a treatise concerning the abuse of tobacco and tea , for as much as it effeminates both the body and understanding , which yet it does not by cooling it too much , but because it insensibly dries by reason of its natural sulphure wherewith it abounds as well as tobacco , and the agnus castus , or park-leaves , but we ought to interpret what this learned man says of the abuse , and not of the right usage of coffee , otherwise one may as well forbid the use of rhubard , china , sassafras , and other drugs which grow out of europe . for my part i do no less blame the abuse of coffee , than that of wine : but i defend the lawful use thereof , since it is evident that many find this drink to be very profitable , taken in the morning fasting , with a little sugar , in a moderate quantity , and to very good purpose , and daily experience shews that it is very proper to cure the indispositions of the stomach , stop fluxes , and fortifies the whole body . if all those that make use of coffee , did it through a principal of daintiness and nicety , the aforesaid discourse would be sufficient to satisfie their curiosities , but the most part of those that use it are reduc't thereto by necessity , and take it rather as a medicine and not as a dainty dish : i thought i should do them a pleasure to add hereto these following remarks on the same subject , which i have gathered from the reading of some particular voyages , by which one may see that all the authors , who have treated of the properties of this sort of bean , are agreed in the same opinion , that it is most excellent in the curing of several indispositions , and most especially for those which trouble the head or stomach . fietro del lavallè an italian gentleman sirnamed the illustrious traveller , speaks in two several places of his book concerning coffee , but as that which he says of it in the first place is not very considerable , i 'le pass it over , and only insist upon his second remark of coffee , wherein speaking of the turkish liquors , he utters his mind in these terms . the turks have a drink of a black colour , which during the summer is very cooling , whereas in the winter it mightily heats and warms the body , yet without changing the substance , and always continuing the same drink , that they swallow hot as it comes from the fire , and they drink it at long draughts , not at dinner time , but as a kind of dainty , and as it were to please their palate , and to entertain themselves at their case in the company of their friends , and one cannot find any meetings amongst them where they drink it not . for which end they keep a great fire on purpose , near which they keep always ready little porringers of porcelain filled with this mixture ; and when that is hot enough , there be servants appoint●d for this end , who do nothing els● but carry these porringers to each man in the company , as hot as they can , giving them also some melon seed to chew , for the better passing away the time ; and with this seed and this drink , which they call cahue , they divert themselves in their conversations , in publick feasts or particular recreations , sometimes the space of seven or eight hours . i drank of it last summer , as a refreshment , with melon seed , and satisfaction enough ; i remember i have read somewhere that the antients did likewise use such sorts of liqours , and if that be true , there is a great deal of likely-hood that it is was the same thing : because that in many other fashions , as well of this country as abroad amongst forreigners , i find every day some foot-steps and remainders of antiquity . this drink , as i remember , is made with the grain or fruit of a certain tree , which grows in arabia towards mecca , and the fruit it produces is called cahue , whence this drink derives its name , 't is of ●n oval shape , of the same bigness as a middle-sized olive , and to make this composition they take sometimes no more than the skin , which is tender , sometimes only the kernel which is like to beans ; and they are of an opinion , that of these two juices , the one heats the to'ther cools , but i cannot well call to mind whether the refreshing is that of the skin or the other . the way to make the drink thereof , is thus : they burn the skin or kernel of this fruit as it best pleases their fancy or palate , and they beat it to a powder very fine , of a blackish colour , which is not very pleasant to the eye-sight ; this powder will keep a long time , and is always to be found in the drugsters shops . when they would drink thereof they boyl it in water in certain pots made on purpose , having a long and slender pipe to pour it readily into the little porringers , and when the water has boiled enough , they put therein such a quantity of this powder , according to the number of people that are to drink of it : they let this powder boyl with the water sometime until it sha● have lost its bitter taste , which it wou●● always keep without a perfect boyling . afterwards they pour out this liqour to be drunk as hot as the moath and throat can endure it , not suffering themselves to swallow it but by little and little , and at several times , because of its actual heat : and after it has taken the taste and colour of this powder , whereof the thick sinks down and remains at the bottom of the pot , to make use of it more deliciously , they mingle with this powder of cahue , much sugar , cinnamon , and cloves well beaten , which gives it an exquisite taste , and makes it much more nourishing . but yet without these dainties this drink it agreeable enough to the taste with the powder of cahue alone ; and if you will believe them it contributes notably to the health , helping digestion , fortifying the stomach , stopping rheums and catharrs : these are very good qualities if they be effectual . they also say that after supper it hinders drowsiness , and for that reason those that would study by night do then drink thereof . there is sold here by retail so great a quantity of it , that they say the● impost upon cahue , amounts to a considerable sum to the grand seignours profit : when i return i will bring some of it with me , and i will impart the knowledge of this simple to the italians , which perhaps at present is altogether unknown to them . if they should drink it with wine as they do with water , i durst say it would be the nepenthe that homer mentions , which helen drunk there , it being for certain that cahue is brought hither from that country : and as this nepenthe was a charm against cares and vexations , the same cahue to this day is used amongst the turks as an entertainment and past-time , making the hours to slip away merrily in conversation , intermingling with their drink several pleasant and recreative discourses , which unawares brings upon their mind this forgetfulness of sorrows which the poet attributes to his nepenthe . thevenot in a relation which he has published of a voyage into the levant set a particular chapter apart which he imployes in describing the victuals , drink , and lodging of the turks , and after having mentioned their other liqours , speaks thus ; the turks have another drink very common amongst them which they call cahue ; whereof they make use every hour in the day . this drink is made of a grain whereof we will speak by and by . they roast it in a pan , or any other utensil upon the fire , afterward they peel it , and beat it into powder very fine , and when they would drink thereof , they take a brazen pot made purposely which they call ibrik , and having fill'd it with water , thy boyl it , and when it boyls they put of this powder therein , for about two cups of water one spoonfull , and when that is boyled they take it quickly from the fire , or remove it , otherwise it would boyl over , for it rises quickly , when it has thus had ten or twelve boylings , they pour it into little dishes of porcelain , set in rank on a trencher of painted wood , they bring it you boyling hot , and it must be so drunk , but at several times , otherwise it is not good . this liqour is black and bitter ; and smells a little of the burnt too , every one drinks it by little and little , for fear of scalding their mouths , so that being in a cavehane ( for so they name the places where 't is sold ready made ) one may receive a kind of musick and divertisement by hearing the noise that every one makes in sipping . this drink is good to hinder the fumes which rise from the stomach into the head , and by consequence to cure the indisposition thereof , and for the same reason 't is good against sleeping . when our french merchants have a great many letters to write , and intend to labour all night , they take in the evening a dish or two of this cahue , it is good also to comfort the stomach and help disgestion ; in a word if you will beleive the turks 't is good against all indispositions whatever , and assuredly it has at the least as much virtue in it , as is appropriated to tea . for the taste , in drinking thereof once or twice , one may easily accustom ones self to it , and it will no longer seem unpleasant ; there be some that mix therewith cloves and a few grains of cardamome , called in latin cardamomum minus , which they name cacoule ; others put thereto sugar , but this mixture which makes it more pleasant renders it less wholesom and profitable : they drink a vast quantity thereof in the turkish country ; there is neither rich nor poor that drinks less than two or three cups a day , and 't is one of the things wherewith the husband is obliged to furnish his wife . there be many publick taverns of cahue where they boyl it in great kettles ; in these places all sort of people may come , without distinction of religion or quality , and 't is no shame to frequent these places , since many go only to recreate themselves ; there be also without the house , walls with mats on them , where those that will may sit and see all that pass by , and take the air , and there are some that play on the violin , flute and other musick , who are hired by the master of the cavehane to play and sing the best part of the day , to bring company together . when anyone that has any breeding sees another of his acquaintance come into the cavehane he will order the master not to take their mony , and that by one only word , for when the cahue is given them he cries giaba , that is , gratis . monsieur de bourges in the account he gives of the voyage of the bishop of beryte to cochinchina , reckoning up the incommodities they underwent , in the march of the caravan through the desert , sets down , as one of the most insupportable , the want of water , which they were put to much trouble to find , and oftentimes they were forc'd to use corrupted water . whereupon he sayes , as the water which they meet with is commonly naught , putryfied , to correct the indisposition which it causes in the stomach , the turks take a drink , called coffee , which begins to be used by the europeans . this drink is made of a little bean which grows in arabia near mecca in such abundance , that it is transported into all asia , and almost all the places where there be mahometans ▪ who make use of this drink instead of wine , whereas it sufficiently imitates the effects , having the property to fortifie the stomach , and to make easie the digestion , and to purifie the vapours of the head. they roast this bean in a pan afterward they pound it in a mortas , after having separated the bran by a fine sieve , they boyl this black and burnt powder in water a little while , then they drink it as hot as they can , though this liqour has not an agreable taste , but rather bitter , yet it is much esteem'd of by these people for the good effects they find therein ; which manifests the care god has to furnish all countryes with the necessary things for the advantage of men , and there is no doubt but that there be other plants in other countries which have the like virtues . the end of coffee . a new relation of the use and vertue of tea . london , printed for w. crook at the sign of the green dragon without temple-bar . 1685. of the use of tea . as i never yet met with any particular discourse of tea , i am not able to afford to the curious any other than these following remarks , which though they are very concise , yet are large enough to discover the miraculous qualities , which the divine providence has imparted to this leaf , in the cure of several indispositions , which become but too often the subject of our griefs . the author of the book intituled , the embassy of the vnited provinces to the emperour of china , printed at leyden in the year 1655. in the description which he makes of the empire , speaks thus of tea ; the most excellent leaves of cha or tea , are found in the provinces of kiangnon , and specially near the city hoeicheu ; this leaf is little , and the tree thereof is very like the shrub call'd by pliny , rhus coriarius , or curriers sumack : i do almost beleive that this is a kind of the same , however it is not a wild shrub , but a garden plant ; and further 't is no tree but a shrub , which spreads it self into divers little branches and pleasant boughs : its flowers come very near to that of sumack , only this of cha inclines more to a yellow , it puts forth its first flower in summer , which does not give much scent , and its green berry becomes blackish , its branches are cover'd with white and yellow flowers jagg'd and pick'd from top to bottom . to make this drink of cha so much esteem'd by the indians , they only look for the first leaf which comes forth in spring , which also is the most soft and delicate , they gather it with great care the one after to'ther , and separately , afterwards they presently heat it a little while , and softly , on a gentle fire , and wrap it in a very fine , thin , and smooth piece of calico , often stirring and rubbing it with the hands , then they set it on the fire again , being also wrapt up , and turn'd , and rub it the second time till it curls up together and becomes quite dry , after which they pour it into tin boxes , sealing and stopping it very close , for fear the spirits and the too subtil quallity , should evaporate , for after you have kept it a long while , if you put it into boyling water it will retake its former verdure extending and spreading forth it self ; if it be good it leaves behind it in the water a smell and taste very agreeable to the palate , and withal a greenish colour . the chinese praise it wonderfully , and set a great value on the vertues and qualities of this drink , for they use it night and day , and present it as a great rarity to those they would regal . now there be so many several sorts , and 't is so different both of price and goodness , that there is some , a pound whereof is worth an hundred franks and more , another sort you may have for ten or a dozen crowns , others for two , nay some so cheap , that will cost but two farthings a pound . it has at the least this good quality to hinder the gout , and the gravel in the kidneys , if you drink of it after meals it takes away all indigestions and crudities of the stomach , above all it helps and facilitates digestion , more especially it disintoxicates those that are fuddl'd , giving them new forces , and enabling them to go to it again ; because it eases the burden of those inconveniences which this brutal excess brings along with it , by reason that it dries and cleanses all the superfluous and peccant humours , and that 〈◊〉 disperses the vapours which cause sleep and overcome a man when he desires to be waking . the chineses have given it divers names , according to the diversity of the places where it grew , and from its innate virtues , as that of hoeicheu is the best , so they have named it slungocha , and sell it some times for 150 franks the pound . it has a blackish seed , which falling to the ground takes root , and at the end of three years produces pritty little shrubs about the height of our goosberry bushes or rose-trees , whereof they gather every year a very considerable crop , the snow and the hail not being able though never so rigorous to do them any hurt , so that i am perswaded one might easily improve this plant in the soil of europe , if its grain were sowed in some shady and fertill place . the iapeneses prepare this drink quite after an other sort than the chineses do , for of its leaves they make a powder which they drink with hot water , but the chineses drink the boyling water in the which th●se leaves have been strayned , and whereto they have contributed all their goodness . monsieur de bourges , in the relation ( which i have allready instanced , ) of the voyage of the bishop of beryte to cochinchina , speaks thus . during our abode at siam , after our dinner , which was usually of fish , we drank some tea , which they take very hot with a little sugar , we found it very wholsom ; and comparing the effects of this tea with those of wine , especially as they use it in this country , where the stomach is weakned by the extream heat , and its force is oppressed by the quality of the nourishment , it is doubtfull which of these two may obtain the pre-eminence , if not this leaf ; the use whereof is grown so common in those countries , it having many excellent properties , the chief of which is to make one that is drunk become sober . wherein 't is very different from all other liqours whereof men make use , which being drunk with excess , either weaken or quite deprive them of their understanding , whereas tea fortifies , and frees them from the vapours which hinder its effects . in the several voyages of father alexander of rhodes , the thirteenth chapter is wholly taken up , in treating of tea , and reflecting on the advantages of the people of china . he says , one of the things which in my opinion do very much contribute to the great health of this people , which oftentimes appears to the very last , in their old age , is tea , whose use is exceeding common through all the east , and begins to be known in some countrys of europe , by the means of the hollanders , who bring it from china , and sell it at paris for thirty franks the pound which they buy in this country for eight pence or ten pence , and yet i perceive that it is commonly very old and naughty . 't is thus that the french and english suffer strangers to enrich themselves in the east-india trade , whence they might draw all the best commodities of the world , if they had but the courage to undertake it as well as their neighbours , who have less means to prosper therein then our own country-men . tea is a leaf , as big , as that of our pomegranate tree , it grows on little shrubs very much resembling the myrtle tree , it is not to be purchased in any country of the world , but only in two provinces of china where it grows , one whereof is called nanquin , whence comes the best tea , which they name cha , the other is the province of chincheau , in these two provinces , there is as much care taken in the crop of this leaf as there is in our vintages . it grows here in so great abundance , that they have enough thereof to furnish the rest of china , iapan , tunquin , cochinchina , and several other kingdoms , where they so ordinarily make use of tea , that those who drink it but three times a day , are the most moderate , others take of it ten or twelve times a day , or to say better , every hour . when this leaf is cropt , they dry it well in an oven , then they put it into tin boxes , which must be well shut , for if it takes wind , 't is spoiled , and has no more strength then dead leven . i leave to you to judge if the hollanders take great care of that they sell into france . to know if the tea be good , you must see that it be very green , bitter , and so dry as to be easily broken with the finger , if it is all thus , 't is good , otherwise assure your self it is not worth much . the fashion of the chineses when they make use of this tea is to boyl some water in a little pot very clean , when it boyls well , they take it from the fire , and put therein , so many leaves according to the proportion of water , that is to say into a good large glass of water , they put about an ounce of tea , they cover the pot well , and when the leaf sinks to the bottom of the water , then is the time to drink it , for 't is then that the tea communicates its vertue to the water , giving it a reddish dye , they drink it as hot as they can , for if it should cool it would be good for nothing , the same leaf which tarries at the bottom of the pot will serve a second or third time , but then they boyl it with the water . the iapeneses take it another way , for they first beat the tea to powder , then they put it into boyling water and swallow it all together : i know not whether this way of taking it be more wholsom then the former . i have made use of , and always found that way of the chineses to be exceeding good : both of them mingle a little sugar therewith to correct the bitterness of the tea , which nevertheless methinks is not so very unpleasant . there be three principal vertues in tea ; the first of which is to cure and to hinder the pains of the head ; for my part , when i had the megrime , in taking of this tea , i found my self so very much eased and comforted that it drew out all the pain of my head : for the principal force of tea is to abate and expell those gross vapours which ascending from the stomach into the head do very much incommode us . if you take it after supper , it commonly hinders sleep , yet there be some who by drinking of tea sleeps the better , because allaying none but the most foggy vapours , it leaves behind it those that do cheifly cause sleep . for my part i have experimented it often enough , when i have been compelled to sit up all night about some extraordinary business , i needed to do no more but to take some of this tea when i perceived my self beginning to sleep , and i could easily watch all night without winking , and the next morning i was as fresh as if i had slept my ordinary time ; this i could do once a week without any trouble . i tried one time to continue waking six nights together . but the last night i found my self quite spent . tea is not only good for the head , but it has a marvellous force in easing the stomach , and helping digestion , they drink it also ordinarily after dinner ; after supper not at all , especially those that would sleep . the third thing for which tea is good , is to purge the reins of the gout and gravell , and 't is perhaps the true reason why these diseases are unknown in those countries . i have the more enlarged my self on this discourse of tea , for since my abode in france i have had the honour to see some persons of great quality and of an illustrious merit , ( and upon whose lifes and healths the safety of france does almost depend , ) who make use thereof with good success , and who have had the goodness to command me to teach them the nature and quality of this drug , the knowledge whereof i have gained by a thirty years experience . nicholas tulpius physitian of amsterdam , in his book of medicinal observations speaks thus . there is nothing more ordinary in the east indies than the drink , which is made of the decoction of a certain plant , called by the chineses , tea , by the iapaneses , tchia , whereof i shall make no difficulty to communicate to posterity , all the knowledge that has been imparted to me by those who hold the soveraign authority in these countries . as therefore the abovesaid plant has leaves long picked , and jagged round about , so on the other side its root is full of strings , and divided into two little partitions , and does not grow only in china and iapan , but also in chiam or siam : moreover there is this difference , the leaves of china are of a dark green something inclining to a black , but those of iapan , are of a more pale and whitish green , and of a more pleasant taste , which is the very reason why the tchia of iapan is much more esteemed than the tea of china , so that it often happens , that one only ●ound of tchia is sold for 100. french livres . and indeed 't is the common vogue and opinion of this country , that there is nothing more soveraign then this plant , as well for the prolonging of our days even to an extream old age , as for dissipating all that may be an hindrance or obstacle to our health , and that it not only renders the body more vigorous , and preserves it from the pains of the stone ( to which there be none in these countrys that are found subject ) but which is more , it cures all pains of the head , rheums , and soreness of the eyes , of the breast , shortness of breath , weakness of the stomach , griping of the guts , weariness , and it so evidently hinders sleep , that those persons who drink of the said decoction pass sometimes whole nights without sleeping , and overcome without any trouble , or tediousness the necessity of sleep , which otherwise were insupportable : for it heats moderately , and contracts the upper orifice of the stomach , it retains and suppresses so well the vapours necessary in the creating sleep which rise from below , that those who have a desire to spend th● whole night in writing , or studying ▪ do thereby find no manner of trouble or distrubance . noreover it is very likely that thi● plant has not been long known to the chineses themselves , and that it has been in use amongst them but 〈◊〉 small time , since they cannot find in their language any ancient word whereby to explain it , and have not any hieroglyphick characters ( such as are almost all the letters of the chineses ) by the means whereof they might express its nature . as to the manner of using this plant , we must take notice that these nations are very different one from t'other in that matter . for the iapaneses beat the same plant to powder , pounding it upon a marble stone , and afterwards mingling it well with hot water : but the chineses only boyl it in some liquor , adding thereto a few grains either of salt , or sugar , which decoction , as yet hot , they present afterwards very courteously , as well to those that being invited to dinner they treat at home , as to them that come to render them a visit : this drink they make with so great care and so nice an application of their mind thereto ; even persons of the highest quality are not ashamed , but on the contrary they take great pride to make with their own hands the decoction of this herb for their friends , or at the least assist in the mingling thereof , and preparing it as it ought to be , having expresly for that purpose in the middle of their palaces rooms set apart , wherein there are little ovens made of the most precious stones , and of most exquisite wood , reserved particularly for the aforesaid preparation , keeping , also curiously in these rooms the pots , trivets , funells , bowls , porringers , and other vessells belonging to this sort of kitchin , perfectly well wrought , and on which they freely bestow some thousands of crowns , keeping them handsomly wrapt up and folded in peices of silk , and not shewing them to any but their most intimate friends . they do also make as great account thereof as we do of our diamonds , pretious stones , necklaces of pearls of the highest price . as one may see more especially in several authours that have written of the east indies , and more particulary of china and iapan . the end of tea . a curious treatise of the nature and quality of chocolate . divided into four parts . in the first whereof is declared , what chocolate is ; and more particularly of the quality of cacao , and all the other ingredients . in the second is shewn the quality that results from that composition . in the third is taught how to make it , and how many waies the west indians use it , and which of them is the most wholesome . the last part treats of the quantity thereof , and how it must be taken , and in what time , and by what persons . by antonio colmenero de ledesma , a spaniard , physician and chyrurgion of the city of ecija in andaluzia . done into english from the original spanish by j. chamberlaine . london , printed for w. crook at the green dragon without temple bar , 1685. the preface to the reader . so great is the number of those persons , who at present do drink of chocolate , that not only in the west indies , whence this drink has its original and beginning ▪ but also in spain , italy , flanders , &c. it is very much used , and especially in the court of the king of spain ; where the great ladies drink it in a morning before they rise out of their beds , and lately much used in england , as diet and phisick with the gentry . yet there are several persons that stand in doubt both of the hurt and of the benefit , which proceeds from the use thereof ; some saying , that it obstructs and causes opilations , others and those the most part , that it fattens , several assure us that it fortifies the stomach : some again that it heats and inflames the body : but very many stedfastly affirm , that tho they shou'd drink it at all hours , and that even in the dog-days , they find themselves very well after it : and therefore it does not seem needless to me to have undertaken this labour , for the profit and content of the publick , endeavouring to accommodate this drink to every mans liking , according to the variety of things , which may be mixt therewith , to the end , that every one may choose that which he shall find most agreeable towards the cure of his infirmities . i have not seen any thing of the like nature in print afore , unless that which a physician of merchend ( a town in andaluzia ) speaks thereof , who judges the chocolate to be obstructive , because the cacao is cold and dry , and because this reason may not sufficiently avail with some persons ( that are troubled with obstructions ) to make them forbear the use thereof , i think it fit to defend this mixture and composition by philosophical reasons against all those that would condemn so good and wholesom a liquor . the use of chocolate . the first part. in this first division i affirm that chocolate is a word of the indians which vulgarly signifies no more than a cerain confection , in the which besides the other simples and ingredients the cacao nut comes in as the princpal basis and foundation ; the nature whereof first of all we must necessarily mention . chocolate therefore , or chocolatl , is an indian word by which ( as i said before ) is meant a certain paste or mixture composed of very many drugs , of which they take a certain portion to dissolve it in ordinary water , or any other liquor that may serve instead of drink . this drink is not common to all the indians , but only to those that inhabit the northern america ; and namely to those that dwell in new spain , where grows the cacao in great abundance , which is the chiefest thing in this composition , it is particularly used in mexico , whence it is transported into europe , to those places which hold great commerce and correspondence with the mexicans . i hold therefore , with the common opinion of all the world , that the cacao is cold and dry , according to the excess of its quality . our authour not speaking any thing concerning the tree which bears the cacao , we are obliged to supply his over-sight , by giving you a description thereof extracted from the works of francis ximenes , in in his book intituled of the nature of the plants and animals of new-spain , a work very curious and very scarce , which was printed not long since at mexico . the tree of the cacao call'd cucahuaguabuith ( says he ) is of the same bigness , and has the same leaves tho something larger , with the orange tree . herrera compares them to those of the chesnut tree , or for the better understanding it , like our plumb trees ; its fruit is long , and like a , melon or pumpion , but it is streakt , chanelled , and ruddy , the which is named cacahuaeinsh full of small nuts call'd cacao , somthing less than an almond , but better cimented , and of a good taste , its nuts are divided into two equal parts , well compacted and close together . it is of a fine nourishment , being of a middling taste between sweet and bitter , its temperament something cold and moist , there be four sorts of this tree , the first is called cacahuaguahuitl , which is the biggest of all , and bears a great quantity of fruit . the second is called by the same name , but of a middle size , the leaves and fruit whereof is a great deal less . the third is named xuchicacahuaguahuith , less than t'other , of which the fruit is redder on the outside , within 't is altogether like the others . the fourth sort is the least of all , so it is term'd tlalcacahuaguahuitl , that is to say , a little low tree of cacao , the which bears a fruit less than all the rest , although there is no difference between them as to the colour : now all these fruits are of the same quality , and of the same use , although they make use of the last principally in drink , the others serve rather for money and change . moreover they were wont to plant near the tree which bears the cacoa another tree which they call atlynam , to the end that it may shade it and defend it from the heat and rays of the sun , besides which it is not good for any other use . he that will may see what is further spoken thereof in the chronicles of america printed at francfort 1602. in ioseph acosta in his general history of the indies : in iean eusebe de nuremberg ; and in clusius of strange things . it is convenient to know for the intelligence of this thing , that although it may be true that every medicine , as simple as 't is , possesses and keeps in it self the four qualities of the elements . nevertheless from the acting and re-acting , which they have one upon another , there proceeds and results another quality distinct and different from these four former called complexion or temperement . this quality or complexion which results from this mixture is not always the same , neither is it of the same sort in all the mixt bodies : but it has nine kinds and differences , to wit , four simples , which have one only superiour quality ; four compound which have two predominant qualities , but however which agree very well together , and for that reason are called symbolizant , and a ninth which the philosophers call ad pondus , as if one should say a temperament exactly equal , when as all the aforesaid qualities are evenly poised , that is equal in weight and in degree . the complexion and temperament of the cacao is compounded of all these , for it has two qualities to wit , cold , and dry , which are superiour , and predominant , the which render the body wherein they are found adstringent , opilative , and making obstructions , from the terrestrial quality thereof , but furthermore the cacao being a mixt body , composed of the four elements , it ought necessarily to have some parts correspond , and proportionable to all the elements ; and it has some particular parts , and those not a few , which correspondant with the element of the air , which are the heat and moistness , which qualities are found joyned with the buttery parts , so that they draw from the cacao a great quantity of butter , which they use in making their faces shine , which i have seen practic'd in the indies by the spanish women born there , who are call'd by the spaniards croillas . against which one may make this philosophical objection : two contrary and disagreeing qualities , cannot be found in the highest degree in the same body ; as for example , the cacao is cold and dry in the highest degree , consequently therefore the cacao cannot be hot and dry in the same degree , which are contrary to cold and moisture . the first proposition is most certain , and received in good philosophy . the second is also agreed to by all the world , therefore the conclusion is most true and certain . one cannot deny but this is a very strong argument , and 't is likely that these reasons being considered by that same physitian of merchena , might induce him to affirm , that chocolate was obstructive , for he thought it contrary to all philosophy , to say that the cacao is hot and moist in the highest degree , which is certainly believed to be cold and dry . but to this i answer two things , the one is the small experience and knowledge this physician had thereof , having never seen them extract the great quantity of butter from thence ; and that , when they prepare the chocolate , without doing any thing to the powder of the cacao , but beating and pounding it sufficiently , it becomes a part firm and well compacted , which is a certain sign that it has within an oyly and viscuous matter , which necessarily corresponds with the element of the air : the other argument we shall draw from the very fountain of philosophy , wherein i shall demonstrate , that in the cacao are included different substances , in some of which , to wit , in those that are not so thick and gross , there is a greater quantity of oyly and buttery than of earthy parts , and in the condense and heavy parts there is a more earthy than oyly substance ; in the former heat and moisture are predominate , the latter are accounted cold and dry . yet it is hard to believe , that one and the same substance , and that so small as the cacao is , can contain two different qualities . yet that this may appear more easie , clear , and evident , we see it more especially in rhubarb , the which has some hot and purgative parts ; others cold , dry , and astringent , which have the power to fortifie , shorten , and to stop the flux of the belly . whosoever also shall see and consider the nature of steel , which is of an earthy quality , heavy , thick , cold , and dry , will ( methinks ) hardly be induced to believe that it is good against obstructions , but rather more fit to increase them , and yet for all that the best physitians do prescribe it as the chiefest remedy against them . this difficulty is resolved ; for supposing that steel has several gross and earthy parts , there be some sulphureous , and mercurial ; whereby it is opening , and takes away obstructions . t is true , that this does not appear , but by means of the way and preparation thereof , which is that in pounding , grinding , and beating it into a very fine powder , its sulphureous and mercurial parts , as being active subtil , and incisive , mingle themselves so perfectly and exactly with the terrestrial and astringent , that being thus mingled the one with the other , one cannot affirm that the steel is astringent , but rather that it is incisive , attenuates , and removes obstructions . we will prove this opinion by several doctrines , and first that of galen , who in the third book of the faculties of simple drugs , in the 14. chapter , at the beginning thereof ; saith , that all drugs , that are simple to the outward appearance , are altogether mixt , and by this means have contrary qualities , that is to expel , and to retain ; to thicken , and subtillize ; to condense , and rarifie ; of which there is no wonder , since that the same drugs hath the power to heat , and make cold , to moisten or dry , and that in every drug or medicament there are found parts subtil and gross , thick and thin , soft and hard , and in the following chapter of the same book ; he asserts the example of an old cock , the broth whereof loosened the belly , but its flesh was binding ; and also of aloes , the which being washed , immediately loses its purgative vertue , or that which remains thereof is very feeble . then that this difference of the vertues and qualities is found in different parts or substances of medicaments , galen shews in his 1. book of the power of medicaments , c. 17. where he particularly instances of milk , wherein is found , and from which is separated three distinct substances , to wit , the cheese , which hinders and stops the flux of the belly , the serosity or cream which is purgative , and the butter which nourishes , as he himself has explained it in the third book of aliments , and in the fifteenth chapter . this is manifestly experimented in the must or new wine , which likewise has three different substances , the terrestrial , which are the lees ; the subtlety , which is the flower or the scum thereof ; and a third which is properly the wine ; and each of these substances has its different faculties and vertues , in colour , taste , and in other accidents . aristotle in his fourth book of meteors , chap. 1. treating of putrefaction or rottenness , acknowledgeth these different substances ; as the more curious , if they will take the pains , may see at large in the following chapter of the same author , and so according to the opinion of galen and aristotle , different substances are assigned to each mixt part , under the same form , and quantity , which is very agreeable to reason , if we consider that of each aliment , how simple soever it be , there is produced , and ingendered in the liver four humours , not only different in temperament , but also in substance , and there is ingender'd more or less of such a humour , according as such an aliment has more or less parts conformable to the substance of the humour , which will be produced in a greater quantity : and so to cold diseases we order hot food , and to hot we prescribe cool . from these so evident examples , and from divers others , one may gather , that when the cacao is pounded and beaten , the substances which it has naturally different , in it divers parts are so artificially , and exactly mingled and joyned , the one with the other , the fat and buttery , hot and moist , with the terrestrial , cold , and dry , ( as is aforesaid of the steel ) that these last are quelled and corrected , so that they are no longer so astringent as before , but with a mediocrity or moderation more inclining to a hot and moist temperament of the air , then to the cold and dry of the earth , as is manifest , when we reduce this cacao to a drink : [ maradon in his dialogue sayes it is made like a spindle wherewith they spin the thred in spain ] for scarce can one give two turns with the mill , which is an instrument of wood they imploy for that purpose , but you may see a thick scum , which is a clear proof , that there are a great many buttery parts in the cacao . by this abovesaid we manifest , that those physicians are very much deceived , touching the chocolate , who affirm , that it causes obstructions because the cacao is astringent , as if the costiveness where not enough corrected by the exact mixture of the parts , one with the other ; besides , as has been said , the grinding , and there being with the cacao , so many other ingredients hot of their own nature , it must necessarily happen , that they work their effects , which is to cut and attenuate , and not at all to stop or obstruct , and certainly there is no need of other examples or doctrines , as a proof to confirm this truth , then that which we see in the very cacao ; the which if it be not pounded , and prepared as we have shewn in the making of the chocolate , [ as also the eating thereof , as it is in the fruit , by the spanish women born in the indies ] causes stoppages and notable obstructions by no other reason , but that the divers substances and parts are not so exactly and perfectly mingled together , by the chewing alone , as they are by the artificial grinding which they use therein : furthermore our adverse part ought to consider , and call to mind the first rudiments and principles of philosophy , which say , that from a particular proposition , & a dicto secundum quid , we must not draw from thence a general & ad dictum simpliciter , so that it serves for nothing , to say this man has white teeth , by consequence this man is white ; for it may happen , that a man that has white teeth may be black ; in like manner 't is a foolish thing to say the cacao is astringent , that by consequence therefore the confection which is made thereof and of other ingredients is astringent . the tree which bears this fruit is so delicate , and the ground where it grows so excessively hot , that for fear the sun should burn and dry it up , they plant there the plantane or bonona tree to be a shade , and defence to them , to secure them from the parching beams of the too near sun , and when these are great , and grown up they plant under them the cacao tree , ( those trees the indian call athlynam , vulgarly the mothers of the cacao ) to the end , that when the young and tender tree shall spring up out of the earth , the others may serve as a canopy to them . it s fruit also is not naked , or uncovered , but ten or twelve cacao nuts are as it were wedged , and inclosed in the same shell , just like a litle gourd , as big as an early fig , and sometimes bigger , of the same colour and form with the said fig. there be two sorts of the cacao , the one is ordinarily of a brown colour inclining to a reddish , and the other bigger and larger , called patlaxte , the which is great and very drying , and which by that means keeps persons awake , and hinders sleeping , and therefore that 's the reason , that this is not so proper as the ordinary cacao , and this is all that can be said , touching this fruit. as for the other ingredients which go to the making of your confection of chocolate , i find many different sorts , some put therein black pepper or tavases , the which as being very hot and dry does not agree but with those whose liver is very cold . an eminent doctor of physick of the university of mexico is of the same opinion , who , as likewise a certain religious man , worthy to be credited has assured me , that it seeming to him , that black pepper was not very proper in chocolate , to prove his opinion , and to make manifest that the pepper of mexico , called chile , is far the better , tryed this experiment in the liver of a sheep , in half of which having put black pepper , and in the other half pepper of mexico , in four and twenty hours he found that part , wherein the black pepper was , quite dryed up , but the other , that had the mexico pepper , moist and juicy as if nothing had been put therein . the receipt of our physician of merchena to make chocolate is thus : take seven hundred cacao nuts , a pound and a half of white sugar , two ounces ef cinnamon , fourteen grains of mexico pepper , call'd chile or pimiento , half an ounce of cloves , three little straws or vanilla's de campeche , or for want thereof , as much annis-seed a● will equal the weight of a shilling , o● achiot a smal quantity as big as a filbeard , which may be sufficient only to giv● it a colour ; some add thereto almonds● filbeards , and the water of orang● flowers . touching this receipt ; i affirm ●●ist of all , that by following this form ●ne cannot fit the infirmities of every ●an that is indisposed , but we must 〈◊〉 thereto or take away according to the necessities and temperament of each one . as for the sugar , though they put thereof when they drink the chocolate , i do not judge it inconve●●ent to mingle therewith the quantity which i shall name . the ladies also , and gentlewomen of mexico , ●ake little delicate cakes of chocolate 〈◊〉 daintiness , which are sold likewise in the shops , to be eaten just as sweet-meats . the cloves which the same author uses in this composition are not allowed by those that well understand the manner of making this drink ; grounded perhaps on this reason , that they bind the belly , though they have the property to correct the stinking breath , and ill smell of the mouth , as is shewn by a learned person in these verses , faetorem emendant oris carisophila faedum constringunt ventrem primaque membra juvant . that is to say , that cloves make a swee● breath , stop the loosness of the belly● and eases the stomack , when it is troubled with a hard digestion . and so these cloves being astringent , one ought not to make use of them , altho' they be hot and dry in the third degree , and though it aids the parts of concoction , as is shewed in those verses . every body uses in this confection and puts therein certain little straws , or as the spaniards call them vanillas de campeche . the description of which i have not seen in any author , nor of the plant which produces them , they seem to have deduced their name from a certain town call'd campeche , which is in the province of yu●atan in new-spain , as likewise a kind of brasil wood , which they call the wood of campeche , which the dyers employ very much in their trade , and of which there is great abundance brought into europe . they fetch it from the west indies , and are of an opinion that it is gathered from a litle shrub called cucuraqua , by the tarasquains , and quammochetl xuitzquahuitl by the mexicans ; but this wood has nothing of affinity with our vanilla's which are used in making the chocolate , the which are very pleasant to the sight ; they have the smell as it were of fennel , and perhaps not much different in quality , for all hold that they do not heat too much , and do not hinder the adding annis-seed , as the authour of merchena seems to intimate in his receit : it being certain that they never make chocolate without annis-seed , for being hot in the third degree it is very proper in many cold distempers , and allays the coldness of the cacao nut , and to the end that you may know for what cold members it may be useful and necessary i will here repeat the verses of a curious person ; morbosos renes , vesicam , guttura , vulvam intestina , jecur , cumque liene caput confortat , variisque anisum subdita morbis membra , istud tantum vim leve semen habet . which in english is , the annis-seed through its soveraign vertue cures , the diseased and infected kidneys , the throat , the bladder , the matrice , the members brought under and weakned with divers diseases , so great is the force and power of that little inconsiderable seed : the achiote is a certain dye or tincture drawn from a fruit-tree which some call achiotl others changuarica , and others pamaqua , take it as it is described by francis ximenes in the fifth book at the third chapter , it is says he a tree , in greatness , body , and shape very like the orange tree , its leaves are like those of the elm in colour and roughness , its bark , body , and branches are reddish drawing to a green , its flowers are large , distinguished or divided into five leaves in the shape of a star , of a whitish purple colour , its fruit is like the outward shell of a chesnut , of the form and bigness of a little green almond , quadrangular or four square , which being ripe opens it self containing certain grains or stone● like those of the raisins , but much more round . the savages and natives of the country have it in great esteem ; and plant it near their houses , 't is green all the year round , and bears its fruit in spring time , at which time they have a custome to lop it , for out of its wood they strike fire as with a flint-stone , its bark is very proper to make ropes , which shall be stronger than that which is made of hemp it self , of its seed they make a crimson red tincture , which the painters imploy in their colours , they make use of it also in physick , for being of a cold quality , and being drunk with some water of the same nature , or applyed to the outward parts , allays the ardour and burning of the feaver , hinders the dysenterie or griping of the guts , lastly they mix it with great profit and success in all the cooling potions , whence it happens that they mix it with the drink of chocolate to cool , and to give it a taste and fine colour , sed haec obiter . now this achiote in the quantity of a nut is not sufficient to colour so great a quantity of ingredients contained in the receit , that must be left to the judgement of him that composes this confection , who shall use as much as he shall think sufficient to give it a good colour . it is no small good to add thereto almonds , ( here our author speaking of almonds , means those of the indies and not our european ones , the description of which we will give you as ioseph acosta has it in his natural history , book 39. chap. 26. of indian almonds . there is another kind of cacao's which have in their shell a number of small nuts like almonds , of the shape of the pomegranate grains 〈◊〉 these almonds are three times as big as those of castile , and resemble them in taste , altho they are a little more rough , and are also humide , moist , and oyly ; 't is a reasonable good food , they do also use it in sweet meats for want of almonds to make march-panes , and other such like things , they call them ▪ almonds of the andes , because these cacao's grow abundant on the high mountains call'd the andes in peru , and they are so hard and strong , that to open them they are wont to strike them with a huge stone with all their force ; when they fall from the tree if they meet with the head of any one they will hinder his journey from going further . and it seems to be a thing incredible , that in the crevises or hollow of these cacao's , which are not bigger , or but little more than the others there should be such a vast number and quantity of those almonds ; but concerning these almonds , both these and all the other fruits in like manner , must give place to the almonds de chachapoyas , the which i know not how otherwise to name : this fruit is the most wholsome delicate and dainty of all that i ever saw in the indies : even a learned physitian assured me that amongst all the fruits which are found either in the indies or in spain none came near the excellence of these almonds . there be some of these that be bigger , others less then those of the andes , yet all of them are bigger than them of castil●e . they are very tender , have very much substance and juyce , very oyly , and very agreeable to the taste ; they grow upon high tall trees , very thick of leaves , and as it is a precious thing , nature has bestowed on it a coverture and defence almost impregnable , it has a skin or shell something bigger and more pointed then that of a chesnut , nevertheless , when this is dry they get the kernel out very easily . they report that the apes which are very greedy and desirous of this fruit , of which creature the country of chachapoyas in peru does greatly abound , ( which is the only country i know of , that has this sort of tree ) who to break the shell and to get the almond from thence , they strongly throw it from the tops of the boughs upon the stones , and so having broken it , they make an end of eating it at their pleasure . the filbeards also are far better than the maiz or panis which some are wont to put therein to give a better body , and strength to the composition , and therefore i would use them in all sorts of chocolate , for besides all the commodities , and advantages , which i have here before counted , they are moderately hot and have a delicate juice , especially the dry ones , the green and the new being in no wise proper , but rather hurtful according as a learned man has expressed in these verses dat modicum calidum dulcisque amygdala succum . et tenuem inducant plurima damna novae . then the filberts are not unnecessary , christopher acosta in his book of spices chap. 18. describes the indian filberts after this manner : the tree is a very great tree , strait , smooth , round , and of a spungy matter or substance , its leaves are longer and larger then that of the palm tree which bears the cacao's , and which bud out of the very top of the tree , amongst which there spring out little smooth branches , full of small white flowers , and almost without any smell , whence proceeds the fruit called areca , as big as wallnuts , yet not altogether round , but oval in the form or shape of a little pullets egg , the outward skin is wonderfully green before it becomes ripe , being ripe it becomes very yellow , like dates that are fully ripe ; this skin ▪ or shell is of a soft and shaggy substance , which contains a kernel as big as a large chesnut , white , hard , and full of little red veins , which the inhabitants eat ; being yet green they put it under the sand , to render it better and more agreeable to the taste , sometimes they eat it mixt with the leaves of bethel , other times they break it , and dry it in the sun , and afterwards make great use thereof in their eating , and in their astringent potions , with the skin they clean their teeth . there is another kind of filbert which grows in the isle of st. dominico , which is purgative , but this is not that they mix with the chocolate . these filherts therefore i say , are not altogether unuseful , since that they have the same temperament or nature with the almonds though being dryer , they come more near to a chollerick temperament , but they have also this good , they corroborate the stomach , and belly being well dryed before the fire , and as it were broyled , as they prepare it for this composition : moreover they hinder the fumes of the stomach from rising up into the brains as the same author writes . bilis avellanam sequitur , sed roborat alvum ventris & a f●mis liberat assa caput . that is to say , the filbert engenders melancholly humours , but it strenghens the weak stomach , and being well rosted , allays and depresses those fumes which would otherwise disturb the brains , and it is therefore very necessary for those that are troubled with windiness , and fumes , which from the spleen rise up into the brain , and fill the head with turbulent dreams , and frightful imaginations . those that mix maiz or panich in the ch●colate do very ill for they beget bilious and melancholy humours as is evident from the said author , crassa melancholicum praestant tibi panica succum . siccant si ponas membra gelantque foris . it is very certain that both the one and the other begets choler and windyness , and that they do not make use of this ingredient but for their own profit and to augment the quantity of the chocolate , each bushel of maiz costing them but eight shillings , bringing each pound to four shillings which is the true price of the chocolate . this which the indians call maiz we call indian or turky-wheat , which being so common amongst us there is no need to treat thereof any further , yet i cannot forbear to mention that of francis ximenes in his third book chap. 7. who seems to contradict our author speaking of it very advantagiously in these terms . the difference of the maiz is in the colour of its ears , ( which the vulgar call mazercas ) of which there is a greet difference , for some are of a white colour , others red , there be some that are almost black , others purple , blew , and diversified or sprinkled with divers colours , which is to be understood of the upper skin , for the flower of each is white ; as to the rest if there be any corn that god has made of a temperate quality and great nourishment without doubt it is the maiz ( which the mexicans call theolli ) for it is neither hot , nor cold , but a mean betwixt both , as also neither moist , nor dry , but equally participating of both temperaments , far from being of a gross and viscuous nourishment , as some have imagined : they also are very much deceiv'd that affirm it begets obstructions , but one may clearly see the contrary in the savages , who live upon it and are altogether unacquainted with opilations , and obstructions , and are never troubled with a pale and sickly complexion ; but they assure us that it is of an easie digestion , and sharpens the appetite : that even before the coming of the spaniards they never knew what were the pain of the stone or gravel in the kidneys , in fine the savages have not a better and more expedient remedy than this to resist the sharp diseases , the which experience does sufficiently testifie , for maiz boyled in water does abundantly nourish the body , and is digested without any trouble or difficulty , it qualifies and softens the breast , mitigates the heat or burning of feavers ; chiefly the powder of its root , steept in water , and exposed to the cold of the evening and afterwards drunk . then this maiz boyled is not only a laudable and wholesom food , but it may also be given without fear as well to those that are sick , as to those that are in good health ; to young as well as to old ; to men and to women of what condition soever they be , and lastly it may be used in all distempers without any hurt , or trouble , they say moreover that it provokes urine , and cleanses the pipes . then since that the maiz , used as it ought to be , brings along with it a thousand commodities , and no dammages ( unless as some affirm it breeds too much blood and choler ) one ought not to hearken to those who affirm that it is hotter than our ordinary wheat , that it is difficultly digested , and that it begets obstructions , let us rather follow the mexican physitians , who having rejected the ptisana or barly broth , as troublesom , to the distempered persons have constituted in its place , the atolle of which we will speak hereafter , i 'le pass over in silence the manner of making the bread of maiz as being nothing to our purpose , and too much a digression ; the other thing is the panick or indian oatmeal , which is a small grain like unto millet with a knob full of corn , though the vulgar european panick is not here meant , but that which grows in the indies , which if the reader has a mind to satisfie his curiosity he shall find more at large described by dodonné in the fourth part of his history of plants book the 7. chap. 26. and by dalechart in the great herbalest book 4. chap. 20. the next ingredient is the cinnamon , but it seems our author means the cinnamon of the west-indies , and not that of the east-indies , which was unknown in new-spain before the spaniards had discovered it . this cinnamon is described by monardes in his history of plants chap. 25. laet in his tenth book chap. 26. says that the cinnamon tree is as big as the olive tree , producing certain little purses with their flowers , which being pounded , come near in some sort to the east-indian cinnamon . monardes takes notice that they do rather make use of their fruit than of their bark , and that being beaten to a powder they fortifie the stomach , disperse the wind , make good breath , take away the pains of the belly , comforts the heart gives a good colour to the food being mixt therewith just like the true cinnamon . this cinnamon therefore is hot and dry in the third degree , it is good for the urine and the reins , expels cold distempers , 't is also useful for the eyes , and in effect it is a cordial as a certain author says . commoda & urinae cinnamomum & renebus affe●t . lumina clarificat , dira venena fugat . the achiote [ the virtue which our author attributes to the achiote is different from what ximenes reports thereof , for the one holds it to be refreshing , the other that it heats , yet it is not of great importance whatsoever is the quality thereof considering the small quantity that is made use of in the chocolate ] has a cutting and attenuating heat , as is evident by the ordinary practice of the indian physicians , who having proved its effects do judge it to be cutting , and rarifiing the gross humours , causing shortness of breath , which they call asthma and the stoppage of the urine and therefore 't is profitable and useful against all sorts of opilations , which we endeavour to overcome , whither they be in the breast or in the region of the belly , or in whatsoever part they be . as for the chiles some hold there are b●t two sorts of chiles or chilli , the one the eastern which is ginger , and the other western , which is the pepper of mexico , the same they call pepper of tobasco , because it grows in great abundance in that province of new-spain , from whence it takes its name . our author makes thereof four kinds , but others make more , of which number is the father iohn eusebius in the 15 book of his history chap. 80. to which i refer the curious . laet in the last chapter of his 5th . book says , that this fruit grows on a domestick or garden tree called xocoxochitl , the which is very big , whose leaves are like those of the orange tree , and yield a very odoriferous smell ; its flowers are red like those of the pomegranate tree , the same smell as the orange , very sweet and agreeable , its fruit is round , and hanging like grapes , which at first are green , a while after red , and at last black , of a sharp and biting taste , and of a good smell , hot and dry in the third degree , so that it may be used instead of pepper , the apothecaries may imploy it to the same use as carpobalsamum , the spaniards call it pepper of tavasco . i affirm that there be thereof four sorts : the first are called chilcotes , the second , which are very little , chiltecpin , which two sorts are very sharp and mordicant ; the third are called tonachiles , which are moderately hot , so that they eat them with bread just as they do other fruit , although they have a bitterish taste ; and they grow no where but in the marshes of mexico , the fourth sort is called chilpatlagua , which was a kind of chiles or pimientoes very large , they are not so biting as the two former , nor so mild as the third , and they are those which are used in chocolate . there be other ingredients that they put into this composition , the cheif of which they call mecasuchil . this plant is described by laet in his fifth book , chap. 4. there is an herb ( he says ) by name mecaxuchitl creeping upon the earth , whose leaves are great , thick , and almost round , sweet-smelling , and of a sharp taste , it bears a fruit like long pepper , the which they mix with the drink of the cacao , call'd chocolate , to which it gives an agreeable savour , it corroborates the heart and the stomach , attenuates the thick and slow humours , and is an excellent medicine , and antidote against poison , it s other vertues , as likewise the figure of its fruit , are more fully set out by iean eusebe , book 14. chap. 62. another ingredient is the vinacaxtli , but here i fear mine author may be deceived , or that there has been a mistake in the printing , and instead of vinacaxtli , he should have put huclimacutzli , which is a tree the flower whereof is called by the spaniards , flor de la oreja , or flower of the ear , because of its near resemblance with the ear : it is composed , sayes laet lib. 5. cap. 4. of purple flowers within , and green without , it is of a very sweet and pleasant smell , the name xuchinacutzli in our language signifies little ears , which are flowers odoriferous , aromatick and hot . the mecasuchil is purgative , and the indians make thereof a purging syrup . those that live in europe for went of mecasuchil may put therein powder of roses of alexandria , for those that have a mind to loosen their belly . there be two other ingredients of which our author being silent we are forc'd to supply his defect , the one is the flower of a certain pitchy or rosi'ny tree , which yeilds a gum like that of the storax , but of a finer colour , its flower is like that of the orange tree , of a good smell , which they mix with the chocolate , and repute it good for the stomack ; the other ingredient is the shale or cod of the tlixochitl , which is a creeping herb having leaves like the plantane , but longer , and thick , it climbs up to the top of the trees , and intwines it self with them , and bears a shale long , strait , and as it were round , which smells of the balm of new spain , they mix this shale with their famous drink of cacao : their pith is black full of little seeds , like that of the poppy , they say that two of these steept in water provoke urine wonderfully . see laet book 5. ch . 7. i have reported all these ingredients to the end that those that have need may choose those which they shall think most useful for the distempers wherewith they are molested . the second part . in this second part , we must observe that though they mix with the cacao , all these hot ingredients , yet for all that the quantity of the cacao is greater than all the rest , so that the others serve only to allay , and temperate the coldness of the cacao , so that of two medicaments of contrary qualities , we artificially compose one , which is temperate , and moderate , just so by the action and reaction of the cold parts of the cacao , the chocolate receives a temperate and moderate quality , very little different from a mediocrity or mean between both , and when we shall venter to say that ( in leaving out of the chocolate , both pepper and cloves , and only putting therein a little annis-feed , as we will shew hereafter ) it is purely temperate , we are able to prove it both by experience and reason : first by experience ; ( supposing that which galen says , that every temperate medicament heats that which is cold , and cools that which is hot , giving for example the oyl of roses ) with experience i say , grounded on the practice and custom which they have amongst them , in the indies , for ( i coming very much heated to visit one of my patients , when i desired some water of them to cool my self ) they advised me to take a dish of chocolate , with which i quenched my thirst , but taking it the next morning fasting it heated me and fortified my stomack . now let us prove this opinion by reason , we have before demonstrated that all the parts of the cacao were not cold ; for we have shew'd , that the buttery and oyly parts , which are in great number are hot , or at least temperate . then although it be true , that the quantity of the cacao put into the chocolate is greater and stronger than all the other ingredients together , the cold parts which correspond therewith do not amount at furthest but to the moyety , and so that altho all together come to surpass it , seeing that it remains somthing allayed , by the grinding , or rubbing together , by the means of the hot and buttery parts of the cacao , and again on the otherside by the other ingredients that are hot in the second and third degree , it must needs be reduced to a mediocrity . just as we see in two persons , that joyn their hands together , whereof the hands of the one are cold , and the others hot , those that are hot grow cold , and the cold hot , and finally both the one and the other , remain without that excess of heat , or cold which they had before , and at last become temperate . like this does it happen to those that wrastle , at first they have their forces strong and entire , but at last , by the action and reaction of the two adversaries striving together , they enfeeble and weaken themselves , so that the wrastling being ended , they remain weakned both the one and the other . 't is the opinion of aristotle , in the fourth book of the generation of animals , chap. 3. he says , that every agent suffers as the patient , so that we see , that which cuts is blunted by the thing that is cut , that that which heats is cooled , and that which pusheth or thrusteth is in some manner thrust back and repulsed . hence i gather , that it is better to make use of the chocolate sometime after it has been made than to take of it whilst new and fresh , but you must let it stand at the least a whole month together , for i judge so long time to be necessary , and very expedient , to the end that the contrary qualities may weaken and spend themselves , and be reduced to a convenient temperament and mediocrity ; for it might happen that in the beginning each contrary would impress and work its effect , and nature cannot endure to be heated and cooled at the same time . that is therefore the reason that galen in his twelfth book of the method , advises us to tarry a whole year , or at least six months , before we make use of the philonium ▪ because in its composition there is put the juyce of poppies called opium , which is cold in the fourth degree , and pepper with other ingredients , that are hot in the third degree . and this doctrine is confirmed by the practice of several learned physicians , whom i have desired to inform me which was the best chocolate , they presently answered me , that which has been kept several months , and the fresh and newly made chocolate , did do them a great deal of hurt , and did very much loosen and relax their stomach , which in my opinion is very probable ; for the fat and buttery parts , are not altogether corrected by the earthy parts of the cacao , which i will prove by the reason i shall bring hereafter , that if you should take a dish of chocolate to drink , that which is thick and buttery thereof separates it self from the rest , and relaxes the stomach , ( although it be old ) as if it were but just made . therefore to conclude this second part , we must acknowledge that the chocolate is not so cold as the cacao , nor is it so hot as the other ingredients , but from the action and reaction thereof , there proceeds a moderate complexion , or temper which may agree with , and serve as well for the stomachs that be cold , as those that are hot , provided it be took in an indifferent quantity , as i will shew you by and by , and that it has been made a whole month , as is said before , so that i know not any one , who having experimented this confection ( made as it is convenient for every individual ) can speak ill thereof , or in any wise discommend it : besides that all the world generally using it , there is scarce any one , that does not highly approve of it , through all europe , as well as in the indies . i know not therefore what reason any one has to say that chocolate causes obstructions , for if it should be so , and the liver become obstructed , it would bring a leanness on all the body , but experience teaches us the contrary , for we see nothing fattens more than chocolate , whereof i will give the reason hereafter , and so much for this second part. proceed we now to the third . the third part . in the first part having treated of chocolate , and given you the definition thereof , as likewise the quality of the cacao , and the other ingredients : and in the second of the temperament or complexion , which results from the mixture of the said ingredient . in this third part it remains to shew you how they mix it : but first i judge it not unnecessary to give you the best receipt thereof , and the most convenient i could find , and tho i have said before , that it is impossible to give a receipt , that may be proper and agreeable to all sort of persons , but that is meant for those that are distempered , and not well in health ; for to those that are in good health , this here is most fit and convenient ; but for the others ( as i have shewed at the end of the first part ) each one may choose the ingredients according as they shall be most needful to one or other distempered part of his body . this therefore is the receipt , with each hundred of cacao's you must mingle two grains of chile , or pepper of mexico , of those great grains which we have elsewhere told you are called chilpatlagua , and for want of them they use to take two indian pepper corns , the largest and the least hot that you can find , or if you can get them the pimiento's of spain , an handful of annis-seed , two of those flowers called xuchinachutzli or little ears , and two others named mecasuchil , if there be need to loosen the belly : in spain instead of these last they are wont to use the powder of six roses of alexandria , vulgarly called pale roses , a little bean cod or vanilla de campeche , two drams of cinnamon , a dozen of almonds , and as many filberts , half a pound of sugar , such a quantity of achiote as shall be sufficieut to colour the whole composition . the way of making chocolate . the cacao and the other ingredients are pounded and beaten on a stone , which the indians call metatl , made for that purpose . the first thing they begin to do is to broyl well , and carefully to dry before the fire all the ingredients ( except the achiote ) to the end that they may be easily pounded and broken , but in the broyling of them before the fire , there must be great heed taken , that they be often turned and stirr'd about , for fear of burning or becoming black ; besides which , they being too much done , lose their vertue and receive a bitter taste . the cinnamon and the pepper of mexico ought to be first pounded , and the latter of them should be beaten together with the annis-seed : the cacao is that which is to be last of all beaten , but by little and little , till you think there is so much as may be sufficient for your purpose , and every time you must give it three or four turns in the mortar . you must also take care that every one is beaten severally , and by it self , having beaten all these ingredients to a fine powder , you put them altogether in a vessel , where the cacao is , and these powders they stir and mix with a spoon , and presently they take of this past , which they begin again to pound in mortar ( or rather if they have it the forementioned stone ) under which they make a gentle fire , taking special heed , that they do not make it too gr●at and too quick , nor that you heat it too much , for fear of scattering and d●ssipating the buttery parts . you must also take notice , that in pounding the cacao you mix the achiote therewith , to the end that you may give it a better colour , and the tincture may remain , and be the better implanted therein . the powder of each ingredient , except that only of the cacao must be well sifted , and if you peel the cacao , and take it out of its little shell , the drink thereof will be more dainty and delicious . then when all shall seem to be well mixed and incorporated ( the which you may easily know if you find it without the least straw or lump ) you shall take with a spoon of this mass , which will be almost all melted and dissolved ( whereof they make little cakes ) and and put into boxes , which by that time it is cold will become hard and firm . you must observe nevertheless , that to make these cakes they throw a spoonful of the liquor on some paper , or as in the indies on some great leaves , like those of the plane-tree , our author means here the indian plane-tree and not that of europe , for the platanus of the indies was so named by the spaniards for reasons that are unknown to us , for it has no resemblance with our plane-tree , but it is rather like the palm tree , as well in shape as in the bigness of the leaves , which are so large , that they cover a man from head to foot . t is also observable , that these leaves serve for the same use as paper with us : but to the purpose ; two or three spoonfuls being thus put on one of these leaves , and set in the shade , do soon grow hard , and afterwards folding or doubling the paper , those cakes , as being very fat , are easily separated from the paper : but if you should pour it into some earthen vessel , or on some board it is not easie to unfasten those cakes , or get them off whole . they drink this li●uor in the indies two wayes , of which the first and most ordinary is to take it hot with atholle , an ancient drink of the indians , who call by this name , a drink made of the flower of maiz , well steept in water , and boyl'd to a clear liquor , or rather like starch ; but there be other different sorts thereof which are excellently well described by laet in his 7th . book chap. 3. which the curious may consult at their leasure : that discourse being too great a digression to be here inserted . with this liquor the indians mix their chocolate , and to make it more wholsom they clear the maiz , by taking away the upper skin , which is windy , and begets melancholick humours , and so there remains the best and most substantial thereof : return we now to the second manner , of taking it , which is the modern and has been introduced since the spaniards have made use of this chocolate , the which is also two fold . the first is to steep or dissolve the chocolate in cold water , and to take off the scum which they put into another dish , then to set the remainder over the fire , putting therein as much sugar as you shall judge convenient to sweeten it , and lastly it being hot and having mixed the scum therewith , which you had set apart , you may drink it . before i give you the other way of making this liquor 't will not be amiss to describe the cup or goblet wherein they drink the chocolate , made of xicara , or coco , which the mexicans call tecomates . they also make them of the fruit of a certain tree call'd by the spaniards higuero , the tree is very big ▪ which bears leaves in shape and largeness like to our mulberry tree , and has a fruit like the gourd , whereof the savages make cups to drink their chocolate , as to the palms which bear these coco's i have nothing to say to them , which yet are one of the stupendious miracles of nature , i shall only take notice with the learned doctor paludanus , in his remark on the voyage of linschot , that the coco is covered with two barks , the first whereof is rough , and hairy , of which they make the cables and cordage of a ship , of the next shell they make these cups ; the common opinion being that these cups have an innate vertue ( of which the chocolate being put therein participates ) against the apoplexy . sed haec o biter . to the purpose therefore . the second way of preparing this liquor is to heat the water , puting into this forementioned cup , as much chocolate as is thereto necessary , and withal a little water , then working the chocolate and incorporating it till it be well mixt , and dissolv'd all in the cup , put the rest of your hot water with some sugar therein , and so drink it : thus in spain . but we in england usually boyl the chocolate with the water , and some to make it more dainty , though less wholesome , use therein eggs and milk. there is yet another way , something different from this former , for they boyl both the chocolate and water together till there swims at top a fat buttery substance , taking care , that there is not too great a fire to make it boyl over : but this way i do in no wise approve of , for the fat separating it self from the earthy parts , this sinks to the bottom , and the other keeps at top , so that being thus drunk , the first loosens the stomack , and takes away the appetite , and the latter causes melancholy , &c. there is another way of making this drink of chocolate , which is cold , which takes its name from its principal ingredient , and is therefore called chocolate , whereof they take to refresh themselves , and is made after this manner . they steep the chocolate powder'd into a little water , working it well with the little mill , whence they abstract a very large scum , which is so much the more augmented by how much the cacao is more old , and rotten , this scum they put into a dish a part , mixing therewith a sufficient quantity of sugar , which done they set it up for their use , and drink it cold , when they find they have need thereof , but it is to be understood , that they do not take this sort in winter , but in the greatest heat of summer , yet thus prepared it is so extraordinary cooling , that it does not agree with all stomachs , for experience shews the ill thereof , it causing distempers in the stomach , and cheifly to women . i would here give you the cause and reason thereof , but i shall omit it , that i may not seem too prolix , and to trespass on the readers patience . there is also another way of drinking it cold , which so prepared is call'd cacao pinoli , it is made in adding to the same chocolate ( after having made the confection as we have shewed ) an equal quantity of maiz parcht and pounded , but first well cleared of its skin , the which being beaten in the mortar with the chocolate becomes a powder and mingles it self with the other , and of the powders managed as we shewed just before arises a scum which they also take and use as the precedent drink . there is yet another shorter then the former ( 't is the same with ours ) and therefore more fit for men of business , who have not the leasure to attend a longer preparation , the which is very wholesom , and 't is that i make use of my self ; whilst you set on the water to boyl ▪ you must take a cake of chocolate , which you may either pound in the mortar , or rather grate it to a fine powder , mixing it with some sugar , in a little pot , the water being hot you must pour the chocolate therein , then taking it from the fire , work it well with your little mill , and for want of that , brew it a score times , out of one pot into another , which yet does not so well incorporate it as the mill ; this being done , let it be drunk without separating from it the scum , as is usual in the aforesaid preparations . the fourth part . in this last part it remains to shew you in what quantity the chocolate is to be drunk , in what time we must make use thereof , and to what persons 'tis most proper , and agreeable , for some using it too excessively , i do not mean only chocolate , but also all sorts of food and liquors , how good and excellent soever the things are in thier own nature , do thence receive great incommodities , and mischiefs , and if some persons do complain , that it causes obstructions , 't is by reason of the excessive use thereof ; just so we see wine , which if excessively drunk instead of heating , breeds oftentimes cold distempers , nature not being able to surmount nor turn in its substance so great a quantity thereof ; so likewise those that drink too much chocolate , since that it has several fat parts , which cannot disperse themselves in the same quantity through all the body , it must necessarily follow that obstructions are caused by those which remain in the little veins of the liver , which may be remedied , if a man will content himself with five or six ounces only of chocolate in the winter time , and if he that takes thereof is bilious and subject to melancholly , instead of drinking it with common water let him use therewith endive water , the same thing is to be done in the summer , by those that would take it as a medicine against the obstructions and hot distempers of the liver ; but he that is troubled with the coldness of liver , and full of obstructions shall take the same chocolate with water of rhubard . in fine it may be safely ( if regularly ) used as long as till the month of may , especially if the air be temperate , but i do not at all approve the use thereof during the dog-days , unless by those to whom it will do no hurt by reason of an habitual custom and continual use thereof . then if any one stands in need thereof , even in the dog-days , and if he be of an hot constitution , he shall take it mixt with endive water , from four days to four days , especially if in the morning he finds his stomach to be weak , and feeble . and although it be very true , that in the indies , which is a very hot country they take it at all times , and that by consequence one might do the same in spain and in our other european countries , which are far less hot , nevertheless i answer thereto , that first we must attribute that to custom . in the second place that the excessive heat of those countries being joyntly annexed to an excessive moistness , which helps to open the pores of the body it happens oftentimes that there follows so great a dissipation or spending of the proper substance of the body , that one might not only make use of chocolate in the morning , but also all day long , without any injury or detriment . and it is also as true , that by the excessive heat of the country the natural heat is wasted , and exhaled , and that the heat of the stomach and other interiour parts of the body so extend , and spread themselves to the exterior , that notwithstanding this excess of heat the stomach remains cold , so that they receive great profit and advantage not only from chocolate ( the which as we have proved is moderately hot ) but also from pure wine , the which , though it be very hot does no hurt , but on the contrary , rather fortifies , and cherishes the stomach ; but if amongst these excessive heats , the indians should drink water , they would receive notable detriments by the coolness , which it would cause in the stomach , whereby the concoction would be corrupted , and produce several other bad distempers . you must take notice also , that the terrestrial parts , which we have said are in cacao , sink to the bottom of the cup , when you boyl your chocolate , yet there be some who think that which falls to the bottom is the best and most substantial of all , and therefore those that drink thereof do undergo great danger ; but besides that this substance is earthy , thick , obstructive , it breeds melancholy humours , so that we must avoid it as much as we can , contenting our selves with the best which is the most substantial . lastly it remains to resolve one difficulty which i have lively touched here before , that is to say , what is the cause that chocolate does so much fatten those that drink thereof ? for if we consider all the ingredients except the cacao , we shall find that their quality is rather to extenuate ; and make lean the body , than to fatten , as being all hot and dry , in the third degree . the qualities likewise of the cacao , as we have shewed you in the beginning , being cold and dry are altogether unfit to cause fatness . i affirm however that the great quantity of buttery parts , which i have proved to be in the cacao , are those which fatten , and that the hot ingredients of this composition , serve instead of a pipe or conduit to derive it , and make it pass by the liver , and the other parts till they arrive at the fleshy parts : where finding a substance which is like and conformable to them , to wit hot and moist , such as are these buttery parts , converting themselves into the substance of the subject they augment , and fatten it . one might say several others things drawn from the fountain of philosophy and physick , but as being more fit for the schools than for our discourse we shall omit them . i shall only take notice that to my receipt one might add the seeds of a melon , gourd or valenzia ( i could never find out what sort of drug this valenzia is , however one may venter to say it is of the same nature with the seeds of a cucumber , ) the which beat to a powder will be extraordinary good for those that have the liver , or the reins excessive hot , and if there happen any obstructions in the liver or spleen , with a cold intemperature , ●ou may mix amongst the rest the powder of harts tongue , or ceterach , and with all these compositions to give thereto a good odour , you may put a little amber-greece or musk. i shall receive no small satisfaction if this little treatise and discourse may be acceptable and agreeable to all the world. finis . the touchstone, or, trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions : with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking : likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away, and died suddenly : with king jame's [sic] opinion of tobacco, and how it came first into england : also the first original of coffee : to which is added, witty poems about tobacco and coffe [sic] : something about tobacco, written by george withers, the late famous poet ... two broad-sides against tobacco. 1676 approx. 180 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 40 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2009-10 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a87472 wing j144a estc r42598 36282425 ocm 36282425 150099 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a87472) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 150099) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2230:6) the touchstone, or, trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions : with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking : likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away, and died suddenly : with king jame's [sic] opinion of tobacco, and how it came first into england : also the first original of coffee : to which is added, witty poems about tobacco and coffe [sic] : something about tobacco, written by george withers, the late famous poet ... two broad-sides against tobacco. hancock, john, fl. 1638-1675. hancock, john, fl. 1669-1705. james i, king of england, 1566-1625. counterblaste to tobacco. 1676. maynwaringe, everard, 1628-1699? thomson, george, fl. 1648-1679. aimatiasis. selections. 1676. ward, samuel, 1577-1640. woe to drunkards. 1676. sylvester, josuah, 1563-1618. tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered. 1676. everard, giles. de herba panacea. english. selections. 1676. wither, george, 1588-1667. [6], 72 p. : ill. printed and are to be sold by the several booksellers, london : 1676. dedication signed: j.h. (i.e. john hancock). previously published under title: two broad-sides against tobacco (london : printed for john hancock, 1672). signatures: [a]⁴ b-k⁴. illustrations: 1 print : woodcut ; full-page. subject: "the picture represents the tobacchonists [sic] armes, and turks coffee-house." woodcut and type flower headpieces; ornamental and criblé initials. reproduction of original in the william andrews clark memorial library, university of california, los angeles. a counterblast to tobacco (p. 1-12) -dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco, collected out of his treatise of the scurvy, (p. 70) -preservation of health in the choice of drinks, and regular drinking / transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life -another collection against tobacco-smoking / written by ... george thompson, in his book of preservation of the bloud -woe to drunkards : a sermon / preached many years since by mr. samuel ward --tobacco battered and the pipes shattered ... / collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester, gent. -a broad-side against coffee, or, the marriage of the turk -collection ... taken out of that book of dr. everard's, entituled, the vertue of tobacco -a postscript, by way of apology. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco habit -great britain -early works to 1800. tobacco -physiological effect -early works to 1800. tobacco -poetry -early works to 1800. smoking in art -early works to 1800. coffee habit -great britain -early works to 1800. coffee -poetry -early works to 1800. alcoholism -great britain -early works to 1800. 2008-04 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2008-10 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2008-11 john pas sampled and proofread 2008-11 john pas text and markup reviewed and edited 2009-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the touchstone or , trial of tobacco whether it be good for all constitutions . with a word of advice against immoderate drinking and smoaking . likewise examples of some that have drunk their lives away , and died suddenly . with king jame's opinion of tobacco , and how it came first into england . also the first original of coffee . to which is added witty poems about tobacco and coffe ; something about tobacco , written by george withers , the late famous poet. the picture represents the tobacchonists armes , and turks coffee-house . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drove on the trade ; me no good engalash ? and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick london , printed and are to be sold by the several booksellers . 1676. to all taverns , inns , victualling-houses , ale-houses , coffee-houses , strong-water-shops , tobacconists-shops , in england , scotland or ireland . gentle readers , here is presented to you a brief , learned , and a very seasonable treatise for the age we live in : it was many years since penned by king james of happy and blessed memory , entituled , a counterblast to tobacco ; it it here verbatim , faithfully transcribed out of the large and learned volume of his other works in folio , which are rare and scarce to be had for money , and of too great a price for the common sort of tobacco-smokers to purchase : it is granted , the thing may be good , and physical , and healthful , being moderately and but seldom taken ; but for men to take ten or twenty pipes in a day in all companies , morning , noon and night , before and presently after meals ; this is a strange way of taking physick . now the king understanding the evil custom of taking tobacco , or , as we now call it , smoking a pipe , was grown to a great head , he seems to be very much insensed at it , and discovers how it first came into england , and its first original ; and how that it was used much amongst the savage indians , to cure lewes venerea , a disease among them : his majesty wisely fore-seeing the evil consequences that would follow , by such immoderate sucking in the foul smoke of this indian weed , and he being the physician of the body politick , doth by many strong and excellent arguments , disswade his subjects from imitating the practise of the heathen indians , in drinking this noxious fume . it was in his time but a novelty , and practised but a little , except amongst the nobility , gentry , or great ones : but now what is more frequently used in every ale-house and coffee-house , besides great inns and taverns in london , and all the three kingdoms over . whereas if men were so wise for their own good , both in body , soul , and estate , as to handle a good book , either of divinity , or of morality , half so often as they do the pipe of smoke , it would be better for them in all respects , more precious time and money would be saved . i shall detain you no longer from a more learned epistle and treatise of the matter in hand : and as king solomon , who was the wisest of kings , saith in his book of ecclesiastes , that where the word of a king is , there is power ; so i say , if what our famous king james hath written , be not of power sufficient to divert all english men , &c. from this evil and hurtful custom ; it is here seconded , and backed home , by the words and advice of an able and learned doctor of physick now living ; it being so sutable to the purpose , was thought fit to be added to this counterblast . and that it may not be said ( as the common proverb is ) to be only one doctors opinion , i have thought fit to add another , collected out of a treatise of the bloud , written by that learned physician dr. george thompson , who agreeth with the former against smoking tobacco , as dangerous . i apprehend , that what hath been spoken against drinking tobacco , may much more be said against immoderate drinking of wine , ale , beer , or any strong liquors , and dishes of coffee , &c. thus hoping thou wilt make a good use of what is here gathered together , and offered for thy good , i rest . a well-wisher to thy health , j. h. to the reader . as every humane body ( dear country-men ) how wholsome soever , is notwithstanding subject , or at least naturally inclined to some sorts of diseases or infirmities : so is here no common-wealth , or body-politick , how well governed or peaceable soever it be , that lacks their own popular errors , and naturally inclined corruptions ; and therefore it is no wonder , although this our country and common-wealth , though peaceable , though wealthy , though long flourishing in both , be amongst the rest , subject to their own natural infirmities . we are of all nations the people most loving , and most reverently obedient to our prince ; yet we are ( as time hath often born witness ) too easie to be seduced to make rebellion upon very slight grounds . our fortunate and oft-proved valour in wars abroad , our hearty and reverent obedience to our princes at home , hath given us a long , and thrice-happy peace ; our peace hath bred wealth : and peace and wealth hath brough forth a general sluggishness , which makes us wallow in all sorts of idle delights , and soft delicacies , the first seeds of the subversion of all great monarchies . our clergy are become negligent and lasie , our nobility and gentry prodigal , and sold to their private delights ; our lawyers covetous , our common people prodigal and curious ; and generally all sorts of people more careful for their private ends , then for their mother the common-wealth . for remedy whereof , it is the king's part ( as the proper physician of his politick body ) to purge it of all those diseases , by medicines meet for the same ; as by a certain mild , and yet just form of government , to maintain the publick quietness , and prevent all occasions of commotion ; by the example of his own person and court , to make us all ashamed of our sluggish delicacy , and to stir us up to the practice again of all honest exercises , and martial shadows of war ; as likewise by his , and his courts moderateness in apparel , to make us ashamed of our prodigality : by his quick admonitions , and careful over-seeing of the clergy , to waken them up again , to be more diligent in their offices : by the sharp tryal , and severe punishment of the partial , covetous , and bribing lawyers , to reform their corruptions : and generally by the example of his own person , and by the due execution of good laws , to reform and abolish piece and piece , these old and evil-grounded abuses : for this will not be opus unius diei , but as every one of these diseases , must from the king receive the one cure proper for it ; so are there some sorts of abuses in common-wealths , that though they be of so base and contemptible a condition , as they are too low for the law to look on , and too mean for a king to interpose his authority , or bend his eye upon ; yet are they corruptions , as well as the greatest of them . so is an ant an animal as well as an elephant ; so is a wren avis , as well as a swan ; and so is a small dint of the tooth-ach a disease , as well as the fearful plague is . but for these base sorts of corruption in common-wealths ; not only the king , or any inferiour magistrate , but quilibet ê populo may serve to be a physician , by discovering and impugning the error , and by perswading reformation thereof . and surely in my opinion , there cannot be a more base , and yet hurtful corruption in a country , then is the vile use ( or rather abuse ) of taking tobacco in this kingdome , which hath moved me shortly to discover the abuses in this following little pamphlet . if any think it a light argument , so it is but a toy that is bestowed upon it . and since the subject is but of smoke , i think the sume of an idle brain , may serve for a sufficient battery against so fumous a feblean enemy . if my grounds be found true , it is all i look for ; but if they carry the force of perswasion with them , it is all i can wish , and more then i can expect . my only care is , my dear country-men may rightly conceive even by this smallest trifle , of the sincerity of my meaning in greater matters , never to spare any pains , that may tend to the procuring of your weale and prosperity . a counterblast to tobacco . that the manifold abuses of this vile custome of tobacco-taking , may the better be espied ; it is fit , that first you enter into consideration both of the first original thereof , and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this countrey ; for certainly as such customs that have their first institution , either from a godly ; necessary , or honourable ground , and are first brought in by the means of some worthy , vertuous , and great personage ; are ever , and most justly holden in great and reverent estimation and account by all wise , vertuous and temperate spirits : so should it by the contrary , justly bring a great disgrace into that sort of customs , which having their original from base corruption and barbarity , do , in like sort , make their first entry into a country , by an inconsiderate and childish affectation of novelty , as is the true case of the first invention of tobacco-taking , and of the first entry thereof amongst us . for tobacco being a common herb , which ( though under divers names ) grows almost every where , was first found out by some of the barbarous indians to be a preservative , or antidote against the pox , a filthy disease , whereunto these barbarous people are ( as all men know ) very much subject , what through the uncleanly and adust constitution of their bodies , and what through the intemperate heat of their climate . so that as from them , was first brought into christendome , that most detestable disease : so from the likewise was brought this use of tobacco , as a stinking and unsavory antidote , for so corrupted and execrable a malady ; the stinking suffumigation whereof they yet use against that disease , making so one canker or vermine to eat out another . and now , good country-men , let us ( i pray you ) consider what honour or policy can move us to imitate the barbarous and beastly manners of the wild , godless and slavish indians , especially in so vile and stinking a custome . shall we that disdain to imitate the manners of our neighbour france , ( having the stile of the great christian kingdome ) and that cannot endure the spirit of the spaniards ( their king being now comparable in largeness of dominions , to the greatest emperour of turky ; ) shall we , i say , that have been so long civil and wealthy in peace , famous and invincible in war , fortunate in both ; we that have been ever able to aid any of our neighbours ( but never deafed any of their ears with any of our supplications for assistance ; ) shall we , i say , without blushing , abase our selves so far , as to imitate these beastly indians , slaves to the spaniards , refuse to the world , and as yet aliens from the holy covenant of god ? why do we not as well imitate them in walking naked , as they do , in preferring glasses , feathers , and such toys , to gold and precious stones , as they do ? yea , why do we not deny god , and adore the devil , as they do . now to the corrupted baseness of the first use of this tobacco , doth very well agree the foolish and groundless first entry thereof into this kingdom : it is not long since the first entry of this abuse amongst us here , as this present age cannot yet very well remember , both the first author , and the form of the first introduction of it against us . it was neither brought in by king , great conqueror , nor learned doctor of physick . with the report of a great discovery for a conquest , some two or three savage men were brought in , together with this savage custome : but the pity is , the poor , wild , barbarous men died ; but that vile barbarous custome is yet alive , yea in fresh vigour , so as it seems a miracle to me , how a custome springing from so vile a ground , and brought in by a father so generally hated , should be welcomed upon so slender a warrant : for if they that first put it in practice here , had remembred for what respect it was used by them from whence it came ; i am sure they would have been loath to have taken so far the imputation of that disease upon them as they did , by using the cure thereof ; for sanis non est opus medice , and counter-poysons are never used , but where poyson is thought to proceed . but since it is true , that divers customs slightly grounded , and with no better warrant entred in a common-wealth , may yet in the use of them thereafter , prove both necessary and profitable ; it is therefore next to be examined , if there be not a ful sympathy and true proportion between the base ground and foolish entry , and the loathsome and hurtful use of this stinking antidote . i am now therefore heartily to pray you to consider , first upon what false and erroneous grounds you have first built the general good liking thereof ; and next , what sins towards god , and foolish vanities before the world , you commit in the detestable use of it . as for those deceitful grounds , that have specially moved you to take a good and great conceit thereof : i shall content my self to examine here onely four of the principals of them , two founded upon the theorick of a deceivable appearance of reason , and two of them upon the mistaken practick of general experience . first , it is thought by you a sure aphorisme in the physick ; that the brains of all men being naturally cold and wet , all dry and hot things should be good for them , of which nature this stinking suffumigation is , and therefore of good use to them . of this argument both the proposition and assumption are false , and so the conclusion cannot but be void of it self : for as to the proposition , that because the brains are cold and moist , therefore things that are hot and dry are best for them ; it is an inept consequence : for man being compounded of the four complexions ( whose fathers are the four elements ) although there be a mixture of them all , in all the parts of his body , yet must the divers parts of our microcosme , or little world within our selves , be diversly more inclined , some to one , some to another complexion , according to the diversity of their uses ; that of these discords a perfect harmony may be made up for the maintenance of the whole body . the application then of a thing of a contrary nature to any of these parts , is to interrupt them of their due function , and by consequence hurtful to the health of the whole body ; as if a man , because the liver is as the fountain of bloud , and , as it were , an oven to the stomach , would therefore apply and wear close upon his liver and stomach a cake of lead , he might within a very short time ( i hope ) be sustained very good cheap at an ordinary , besides the clearing of his conscience from that deadly fin of gluttony : and as if because the heart is full of vital spirits , and in perpetual motion ; a man would therefore lay a heavy pound stone on his breast , for staying and holding down that wanton palpitation ; i doubt not but his breast would be more bruised with the weight thereof , then the heart would be comforted with such a disagreeable and contrarious cure. and even so is it with the brains ; for if a man because the brains are cold and humide , would therefore use inwardly by smells , or outwardly by application , things of hot and dry quality ; all the gain that he could make thereof , would onely be to put himself in great forwardness for running mad , by over-watching himself ; the coldness and moisture of our brains being the onely ordinary means that procure our sleep and rest . indeed , i do not deny , that when it falls out that any of these , or any part of our body , grows to be distempered , and to tend to an extremity beyond the compass of natures temperate mixture , that in that case cures of contrary qualities to the intemperate inclination of that part being wisely prepared , and discreetly ministred , may be both necessary and helpful for strengthening and assisting nature in the expulsion of her enemies ; for this is the true definition of all profitable physick . but first , these cures ought not to be used , but where there is need of them ; the contrary whereof is daily practiced in this general use of tobacco , by all sorts and complexions of people . and next , i deny the minor of this argument , as i have already said , in regard that this tobacco is not simply of a dry and hot quality , but rather hath a certain venomous faculty joyned with the heat thereof , which makes it have an antipathy against nature , as by the hateful smell thereof doth well appear ; for the nose being the proper organ and convoy of the sence of smelling to the brains , which are the onely fountain of that sence , doth ever serve us for an infallible witness , whether that odour which we smell be healthful or hurtful to the brain , ( except when it falls out that the sence it self is corrupted and abused , through some infirmity and distemper in the brain : ) and that the suffumigation thereof cannot have a drying quality , it needs no further probation , then that it is a smoke , all smoke and vapour being of it self humide , as drawing near to the nature of the air , and easie to be resolved again into water , whereof there needs no other proof but the meteors , which being bred of nothing else but of the vapors and exhalations sucked up by the sun out of the earth , the sea and waters ; yet are the same smoky vapors turned and transformed into rains , snows , dews , hoar-frosts , and such like watry meteors ; as by the contrary , the rainy clouds are often transformed and evaporated in blustering winds . the second argument grounded on a shew of reason , is , that this filthy smoke , as well through the heat and strength thereof , as by a natural force and quality , is able and fit to purge both the head and stomach of rheumes and distillations , as experience teacheth by the spitting , and avoiding flegm , immediately after the taking of it . but the fallacy of this argument may easily appear , by my late proceeding description of the meteors ; for even as the smoky vapours sucked by the sun , and stayed in the lowest and cold region of the air , are there contracted into clouds , and turned into rain , and such other watry meteors ; so this stinking smoke being sucked up by the nose ; and imprisoned in the cold and moist brains , is by their cold and wet faculty turned and cast forth again in watry distillations , and so are you made free , and purged of nothing , but that wherewith you wilfully burdened your selves ; and therefore are you no wiser in taking tobacco for purging you of distillations , then if for preventing the cholick , you would take all kind of windy meats and drinks ; and for preventing of the stone , you would take all kind of meats and drinks that would breed gravel in the kidneys ; and then when you were forced to avoid much wind out of your stomach , and much gravel in your urine , that you should attribute the thank thereof to such nourishments as breed those within you , that behoved either to be expelled by the force of nature , or you to have burst at the broad side , as the proverb is . as for the other two reasons founded upon experience ; the first of which is , that the whole people would not have taken so general a good liking thereof , if they had not by experience found it very soveraign and good for them : for answer thereunto , how easily the minds of any people , wherewith god hath replenished this world , may be drawn to the foolish affectation of any novelty , i leave it to the discreet judgment of any man that is reasonable . do we not daily see , that a man can no sooner bring over from beyond the seas any new form of apparel , but that he cannot be thought a man of spirit , that would not presently imitate the same ; and so from hand to hand it spreads , till it be practised by all ; not for any commodity that is in it , but only because it is come to be the fashion ; for such is the force of that natural self-love in every one of us , and such is the corruption of envy bred in the breast of every one , as we cannot be content , unless we imitate every thing that our fellows do , and so prove our selves capable of every thing whereof they are capable , like apes , counterfeiting the manners of others to our own destruction . for let one or two of the greatest masters of mathematicks in any of the two famous universities , but constantly affirm any clear day , that they see some strange apparition in the skies ; they will , i warrant you , be seconded by the greatest part of the students in that profession ; so loath will they be , to be thought inferiour to their fellows either in depth of knowledge or sharpness of sight : and therefore the general good liking , and embracing of this foolish custome , doth but onely proceed from that affectation of novelty and popular error , whereof i have already spoken . and the other argument drawn from a mistaken experience , is but the more particular probation of this general , because it is alledge to be found true by proof , that by the taking of tobacco , divers , and very many , do find themselves cured of divers diseases , as on the other part no man ever received harm thereby . in this argument , there is first a great mistaking , and next a monstrous absurdity ; for is not a very great mistaking , to take non causam proeausa ; as they say in the logicks ; because peradventure when a sick man hath had his disease at the heighth , he hath at that instant taken tabacco , and afterward his disease taking the natural course of declining , and consequently the patient of recovering his health , o then the tobacco forsooth was the worker of that miracle ! beside that , it is a thing well known to all physicians , that the apprehension and conceit of the patient hath by wakening and uniting the vital spirits , and so strengthening nature , a great power and vertue to cure divers diseases : for an evident proof of mistaking in the like case , i pray what foolish boy , what silly wench , what old doting wife , or ignorant country clown , is not physician for the tooth-ach , for the cholick , and divers such common diseases ; yea , will not every man you meet withall teach you a sundry cure for the fame , and swear by that mean , either himself , or some of his nearest kindsmen and friends was cured ; and yet , i hope , no man is so foolish as to believe them : and all these toys do onely proceed from the mistaking non causam pro causa , as i have already said ; and so if a man chance to recover one of any disease after he hath taken tobacco , that must have the thanks of all : but by the contrary , if a man smoke himself to death with it ( as many have done ) o then some other disease must bear the blame for that fault ! so do old harlots thank their harlotry for their many years , that custom being healthful ( say they ) ad purgandos renes , but never have mind how many die of the pox in the flower of their youth : and so do old drunkards think they prolong their days by their swine-like diet , but never remember how many die drowned in drink before they be half old . and what greater absurdity can there be then to say , that one cure shall serve for divers , nay contrarious sorts of diseases . it is an undoubted ground among all physicians , that there is almost no sort , either of nourishment or medicine , that hath not some thing in it disagreeable to some part of mans body , because , as i have already said , the nature of the temperature of every part is so different from another , that according to the old proverb , that which is good for the head is evil for the neck and the shoulders : for even as a strong enemy that invades a town or fortress , although in his siege thereof he do belay and compass it round about , yet he makes his breach and entry at some one or few special parts thereof , which he hath tryed and found to be weakest and least able to resist : so sickness doth make her particular assault upon such part or parts of our body as are weakest and easiest to be overcome by that sort of disease which then doth assail us , although all the rest of the body , by sympathy , feel it self to be as it were belaid and besieged by the affliction of that special part , the grief and smart thereof being by the sence of feeling dispersed through all the rest of the members ; and therefore the skilful physician presses by such cures to purge and strengthen that part which is afflicted , as are onely fit for that sort of disease , and do best agree with the nature of that infirm part ; which being abused to a disease of another nature , would prove as hurtful to the one , as helpful for the other ; yea , not onely will a skilful and wary physician be careful to use no cure , but that which is fit for that sort of disease ; but he will also consider all other circumstances , and make the remedies sutable thereunto , as the temperature of the clime , where the patient is , the constitution of the planets , the time of the moon , the season of the year , the age and complexion of the patient , the present state of his body in strength or weakness : for one cure must not ever be used for the self same disease but according to the varying of any of the aforesaid circumstances , that sort of remedy must be used which is fittest for the same : where by the contrary in this case , such is the miraculous omnipotency of our strong-tasted tobacco , as it cures all sorts of diseases ( which never any drug could do before ) in all persons , and at all times . it cures all manner of distillations , either in head or stomach ( if you believe their axioms ) although in very deed is do both corrupt the brain , and , by causing over quick digestion , fill the stomach full of crudities . it cures the gout in the feet , and ( which is miraculous ) in that very instant when the smoke thereof , as light , flyes up into the head , the vertue thereof , as heavy , runs down to the little toe : it helps all sorts of agues ; it makes a man sober , that was drunk ; it refreshes a weary man , and yet makes a man hungry ; being taken when they go to bed , it makes one sleep soundly ; and yet being taken when a man is sleepy and drowsie , it will , as they say , awaken his brain , and quicken his understanding ; as for curing of the pox , it serves for that use , but among the pocky indian slaves . here in england it is refined , and will not deign to cure here any other then cleanly and gentlemanly diseases . o omnipotent power of tobacco ! and if it could by the smoke thereof chase out devils , as he smoke of tobias fish did ( which , i am sure , could smell no stronger ) it would serve for a precious relict , both for the superstitious priests , and the insolent puritans , to cast out devils withall . admitting then , and not confessing , that the use thereof were healthful for some sorts of diseases , should it be used for all sicknesses ? should it be used by all men ? should it be used at all times ? yea , should it be used by able , young , strong , healthful men ? medicine hath that vertue , that it never leaves a man in that state wherein it finds him ; it makes a sick man whole , but a whole man sick : and as medicine helps nature , being taken at time of necessity ; so being ever and continually used , it doth but weaken , weary , and wear nature . what speak i of medicine ? nay , let a man every hour of the day , or as oft as many in this country use to take tobacco ; let a man , i say , but take as oft the best sorts of nourishments , in meat and drink , that can be devised , he shall , with the continual use thereof , weaken both his head and his stomach , all his members shall become feeble , his spirits dull , and in the end , as a drowsie , lasie belly-god , he shall ●vanish in a lethargy . and from this weakness it preceeds , that many in this kingdom have had such a continual use of taking this unsavory smoke , as now they are not able to forbear the same , no more then an old drunkard can abide to be long sober , without falling into an incurable weakness , and evil constitution ; for their continual custom hath made to them habitum , alteram naturam : so to those that , from their birth , have been continually nourished upon poyson , and things venemous , wholesome meats are onely poysonable . thus having , as i trust , sufficiently answered the most principal arguments that are used in defence of this vile custome . it rests onely to inform you , what sins and vanities you commit in the filthy abuse thereof : first , are you not guilty of sinful and shameful lust , ( for lust may be as well in any of the sences as in feeling ) that although you be troubled with no disease , but in perfect health , yet can you neither be merry at an ordinary , nor lascivious in the stews , if you lack tobacco to provoke your apetite to any of those sorts of recreation ; lusting after it as the children of israel did in the wilderness after quails . secondly , it is as you use , or rather abuse it , a branch of the sin of drunkenness , which is the root of all sins ; for as the onely delight that drunkards take in wine , is in the strength of the tast , and the force of the some thereof that mounts up to the brain ; for no drunkards love any weak or sweet drink ; so are not those ( i mean the strong heat and fume ) the only qualities that make tobacco so delectable to all the lovers of it ? and as no man likes strong heady drink the first day ( because nemo repente fit turpissimus ) but by custom is piece and piece allured , while , in the end , a drunkard will have as great a thrist to be drunk , as a sober man to quench his thirst with a draught , when he hath need of it . so is not this the very case of all the great takers of tobacco , which therefore they themselves do attribute to a bewitching quality in it ? thirdly , is it not the greatest sin of all , that you , the people of all sorts of this kingdom , who are created and ordained by god , to bestow both your persons and goods for the maintainance both of the honour and safety of your king and common-wealth , should disable your selves in both ? in your persons , having by this continual vile custom brought your selves to this shameful imbecillity , that you are not able to ride or walk the journey of a jews sabbath , but you must have reeky coal brought you from the next poor house to kindle your tobacco with ; whereas he cannot be thought able for any service in the wars , that cannot endure oftentimes the want of meat , drink and sleep , much more then must he endure the want of tobacco : in the times of the many glorious and victorious battles fought by this nation , there was no word of tobacco ; but now if it were time of wars , and that you were to make some sudden cavalcado upon your enemies ; if any of you should seek leisure to stay behind his fellow for taking of tobacco , for my part , i should never be sorry for any evil chance that might befall him : to take a custome in any thing that cannot be left again , is most harmful to the people of any land. mollities and delicacy were the rack and overthrow , first of the persian , and next of the roman empire . and this very custom of taking tobacco ( whereof our present purpose is ) is even at this day accompted so effeminate among the indians themselves , as in the market they will offer no price for a slave to be sold , whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker . now how you are by this custome disabed in your goods , let the gentry of this land bear witness , some of them bestowing three , some four hundred pounds a year upon this precious stink , which , i am sure , might be bestowed upon many far better uses . i read indeed of a knavish courtier , who for abusing the favour of the emperour alexander severus , his master , by taking bribes to intercede for sundry persons in his masters ear ( for whom he never once opened his mouth ) was justly choked with smoke , with this doom , fumo pereat quifummum vendidit . but of so many smoke-buyers as are at this present in this kingdom , i never read nor heard . and for the vanities committed in this filthy custome , is it not both great vanity and uncleanness , that at the table , a place of respect , of cleanliness , of modesty , men should not be ashamed to sit tossing of tobacco-pipes , and puffing of the smoke of tobacco one to another , making the filthy smoke and stink thereof to exhale athwart the dishes , and infect the air , when very often men that abhor it are at their repast : surely smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a dining-chamber , and yet it makes a kitchin also oftentimes in the inward parts of men , soyling and infecting them with an unctious and oylie kind of soot , as hath been found in some great tobacco-takers , that after their death were opened : and not onely meat-time , but no other time nor action is exempted from the publique use of this uncivil trick ; so as if the wives of diep list to contest with this nation for good manners , their worst manners would in all reason be found at least not so dishonest ( as ours are ) in this point , the publick use whereof at all times , and in all places , hath now so far prevailed , as divers men very sound both in judgment and complexion , have been at last forced to take it also , without desire , partly because they were ashamed to seem singular , ( like the two philosophers that were forced to duck themselves in that rain-water , and so became fools as well as the rest of the people ) and partly to be as one that was content to eat garlick ( which he did not love ) that he might not be troubled with the smell of it in the breath of his fellows . and is it not a great vanity that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now , but straight they must be in hand with tobacco : no , it is become in place of a cure , a point of good fellowship ; and he that will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows ( though by his own election he would rather smell the savor of a sink ) is accompted peevish , and no good company ; even as they do with tipling in the cold eastern-countries , yea the mistriss cannot in a more mannerly kind entertain her servant , then by giving him out of her fair hand a pipe of tobacco ; but herein is not only a great vanity , but a great contempt of god's good gifts , that the sweetness of mans breath being a good gift of god , should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking smoke , wherein i must confess it hath too strong of vertue , and so that which is an ornament of nature , and can neither by any artifice be at the first acquired , nor once lost be recovered again , shall be filthily corrupted with an incurable stink , which vile quality is as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is holden of the wholesomeness thereof , as the venome of putrifaction is contrary to the vertue preservative . moreover , which is a great iniquity , and against all humanity , the husband shall not be ashamed to reduce thereby his delicate , wholesome , and clean-complexion'd wife to that extremity , that either she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith , or else resolve to live in a perpetual stinking torment . have you not reason then to be ashamed , and to forbear this filthy novelty , so basely grounded , so foolishly received , and so grosly mistaken in the right use thereof : in your abuse thereof sinning against god , harming your selves both in persons and goods , and raking also thereby the marks and notes of vanity upon you ; by the custome thereof , making your selves to be wondered at by all forreign civil nations , and by all strangers that come among you , to be scorned and contempted ; a custome loathsome to the eye , hateful to the nose , harmful to the brain , dangerous to the lungs , and in the black stinking fume thereof , nearest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomless . dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco , collected out of his treatise of the scurvy , page 70. another grand procuring and promoting cause of the scurvy is , tobacco ; not taken notice of by any i meet with in print . and here we may charge much of the frequency , and the unwonted phaenomena , or symptomatical appearance of this disease , upon the late custome of taking tobacco . many wonder that the scurvy should so much abound now in most places , and become so common and obvious now to every eye , that was so rarely taken notice of in former times , notwithstanding some of its procuring causes were very antique . but we need not wonder so much , if we consider the manner of living in former ages , compared with our own ; new customes and diets beget new diseases , or modifie the old so , as they seem to be new , in their unwonted manner , or frequency of appearance . the scurvy being altered and differenced now from what it was in ancient times ; that the phaenomena or symptomes of the disease in the syndrome and concurrence , is not exact alike with the description of the ancients ; which hath caused a doubt , and it is held by some physicians , that the scurvy is a new disease : but it is the old scurvy dressed in a new garb , which by new procuring causes , and additional complications , is become more depravel , more frequent , and more enlarged : few persons but harbour this unwelcome guest . as an additional procurer of the scurvy , tobacco comes now to be examined , since whose general use the scurvy hath much increased , and is become the most epidemical . that this plant is injurious and destructive to nature , and consequently an introducer of the scurvy will appear , if we consider the effects that supervene and follow the taking of it . the consequents or effects may be divided into two sorts ; first , such as accompany or supervene the first use of it . secondly , such as follow the long and constant use of it . symptoms arising upon the first and unaccustomed use of smoking it , are vomiting , giddiness , fainting , drunkenness sleepiness , depravation of the sences , and such like as follow upon the taking of some kind of poysons . effects upon the accustomed familiar use of it , are , salivation , drawing a flux of moisture to the mouth , and drayning the body ; heat , dryness , lassitude and weariness of the spirits , a dulness and indisposition of mind after ; apt to sleep , a filthy unsavory tast in the mouth , a check to to the stomach or appetite . the latent and more secret effects wrought in the body by the constant smoking of tobacco , are ; the inducing a scorbutick disposition , and promoting it where it is already radicated . and this is procured these wayes : first , by depressing the spirits , and alienating them from their genuine propriety and purity . secondly , by vitiating the stomach , and depraving the palate . thirdly , by exhausting the dulcid good juyce of the body , leaving behind and procuring the remainder more viscous , acrid and sharpe . fourthly , by prejudicing and weakening the lungs and vital parts . that it hath a property to depress and clog the spirits , is apparent by its narcotick vertue , causing a dulness , heaviness , lassitude , and disposing to sleep after the use of it . that it alienates the spirits , is concluded from its virulent nature , and discord with our nature , and that is argued from the symptoms that attend the first use . that it is noxious to the stomach ( the first grand laboratory of the body ) is rational to assert ; for as tobacco affects the mouth with an ill stinking tast , so the stomach also goes not free , but is tainted with it , which is communicated to the food received . now considering the nature of tobacco , as it is hot and dry , acrid , salt , biting , purgative , or rather virulent , altogether medicinal , and not alimental ; and this constantly to impregnate and tincture our nutimental success with these properties and qualities , we cannot otherwise expect by length of time and daily use , but that it will shew its power and vertue to change and alter our bodies ; since it is not nutritive , but medicinal , estranged , and at a great distance from the nature of our bodies , not fit to nourish , but to alter and produce some notable effects . so great a sympathy there is between the stomach and mouth , that the one is not affected , but the other is drawn into consent ; if the stomach be foul , the mouth hath an ill relish ; and if the mouth distasts any thing , the stomach nauseates at it . now this great harmony and consent between these two , ariseth upon this accompt ; the mouth is appointed by nature the stomachs taster , to judge and discern what is fit and agreeable for the stomach to receive ; and therefore the same membrane which invests the mouth , and is the instrument of tasting , does also line the stomach , so that hereby what is pleasant and acceptable in the mouth , is gratefully received into the stomach ; now by this affinity and sympathy , you may rationally conclude , that vitiating of the tast by tobacco and tainting the mouth with its stinking scent , must of necessity communicate the same to the stomach , which takes physick every time you take tobacco , does mix with and infect the chile of the stomach , and is conveyed with it into all parts of the body ; and having so great a medicinal power , must needs alter and change the body , according to the properties it is endowed with , by the constant use , and daily reception of it . now tobacco being of an accrimonious , hot , dry , &c. nature , does pervert and change the balsamick juyces of the body into a more sharpe and fiery temper , and alienate them , whereby they are not so amicable and fit for nutrition , as many scorbutick tobacconists do evidence upon examination , and their constitution changed by the evil use of this plant ; and it is very reasonable to expect it , and impute such alterations to the use thereof , since they are the proper effects of such a cause ; the more remarkable discovery , and frequency of the scurvy , may well and justly be imputed to tobacco , since of latter years that tobacco hath been in use , and in those countries where tobacco is much taken , it doth abound most . although i discommend the use of tobacco by smoking it , as an injurious custome , yet i highly applaud it , as very medicinal , being rightly used . i remember about fifteen years since , a patient of mine in derby-shire fell into a great paroxysm of an asthma , almost to suffocation , i exhibited a dose of the sirrup of tobacco , which gave him present help , and within a few hours was relieved , that he could draw his breath with much ease and freedome : and about a year after , at maxfield in cheshire , i cured a gentlewoman of an ulcer in ano of seven years standing , chiefly with the ointment of tobacco ; and although other things were used , yet i ascribe most of the cure to that unguent . and in many other cases tobacco is of good use , which i have experienced ; but smoking of it i find to be hurtful , if it be customary . i shall not be so strict and severe against the use of it , as to forbid all persons the smoking it upon any score whatever ; for that which may be used at certain times as medicinal , upon just occasions requiring in some persons , may prove very bad and pernicious upon the constant and general use ; and this is the case of tobacco . tobacconists , whom custome hath ensnared , and brought them to delight in it , are willing to be perswaded and deluded , that it is good and wholesome , at least harmless ; the pretences which they urge in defence of it , are such as these : some plead for it , and use it after meat , as a help to digestion , and therefore take it as a good remedy against a bad stomach and weak digestion . to this i answer , they are much mistaken herein , not distinguishing between digestion , and precipitation of meat out of the stomach ; digestion is not performed but in due time , by retexture , alteration , fermentation , and volatization of meat , and till then , is not fit to pass out of the digestive-office , which requires some hours more or less , according to the nature of the food received , of facil or difficil digestion ; now that which provokes the stomach to a distribution of semi-digested chyle , and unloading it self before digestion be finished and perfected , offers great injury to the body ; and this is the case of tobacco ( by its lavative stimulating properties ) which error committed in the first digestive-office is not corrected , nor the damage recompenced by the accuteness and strong elaborations of the subsequent digestions ; and for this reason in part , the scurvy is procured hereby . some take tobacco for refreshment after labour , and divertisement of serious thoughts , being tired with business , study and musing . true it is , tobacco puts a suspension upon serious thoughts , and gives a relaxation for a time in some persons ; others contemplate , and run over their business with more delight , by the help and during the taking of a pipe : but both these persons though seemingly delighted and refreshed for a short time , yet afterwards the spirits are lassated and tired , and are more flat , dull and somnolent , when the pipe is out ; this was but a cheat , the spirits were not truly refreshed , invigorated and reinforced ; as wine does enliven and make brisk the spirits , by affording and communicating an additional supply ; but by the fume of tobacco the spirits are a little inebriated and agitated by an other motion then their own , which is a seeming refreshment , and short , not real , substantial and lasting . others plead for tobacco , and take it as a remedy against rheume , because a great dryer and exhauster of superfluous moisture . to evince the error of this opinion , consider what is the cause whereby rheumes and crude moisture in the body do abound ; and then you will plainly see , whether smoking tobacco be a proper or likely remedy to prevent or oppose it . phlegm and superfluous moisture does arise and abound in the body , from a deficiency and debility of the digestions , as also impediment or impotency of the expulsive faculty , that the remainders after digestion be not transmitted by the common ductures . now this fume of tobacco gives no roboration , adds no strength to the digestive faculties , having no symbolical qualities to comply with , and assist them , is very plain . also that separation and expulsion of superfluous moisture by this fume , is not promoted and transmitted through the more commodious ductures and passages appointed by nature for emission ; onely a salivation by the mouth is procured , which brings no advantage , but detriment ; for this flux of moisture doth not arise as critical , from the impulsion of nature , separating and protruding ; but from a promiscuous attraction of fluid moisture , ( by vertue of its acrimonious heat ) as well the landable , util succus , as the degenerated and superfluous ; so that constantly draining the body of this dulcid serosity , must cause many inconveniencies through the want of it , in as much as it is very serviceable to the body , in the integrity of its nature , but being alienated , is then reduced or vented by better means , nature concurring with the medicine : but admit this did attract only excrementitious moisture ( which it does not ) yet considering it vitiates the stomach , and impregnates the chyle , with its evil properties , 't is much better to forbear then to use it ; that benefit would not recompence this injury . and further , that which is a preventing or curative remedy of superfluous moisture , rheume , or phlegmatique matter , applies à priori to the digestions , the springs from whence such effects do arise ; not à posteriori to the producted matter , which this fume seems to pump out , but does not stop the leak , is therefore no radical medicine ; and they that smoke tobacco upon this accompt as a great dryer , and exhauster of superfluous moisture , are much deceived in the expected benefit ; it onely brings a current of moisture , which ought to be expended otherwise , but it abates nothing in the fountain or springs ; rather augments , and makes an overflow , ( for the reasons aforesaid ) as tobacconists do evidence by their much spitting . object . some may say , i never took tobacco , and yet i have the symptomes of the scurvy as bad as any that have taken it . answ . this may be so , from other great procuring causes ; and yet tobacco notwithstanding may be one great procurer in other persons . the scurvy does not require all the procuring causes to concur in its production , but sometimes one , and sometimes another is able to do it ; and although you take no tobacco , yet perhaps your parents did , or theirs ; and it is sufficient to make you fare the worse ; bad customes and abusive living extends farther then the person so offending : it is transmitted to their off-spring , as in another work i have noted in these words . but yet the crime were less , if onely to themselves the prejudice did extend , but also to posterity their diseases are propagated ; the children having impressed upon them , and radicated in the principals of their nature , the seminal power and productive vertue of inordinate and intemperate living of their genitors and progenitors , that the children may bear witness to the following age , the vice and folly of their parents and predecessors , recorded and characterised in them , &c. hereby you may understand , that evil customes ( as of smoking tobacco ) do not injure onely the person doing so , but the generation after them are prejudiced : and , here by the way , we may take notice of the many rickity children in this latter age , since the use of tobacco , which disease was not known , before the frequent use of it . tobacco does enervate and debilitate the faculties , that we may rationally expect the children from this generation to be scorbutick , rickity , and more feeble then formerly . amurath the fourth of that name , grand seignior of the turkish empire , put forth his edict againgst the smoking of tobacco , and made it a capital crime for any that should so use it ; the reason of this severe prohibition was , that it did render his people infertile : i shall not urge the inconvenience of . tobacco so far , but this i may assext , that it causeth an infirm generation , by debilitating the parents , and rendering them scorbutick , which impressions are carried in semine to their children , and makes a diseased issue . and i observed in virginia , being some time in that colony , that the planters who had lived long there , being great smokers , were of a withered decayed countenance , and very scorbutick , being exhausted by this imoderate fume ; nor are they long-lived , but do shorten their dayes by the intemperate use of tobacco and brandy . king james , that learned philosophical prince of this nation , wisely considering the nature of this plant , and having a good stoxastick head to foresee the inconveniencies that would arise to his people , by the ill custome of smoking it , he being the great physcian of the body politick , does excellently dehort his subjects ( being tender of their future welfare ) from this noxious fume , and writes an invective against it ; whose oratory and solid arguments were enough to have broken the neck of this custome , had they any regard to his kindness , or sense of their own good , and of their posterity . i might have enlarged my self upon this subject , and run over most scorbutick symptomes , shewing how they are either first procured or aggravated by this fume : but from what hath been said already , it plainly appears , that tobacco is a great procurer and promoter of the scurvy , in as much as many scorbutick symptomes are the proper effects of smoking tobacco , as lassitude , dulness , somnolency , spitting , ill tast in the mouth , &c. and although some few persons either by the strength of nature , do strongly resist the bad impressions it sets upon several parts of the body , or by the peculiarity of nature is less offensive and hurtful to some , or brings some particular benefit ( amongst its many ill properties ) that makes it seemingly good ; yet insensibly and by time it damageth all ; and those few good effects in some few persons are not of validity to give it a general approbation and use , and free it from the censure of a great procurer of the scurvy , but may be justly reckoned in that catalogue . preservation of health in the choice of drinks , and regular drinking . drink for necessity , not for bad fellowship ; especially soon after meat , which hinders the due fermentation of the stomach , and washeth down before digestion be finished : but after the first concoction , if you have a hot stomach , a dry or costive body , you may drink more freely then others : or if thirst importunes you at any time , to satisfie with a moderate draught is better then to forbear . accustom youth and strong stomachs to small drink , but stronger drink , and wine , to the infirm and aged : it chears the spirits , quickens the appetite , and helps digestion , moderately taken : but being used in excess , disturbs the course of nature , and procures many diseases : for corpulent gross and fat bodies , thin , hungry , abstersive penetrating wines are best , as white-wine , rhenish , and such like . for lean thin bodies ; black , red and yellow wines , sweet , full bodied and fragrant , are more fit and agreeable ; as malaga , muscadel , tent , alicant and such like . for drink , whether it be wholsomer warmed than cold , is much controverted ; some stifly contending for the one , and some for the other : i shall rather chuse the middle way , with limitation and distinction , then impose it upon all as a rule to be observed under the penalty of forfeiting their health , the observations of the one or the other . there are three sorts of persons , one cannot drink cold beer , the other cannot drink warm , the third , either : you that cannot drink cold beer , to you it is hurtful , cools the stomach , and checks it much : therefore keep to warm drink as a wholsome custome : you that cannot drink warm beer , that is , find no refreshment , nor thirst satified by it , you may drink it cold , nor is it injurious to you : you that are indifferent and can drink either , drink yours cold , or warmed , as the company does , since your stomach makes no choice . that warm drink is no bad custom , but agreeable to nature in the generality ; first , because it comes the nearest to the natural temper of the body , and similia similibus conservantur , every thing is preserved by its like , and destroyed by its contrary . secondly , though i do not hold it the principal agent in digestion , yet it does excite , is auxiliary , and a necessary concomitant of a good digestion , ut signum & causa . thirdly , omne frigus per se , & proviribus destruit ; cold in its own nature , and according to the graduation of its power , extinguisheth natural heat , and is destructive ; but per accidens , and as it is in gradu remisso , it may contemperate , allay , and refresh , where heat abounds , and is exalted . therefore as there is variety of palates and stomachs liking and agreeing best with such kind of meats and drinks , which to others are utterly disgustful , disagreeing and injurious , though good in themselves : so is it in drink warmed or cold ; what one finds a benefit in , the other receives a prejudice ; at least does not find that satisfaction and refreshment , under such a qualification ; because of the various natures , particular appetitions , and idiosyncratical properties of several bodies , one thing will not agree with all : therefore he that cannot drink warm , let him take it cold , and it is well to him ; but he that drinks it warm , does better . and this is to be understood in winter , when the extremity of cold hath congelated and fixed the spirits of the liquor in a torpid inactivity ; which by a gentle warmth are unfettered , volatile and brisk ; whereby the drink is more agreeable and grateful to the stomachs fermenting heat being so prepared , then to be made so by it . there are three sorts of drinkers : one drinks to satisfie nature , and to support his body ; without which he cannot well subsist , and requires it as recessary to his being . another drinks a degree beyond this man , and takes a larger dose , with this intention , to exhilarate and chear his mind , to banish cares and trouble , and help him to sleep the better ; and these two are lawful drinkers . a third drinks neither for the good of the body , or the mind , but to stupifie and drown both ; by exceeding the former bounds , and running into excess , frustrating those ends for which drink was appointed by nature ; converting this support of life and health , making it a procurer of sickness and untimely death . many such there are , who drink not to satifie nature , but force it down many times contrary to natural inclination ; and when there is a reluctancy against it : as drunkards , that pour in liquor , not for love of the drink , or that nature requires it by thirst , but onely to maintain the mad frollick , and keep the company from breaking up . some to excuse this intemperance , hold it as good physick to be drunk once a moneth , and plead for that liberty as a wholsome custome , and quote the authority of a famous physician for it . whether this opinion be allowable , and to be admitted in the due regiment for preservation of health , is fit to be examined . it is a canon established upon good reason ; that every thing exceeding its just bounds , and golden mediocrity , is hurtful to nature . the best of things are not excepted in this general rule ; but are restrained and limited here to a due proportion . the supports of life may prove the procurers of death , if not qualified and made wholsome by this corrective . meat and drink is no longer sustenance , but a load and overcharge , if they exceed the quantum due to each particular person ; and then they are not , what they are properly in themselves , and by the appointment of nature , the preservatives of life and health ; but the causes of sickness , and consequently of death . drink was not appointed man , to discompose and disorder him in all his faculties , but to supply , nourish , and strengthen them . drink exceeding its measure , is no longer a refreshment , to irrigate and water the thirsty body , but makes an inundation to drown and suffocate the vital powers . it puts a man out of the state of health , and represents him in such a degenerate condition both in respect of body and mind , that we may look upon the man , as going out of the world , because he is already gone out of himself , and strangely metamorphosed from what he was . i never knew sickness or a disease , to be good preventing physick ; and to be drunk , is no other then an unsound state , and the whole body out of frame by this great change . what difference is there between sickness and drunkenness ? truly i cannot distinguish them otherwise then as genus and species : drunkenness being a raging disease , denominated and distinguished from other sicknesses , by its procatarctick or procuring cause , drink . that drunkenness is a disease or sickness , will appear in that it hath all the requisites to constitute a disease , and is far distant from a state of health : for as health is the free and regular discharge of all the functions of the body and mind ; and sickness , when the functions are not performed , or weakly and depravedly : then ebriety may properly be said to be a disease or sickness , because it hath the symptoms and diagnostick signs , of an acute and great disease : for , during the time of drunkenness , and some time after , few of the faculties perform rightly , but very depravedly and preternatually : if we examine the intellectual faculties , we shall find the reason gone , the memory lost or much abated , and the will strangely perverted : if we look into the sensitive faculties , they are disordered , and their functions impedited , or performed very deficiently : the eyes do not see well , nor the ears hear well , nor the palate remifh , &c. the speech faulters and is imperfect ; the stomach perhaps vomits or nauseates ; his legs fail : indeed if we look through the whole man , we shall see all the faculties depraved , and their functions either not executed , or very disorderly and with much deficiency . now according to these symptoms in other sicknesses , we judge a man not likely to live long ; and that it is very hard he should recover ; the danger is so great from the many threatning symptoms that attend this sickness , and prognosticate a bad event : here is nothing appears salutary ; but from head to foot , the disease is prevalent in every part ; which being collated , the syndrom is lethal , and judgment to be given so . surely then drunkenness is a very great disease for the time , but because it is not usually mortal , nor lasts long ; therefore it it slighted , and look't upon as a trivial matter that will cure it self . but now the question may be asked ; why is not drunkenness usually mortal ? since the same signs in other diseases are accounted mortal , and the event proves if so . to which i answer ; all the hopes we have that a man drunk should live , is ; first , from common experience that it is not deadly : secondly , from the nature of the primitive or procuring cause , strong drink or wine ; which although it rage , and strangely discompose the man for a time , yet it lasts not long , nor is mortal . the inebriating spirits of the liquor , flowing in so fast , and joyning with the spirits of mans body , make so high a tide , that overflows all the banks and bounds of order : for , the spirits of mans body , those agents in each faculty , act smoothly , regularly and constantly , with a moderate supply ; but being overcharged , and forced out of their natural course , and exercise of their duty , by the large addition of furious spirits ; spurs the functions into strange disorders , as if nature were conflicting with death and dissolution ; but yet it proves not mortal . and this , first , because these adventitious spirits are amicable and friendly to our bodies in their own nature , and therefore not so deadly injurious , as that which is not so familiar or noxious . secondly , because they are very volatile , light , and active ; nature therefore does much sooner recover her self , transpires and sends forth the overplus received ; then if the morbifick matter were more ponderous and fixed ; the gravamen from thence would be much worse and longer in removing : as an over-charge of meat , bread , fruit , or such like substances not spirituous ; but dull and heavy ( comparativè ) is of more difficult digestion , and layes a greater and more dangerous load upon the faculties , having not such volatile brisk spirits to assist nature , nor of so liquid a fine substance , of quicker and easier digestion : so that the symptoms from thence are much more dangerous , then those peracute distempers arising from liquors . so likewise those bad symptoms in other diseases are more to be feared and accounted mortal ( then the like arising from drunkenness ) because those perhaps depend upon malignant causes ; or such as by time are radicated in the body ; or from the defection of some principal part : but the storm and discomposure arising from drunkenness , as it is suddenly raised , so commonly it soon falls , depending upon benign causes , and a spiritucus matter , that layes not so great an oppression ; but inebriates the spirits , that they act very disorderly and unwontedly ; or by the soporiferous vertue , stupefies them for a time , untill they recover their agility again . but all this while , i do not see , that to be drunk once a moneth , should prove good physick : all i think that can be said in this behalf , is ; that by overcharging the stomach , vomiting is procured ; and so carries off something that was lodged there , which might breed diseases . this is a bad excuse for good fellows , and a poor plea for drunkenness : for the gaining of one supposed benefit ( which might be obtained otherwise ) you introduce twenty inconveniences by it . i do not like the preventing of one disease that may be , by procuring of one at the present certainly , and many hereafter most probably : and if the disease feared , or may be , could be prevented no otherwise , but by this drunken means ; then that might tollerate and allow it : but there are other wayes better and safer to cleanse the body either upwards or downwards , then by overcharging with strong drink , and making the man to unman himself ; the evil consequents of which are many , the benefit hoped for , but pretended ; or if any , but very small and inconsiderable . and although , as i said before , the drunken fit is not mortal , and the danger perhaps not great for the present ; yet those drunken bouts being repeated ; the relicts do accumulate , debilitate nature , and lay the foundation of many chronick diseases . nor can it be expected otherwise ; but you may justly conclude from the manifest irregular actions which appear to us externally , that the functions within also , and their motions are strangely disordered : for , the outward madness and unwonted actions , proceed from the internal impulses , and disordered motions of the faculties : which general disturbance and discomposure ( being frequent ) must needs subvert the oeconomy and government of humance nature ; and consequently ruine the fabrick of mans body . the ill effects , and more eminent products of ebriety , are ; first , a changing of the natural tone of the stomach , and alienating the digestive faculty ; that instead of a good transmutation of food , a degenerate chyle is produced . common experience tells , that after a drunken debauch , the stomach loseth its appetite , and acuteness of digestion ; as belching , thirst , disrelish , nauseating , do certainly testifie : yet to support nature , and continue the custom of eating , some-food is received ; but we cannot expect from such a stomach that a good digestion should follow : and it is some dayes before the stomach recover its eucrasy , and perform its office well : and if these miscarriages happen but seldom , the injury is the less , and sooner recompenced ; but by the frequent repetition of these ruinous practices , the stomach is overthrown and alienated from its integrity . secondly , an unwholsome corpulency and cachectick plenitude of body does follow : or a degenerate macilency , and a decayed consumptive constitution . great drinkers that continue it long , few of them escape , but fall into one of these conditions and habit of body : for , if the stomach discharge not its office aright ; the subsequent digestions will also be defective . so great a consent and dependance is there upon the stomach ; that other parts cannot perform their duty , if this leading principal part be perverted and debauched : nor can it be expected otherwise ; for , from this laboratory and prime office of digestion , all the parts must receive their supply ; which being not suteable , but depraved , are drawn into debauchery also , and a degenerate state ; and the whole body fed with a vitious alimentary succus . now that different products or habits of body should arise from the same kind of debauchery , happens upon this score . as there are different properties and conditions of bodies ; so the result from the same procuring causes shall be much different and various : one puffs up , fills , and grows hydropical ; another pines away , and falls consumptive , from excess in drinking ; and this proceeds from the different disposition of parts : for , in some persons , although the stomach be vitiated , yet the strength of the subsequent digestions is so great , from the integrity and vigor of those parts destinated to such offices ; that they act strenuously , though their object matter be transmitted to them imperfect and degenerate ; and therefore do keep the body plump and full , although the juyces be foul , and of a depraved nature . others è contra , whose parts are not so firm and vigorous ; that will not act upon any score , but with their proper object ; does not endeavour a transmutation of such aliene matter , but receiving it with a nice reluctance , transmits it to be evacuated and sent forth by the next convenient ducture , or emunctory : and from hence the body is frustrated of nutrition , and falls away : so that the pouring in of much liquor ( although it be good in sua natura ) does not beget much aliment , but washeth through the body , and is not assimilated . but here some may object and think ; that washing of the body through with good liquor , should cleanse the body , and make it fit for nourishment , and be like good physick for a foul body . but the effect proves the contrary ; and it is but reason it should be so : for , suppose the liquor ( whether wine , or other ) be pure and good ; yet when the spirit is drawn off from it , the remainder is but dead , flat , thick , and a muddy flegm . as we find in the destillation of wine , or other liquors ; so it is in mans body : the spirit is drawn off first , and all the parts of mans body are ready receivers , and do imbibe that limpid congenerous enlivener , freely and readily : but the remainder , of greatest proportion ; that heavy , dull , phlegmy part , and of a narcotick quality ; lies long fluctuating upon the digestions , and passeth but slowly ; turns sowr , and vitiates the crases of the parts : so that this great inundation , and supposed washing of the body , does but drown the faculties , stupefie or choak the spirits , and defile all the parts ; not purifie and cleanse . and although the more subtile and thinner portion , passeth away in some persons pretty freely by vrine ; yet the grosser and worse part stayes behind , and clogs in the percolation . a third injury , and common , manifest prejudice from intemperate drinking , is ; an imbecillity of the nerves ; which is procured from the disorderly motions of the animal spirits ; being impulsed and agitated preternaturally by the inebriating spirits of strong liquors : which vibration being frequent , begets a habit , and causeth a trepidation of members . transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life . that it may not be said to be onely one doctors opinion , here is added another collection against tobacco-smoking , written by the learned doctor george thompson , in his book of preservation of the bloud . a bove all , i much condemn the common abuse of tobacco ; out of which , no other symptomes , than a scorbutical venome is accidentally sucked . agreeable to which judgment of mine , is that of the legitimate artist doctor maynwaring , who marks where tobacco is much taken , the scurvy doth most abound : i wish those who are too forward to condemn chymical preparations , ordered by true philosophers , would reflect upon themselves and others , as yet ignorant of pyrotomy , how that they are too forward in rushing into this science ; indirectly making use of a retort with a receiver , i mean a pipe , and the mouth for the reduction of this plant into salt and sulphur , proving not a little injurious to them . if they were conscious how subtil an enemy it is , how hardly to be dealt withall , in a moderate sense ; how insinuating , tempting , deluding ; how disagreeing to nature , as is manifest at first taking it , pretending an evacuation onely of a superfluous moisture , when it also generates the same ; how it wrongs the ventricle ; by reason of a continuity of its membrane , with that of the mouth ; how it taints the nutricious juyce ; how it dozes the brain , impairing its faculties , especially the memory : they would quickly commit this herb to the hand of those that know what belongs to the right management and improvement thereof . i confess it hath a dowry bestowed upon it , which may make it very acceptable to all ingenious artists , for inward and outward uses ; yet as the matter is handled indiscreetly , i know nothing introduced into this nation hath discovered it self more apparently hurtful , in aggravating and graduating this scorbutical evil among us then tobacco . i am not ignorant what some object , that there are those who taking an extraordinary quantity of tobacco , have lived a to great age , as sixty or seventy years . 2. that multitudes not taking this fume , are yet notwithstanding over run with the scurvy . 3. that some have protested , they have received certain benefit by this plant , when other remedies prescribed by able physitians have been invalid to relieve them . 4. that there are places where man , woman and child , take in this smoke , none of these sad effects appearing . as to the first , i answer , one swallow makes no summer ; i reckon this among raro contingentia : i have known one very intemperate in dier , live to the fore-mentioned age ; but doubtless had he regulated himself according to the rules of mediocrity , he might have doubled that age . innate strength of body doth carry a man sometimes through that , without any great damage , which destroys another . 2. i do not affirm , that this vegetable is the sole co-adjuvant cause of the scurvy , it being certain there are many promoters thereof . besides , yet granted that your great compotators , ventricolae , gormandizers , who have as the grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , lazy panches , little else to do but to take tobacco , to pass away the time ; filling pipe after pipe , as fast as possible they can exhaust it , are commonly incident to this feral malady . hereupon this very same specifick disease may be diffused and communicated to others , by expiration or ffluvium , sent out of a body infected therewith ; so that it seems rare to me , that the wife should be exempted from this cacoettick sickness , if the husband be afflicted therewith ; or the husband be free , if the wife be vexed : doubtless some peoples breath doth exceedingly taint the air , to the great annoyance of others . 3. i condemn not medicinal appropriation and application of this drug , for i knòw it to be of excellent vertue : there is great difference , inter dictum secundum quid & dictum simpliciter , between the censure of any thing as absolutely evil , and the indirect practise of it : moreover , what is one man's meat , may be anothers poyson . 4. the generality of smoking it in some places , without those ill effects we find , doth not at all frustrate my assertion : for i have observed a more moderate course of life in diet , the goodness of the air , with an hereditary custome , hath in great measure ballanced the nocument or inconveniences , which otherwise they would have contracted by excess thereof ; neither are these numerous tobacconists acquitted from this evil , as it appears by those frequent eruptions in the skin , whereby a greater mischief is prevented within , they being only efflorescences of a scorbutical pravity . there are , as i apprehend , two principal reasons to be given , why this weed hath captivated so many thousands in such sort , that they become meer slaves to it . one is , the seeming delight it affords in the present taking thereof , inducing a pleasing bewitching melancholy , exceedingly affecting their fancies , so that they could wish with him in the poet , hic furor , ô superi , sit mihi perpetuus , o that i might alwayes thus melancholize ; not considering though the prologue be chearful , the epilogue is often sad ; though the spirits are as it were titillated , and charmed into a sweet complacency for a short space ; yet afterward a dulness , gloominess , seizes upon them ; indeed , how can it be otherwise , seeing they are but forcibly lulled into this secure placid condition , by that which is as far remote from the vitals , as the beams of the sun are from a black cloud . i find in this smoke , a stinking , retunding , condensing opiatelike sulphur , and an acrid salt , profligating , extimulating , so that by the bridling much of the one , and the excessive spurring of the other ; the spirits , like a free metalsome horse , are quite tired out at last : it is impossible that the frequent insinuations of this subtil fume , making shew of affinity , but quite of another tribe with the animals , should not at length ( let a body be never so strong , and custom how ever prevalent ) either pervert or subvert his well constituted frame . another reason ( observable only by those that are true gnosticks of themselves ) why tobacco is so highly set by , and hath so many followers ; is its meretricious kisses , given to those that embrace it : oftentimes secretly wounding them mortally , yet are they not throughly sensible who gave them the stroke . i have taken notice of very temperate persons in other things , who , for diversion , have indulged their genious , ad hilaritatem , continuing for urbanitysake in company they liked , longer then ordinary , have so closely pursued this pernicious art of sucking in the smoke of this herb , that never any chymist was more solicitous , in greater hast to fetch his matters over the helm by distillation : behold what the event was ! the next morning i have heard complaints come from them , that their brains were something stupid , dozed , their stomach nauseous , being thirsty , also feaverish : all this they attribute to their transgressing limits of sobriety in drinking , or to the sophisticated adulterated liquors , not finding the least fault with the extravagant use of tobacco , which above all did them the most hurt privately : something i can speak experimentally to this purpose , for having been wedded to it many years past , supposing i had got an antidote against hypochondriack melancholy with an apophlegmatism , to discharge crude matter ; i applauded it in all company , without advertency at that time , how false and treacherous it was , which afterward perceiving , i withdrew my self from the use thereof by degrees , at length was altogether divorced from it . praevisa spicula levius feriunt ; could we see the poysoned arrows that are shot from this plant , questionless we would indeavour to avoid them , that they might less intoxicate us . latet anguis in herba ; we are suddenly surprized by this serpentine plant , before we are aware ; thus that which we take for an antidote , becomes meer poyson to us , supplanting and clancularly confounding the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or good government of this republick , consisting in the strength and goodness of a seminal archeus , vigorous ferments , the just constitution and harmony of every part . needs must then indigestions , crudities , degeneration and illegitimation of the nutricious juyce follow , promoting causes and products of the great poyson of the scurvy . my advice therefore to any immoderate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a fumesucker , is , that he would , as he tenders the salvation of body and soul , wean himself by degrees from excess herein ; if so , doubtless he will find if the scurvy infest him much , an abatement of the tedious symptoms therefore . such as are so accustomed to tobacco , that they cannot forbear it , let what can be said against it ; so that neither the good and solid perswasions of a great , wise , and learned king , nor the wholsome and rational arguments of two able and skilful physicians , will be of force to prevail with them : my advice to such is , while they take it , to meditate on this poem following , by which they may be able to make this double spiritual use of it , viz. i. to see the vanity of the world. ii. the mortality of mankind . which , i think , is the best use can be made of it and the pipe , &c. the indian weed withered quite , green at noon , cut down at night ; shews thy decay , all flesh is hay : thus think , then drink tobacco . the pipe that is so lilly-white , shews thee to be a mortal wight , and even such gone with a touch : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the smoke ascends on high , think thou behold'st the vanity of worldly stuff , gone with a puff : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the pipe grows foul within , think on thy souldefil'd with sin , and then the fire it doth require : thus think , then drink tobacco . the ashes that are left behind may serve to put thee still in mind , that unto dust return thou must : thus think , then drink tobacco . answered by george withers thus , thus think , drink no tobacco . woe to drunkards : a sermon preached many years since by mr. samuel ward , preacher of ipswich . prov . 23. verse 29 , 32. to whom is woe ? to whom is sorrow ? to whom is strife ? &c. in the end it will bite like a serpent , and sting like a cockatrice . seer , art thou also blind ? watchman , art thou also drunk , or asleep ? or hath a spirit of slumber put out thine eyes ? up to thy watch-tower , what descriest thou ? ah lord ! what end or number is there of the vanities which mine eyes are weary of beholding ? but what seest thou ? i see men walking like the tops of trees shaken with the wind , like masts of ships reeling on the tempestuous seas . drunkenness , i mean , that hateful night-bird ; which was wont to wait for the twilight , to seek nooks and corners , to avoid the howting and wonderment of boys and girls ; now as if it were some eaglet to dare the sun-light , to fly abroad at high noon in every street , in open markets and fairs , without fear or shame , without controul or punishment , to the disgrace of the nation , the out-facing of magistracy and ministry , the utter undoing ( without timely prevention ) of health and wealth , piety and vertue , town and countrey , church and common-wealth . and doest thou like a dumb dog hold thy peace at these things , dost thou with solomon's sluggard fold thine hands in thy bosome , and give thy self to ease and drowsmess , while the envious man causeth the noisomest and baseth of weeds to over-run the choisest eden of god ? up and arise , lift up thy voice , spare not , and cry aloud ? what shall i cry ? cry , woe and woe again unto the crown of pride , the drunkards of ephraim . take up a parable , and tell them how it stingeth like the cockatrice ; declare unto them the deadly poyson of this odious sin . shew them also the soveragin antidote and cure of it , in the cup that was drunk off by him , that was able to overcome it : cause them to behold the brasen serpent , and be healed . and what though some of these deaf adders will not be charmed nor cured , yea though few or none of this swinish herd of habitual drunkards , accustomed to wallow in their mire ; yea , deeply and irrecoverably plunged by legions of devils into the dead sea of their filthiness ; what if not one of them will be washed , and made clean , but turn again to their vomit , and trample the pearls of all admonition under feet ; yea , turn again , and rend their reprovers with scoffs and scorns , making jests and songs on their alebench : yet may some young ones be deterred , and some novices reclaimed , some parents and magistrates awakened to prevent and suppress the spreading of this gangrene : and god have his work in such as belong to his grace . and what is impossible to the work of his grace ? go to then now ye drunkards , listen not what i , or any ordinary hedge-priest ( as you style us ) but that most wise and experienced royal preacher hath to say unto you . and because you are a dull and thick eared generation , he first deals with you by way of question , a figure of force and impression . to whom is woe ? &c. you use to say , woe be to hypocrites . it 's true , woe be to such and all other witting and willing sinners ; but there are no kind-of offenders on whom woe doth so palpably inevitably attend as to you drunkards . you promise your selves mirth , pleasure , and jollity in your cups ; but for one drop of your mad mirth , be sure of gallons , and tuns of woe , gall , wormwood , and bitterness here and hereafter . other sinners shall taste of the cup , but you shall drink off the dregs of god's wrath and displeasure . to whom is strife : you talk of good fellowship and friendship , but wine is a rager and tumultuous make-bate , and sets you a quarreling , and medling . when wit 's out of the head and strength out of the body , it thrusts even cowards and dastards , unfenced and unarmed , into needless frayes and combats . and then to whom are wounds , broken heads , blue eyes , maimed limbs ? you have a drunken by-word , drunkards take no harm ; but how many are the mishaps and untimely misfortunes that betide such , which though they feel not in drink , they carry as marks and brands to their grave . you pretend you drink healths , and for health ; but to whom are all kind of diseases , infirmities , deformities , pearled faces , palsies , dropfies , head-aches ? if not to drunkards . upon these premises , he forcibly infers his sober and serious advise . look upon these woful effects and evils of drunkenness , and look not upon the wine ; look upon the blue . wounds , upon the red eyes it causeth , and look not on the red colour when it sparkleth in the cup. if there were no worse then these , yet would no wise man be overtaken with wine : as if he should say , what see you in the cup or drink , that countervaileth these dreggs that lie in the bottom . behold , this is the sugar , you are to look for , and the tang it leaves behind . woe and alas , sorrow and strife , shame , poverty and diseases ; these are enough to make it odious , but that which followeth withall , will make it hideous and fearful . for solomon duely considering that he speaks to men past shame and grace , senseless of blowes , and therefore much more of reasons and words , insisteth not upon these party woes ; which they , bewitched and besotted with the love of wine , will easily over-see and over-leap : but sets before their eyes the direful end and fruit , the black and poyfonful tail of this sin . in the end it stingeth like the serpent , it biteth like the cockatrice , ( or adder ) faith our new translation . all interpreters agree , that he means some most virulent serpent , whose poyson is present and deadly . all the woes he hath mentioned before , were but as the sting of some emmet , waspe , or nettle , in comparison of this cockatrice which is even unto death ; death speedy , death painful , and woful death , and that as naturally and inevitably , as opium procureth sleep , as hellebore purgeth , or any poyson killeth . three forked is this sting , and three fold is the death it procureth to all that are strung therewith . the first is , the death of grace ; the second is , of the body : the third is , of soul and body eternal . all sin is the poyson wherewithall the old serpent and red dragon envenomes the soul of man , but no sin ( except it be that which is unto death ) so mortal as this , which though not ever unpardonably , yet for the most part is also irrecoverably and inevitably unto death . seest thou one bitten with any other snake , there is hope and help : as the father said of his son , when he had information of his gaming , of his prodigality , yea , of his whoring : but when he heard that he was poysoned with drunkenness , he gave him for dead , his case for desperate and forlorn . age and experience often cures the other ; but this encreaseth with years , and parteth not till death . whoring is a deep ditch , yet some few shall a man see return and lay hold on the wayes of life , one of a thousand , but scarce one drunkard of ten thousand . one ambrose mentions , and one have i known ; and but one of all that ever i knew or heard of . often have i been asked , and often have i enquired , but never could meet with an instance , save one or two at the most . i speak of drunkards , not of one drunken ; of such who rarely and casually have noah-like been surprised , over-taken at unawares : but if once a custome , ever necessity . wine takes away the heart , and spoils the brain , overthrows the faculties and organs of repentance and resolution . and is it not just with god , that he who will put out his natural light , should have his spiritual extinguished ? he that will deprive himself of reason , should lose also the guide and pilot of reason , god's spirit and grace : he that will wittingly and willingly make himself an habitation of unclean spirits , should not dispossess them at his own pleasure ? most aptly therefore is it translated by tremelius hamorrbois , which gesner confounds with the dipsas , or thirsty serpent , whose poyson breedeth such thirst , drought , and inflamation ; like that of ratsbane , that they never leave drinking , till they burst and die withall . would it not grieve and pitty and christian-soul , to see a towardly hopeful young man , well natured , well nurtured , stung with this cockatrice , bewailing his own case , crying out against the baseness of the sin , inveighing against-company , melting under the perswasions of friends ; yea , protesting against all enticements , vow , covenant , and seriously indent with himself and his friends for the relinquishing of it : and yet if he meet with a companion that holds but up his finger , he follows him as a fool to the stocks , and as an oxe to the slaughter-house , having no power to withstand the temptation ; but in he goes with him to the tipling-house , not considering that the chambers are the chambers of death , and the guests , the guests of death ; and there he continues as one bewitched , or conjured in a spell ; out of which he returns not , till he hath emptied his purse of money , his head of reason , and his heart of all his former seeming grace . there his eyes behold the strange woman , his heart speaketh perverse things , becoming heartless , as one ( saith solomon ) in the heart of the sea , resolving to continue , and return to his vomit , whatsoever it cost him , to make it his daily work . i was sick , and knew it not : i was struck , and felt it not ; when i awake , i will seek it still . and why indeed ( without a miracle ) should any expect that one stung with this viper should shake it off , and ever recover of it again . yea , so far are they from recovering themselves , that they infect and become contagious and pestilent to all they come near . the dragon infusing his venome , and assimulating his elses to himself in no sin so much as in this , that it becomes as good as meat and drink to them , to spend their wit and money to compass ale-house after ale-house ; yea , town after town , to transform others with their circean-cups , till they have made them bruits and swine , worse then themselves . the adulterer and usurer desire to enjoy their sin alone ; but the chiefest pastime of a drunkard is to heat and overcome others with wine , that he may discover their nakedness and glory in their foyl and folly . in a word , excess of wine , and the spirit of grace are opposites ; the former expels the latter out of the heart , as smoke doth bees out of the hive : and makes the man a meer slave and prey to satan and his snares ; when , by this poyson , he hath put out his eyes , and spoyled him of his strength , he useth him as the philistins did sampson , leads him in a string whither he pleaseth , like a very drudge , scorn , and make-sport to himself and his imps ; makes him grind in the mill of all kind of sins and vices . and that i take to be the reason why drunkenness is not specially prohibited in any one of the ten commandments , because it is not the single breach of any one , but in effect the violation of all and every one : it is no one sin , but all sins , because it is the in-let and sluce to all other sins . the devil having moistened , and steeped him in his liquor ; shapes him like soft clay , into what mould he pleaseth : having shaken off his rudder and pilot , dashes his soul upon what rocks , sands , and syrts he listeth , and that with as much ease as a man may push down his body with the least thrust of his hand or finger . he that in his right wits , and sober mood , seems religious , modest , chast , courteous , secret ; in his drunken fits , swears , blasphemes , rages , strikes , talks filthily , blabs all secrets , commits folly , knows no difference of persons or sexes , becomes wholly at satans command , as a dead organ , to be enacted at his will and pleasure . oh that god would be pleased to open the eyes of some drunkard , to see what a dunghill and carrion his soul becomes , and how loathsome effects follow upon thy spiritual death , and sting of this cockatrice , which is the fountain of the other two following , temporal and eternal death ! and well may it be , that some such as are altogether fearless and careless of the former death , will yet tremble , and be moved with that which i shall in the second place tell them . among all other sins that are , none brings forth bodily death so frequently as this , none so ordinarily slays in the act of sin as this . and what can be more horrible then to die in the act of a sin , without the act of repentance ? i pronounce no definitive sentence of damnation upon any particular so dying , but what door of hope or comfort is left to their friends behind of their salvation ? the whore-master he hopes to have a space and time to repent in age , though sometimes it pleaseth god that death strikes cozbi and zimri napping , as the devil is said to slay one of the popes in the instant of his adultery , and carry him quick to hell. the swearer and blasphemer hath commonly space , though seldom grace , to repent and amend : and some rare examples stories afford , of some taken with oaths and blasphemies in their mouths . the thief and oppossor may live , and repent , and make restitution , as zacheus : though i have seen one slain right-out with the timber he stole half an hour before ; and heard of one that having stoln a sheep , and laying it down upon a stone to rest him , was grin'd and hang'd with the strugling of it about his neck . but these are extraordinary and rare cases : god sometimes practising marshal-law , and doing present execution , left fools shall say in their hearts , there were no god , or judgment : but conniving and deferring the most , that men might expect a judge coming , and a solemn day of judgment to come . but this sin of drunkenness is so odious to him , that he makes it self justice , judge and executioner , slaying the ungodly with misfortune , bringing them to untimely shameful ends , in brutish and beastial manner , often in their own vomit and ordure ; sending them sottish , sleeping , and senseless to hell , not leaving them either time , or reason , or grace to repent , and cry so much as lord have mercy upon us . were there ( as in some cities of italy ) an office kept , or a record and register by every coroner in shires and counties , of such dismal events which god hath avenged this sin withall , what a volume would it have made within these few years in this our nation ? how terrible a threater of god's judgments against drunkards , such as might make their hearts to bleed and relent , if not their ears to tingle , to hear of a taste of some few such noted and remarkable examples of god's justice , as have come within the compass of mine own notice , and certain knowledge ; i think i should offend to conceal them from the world , whom they may happily keep from being the like to others , themselves . an ale-wife in kesgrave , near to ipswich , who would needs force three serving-men ( that had been drinking in her house , and were taking their leaves ) to stay and drink the three ou ts first , that is , wit out of the head , money out of the purse , ale out of the pot ; as she was coming towards them with the pot in her hand , was suddenly taken speechless and sick , her tongue swoln in her mouth , never recovered speech , the third day after died . this sir anthony felton , the next gentleman and justice , with divers others eve-witnesses of her in sickness related to me ; whereupon i went to the house with two or three witnesses , and inquired the truth of it . two servants of a brewer in ipswich , drinking for a rumpe of a turkie , strugling in their drink for it , fell into a scading caldron backwards : whereof the one died presently , the other lingringly and painfully since my coming to ipswich . anno 1619. a miller in bromeswell , coming home drunk from woodbridge ( as he oft did ) would needs go and swim in the milpond : his wife and servants knowing he could not swim , disswaded him , once by intreaty got him out of the water , but in he would needs go again , and there was drowned : i was at the house to inquire of this , and found it to be true . in barnewell , near to cambridge , one at the sign of the plough , a lusty young man , with two of his neighbours , and one woman in their company , agreed to drink a barrel of strong beer ; they drank up the vessel , three of them dyed within twenty four hours , the fourth hardly escaped after great sickness . this i have under a justice of peace his hand near dwelling , besides the common same . a butcher in hastingfield hearing the minister inveigh against drunkenness , being at his cups in the ale-house , fell a jesting and scoffing at the minister and his sermons : and as he was drinking , the drink , or something in the cup , quackled him , stuck so in his throat , that he could get it neither up nor down , but strangled him presently . at tillingham in dengy hundred in essex , three young men meeting to drink strong waters , fell by degrees to half pints : one fell dead in the room , and the other prevented by company coming in , escaped not without much sickness . at bungey in norfolk , three coming out of an ale-house in a very dark evening , swore , they thought it was not darker in hell it self : one of them fell off the bridge into the water , and was drowned ; the second fell off his horse , the third sleeping on the ground by the rivers-side , was frozen to death : this have i often heard , but have no certain ground for the truth of it it . a bayliff of hadly , upon the lords-day , being drunk at melford , would needs get upon his mare , to ride through the street , affirming ( as the report goes ) that his mare would carry him to the devil ; his mare casts him off , and broke his neck instantly . reported by sundry sufficient witnesses . company drinking in an ale-house at harwith in the night , over against one master russels , and by him out of his window once or twice willed to depart ; at length he came down , and took one of them , and made as if he would carry him to prison , who drawing his knife , fled from him , and was three days after taken out of the sea with the knife in his hand . related to me by master russel himself , mayor of the town . at tenby in pembrokeshire , a drunkard being exceeding drunk , broke himself all to pieces off an high and steep rock , in a most fearful manner ; and yet the occasion and circumstances of his fall were so ridiculous , as i think not fit to relate , lest , in so serious a judgment , i should move laughter to the reader . a glasier in chancery-lane in london , noted formerly for profession , fell to a common course of drinking , whereof being oft by his wife and many christian friends admonished , yet presuming much of god's mercy to himself , continued therein , till , upon a time , having surcharged his stomach with drink , he fell a vomiting , broke a vein , lay two days in extreme pain of body , and distress of mind , till in the end recovering a little comfort , he died : both these examples related to me by a gentleman of worth upon his own knowledge . four sundry instances of drunkards wallowing and tumbling in their drink , slain by carts ; i forbear to mention , because such examples are so common and ordinary . a yeoman's son in northamptonshire , who being drunk at wellingborough on a market-day , would needs ride his horse in a bravery over the plowed-lands , fell from his horse , and brake his neck : reported to me by a kinsman of his own . a knight notoriously given to drunkenness , carrying sometime payls of drink into the open field , to make people drunk withall ; being upon a time drinking with company , a woman comes in , delivering him a ring with this posie , drink and die ; saying to him , this is for you ; which he took and wore , and within a week after came to his end by drinking : reported by sundry , and justified by a minister dwelling within a mile of the place . two examples have i known of children that murthered their own mothers in drink ; and one notorious drunkard that attempted to kill his father ; of which being hindred , he fired his barn , and was afterward executed : one of these formerly in print . at a tavern in breadstreet in london , certain gentlemen drinking healths to their lords , on whom they had dependance ; one desperate wretch steps to the tables end , lays hold on a pottle-pot full of canary-sack , swears a deep oath ; what will none here drink a health to my noble lord and master ? and so setting the pottle-pot to his mouth , drinks it off to the bottom ; was not able to rise up , or to speak when he had done , but fell into a deep snoaring sleep , and being removed , laid aside , and covered by one of the servants of the house , attending the time of the drinking , was within the space of two hours irrecoverably dead : witnessed at the time of the printing hereof by the same servant that stood by him in the act , and helpt to remove him . in dengy hundred , near mauldon , about the beginning of his majesties reign , there fell out an extraordinary judgment upon five or six that plotted a solemn drinking at one of their houses , laid in beer for the once , drunk healths in a strange manner , and died thereof within a few weeks , some sooner , and some later : witnessed to me by one that was with one of them on his death-bed , to demand a debt , and often spoken of by master heydon , late preacher of mauldon , in the hearing of many : the particular circumstances were exceeding remarkable , but having not sufficient proof for the particulars , i will not report them . one of aylesham in norfolk , a notorious drunkard , drowned in a shallow brook of water , with his horse by him . whilest this was at the presse , a man eighty five years old , or thereabout , in suffolk , overtaken with wine , ( though never in all his life before , as he himself said a little before his fall , seeming to bewail his present condition , and others that knew him so say of him ) yet going down a pair of stairs ( against the perswasion of a woman sitting by him in his chamber ) fell , and was so dangerously hurt , as he died soon after , not being able to speak from the time of his fall to his death . the names of the parties thus punished , i forbear for the kindreds sake yet living . if conscionable ministers of all places of the land would give notice of such judgments , as come within the compass of their certain knowledge , it might be a great means to suppress this sin , which reigns every where to the scandal of our nation , and high displeasure of almighty god. these may suffice for a tast of god's judgments : easie were it to abound in sundry particular casualties , and fearful examples of this nature . drunkard , that which hath befaln any one of these , may befal thee , if thou wilt dally with this cockatrice ; what ever leagues thou makest with death , and dispensations thou givest thy self from the like . some of these were young , some were rich , some thought themselves as wise thou ; none of them ever looked for such ignominious ends , more then thou , who ever thou art : if thou hatest such ends , god give thee grace to decline such courses . if thou beeft yet insensate with wine , void of wit and fear , i know not what further to mind thee of , but of that third , and worst sting of all the rest , which will ever be gnawing , and never dying : which if thou wilt not fear here ; sure thou art to feel there , when the red dragon hath gotten thee into his den , and shalt fill thy soul with the gall of scorpions , where thou shalt yell and howl for a drop of water to cool thy tongue withall , and shalt be denied so small a refreshing , and have no other liquor to allay thy thirst , but that which the lake of brimstone shall afford thee . and that worthily , for that thou wouldest incur the wrath of the lamb for so base and sordid a sin as drunkenness , of which thou mayest think as venially and slightly as thou wilt . but paul that knew the danger of it , gives thee fair warning , and bids thee not deceive thy self , expresly and by name mentioning it among the mortal sins , excluding from the kingdom of heaven . and the prophet esay tells thee , that for it hell hath enlarged it self , opened its mouth wide , and without measure ; and therefore shall the multitude and their pomp , and the jollyest among them descend into it . consider this , you that are strong to pour in drink , that love to drink sorrow and care away : and be you well assured , that there you shall drink enough for all , having for every drop of your former bousings , vials , yea , whole seas of god's wrath , never to be exhaust . now then i appeal from your selves in drink , to your selves in your sober fits . reason a little the case , and tell me calmly , would you for your own , or any mans pleasure , to gratifie friend or companion , if you knew there had been a toad in the wine-pot ( as twice i have known happened to the death of drinkers ) or did you think that some caesar borgia , or brasutus had tempered the cup ; or did you see but a spider in the glass , would you , or durst you carouse it off ? and are you so simple to fear the poyson that can kill the body , and not that which killeth the soul and body ever ; yea , for ever and ever , and if it were possible for more then for ever , for evermore ? oh thou vain fellow , what tellest thou me of friendship , or good fellowship , wilt thou account him thy friend , or good fellow , that draws thee into his company , that he may poyson thee ? and never thinks he hath given thee right entertainment , or shewed thee kindness enough , till he hath killed thy soul with his kindness , and with beer made thy body a carkass fit for the biere , a laughing and loathing-stock , not to boys and girls alone , but to men and angels . why rather sayest thou not to such , what have i to do with you , ye sons of belial , ye poysonful generation of vipers , that hunt for the precious life of a man ? oh but there are few good wits , or great spirits now a-days , but will pot it a little for company . what hear i ? oh base and low-spirited times , if that were true ! if we were faln into such lees of time foretold of by seneca , in which all were so drowned in the dregs of vices , that it should be vertue and honour to bear most drink . but thanks be to god , who hath reserved many thousands of men , and without all comparison more witty and valorous then such pot-wits , and spirits of the buttery , who never bared their knees to drink health , nor ever needed to whet their wits with wine ; or arm their courage with pot-harness . and if it were so , yet if no such wits or spirits shall ever enter into heaven without repentance , let my spirit never come and enter into their paradise ; ever abhor to partake of their bruitish pleasures , lest i partake of their endless woes . if young cyrus could refuse to drink wine , and tell aftyages , he thought it to be poyson ; for he saw it metamorphose men into beasts and carcases : what would he have said , if he had known that which we may know , that the wine of drunkards is the wine of sodom and gomorrah ; their grapes , the grapes of gall ; their clusters , the clusters of bitterness , the juyce of dragons , and the venome of asps . in which words , moses is a full commentary upon solomon , largely expressing that he speaks here more briefly , it stings like the serpent , and bites like the cockatrice : to the which i may not unfitly add that of pauls , and think i ought to write of such with more passion and compassion , then he did of the christians in his time , which sure were not such monsters as ours in the shapes of christians , whose god is their belly , ( whom they serve with drink-offerings ) whose glory is their shame , and whose end is damnation . what then , take we pleasure in thundering out hell against drunkards ? is there nothing but death and damnation to drunkards ? nothing else to them , so continuing , so dying . but what is there no help nor hope , no amulet , antidote or triacle , are there no presidents found of recovery ? ambrose , i temember , tells of one , that having been a spectacle of drunkenness , proved after his conversion a pattern of sobriety . and i my self must confess , that one have i known yet living , who having drunk out his bodily eyes , had his spiritual eyes opened , proved diligent in hearing and practising . though the pit be deep , miry and narrow , like that dungeon into which jeremy was put ; yet if it please god to let down the cords of his divine mercy , and cause the party to lay hold thereon , it is possible they may escape the snares of death . there is even for the most debauched drunkard that ever was , a soveraign medicine , a rich triacle , of force enough to cure and recover his disease , to obtain his pardon , and to furnish him with strength to overcome this deadly poyson , fatal to the most : and though we may well say of it , as men out of experience do of quartane agues , that it is the disgrace of all moral physick , of all reproofs , counsels and admonitions ; yet is there a salve for this sore ; there came one from heaven that trode the winepress of his fathers fierceness , drunk of a cup tempered with the bitterness of god's wrath , and the devils malice , that he might heal even such as have drunk deepest of the sweet cup of sin. and let all such know , that in all the former discovery of this poyson , i have only aimed to cause them feel their sting , and that they might with earnest eyes behold the brasen serpent , and seriously repair to him for mercy and grace , who is perfectly able to eject even this kind , which so rarely and hardly is thrown out where once he gets possession . this seed of the woman is able to bruise this serpents head . oh that they would listen to the gracious offers of christ ! if once there be wrought in thy soul a spiritual thirst after mercy , as the thirsty land hath after rain , a longing appetite after the water that comes out of the rock , after the blood that was shed for thee ; then let him that is athirst come , let him drink of the water of life without any money ; of which if thou hast took but one true and thorow draught , thou wilt never long after thy old puddle waters of sin any more . easie will it be for thee after thou hast tasted of the bread and wine in thy father's house , ever to loath the husks and swill thou wert wont to follow after with greediness . the lord christ will bring thee into his mothers house , cause thee to drink of his spiced wine , of the new wine of the pomegranate : yea , he will bring thee into his cellar , spread his banner of love over thee , stay thee with flagons , fill thee with his love , till thou beest sick and overcome with the sweetness of his consolations . in other drink there is excess , but here can be no danger . the devil hath his invitation , come , let us drink ; and christ hath his inebriamini , beye filled with the spirit . here is a fountain set open , and proclamation made . and if it were possible for the bruitishest drunkard in the world to know who it is that offereth , and what kind of water he offereth ; he would ask , and god would give it frankly without money ; he should drink liberally , be satisfied , and out of his belly should sally springs of the water of life , quenching and extinguishing all his inordinate longings ofter stoln water of sin and death . all this while , little hope have i to work upon many drunkards , especially by a sermon read ( of less life and force in god's ordinance , and in its own nature , then preached , ) my first drift is , to stir up the spirits of parents and masters , who in all places complain of this evil , robbing them of good servants , and dutiful children , by all care and industry to prevent it in their domestical education , by carrying a watchful and restraining hand over them . parents , if you love either soul or body , thrift or piety , look to keep them from this infection . lay all the bars of your authority , cautions , threats and charges for the avoyding of this epidemical pestilence . if any of them be bitten of this cockatrice , sleep not , rest not , till you have cured them of it ; if you love their health , husbandry , grace , their present or future lives . dead are they while they live , if they live in this sin. mothers , lay about you as bathsheba , with all entreaties , what my son , my son of my loves and delights , wine is not for you , &c. my next hope is , to arouse and awaken the vigilancy of all faithful pastors and teachers . i speak not to such stars as this dragon hath swept down from heaven with its tayl : for of such the prophets , the fathers of the primitive , yea , all ages complain of . i hate and abhor to mention this abomination : to alter the proverb , as drunk as a beggar , to a gentleman is odious ; but to a man of god , to an angel , how harsh and hellish a sound it is in a christians ears ? i speak therefore to sober watchmen , watch , and be sober , and labour to keep your charges sober and watchful , that they may be so found of him , that comes like a thief in the night . two means have you of great vertue for the quelling of this serpent , zealous preaching and praying against it . it 's an old received antidote , that mans spittle , especially fasting spittle , is mortal to serpents . saint donatus is famous in story for spitting upon a dragon , that kept an high-way , and devoured many passengers . this have i made good observation of , that where god hath raised up zealous preachers , in such towns this serpent hath no nestling , no stabling or denning . if this will not do , augustine enforceth another , which i conceive god's and man's laws allow us upon the reason he gives : if paul ( saith he ) forbid to eat with such our common bread , in our own private houses , how much more the lord's body in church-assemblies : if in our times , this were strictly observed , the serpent would soon languish and vanish . in the time of an epidemical disease , such as the sweating or neezing sickness , a wise physician would leave the study of all other diseases , to find out the cure of the present raging evil. if chrysostome were now alive , the bent of all his homilies , or at least one part of them , should be spent to cry drown drunkenness , as he did swearing in antioch : never desisting to reprove it , till ( if not the fear of god , yet ) his imporunity made them weary of the fin . such anakims and zanzummims , as the spiritual sword will not work upon , i turn them over to the secular arm , with a signification of the dangerous and contagious spreading of this poyson in the veins and bowels of the common-wealth . in the church and christ his name also , intreating them to carry a more vigilant eye over the dens and burrows of this cockatrice , superfluous , blind , and clandestiné ale-houses i mean , the very pest-houses of the nation ? which i could wish had all for their fign , a picture of some hideous serpent , or a pair of them , as the best hieroglyphick of the genius of the place , to warn passengers to shun and avoid the danger of them . who sees and knows not , that some one needless ale-house in a countrey-town , un does all the rest of the houses in it , eating up the thrift and fruit of their labours ; the ill manner of sundry places , being there to meet in some one night of the week , and spend what they they have gathered and spared all the days of the same before , to the prejudice of their poor wives and children at home ; and upon the lords day ( after evening prayers ) there to quench and drown all the good lessons they have heard that day at church . if this go on , what shall become of us in time ? if woe be to single drunkards , is not a national woe to be feared and expected of a nation over-run with drunkenness ? had we no other sin reigning but this ( which cannot reign alone ) will not god justly spue us out of his mouth for this alone ? we read of whole countreys wasted , dispeopled by serpents . pliny tells us of the amyclae , lycophron of salamis ; herodotus of the neuri , utterly depopulate and made unhabitable by them . verily , if these cockatrices multiply and get head amongst us a while longer , as they have of late begun , where snall the people have sober servants to till their lands , or children to hold and enjoy them . they speak of drayning fens ; but if this evil be not stopped , we shall all shortly be drowned with it . i wish the magistracy , gentry , and yeomanry , would take it to serious consideration , how to deal with this serpent , before he grow too strong and fierce for them . it is past the egge already , and much at that pass , of which augustine complains of in his time , that he scarce knew what remedy to advise , but thought it required the meeting of a general council . the best course i think of , is , if the great persons would first begin through reformation in their own families , banish the spirits of their butteries , abandon that foolish and vitious custom , as ambrose and basil calls it , of drinking healths , and making that a sacrifice to god for the health of others , which is rather a sacrifice to the devil , and a bane of their own . i remember well sigismund the emperor's grave answer , wherein there concurred excellent wisdom and wit ( seldom meeting in one saying ) which he gave before the council of constance , to such as proposed a reformation of the church to begin with the franciseans and minorites . you will never do any good ( saith he ) unless you begin with the majorites first . sure , till it be out of fashion and grace in gentlemens tables , butteries and cellars , hardly shall you perswade the countrey-man to lay it down , who , as in fashions , so in vices , will ever be the ape of the gentry . if this help not , i shall then conclude it to be such an evil as is only by soveraign power , and the king's hand curable . and verily next under the word of god , which is omnipotent , how potent and wonder-working is the word of a king ? when both meet as the sun , and some good star in a benigne conjunction ; what enemy shall stand before the sword of god and gideon ? what vice so predominant which these subdue not ? if the lion roar , what beast of the forest shall not tremble and hide their head ? have we not a noble experiment hereof yet fresh in our memory , and worthy never to die , in the timely and speedy suppression of that impudent abomination of womens mannish habit , threatning the confusion of sexes , and ruine of modesty ? the same royal hand , and care the church and common-wealth implores for the vanquishing of this poyson , no less pernicious , more spreading and prevailing . take us these little foxes was wont to be the suit of the church , for they gnabble our grapes , and hurt our tender branches : but now it is become more serious . take us these serpents , lest they destroy our vines , vine-dressers , vineyards and all : this hath ever been royal game . how famous in the story of diodorus siculus , is the royal munificence of ptolomy king of egypt for provision of nets , and maintenance of huntsmen , for the taking and destroying of serpents , noxious and noisome to his countrey . the like of philip in aristotle , and of attilius regulus in aulus gellius . the embleme mentioned at large by plutarch , engraven on hercules shield ; what is it but a symbol of the divine honor due to princes following their herculean labours , in subduing the like hidraes , too mighty for any inferior person to take in hand ? it is their honor to tread upon basilisks , and trample dragons under their feet , solomon thinks it not unworthy his pen to discourse their danger . a royal and eloquent oration is happily and worthily preserved in the large volume of ancient writings , with this title , oratio magnifici & pacifici edgari regis habita ad dunstanum archiep. episcopos , &c. the main scope whereof is , to excite the clergies care and devotion for the suppressing of this vice , for the common good . undertakers of difficult plots promise themselves speed and effect , if once they interest the king , and make him party . and what more generally beneficial can be devised or proposed then this , with more honour and less charge to be effected , if it shall please his majesty but to make trial of the strength of his temporal and spiritual arms ? for the effecting of it , if this help not , what have we else remaining , but wishes and prayers to cast out this kind withall . god help us . to him i commend the success of these labors , and the vanquishing of this cockatrice . tobacco battered , and the pipes shattered ( about their ears , that id'ly idolize so base and barbarous a weed : or , at least-wise over-love so loathsome vanity . ) collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester , gent. what-ever god created , first was good , and good for man , while man uprightly stood : but , falling angels causing man to fall , his foul contagion con-corrupted all his fellow-creatures for his sin accurst , and for his sake transformed from the first ; till god and man , man's leprie to re-cure , by death kill'd death , re-making all things pure . but to the pure , not to the still prophane , who spider-like turns blessing into bane ; usurping ( right-less , thank-less , need-less ) here , in wanton , wilful , wastful , lustful chear , earths plenteous crop , which god hath onely given unto his own ( heirs both of earth and heaven ) who only ( rightly ) may with praise and prayer , enjoy th' increase of earth , of sea , of air , fowl , fish and flesh , gems , mettals , cattel , plants , and namely ( that which now no angle wants ) indian tobacco , when due cause requires , not the dry dropsie of phantastick squires . none therefore deem that i am now to learn , ( however dim i many things discern ) reason and season to distinguish fit , th' use of a thing , from the abuse of it ; drinking , from drunking , saccharum cum sacco , and taking of , from taking all tobacco . yet out of high disdain and indignation of that stern tyrant's strangest usurpation , once demi-captive to his puffing pride , ( as millions are too-wilful foolifi'd ) needs must i band against the needless use of don tobacco , and his foul abuse ; which ( though in inde it be an herb indeed ) in europe is no better then a weed , which to their idols pagans sacrifice , and christians ( here ) do well-nigh idolize : which taking , heathens to the devils bow their bodies , christians even their souls do vow ; yet th' heathen have , with th' ill , some good withall , sith their con-native , 't is non-natural : but see the nature of abounding sin , which more abounding , punishment doth win ; for knowing servants wilful arrogance , then silly strangers savage ignorance , for what to them is meat , and med'cinable , is turn'd tous a plague intolerable . two smoky engins , in this latter age , ( satan's short circuit ; the more sharp his rage ) have been invented by too-wanton wit , or rather vented from th' infernal pit ; guns and tobacco-pipes , with fire and smoke , ( at least ) a third part of mankind to choke , ( which , happily , th' apocalyps fold-told ) yet of the two , we may ( think i ) be bold in some respect , to think the last the worst , ( however , both in their effects accurst , ) for guns shoot from-ward , only at their foen , tobacco-pipes home-ward , into their own , ( when for the touch-hole firing the wrong end into our selves the poysons force we send ; ) those in the field , in brave and hostile manner , these , cowardly , under a covert banner ; those with defiance , in a threatful terror , these with affiance , in a wilful error , those , ( though loud-roaring , goaring-deep ) quick-ridding ; these , stilly stealing , longer languors breeding , those , full of pain ( perhaps ) and fell despight , these with false pleasure , and a seem-delight , ( as cats with mice , spiders with flyes ) full rife , pipe-playing , dallying and deluding life . who would not wonder in these sunny-days , ( so bright illightned with the gofpel's rays ) whence so much smoke and deadly vapors come , to dim and dam so much of christendom ; but we must ponder too , these days are those , wherein the devil was to be let lose , and yawning broad-gate of that black abyss to be set ope , whose bottom boundless is , that satan , destin'd evermore to dwell in smoky fornace of that darksom cell , in smoke and darkness might inure and train his own deer minions , while they here remain ; as roguing gipsies tan their little elves , to make them tan'd and ugly like themselves . then in despight , who ever dare say nay , tobacconists keep on your course ; you may , if you continue in your smoky ure , the better far hells sulphury smoke endure ; and herein ( as in all your other evil ) grow nearer still , and liker to the devil , save that the devil ( if he could revoke ) would fly from filthy , and unhealthy smoke ; wherein ( cast out of heav'n for hellish-pride ) unwilling he , and forced , doth abide ; which herein worse than he ( the worst of ill ) you long for , lust for , lye for , die for , still ; for as the salamander lives in fire , you live in smoke , and without smoke expire . should it be question'd ( as right well it may ) whether discovery of america , that new-found world , have yielded to our old more hurt or good , till fuller answer should decide the doubt , and quite determine it , thus for the present might we answer fit ; that , thereby we have ( rightly understood ) both given and taken greater hurt then good : and that on both sides , both for christians , it had been better , and for indians , that only good men to their coast had come , or that the evil had still staid at home ; for , what our people have brought thence to us , is like the head-piece of a polypus , wherein is ( quoted by sage plutarch's quill ) a pest'lence great good , and great pest'lence ill . we had from them , first to augment our stocks , two grand diseases , scurvy and the pocks ; then two great cordials ( for a counterpoize ) gold and tobacco ; both which , many wayes , have done more mischief , then the former twain ; and all together-brought more loss then gain . but true it is , we had this trash of theirs , only in barter for our broken wares ; ours for the most part carried out but sin , and , for the most part , brought but vengeance in ; their fraight was sloth , lust , avarice and drink , ( a burden able with the weight to sink the hugest carrak ; yea , those hallowed twelve spain's great apostles-even to over-whelve ) they carried sloth , and brought home scurvy skin ; they carried lust , and brought home pox within : they carried avarice , and gold they got ; they carried bacchus , and tobacco brought : alas poor indians ! that , but english none , could put them down in their own trade alone ! that none but english ( more alas ! more strange ! ) could justifie their pittiful exchange . of all the plants that tellus bosom yields , in groves , glades , gardens , marshes , mountains , fields : none so pernicious to mans life is known , as is tobacco , saving hemp alone , betwixt which two there seems great sympathy , to ruinate poor adam's progeny ; for in them both a strangling vertue note , and both of them do work upon the throat ; the one , within it ; and without the other ; and th' one prepareth work unto the tother : for there do meet ( i mean at gaile and gallows ) more of these beastly , base tobacco-fellows , then else to any prophane haunt do use , ( excepting still the play-house and the stews ) sith 't is their common lot ( so double-choaked ) just bacon-like to be hang'd up and smoked ; a destiny as proper to befall to moral swine , as to swine natural . if there be any herb in any place , most opposite to god's good herb of grace , 't is doubtless this ; and this doth plainly prove it , that , for the most , most graceless men do love it ; or rather doat most on this wither'd weed , themselves as wither'd , in all gracious deed : 't is strange to see , ( and unto me a wonder ) when the prodigious strànge abuse we ponder of this unruly , rusty vegetal , from modern symmists jesu critical , ( carping at us , and casting in our dish not crimes , but crums , as eating flesh for fish ; ) w' hear in this case , no conscience-cases holier , but , like to like , the devil with the collier . for a tobacconist ( i dare aver ) is first of all a rank idolater as any of the ignatian hierachy ; next as conformed to their foppery of burning day-light , and good night at noon , setting up candles to enlight the sun ; and last the kingdom of new babylon , stands in a dark and smoky region , so full of such variety of smokes , that there-with-all , all piety it choaks . for there is first of all the smoke of ignorance , the smoke of error , smoke of arrogance , the smoke of merit super-er'gatory , the smoke of pardons , smoke of purgatory , the smoke of censing , smoke of thurifying of images , of satans fury flying , the smoke of stews ( from smoking thence they come , as horrid hot , as torrid sodom some ) then smoke of powder-treason , pistol knives , to blow up kingdoms , and blow out kings lives : and lastly too , tobacco's smoky mists , which ( coming from iberian baalists ) no small addition of adustion fit , bring to the smoke of the unbottom'd pit yerst opened , first ( as openeth st. john ) by their abaddon and apollyon . but sith they are contented to admire what they dislike not , if they not desire ; ( for , with good reason , may we ghess that they who swallow camels , swallow gnatlings may ; ) 't is ground enough for us in this dispute , their vanities thus obvious to refute ( their vanities , mysterious mists of rome , which have so long besmoked christendom . ) and for the rest , it shall suffice to say , tobacconing is but a smoky play ; strong arguments against so weak a thing , were needless , or unsuitable , to bring ; in this behalf there needs no more be done , sith of it self the same will vanish soon ; t' evaporate this smoke , it is enough , but with a breath the same aside to puffe . now , my first puff , shall but repel th' ill savour of place and persons ( of debaucht behaviour ) where 't is most frequent ; second , shew i will , how little good it doth ; third , how great ill : 't is vented most in taverns , tipling-cotts , to ruffians , roarers , tipsy-tosty-pots , whose custom is , between the pipe and pot , ( th' one cold and moist , th' other dry and hot ; ) to skirmish so ( like sword-and-dagger-fight , ) that 't is not easie to determine right , which of their weapons hath the conquest got over their wits , the pipe or else the pot ; yet 't is apparent , and by proof express , both stab and wound the brain with drunkenness ; for even the derivation of the name , seems to allude , and to include the same : tobacco , as τω βακχω , one would say , to bacchus ( cup-god ) dedicated ay . and for conclusion of this point , observe the places which to these abuses serve ; how-ever of themselves noysome enough , are much more loathsome with the stench and stuff , extracted from their limbeckt lips and nose , so that the houses , common haunts of those , are liker hell than heav'n , for hell hath smoke , impenitent tobacconists to choak ; though never dead , there shall they have their fill ; in heav'n is none , but light and glory still . next , multitudes them daily , hourly , drawn in this black sea of smoke , tost up and down in this vast ocean , of such latitude , that europe only cannot it include ; but out it rushes , over-runs the whole , and reaches well-nigh round , from pole to pole among the moors , turks , tartars , persians , and other ethnicks full of ignorance of god and good ; and , if we shall look home , to view ( and rew ) the state of christendom ; upon this point , we may this riddle bring ; the subject hath more subjects then the king : for don tocacco hath an ampler reign , than don philippo , the great king of spain , ( in whose dominions , for the most it grows , ) nay , shall i say ( o horror to suppose ! ) heathenish tobacco ( almost every where ) in christendom ( christ's outward kingdom here ) hath more disciples than christ hath , i fear , more suits , more service ( bodies , souls , and good ) than christ that bought us with his pretious bloud : o great tobacco , greater then great can , great turk , great tartar , or great tamerlan ! with vulturs wings thou hast ( and swifter yet then an hungarian ague , english sweat ) through all degrees flown , far , nigh , up and down , from court to cart , from count to country-clown ; not scorning scullions , coblers , colliers , jakes-farmers , fidlers , ostlers , oysterers , rogues , gipsies , players , pandars , punks , and all , what common scums in common-sewers fall ; for all as vassals at thy beck are bent , and breath by thee , as their new element : which well may prove thy monarchy the greater , yet prove not thee to be a whit the better ; but rather worse , for hells wide-open road is easiest found , and by the most still trod , which , even the heathen had the light to know , by arguments , as many times they show . here may we also gather ( for a need ) whether tobacco be a herb or weed ; and whether the excessive use be fit , or good or bad , by those that favour it ; weeds , wild and wicked , mostly entertain it ; herbs , wholsome herbs , and holy minds disdain it . if then tobacconing be good , how is 't , that lewdest , loosest , basest , foolishest ; the most unthrifty , most intemperate , most vitious , most debaucht , most desperate , pursue it most : the wisest , and the best , abhor it , shun it , flee it as the pest , or piercing poyson of a dracons whisk , or deadly eye-shot of a basilisk if wisdom baulk it , must it not be folly ? if vertue hate it , is it not unholy ? if men of worth , and minds right generous , discard it , scorn it , is 't not scandalous ? and ( to conclude ) is it not , to the devil , most pleasing , pleasing so ( most ) the most evil ? my second puff , is proof , how little good this smoke hath done ( that ever hear i cou'd : ) for first , there 's none that takes tobacco most , most usually , most earnestly , can boast , that the excessive and continual use of this dry-suck-at ever did produce him any good , civil or natural , or moral good , or artificial ; unless perhaps , they will alledge , it draws away the ill , which still it self doth cause ; which course ( me-thinks ) i cannot liken better , then to a userers kindness to his debter ; who under shew of lending , still subtracts the debters own , and then his own exacts , till , at the last , he utterly confound him , or leave him worse , and weaker then he found him . next , if the custom of tobacconing yield th' users any good in any thing , either they have it , or they hope it prest , ( by proof and practice , taking still the best : ) for , none but fools will them to ought beslave , whence benefit they neither hope nor have . therefore yet farther ( as a questionist ) i must enquire of my tobacconist , why if a christian ( as some sometimes seem ) believing god , waiting all good from him ; and unto him all good again referring , why ( to eschew th' ungodly's graceless erring ) why pray they not not ? why praise they not his name for hoped good , and good had by this same ? as all men do , or ought to do for all , the gifts and goods that from his goodness fall ; is 't not , because they neither hope nor have , good ( hence ) to thank god for , nor farther crave : but as they had it from the heathen first , so heathenishly they use it still accurst ; and ( as some jest of jisters ) this is more , ungodly meat , both after and before . lastly , if all delights of all mankind be vanity , vexation of the mind , all under sun , must not tobacco bee , of vanities , the vainest vanity ? if solomon , the wisest earthly prince that ever was before , or hath been since ; knowing all plants , and then perusing all , from cedar to the hysop on the — wall ; in none of all professeth , that — he sound a firm content , or consolation found : can we suppose , that any shallowing , can find much good in oft tobacconing ? my third and last puff points at the great evil , this noysome vapor works ( through wily devil ) if we may judge ; if knowledge may be had , by their effects , how things be good or bad : doubtless , th' effects of this pernitious weed be many bad , scarce any good indeed ; nor doth a man scarce any good contain , but of this evil justly may complain ; as thereby made in every part the worse , in body , soul , in credit , and in purse . a broad-side against coffee : or , the marriage of the turk . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; at first between them happen'd a demur , yet joyn'd they were , but not without great stir ; for both so cold were , and so faintly meet , the turkish hymen in his turbant swet . coffee was cold as earth , water as thames , and stood in need of recommending flames ; for each of them steers a contrary course , and of themselves they sue out a divorce . coffee so brown as berry does appear , too swarthy for a nymph so fair , so clear : and yet his sails he did for england hoist , though cold and dry , to court the cold and moist ; if there be ought we can , as love admit ; 't is a hot love , and lasteth but a fit . for this indeed the cause is of their stay , new castle's bowels warmer are than they . the melting nymph distills her self to do 't , whilst the slave coffee must be beaten to 't : incorporate him close as close may be , pause but a while , and he is none of he ; which for a truth , and not a story tells , no faith is to be kept with infidels . sure he suspects , and shuns her as a whore , and loves , and kills , like the venetian moor ; bold asian brat ! with speed our consines flee ; water , though common , is too good for thee . sure coffee's vext he has the breeches lost , for she 's above , and he lies undermost ; what shall i add but this ? ( and sure 't is right ) the groom is heavy , ' cause the bride is light . this canting coffe has his crew inricht , and both the water and the men bewitcht . a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drive on the trade ; me no good engalash ! and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick . coffee a crust is charkt into a coal , the smell and taste of the mock china bowl ; where huff and puff , they labor out their lungs , lest dives-like they should bewail their tongues . and yet they tell ye that it will not burn , though on the jury blisters you return : whose furious heat does make the water rise , and still through the alembicks of your eyes , dread and desire , ye fall to 't snap by snap , as hungry dogs do scalding porrige lap . but to cure drunkards it has got great fame ; posset or porrige , will 't not do the same ? confusion huddles all into one scene , like noah's ark , the clean and the unclean . but now , alas ! the drench has credit got , and he 's no gentleman that drinks it not ; that such a dwarf should rise to such a stature ! but custom is but a remove from nature . a little dish , and a large coffee-house , what is it , but a mountain and a mouse ? mens humana novitatis avidissima . i have heard it is good for one thing ( and that falls out too often ) when men are so drunk with wine , beer or ale , or brandy , that they are unfit to manage their imployment ; then a dish of hot coffee is a present remedy to settle their heads . no doubt , but a dish of broth , or beer , will work the same cure , if it be drank as hot . this short collection should more properly have taken place next to what was collected out of the other doctors , but it came not to my sight , till it was too late : and because it agrees with what is mentioned in the first epistle , that it is a strange way of taking tobacco , as physick , just before , and presently after meals ; i thought fit to put it in here . and if any are so wise as to be convinced by what hath been written , that immoderate smoking of tobacco is hurtful for them , they were best to leave it gradnally ; for that is most safe , for such as have been accustomed long to it ; or else it is good to chew the leafe in the mouth ; or as some do , smoke a pipe with other ingredients , as rosemary , bitony , or mints : this collection was taken out of that book of dr. everard's , entituled , the vertue of tobacco . young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke , for the custome and too much use of it , brings their brains out of order , and makes them to be over-hot , so that they lose their good temper , and are beyond the bounds of their health , and that sacred anchor is lost irrecoverably . for the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture , to strengthen them , and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection . especially for those that are cholerick , whose brains cannot endure excess of heat , for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat . see gallen his comment , in lib. de vict . salub . also this smoke doth vehemently move the stomach to nauseat , and to vomit , ( as daily experience teacheth us ) namely , by cleaving to the inward parts , and so offending the peculiar juyces contain'd in the stomach , and the mesentary ; it destroys their ordinary operations . for in thrusting forth the matter from the stomach it cannot be , but also something must be cast out , wherein the force of nature resides ; and also , because when nature is doing her office , she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body , as to the circumference , but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces & spirits to the center . wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions , for she can endure nothing less then two contrary motions at the same time . wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomachs of very many men , especially if they use to take it presently after supper or dinner . and in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men , according to hippocrates his rule . 2. aphoris . 37. it is troublesome to purge those that are in good health . for frequent use of purging medicaments will soon make a man old ; for the sorces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts , by an hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce . by these things mentioned , it is easie to collect , that the smoke of tobacco shortneth mens days . for being that our native heat is like to a flame , which continually feeds upon natural moisture , as a lamp lighted , drinks up the oyl by its heat ; it follows necessarily , that for want of food , life must needs fly away quickly , when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed : for with that moisture , the imbred heat fails also , and death succeeds . you understand therefore ( that are tobacconists ) that the sooty fumes of tobacco , wherein you are wallowing ( as it were ) in the deepest mire , are of great force to shorten your days . galen speaking of opening medicaments , asserts , that by the frequent use of them , the solid parts of the body are dried , and that the blood grows gross and clotted , which being burned in the reins , breed the stone . the same thing may be truly maintained concerning tobacco , which many use too frequently , and more then any do use those kind of opening medicaments ; for this is more hot and dry then they are , and therefore is more forcible to hurt sound and well-tempered bodies . take warning therefore you that love tobacco , that you do not exceed in using too much of it , and enslave your selves to this fuliginous smoke , by hunting after it , and making a god of it . the goods of the body , are beauty , strength , and sound health . the most grave author plutarch , commending the last as the best of all , affirmed most gravely and learnedly , that health is the most divine , and the most excellent property of the body , and a most precious thing . there is nothing in this world better ; nothing more to be desired , and nothing can be found to be more pleasant . without this ( as hippocrates faith ) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things . this is it , which in this life fills all perfection : without this no man could ever be said to be happy : this far exceeds the greatest honours , treasures , and riches . tobacconist's arms in a turkish coffee house a postscript by way of apology . honest reader , this intended porch being so impolished , and so rude a draught , i have judged it more fit to make a back-door , then a fore : neither durst i presume to set it in the forefront , for i count it but as an over-plus sheet ; however it may serve for wast paper to wrap up the learned collections , or else to light a pipe of tobacco , and will make as good smoke : it lies at thy mercy , to use or to abuse as thou pleasest . for my part , i pretend to no great learning , yet am a lover of it , and a well-wisher to it : neither am i worthy to carry the books after these learned authors , out of whose works i have made this collection ; therefore i make this humble apologetical postscript . i know for my labour of reviving this noble counterblast , &c. i can expect no better , but to be counterblasted by the black and foul mouths of many tobacconists , and common tobacco-smokers ; for endeavoring to pull down their great diana , which they labour demetrius like to cry up , because of the much gain it brings them . if i meet with reproaches and scorns , it is no more then i expected from them , and i value it not : neither is it any news or wonder ; for we live in the last dayes , and as the apostle peter fore-told many hundred years since , in 2 pet. 3.3 . that in the last dayes should come scoffers , walking after their own lusts . to such king solomon propounds a , question , which they can hardly be able to answer , in prov. 22. how long ye simple ones will ye love sumplicity ? and ye scorners delight in scorning , and fools hate knowledge ? there have been many such in all age , of the world , as it may easily be instanced . before i conclude , i thought it not amiss , or improper , to say something briefly against excessive drinking of healths , and drunkenness , which calls to remembrance , amongst other , of his majesties noble and gracious acts , since his restuaration , wherein he hath had merciful respect to the lives , estates , souls and bodies of his good subjects , and therein gone beyond his predecessors . i shall but name to his perpetual honour these three , viz. in the first place , his act of oblivion , passing by all that was done against him or his father , excepting only those that were his royal fathers judges . in the next place , he was pleased to publish a proclamation to all his loving subjects , against that sinful custom of drinking his health , his majesty wisely considering how apt many would be to fall into that evil extreme , doth in that proclamation , rebuke such as can express their love him in no better way , then drinking his health . in the next place , i cannot but take notice , and mention , to his majesties renown , his late gracious declaration , for liberty and indulgence to tender consciences , that could not in all things conform to the ceremonies and discipline of the church of england , by law established : this by the way . but now to speak a little more against drinking healths , which is to our purpose in hand . there was many years since a book published , by mr. william prynne , against drinking of healths , entituled , healths sickness , but not now to be had , or seldom thought of ; he shews the greatness of that sin , and the dangerous consequence of it both to the souls and bodies of men. there is another large treatise published by mr. robert younge , entituled , the drunkard's character : also a sermon preached long since by doctor robert harris , called the drunkard's cup , out of isaiah 5. from the 11. to the 18. verse . and a sermon published many years since , preached at pauls cross , by doctor abraham gibson , entituled , the lands mourning for vain swearing ; out of these words , because of oaths the land mourns . and now the land may mourn , not only for vain swearing , but for vain drinking of healths and drunkenness . after his majesties restauration , there was , i remember , a great feast , at which time there was a health drank for his majesty , and when it came to the turn of an able learned grave minister there present , he utterly disliked and refused it : answering , that he would pray for his majesties heath . and if all that are well-wishers to his majesties health , would obey his proclamation against that vice , in leaving off drinking , either of the kings health , or any others , & leave of swearing and prophaning the sabbath ; and would constantly , earnestly , and heartily pray for his majesties health , according as the apostle st. paul exhorts timothy , 1 tim. 2.3 . that supplication and prayer be made for kings , and all that are in authority ; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty . i say , then we should be in hopes to see better times , and better trading : the generality cry out of their want of trading , and of the sins of the rulers ; but our chief work and duty is to look more narrowly at home , and to find out the plague of our own hearts . who smites upon his thigh ? who saith , what have i done ? we are apt to forget the late dreadful judgments of god ; as that of the destroying-sword , the sad destroying pestilence , when from the 20th of december , 1664 , to the 15th of december , 1665. there died of all diseases 97396 , and of the plague 68596 ; and in one week , which i find to be the greatest of all , was in september 19. 1665 , there died of the plague in london and liberties 7165 , of all diseases 8297 that one week . can london ever forget those sad and lamentable consuming flames , that brake forth the second of september , 1666 ? the ruinous heaps on 373 acres within , and 63 acres without the old line , the ghastly walls of 89 parish-churches , and stately houses and halls , with the royal exchange , and as it was computed thirteen thousand and two hundred houses , with a vast deal of goods , houshold-stuff , and rich commodities ; and , i think , book-sellers may easily remember the many ware-houses of good books of all sorts , then turned to ashes , at st. faiths church , and in other places about the city . there was a book published by mr. thomas brooks , dedicated to sir william turner lord mayor ( who deserved much love and honour , for being so great a furtherer of building the city and royal exchange , that lay long in ruins ) entituled , london's lamentations , being a serious discourse of the late fiery dispensation , that turned our renowned city into a ruinous heap . in the second part , or application of that book , page 36. is shewed , that the burning of london was a national judgment , and that god in smiting london , did smite england round : and what sins bring desolating judgments upon persons and places ? intemperance and drunkenness is one sin , and that we are to see the hand of the lord in that dreadful fire , and to take heed of those sins that bring the fiery rod , with the several lessons and duties we are to learn by it . we may easily see that the lord will not suffer us to be forgetful of his great judgments , by the several fresh remembrances he hath given us , by sad fires in divers places since , in and near the city . not long after the dreadful fire , there was a merchants great house , almost finished , in mincing lane , burned and quite defaced ; after that , two great fires brake forth in southwark at several times and places : another at the savoy , which did much harm ; another at the corner of st. bartholomew lane , a herald painter's house , mr. francis nowers himself , his child and nurse was burned . another in white-chappel , and several persons burned there . another sad fire was in or near thames street , which burned to the ground a great sugar-baker's house , with many thousand pounds worth of sugar , belonging to several partners ; it began september the second , the lords-day , 1671. and now last whit-sunday morning , at st. katherines near tower-hill , brake forth a very grievous lamentable fire , which , as it is reported , consumed above one hundred dwelling-houses , and divers ships , and some people were burned and killed by it . after that , another great fire that consumed about a dozen houses , and part of sir paul pindar's house , without bishopsgate , in june , 1672. a few dayys after brake forth another fire , which burned several houses in crutched friers . one at camomile-street : at the swan at holborn-bridge : a brick house in grub-street . we may do well to take that counsel of our saviour to the impotent man that he had cured , and had been at the pool of bothsaida , who had an infirmity thirty eight years , john 5.14 . christ bid him go and sin no more , least a worse thing befal him ; it was old mr. wheatlyes text of banbury , after it was burned : read the 26. of leviticus , how greatly the lord threatned the people of israel , if they were disobedient to him ; he threatens great judgments , and to make their cities wast , and the land desolate ; and in the verses 18 , 21 , 24 , 28. it is four times threatned , that he will punish them seven times more for their iniquities . god hath shot three arrows against us , and how easily can he shoot a fourth sore arrow , that of the famine , unless we turn from our sins by true repentance . it is to be feared , that after all that hath or can be said to reclaim men from their evil courses , and excesses in drinking , that they will be swayed by custome , which is a second nature ; and it will be found as difficult for them to be temperate in smoking , and drinking , and feasting , as it is for the blackmore to change his skin , or the leopard his spots . so that they will rather say , as he that being advised by his physician to leave of his evil courses , or else he would loose his sight , answered , tum valeat lumen amicum , then farewel sweet light. to such it may be said , as solomon saith , rejoyce o young man in thy youth , walk in the sight of thine eyes , and let thy heart chear thee ; but remember that for all these things god will bring thee to judgment . we all know , that sin is the fore-runner of all plagues and calamities , that ever came upon any people or nation under heaven ; it is the plague of plagues : what provoked god to drown the old world , but sin ? what caused god to rain down fire and brimstone on sodom and gomorrah , but their sins of pride , idleness , and fulness of bread ? and whilst abraham interceded for sodom , had there been but ten righteous persons found amongst them , god would have spared them for their sakes . thus i have spoken against sin in general , as that which draws down judgments upon our heads : i will only lay a few scriptures before you , touching the lord's anger against sin , which he cannot indure to behold without great indignation : for it is only sin that makes a separation between god and our souls ; and i desire the reader to turn to them at his leisure , and to make the best use and application of them , hosea 4.1 , 2 , 3. isaiah 22.12 , 13 , 14. isaiah 24.7 , 8 , 9. genesis 12.10 . chap 26.1.42.5.43.1 . chap. 41.30.36.50.56 . 57. prov. 15.26.29 . that sea-man that being ingaged in a ship , and sees it in danger to sink or to be cast away ; is but an ill and unworthy sea-man that will not put to his helping hand to save her . and are not all english-men engaged in the ship of the kingdom , or common-wealth of england ? and is it not in a storm , compassed with enemies without , and within molested and assaulted with the most dangerous enemies of all ; over-laden with our grand enemies , sins of all sorts ? is it not the part of an honest true english-man to help to save this ship , by lightening its burden , and casting these bad commodities over-board ? i mean its sins , that by so doing , we may engage god , the lord of hosts on our side , and then , si deus nobiscum cuis contranos : did but england's sins weigh lighter then her enemies sins , then we were more likely to be victorious and conquerors over all our forreign enemies . doth not england match any of her enemies in sins and provocations , namely drunkenness ? doth it come behind the dutch , dane , or swede , which are counted the highest drinkers in the world , of the highest form , and so for swearing most horrible oaths , and scoffing at religion and piety . within ten days since i began this collection or postscript i was an eye and ear-witness , that a swaggering blade rapt out this oath , god damn me , about a trifle in a scoffing frolick , saying , he had got a presbyterian band on he thought . another man on whitson-eve i saw so sadly drunk , he could neither go nor stand , but sate down on a door-stone , i asked him , where he had been ? he would give no other answer but this , that he was troubled with the megromes . so i and others about him left him , and know not what became of him : these two were in the heart of the city , near the exchange . after i had seen king james his counterblast against tobacco , and taken a liking to it : i did at the first intend only to get that printed alone , but afterwards meeting with these pertinent , sutable , and profitable directions , for the preservation of long , life , both against tobacco , and intemperate drinking ; published in the works of that learned physician doctor maynwaring , now living : i thought it not amiss to joyn them together , and likewise to add a good old sermon at the latter end , preached , in or near the time of king james , by a famous learned divine , mr. samuel ward then preacher of ipswich , printed 1627. it is but brief , and the best i know of in print against the sin of drunkenness and health-drinking , wherein are discovered divers sad examples of many that have been notorious drinkers or drunkards , called woe to drunkards , that have kill'd themselves by drinking immoderately . in the last place i shall but commend to the reader a few good useful books , viz. mr thomas brook's londons lamentations , also his book called precious remedies against satan's devices , and his twenty two sermons on ephes . 3.8 . of the unsearchable riches of christ , his cabinet of jewels , his closet prayer , and a profitable and very delightsome book of good counsel for all young persons , called his apples of gold for young men and women &c. mr. thomas watson's new treatise , entituled , the mischief of sin , it brings a person low , on psal . 106.43 . mr. ralph venning's book , called sin the plague of plagues , or sinful sin the worst of evils , on rom. 7.13 . these books do set forth sin in its own proper colours ; it is compared in scripture to filthy rags , and to a menstruous cloth ; and i think it cannot be called by so bad a name as it is . also lately published mr. robert perrot's new book called englands sole , and soveraign way of being saved . mr. calamie's godly mans ark , which i think is a useful and seasonable book these stormy times : now we are pursued by enemies on all sides , outward and inward , it 's good to get into an ark , or city of refuge : these are sold at the three bibles in popes head alley , where the best and newest short-hand books , and books of divinity are to be had : also history , husbandry astronomy , mathematicks , arithmetick , law , sea , physick , the best poetry , school books , &c. five books of the learned doctor maynwarings . 1. his preservation of health , and prolongation of life . 2. his treatise of the sourvy , shewing , that tobacco is a procuring cause . 3. the rise and progress of physick historically , chromologically and philosophically illustrated , shewing , the abuse of medicines &c. 4. his treatise of consumptions , demonstrating their nature and cure. 5. the ancient and modern practice of physick examined , stated and compared . the true elixir proprietatis of van helmont , paracelsus & crollius , with a book of its use and vertue , highly commended by mr. lilly. as for other books of vain idle romances , lascivious and vitious poetry and drollery , which are worse then the smoke of tobacco , and more fit for the fire to make smoke of , then for the study ; i wish the lovers of them to take notice of this one passage about such , in mr. philip goodwin's mystery of drunkenness , printed for francis tyton ; it is in page 50. satan sends out his books as baits , by which many are cunningly caught , with the venome of which so many are poysoned . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a87472-e790 aphorism . tutela sanitatis . amurath his counter blast to tobacco . ' primum crater ad sitim pertinere , secundum ad hilaritatem , tertium ad voluptatem , quartum ad insaniam dixit apuleius . omne nimiun naturae est inimicum . a cacotrophy , or atrophy . quicquid recipitur , recipitur per modum recipientis . ax. notes for div a87472-e5740 esay 2. esay 5.11 , 22. esay 28.1 . joel 1.5 . hab 2. james 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . basil . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a charito & tanquam chena hash , veche siphgnoni iaphresh ; novissimo tanquam serpens mordebis , regulas punget montinur & mercerus ; tanquam haemorihois vel dissas , tremelius . 1 cor. 6.10 . esay 5.14 . deut. 32.32 . two broad-sides against tobacco the first given by king james of famous memory, his counterblast to tobacco : the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe, his treatise of the scurvy : to which is added, serious cautions against excess in drinking, taken out of another work of the same author, his preservation of health and prolongation of life : with a short collection, out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud, against smoking tobacco : also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards, who have died suddenly, in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward : concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee / corrected and published, as very proper for this age, by j.h. 1672 approx. 180 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 41 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a70365 wing j147 estc r19830 12172966 ocm 12172966 55480 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a70365) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 55480) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 892:17 or 1538:6) two broad-sides against tobacco the first given by king james of famous memory, his counterblast to tobacco : the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe, his treatise of the scurvy : to which is added, serious cautions against excess in drinking, taken out of another work of the same author, his preservation of health and prolongation of life : with a short collection, out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud, against smoking tobacco : also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards, who have died suddenly, in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward : concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee / corrected and published, as very proper for this age, by j.h. james i, king of england, 1566-1625. counterblaste to tobacco. maynwaringe, everard, 1628-1699? treatise of the scurvy. thomson, george, 17th cent. ward, samuel, 1577-1640. woe to drunkards. sylvester, josuah, 1563-1618. tobacco battered. [6], 72 p. : ill. printed for john hancock ..., london : 1672. caption title: tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered ... p. 48-57. caption title: a broad-side against coffee, or, the marriage of the turk p. 58-62. item at reel 1538:6 identified as wing t3429 (number cancelled in wing 2nd ed.). reproduction of original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -controversial literature -early works to 1800. tobacco habit -controversial literature -early works to 1800. coffee habit -controversial literature -early works to 1800. temperance -early works to 1800. 2007-04 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2007-05 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-07 robyn anspach sampled and proofread 2007-07 robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion two broad-sides against tobacco : the first given by king james of famous memory ; his counterblast to tobacco . the second transcribed out of that learned physician dr. everard maynwaringe , his treatise of the scurvy . to which is added , serious cautions against excess in drinking : taken out of another work of the same author , his preservation of health and prolongation of life . with a short collection , out of dr. george thompson's treatise of bloud ; against smoking tobacco . also many examples of god's severe judgments upon notorious drunkards , who have died suddenly , in a sermon preached by mr. samuel ward . concluding with two poems against tobacco and coffee . collected and published , as very proper for this age ; by j. h. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . animalia omnia sibi metipsis noscunt salutaria , praeter hominem . licensed according to order , june 6. 1672. london , printed for john hancock , and are to be sold at the three bibles in popes-head-alley , or at other shops , 1672. james by the grace of god king of england scotland france and ireland etc to all taverns , inns , victualling-houses , ale-houses , coffee-houses , strong-water-shops , tobacconists-shops , in england , scotland or ireland . gentle readers , here is presented to you a brief , learned , and a very seasonable treatise for the age we live in : it was many years since penned by king james of happy and blessed memory , entituled , a counterblast to tobacco ; it it here verbatim , faithfully transcribed out of the large and learned volume of his other works in folio , which are rare and scarce to be had for money , and of too great a price for the common sort of tobacco-smokers to purchase : it is granted , the thing may be good , and physical , and healthful , being moderately and but seldom taken ; but for men to take ten or twenty pipes in a day in all companies , morning , noon and night , before and presently after meals ; this is a strange way of taking physick . now the king understanding the evil custom of taking tobacco , or , as we now call it , smoking a pipe , was grown to a great head , he seems to be very much insensed at it , and discovers how it first came into england , and its first original ; and how that it was used much amongst the savage indians , to cure lewes venerea , a disease among them : his majesty wisely fore-seeing the evil consequences that would follow , by such immoderate sucking in the foul smoke of this indian weed , and he being the physician of the body politick , doth by many strong and excellent arguments , disswade his subjects from imitating the practise of the heathen indians , in drinking this noxious fume . it was in his time but a novelty , and practised but a little , except amongst the nobility , gentry , or great ones : but now what is more frequently used in every ale-house and coffee-house , besides great inns and taverns in london , and all the three kingdoms over . whereas if men were so wise for their own good , both in body , soul , and estate , as to handle a good book , either of divinity , or of morality , half so often as they do the pipe of smoke , it would be better for them in all respects , more precious time and money would be saved . i shall detain you no longer from a more learned epistle and treatise of the matter in hand : and as king solomon , who was the wisest of kings , saith in his book of ecclesiastes , that where the word of a king is , there is power ; so i say , if what our famous king james hath written , be not of power sufficient to divert all english men , &c. from this evil and hurtful custom ; it is here seconded , and backed home , by the words and advice of an able and learned doctor of physick now living ; it being so sutable to the purpose , was thought fit to be added to this counterblast . and that it may not be said ( as the common proverb is ) to be only one doctors opinion , i have thought sit to add another , collected out of a treatise of the bloud , written by that learned physician dr. george thompson , who agreeth with the former against smoking tobacco , as dangerous . i apprehend , that what hath been spoken against drinking tobacco , may much more be said against immoderate drinking of wine , ale , beer , or any strong liquors , and dishes of coffee , &c. thus hoping thou wilt make a good use of what is here gathered together , and offered for thy good , i rest a well-wisher to thy health , j. h. to the reader . as every humane body ( dear country-men ) how wholsome soever , is notwithstanding subject , or at least naturally inclined to some sorts of diseases or infirmities : so is here no common-wealth , or body-politick , how well governed or peaceable soever it be , that lacks their own popular errors , and naturally inclined corruptions ; and therefore it is no wonder , although this our country and common-wealth , though peaceable , though wealthy , though long flourishing in both , be amongst the rest , subject to their own natural infirmities . we are of all nations the people most loving , and most reverently obedient to our prince ; yet we are ( as time hath often born witness ) too easie to be seduced to make rebellion upon very slight grounds . our fortunate and oft-proved valour in wars abroad , our hearty and reverent obedience to our princes at home , hath given us a long , and thrice-happy peace ; our peace hath bred wealth : and peace and wealth hath brough forth a general sluggishness , which makes us wallow in all sorts of idle delights , and soft delicacies , the first seeds of the subversion of all great monarchies . our clergy are become negligent and lasie , our nobility and gentry prodigal , and sold to their private delights ; our lawyers covetous , our common people prodigal and curious ; and generally all sorts of people more careful for their private ends , then for their mother the common-wealth . for remedy whereof , it is the king's part ( as the proper physician of his politick body ) to purge it of all those diseases , by medicines meet for the same ; as by a certain mild , and yet just form of government , to maintain the publick quietness , and prevent all occasions of commotion ; by the example of his own person and court , to make us all ashamed of our sluggish delicacy , and to stir us up to the practice again of all honest exercises , and martial shadows of war ; as likewise by his , and his courts moderateness in apparel , to make us ashamed of our prodigality : by his quick admonitions , and careful over-seeing of the clergy , to waken them up again , to be more diligent in their offices : by the sharp tryal , and severe punishment of the partial , covetous , and bribing lawyers , to reform their corruptions : and generally by the example of his own person , and by the due execution of good laws , to reform and abolish piece and piece , these old and evil-grounded abuses : for this will not be opus unius diei , but as every one of these diseases , must from the king receive the one cure proper for it ; so are there some sorts of abuses in common-wealths , that though they be of so base and contemptible a condition , as they are too low for the law to look on , and too mean for a king to interpose his authority , or bend his eye upon ; yet are they corruptions , as well as the greatest of them . so is an ant an animal as well as an elephant ; so is a wren avis , as well as a swan ; and so is a small dint of the tooth-ach a disease , as well as the fearful plague is . but for these base sorts of corruption in common-wealths ; not only the king , or any inferiour magistrate , but quilibet ê populo may serve to be a physician , by discovering and impugning the error , and by perswading reformation thereof . and surely in my opinion , there cannot be a more base , and yet hurtful corruption in a country , then is the vile use ( or rather abuse ) of taking tobacco in this kingdome , which hath moved me shortly to discover the abuses in this following little pamphlet . if any think it a light argument , so it is but a toy that is bestowed upon it . and since the subject is but of smoke , i think the fume of an idle brain , may serve for a sufficient battery against so fumous a feblean enemy . if my grounds be found true , it is all i look for ; but if they carry the force of perswasion with them , it is all i can wish , and more then i can expect . my only care is , my dear country-men may rightly conceive even by this smallest trifle , of the sincerity of my meaning in greater matters , never to spare any pains , that may tend to the procuring of your weale and prosperity . a counterblast to tobacco . that the manifold abuses of this vile custome of tobacco-taking , may the better be espied ; it is fit , that first you enter into consideration both of the first original thereof , and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this countrey ; for certainly as such customs that have their first institution , either from a godly , necessary , or honourable ground , and are first brought in by the means of some worthy , vertuous , and great personage ; are ever , and most justly holden in great and reverent estimation and account by all wife , vertuous and temperate spirits : so should it by the contrary , justly bring a great disgrace into that sort of customs , which having their original from base corruption and barbarity , do , in like sort , make their first entry into a country , by an inconsiderate and childish affectation of novelty , as is the true case of the first ▪ invention of tobacco-taking , and of the first entry thereof amongst us . for tobacco being a common herb , which ( though under divers names ) grows almost every where , was first found out by some of the barbarous indians to be a preservative , or antidote against the pox , a filthy disease , whereunto these barbarous people are ( as all men know ) very much subject , what through the uncleanly and adust constitution of their bodies , and what through the intemperate heat of their climate . so that as from them , was first brought into christendome , that most detestable disease : so from them likewise was brought this use of tobacco , as a stinking and unsavory antidote , for so corrupted and execrable a malady ; the stinking suffumigation whereof they yet use against that disease , making so one canker or vermine to eat out another . and now , good country-men , let us ( i pray you ) consider what honour or policy can move us to imitate the barbarous and beastly manners of the wild , godless and slavish indians , especially in so vile and stinking a custome ▪ shall we that disdain to imitate the manners of our neighbour france , ( having the stile of the great christian kingdome ) and that cannot endure the spirit of the spaniards ( their king being now comparable in largeness of dominions , to the greatest emperour of turky ; ) shall we , i say , that have been so long civil and wealthy in peace , famous and invincible in war , fortunate in both ; we that have been ever able to aid any of our neighbours ( but never deafed any of their ears with any of our supplications for assistance ; ) shall we , i say , without blushing , abase our selves so far , as to imitate these beastly indians , slaves to the spaniards , réfuse to the world , and as yet aliens from the holy covenant of god ? why do we not as well imitate them in walking naked , as they do , in preferring glasses , feathers , and such toys , to gold and precious stones , as they do ? yea , why do we not deny god , and adore the devil , as they do . now to the corrupted baseness of the first use of this tobacco , doth very well agree the foolish and groundless first entry thereof into this kingdom : it is not so long since the first entry of this abuse amongst us here , as this present age cannot yet very well remember , both the first author , and the form of the first introduction of it against us . it was neither brought in by king , great conqueror , nor learned doctor of physick . with the report of a great discovery for a conquest , some two or three savage men were brought in , together with this savage custome : but the pity is , the poor , wild , barbarous men died ; but that vile barbarous custome is yet alive , yea in fresh vigour , so as it seems a miracle to me , how a custome springing from so vile a ground , and brought in by a father so generally hated , should be welcomed upon so slender a warrant : for if they that first put it in practice here , had remembred for what respect it was used by them from whence it came ; i am sure they would have been loath to have taken so far the imputation of that disease upon them as they did , by using the cure thereof ; for sanis non est opus medico , and counter-poysons are never used , but where poyson is thought to proceed . but since it is true , that divers customs slightly grounded , and with no better warrant entred in a common-wealth , may yet in the use of them thereafter , prove both necessary and profitable ; it is therefore next to be examined , if there be not a ful sympathy and true proportion between the base ground and foolish entry , and the loathsome and hurtful use of this stinking antidote . i am now therefore heartily to pray you to consider , first upon what false and erroneous grounds you have first built the general good liking thereof ; and next , what sins towards god , and foolish vanities before the world , you commit in the detestable use of it . as for those deceitful grounds , that have specially moved you to take a good and great conceit thereof : i shall content my self to examine here onely four of the principals of them , two founded upon the theorick of a deceivable appearance of reason , and two of them upon the mistaken practick of general experience . first , it is thought by you a sure aphorisme in the physick ; that the brains of all men being naturally cold and wet , all dry and hot things should be good for them , of which nature this stinking suffumigation is , and therefore of good use to them . of this argument both the proposition and assumption are false , and so the conclusion cannot but be void of it self : for as to the proposition , that because the brains are cold and moist , therefore things that are hot and dry are best for them ; it is an inept consequence : for man being compounded of the four complexions ( whose fathers are the four elements ) although there be a mixture of them all , in all the parts of his body , yet must the divers parts of our microcosme , or little world within our selves , be diversly more inclined , some to one , some to another complexion , according to the diversity of their uses ; that of these discords a perfect harmony may be made up for the maintenance of the whole body . the application then of a thing of a contrary nature to any of these parts , is to interrupt them of their due function , and by consequence hurtful to the health of the whole body ; as if a man , because the liver is as the fountain of bloud , and , as it were , an oven to the stomach , would therefore apply and wear close upon his liver and stomach a cake of lead , he might within a very short time ( i hope ) be sustained very good cheap at an ordinary , besides the clearing of his conscience from that deadly sin of gluttony : and as if because the heart is full of vital spirits , and in perpetual motion ; a man would therefore lay a heavy pound stone on his breast , for staying and holding down that wanton palpitation ; i doubt not but his breast would be more bruised with the weight thereof ▪ then the heart would be comforted with such a disagreeable and contrarious cure. and even so is it with the brains ; for if a man because the brains are cold and humide , would therefore use inwardly by smells , or outwardly by application , things of hot and dry quality ; all the gain that he could make thereof , would onely be to put himself in great forwardness for running mad , by over-watching himself ; the coldness and moisture of our brains being the onely ordinary means that procure our sleep and rest . indeed , i do not deny , that when it falls out that any of these , or any part of our body , grows to be distempered , and to tend to an extremity beyond the compass of natures temperate mixture , that in that case cures of contrary qualities to the intemperate inclination of that part being wisely prepared , and discreetly ministred , may be both necessary and helpful for strengthening and assisting nature in the expulsion of her enemies ; for this is the true definition of all profitable physick . but first , these cures ought not to be used , but where there is need of them ; the contrary whereof is daily practiced in this general use of tobacco , by all sorts and complexions of people . and next , i deny the minor of this argument , as i have already said , in regard that this tobacco is not simply of a dry and hot quality , but rather hath a certain venomous faculty joyned with the heat thereof , which makes it have an antipathy against nature , as by the hateful smell thereof doth well appear ; for the nose being the proper organ and convoy of the sence of sinelling to the brains , which are the onely fountain of that sence , doth ever serve us for an infallible witness , whether that odour which we smell be healthful or hurtful to the brain , ( except when it falls out that the sence it self is corrupted and abused , through some infirmity and distemper in the brain : ) and that the suffumigation thereof cannot have a drying quality , it needs no further probation , then that it is a smoke , all smoke and vapour being of it self humide , as drawing near to the nature of the air , and easie to be resolved again into water , whereof there needs no other proof but the meteors , which being bred of nothing else but of the vapors and exhalations sucked up by the sun out of the earth , the sea and waters ; yet are the same smoky vapors turned and transformed into rains , snows , dews , hoar-frosts , and such like watry meteors ; as by the contrary , the rainy clouds are often transformed and evaporated in blustering winds . the second argument grounded on a shew of reason , is , that this filthy smoke , as well through the heat and strength thereof , as by a natural force and quality , is able and fit to purge both the head and stomach of rheumes and distillations , as experience teacheth by the spitting , and avoiding flegm , immediately after the taking of it . but the fallacy of this argument may easily appear , by my late proceeding description of the meteors ; for even as the smoky vapours sucked by the sun , and stayed in the lowest and cold region of the air , are there contracted into clouds , and turned into rain , and such other watry meteors ; so this stinking smoke being sucked up by the nose , and imprisoned in the cold and moist brains , is by their cold and wet faculty turned and cast forth again in watry distillations , and so are you made free , and purged of nothing , but that wherewith you wilfully burdened your selves ; and therefore are you no wiser in taking tobacco for purging you of distillations , then if for preventing the cholick , you would take all kind of windy meats and drinks ; and for preventing of the stone , you would take all kind of meats and drinks that would breed gravel in the kidneys ; and then when you were forced to avoid much wind out of your stomach , and much gravel in your urine , that you should attribute the thank thereof to such nourishments as breed those within you , that behoved either to be expelled by the force of nature , or you to have burst at the broad side , as the proverb is . as for the other two reasons founded upon experience ▪ the first of which is , that the whole people would not have taken so general a good liking thereof , if they had not by experience found it very soveraign and good for them : for answer thereunto , how easily the minds of any people , wherewith god hath replenished this world , may be drawn to the foolish affectation of any novelty , i leave it to the discreet judgment of any man that is reasonable . do we not daily see , that a man can no sooner bring over from beyond the seas any new form of apparel , but that he cannot be thought a man of spirit , that would not presently imitate the same ; and so from hand to hand it spreads , till it be practised by all ; not for any commodity that is in it , but only because it is come to be the fashion ; for such is the force of that natural self-love in every one of us , and such is the corruption of envy bred in the breast of every one , as we cannot be content , unless we imitate every thing that our fellows do , and so prove our selves capable of every thing whereof they are capable , like apes , counterfeiting the manners of others to our own destruction . for let one or two of the greatest masters of mathematicks in any of the two famous universities , but constantly affirm any clear day , that they see some strange apparition in the skies ; they will , i warrant you , be seconded by the greatest part of the students in that profession ; so loath will they be , to be thought inferiour to their fellows either in depth of knowledge or sharpness of sight : and therefore the general good liking , and embracing of this foolish custome , doth but onely proceed from that affectation of novelty and popular error , whereof i have already spoken . and the other argument drawn from a mistaken experience , is but the more particular probation of this general , because it is alledged to be found true by proof , that by the taking of tobacco , divers , and very many , do find themselves cured of divers diseases , as on the other part no man ever received harm thereby . in this argument , there is first a great mistaking , and next a monstrous absurdity ; for is not a very great mistaking , to take non causam pro causa , as they say in the logicks ; because peradventure when a sick man hath had his disease at the heighth , he hath at that instant taken tobacco , and afterward his disease taking the natural course of declining , and consequently the patient of recovering his health , o then the tobacco forsooth was the worker of that miracle ! beside that , it is a thing well known to all physicians , that the apprehension and conceit of the patient hath by wakening and uniting the vital spirits , and so strengthening nature , a great power and vertue to cure divers diseases : for an evident proof of mistaking in the like case , i pray what foolish boy , what silly wench , what old doting wife , or ignorant country clown , is not physician for the tooth ach , for the cholick , and divers such common diseases ; yea , will not every man you meet withall teach you a sundry cure for the same , and swear by that mean , either himself , or some of his nearest kindsmen and friends was cured ; and yet , i hope , no man is so foolish as to believe them : and all these toys do onely proceed from the mistaking non causam pro causa , as i have already said ; and so if a man chance to recover one of any disease after he hath taken tobacco , that must have the thanks of all : but by the contrary , if a man smoke himself to death with it ( as many have done ) o then some other disease must bear the blame for that fault ! so do old harlots thank their harlotry for their many years , that custom being healthful ( say they ) ad purgandos renes , but never have mind how many die of the pox in the flower of their youth : and so do old drunkards think they prolong their days by their swine-like diet , but never remember how many die drowned in drink before they be half old . and what greater absurdity can there be then to say , that one cure shall serve for divers , nay contrarious sorts of diseases . it is an undoubted ground among all physicians , that there is almost no sort , either of nourishment or medicine , that hath not some thing in it disagreeable to some part of mans body , because , as i have already said , the nature of the temperature of every part is so different from another , that according to the old proverb , that which is good for the head is evil for the neck and the shoulders : for even as a strong enemy that invades a town or fortress , although in his siege thereof he do belay and compass it round about , yet he makes his breach and entry at some one or few special parts thereof , which he hath tryed and found to be weakest and least able to resist : so sickness doth make her particular assault upon such part or parts of our body as are weakest and easiest to be overcome by that sort of disease which then doth assail us , although all the rest of the body , by sympathy , feel it self to be as it were belaid and besieged by the affliction of that special part , the grief and smart thereof being by the sence of feeling dispersed through all the rest of the members ; and therefore the skilful physician presses by such cures to purge and strengthen that part which is afflicted , as are onely fit for that sort of disease , and do best agree with the nature of that infirm part ; which being abused to a disease of another nature , would prove as hurtful to the one , as helpful for the other ; yea , not onely will a skillful and wary physician be careful to use no cure , but that which is fit for that sort of disease ; but he will also consider all other circumstances , and make the remedies sutable thereunto , as the temperature of the clime , where the patient is , the constitution of the planets , the time of the moon , the season of the year , the age and complexion of the patient , the present state of his body in strength or weakness : for one cure must not ever be used for the self same disease , but according to the varying of any of the aforesaid circumstances , that sort of remedy must be used which is fittest for the same : where by the contrary in this case , such is the miraculous omnipotency of our strong-tasted tobacco , as it cures all sorts of diseases ( which never any drug could do before ) in all persons , and at all times . it cures all manner of distillations , either in head or stomach ( if you believe their axioms ) although in very deed it do both corrupt the brain , and , by causing over quick digestion , fill the stomach full of crudities . it cures the gout in the feet , and ( which is miraculous ) in that very instant when the smoke thereof , as light , flyes up into the head , the vertue thereof , as heavy , runs down to the little toe : it helps all sorts of agues ; it makes a man sober , that was drunk ; it refreshes a weary man , and yet makes a man hungry ; being taken when they go to bed , it makes one sleep soundly ; and yet being taken when a man is sleepy and drowsie , it will , as they say , awaken his brain , and quicken his understanding ; as for curing of the pox , it serves for that use , but among the pocky indian slaves . here in england it is refined , and will not deign to cure here any other then cleanly and gentlemanly diseases . o omnipotent power of tobacco ! and if it could by the smoke thereof chase out devils , as the smoke of tobias fish did ( which , i am sure , could smell no stronger ) it would serve for a precious relict , both for the superstitious priests , and the insolent puritans , to cast out devils withall . admitting then , and not confessing , that the use thereof were healthful for some sorts of diseases , should it be used for all sicknesses ? should it be used by all men ? should it be used at all times ? yea , should it be used by able , young , strong , healthful men ? medicine hath that vertue , that it never leaves a man in that state wherein it finds him ; it makes a sick man whole , but a whole man sick : and as medicine helps nature , being taken at times of necessity ; so being ever and continually used , it doth but weaken , weary , and wear nature . what speak i of medicine ? nay , let a man every hour of the day , or as oft as many in this country use to take tobacco ; let a man , i say , but take as oft the best sorts of nourishments , in meat and drink , that can be devised , he shall , with the continual use thereof , weaken both his head and his stomach , all his members shall become feeble , his spirits dull , and in the end , as a drowsie , lasie belly-god , he shall evanish in a lethargy . and from this weakness it proceeds , that many in this kingdom have had such a continual use of taking this unsavory smoke , as now they are not able to forbear the same , no more then an old drunkard can abide to be long sober , without falling into an incurable weakness , and evil constitution ; for their continual custom hath made to them habitum , alteram naturam : so to those that , from their birth , have been continually nourished upon poyson , and things venemous , wholesome meats are onely poysonable . thus having , as i trust , sufficiently answered the most principal arguments that are used in defence of this vile custome . it rests onely to inform you , what sins and vanities you commit in the filthy abuse thereof : first , are you not guilty of sinful and shameful lust , ( for lust may be as well in any of the sences as in feeling ) that although you be troubled with no disease , but in perfect health , yet can you neither be merry at an ordinary , nor lascivious in the stews , if you lack tobacco to provoke your apetite to any of those sorts of recreation ; lusting after it as the children of israel did in the wilderness after quails . secondly , it is as you use , or rather abuse it , a branch of the sin of drunkenness , which is the root of all sins ; for as the onely delight that drunkards take in wine , is in the strength of the tast , and the force of the fume thereof that mounts up to the brain ; for no drunkards love any weak or sweet drink ; so are not those ( i mean the strong heat and fume ) the only qualities that make tobacco so delectable to all the lovers of it ? and as no man likes strong heady drink the first day ( because nemo repente fit turpissimus ) but by custom is piece and piece allured , while , in the end , a drunkard will have as great a thrist to be drunk , as a sober man to quench his thirst with a draught , when he hath need of it . so is not this the very case of all the great takers of tobacco , which therefore they themselves do attribute to a bewitching quality in it ? thirdly , is it not the greatest sin of all , that you , the people of all sorts of this kingdom , who are created and ordained by god , to bestow both your persons and goods for the maintainance both of the honour and safety of your king and common-wealth , should disable your selves in both ? in your persons , having by this continual vile custom brought your selves to this shameful imbecillity , that you are not able to ride or walk the journey of a jews sabbath , but you must have a reeky coal brought you from the next poor house to kindle your tobacco with ; whereas he cannot be thought able for any service in the wars , that cannot endure oftentimes the want of meat , drink and sleep , much more then must he endure the want of tobacco . in the times of the many glorious and victorious battles fought by this nation , there was no word of tobacco ; but now if it were time of wars , and that you were to make some sudden cavalcado upon your enemies ; if any of you should seek leisure to stay behind his fellow for taking of tobacco , for my part , i should never be sorry for any evil chance that might befall him : to take a custome in any thing that cannot be left again , is most harmful to the people of any land. mollities and delicacy were the rack and overthrow , first of the persian , and next of the roman empire . and this very custom of taking tobacco ( whereof our present purpose is ) is even at this day accompted so effeminate among the indians themselves , as in the market they will offer no price for a slave to be sold , whom they find to be a great tobacco-taker . now how you are by this custome disabled in your goods , let the gentry of this land bear witness , some of them bestowing three , some four hundred pounds a year upon this precious stink , which , i am sure , might be bestowed upon many far better uses . i read indeed of a knavish courtier , who for abusing the favour of the emperour alexander severus his master , by taking bribes to intercede for sundry persons in his masters ear ( for whom he never once opened his mouth ) was justly choked with smoke , with this doom , fumo pereat qui fumum vendidit . but of so many smoke-buyers as are at this present in this kingdom , i never read nor heard . and for the vanities committed in this filthy custome , is it not both great vanity and uncleanness , that at the table , a place of respect , of cleanliness , of modesty , men should not be ashamed to sit tossing of tobacco-pipes , and puffing of the smoke of tobacco one to another , making the filthy smoke and stink thereof to exhale athwart the dishes , and infect the air , when very often men that abhor it are at their repast : surely smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a dining chamber , and yet it makes a kitchin also oftentimes in the inward parts of men , soyling and infecting them with an unctious and oylie kind of soot , as hath been found in some great tobacco-takers , that after their death were opened : and not onely meat-time , but no other time nor action is exempted from the publique use of this uncivil trick ; so as if the wives of diep list to contest with this nation for good manners , their worst manners would in all reason be found at least not so dishonest , as ours are in this point , the publick use whereof at all times , and in all places , hath now so far prevailed , as divers men very sound both in judgment and complexion , have been at last forced to take it also , without desire , partly because they were ashamed to seem singular , ( like the two philosophers that were forced to duck themselves in that rain-water , and so became fools as well as the rest of the people ) and partly to be as one that was content to eat garlick ( which he did not love ) that he might not be troubled with the smell of it in the breath of his fellows . and is it not a great vanity that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now , but straight they must be in hand with tobacco : no , it is become in place of a cure , a point of good fellowship ; and he that will refuse to take a pipe of tobacco among his fellows ( though by his own election he would rather smell the savor of a sink ) is accompted peevish , and no good company ; even as they do with tipling in the cold eastern countries : yea the mistriss cannot in a more mannerly kind entertain her servant , then by giving him out of her fair hand a pipe of tobacco ; but herein is not only a great vanity , but a great contempt of god's good gifts , that the sweetness of mans breath being a good gift of god , should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking smoke , wherein i must confess it hath too strong a vertue , and so that which is an ornament of nature , and can neither by any artifice be at the first acquired , nor once lost be recovered again , shall be filthily corrupted with an incurable stink , which vile quality is as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is holden of the wholesomeness thereof , as the venome of putrifaction is contrary to the vertue preservative . moreover , which is a great iniquity , and against all humanity , the husband shall not be ashamed to reduce thereby his delicate , wholesome , and clean-complexion'd wife to that extremity , that either she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith , or else resolve to live in a perpetual stinking torment . have you not reason then to be ashamed , and to forbear this filthy novelty , so basely grounded , so foolishly received , and so grosly mistaken in the right use thereof : in your abuse thereof sinning against god , harming your selves both in persons and goods , and raking also thereby the marks and notes of vanity upon you ; by the custome thereof , making your selves to be wondered at by all forreign civil nations , and by all strangers that come among you , to be scorned and contempted ; a custome loathsome to the eye , hateful to the nose , harmful to the brain , dangerous to the lungs , and in the black stinking fume thereof , nearest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomless . dr. maynwaring's serious cautions against tobacco , collected out of his treatise of the scurvy , page 70. another grand procuring and promoting cause of the scurvy is , tobacco ; not taken notice of by any i meet with in print . and here we may charge much of the frequency , and the unwonted phaenomena , or symptomatical appearance of this disease , upon the late custome of taking tobacco . many wonder that the scurvy should so much abound now in most places , and become so common and obvious now to every eye , that was so rarely taken notice of in former times , notwithstanding some of its procuring causes were very antique . but we need not wonder so much , if we consider the manner of living in former ages , compared with our own ; new customes and diets beget new diseases , or modifie the old so , as they seem to be new , in their unwonted manner , or frequency of appearance . the scurvy being altered and differenced now from what it was in ancient times ; that the phaenomena or symptomes of the disease in the syndrome and concurrence , is not exact alike with the description of the ancients ; which hath caused a doubt , and it is held by some physicians , that the scurvy is a new disease : but it is the old scurvy dressed in a new garb , which by new procuring causes , and additional complications , is become more depraved , more frequent , and more enlarged : few persons but harbour this unwelcome guest . as an additional procurer of the scurvy , tobacco comes now to be examined , since whose general use the scurvy hath much increased , and is become the most epidemical . that this plant is injurious and destructive to nature , and consequently an introducer of the scurvy will appear , if we consider the effects that supervene and follow the taking of it . the consequents or effects may be divided into two sorts ; first , such as accompany or supervene the first use of it . secondly , such as follow the long and constant use of it . symptoms arising upon the first and unaccustomed use of smoking it , are vomiting , giddiness , fainting , drunkenness sleepiness , depravation of the sences , and such like as follow upon the taking of some kind of poysons . effects upon the accustomed familiar use of it , are , salivation , drawing a flux of moisture to the mouth , and drayning the body ; heat , dryness , lassitude and weariness of the spirits , a dulness and indisposition of mind after ; apt to sleep , a filthy unsavory tast in the mouth , a check to to the stomach or appetite . the latent and more secret effects wrought in the body by the constant smoking of tobacco , are ; the inducing a scorbutick disposition , and promoting it where it is already radicated . and this is procured these wayes : first , by depressing the spirits , and alienating them from their genuine propriety and purity . secondly , by vitiating the stomach , and depraving the palate . thirdly , by exhausting the dulcid good juyce of the body , leaving behind and procuring the remainder more viscous , acrid and sharpe . fourthly , by prejudicing and weakening the lungs and vital parts . that it hath a property to depress and clog the spirits , is apparent by its narcotick vertue , causing a dulness , heaviness , lassitude , and disposing to sleep after the use of it . that it alienates the spirits , is concluded from its virulent nature , and discord with our nature , and that is argued from the symptoms that attend the first use . that it is noxious to the stomach ( the first grand laboratory of the body ) is rational to assert : for , as tobacco affects the mouth with an ill stinking tast , so the stomach also goes not free , but is tainted with it ; which is communicated to the food received . now considering the nature of tobacco , as it is hot and dry , acrid , salt , biting , purgative , or rather virulent , altogether medicinal , and not alimental ; and this constantly to impregnate and tincture our nutrimental succus with these properties and qualities ; we cannot otherwise expect by length of time and daily use , but that it will shew its power and vertue to change and alter our bodies ; since it is not nutritive , but medicinal ; estranged , and at a great distance from the nature of our bodies , not fit to nourish , but to alter and produce some notable effects . so great a sympathy there is between the stomach and mouth , that the one is not affected , but the other is drawn into consent ; if the stomach be foul , the mouth hath an ill relish ; and if the mouth distasts any thing , the stomach nauseates at it . now this great harmony and consent between these two , ariseth upon this accompt ; the mouth is appointed by nature the stomachs taster , to judge and discern what is fit and agreeable for the stomach to receive ; and therefore the same membrane which invests the mouth , and is the instrument of tasting , does also line the stomach ; so that hereby what is pleasant and acceptable in the mouth , is gratefully received into the stomach : now by this affinity and sympathy , you may rationally conclude , that vitiating of the tast by tobacco , and tainting the mouth with its stinking scent , must of necessity communicate the same to the stomach , which takes physick every time you take tobacco ; does mix with and infect the chile of the stomach , and is conveyed with it into all parts of the body ; and having so great a medicinal power , must needs alter and change the body , according to the properties it is endowed with , by the constant use , and daily reception of it . now tobacco being of an acrimonious , hot , dry , &c. nature , does pervert and change the balsamick juyces of the body into a more sharpe and fiery temper , and alienate them ; whereby they are not so amicable and fit for nutrition , as many scorbutick tobacconists do evidence upon examination , and their constitution changed by the evil use of this plant ; and it is very reasonable to expect it , and impute such alterations to the use thereof , since they are the proper effects of such a cause . the more remarkable discovery , and frequency of the scurvy , may well and justly be imputed to tobacco , since of latter years that tobacco hath been in use , and in those countries where tobacco is much taken , it doth abound most . although i discommend the use of tobacco by smoking it , as an injurious custome , yet i highly applaud it , as very medicinal , being rightly used . i remember about fifteen years since , a patient of mine in derby-shire , fell into a great paroxysm of an asthma , almost to suffocation ; i exhibited a dose of the syrup of tobacco , which gave him present help , and within a few hours was relieved , that he could draw his breath with much ease and freedome : and about a year after , at maxfield in cheshire , i cured a gentlewoman of an ulcer in ano of seven years standing , chiefly with the ointment of tobacco ; and although other things were used , yet i ascribe most of the cure to that unguent . and in many other cases tobacco is of good use , which i have experienced ; but smoking of it i find to be hurtful , if it be customary . i shall not be so strict and severe against the use of it , as to forbid all persons the smoking it upon any score whatever ; for that which may be used at certain times as medicinal upon just occasions requiring , in some persons , may prove very bad and pernicious upon the constant and general use . and this is the case of tobacco . tobacconists , whom custome hath ensnared , and brought them to delight in it , are willing to be perswaded and deluded , that it is good and wholesome , at least harmless . the pretences which they urge in defence of it , are such as these : some plead for it , and use it after meat , as a help to digestion , and therefore take it as a good remedy against a bad stomach and weak digestion . to this i answer , they are much mistaken herein , not distinguishing between digestion , and precipitation of meat out of the stomach ; digestion is not performed but in due time , by retexture , alteration , fermentation , and volatization of meát ; and till then , is not fit to pass out of the digestive-office , which requires some hours more or less , according to the nature of the food received , of facil or difficil digestion ; now that which provokes the stomach to a distribution of semi-digested chyle , and unloading it self before digestion be finished and perfected ; offers great injury to the body ; ( and this is the case of tobacco by its laxative stimulating properties ) which error committed in the first digestive-office , is not corrected , nor the damage recompenced by the acuteness and strong elaborations of the subsequent digestions ; and for this reason in part , the scurvy is procured hereby . some take tobacco for refreshment after labour , and divertisement of serious thoughts , being tired with business , study and musing . true it is , tobacco puts a suspension upon serious thoughts , and gives a relaxation for a time in some persons ; others contemplate , and run over their business with more delight , by the help and during the taking of a pipe : but both these persons though seemingly delighted and refreshed for a short time , yet afterwards the spirits are lassated and tired , and are more flat , dull and somnolent , when the pipe is out ; this was but a cheat ; the spirits were not truly refreshed , invigorated and reinforced ; as wine does enliven and make brisk the spirits , by affording and communicating an additional supply ; but by the fume of tobacco the spirits are a little inebriated and agitated by an other motion then their own , which is a seeming refreshment ; and short , not real , substantial and lasting . others plead for tobacco , and take it as a remedy against rheume , because a great dryer and exhauster of superfluous moistures . to evince the error of this opinion , consider what is the cause whereby rheumes and crude moisture in the body do abound ; and then you will plainly see , whether smoking tobacco be a proper or likely remedy to prevent or oppose it . phlegm and superfluous moisture does arise and abound in the body , from a deficiency and debility of the digestions , as also impediment or impotency of the expulsive faculty , that the remainders after digestion be not transmitted by the common ductures . now this fume of tobacco gives no roboration , adds no strength to the digestive faculties , having no symbolical qualities to comply with , and assist them , is very plain . also that separation and expulsion of super ▪ fluous moisture by this fume , is not promoted and transmitted through the more commodious ductures and passages appointed by nature for emission ; onely a salivation by the mouth is procured , which brings no advantage , but detriment ; for this flux of moisture doth not arise as critical , from the impulsion of nature , separating and protruding ; but from a promiscuous attraction of fluid moisture , ( by vertue of its acrimonious heat ) as well the laudable , util succus , as the degenerated and superfluous ; so that constantly draining the body of this dulcid serosity , must cause many inconveniencies through the want of it , in as much as it is very serviceable to the body , in the integrity of its nature , but being alienated , is then reduced or vented by better means , nature concurring with the medicine : but admit this did attract only excrementitious moisture ( which it does not ) yet considering it vitiates the stomach , and impregnates the chyle , with its evil properties , 't is much better to forbear then to use it ; that benefit would not recompence this injury . and further , that which is a preventing or curative remedy of superfluous moisture , rheume , or phlegmatique matter , applies à priori to the digestions , the springs from whence such effects do arise ; not à posteriori to the producted matter , which this fume seems to pump out , but does not stop the leak , is therefore no radical medicine ; and they that smoke tobacco upon this accompt as a great dryer , and exhauster of superfluous moisture , are much deceived in the expected benefit ; it onely brings a current of moisture , which ought to be expended otherwise , but it abates nothing in the fountain or springs ; rather augments , and makes an overflow , ( for the reasons aforesaid ) as tobacconists do evidence by their much spitting . some may say , i never took tobacco , and yet i have the symptomes of the scurvy as bad as any that have taken it . this may be so , from other great procuring causes ; and yet tobacco notwithstanding may be one great procurer in other persons . the scurvy does not require all the procuring causes to concur in its production , but sometimes one , and sometimes another is able to do it ; and although you take no tobacco , yet perhaps your parents did , or theirs ; and it is sufficient to make you fare the worse ; bad customes and abusive living extends farther then the person so offending : it is transmitted to their off-spring , as in another work i have noted in these words . but yet the crime were less , if onely to themselves the prejudice did extend , but also to posterity their diseases are propagated ; the children having impressed upon them , and radicated in the principals of their nature , the seminal power and productive vertue of inordinate and intemperate living of their genitors and progenitors , that the children may bear witness to the following age , the vice and folly of their parents and predecessors , recorded and characterised in them , &c. h●rel y you may understand , that evil customes ( as of smoking tobacco ) do not injure onely the person doing so , but the generation after them are prejudiced : and , here by the way , we may take notice of the many rickity children in this latter age , since the use of tobacco , which disease was not known , before the frequent use of it . tobacco does enervate and debillitate the faculties , that we may rationally expect the children from this generation to be scorbutick , rickity , and more feeble then formerly . amurath the fourth of that name , grand seignior of the turkish empire , put forth his edict against the smoking of tobacco , and made it a capital crime for any that should so use it ; the reason of this severe prohibition was , that it did render his people infertile : i shall not urge the inconvenience of tobacco so far , but this i may assert , that it causeth an infirm generation , by debilliating the parents , and rendering them scorbutick , which impressions are carried in semine to their children , and makes a diseased issue . and i observed in virginia , being some time in that colony , that the planters who had lived long there , being great smokers , were of a withered decayed countenance , and very scorbutick , being exhausted by this imoderate fume ; nor are they long-lived , but do shorten their dayes by the intemperate use of tobacco and brandy . king james , that learned philosophical prinde of this nation , wisely ▪ considering the nature of this plant , and having a good stoxastick head to foresee the inconveniencies that would arise to his people , by the ill custome of smoking it , he being the great physician of the body politick , does excellently dehort his subjects ( being tender of their future welfare ) from this noxious fume , and writes an invective against it ; whose oratory and solid arguments were enough to have broken the neck of this custome , had they any regard to his kindness , or sense of their own good , and of their posterity . i might have enlarged my self upon this subject , and run over most scorbutick symptomes , shewing how they are either first procured or aggravated by this fume : but from what hath been said already , it plainly appears , that tobacco is a great procurer and promoter of the scurvy , in as much as many scorbutick symptomes are the proper effects of smoking tobacco , as lassitude , dulness , somnolency , spitting , ill tast in the mouth , &c. and although some few persons either by the strength of nature , do strongly resist the bad impressions it sets upon several parts of the body , or by the peculiarity of nature is less offensive and hurtful to some , or brings some particular benefit ( amongst its many ill properties ) that makes it seemingly good ; yet insensibly and by time it damageth all ; and those few good effects in some few persons are not of validity to give it a general approbation and use , and free it from the censure of a great procurer of the scurvy , but may be justly reckoned in that catalogue . preservation of health in the choice of drinks , and regular drinking . drink for necessity , not for bad fellowship ; especially soon after meat , which hinders the due fermentation of the stomach , and washeth down before digestion be finished : but after the first concoction , if you have a hot stomach , a dry or costive body , you may drink more freely then others : or if thirst importunes you at any time , to satisfie with a moderate draught is better then to forbear . accustom youth and strong stomachs to small drink ; but stronger drink , and wine , to the infirm and aged : it chears the spirits , quickens the appetite , and helps digestion , moderately taken ▪ but being used in excess , disturbs the course of nature , and procures many diseases : for corpulent gross and fat bodies , thin , hungry , abstersive penetrating wines are best , as white-wine , rhenish , and such like . for lean thin bodies ; black , red and yellow wines , sweet , full bodied and fragrant , are more fit and agreeable ; as malaga , mus●●del , tent , alicant , and such like . for drink ▪ whether it be wholsomer warmed than cold , is much controverted ▪ some stifly contending for the one , and some for the ether : i shall rather chuse the middle way , with limitation and distinction , then impose it upon all as a rule to be observed under the penalty of forfeiting their health , the observations of the one or the other . there are three sorts of persons , one cannot drink cold beer , the other cannot drink warm , the third , either : you that cannot drink cold beer , to you it is hurtful , cools the stomach , and checks it much : therefore keep to warm drink as a wholsome custome : you that cannot drink warm beer , that is , find no refreshment , nor thirst satified by it , you may drink it cold , nor is it injurious to you : you that are indifferent and can drink either , drink yours cold , or warmed , as the company does , since your stomach makes no choice . that warm drink is no bad custom , but agreeable to nature in the generality ; first , because it comes the nearest to the natural temper of the body , and similia similibus conservantur , every thing is preserved by its like , and destroyed by its contrary . secondly , though i do not hold it the principal agent in digestion , yet it does excite , is auxiliary , and a necessary concomitant of a good digestion , ut signum & causa . thirdly , omne frigus per se , & pro viribus destruit ; cold in its own nature , and according to the graduation of its power , extinguisheth natural heat , and is destructive ; but per accidens , and as it is in gradu remisso , it may contemperate , allay , and refresh , where heat abounds , and is exalted . therefore as there is variety of palates and stomachs liking and agreeing best with such kind of meats and drinks , which to others are utterly disgustful , disagreeing and injurious , though good in themselves : so is it in drink warmed or cold ; what one finds a benefit in , the other receives a prejudice ; at least does not find that satisfaction and refreshment , under such a qualification ; because of the various natures , particular appetitions , and idiosyncratical properties of several bodies , one thing will not agree with all : therefore he that cannot drink warm , let him take it cold , and it is well to him ; but he that drinks it warm , does better . and this is to be understood in winter , when the extremity of cold hath congelated and fixed the spirits of the liquor in a torpid inactivity ; which by a gentle warmth are unfettered , volatile and brisk ; whereby the drink is more agreeable and grateful to the stomachs fermenting heat being so prepared , then to be made so by it . there are three sorts of drinkers : one drinks to satisfie nature , and to support his body ; without which he cannot well subsist , and requires it as necessary to his being . another drinks a degree beyond this man , and takes a larger dose , with this intention , to exhilarate and chear his mind , to banish cares and trouble , and help him to sleep the better ; and these two are lawful drinkers . a third drinks neither for the good of the body , or the mind , but to stupisie and drown both ; by exceeding the former bounds , and running into excess , frustrating those ends for which drink was appointed by nature ; converting this support of life and health , making it a procurer of sickness and untimely death . many such there are , who drink not to satifie nature , but force it down many times contrary to natural inclination ; and when there is a reluctancy against it : as drunkards , that pour in liquor , not for love of the drink , or that nature requires it by thirst , but onely to maintain the mad frollick , and keep the company from breaking up . some to excuse this intemperance , hold it as good physick to be drunk once a moneth , and plead for that liberty as a wholsome custome , and quote the authority of a famous physician for it . whether this opinion be allowable , and to be admitted in the due regiment for preservation of health , is fit to be examined . it is a canon established upon good reason ; that every thing exceeding its just bounds , and golden mediocrity , is hurtful to nature . the best of things are not excepted in this general rule ; but are restrained and limited here to a due proportion . the supports of life may prove the procurers of death , if not qualified and made wholsome by this corrective . meat and drink is no longer sustenance , but a load and overcharge , if they exceed the quantum due to each particular person ; and then they are not , what they are properly in themselves , and by the appointment of nature , the preservatives of life and health ; but the causes of sickness , and consequently of death . drink was not appointed man , to discompose and disorder him in all his faculties , but to supply , nourish , and strengthen them . drink exceeding its measure , is no longer a refreshment , to irrigate and water the thirsty body , but makes an inundation to drown and suffocate the vital powers . it puts a man out of the state of health , and represents him in such a degenerate condition both in respect of body and mind , that we may look upon the man , as going out of the world , because he is already gone out of himself , and strangely metamorphosed from what he was . i never knew sickness or a disease , to be good preventing physick ; and to be drunk , is no other then an unsound state , and the whole body out of frame by this great change . what difference is there between sickness and drunkenness ? truly i cannot distinguish them otherwise then as genus and species : drunkenness being a raging disease , denominated and distinguished from other sicknesses , by its procatartick or procuring cause , drink . that drunkenness is a disease or sickness , will appear in that it hath all the requisites to constitute a disease , and is far distant from a state of health : for as health is the free and regular discharge of all the functions of the body and mind ; and sickness , when the functions are not performed , or weakly and depravedly ▪ then ebriety may properly be said to be a disease or sickness , because it hath the symptoms and diagnostick signs , of an acute and great disease : for , during the time of drunkenness , and some time after , few of the faculties perform rightly , but very depravedly and preternatually : if we examine the intellectual faculties , we shall find the reason gone , the memory lost or much abated , and the will strangely perverted : if we look into the sensitive faculties , they are disordered , and their functions impedited , or performed very deficiently : the eyes do not see well , nor the ears hear well , nor the palate rellish , &c. the speech faulters and is imperfect ; the stomach perhaps vomits or nauseates ; his legs fail : indeed if we look through the whole man , we shall see all the faculties depraved , and their functions either not executed , or very disorderly and with much deficiency . now according to these symptoms in other sicknesses , we judge a man not likely to live long ; and that it is very hard he should recover ; the danger is so great from the many threatning symptoms that attend this sickness , and prognosticate a bad event : here is nothing appears salutary ; but from head to foot , the disease is prevalent in every part ; which being collated ▪ the syndrom is lethal , and judgment to be given so . surely then drunkenness is a very great disease for the time ▪ but because it is not usually mortal , nor lasts long ; therefore it is slighted , and look't upon as a trivial matter that will cure it self . but now the question may be asked ; why is not drunkenness usually mortal ? since the same signs in other diseases are accounted mortal , and the event proves it so . to which i answer ; all the hopes we have that a man drunk should live , is ; first , from common experience that it is not deadly : secondly , from the nature of the primitive or procuring cause , strong drink or wine ; which although it rage , and strangely discompose the man for a time , yet it lasts not long , nor is mortal . the inebriating spirits of the liquor , flowing in so fast , and joyning with the spirits of mans body , make so high a tide , that overflows all the banks and bounds of order : for , the spirits of mans body , those agents in each faculty , act smoothly , regularly and constantly , with a moderate supply ; but being overcharged , and forced out of their natural course , and exercise of their duty , by the large addition of furious spirits ; spurs the functions into strange disorders , as if nature were conflicting with death and dissolution ; but yet it proves not mortal . and this , first , because these adventitious spirits are amicable and friendly to our bodies in their own nature , and therefore not so deadly injurious , as that which is not so familiar or noxious . secondly , because they are very volatile , light , and active ; nature therefore does much sooner recover her self , transpires and sends forth the overplus received ; then if the morbifick matter were more ponderous and fixed ; the gravamen from thence would be much worse and longer in removing : as an over-charge of meat , bread , fruit , or such like substances not spirituous ; but dull and heavy ( comparative ) is of more difficult digestion , and layes a greater and more dangerous load upon the faculties , having not such volatile brisk spirits to assist nature , nor of so liquid a fine substance , of quicker and easier digestion : so that the symptoms from thence are much more dangerous , then those peraeute distempers arising from liquors . so likewise those bad symptoms in other diseases are more to be feared and accounted mortal ( then the like arising from drunkenness ) because those perhaps depend upon malignant causes ; or such as by time are radicated in the body ; or from the defection of some principal part : but the storm and discomposure arising from drunkenness , as it is suddenly raised , so commonly it soon falls , depending upon benign causes , and a spirituous matter , that layes not so great an oppession ; but inebriates the spirits , that they act very disorderly and unwontedly ; or by the soporiferous vertue , stupefies them for a time , untill they recover their agility again . but all this while , i do not see , that to be drunk once a moneth , should prove good physick : all i think that can be said in this behalf , is ; that by overcharging the stomach , vomiting is procured ; and so carries off something that was lodged there , which might breed diseases . this is a bad excuse for good fellows , and a poor plea for drunkenness : for the gaining of one supposed benefit ( which might be obtained otherwise ) you introduce twenty inconveniences by it . i do not like the preventing of one disease that may be , by procuring of one at the present certainly , and many hereafter most probably : and if the disease feared , or may be , could be prevented no otherwise , but by this drunken means ; then that might tollerate and allow it : but there are other wayes better and safer to cleanse the body either upwards or downwards , then by overcharging with strong drink , and making the man to unman himself ; the evil consequents of which are many , the benefit hoped for , but pretended ; or if any , but very small and inconsiderable . and although , as i said before , the drunken fit is not mortal , and the danger perhaps not great for the present ; yet those drunken bouts being repeated ; the relicts do accumulate , debilitate nature , and lay the foundation of many chronick diseases . nor can it be expected otherwise ; but you may justly conclude from the manifest irregular actions which appear to us externally , that the functions within also , and their motions are strangely disordered : for , the outward madness and unwonted actions , proceed from the internal impulses , and disordered motions of the faculties : which general disturbance and discomposure ( being frequent ) must needs subvert the oeconomy and government of humance nature ; and consequently ruine the fabrick of mans body . the ill effects , and more eminent products of ebriety , are ; first , a changing of the natural tone of the stomach , and alienating the digestive faculty ; that instead of a good transmutation of food , a degenerate chyle is produced . common experience tells , that after a drunken debauch , the stomach loseth its appetite , and acuteness of digestion ; as belching , thirst , disrelish , nauseating , do certainly testifie : yet to support nature , and continue the custom of eating , some food is received ; but we cannot expect from such a stomach that a good digestion should follow : and it is some dayes before the stomach recover its e●crasy , and perform its office well : and if these miscarriages happen but seldom , the injury is the less , and sooner recompenced ; but by the frequent repetition of these ruinous practices , the stomach is overthrown and alienated from its integrity . secondly , an unwholsome corpulency and cachectick plenitude of body does follow : or a degenerate macilency , and a decayed consumptive constitution . great drinkers that continue it long , few of them escape , but fall into one of these conditions and habit of body : for , if the stomach discharge not its office aright ; the subsequent digestions will also be defective . so great a consent and dependance is there upon the stomach ; that other parts cannot perform their duty , if this leading principal part be perverted and debauched : nor can it be expected otherwise ; for , from this laboratory and prime office of digestion , all the parts must receive their supply ; which being not suteable , but depraved , are drawn into debauchery also , and a degenerate state ; and the whole body fed with a vitious alimentary succus . now that different products or habits of body should arise from the same kind of debauchery , happens upon this score . as there are different properties and conditions of bodies ; so the result from the same procuring causes shall be much different and various : one puffs up , fills , and grows hydropical ; another pines away , and falls consumptive , from excess in drinking ; and this proceeds from the different disposition of parts : for , in some persons , although the stomach be vitiated , yet the strength of the subsequent digestions is so great , from the integrity and vigor of those parts destinated to such offices ; that they act strenuously , though their object matter be transmitted to them imperfect and degenerate ; and therefore do keep the body plump and full , although the juyces be foul , and of a depraved nature . others è contra , whose parts are not so firm and vigorous ; that will not act upon any score , but with their proper object ; does not endeavour a transmutation of such aliene matter , but receiving it with a nice reluctance , transmits it to be evacuated and sent forth by the next convenient ducture , or emunctory : and from hence the body is frustrated of nutrition , and falls away : so that the pouring in of much liquor ( although it be good in sua natura ) does not beget much aliment , but washeth through the body , and is not assimilated . but here some may object and think ; that washing of the body through with good liquor , should cleanse the body , and make it fit for nourishment , and be like good physick for a foul body . but the effect proves the contrary ; and it is but reason it should be so : for , suppose the liquor ( whether wine , or other ) be pure and good ; yet when the spirit is drawn off from it , the remainder is but dead , flat , thick , and a muddy flegm . as we find in the destillation of wine , or other liquors ; so it is in mans body : the spirit is drawn off first , and all the parts of mans body are ready receivers , and do imbibe that limpid congenerous enlivener , freely and readily : but the remainder , of greatest proportion ; that heavy , dull , phlegmy part , and of a narcotick quality ; lies long fluctuating upon the digestions , and passeth but slowly ; turns sowr , and vitiates the crases of the parts : so that this great inundation , and supposed washing of the body , does but drown the faculties , stupefie or choak the spirits , and defile all the parts ; not purifie and cleanse . and although the more subtile and thinner portion , passeth away in some persons pretty freely by vrine ; yet the grosser and worse part stayes behind , and clogs in the percolation . a third injury , and common , manifest prejudice from intemperate drinking , is ; an imbecillity of the nerves ; which is procured from the disorderly motions of the animal spirits ; being impulsed and agitated preternaturally by the inebriating spirits of strong liquors : which vibration being frequent , begets a habit , and causeth a trepidation of members . transcribed verbatim out of doctor maynwaring's treatise of long life . that it may not be said to be onely one doctors opinion , here is added another collection against tobacco-smoking , written by the learned doctor george thompson , in his book of preservation of the bloud . above all , i much condemn the common abuse of tobacco ; out of which , no other symptomes , than a scorbutical venome is accidentally sucked . agreeable to which judgment of mine , is that of the legitimate artist doctor maynwaring , who marks where tobacco is much taken , the scurvy doth most abound : i wish those who are too forward to condemn chymical preparations , ordered by true philosophers , would reflect upon themselves and others , as yet ignorant of pyrotomy , how that they are too forward in rushing into this science ; indirectly making use of a retort with a receiver , i mean a pipe , and the mouth for the reduction of this plant into salt and sulphur , proving not a little injurious to them . if they were conscious how subtil an enemy it is , how hardly to be dealt withall , in a moderate sense ; how insinuating , tempting , deluding ; how disagreeing to nature , as is manifest at first taking it , pretending an evacuation onely of a superfluous moisture , when it also generates the same ; how it wrongs the ventricle , by reason of a continuity of its membrane , with that of the mouth ; how it taints the nutricious juyce ; how it dozes the brain , impairing its faculties , especially the memory : they would quickly commit this herb to the hand of those that know what belongs to the right management and improvement thereof . i confess it hath a dowry bestowed upon it , which may make it very acceptable to all ingenious artists , for inward and outward uses ; yet as the matter is handled indiscreetly , i know nothing introduced into this nation hath discovered it self more apparently hurtful , in aggravating and graduating this scorbutical evil among us then tobacco . i am not ignorant what some object , that there are those who taking an extraordinary quantity of tobacco , have lived a to great age , as sixty or seventy years . 2. that multitudes not taking this fume , are yet notwithstanding over-run with the scurvy . 3. that some have protested , they have received certain benefit by this plant , when other remedies prescribed by able physitians have been invalid to relieve them . 4. that there are places where man , woman and child , take in this smoke , none of these sad effects appearing . as to the first , i answer , one swallow makes no summer ; i reckon this among raro contingentia : i have known one very intemperate in diet , live to the fore-mentioned age ; but doubtless had he regulated himself according to the rules of mediocrity , he might have doubled that age . innate strength of body doth carry a man sometimes through that , without any great damage , which destroys another . 2. i do not affirm , that this vegetable is the sole co-adjuvant cause of the scurvy , it being certain there are many promoters thereof . besides , yet granted that your great compotators , ventricolae , gormandizers , who have as the grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , lazy panches , little else to do but to take tobacco , to pass away the time ; filling pipe after pipe , as fast as possible they can exhaust it , are commonly incident to this feral malady . hereupon this very same specifick disease may be diffused and communicated to others , by expiration or ffluvium , sent out of a body infected therewith , so that it seems rare to me , that the wife should be exempted from this cacoettick sickness , if the husband be afflicted therewith ; or the husband be free , if the wife be vexed : doubtless some peoples breath doth exceedingly taint the air , to the great annoyance of others . 3. i condemn not medicinal appropriation and application of this drug , for i know it to be of excellent vertue : there is great difference , inter dictum secundum quid & dictum simpliciter , between the censure of any thing as absolutely evil , and the indirect practise of it : moreover , what is one man's meat , may be anothers poyson . 4. the generality of smoking it in some places , without those ill effects we find , doth not at all frustrate my assertion : for i have observed a more moderate course of life in diet , the goodness of the air , with an hereditary custome , hath in great measure ballanced the nocument or inconveniences , which otherwise they would have contracted by excess thereof ; neither are these numerous tobacconists acquitted from this evil , as it appears by those frequent eruptions in the skin , whereby a greater mischief is prevented within , they being only efflorescences of a scorbutical pravity . there are , as i apprehend , two principal reasons to be given , why this weed hath captivated so many thousands in such sort , that they become meer slaves to it . one is , the seeming delight it affords in the present taking thereof , inducing a pleasing bewitching melancholy , exceedingly affecting their fancies , so that they could wish with him in the poet , hic furor , ô superi , sit mihi perpetuus , o that i might alwayes thus melancholize ; not considering though the prologue be chearful , the epilogue is often sad ; though the spirits are as it were titillated , and charmed into a sweet complacency for a short space ; yet afterward a dulness , gloominess , seizes upon them ; indeed , how can it be otherwise , seeing they are but forcibly lulled into this secure placid condition , by that which is as far remote from the vitals , as the beams of the sun are from a black cloud . i find in this smoke , a stinking , retunding , condensing opiatelike sulphur , and an acrid salt , profligating , extimulating , so that by the bridling much of the one , and the excessive spurring of the other ; the spirits , like a free metalsome horse , are quite tired out at last : it is impossible that the frequent insinuations of this subtil fume , making shew of affinity , but quite of another tribe with the animals , should not at length ( let a body be never so strong , and custom how ever prevalent ) either pervert or subvert his well constituted frame . another reason ( observable only by those that are true gnosticks of themselves ) why tobacco is so highly set by , and hath so many followers ; is its meretricious kisses , given to those that embrace it : oftentimes secretly wounding them mortally , yet are they not throughly sensible who gave them the stroke . i have taken notice of very temperate persons in other things , who , for diversion , have indulged their genious , ad hilaritatem , continuing for urbanitysake in company they liked , longer then ordinary , have so closely pursued this pernicious art of sucking in the smoke of this herb , that never any chymist was more solicitous , in greater hast to fetch his matters over the helm by distillation : behold what the event was ! the next morning i have heard complaints come from them , that their brains were something stupid , dozed , their stomach nauseous , being thirsty , also feaverish : all this they attribute to their transgressing limits of sobriety in drinking , or to the sophisticated adulterated liquors , not finding the least fault with the extravagant use of tobacco , which above all did them the most hurt privately : something i can speak experimentally to this purpose , for having been wedded to it many years past , supposing i had got an antidote against hypochondriack melancholy with an apophlegmatism , to discharge crude matter ; i applauded it in all company , without advertency at that time , how false and treacherous it was , which afterward perceiving , i withdrew my self from the use thereof by degrees , at length was altogether divorced from it . praevisa spicula levius feriunt ; could we see the poysoned arrows that are shot from this plant , questionless we would indeavour to avoid them , that they might less intoxicate us . latet anguis in herba ; we are suddenly surprized by this serpentine plant , before we are aware ; thus that which we take for an antidote , becomes meer poyson to us , supplanting and clancularly confounding the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or good government of this republick , consisting in the strength and goodness of a seminal archeus , vigorous ferments , the just constitution and harmony of every part . needs must then indigestions , crudities , degeneration and illegitimation of the nutricious juyce follow , promoting causes and products of the great poyson of the scurvy . my advice therefore to any immoderate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a fumesucker , is , that he would , as he tenders the salvation of body and soul , wean himself by degrees from excess herein ; if so , doubtless he will find if the scurvy infest him much , an abatement of the tedious symptoms therefore . such as are so accustomed to tobacco , that they cannot forbear it , let what can be said against it ; so that neither the good and solid perswasions of a great , wise , and learned king , nor the wholsome and rational arguments of two able and skilful physicians , will be of force to prevail with them : my advice to such is , while they take it , to meditate on this poem following , by which they may be able to make this double spiritual use of it , viz. i. to see the vanity of the world. ii. the mortality of mankind . which , i think , is the best use can be made of it and the pipe , &c. the indian weed withered quite , green at noon , cut down at night ; shews thy decay , all flesh is hay : thus think , then drink tobacco . the pipe that is so lilly-white , shews thee to be a mortal wight , and even such gone with a touch : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the smoke ascends on high , think thou behold'st the vanity of worldly stuff , gone with a puff : thus think , then drink tobacco . and when the pipe grows foul within , think on thy souldefil'd with sin , and then the fire it doth require : thus think , then drink tobacco . the ashes that are left behind may serve to put thee still in mind , that unto dust return thou must : thus think , then drink tobacco . answered by george withers thus , thus think , drink no tobacco . woe to drunkards : a sermon preached many years since by mr. samuel ward , preacher of ipswich . prov . 23. verse 29 , 32. to whom is woe ? to whom is sorrow ? to whom is strife ? &c. in the end it will bite like a serpent , and sting like a cockatrice . seer , art thou also blind ? watchman , art thou also drunk , or asleep ? or hath a spirit of slumber put out thine eyes ? up to thy watch-tower , what descriest thou ? ah lord ! what end or number is there of the vanities which mine eyes are weary of beholding ? but what seest thou ? i see men walking like the tops of trees shaken with the wind , like masts of ships reeling on the tempestuous seas . drunkenness , i mean , that hateful night-bird ; which was wont to wait for the twilight , to seek nooks and corners , to avoid the howling and wonderment of boys and girls ; now as if it were some eaglet to dare the sun-light , to fly abroad at high noon in every street , in open markets and fairs , without fear or shame , without controul or punishment , to the disgrace of the nation , the out-facing of magistracy and ministry , the utter undoing ( without timely prevention ) of health and wealth , piety and vertue , town and countrey , church and common-wealth . and doest thou like a dumb dog hold thy peace at these things , dost thou with solomon's sluggard fold thine hands in thy bosome , and give thy self to ease and drowsiness , while the envious man causeth the noisomest and baseth of weeds to over-run the choisest eden of god ? up and arise , lift up thy voice , spare not , and cry aloud ? what shall i cry ? cry , woe and woe again unto the crown of pride , the drunkards of ephraim . take up a parable , and tell them how it stingeth like the cockatrice ; declare unto them the deadly poyson of this odious sin . shew them also the soveragin antidote and cure of it , in the cup that was drunk off by him , that was able to overcome it : cause them to behold the brasen serpent , and be healed . and what though some of these deaf adders will not be charmed nor cured , yea though few or none of this swinish herd of habitual drunkards , accustomed to wallow in their mire ; yea , deeply and irrecoverably plunged by legions of devils into the dead sea of their filthiness ; what if not one of them will be washed , and made clean , but turn again to their vomit , and trample the pearls of all admonition under feet ; yea , turn again , and rend their reprovers with scoffs and scorns , making jests and songs on their alebench : yet may some young ones be deterred , and some novices reclaimed , some parents and magistrates awakened to prevent and suppress the spreading of this gangrene : and god have his work in such as belong to his grace . and what is impossible to the work of his grace ? go to then now ye drunkards , listen not what i , or any ordinary hedge-priest ( as you style us ) but that most wise and experienced royal preacher hath to say unto you . and because you are a dull and thick eared generation , he first deals with you by way of question , a figure of force and impression . to whom is woe ? &c. you use to say , woe be to hypocrites . it 's true , woe be to such and all other witting and willing sinners ; but there are no kind of offenders on whom woe doth so palpably inevitably attend as to you drunkards . you promise your selves mirth , pleasure , and jollity in your cups ; but for one drop of your mad mirth , be sure of gallons , and tuns of woe , gall , wormwood , and bitterness here and hereafter . other sinners shall taste of the cup , but you shall drink off the dregs of god's wrath and displeasure . to whom is strife : you talk of good fellowship and friendship , but wine is a rager and tumultuous make-bate , and sets you a quarreling , and medling . when wit 's out of the head and strength out of the body , it thrusts even cowards and dastards , unfenced and unarmed , into needless frayes and combats . and then to whom are wounds , broken heads , blue eyes , maimed limbs ? you have a drunken by-word , drunkards take no harm ; but how many are the mishaps and untimely misfortunes that betide such , which though they feel not in drink , they carry as marks and brands to their grave . you pretend you drink healths , and for health ; but to whom are all kind of diseases , infirmities , deformities , pearled faces , palsies , dropsies , head-aches ? if not to drunkards . upon these premises , he forcibly infers his sober and serious advise . look upon these woful effects and evils of drunkenness , and look not upon the wine ; look upon the blue wounds , upon the red eyes it causeth , and look not on the red colour when it sparkleth in the cup. if there were no worse then these , yet would no wise man be overtaken with wine : as if he should say , what see you in the cup or drink , that countervaileth these dreggs that lie in the bottom . behold , this is the sugar you are to look for , and the tang it leaves behind . woe and alas , sorrow and strife , shame , poverty and diseases ; these are enough to make it odious , but that which followeth withall , will make it hideous and fearful . for solomon duely considering that he speaks to men past shame and grace , senseless of blowes , and therefore much more of reasons and words , insisteth not upon these petty woes ; which they , bewitched and besotted with the love of wine , will easily over-see and over-leap : but sets before their eyes the direful end and fruit , the black and poysonful tail of this sin . in the end it stingeth like the serpent , it biteth like the cockatrice , ( or adder ) saith our new translation . all interpreters agree , that he means some most virulent serpent , whose poyson is present and deadly . all the woes he hath mentioned before , were but as the sting of some emmet , waspe , or nettle , in comparison of this cockatrice which is even unto death ; death speedy , death painful , and woful death , and that as naturally and inevitably , as opium procureth sleep , as hellebore purgeth , or any poyson killeth . three forked is this sting , and three-fold is the death it procureth to all that are strung therewith . the first is , the death of grace ; the second is , of the body : the third is , of soul and body eternal . all sin is the poyson wherewithall the old serpent and red dragon envenomes the soul óf man , but no sin ( except it be that which is unto death ) so mortal as this , which though not ever unpardonably , yet for the most part is also irrecoverably and inevitably unto death . seest thou one bitten with any other snake , there is hope and help : as the father said of his son , when he had information of his gaming , of his prodigality , yea , of his whoring : but when he heard that he was poysoned with drunkenness , he gave him for dead , his case for desperate and forlorn . age and experience often cures the other ; but this encreaseth with years , and parteth not till death . whoring is a deep ditch , yet some few shall a man see return and lay hold on the wayes of life , one of a thousand , but scarce one drunkard of ten-thousand . one ambrose mentions , and one have i known ; and but one of all that ever i knew or heard of . often have i been asked , and often have i enquired , but never could meet with an instance , save one or two at the most . i speak of drunkards , not of one drunken ; of such who rarely and casually have noah-like been surprised , over-taken at unawares : but if once a custome , ever necessity . wine takes away the heart , and spoils the brain , overthrows the faculties and organs of repentance and resolution . and is it not just with god , that he who will put out his natural light , should have his spiritual extinguished ? he that will deprive himself of reason , should lose also the guide and pilot of reason , god's spirit and grace : he that will wittingly and willingly make himself an habitation of unclean spirits , should not dispossess them at his own pleasure ? most aptly therefore is it translated by tremelius haemorrhois , which gesner confounds with the dipsas , or thirsty serpent , whose poyson breedeth such thirst , drought , and inflamation ; like that of ratsbane , that they never leave drinking , till they burst and die withall . would it not grieve and pitty , any christian-soul , to see a towardly hopeful young man , well natured , well nurtured , stung with this cockatrice , bewailing his own case , crying out against the baseness of the sin , inveighing against company , melting under the perswasions of friends ; yea , protesting against all enticements , vow , covenant , and seriously indent with himself and his friends for the relinquishing of it . and yet if he meet with a companion that holds but up his finger , he follows him as a fool to the stocks , and as an oxe to the slaughter-house , having no power to withstand the temptation ; but in he goes with him to the tipling-house , not considering that the chambers are the chambers of death , and the guests , the guests of death ; and there he continues as one bewitched , or conjured in a spell ; out of which he returns not , till he hath emptied his purse of money , his head of reason , and his heart of all his former seeming grace . there his eyes behold the strange woman , his heart speaketh perverse things , becoming heartless , as one ( saith solomon ) in the heart of the sea , resolving to continue , and return to his vomit , whatsoever it cost him , to make it his daily work . i was sick , and knew it not : i was struck , and felt it not ; when i awake , i will seek it still . and why indeed ( without a miracle ) should any expect that one stung with this viper should shake it off , and ever recover of it again . yea , so far are they from recovering themselves , that they infect and become contagious and pestilent to all they come near . the dragon infusing his venome , and assimulating his elfes to himself in no sin so much as in this , that it becomes as good as meat and drink to them , to spend their wit and money to compass ale-house after ale-house ; yea , town after town , to transform others with their circean-cups , till they have made them bruits and swine , worse then themselves . the adulterer and usurer desire to enjoy their sin alone ; but the chiefest pastime of a drunkard is to heat and overcome others with wine , that he may discover their nakedness and glory in their foyl and folly . in a word , excess of wine , and the spirit of grace are opposites ; the former expels the latter out of the heart , as smoke doth bees out of the hive : and makes the man a meer slave and prey to satan and his snares ; when , by this poyson , he hath put out his eyes , and spoyled him of his strength , he useth him as the philistins did sampson , leads him in a string whither he pleaseth , like a very drudge , scorn , and make-sport to himself and his imps ; makes him grind in the mill of all kind of sins and vices . and that i take to be the reason why drunkenness is not specially prohibited in any one of the ten commandments , because it is not the single breach of any one , but in effect the violation of all and every one : it is no one sin , but all sins , because it is the in-let and sluce to all other sins . the devil having moistened , and steeped him in his liquor ; shapes him like soft clay , into what mould he pleaseth : having shaken off his rudder and pilot , dashes his soul upon what rocks , sands , and syrts he listeth , and that with as much ease as a man may push down his body with the least thrust of his hand or finger . he that in his right wits , and sober mood , seems religious , modest , chast , courteous , secret ; in his drunken fits , swears , blasphemes , rages , strikes , talks filthily , blabs all secrets , commits folly , knows no difference of persons or sexes , becomes wholly at satans command , as a dead organ , to be enacted at his will and pleasure . oh that god would be pleased to open the eyes of some drunkard , to see what a dunghill and carrion his soul becomes , and how loathsome effects follow upon thy spiritual death , and sting of this cockatrice , which is the fountain of the other two following , temporal and eternal death ! and well may it be , that some such as are altogether fearless and careless of the former death , will yet tremble , and be moved with that which i shall in the second place tell them . among all other sins that are , none brings forth bodily death so frequently as this , none so ordinarily slays in the act of sin as this . and what can be more horrible then to die in the act of a sin , without the act of repentance ? i pronounce no definitive sentence of damnation upon any particular so dying , but what door of hope or comfort is left to their friends behind of their salvation ? the whore-master he hopes to have a space and time to repent in age , though sometimes it pleaseth god that death strikes cozbi and zimri napping , as the devil is said to slay one of the popes in the instant of his adultery , and carry him quick to hell. the swearer and blasphemer hath commonly space , though seldom grace , to repent and amend : and some rare examples stories afford , of some taken with oaths and blasphemies in their mouths . the thief and oppossor may live , and repent , and make restitution , as zacheus : though i have seen one slain right-out with the timber he stole half an hour before ; and heard of one that having stoln a sheep , and laying it down upon a stone to rest him , was grin'd and hang'd with the strugling of it about his neck . but these are extraordinary and rare cases : god sometimes practising marshal-law , and doing present execution , lest fools shall say in their hearts , there were no god , or judgment : but conniving and deferring the most , that men might expect a judge coming , and a solemn day of judgment to come . but this sin of drunkenness is so odious to him , that he makes it self justice , judge and executioner , slaying the ungodly with misfortune , bringing them to untimely shameful ends , in brutish and beastial manner , often in their own vomit and ordure ; sending them sottish , sleeping , and senseless to hell , not leaving them either time , or reason , or grace to repent , and cry so much as lord have mercy upon us . were there ( as in some cities of italy ) an office kept , or a record and register by every coroner in shires and counties , of such dismal events which god hath avenged this sin withall , what a volume would it have made within these few years in this our nation ? how terrible a threater of god's judgments against drunkards , such as might make their hearts to bleed and relent , if not their ears to tingle , to hear of a taste of some few such noted and remarkable examples of god's justice , as have come within the compass of mine own notice , and certain knowledge ; i think i should offend to conceal them from the world , whom they may happily keep from being the like to others , themselves . an ale-wife in kesgrave , near to ipswich , who would needs force three serving-men ( that had been drinking in her house , and were taking their leaves ) to stay and drink the three ou ts first , that is , wit out of the head , money out of the purse , ale out of the pot ; as she was coming towards them with the pot in her hand , was suddenly taken speechless and sick , her tongue swoln in her mouth , never recovered speech , the third day after died . this sir anthony felton , the next gentleman and justice , with divers others eye-witnesses of her in sickness related to me ; whereupon i went to the house with two or three witnesses , and inquired the truth of it . two servants of a brewer in ipswich , drinking for a rumpe of a turkie , strugling in their drink for it , fell into a scading caldron backwards : whereof the one died presently , the other lingringly and painfully since my coming to ipswich . anno 1619. a miller in bromeswell , coming home drunk from woodbridge ( as he oft did ) would needs go and swim in the milpond : his wife and servants knowing he could not swim , disswaded him , once by intreaty got him out of the water , but in he would needs go again , and there was drowned : i was at the house to inquire of this , and found it to be true . in barnewell , near to cambridge , one at the sign of the plough , a lusty young man , with two of his neighbours , and one woman in their company , agreed to drink a barrel of strong beer ; they drank up the vessel , three of them dyed within twenty four hours , the fourth hardly escaped after great sickness . this i have under a justice of peace his hand near dwelling , besides the common fame . a butcher in hastingfield hearing the minister inveigh against drunkenness , being at his cups in the ale-house , fell a jesting and scoffing at the minister and his sermons : and as he was drinking , the drink , or something in the cup , quackled him , stuck so in his throat , that he could get it neither up nor down , but strangled him presently . at tillingham in dengy hundred in essex , three young men meeting to drink strong waters , fell by degrees to half-pints : one fell dead in the room , and the other prevented by company coming in , escaped not without much sickness . at bungey in norfolk , three coming out of an ale-house in a very dark evening , swore , they thought it was not darker in hell it self : one of them fell off the bridge into the water , and was drowned ; the second fell off his horse , the third sleeping on the ground by the rivers-side , was frozen to death : this have i often heard , but have no certain ground for the truth of it it . a bayliff of hadly , upon the lords-day , being drunk at melford , would needs get upon his mare , to ride through the street , affirming ( as the report goes ) that 〈◊〉 mare would carry him to the devil ; his mare casts him off , and broke his neck instantly . reported by sundry sufficient witnesses . company drinking in an ale-house at harwich in the night , over against one master russels , and by him out of his window once or twice willed to depart ; at length he came down , and took one of them , and made as if he would carry him to prison , who drawing his knife , fled from him , and was three days after taken out of the sea with the knife in his hand . related to me by master russel himself , mayor of the town . at tenby in pembrokeshire , a drunkard being exceeding drunk , broke himself all to pieces off an high and steep rock , in a most fearful manner ; and yet the occasion and circumstances of his fall were so ridiculous , as i think not fit to relate , lest , in so serious a judgment , i should move laughter to the reader . a glasier in chancery-lane in london ▪ noted formerly for profession , fell to a common course of drinking , whereof being oft by his wife and many christian friends admonished , yet presuming much of god's mercy to himself , continued therein , till , upon a time , having surcharged his stomach with drink , he fell a vomiting , broke a vein , lay two days in extreme pain of body , and distress of mind , till in the end recovering a little comfort , he died : both these examples related to me by a gentleman of worth upon his own knowledge . four sundry instances of drunkards wallowing and tumbling in their drink , slain by carts ; i forbear to mention , because such examples are so common and ordinary . a yeoman's son in northamptonshire , who being drunk at wellingborough on a market-day , would needs ride his horse in a bravery over the plowed-lands , fell from his horse , and brake his neck : reported to me by a kinsman of his own . a knight notoriously given to drunkenness , carrying sometime payls of drink into the open field , to make people drunk withall ; being upon a time drinking with company , a woman comes in , delivering him a ring with this posie , drink and die ; saying to him , this is for you ; which he took and wore , and within a week after came to his end by drinking : reported by sundry , and justified by a minister dwelling within a mile of the place . two examples have i known of children that murthered their own mothers in drink ; and one notorious drunkard that attempted to kill his father ; of which being hindred , he fired his barn , and was afterward executed : one of these formerly in print . at a tavern in breadstreet in london , certain gentlemen drinking healths to their lords , on whom they had dependance ; one desperate wretch steps to the tables end , lays hold on a pottle-pot full of canary-sack , swears a deep oath ; what will none here drink a health to my noble lord and master ? and so setting the pottle-pot to his mouth , drinks it off to the bottom ; was not able to rise up , or to speak when he had done , but fell into a deep snoaring sleep , and being removed , laid aside , and covered by one of the servants of the house , attending the time of the drinking , was within the space of two hours irrecoverably dead : witnessed at the time of the printing hereof by the same servant that stood by him in the act , and helpt to remove him . in dengy hundred , near mauldon , about the beginning of his majesties reign , there fell out an extraordinary judgment upon five or six that plotted a solemn drinking at one of their houses , laid in beer for the once , drunk healths in a strange manner , and died thereof within a few weeks , some sooner , and some later : witnessed to me by one that was with one of them on his death-bed , to demand a debt , and often spoken of by master heydon , late preacher of mauldon , in the hearing of many : the particular circumstances were exceeding remarkable , but having not sufficient proof for the particulars , i will not report them . one of ayl●sham in norfolk , a notorious drunkard , drowned in a shallow brook of water , with his horse by him . whilest this was at the presse , a man eighty five years old , or thereabout , in suffolk , overtaken with wine , ( though never in all his life before , as he himself said a little before his fall , seeming to bewail his present condition , and others that knew him so say of him ) yet going down a pair of stairs ( against the perswasion of a woman sitting by him in his chamber ) fell , and was so dangerously hurt , as he died soon after , not being able to speak from the time of his fall to his death . the names of the parties thus punished , i forbear for the kindreds sake yet living . if conscionable ministers of all places of the land would give notice of such judgments , as come within the compass of their certain knowledge , it might be a great means to suppress this sin , which reigns every where to the scandal of our nation , and high displeasure of almighty god. these may suffice for a tast of god's judgments : easie were it to abound in sundry particular casualties , and fearful examples of this nature . drunkard , that which hath befaln any one of these , may befal thee , if thou wilt dally with this cockatrice ; what ever leagues thou makest with death , and dispensations thou givest thy self from the like . some of these were young , some were rich , some thought themselves as wise thou ; none of them ever looked for such ignominious ends , more then thou , who ever thou art : if thou hatest such ends , god give thee grace to decline such courses . if thou beest yet insensate with wine , void of wit and fear , i know not what further to mind thee of , but of that third , and worst sting of all the rest , which will ever be gnawing , and never dying : which if thou wilt not fear here ; sure thou art to feel there , when the red dragon hath gotten thee into his den , and shalt fill thy soul with the gall of scorpions , where thou shalt yell and howl for a drop of water to cool thy tongue withall , and shalt be denied so small a refreshing , and have no other liquor to allay thy thirst , but that which the lake of brimstone shall afford thee . and that worthily , for that thou ▪ wouldest incur the wrath of the lamb for so base and sordid a sin as drunkenness , of which thou mayest think as venially and slightly as thou wilt . but paul that knew the danger of it , gives thee fair warning , and bids thee not deceive thy self , expresly , and by name mentioning it among the mortal sins , excluding from the kingdom of heaven . and the prophet esay tells thee , that for it hell hath enlarged it self , opened its mouth wide , and without measure ; and therefore shall the multitude and their pomp , and the jollyest among them descend into it . consider this , you that are strong to pour in drink , that love to drink sorrow and care away : and be you well assured , that there you shall drink enough for all , having for every drop of your former bousings , vials , yea , whole seas of god's wrath , never to be exhaust . now then i appeal from your selves in drink , to your selves in your sober fits . reason a little the case , and tell me calmly , would you for your own , or any mans pleasure , to gratifie friend or companion , if you knew there had been a toad in the wine-pot ( as twice i have known happened to the death of drinkers ) or did you think that some caesar borgia , or brasutus had tempered the cup ; or did you see but a spider in the glass , would you , or durst you carouse it off ? and are you so simple to fear the poyson that can kill the body , and not that which killeth the soul and body ever ; yea , for ever and ever , and if it were possible for more then for ever , for evermore ? oh thou vain fellow , what tellest thou me of friendship , or good fellowship , wilt thou account him thy friend , or good fellow , that draws thee into his company , that he may poyson thee ? and never thinks he hath given thee right entertainment , or shewed thee kindness enough , till he hath killed thy soul with his kindness , and with beer made thy body a carkass fit for the biere , a laughing and loathing stock , not to boys and girls alone , but to men and angels . why rather sayest thou not to such , what have i to do with you , ye sons of belial , ye poysonful generation of vipers , that hunt for the precious life of a man ? oh but there are few good wits , or great spirits now a-days , but will pot it a little for company . what hear i ? oh base and low-spirited times , if that were true ! if we were faln into such lees of time foretold of by seneca , in which all were so drowned in the dregs of vices , that it should be vertue and honour to bear most drink . but thanks be to god , who hath reserved many thousands of men , and without all comparison more witty and valorous then such pot-wits , and spirits of the buttery , who never bared their knees to drink health , nor ever needed to whet their wits with wine ; or arm their courage with pot-harness . and if it were so , yet if no such wits or spirits shall ever enter into heaven without repentance , let my spirit never come and enter into their paradise ; ever abhor to partake of their bruitish pleasures , lest i partake of their endless woes . if young cyrus could refuse to drink wine , and tell astyages , he thought it to be poyson , for he saw it metamorphose men into beasts and carcases : what would he have said , if he had known that which we may know , that the wine of drunkards is the wine of sodom and gomorrah ; their grapes , the grapes of gall , their clusters , the clusters of bitterness , the juyce of dragons , and the venome of asps . in which words , moses is a full commentary upon solomon , largely expressing that he speaks here more briefly ; it stings like the serpent , and bites like the cockatrice : to the which i may not unfitly add that of pauls , and think i ought to write of such with more passion and compassion , then he did of the christians in his time , which sure were not such monsters as ours in the shapes of christians , whose god is their belly , ( whom they serve with drink-offerings ) whose glory is their shame , and whose end is damnation . what then , take we pleasure in thundering out hell against drunkards ? is there nothing but death and damnation to drunkards ? nothing else to them , so continuing , so dying . but what is there no help nor hope , no amulet , antidote or triacle , are there no presidents found of recovery ? ambrose , i temember , tells of one , that having been a spectacle of drunkenness , proved after his conversion a pattern of sobriety . and i my self must confess , that one have i known yet living , who having drunk out his bodily eyes , had his spiritual eyes opened , proved diligent in hearing and practising . though the pit be deep , miry and narrow , like that dungeon into which jeremy was put ; yet if it please god to let down the cords of his divine mercy , and cause the party to lay hold thereon , it is possible they may escape the snares of death . there is even for the most debauched drunkard that ever was , a soveraign medicine , a rich triacle , of force enough to cure and recover his disease , to obtain his pardon , and to furnish him with strength to overcome this deadly poyson , fatal to the most : and though we may well say of it , as men out of experience do of quartane agues , that it is the disgrace of all moral physick , of all reproofs , counsels and admonitions ; yet is there a salve for this sore ; there came one from heaven that trode the winepress of his fathers fierceness , drunk of a cup tempered with the bitterness of god's wrath , and the devils malice , that he might heal even such as have drunk deepest of the sweet cup of sin. and let all such know , that in all the former discovery of this poyson , i have only aimed to cause them feel their sting , and that they might with earnest eyes behold the brasen serpent , and seriously repair to him for mercy and grace , who is perfectly able to eject even this kind , which so rarely and hardly is thrown out where once he gets possession . this seed of the woman is able to bruise this serpents head . oh that they would listen to the gracious offers of christ ! if once there be wrought in thy soul a spiritual thirst after mercy , as the thirsty land hath after rain , a longing appetite after the water that comes out of the rock , after the blood that was shed for thee ; then let him that is athirst come , let him drink of the water of life without any money ; of which if thou hast took but one true and thorow draught , thou wilt never long after thy old puddle waters of sin any more . easie will it be for thee after thou hast rasted of the bread and wine in thy father's house , ever to loath the husks and swill thou wert wont to follow after with greediness . the lord christ will bring thee into his mothers house , cause thee to drink of his spiced wine , of the new wine of the pomegranate : yea , he will bring thee into his cellar , spread his banner of love over thee , stay thee with flagons , fill thee with his love , till thou beest sick and overcome with the sweetness of his consolations . in other drink there is excess , but here can be no danger . the devil hath his invitation , come , let us drink ; and christ hath his inebriamini , be ye filled with the spirit . here is a fountain set open , and proclamation made . and if it were possible for the bruitishest drunkard in the world to know who it is that offereth , and what kind of water he offereth ; he would ask , and god would give it frankly without money ; he should drink liberally , be satisfied , and out of his belly should sally springs of the water of life , quenching and extinguishing all his inordinate longings ofter stoln water of sin and death . all this while , little hope have i to work upon many drunkards , especially by a sermon read ( of less life and force in god's ordinance , and in its own nature , then preached , ) my first drift is , to stir up the spirits of parents and masters , who in all places complain of this evil , robbing them of good servants , and dutiful children , by all care and industry to prevent it in their domestical education , by carrying a watchful and restraining hand over them . parents , if you love either soul or body , thrift or piety , look to keep them from this infection . lay all the bars of your authority , cautions , threats and charges for the avoyding of this epidemical pestilence . if any of them be bitten of this cockatrice , sleep not , rest not , till you have cured them of it ; if you love their health , husbandry , grace , their present or future lives . dead are they while they live , if they live in this sin. mothers , lay about you as bathsheba , with all entreaties , what my son , my son of my loves and delights , wine is not for you , &c. my next hope is , to arouse and awaken the vigilancy of all faithful pastors and teachers . i speak not to such stars as this dragon hath swept down from heaven with its tayl : for of such the prophets , the fathers of the primitive , yea , all ages complain of . i hate and abhor to mention this abomination : to alter the proverb , as drunk as a beggar , to a gentleman is odious ; but to a man of god , to an angel , how harsh and hellish a sound it is in a christians ears ? i speak therefore to sober watchmen , watch , and be sober , and labour to keep your charges sober and watchful , that they may be so found of him , that comes like a thief in the night . two means have you of great vertue for the quelling of this serpent , zealous preaching and praying against it . it 's an old received antidote , that mans spittle , especially fasting spittle , is mortal to serpents . saint donatus is famous in story for spitting upon a dragon , that kept an high-way , and devoured many passengers . this have i made good observation of , that where god hath raised up zealous preachers , in such towns this serpent hath no nestling ▪ no stabling or denning . if this will not do , augustine enforceth another , which i conceive god's and man's laws allow us upon the reason he gives : if paul ( saith he ) forbid to eat with such our common bread , in our own private houses , how much more the lord's body in church-assemblies : if in our times , this were strictly observed , the serpent would soon languish and vanish . in the time of an epidemical disease , such as the sweating or neezing sickness , a wise physician would leave the study of all other diseases , to find out the cure of the present raging evil. if chrysostome were now alive , the bent of all his homilies , or at least one part of them , should be spent to cry drown drunkenness , as he did swearing in antioch : never desisting to reprove it , till ( if not the fear of god , yet ) his imporunity made them weary of the sin . such anakims and zanzummims , as the spiritual sword will not work upon , i turn them over to the secular arm , with a signification of the dangerous and contagious spreading of this poyson in the veins and bowels of the common-wealth . in the church and christ his name also , intreating them to carry a more vigilant eye over the dens and burrows of this cockatrice , superfluous , blind , and clandestine ale-houses i mean , the very pest-houses of the nation ? which i could wish had all for their sign , a picture of some hideous serpent , or a pair of them , as the best hieroglyphick of the genius of the place , to warn passengers to shun and avoid the danger of them . who sees and knows not , that some one needless ale-house in a countrey-town , undoes all the rest of the houses in it , eating up the thrift and fruit of their labours ; the ill manner of sundry places , being there to meet in some one night of the week , and spend what they they have gathered and spared all the days of the same before , to the prejudice of their poor wives and children at home ; and upon the lords day ( after evening prayers ) there to quench and drown all the good lessons they have heard that day at church . if this go on , what shall become of us in time ? if woe be to single drunkards , is not a national woe to be feared and expected of a nation over-run with drunkenness ? had we no other sin reigning but this ( which cannot reign alone ) will not god justly spue us out of his mouth for this alone ? we read of whole countreys wasted , dispeopled by serpents . pliny tells us of the amyclae , lycophron of salamis ▪ herodotus of the neuri , utterly depopulate and made unhabitable by them . verily , if these cockatrices multiply and get head amongst us a while longer , as they have of late begun , where shall the people have sober servants to till their lands , or children to hold and enjoy them . they speak of drayning fens ; but if this evil be not stopped , we shall all shortly be drowned with it . i wish the magistracy , gentry , and yeomanry , would take it to serious consideration , how to deal with this serpent , before he grow too strong and fierce for them . it is past the egge already , and much at that pass , of which augustine complains of in his time , that he scarce knew what remedy to advise , but thought it required the meeting of a general council . the best course i think of , is , if the great persons would first begin through reformation in their own families , banish the spirits of their butteries , abandon that foolish and vitious custom , as ambrose and basil calls it , of drinking healths , and making that a sacrifice to god for the health of others , which is rather a sacrifice to the devil , and a bane of their own . i remember well sigismund the emperor's grave answer , wherein there concurred excellent wisdom and wit ( seldom meeting in one saying ) which he gave before the council of constance , to such as proposed a reformation of the church to begin with the franciscans and minorites . you will never do any good ( saith he ) unless you begin with the majorites first . sure , till it be out of fashion and grace in gentlemens tables , butteries and cellars , hardly ▪ shall you perswade the countrey-man to lay it down , who , as in fashions , so in vices , will ever be the ape of the gentry . if this help not , i shall then conclude it to be such an evil as is only by soveraign power , and the king's hand curable . and verily next under the word of god , which is omnipotent , how potent and wonder-working is the word of a king ? when both meet as the sun , and some good star in a benigne conjunction ; what enemy shall stand before the sword of god and gideon ? what vice so predominant which these subdue not ? if the lion roar , what beast of the forest shall not tremble and hide their head ? have we not a noble experiment hereof yet fresh in our memory , and worthy never to die , in the timely and speedy suppression of that impudent abomination of womens mannish habit , threatning the confusion of sexes , and ruine of modesty ? the same royal hand , and care the church and common-wealth implores for the vanquishing of this poyson , no less pernicious , more spreading and prevailing . take us these little foxes was wont to be the suit of the church , for they gnabble our grapes , and hurt our tender branches : but now it is become more serious . take us these serpents , lest they destroy our vines , vine-dressers , vineyards and all : this hath ever been royal game . how famous in the story of diodorus siculus , is the royal munificence of ptolomy king of egypt , for provision of nets , and maintenance of huntsmen , for the taking and destroying of serpents , noxious and noisome to his countrey . the like of philip in aristotle , and of attilius regulus in aulus gellius . the embleme mentioned at large by plutarch , engraven on hercules shield ; what is it but a symbol of the divine honor due to princes following their herculean labours , in subduing the like hidraes , too mighty for any inferior person to take in hand ? it is their honor to tread upon basilisks , and trample dragons under their feet , solomon thinks it not unworthy his pen to discourse their danger . a royal and eloquent oration is happily and worthily preserved in the large volume of ancient writings , with this title , oratio magnifici & pacifici edgari regis habita ad dunstanum archiep. episcopos , &c. the main scope whereof is , to excite the clergies care and devotion for the suppressing of this vice , for the common good . undertakers of difficult plots promise themselves speed and effect , if once they interest the king , and make him party . and what more generally beneficial can be devised or proposed then this , with more honour and less charge to be effected , if it shall please his majesty but to make trial of the strength of his temporal and spiritual arms ? for the effecting of it , if this help not , what have we else remaining , but wishes and prayers to cast out this kind withall . god help us . to him i commend the success of these labors , and the vanquishing of this cockatrice . tobacco battered , and the pipes shattered ( about their ears , that id'ly idolize so base and barbarous a weed : or , at least-wise over-love so loathsome vanity . ) collected out of the famous poems of joshua sylvester , gent. what-ever god created , first was good , and good for man , while man uprightly stood : but , falling angels causing man to fall , his foul contagion con-corrupted all his fellow-creatures for his sin accurst , and for his sake transformed from the first ; till god and man , man's leptie to re-cure , by death kill'd death , re-making all things pure . but to the pure , not to the still prophane , who spider-like turns blessing into bane ; usurping ( right-less , thank-less , need-less ) here , in wanton , wilful , wastful , lustful chear , earths plenteous crop , which god hath onely given unto his own ( heirs both of earth and heaven ) who only ( rightly ) may with praise and prayer , enjoy th' increase of earth , of sea , of air , fowl , fish and flesh , gems , mettals , cattel , plants , and namely ( that which now no angle wants ) indian tobacco , when due cause requires , not the dry dropsie of phantastick squires . none therefore deem that i am now to learn , ( however dim i many things discern ) reason and season to distinguish fit , th' use of a thing , from the abuse of it ; drinking , from drunking , saccharum cum sacco , and taking of , from taking all tobacco . yet out of high disdain and indignation of that stern tyrant's strangest usurpation , once demi-captive to his puffing pride , ( as millions are too-wilful foolifi'd ) needs must i band against the needless use of don tobacco , and his foul abuse ; which ( though in inde it be an herb indeed ) in europe is no better then a weed , which to their idols pagans sacrifice , and christians ( here ) do well-nigh idolize : which taking , heathens to the devils bow their bodies , christians even their souls do vow ; yet th' heathen have , with th' ill , some good withall , sith their con-native , 't is non-natural : but see the nature of abounding sin , which more abounding , punishment doth win ; for knowing servants wilful arrogance , then silly strangers savage ignorance , for what to them is meat , land med'cinable , is turn'd to us a plague intolerable . two smoky engins , in this latter age , ( satan's short circuit ; the more sharp his rage ) have been invented by too-wanton wit , or rather vented from th' infernal pit ; guns and tobacco-pipes , with fire and smoke , ( at least ) a third part of mankind to choke , ( which , happily , th ▪ apocalyps fold-told ) yet of the two , we may ( think i ) be bold in some respect , to think the last the worst , ( however , both in their effects accurst , ) for guns shoot from-ward , only at their foen , tobacco-pipes home-ward , into their own , ( when for the touch-hole firing the wrong end into our selves the poysons force we send ; ) those in the field , in brave and hostile manner , these , cowardly , under a covert banner ; those with defiance , in a threatful terror , these with affiance , in a wilful error , those , ( though loud-roaring , goaring-deep ) quick-ridding ; these , stilly stealing , longer languors breeding , those , full of pain ( perhaps ) and fell despight , these with false pleasure , and a seem-delight , ( as cats with mice , spiders with flyes ) full rife , pipe-playing , dallying and deluding life . who would not wonder in these sunny-days , ( so bright illightned with the gospel's rays ) whence so much smoke and deadly vapors come , to dim and dam so much of christendom ; but we must ponder too , these days are those , wherein the devil was to be let lose , and yawning broad-gate of that black abyss to be set ope , whose bottom boundless is , that satan , destin'd evermore to dwell in smoky fornace of that darksom cell , in smoke and darkness might inure and train his own deer minions , while they here remain ; as roguing gipfies tan their little elves , to make them tan'd and ugly like themselves . then in despight , who ever dare say nay , tobacconists keep on your course ; you may , if you continue in your smoky ure , the better far hells sulphury smoke endure ; and herein ( as in all your other evil ) grow nearer still , and liker to the devil , save that the devil ( if he could revoke ) would fly from filthy , and unhealthy smoke ; wherein ( cast out of heav'n for hellish-pride ) unwilling he , and forced , doth abide ; which herein worse than he ( the worst of ill ) you long for , lust for , lye for , die for , still ; for as the salamander lives in fire , you live in smoke , and without smoke expire . should it be question'd ( as right well it may ) whether discovery of america , that new-found world , have yielded to our old more hurt or good , till fuller answer should decide the doubt , and quite determine it , thus for the present might we answer fit ; that , thereby we have ( rightly understood ) both given and taken greater hurt then good : and that on both sides , both for christians , it had been better , and for indians , that only good men to their coast had come , or that the evil had still staid at home ; for , what our people have brought thence to us , is like the head-piece of a polypus , wherein is ( quoted by sage plutarch's quill ) a pest'lence great good , and great pest'lence ill . we had from them , first to augment our stocks , two grand diseases , scurvy and the pocks ; then two great cordials ( for a counterpoize ) gold and tobacco ; both which , many wayes , have done more mischief , then the former twain ; and all together brought more loss then gain . but true it is , we had this trash of theirs , only in barter for our broken wares ; ours for the most part carried out but sin , and , for the most part , brought but vengeance in ; their fraight was sloth , lust , avarice and drink , ( a burden able with the weight to sink the hugest carrak ; yea , those hallowed twelve spain's great apostles even to over-whelve ) they carried sloth , and brought home scurvy skin ; they carried lust , and brought home pox within : they carried avarice , and gold they got ; they carried bacchus , and tobacco brought : alas poor indians ! that , but english none , could put them down in their own trade alone ! that none but english ( more alas ! more strange ! ) could justifie their pittiful exchange . of all the plants that tellus bosom yields , in groves , glades , gardens , marshes , mountains , fields ; none so pernicious to mans life is known , as is tobacco , saving hemp alone , betwixt which two there seems great sympathy , to ruinate poor adam's progeny ; for in them both a strangling vertue note , and both of them do work upon the throat ; the one , within it ; and without the other ; and th' one prepareth work unto the tother : for there do meet ( i mean at gaile and gallows ) more of these beastly , base tobacco-fellows , then else to any prophane haunt do use , ( excepting still the play-house and the stews ) sith 't is their common lot ( so double-choaked ) just bacon-like to be hang'd up and smoked ; a destiny as proper to befall to moral swine , as to swine natural . if there be any herb in any place , most opposite to god's good herb of grace , 't is doubtless this ; and this doth plainly prove it , that , for the most , most graceless men do love it ; or rather doat most on this wither'd weed , themselves as wither'd , in all gracious deed : 't is strange to see , ( and unto me a wonder ) when the prodigious strange abuse we ponder of this unruly , rusty vegetal , from modern symmists jesu critical , ( carping at us , and casting in our dish not crimes , but crums , as eating flesh for fish ; ) w' hear in this case , no conscience-cases holier , but , like to like , the devil with the collier . for a tobacconist ( i dare aver ) is first of all a rank idolater as any of the ignatian hierachy ; next as conformed to their foppery of burning day-light , and good night at noon , setting up candles to enlight the sun ; and last the kingdom of new babylon , stands in a dark and smoky region , so full of such variety of smokes , that there-with-all , all piety it choaks . for there is first of all the smoke of ignorance , the smoke of error , smoke of arrogance , the smoke of merit super-er ' gatory , the smoke of pardons , smoke of purgatory , the smoke of censing , smoke of thurifying of images , of satans fury flying , the smoke of stews ( from smoking thence they come , as horrid hot , as torrid sodom some ) then smoke of powder-treason , pistol knives , to blow up kingdoms , and blow out kings lives : and lastly too , tobacco's smoky mists , which ( coming from iberian baalists ) no small addition of adustion fit , bring to the smoke of the unbottom'd pit yerst opened , first ( as openeth st. john ) by their abaddon and apollyon . but sith they are contented to admire what they dislike not , if they not desire ; ( for , with good reason , may we ghess that they who swallow camels , swallow gnatlings may ; ) 't is ground enough for us in this dispute , their vanities thus obvious to refute ( their vanities , mysterious mists of rome , which have so long besmoked christendom . ) and for the rest , it shall suffice to say , tobacconing is but a smoky play ; strong arguments against so weak a thing , were needless , or unsuitable , to bring , in this behalf there needs no more be done , sith of it self the same will vanish soon ; t' evaporate this smoke , it is enough , but with a breath the same aside to puffe . now , my first puff , shall but repel th' ill savour of place and persons ( of debaucht behaviour ) where 't is most frequent ; second , shew i will , how little good it doth ; third , how great ill : 't is vented most in taverns , tipling-cotts , to ruffians , roarers , tipsy-tosty-pots , whose custom is , between the pipe and pot , ( th' one cold and moist , th' other dry and hot ; ) to skirmish so ( like sword-and-dagger-fight , ) that 't is not easie to determine right , which of their weapons hath the conquest got over their wits , the pipe or else the pot ; yet 't is apparent , and by proof express , both stab and wound the brain with drunkenness ; for even the derivation of the name , seems to allude , and to include the same : tobacco , as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , one would say , to bacchus ( cup-god ) dedicated ay . and for conclusion of this point , observe the places which to these abuses serve ; how-ever of themselves noysome enough , are much more loathsome with the stench and stuff , extracted from their limbecket lips and nose , so that the houses , common haunts of those , are liker hell than heav'n , for hell hath smoke , impenitent tobacconists to choak ; though never dead , there shall they have their fill ; in heav'n is none , but light and glory still . next , multitudes them daily , hourly , drawn in this black sea of smoke , tost up and down in this vast ocean , of such latitude , that europe only cannot it include ; but out it rushes , over-runs the whole , and reaches well-nigh round , from pole to pole among the moors , turks , tartars , persians , and other ethnicks full of ignorance of god and good ; and , if we shall look home , to view ( and rew ) the state of christendom ; upon this point , we may this riddle bring ; the subject hath more subjects then the king : for don tocacco hath an ampler reign , than don philippo , the great king of spain , ( in whose dominions , for the most it grows , ) nay , shall i say ( o horror to suppose ! ) heathenish tobacco ( almost every where ) in christendom ( christ's outward kingdom here ) hath more disciples than christ hath , i fear , more suits , more service ( bodies , souls , and good ) than christ that bought us with his pretious bloud : o great tobacco , greater then great can , great turk , great tartar , or great tamerlan ! with vulturs wings thou hast ( and swifter yet then an hungarian ague , english sweat ) through all degrees flown , far , nigh , up and down , from court to cart , from count to country-clown ; not scorning scullions , coblers , colliers , jakes-farmers , fidlers , ostlers , oysterers , rogues , gipsies , players , pandars , punks , and all , what common scums in common-sewers fall ; for all as vassals at thy beck are bent , and breath by thee , as their new element : which well may prove thy monarchy the greater , yet prove not thee to be a whit the better ; but rather worse , for hells wide-open road is easiest found , and by the most still trod , which , even the heathen had the light to know , by arguments , as many times they show . here may we also gather ( for a need ) whether tobacco be a herb or weed ; and whether the excessive use be fit , or good or bad , by those that favour it ; weeds , wild and wicked , mostly entertain it ; herbs , wholsome herbs , and holy minds disdain it . if then tobacconing be good , how is 't , that lewdest , loosest , basest , foolishest ; the most unthrifty , most intemperate , most vitious , most debaucht , most desperate , pursue it most : the wisest , and the best , abhor it , shun it , flee it as the pest , or piercing poyson of a dracons whisk , or deadly eye ▪ shot of a basilisk . if wisdom baulk it , must it not be folly ? if vertue hate it , is it not unholy ? if men of worth , and minds right generous , discard it , scorn it , is 't not scandalous ? and ( to conclude ) is it not , to the devil , most pleasing ▪ pleasing so ( most ) the most evil ? my second puff , is proof , how little good this smoke hath done ( that ever hear i cou'd : ) for first , there 's none that takes tobacco most , most usually , most earnestly , can boast , that the excessive and continual use of this dry-suck-at ever did produce him any good , civil or natural , or moral good , or artificial ; unless perhaps , they will alledge , it draws away the ill , which still it self doth cause ; which course ( me-thinks ) i cannot liken better , then to a userers kindness to his debter ; who under shew of lending , still subtracts the debters own , and then his own exacts , till , at the last , he utterly confound him , or leave him worse , and weaker then he found him . next , if the custom of tobacconing yield th' users any good in any thing , either they have it , or they hope it prest , ( by proof and practice , taking still the best : ) for , none but fools will them to ought beslave , whence benefit they neither hope nor have . therefore yet farther ( as a questionist ) i must enquire of my tobacconist , why if a christian ( as some sometimes seem ) believing god , waiting all good from him ; and unto him all good again referring , why ( to eschew th' ungodly's graceless erring ) why pray they not not ? why praise they not his name for hoped good , and good had by this same ? as all men do , or ought to do for all , the gifts and goods that from his goodness fall ; is 't not , because they neithe●●ope nor have , good ( hence ) to thank god for , nor farther crave : but as they had it from the heathen first , so heathenishly they use it still accurst ; and ( as some jest of jisters ) this is more , ungodly meat , both after and before . lastly , if all delights of all mankind be vanity , vexation of the mind , all under sun , must not tobacco bee , of vanities , the vainest vanity ? if solomon , the wisest earthly prince that ever was before , or hath been since ; knowing all plants , and then perusing all , from cedar to the hysop on the — wall ; in none of all professeth , that — he sound a firm content , or consolation found : can we suppose , that any shallowing , can find much good in oft tobacconing ? my third and last puff points at the great evil , this noysome vapor works ( through wily devil ) if we may judge ; if knowledge may be had , by their effects , how things be good or bad : doubtless , th' effects of this pernitious weed be many bad , scarce any good indeed ; nor doth a man scarce any good contain , but of this evil justly may complain ; as thereby made in every part the worse , in body , soul , in credit , and in purse . a broad-side against coffee : or , the marriage of the turk . coffee , a kind of turkish renegade , has late a match with christian water made ; at first between them happen'd a demur , yet joyn'd they were , but not without great stir ; for both so cold were , and so faintly meet , the turkish hymen in his turbant swet . coffee was cold as earth , water as thames , and stood in need of recommending flames ; for each of them steers a contrary course , and of themselves they sue out a divorce . coffee so brown as berry does appear , too swarthy for a nymph so fair , so clear : and yet his sails he did for england hoist , though cold and dry , to court the cold and moist ; if there be ought we can , as love admit ; 't is a hot love , and lasteth but a fit . for this indeed the cause is of their stay , newcastle's bowels warmer are than they . the melting nymph distills her self to do 't , whilst the slave coffee must be beaten to 't : incorporate him close as close may be , pause but a while , and he is none of he ; which for a truth , and not a story tells , no faith is to be kept with infidels . sure he suspects , and shuns her as a whore , and loves , and kills , like the venetian moor ; bold asian brat ! with speed our confines flee ; water , though common , is too good for thee . sure coffee's vext he has the breeches lost , for she 's above , and he lies undermost ; what shall i add but this ? ( and sure 't is right ) the groom is heavy , cause the bride is light . this canting coffee has his crew inricht , and both the water and the men bewitcht . a coachman was the first ( here ) coffee made , and ever since the rest drive on the trade ; me no good engalash ! and sure enough , he plaid the quack to salve his stygian stuff ; ver boon for de stomach , de cough , de ptisick , and i believe him , for it looks like physick . coffee a crust is charkt into a coal , the smell and taste of the mock china bowl ; where huff and puff , they labor out their lungs , lest dives-like they should bewail their tongues . and yet they tell ye that it will not burn , though on the jury blisters you return : whose furious heat does make the water rise , and still through the alembicks of your eyes , dread and desire , ye fall to 't snap by snap , as hungry dogs do scalding porrige lap . but to cure drunkards it has got great fame ; posset or porrige , will 't not do the same ? confusion huddles all into one scene , like noah's ark , the clean and the unclean . but now , alas ! the drench has credit got , and he 's no gentleman that drinks it not ; that such a dwarf should rise to such a stature ! but custom is but a remove from nature . a little dish , and a large coffee-house , what is it , but a mountain and a mouse ? mens humana novitatis avidissima . i have heard it is good for one thing ( and that falls out too often ) when men are so drunk with wine , beer or ale , or brandy , that they are unfit to manage their imployment ; then a dish of hot coffee is a present remedy to settle their heads . no doubt , but a dish of broth , or beer , will work the same cure , if it be drank as hot . this short collection should more properly have taken place next to what was collected out of the other doctors , but it came not to my sight , till it was too late : and because it agrees with what is mentioned in the first epistle , that it is a strange way of taking tobacco , as physick , just before , and presently after meals ; i thought fit to put it in here . and if any are so wise as to be convinced by what hath been written , that immoderate smoking of tobacco is hurtful for them , they were best to leave it gradually ; for that is most safe , for such as have been accustomed long to it ; or else it is good to chew the leafe in the mouth ; or as some do , smoke a pipe with other ingredients , as rosemary , bitony , or mints : this collection was taken out of that book of dr. everard's , entituled , the vertue of tobacco . young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke , for the custome and too much use of it , brings their brains out of order , and makes them to be over-hot , so that they lose their good temper , and are beyond the bounds of their health , and that sacred anchor is lost irrecoverably . for the nourishment of young men requires a gentle moisture , to strengthen them , and to make their bodies grow to their just perfection . especially for those that are cholerick , whose brains cannot endure excess of heat , for the native heat would be oppressed by the accidental heat . see gallen his comment , in lib. de vict . salub . also this smoke doth vehemently move the stomach to nauseat , and to vomit , ( as daily experience teacheth us ) namely , by cleaving to the inward parts , and so offending the peculiar juyces contain'd in the stomach , and the mesentary ; it destroys their ordinary operations . for in thrusting forth the matter from the stomach it cannot be , but also something must be cast out , wherein the force of nature resides ; and also , because when nature is doing her office , she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body , as to the circumference , but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces & spirits to the center . wherefore nature is wonderfully tired with these contrary motions , for she can endure nothing less then two contrary motions at the same time . wherefore it is a most bitter enemy to the stomachs of very many men , especially if they use to take it presently after supper or dinner . and in this respect it is mischievous to the bodies of all sound men , according to hippocrates his rule . 2. aphoris . 37. it is troublesome to purge those that are in good health . for frequent use of purging medicaments will soon make a man old ; for the forces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts , by an hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce . by these things mentioned , it is easie to collect , that the smoke of tobacco shortneth mens days . for being that our native heat is like to a flame , which continually feeds upon natural moisture , as a lamp lighted , drinks up the oyl by its heat ; it follows necessarily , that for want of food , life must needs fly away quickly , when the proper subject of life is dissipated and consumed : for with that moisture , the imbred heat fails also , and death succeeds . you understand therefore ( that are tobacconists ) that the sooty fumes of tobacco , wherein you are wallowing ( as it were ) in the deepest mire , are of great force to shorten your days . galen speaking of opening medicaments , asserts , that by the frequent use of them , the solid parts of the body are dried , and that the blood grows gross and clotted , which being burned in the reins , breed the stone . the same thing may be truly maintained concerning tobacco , which many use too frequently , and more then any do use thouse kind of opening medicaments ; for this is more hot and dry then they are , and therefore is more forcible to hurt found and well-tempered bodies . take warning therefore you that love tobacco , that you do not exceed in using too much of it , and enslave your selves to this ●uliginous smoke , by hunting after it , and making a god of it . the goods of the body , are beauty , strength , and sound health . the most grave author plutarch , commending the last as the best of all , affirmed most gravely and learnedly , that health is the most divine , and the most excellent property of the body , and a most precious thing . there is nothing in this world better ; nothing more to be desired , and nothing can be found to be more pleasant . without this ( as hippocrates saith ) there is no pleasure or fruit of any other things . this is it , which in this life fills all perfection : without this no man could ever be said to be happy : this far exceeds the greatest honours , treasures , and riches . depiction of people smoking and drinking. a postscript by way of apology . honest reader , this intended porch being so impolished , and so rude a draught , i have judged it more fit to make a back-door , then a fore : neither durst i presume to set it in the forefront , for i count it but as an over-plus sheet ; however it may serve for wast paper to wrap up the learned collections , or else to light a pipe of tobacco , and will make as good smoke : it lies at thy mercy , to use or to abuse as thou pleasest . for my part , i pretend to no great learning , yet am a lover of it , and a well-wisher to it : neither am i worthy to carry the books after these learned authors , out of whose works i have made this collection ; therefore i make this humble apologetical postscript . i know for my labour of reviving this noble counterblast , &c. i can expect no better , but to be counterblasted by the black and foul mouths of many tobacconists , and common tobacco-smokers ; for endeavoring to pull down their great diana , which they labour demetrius like to cry up , because of the much gain it brings them . if i meet with reproaches and scorns , it is no more then i expected from them , and i value it not : neither is it any news or wonder ; for we live in the last dayes , and as the apostle peter fore-told many hundred years since , in 2 pet. 3. 3. that in the last dayes should come scoffers , walking after their own lusts . to such king solomon propounds a question , which they can hardly be able to answer , in prov. 22. how long ye simple ones will ye love simplicity ? and ye ▪ scorners delight in scorning , and fools hate knowledge ? there have been many such in all ages of the world , as it may easily be instanced . before i conclude , i thought it not amiss , or improper , to say something briefly against excessive drinking of healths , and drunkenness , which calls to remembrance , amongst other , of his majesties noble and gracious acts , since his restuaration , wherein he hath had merciful respect to the lives , estates , souls and bodies of his good subjects , and therein gone beyond his predecessors . i shall but name to his perpetual honour these three , viz. in the first place , his act of oblivion , passing by all that was done against him or his father , excepting only those that were his royal fathers judges . in the next place , he was pleased to publish a proclamation to all his loving subjects ; against that sinful custom of drinking his health , his majesty wisely considering how apt many would be to fall into that evil extreme , doth in that proclamation , rebuke such as can express their love to him in no better way , then drinking his health . in the next place , i cannot but take notice , and mention , to his majesties renown , his late gracious declaration , for liberty and indulgence to tender consciences , that could not in all things conform to the ceremonies and discipline of the church of england , by law established : this by the way . but now to speak a little more against drinking healths , which is to our purpose in hand . there was many years since a book published , by mr. william prynne , against drinking of healths , entituled , healths sickness , but not now to be had , or seldom thought of ; he shews the greatness of that sin , and the dangerous consequence of it both to the souls and bodies of men. there is another large treatise published by mr. robert younge , entituled , the drunkard's character : also a sermon preached long since by doctor robert harris , called the drunkard's cup , out of isaiah 5. from the 11. to the 18. verse . and a sermon published many years since , preached at pauls-cross , by doctor abraham gibson , entituled , the lands mourning for vain swearing ; out of these words , because of oaths the land mourns . and now the land may mourn , not only for vain swearing , but for vain drinking of healths and drunkenness . after his majesties restauration , there was , i remember , a great feast , at which time there was a health drank for his majesty , and when it came to the turn of an able learned grave minister there present , he utterly disliked and refused it : answering , that he would pray for his majesties heath . and if all that are well-wishers to his majesties health , would obey his proclamation against that vice , in leaving off drinking , either of the kings health , or any others , & leave of swearing and prophaning the sabbath ; and would constantly , earnestly , and heartily pray for his majesties health , according as the apostle st. paul exhorts timothy , 1 tim. 2. 3. that supplication and prayer be made for kings , and all that are in authority ; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty . i say , then we should be in hopes to see better times , and better trading : the generality cry out of their want of trading , and of the sins of the rulers ; but our chief work and duty is to look more narrowly at home , and to find out the plague of our own hearts . who smites upon his thigh ? who saith , what have i done ? we are apt to forget the late dreadful judgments of god ; as that of the destroying-sword , the sad destroying pestilence , when from the 20th of december , 1664. to the 15th of december , 1665. there died of all diseases 97396 , and of the plague 68596 ; and in one week ▪ which i find to be the greatest of all , was in september 19. 1665 , there died of the plague in london and liberties 7165 , of all diseases 8297 that one week . can london ever forget those sad and lamentable consuming flames , that brake forth the second of september , 1666 ? the ruinous heaps on 373 acres within , and 63 acres without the old line , the ghastly walls of 89 parish-churches , and stately houses and halls , with the royal exchange , and as it was computed thirteen thousand and two hundred houses , with a vast deal of goods , houshold-stuff , and rich commodities ; and , i think , book-sellers may easily remember the many ware-houses of good books of all sorts , then turned to ashes , at st. faiths church , and in other places about the city . there was a book published by mr. thomas brooks , dedicated to sir william turner lord mayor ( who deserved much love and honour , for being so great a furtherer of building the city and royal exchange , that lay long in ruins ) entituled , london's lamentations , being a serious discourse of the late fiery dispensation , that turned our renowned city into a ruinous heap . in the second part , or application of that book , page 36. is shewed , that the burning of london was a national judgment , and that god in smiting london , did smite england round : and what sins bring desolating judgments upon persons and places ? intemperance and drunkenness is one sin , and that we are to see the hand of the lord in that dreadful fire , and to take heed of those sins that bring the fiery rod , with the several lessons and duties we are to learn by it . we may easily see that the lord will not suffer us to be forgetful of his great judgments , by the several fresh remembrances he hath given us , by sad fires in divers places since , in and near the city . not long after the dreadful fire , there was a merchants great house , almost finished , in mincing lane , burned and quite defaced ; after that , two great fires brake forth in southwark at several times and places : another at the savoy , which did much harm ; another at the corner of st. bartholomew lane , a herald-painter's house , mr. francis nowers himself , his child and nurse was burned . another in white-chappel , and several persons burned there . another sad fire was in or near thames street , which burned to the ground a great sugar-baker's house , with many thousand pounds worth of sugar , belonging to several partners ; it began september the second , the lords-day , 1671. and now last whit-sunday morning , at st. katherines near tower-hill , brake forth a very grievous lamentable fire , which , as it is reported , consumed above one hundred dwelling-houses , and divers ships , and some people were burned and killed by it . after that , another great fire that consumed about a dozen houses , and part of sir paul pindar's house , without bishopsgate , i● june , 1672. a few dayys after brake forth another fire , which burned several houses in crutched-friers . one at camomile-street : at the swan at holborn-bridge : a brick house in grub-street . we may do well to take that counsel of our saviour to the impotent man that he had cured , and had been at the pool of bethsaida , who had an infirmity thirty eight years , john 5. 14. christ bid him go and sin no more , least a worse thing befal him ; it was old mr. wheatlyes text of banbury , after it was burned : read the 26 of leviticus , how greatly the lord threatned the people of israel , if they were disobedient to him ; he threatens great judgments , and to make their cities wast , and the land desolate ; and in the verses 18 , 21 , 24 , 28. it is four times threatned , that he will punish them seven times more for their iniquities . god hath shot three arrows against us , and how easily can he shoot a fourth tore arrow , that of the famine , unless we turn from our sins by true repentance . it is to be feared , that after all that hath or can be said to reclaim men from their evil courses , and excesses in drinking , that they will be swayed by custome , which is a second nature ; and it will be found as difficult for them to be temperate in smoking , and drinking , and feasting , as it is for the blackmore to change his skin , or the leopard his spots . so that they will rather say , as he that being advised by his physician to leave of his evil courses , or else he would loose his sigh , answered , tum valeat lumen amicum ▪ then sarewel sweet light. to such it may be said , as solomon saith , rejoyce o young man in thy youth walk in the sight of thine eyes , and let thy heart chear thee ; but remember that for all these things god will bring thee to judgment . we all know , that sin is the fore-runner of all plagues and calamities , that ever came upon any people or nation under heaven ; it is the plague of plagues : what provoked god to drown the old world , but sin ? what caused god to rain down fire and brimstone on sodom and gomorrah , but their sins of pride , idleness , and fulness of bread ? and whilst abraham interceded for sodom , had there been but ten righteous persons found amongst them , god would have spared them for their sakes . thus i have spoken against sin in general , as that which draws down judgments upon our heads : i will only lay a few scriptures before you , touching the lord's anger against sin , which he cannot indure to behold without great indignation : for it is only sin that makes a separation between god and our souls ; and i desire the reader to turn to them at his leisure , and to make the best use and application of them , hosea 4. 1 , 2 , 3. isaiah 22. 12 , 13 , 14. isaiah 24. 7 , 8 , 9. genesis 12. 10. chap. 26. 1. 42. 5. 43. 1. chap. 41. 30. 36. 50. 56. 57. prov. 15. 26 , 29. that sea-man that being ingaged in a ship , and sees it in danger to sink , or to be cast away ; is but an ill and unworthy seaman that will not put to his helping hand to save her . and are not all english-men engaged in the ship of the kingdom , or common-wealth of england ? and is it not in a storm , compassed with enemies without , and within molested and assaulted with the most dangerous enemies of all ; over-laden with our grand enemies , sins of all sorts ? is it not the part of an honest true english-man to help to save this ship , by lightening its burden , and casting these bad commodities over-board ? i mean its sins , that by so doing , we may engage god , the lord of hosts on our side , and then , si deus nobiscum ●uis contra nos : did but england's sins weigh lighter then her enemies sins , then we were more likely to be victorious and conquerors over all our forreign enemies . doth not england match any of her enemies in sins and provocations , namely drunkenness ? doth it come behind the dutch , dane , or swede , which are counted the highest drinkers in the world , of the highest form , and so for swearing most horrible oaths , and scoffing at religion and piety . within ten days since i began this collection or postscript , i was an eye and ear-witness , that a swaggering blade rapt out this oath , god damn me , about a trifle in a scoffing frolick , saying , he had got a presbyterian band on he thought . another man on whitson-eve i saw so sadly drunk , he could neither go nor stand , but sate down on a door-stone , i asked him , where he had been ? he would give no other answer but this , that he was troubled with the megromes . so i and others about him left him , and know not what became of him : these two were in the heart of the city , near the exchange . after i had seen king james his counterblast against tobacco and taken a liking to it : i did at the first intend only to get that printed alone , but afterwards meeting with these pertinent , sutable , and profitable directions , for the preservation of long life , both against tobacco , and intemperate drinking ; published in the works of that learned physician doctor maynwaring , now living : i thought it not amiss to joyn them together , and likewise to add a good old sermon at the latter end , preached , in or near the time of king james , by a ●●mous learned divine , mr. samuel ward then preacher of ipswich , printed 1627. it is but brief , and the best i know of in print against the sin of drunkenness and health-drinking , wherein are discovered divers sad examples of many that have been notorious drinkers or drunkards , called woe to drunkards , that have kill'd themselves by drinking immoderately . in the last place i shall but commend to the reader a few good useful books , viz. mr. thomas brook's londons lamentations , also his book called precious remedies against satan's devices , and his twenty two sermons on ephes . 3. 8. of the unsearchable riches of christ , his cabinet of jewels , his closet prayer , and a profitable and very delightsome book of good counsel for all young persons , called his apples of gold for young men and women , &c. mr. thomas watson's new treatise , entituled . the mischief of sin , it brings a person low , on psal . 106. 43. mr. ralph venning's book , called sin the plague of plagues , or sinful sin the worst of evils , on rom. 7. 13. these books do set forth sin in its own proper colours ; it is compared in scripture to filthy rags , and to a menstruous cloth ; and i think it cannot be called by so bad a name as it is . also lately published mr. robert perrot's new book called englands sole , and soveraign way of being saved . mr. calamie's godly mans ark , which i think is a useful and seasonable book these stormy times : now we are pursued by enemies on all sides , outward and inward , it 's good to get into an ark , or city of refuge : these are sold at the three bibles in popes head alley , where the best and newest short-hand books , and books of divinity are to be had : also history , husbandry astronomy , mathematicks , arithmetick , law , sea , physick , the best poetry , school books &c. five books of the learned doctor maynwarings . 1. his preservation of health , and prolongation of life . 2. his treatise of the scurvy , shewing that tobacco is a procuring cause . 3. the rise and progress of physick historically , chronologically and philosophically illustrated , shewing , the abuse of medicines , &c. 4. his treatise of consumptions , demonstrating their nature and cure. 5. the ancient and modern practice of physick examined , stated and compared . the true elixir proprieta●i● of van helmont , paracelsus & crollius , with a book of its use and vertue , highly cominended by mr. lilly. as for other books of vain idle romances , lascivious and vitious poetry and drollery , which are worse then the smoke of tobacco , and more fit for the fire to make smoke of , then for the study ; i wish the lovers of them to take notice of this one passage about such , in mr. philip goodwin's mystery of drunkenness , printed for francis tyton ; it is in page 50. satan sends out his books as baits , by which many are cunningly caught , with the venome of which so many are poysoned . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a70365-e1450 aphorism . object . answ ▪ tutela sanitatis . amurath . his counterblast to tobacco . notes for div a70365-e1930 primum crater ad sitim pertinere , secundum ad hilaritatem , tertium ad voluptatem , quartum ad insaniam dixit apuleius . omne nimium naturae est inimicum . a cacotrophy , or atrophy . quicquid recipitur , recipitur per modum recipi●ntis . ax. notes for div a70365-e5700 esay 2. esay 5. 11 , 22. esay 28. 1. joe ▪ 1. 5. hab 2. james 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . basil . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a chari●o chena●hash , veche siphgnoni i●phresh ; novissimo tanquam scrpens morde●i● , & tanq●●●●● regulus punget montanus & mercerus ; tanquam haemorrhois vel dipsas , tremelius . 1 cor. 6. 10. esay 5. 14. deut. 32. 32. 