







 
   
     
       
         Decus & tutamen, or, Our new money as now coined in full weight and fineness proved to be for the honour, safety and advantage of England, written by way of answer to Sir Richard Temple and Dr. Barbon ; to which is added an essay to preserve our new money from being hoarded, melted down, transported or counterfeited.
      
       
         
           1696
        
      
       Approx. 85 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 37 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2007-10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A43702
         Wing H19
         ESTC R23358
         12067655
         ocm 12067655
         53409
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A43702)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 53409)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 72:5)
      
       
         
           
             Decus & tutamen, or, Our new money as now coined in full weight and fineness proved to be for the honour, safety and advantage of England, written by way of answer to Sir Richard Temple and Dr. Barbon ; to which is added an essay to preserve our new money from being hoarded, melted down, transported or counterfeited.
             E. H.
          
           viii, 64 p.
           
             [s.n.],
             London :
             1696.
          
           
             Dedicatory signed: E.H.
             Reproduction of original in British Library.
             Decus & tutamen.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Temple, Richard, -- Sir, 1634-1697.
           Barbon, Nicholas, d. 1698. -- Discourse concerning coining the new money lighter.
           Coinage -- Great Britain.
           Currency question -- Great Britain.
        
      
    
     
        2006-10 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2006-10 Apex CoVantage
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2006-12 Jonathan Blaney
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2006-12 Jonathan Blaney
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2007-02 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
         
           
             Decus
             &
             Tutamen
          
           :
           OR
           ,
           OUR
           NEW
           MONEY
           As
           now
           Coined
           ,
           In
           Full
           Weight
           and
           Fineness
           ;
           Proved
           to
           be
           for
           The
           Honour
           ,
           Safety
           ,
           and
           Advantage
           of
           England
           .
           WRITTEN
           By
           way
           of
           ANSWER
           to
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Temple
          
           and
           D
           r
           Barbon
           .
           To
           which
           is
           Added
           ,
           An
           ESSAY
           to
           preserve
           our
           New
           Money
           from
           being
           Hoarded
           ,
           Melted
           down
           ,
           Transported
           or
           Counterfeited
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           Printed
           ,
           and
           are
           to
           be
           sold
           by
           most
           Booksellers
           ,
           1696.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           
           TO
           HIS
           Honoured
           Friend
           G.
           Clive
           Of
           the
           Middle-Temple
           ,
           
             Esq
          
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
        
         
           AS
           the
           many
           Civilities
           receiv'd
           from
           You
           ,
           most
           justly
           Challenge
           an
           Acknowledgment
           ,
           so
           Your
           exquisite
           Perfections
           in
           Learning
           and
           Ingenuity
           ,
           render
           this
           Dedication
           duly
           applyed
           ;
           by
           the
           
           former
           whereof
           ,
           to
           own
           Your
           Candor
           and
           Generosity
           ,
           by
           the
           latter
           to
           bespeak
           (
           by
           the
           Touch-Stone
           of
           Your
           perusal
           and
           approbation
           )
           a
           sufficient
           Security
           from
           the
           Snarlings
           and
           Insults
           of
           those
           Carping
           Zoylus's
           ,
           who
           are
           such
           Self-Admirers
           ,
           to
           approve
           of
           nothing
           of
           which
           themselves
           are
           not
           Authors
           ;
           and
           are
           more
           disingeniously
           Witty
           in
           Criticising
           ,
           and
           discanting
           on
           others
           performances
           ,
           than
           in
           rectifying
           and
           amending
           what
           they
           pretend
           so
           defective
           .
           And
           here
           ,
           SIR
           ,
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           ,
           that
           while
           I
           am
           barely
           owning
           your
           Favours
           instead
           of
           a
           Compensation
           ,
           I
           am
           running
           farther
           on
           the
           Score
           ,
           
           which
           I
           doubt
           not
           however
           ,
           but
           your
           Goodness
           will
           readily
           pardon
           ,
           since
           't
           is
           not
           practicable
           for
           one
           to
           pay
           ,
           where
           another
           is
           not
           willing
           to
           receive
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           one
           things
           ,
           SIR
           ,
           I
           have
           omitted
           in
           the
           following
           Discourse
           (
           as
           not
           being
           practised
           till
           it
           was
           finished
           ,
           )
           
             i.
             e.
          
           To
           observe
           how
           great
           a
           Mischief
           we
           are
           falling
           into
           ,
           by
           giving
           considerable
           Sums
           of
           Money
           for
           the
           prompt
           payment
           of
           Bank
           and
           other
           Notes
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           Rates
           grow
           so
           high
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           to
           be
           feared
           will
           in
           a
           short
           time
           ruine
           our
           Paper
           Credit
           ,
           which
           used
           to
           be
           very
           considerable
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Trade
           ,
           and
           which
           must
           needs
           be
           abated
           if
           not
           totally
           
           ruined
           thereby
           ,
           unless
           the
           Government
           by
           some
           means
           or
           other
           put
           a
           speeedy
           stop
           thereto
           ;
           for
           Men
           are
           grown
           to
           that
           pass
           ,
           that
           few
           will
           pay
           their
           just
           Debts
           (
           tho'
           of
           Money
           lent
           ,
           and
           they
           have
           considerable
           Sums
           by
           them
           ,
           )
           unless
           you
           'l
           take
           a
           Note
           ,
           which
           they
           have
           made
           by
           this
           ill
           Practice
           ,
           at
           least
           
             10
             per
             Cent.
          
           less
           than
           Money
           :
           So
           that
           tho'
           we
           had
           our
           Complement
           of
           Running
           Cash
           ,
           we
           shall
           find
           ,
           that
           if
           this
           practice
           be
           permitted
           ,
           we
           shall
           never
           have
           Notes
           in
           better
           Credit
           ,
           nor
           ready
           Money
           paid
           in
           much
           more
           plenty
           than
           now
           it
           is
           ,
           as
           I
           could
           easily
           prove
           by
           sundry
           instances
           ,
           were
           it
           not
           matter
           more
           proper
           
           for
           another
           place
           ,
           than
           this
           Epistle
           :
           Which
           before
           I.
           conclude
           ,
           I
           shall
           only
           further
           observe
           ,
           That
           I
           look
           upon
           the
           great
           Mistake
           of
           such
           as
           are
           for
           having
           the
           nominal
           value
           of
           our
           Coin
           raised
           ,
           the
           Alloy
           therein
           more
           ,
           or
           the
           same
           Coined
           lighter
           ,
           to
           be
           owing
           chiefly
           to
           this
           misguided
           Supposition
           ;
           That
           we
           in
           this
           Island
           live
           independantly
           without
           having
           any
           thing
           to
           do
           with
           Foreign
           Countries
           ,
           which
           did
           we
           do
           the
           making
           any
           thing
           currant
           by
           Stamp
           ,
           that
           has
           little
           or
           no
           value
           in
           it self
           ,
           would
           I
           coefess
           ,
           be
           sufficient
           to
           make
           it
           serve
           to
           most
           Ends
           and
           Purposes
           of
           Inland
           Trade
           and
           Bargains
           :
           But
           if
           
           we
           consider
           our selves
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           Foreign
           Dealings
           and
           Traffique
           ,
           we
           shall
           find
           we
           are
           so
           much
           the
           more
           at
           a
           loss
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           the
           Extrinsick
           value
           of
           our
           Coin
           exceeds
           the
           Real
           or
           Intrinsick
           .
        
         
           But
           lest
           I
           should
           by
           prolixity
           misuse
           the
           liberty
           of
           this
           Dedication
           ,
           and
           retain
           your
           Thoughts
           too
           long
           from
           the
           Entertainment
           of
           Subjects
           more
           Noble
           ,
           and
           solidly
           Refined
           ,
           I
           subscribe
           my self
           with
           all
           Sincerity
           ,
        
         
           
             Your
             most
             Humble
             ,
             and
             obliged
             Servant
             ,
             E.
             H.
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Decus
           &
           Tutamen
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           SUCH
           is
           the
           Folly
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Ambition
           and
           Envy
           of
           the
           present
           Age
           ,
           that
           nothing
           can
           be
           propounded
           as
           advantagious
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           that
           meets
           not
           with
           Opposition
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           hindrance
           not
           only
           of
           the
           Riches
           and
           Prosperity
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           the
           unspeakable
           Scandal
           and
           Discouragement
           of
           its
           true
           Policy
           .
        
         
           And
           upon
           such
           irregular
           Principles
           ,
           no
           doubt
           but
           Sir
           Richard
           and
           the
           Doctor
           undertook
           ,
           to
           write
           against
           Mr.
           
           Lock
           's
           Book
           concerning
           Coin
           ;
           A
           Book
           which
           for
           its
           excellent
           Prescriptions
           of
           curious
           Remarks
           and
           Political
           Maxims
           on
           that
           Subject
           ,
           cannot
           be
           sufficiently
           valued
           ,
           but
           by
           those
           of
           equal
           judicious
           Accomplishments
           ,
           and
           clear
           Notions
           with
           himself
           .
        
         
         
           But
           before
           I
           proceed
           ,
           that
           the
           aforesaid
           Remarkers
           may
           not
           think
           ,
           this
           Discourse
           undertaken
           out
           of
           any
           prejudice
           conceived
           against
           them
           ,
           I
           do
           sincerely
           profess
           ,
           I
           know
           neither
           of
           the
           two
           ;
           but
           that
           this
           is
           published
           out
           of
           pure
           Zeal
           for
           Truth
           ,
           without
           any
           prejudice
           against
           any
           Party
           whatever
           .
        
         
           First
           then
           in
           general
           ,
           I
           cannot
           but
           admire
           that
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Temple
          
           should
           be
           the
           Author
           of
           such
           mistaken
           Notions
           concerning
           Coin
           and
           Trade
           ,
           as
           he
           has
           publish't
           in
           his
           said
           Remarks
           ,
           in
           which
           I
           see
           not
           any
           thing
           of
           weight
           or
           reason
           in
           all
           his
           seven
           Objections
           ;
           nor
           does
           he
           make
           out
           any
           thing
           he
           Assigns
           ,
           to
           be
           an
           Erroneous
           Assertion
           of
           Mr.
           Lock
           ,
           unless
           we
           must
           believe
           meerly
           because
           he
           says
           it
           ,
           whose
           Authority
           must
           be
           lookt
           upon
           unquestionable
           ,
           because
           of
           his
           Quality
           .
        
         
           But
           tho'
           these
           Gentlemen
           have
           taken
           the
           Pains
           to
           impose
           their
           Sentiments
           on
           the
           World
           ,
           yet
           I
           hope
           they
           'l
           have
           no
           better
           reception
           than
           they
           had
           in
           the
           Honourable
           House
           of
           Commons
           ;
           for
           how
           much
           soever
           the
           leaving
           open
           the
           price
           of
           Guineas
           ,
           and
           advancing
           the
           value
           of
           Coin
           ,
           might
           have
           been
           to
           Sir
           
           Richard
           ,
           and
           to
           Dr.
           Barbon
           as
           to
           his
           expected
           Bank
           ,
           (
           by
           which
           means
           the
           Sum
           subscribed
           would
           have
           been
           ¼
           more
           )
           yet
           sure
           I
           am
           ,
           we
           should
           thereby
           have
           ▪
           had
           miserable
           Convulsions
           in
           Trade
           ,
           if
           not
           a
           total
           Ruine
           ,
           before
           the
           next
           Session
           of
           Parliament
           .
           And
           here
           I
           remember
           what
           the
           Doctor
           says
           in
           answer
           to
           this
           ,
           in
           his
           Epistle
           :
           That
           he
           could
           have
           got
           more
           by
           melting
           down
           the
           New
           Coin
           of
           the
           present
           Standard
           ,
           than
           he
           could
           propose
           to
           do
           by
           a
           New
           Coinage
           of
           advancing
           the
           Crown
           Piece
           to
           Six
           Shillings
           and
           3
           pence
           .
           But
           this
           he
           should
           talk
           to
           Children
           ,
           or
           such
           Projectors
           as
           himself
           ;
           for
           I
           would
           fain
           know
           ,
           Whether
           is
           safer
           and
           more
           for
           advantage
           ,
           to
           gain
           15
           pence
           in
           a
           Crown
           Legally
           ,
           or
           to
           gain
           but
           1
           penny
           ,
           (
           for
           Bullion
           is
           but
           at
           5
           s.
           1
           d.
           per
           Ounce
           ,
           )
           in
           a
           Crown
           ,
           and
           incur
           thereby
           the
           Penalty
           of
           the
           Law
           against
           such
           melting
           down
           .
        
         
           But
           I
           'll
           leave
           the
           Doctor
           a
           while
           ,
           and
           return
           to
           Sir
           Richard
           ,
           who
           in
           his
           first
           Remark
           says
           ;
           
             First
             ,
             That
             an
             Ounce
             of
             Silver
             is
             equal
             to
             an
             Ounce
             of
             Silver
             of
             the
             same
             Weight
             and
             Fineness
             ,
             but
             that
             an
             Ounce
             of
             Silver
             will
             buy
             an
             Ounce
             of
             Silver
             ,
             of
             like
             fineness
             (
             he
             
             says
             )
             is
             absur'd
             ,
             since
             there
             is
             no
             occasion
             for
             any
             Barter
             .
          
        
         
           This
           Remark
           consists
           of
           Two
           Parts
           :
           The
           first
           he
           grants
           ,
           the
           second
           he
           denies
           ;
           and
           I
           think
           the
           first
           ,
           which
           is
           that
           he
           grants
           ,
           is
           more
           absur'd
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           has
           more
           inpropriety
           in
           it
           than
           the
           latter
           ;
           for
           two
           Ounces
           of
           Silver
           of
           the
           same
           Fineness
           ,
           he
           needs
           not
           question
           are
           of
           the
           same
           weight
           ;
           for
           an
           Ounce
           Troy
           is
           always
           equal
           to
           an
           Ounce
           Troy
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           had
           better
           have
           left
           [
           of
           the
           same
           Weight
           ]
           out
           .
        
         
           Then
           as
           to
           his
           Second
           Part
           ,
           I
           dare
           Appeal
           to
           all
           the
           world
           ,
           Whether
           it
           is
           absur'd
           to
           Barter
           Silver
           for
           Silver
           ;
           I
           am
           sure
           ,
           it
           s
           a
           thing
           done
           every
           day
           ,
           and
           no
           doubt
           but
           Sir
           R.
           has
           done
           it
           himself
           ,
           unless
           he
           always
           paid
           for
           his
           Plate
           with
           Farthings
           and
           Halfpence
           ,
           which
           few
           Goldsmiths
           would
           take
           ,
           unless
           the
           quantity
           bought
           were
           inconsiderable
           ;
           so
           that
           its
           just
           as
           absur'd
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           an
           Ounce
           of
           Silver
           will
           buy
           an
           Ounce
           of
           Silver
           of
           the
           same
           Fineness
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           an
           Ounce
           of
           Sterling
           Plate
           is
           sold
           for
           a
           Sterling
           Crown
           Piece
           ;
           and
           that
           's
           no
           Absurdity
           at
           all
           ,
           for
           the
           Plate
           bought
           is
           an
           Ounce
           of
           Silver
           ,
           and
           the
           Crown
           
           that
           paid
           for
           it
           is
           near
           1
           ℥
           of
           sterling
           Silver
           of
           the
           same
           Fineness
           ,
           which
           Barter
           is
           very
           proper
           and
           practicable
           ;
           and
           therefore
           his
           Reason
           [
           since
           there
           is
           no
           occasion
           for
           any
           Barter
           ]
           is
           vain
           and
           frivolous
           ,
           since
           nothing
           is
           more
           true
           ,
           than
           that
           Silver
           Coin
           and
           Old
           Plate
           are
           daily
           Bartered
           for
           New
           Plate
           .
        
         
           
             His
             Second
             Remark
             ,
             is
             ,
          
           
             That
             the
             intrinsick
             Value
             of
             Silver
             is
             the
             true
             Instrument
             or
             Measure
             of
             Commerce
             ,
             (
             he
             says
             )
             is
             partly
             true
             and
             partly
             false
             ;
             for
             the
             Money
             of
             every
             Country
             is
             the
             Measure
             of
             Commerce
             there
             .
          
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           Answer
           ,
           That
           tho'
           the
           Money
           of
           a
           Country
           is
           the
           Instrument
           of
           Commerce
           ,
           yet
           the
           intrinsick
           value
           of
           Silver
           is
           nevertheless
           the
           true
           Measure
           thereof
           ,
           by
           being
           the
           measure
           of
           that
           Money
           ;
           for
           by
           how
           much
           the
           more
           there
           is
           of
           Silver
           in
           any
           Money
           ,
           by
           so
           much
           the
           more
           it
           is
           valuable
           ;
           and
           by
           how
           much
           the
           more
           is
           is
           valuable
           ,
           by
           so
           much
           the
           more
           of
           any
           Commodity
           it
           will
           purchase
           :
           And
           in
           all
           Buying
           ,
           Selling
           ,
           and
           Bartering
           ,
           tho'
           the
           Persons
           concerned
           were
           guided
           as
           to
           the
           Worth
           of
           the
           thing
           ,
           Bought
           ,
           Sold
           ,
           or
           
           Bartered
           ,
           by
           the
           Coin
           of
           the
           place
           where
           such
           Bargains
           are
           transacted
           .
           Yet
           all
           or
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Coin
           in
           all
           Countries
           ,
           being
           either
           Silver
           or
           Gold
           ,
           whose
           value
           is
           computed
           by
           that
           Silver
           .
           To
           say
           ,
           That
           because
           Coin
           is
           the
           Instrument
           of
           Commerce
           ,
           that
           Silver
           is
           not
           so
           ,
           (
           as
           the
           Doctor
           does
           positively
           ,
           and
           Sir
           R.
           in
           part
           affirm
           )
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           the
           Coin
           of
           all
           Trading
           Nations
           is
           no
           Silver
           ,
           which
           is
           false
           ,
           and
           the
           Remark
           very
           weak
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           pag.
           24.
           
           
             That
             if
             Men
             made
             their
             Bargains
             only
             for
             the
             Quantity
             of
             Silver
             ,
             to
             what
             purpose
             is
             there
             any
             Copper
             Money
             Coined
             ,
             which
             reckoning
             one
             Country
             with
             another
             ,
             is
             ⅓
             part
             of
             the
             Money
             in
             Europe
             .
          
        
         
           To
           which
           I
           Answer
           ,
           That
           Copper
           Money
           is
           in
           all
           places
           ,
           except
           Sweedland
           ,
           designed
           only
           for
           conveniency
           in
           paying
           small
           Sums
           ,
           which
           cannot
           so
           well
           be
           paid
           in
           Silver
           ,
           because
           the
           quantity
           thereof
           being
           very
           small
           ,
           wou'd
           be
           (
           and
           is
           as
           we
           see
           in
           our
           Silver
           ½
           pence
           ,
           pence
           ,
           two
           pences
           ,
           &c.
           )
           in
           danger
           of
           being
           lost
           .
           And
           as
           to
           there
           being
           ⅓
           of
           the
           Coin
           in
           Europe
           made
           only
           of
           Copper
           ,
           I
           dare
           affirm
           ,
           and
           appeal
           to
           all
           the
           Merchants
           
           and
           Travellers
           in
           England
           ,
           that
           not
           one
           hundredth
           part
           of
           the
           Coin
           in
           all
           the
           Traffiquing
           Nations
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           except
           Sweedland
           ,
           is
           any
           thing
           but
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           ;
           And
           I
           am
           farther
           confirmed
           in
           this
           Opinion
           ,
           not
           only
           because
           I
           have
           some
           knowledge
           of
           the
           several
           Coins
           ,
           but
           from
           this
           computation
           of
           it
           in
           our
           own
           Nations
           Coin.
           
        
         
           The
           most
           ingenious
           Calculator
           Sir
           
             William
             Petty
          
           has
           told
           us
           ▪
           That
           50000
           l.
           in
           Farthings
           and
           Half
           pence
           ,
           is
           a
           sufficient
           quantity
           of
           Copper
           Money
           for
           England
           :
           But
           I
           am
           of
           opinion
           ,
           that
           we
           have
           not
           so
           many
           now
           ,
           because
           we
           want
           .
           And
           the
           Running
           Cash
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           is
           computed
           modestly
           at
           6,000,000
           il
           .
           which
           divided
           by
           50000
           l.
           quotes
           ▪
           120
           :
           so
           that
           at
           that
           rate
           ,
           instead
           of
           ⅓
           ,
           there
           is
           but
           a
           one
           hundred
           and
           twentieth
           part
           of
           the
           Running
           Cash
           of
           England
           made
           of
           any
           thing
           but
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           .
           And
           we
           have
           great
           reason
           to
           believe
           ,
           That
           Copper
           Money
           in
           other
           Countreys
           ,
           being
           but
           for
           the
           same
           use
           we
           make
           of
           it
           in
           
             England
             ,
             (
             viz.
          
           for
           Change
           ,
           and
           paying
           small
           Sums
           ,
           as
           is
           said
           above
           ,
           )
           is
           near
           the
           same
           proportion
           to
           their
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           Cash
           .
        
         
         
           And
           therefore
           as
           to
           what
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           page
           15.
           
           '
           That
           there
           are
           more
           Bargains
           made
           with
           Copper
           Money
           than
           either
           with
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           ,
           and
           would
           make
           good
           this
           Assertion
           by
           an
           instance
           of
           half
           penny
           Loaves
           being
           bought
           and
           sold
           ,
           (
           which
           by
           the
           way
           is
           a
           ridiculous
           one
           .
           )
           I
           say
           ,
           it
           is
           egregiously
           false
           ,
           to
           instance
           in
           some
           useful
           things
           for
           the
           Body
           and
           Mind
           ,
           (
           as
           the
           Doctor
           has
           it
           ,
           page
           2.
           )
           In
           a
           Whole-sale
           Trade
           ,
           where
           the
           Commodities
           bought
           and
           sold
           are
           not
           cutt
           or
           divided
           into
           lesser
           parts
           than
           they
           were
           brought
           in
           .
           Daily
           Experience
           tells
           us
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           such
           thing
           as
           paying
           in
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           a
           small
           Whole-sale
           Parcel
           that
           is
           not
           worth
           6
           d.
           and
           all
           or
           most
           Parcels
           above
           (
           not
           to
           say
           some
           below
           )
           that
           price
           ,
           are
           paid
           for
           in
           Silver
           ;
           and
           tho'
           the
           Copper
           Money
           has
           the
           King's
           stamp
           on
           it
           ,
           which
           the
           Doctor
           lays
           such
           stress
           on
           ,
           pag.
           13.
           '
           yet
           so
           prudent
           and
           wise
           were
           our
           Law-makers
           ,
           that
           no
           one
           can
           be
           forced
           to
           take
           this
           Money
           for
           Rent
           or
           Debt
           ,
           because
           it
           has
           not
           a
           Universal
           Value
           ,
           nor
           was
           intended
           to
           be
           receiv'd
           or
           pay'd
           in
           large
           Sums
           in
           the
           way
           of
           Trade
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           its
           being
           
           far
           less
           portable
           than
           Silver
           ;
           3
           farthings
           weighing
           14
           grains
           more
           ,
           and
           taking
           up
           as
           much
           room
           as
           half
           a
           Crown
           in
           Silver
           ,
           and
           consequently
           omitting
           the
           Grains
           100
           l.
           in
           Copper
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           4000
           l.
           in
           Silver
           ;
           and
           at
           this
           rate
           ,
           how
           troublesom
           would
           it
           be
           for
           a
           Man
           to
           be
           obliged
           to
           receive
           Copper
           Money
           for
           Packs
           of
           Sheeps
           Wool
           ,
           or
           Sacks
           of
           Cotton
           ,
           Bales
           of
           Silk
           ,
           Hogsheads
           of
           Sugar
           ,
           Wine
           ,
           Brandy
           ,
           &c.
           nay
           ,
           if
           this
           mony
           were
           paid
           for
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Bargains
           ,
           as
           the
           Doctor
           says
           it
           is
           ,
           it
           would
           cost
           less
           money
           to
           carry
           most
           sorts
           of
           Goods
           to
           a
           Fair
           or
           Mart
           ,
           than
           the
           Money
           those
           Commodities
           were
           sold
           for
           home
           again
           ;
           but
           to
           come
           nearer
           the
           Doctors
           half
           penny
           Loaves
           ,
           how
           few
           are
           there
           that
           pay
           for
           either
           Victuals
           ,
           Apparel
           or
           Lodging
           in
           this
           sort
           of
           Money
           ?
           For
           does
           any
           Man
           pay
           for
           a
           Years
           Board
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           a
           Joint
           of
           Meat
           at
           the
           Market
           in
           farthings
           ?
           Does
           any
           man
           pay
           for
           a
           Hatt
           ,
           Coat
           ,
           &c.
           or
           so
           much
           as
           Gloves
           or
           Thread
           Stockings
           ,
           in
           Farthings
           ?
           Does
           any
           one
           pay
           their
           House-rent
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           for
           a
           half
           Peck
           Loaf
           in
           Copper
           Money
           ?
           Nay
           ,
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Doctors
           own
           instance
           ,
           of
           
           the
           vast
           number
           of
           Half
           penny
           and
           penny
           loaves
           that
           are
           bought
           ,
           I
           dare
           Engage
           ¾
           thereof
           are
           paid
           for
           in
           Silver
           Coin
           ;
           for
           the
           Baker
           I
           'le
           warrant
           ,
           never
           buys
           a
           Bushel
           of
           Wheat
           ,
           and
           pays
           for
           't
           in
           Farthings
           or
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           nor
           the
           Victualler
           (
           in
           whose
           House
           most
           of
           the
           Bakers
           Half
           Penny
           Loaves
           are
           spent
           ,
           )
           pays
           for
           a
           dozen
           or
           two
           (
           than
           which
           he
           has
           seldom
           less
           )
           in
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           no
           nor
           even
           the
           Person
           who
           buys
           these
           of
           the
           Victualler
           for
           his
           own
           Eating
           ,
           comes
           to
           his
           House
           only
           to
           eat
           ;
           for
           't
           is
           a
           hundred
           to
           one
           ,
           but
           this
           Guest
           and
           his
           Friend
           ,
           (
           for
           few
           drink
           alone
           )
           if
           he
           calls
           for
           a
           Role
           or
           two
           ,
           but
           he
           has
           some
           Cheese
           or
           Butter
           ,
           and
           two
           Tankards
           of
           Ale
           ,
           which
           makes
           6
           d.
           in
           all
           which
           Trade
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           Copper
           Money
           used
           ;
           and
           I
           think
           all
           these
           Cases
           may
           and
           do
           happen
           every
           day
           .
           And
           as
           for
           Books
           ,
           there
           's
           scarce
           a
           bound
           one
           in
           any
           Volume
           bought
           under
           6
           d.
           And
           where
           one
           pounds
           worth
           is
           bought
           with
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           1000
           
           l's
           .
           worth
           are
           bought
           with
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           .
           All
           which
           is
           sufficient
           to
           shew
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           with
           Silver
           Money
           and
           not
           Copper
           (
           as
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           )
           that
           our
           Inland
           
           Trade
           is
           managed
           ,
           and
           consequently
           that
           Silver
           is
           the
           Measure
           thereof
           .
        
         
           And
           after
           the
           same
           manner
           is
           the
           Traffique
           of
           other
           Nations
           ,
           their
           Money
           being
           for
           the
           most
           part
           made
           of
           Silver
           ,
           contrary
           to
           what
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           page
           14.
           viz.
           
        
         
           
             That
             the
             Merchants
             both
             in
             their
             Bills
             of
             Exchange
             ,
             and
             in
             their
             Accounts
             do
             as
             often
             reckon
             by
             the
             Copper
             Money
             as
             the
             Silver
             Money
             .
          
        
         
           This
           I
           utterly
           deny
           ,
           and
           will
           prove
           it
           a
           Mistake
           in
           the
           Doctor
           ,
           by
           shewing
           what
           Money
           other
           Nations
           keep
           their
           Accompts
           in
           .
           And
           in
           what
           Money
           they
           exchange
           with
           London
           .
        
         
           That
           all
           Trading
           Nations
           that
           have
           Commerce
           with
           England
           ,
           do
           keep
           their
           Accompts
           in
           ,
           and
           buy
           and
           sell
           with
           and
           for
           Silver
           Money
           ,
           for
           the
           most
           part
           will
           appear
           as
           follows
           :
        
         
           1.
           
           In
           the
           
             Netherlands
             ,
             viz.
          
           at
           
             Amsterdam
             ,
             Rottordam
          
           ,
           and
           Antwerp
           ,
           Accompts
           are
           kept
           in
           pounds
           ,
           shill
           .
           and
           pence
           ,
           Flemish
           ,
           or
           in
           Guilders
           and
           Stiver
           ;
           there
           is
           likewise
           current
           the
           
             Holland
             Dollar
             ,
             Duccatoon
          
           ,
           and
           other
           pieces
           ,
           all
           of
           Silver
           ,
           some
           9
           ,
           some
           10
           ,
           and
           some
           11
           ounces
           fine
           .
        
         
         
           2.
           
           In
           France
           Accounts
           are
           kept
           in
           Livres
           or
           
             Franks
             ,
             Souze
          
           and
           Deniers
           ,
           and
           there
           are
           Curant
           the
           Crown
           of
           3
           Livres
           ,
           and
           other
           pieces
           ,
           all
           made
           of
           silver
           ,
           some
           10
           ounces
           ,
           some
           10
           ounces
           18
           pw
           .
           fine
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           In
           Spain
           Accounts
           are
           kept
           in
           some
           places
           ,
           
             viz.
             Valentia
             ,
             Saragota
          
           and
           Barselona
           ,
           in
           pounds
           ,
           shill
           .
           and
           pence
           ;
           and
           there
           are
           currant
           the
           Ducats
           of
           10½
           ,
           11
           and
           12
           Ryalls
           ,
           which
           is
           silver
           Coin
           of
           11
           ounces
           ,
           3½
           pw
           .
           fine
           ;
           and
           at
           Cadix
           ,
           are
           Currant
           the
           piece
           of
           8
           Sevill
           and
           Mexico
           ,
           the
           first
           11
           ℥
           4
           pw
           .
           the
           latter
           ,
           11
           ounces
           fine
           .
           As
           also
           the
           Pattacoon
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           4.
           
           In
           Portugal
           ,
           their
           chief
           Money
           used
           in
           Traffique
           are
           
             Milrees
             ,
             Crusado's
          
           ,
           and
           Testoons
           :
           And
           they
           in
           some
           parts
           keep
           their
           Accounts
           in
           these
           ,
           and
           some
           in
           Rees
           ,
           which
           is
           Copper
           .
           But
           the
           Exchange
           is
           made
           with
           London
           upon
           the
           Mill-Ree
           ,
           which
           is
           Par
           with
           6
           s.
           4
           d.
           Sterling
           ;
           All
           these
           Denominations
           of
           money
           ,
           except
           the
           Rees
           are
           Silver
           ,
           some
           10
           ounces
           7
           pw
           .
           and
           some
           of
           11
           ounces
           fine
           .
        
         
           5.
           
           In
           Germany
           the
           Coins
           of
           silver
           are
           too
           tedious
           to
           mention
           here
           ;
           the
           most
           
           usual
           of
           which
           in
           Trassique
           ,
           are
           the
           
             Rix
             Dollar
          
           above
           11
           ounces
           fine
           ,
           Creutzers
           of
           10
           ounces
           ,
           10
           pw
           .
           fine
           of
           Silver
           ;
           and
           at
           Hamburgh
           ,
           Accounts
           are
           kept
           in
           pounds
           ,
           shill
           .
           and
           pence
           ,
           in
           which
           they
           likewise
           exchange
           with
           London
           32
           shill
           .
           being
           Par
           there
           ,
           with
           one
           one
           pound
           Sterling
           .
        
         
           6.
           
           In
           Italy
           ,
           as
           at
           Leghorn
           and
           Genoa
           ,
           Accounts
           are
           kept
           in
           pounds
           ,
           shill
           .
           and
           pence
           
             De
             Ovo
          
           ,
           the
           Testoons
           of
           Mantua
           and
           Milan
           of
           11
           ounces
           ,
           5
           pw
           .
           fine
           ,
           also
           
             Ducats
             ,
             Tary
          
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           silver
           Coins
           ,
           too
           tedious
           to
           relate
           here
           ;
           but
           we
           exchange
           with
           Venice
           and
           places
           thereabout
           ,
           upon
           the
           
             Ducat
             de
             Banco
          
           ,
           which
           is
           Par
           with
           52
           pence
           Sterling
           ,
           and
           with
           Legorn
           upon
           the
           Crown
           
             de
             Ovo
          
           ,
           which
           is
           Par
           with
           67½
           d.
           Sterling
           .
        
         
           7.
           
           The
           Money
           of
           Ireland
           in
           which
           Accounts
           are
           kept
           ,
           are
           
             Pounds
             ,
             Harps
          
           and
           Obbs
           ,
           the
           Harp
           is
           9
           ℥
           6
           pw
           .
           fine
           ,
           the
           Obb
           is
           half
           the
           Harp
           ,
           and
           20
           Harps
           is
           their
           pound
           ;
           and
           Exchange
           at
           London
           with
           Dublin
           by
           the
           100
           pound
           Irish
           ,
           which
           is
           Par
           with
           75
           English
           .
        
         
           8.
           
           The
           Money
           of
           Scotland
           ,
           is
           
             Pounds
             ,
             Marks
             ,
             Nobles
          
           ,
           and
           small
           Pieces
           ,
           the
           former
           of
           11
           ℥
           .
           2
           pw
           .
           (
           or
           Sterling
           )
           fine
           .
           And
           in
           
           short
           ,
           all
           other
           Trading
           Countrys
           ,
           except
           Sweedland
           ,
           have
           their
           Commerce
           carryed
           on
           chiefly
           by
           silver
           Coin
           ,
           as
           the
           Rupee
           and
           ½
           Rupee
           of
           
             East
             India
          
           ,
           all
           sine
           ,
           the
           piece
           of
           Eight
           ,
           Mexico
           and
           Peru
           in
           the
           
             West
             Indies
          
           ,
           fine
           as
           abovesaid
           ;
           The
           8
           
             s.
             Danzick
             ,
             Guilders
          
           ,
           &c.
           in
           Poland
           ,
           10
           ℥
           .
           12
           pw
           .
           fine
           ;
           The
           Deghen
           ,
           &c.
           of
           Russia
           ,
           11
           ℥
           .
           13
           pw
           .
           fine
           ;
           The
           Danish
           Dollar
           10
           ℥
           .
           12
           pw
           .
           fine
           .
           And
           in
           Sweeden
           ,
           besides
           their
           Copper
           Dollars
           ,
           they
           have
           the
           Sweeds
           Dollar
           of
           the
           same
           fineness
           ,
           with
           the
           
             Rix
             Dollar
          
           of
           Germany
           ,
           and
           half
           its
           value
           ;
           tho'
           I
           confess
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           of
           their
           Trade
           is
           carryed
           on
           with
           the
           Copper
           Money
           ;
           but
           the
           like
           is
           not
           done
           (
           as
           appears
           by
           the
           foregoing
           Account
           )
           in
           any
           other
           Nation
           ,
           and
           no
           doubt
           but
           the
           Sweeds
           would
           glad
           enough
           be
           rid
           of
           it
           for
           Silver
           ,
           were
           it
           not
           the
           Product
           and
           Manufacture
           of
           their
           own
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           are
           very
           poor
           :
           for
           as
           the
           Learned
           and
           Ingenuous
           Malynes
           says
           on
           the
           same
           Subject
           ,
           
             Necessitas
             non
             habet
             Legem
          
           .
        
         
           And
           thus
           I
           think
           ,
           I
           have
           sufficiently
           proved
           from
           matter
           of
           Fact
           ,
           That
           more
           Bargains
           are
           made
           with
           Silver
           than
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           since
           there
           is
           abundantly
           
           more
           of
           the
           former
           than
           of
           the
           latter
           ,
           and
           consequently
           that
           Silver
           is
           the
           measure
           of
           Commerce
           :
           And
           I
           have
           likewise
           proved
           ,
           That
           Merchants
           do
           not
           either
           in
           their
           Accounts
           or
           Bills
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           reckon
           any
           thing
           near
           so
           much
           in
           Copper
           Money
           as
           in
           Silver
           .
           For
           whereas
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           pag.
           13.
           
           As
           in
           Portugal
           ,
           the
           Merchant
           often
           draws
           his
           Bills
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           to
           be
           paid
           in
           Rials
           of
           400
           Rees
           ;
           and
           says
           he
           ,
           And
           so
           in
           Spain
           ,
           he
           draws
           his
           Bill
           to
           be
           paid
           in
           Rials
           of
           372
           Malvadies
           .
           He
           is
           in
           this
           very
           much
           out
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           in
           his
           Copper
           Money
           bargains
           ;
           for
           our
           Exchange
           to
           Lisbon
           is
           in
           Milrees
           of
           6
           s.
           4
           d.
           Sterling
           per
           Millree
           ,
           &
           to
           7
           s.
           &c.
           in
           Circa
           &
           to
           Cadiz
           .
           The
           Par
           is
           54.
           d.
           sterling
           for
           one
           piece
           of
           Eight
           ;
           and
           the
           course
           (
           now
           )
           60
           d.
           and
           upward
           ;
           to
           which
           two
           places
           are
           the
           principal
           Exchange
           of
           that
           Country
           with
           London
           made
           ;
           and
           what
           they
           do
           among
           themselves
           ,
           is
           nothing
           to
           us
           .
        
         
           And
           therefore
           it
           does
           not
           appear
           ,
           that
           the
           Doctor
           has
           any
           more
           Experience
           in
           these
           matters
           than
           Mr.
           Lock
           (
           nor
           indeed
           so
           much
           ▪
           )
           notwithstanding
           his
           great
           Profession
           ,
           in
           condemning
           ▪
           Mr.
           Locks
           definition
           of
           the
           Par
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           
           page
           19.
           which
           with
           the
           Doctors
           Notion
           ,
           I●ll
           incert
           as
           follows
           ,
           and
           leave
           it
           to
           those
           that
           have
           long
           known
           the
           Practick
           part
           ,
           whether
           of
           the
           two
           is
           the
           most
           true
           and
           genuine
           .
        
         
           
             Mr.
             Lock
             's
             Definition
             of
             the
             Par.
             
          
           The
           Par
           of
           Exchange
           (
           pag.
           18.
           of
           his
           Considerations
           )
           is
           a
           certain
           number
           of
           Pieces
           of
           the
           Coin
           of
           one
           Country
           ,
           containing
           in
           them
           an
           equal
           quantity
           of
           Silver
           to
           that
           in
           another
           number
           of
           pieces
           of
           the
           Coin
           of
           another
           Country
           .
        
         
           
             The
             Doctor
             's
             Definition
             .
          
           The
           Par
           of
           Money
           is
           made
           by
           computing
           the
           valuation
           that
           the
           several
           Governments
           set
           on
           their
           Coins
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           from
           the
           equal
           quantity
           of
           silver
           in
           each
           piece
           of
           Money
           .
        
         
           Now
           I
           take
           the
           Doctors
           Notion
           of
           the
           Par
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           to
           be
           very
           false
           ,
           and
           what
           was
           never
           thought
           of
           being
           the
           Par
           by
           any
           but
           himself
           ;
           for
           to
           say
           that
           the
           value
           of
           Money
           (
           for
           I
           take
           the
           Par
           to
           be
           value
           ,
           )
           is
           made
           by
           computing
           the
           valuation
           that
           the
           several
           Governments
           set
           on
           their
           Coin
           ,
           is
           not
           only
           false
           and
           
           nonsensical
           Contradiction
           ;
           but
           also
           (
           if
           he
           means
           ,
           that
           one
           Nation
           must
           take
           anothers
           Money
           for
           what
           they
           please
           to
           call
           it
           ,
           )
           pernicious
           to
           Trade
           ,
           and
           destructive
           to
           the
           very
           foundation
           of
           all
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           a
           thing
           never
           practised
           .
           For
           instance
           ,
           Suppose
           in
           the
           Year
           89
           ,
           I
           had
           paid
           100
           l.
           at
           London
           ,
           that
           my
           Factor
           or
           Correspondent
           might
           receive
           the
           value
           at
           Dublin
           ,
           where
           the
           Person
           on
           whom
           the
           Bill
           was
           drawn
           ,
           pays
           my
           Factor
           800
           Copper
           Half
           Crowns
           ,
           which
           were
           equal
           to
           my
           800
           silver
           ones
           which
           I
           paid
           here
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Doctors
           Par
           of
           the
           valuation
           the
           Government
           had
           put
           on
           them
           ,
           (
           tho'
           in
           truth
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           above
           800
           Half
           Pence
           ,
           or
           33
           s.
           4.
           d.
           of
           that
           Money
           the
           value
           was
           paid
           in
           
             England
             .
          
           )
           Now
           suppose
           the
           Government
           had
           changed
           after
           my
           Correspondent
           had
           receiv'd
           these
           Copper
           Pieces
           ,
           and
           before
           he
           had
           put
           them
           off
           again
           ;
           and
           that
           this
           new
           Government
           had
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           the
           Currency
           of
           the
           Copper
           Money
           ,
           and
           made
           Half
           a
           Crown
           currant
           for
           Half
           a
           Penny
           (
           as
           was
           reasonable
           enough
           )
           I
           should
           here
           have
           lost
           98
           l.
           6
           s.
           8
           d.
           by
           the
           Bargain
           ;
           and
           such
           loss
           is
           every
           Merchant
           liable
           to
           ,
           that
           regards
           not
           whether
           
           the
           Mony
           his
           Correspondent
           is
           to
           receive
           Beyond-Sea
           ,
           be
           something
           near
           the
           Par
           of
           the
           Money
           paid
           by
           himself
           here
           ,
           by
           having
           so
           many
           more
           pieces
           allowed
           in
           Exchange
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           those
           pieces
           are
           deficient
           in
           weight
           and
           fineness
           of
           those
           paid
           first
           :
           For
           otherwise
           I
           would
           fain
           know
           ,
           to
           what
           end
           all
           the
           Mints
           of
           Europe
           keep
           so
           precise
           Accompts
           of
           the
           fineness
           of
           their
           Coins
           ,
           for
           they
           might
           know
           without
           that
           ,
           what
           value
           (
           by
           denomination
           )
           other
           Governments
           put
           upon
           their
           Coin.
           Or
           to
           what
           end
           was
           there
           such
           care
           taken
           by
           Edw.
           III.
           and
           other
           Kings
           of
           England
           ,
           to
           fix
           Tables
           of
           the
           Par
           of
           Exchange
           in
           publick
           places
           ,
           setting
           forth
           the
           true
           weight
           and
           fineness
           of
           Foreign
           Coins
           ,
           to
           prevent
           our
           English
           Merchants
           being
           imposed
           on
           in
           their
           Exchanges
           ?
        
         
           And
           the
           truth
           is
           ,
           the
           matter
           is
           not
           so
           difficult
           as
           the
           Doctor
           would
           make
           it
           ,
           by
           his
           singular
           way
           of
           expressing
           it
           :
           For
           the
           very
           word
           implies
           the
           meaning
           ,
           
             Par
             pro
             pari
             ,
             i.
             e.
          
           value
           for
           value
           ,
           not
           as
           the
           Government
           puts
           upon
           it
           (
           with
           respect
           to
           Foreign
           Exchange
           ,
           )
           but
           as
           it
           is
           in
           weight
           and
           fineness
           .
        
         
           For
           as
           Silver
           is
           the
           measure
           of
           all
           
           kind
           of
           Commodities
           ,
           so
           is
           it
           of
           Exchange
           too
           ;
           for
           as
           in
           Commutation
           or
           Barter
           of
           Goods
           ,
           the
           several
           sorts
           must
           first
           be
           valued
           by
           the
           standing
           measure
           of
           Silver
           before
           it
           can
           be
           known
           how
           much
           of
           one
           must
           be
           given
           for
           another
           kind
           :
           So
           is
           it
           in
           Exchanges
           ,
           where
           the
           true
           value
           of
           each
           Coin
           being
           compared
           with
           Silver
           ,
           it
           is
           easily
           known
           how
           many
           pieces
           of
           one
           Coin
           must
           be
           given
           for
           so
           many
           of
           another
           .
        
         
           And
           Lastly
           ,
           I
           offer
           this
           as
           a
           Proof
           ,
           that
           the
           quantity
           of
           Silver
           in
           Exchange
           ,
           is
           considered
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           nominal
           value
           the
           Government
           gives
           to
           Money
           ;
           because
           for
           these
           two
           years
           past
           ,
           since
           our
           Money
           has
           been
           so
           very
           much
           clipt
           and
           debased
           ,
           and
           our
           Guinea's
           so
           high
           ,
           Exchanges
           have
           run
           very
           low
           against
           us
           ;
           the
           Dutch
           (
           and
           other
           places
           proportionable
           )
           allowing
           us
           but
           26
           s.
           and
           27
           
             s.
             Flem.
          
           for
           a
           pound
           Sterling
           ;
           whereas
           within
           these
           4
           or
           5
           years
           ,
           they
           allowed
           35
           s.
           per
           pound
           Sterling
           ;
           and
           since
           our
           Coin
           has
           been
           amending
           ,
           and
           Guinea's
           lowered
           ,
           the
           Dutch
           allow
           29
           and
           30
           s.
           for
           20
           s.
           Sterling
           .
        
         
         
           
             Sir
             
             Richard's
             Third
             Remark
             ,
             is
             ,
          
           
             Bullion
             is
             a
             Commodity
             ,
             and
             has
             no
             certain
             universal
             stated
             price
             or
             value
             .
          
        
         
           
             And
             says
             the
             Doctor
             in
             the
             first
             of
             his
             contrary
             Propositions
             :
          
           
             That
             there
             is
             no
             intrinsick
             value
             in
             Silver
             ,
             or
             any
             fixt
             or
             certain
             Estimate
             that
             common
             Consent
             has
             plac't
             on
             it
             ,
             but
             that
             it
             is
             a
             Commodity
             ,
             and
             riseth
             and
             falleth
             as
             other
             Commodities
             do
             .
          
        
         
           I
           must
           confess
           I
           have
           this
           advantage
           in
           answering
           this
           :
           That
           no
           body
           is
           of
           the
           Doctors
           mind
           ,
           and
           therefore
           a
           little
           may
           serve
           to
           say
           against
           him
           in
           this
           case
           ,
           for
           't
           is
           a
           hard
           matter
           to
           introduce
           a
           new
           Opinion
           at
           best
           ;
           but
           more
           especially
           when
           that
           Opinion
           is
           contrary
           to
           all
           men's
           Reason
           .
        
         
           That
           there
           is
           a
           natural
           or
           intrinsick
           Goodness
           in
           Silver
           above
           all
           other
           Metals
           (
           except
           Gold
           )
           such
           as
           solidness
           ,
           &
           not
           porous
           ,
           cleanness
           &
           not
           apt
           to
           rust
           ,
           fineness
           and
           beautiful
           to
           the
           Eye
           ,
           I
           think
           no
           body
           can
           gainsay
           .
        
         
           And
           that
           upon
           and
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           these
           natural
           Perfections
           and
           Qualities
           ,
           Silver
           has
           obtain'd
           an
           Universal
           Esteem
           and
           Value
           above
           all
           other
           Mettals
           (
           except
           
           Gold
           )
           in
           all
           the
           most
           civiliz'd
           Nations
           and
           earliest
           of
           times
           ,
           is
           as
           undoubted
           a
           Truth
           .
        
         
           For
           as
           to
           its
           universal
           value
           ,
           it
           is
           much
           the
           same
           at
           the
           East
           and
           
             West
             Indies
          
           ,
           in
           Turkey
           and
           Eastland
           ,
           in
           
             Russia
             ,
             Poland
          
           ,
           and
           all
           over
           the
           Commercial
           World
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           here
           in
           England
           .
        
         
           And
           as
           to
           the
           early
           esteem
           it
           had
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           we
           find
           it
           the
           common
           Measure
           of
           Commerce
           in
           Sacred
           History
           ,
           about
           488
           years
           after
           the
           Flood
           which
           was
           in
           
           Abraham's
           time
           ;
           and
           no
           doubt
           but
           it
           was
           so
           long
           before
           :
           And
           tho'
           Silver
           is
           a
           Commodity
           because
           it
           is
           bought
           and
           sold
           ,
           yet
           I
           deny
           that
           it
           rises
           and
           falls
           so
           as
           other
           Commodities
           do
           ,
           nor
           is
           there
           any
           Commodity
           that
           keeps
           such
           a
           certainty
           as
           to
           price
           ,
           as
           Silver
           does
           ;
           it
           being
           in
           no
           part
           of
           the
           World
           worth
           less
           than
           5
           s.
           an
           ounce
           ,
           and
           in
           few
           places
           worth
           much
           more
           ;
           and
           the
           reason
           of
           this
           will
           appear
           ,
           by
           comparing
           it
           with
           other
           Commodities
           ,
           most
           of
           which
           are
           the
           Product
           of
           more
           Countries
           than
           one
           or
           two
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           sort
           of
           Commodities
           are
           made
           better
           and
           worse
           ,
           which
           with
           many
           other
           Circumstances
           ,
           as
           Fashion
           ,
           Plenty
           ,
           Scarcity
           ,
           &c.
           much
           alters
           
           the
           price
           of
           Commodities
           that
           are
           for
           Wear
           ,
           (
           as
           the
           most
           staple
           ones
           are
           .
           )
        
         
           But
           Silver
           coming
           chiefly
           from
           the
           Mines
           of
           Peru
           and
           Mexico
           in
           America
           ,
           and
           not
           subject
           to
           any
           of
           the
           abovesaid
           Causes
           of
           rising
           and
           falling
           ,
           the
           price
           thereof
           is
           much
           at
           one
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           intrinsick
           value
           of
           Silver
           ,
           may
           properly
           enough
           be
           said
           to
           be
           5
           s.
           per
           ounce
           ,
           because
           it
           will
           fetch
           so
           much
           in
           any
           part
           of
           Europe
           ,
           if
           not
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           fittest
           measure
           of
           Commerce
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           no
           more
           than
           Sir
           Richard
           grants
           at
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           his
           third
           Remark
           .
           Tho'
           the
           Doctor
           is
           much
           more
           positive
           in
           denying
           the
           whole
           ,
           to
           make
           good
           the
           credit
           of
           his
           Copper
           Money
           Extrinsick
           value
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           
             Sir
             
             Richard's
             Fourth
             Remark
             .
          
           
             That
             advancing
             the
             denomination
             ,
             or
             lessening
             the
             weight
             and
             fineness
             of
             Coin
             ,
             will
             be
             no
             loss
             to
             the
             Landed-men
             in
             their
             Rents
             ,
             &c.
             
             And
             that
             such
             a
             change
             can
             have
             no
             such
             effect
             .
          
        
         
           
             And
             says
             the
             Doctor
             in
             the
             Tenth
             of
             his
             contrary
             Propositions
             .
          
           
             That
             if
             the
             Money
             be
             raised
             ⅕
             ,
             the
             
             Landlord
             will
             not
             lose
             any
             part
             of
             his
             Rent
             ,
             or
             the
             Creditor
             any
             part
             of
             his
             Debt
             .
          
        
         
           The
           truth
           of
           these
           Assertions
           depend
           on
           this
           :
        
         
           That
           raising
           the
           value
           of
           Coin
           by
           denomination
           ,
           will
           not
           inhance
           the
           price
           of
           any
           Commodity
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           therefore
           first
           prove
           ,
           That
           the
           raising
           the
           denomination
           of
           the
           Coin
           ,
           and
           making
           the
           5
           s.
           piece
           to
           pass
           for
           any
           Sum
           more
           ,
           will
           analogically
           (
           at
           least
           )
           advance
           the
           price
           of
           all
           things
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           Shew
           how
           the
           Landlords
           and
           other
           Persons
           ,
           having
           Annuities
           or
           Stypends
           ,
           will
           become
           losers
           by
           such
           advance
           of
           Coin
           and
           Commodities
           .
        
         
           We
           have
           sufficient
           matter
           of
           Fact
           ,
           to
           prove
           ,
           That
           the
           raising
           the
           denomination
           of
           Coin
           ,
           does
           also
           advance
           every
           Commodity
           proportionable
           ;
           for
           that
           which
           was
           worth
           but
           20
           pence
           ,
           in
           Edward
           the
           first
           's
           time
           ,
           is
           now
           worth
           5
           s.
           and
           that
           all
           Commodities
           did
           rise
           near
           ⅓
           from
           July
           ,
           94.
           (
           when
           Guinea's
           began
           to
           rise
           )
           to
           the
           time
           they
           were
           at
           30
           s.
           is
           also
           matter
           of
           Fact
           ;
           and
           that
           since
           Guinea's
           have
           been
           setled
           at
           22
           s.
           all
           Commodities
           have
           fallen
           is
           also
           true
           ,
           
           Wool
           and
           Woolen
           Cloth
           (
           the
           chief
           of
           our
           Commodities
           ,
           )
           is
           a
           Proof
           thereof
           ,
           and
           is
           that
           I
           choose
           for
           instance
           ;
           the
           first
           being
           fallen
           8
           s.
           per
           Tod
           ,
           the
           second
           4
           or
           5
           s.
           per
           Yard
           .
           Which
           advance
           of
           Commodities
           according
           to
           the
           advance
           of
           Coin
           ,
           made
           the
           wise
           and
           good
           Q.
           Eliz.
           in
           the
           Declaration
           ,
           Anno
           1559.
           concerning
           the
           amending
           the
           Coin
           ,
           debased
           by
           H.
           VIII
           .
           express
           these
           words
           :
           
             [
             Also
             by
             continuance
             of
             this
             sort
             of
             base
             Moneys
             ,
             altho'
             Almighty
             God
             hath
             given
             now
             of
             late
             Years
             ,
             plentiful
             increase
             by
             the
             Earth
             ,
             yet
             the
             Prices
             of
             all
             things
             growing
             or
             coming
             from
             the
             Earth
             ,
             hath
             daily
             risen
             ,
             as
             Grain
             ,
             Fruit
             ,
             Cattel
             ,
             Victuals
             ,
             Wool
             ,
             Leather
             ,
             and
             such-like
             ,
             and
             no
             remedy
             could
             be
             devised
             to
             amend
             the
             same
             ,
             but
             to
             cause
             that
             the
             same
             base
             Monies
             should
             be
             currant
             for
             no
             more
             than
             they
             were
             in
             just
             value
             .
             ]
          
           And
           the
           reason
           of
           the
           Rise
           or
           Fall
           of
           Commodities
           as
           Money
           does
           ,
           is
           plain
           ,
           because
           Money
           is
           that
           which
           measures
           every
           thing
           ;
           and
           therefore
           if
           Money
           rise
           ,
           Commodities
           must
           rise
           ;
           if
           it
           falls
           ,
           they
           must
           fall
           .
           And
           the
           chief
           reason
           of
           this
           ,
           is
           our
           being
           so
           deeply
           engaged
           in
           Commerce
           with
           Foreigners
           ,
           who
           will
           never
           take
           our
           Money
           for
           what
           
           we
           are
           pleas'd
           to
           call
           it
           ,
           but
           what
           it
           is
           really
           worth
           with
           them
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           taken
           from
           them
           for
           ,
           in
           other
           places
           .
           Thus
           ,
           if
           an
           Ironmonger
           buyeth
           of
           a
           Dutch-man
           Chimney-backs
           ,
           to
           the
           value
           of
           825
           pounds
           Flemish
           ,
           he
           might
           have
           paid
           for
           them
           before
           the
           advance
           or
           debasing
           of
           our
           Coin
           (
           the
           Exchange
           being
           at
           least
           33
           
             s.
             Flem.
          
           per
           pound
           Sterl
           .
           )
           with
           500
           l.
           Sterling
           ;
           but
           our
           pound
           being
           advanced
           to
           24
           s.
           the
           Dutch-man
           lowers
           his
           Exchange
           proportionable
           (
           as
           they
           always
           do
           ;
           Witness
           the
           extream
           low
           Exchange
           just
           before
           the
           Regulation
           of
           our
           Coin
           ,
           and
           the
           advance
           of
           it
           since
           ,
           )
           which
           is
           to
           27
           s.
           6
           
             d
             Flem.
          
           for
           1
           l.
           Sterling
           ;
           at
           which
           Rate
           600
           l.
           will
           but
           pay
           the
           pounds
           Flem.
           825.
           
           So
           that
           here
           is
           evidently
           ⅕
           lost
           to
           the
           English-man
           ,
           who
           must
           fetch
           it
           up
           by
           selling
           his
           Goods
           ⅕
           dearer
           than
           formerly
           .
           Or
           if
           he
           Barters
           for
           Goods
           of
           our
           own
           Product
           or
           Manufacture
           ,
           as
           suppose
           Iron
           in
           the
           Bar
           ,
           the
           seller
           of
           this
           Iron
           will
           advance
           it
           proportionable
           to
           what
           the
           Chimney
           Backs
           are
           advanced
           ,
           which
           ⅕
           .
           And
           thus
           't
           is
           plain
           ,
           the
           raising
           our
           Coin
           advances
           Forreign
           Exchange
           ;
           that
           raiseth
           Foreign
           Commodities
           ,
           and
           Foreign
           Commodities
           
           rising
           ,
           does
           many
           ways
           advance
           the
           Product
           of
           our
           own
           Country
           ;
           for
           if
           Chimney
           Backs
           ,
           Sword
           Blades
           ,
           &c.
           coming
           from
           Holland
           ,
           should
           by
           raising
           our
           Coin
           grow
           dear
           ,
           our
           English
           would
           generally
           content
           themselves
           with
           English
           Blades
           ,
           and
           Grates
           ,
           and
           Chimneys
           of
           our
           own
           make
           ,
           which
           would
           much
           advance
           the
           price
           .
           And
           tho'
           I
           have
           only
           instanced
           in
           one
           or
           two
           Commodities
           from
           Holland
           ,
           yet
           the
           same
           consequence
           would
           happen
           by
           the
           raising
           our
           Coin
           to
           all
           other
           Goods
           or
           Merchandize
           ,
           not
           only
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           but
           all
           others
           with
           whom
           we
           have
           any
           Commerce
           .
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           proved
           ,
           That
           raising
           our
           Coin
           would
           necessarily
           advance
           the
           price
           of
           all
           things
           ,
           and
           shall
           therefore
           proceed
           to
           shew
           :
        
         
           2.
           
           That
           by
           this
           advance
           of
           Coin
           and
           Commodities
           ,
           all
           such
           as
           have
           made
           Contracts
           before
           this
           advance
           ,
           must
           necessarily
           be
           losers
           ,
           till
           such
           time
           as
           they
           can
           advance
           the
           Terms
           of
           their
           Contracts
           proportionable
           to
           the
           advance
           of
           things
           .
           Thus
           ,
        
         
           1.
           
           All
           Landlords
           whose
           Estates
           are
           let
           out
           by
           Lease
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           All
           Persons
           having
           certain
           yearly
           Stipends
           or
           Sallaries
           .
        
         
         
           3.
           
           All
           Creditors
           whose
           Debts
           were
           contracted
           before
           the
           advance
           of
           our
           Coin
           ,
           and
           not
           paid
           till
           afterwards
           ;
           must
           all
           unavoidably
           be
           at
           a
           loss
           by
           the
           advance
           of
           Coin.
           
        
         
           1.
           
           As
           to
           Landlords
           ,
           whose
           Estates
           are
           lett
           out
           by
           Lease
           for
           7
           ,
           11
           ,
           21
           ,
           31
           or
           40
           years
           ,
           (
           the
           usual
           terms
           Leases
           are
           granted
           for
           ,
           )
           will
           be
           so
           much
           the
           greater
           losers
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           the
           longer
           the
           Leases
           they
           have
           granted
           are
           :
           because
           here
           is
           an
           advance
           of
           Coin
           that
           has
           advanced
           the
           price
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           still
           the
           Landlord
           has
           but
           the
           same
           Rent
           .
           For
           instance
           ,
           if
           I
           have
           500
           l.
           per
           Ann.
           let
           out
           by
           Lease
           for
           40
           years
           ,
           to
           be
           paid
           in
           currant
           English
           Money
           ;
           after
           this
           ,
           the
           Coin
           of
           the
           Nation
           is
           advanced
           ⅕
           ,
           and
           other
           things
           proportionable
           ,
           yet
           I
           received
           but
           500
           
             l.
             per
             Ann.
          
           of
           this
           New
           Money
           ;
           so
           that
           if
           I
           expended
           yearly
           before
           the
           advance
           of
           Coin
           300
           l.
           and
           laid
           up
           200
           l.
           now
           the
           Coin
           is
           advanced
           ,
           that
           which
           cost
           me
           300
           l.
           will
           cost
           me
           360
           l.
           so
           that
           I
           can
           lay
           by
           me
           but
           140
           
             l.
             per
             Ann.
          
           The
           interest
           of
           which
           at
           6
           
             l.
             per
             Cent
          
           ,
           is
           but
           8
           l.
           8
           s.
           Whereas
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           the
           interest
           of
           my
           200
           l.
           which
           I
           laid
           up
           before
           the
           advance
           of
           Coin
           ,
           is
           
           12
           l.
           So
           that
           here
           is
           evidently
           a
           loss
           of
           3
           l.
           10
           s.
           in
           12
           l.
           which
           is
           above
           ¼
           loss
           to
           the
           Money'd
           Man.
           
        
         
           But
           it
           may
           be
           said
           ,
           That
           this
           Landlord
           or
           Money'd
           Man
           ,
           must
           be
           suppos'd
           to
           have
           Money
           by
           him
           when
           this
           change
           of
           Coin
           happens
           ,
           which
           will
           be
           ⅕
           more
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           1500
           l.
           of
           the
           Old
           Money
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           1800
           l.
           of
           the
           New
           ,
           which
           is
           300
           l.
           gain
           to
           him
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           it
           may
           be
           answered
           ,
           That
           this
           Gain
           will
           be
           more
           than
           lost
           in
           a
           short
           time
           after
           ,
           when
           much
           Money
           by
           the
           dearness
           of
           things
           is
           drawn
           out
           of
           the
           Landed
           or
           Monyed
           Man's
           ,
           into
           the
           Trades-man's
           hands
           .
           And
           the
           Money
           of
           the
           Nation
           being
           thus
           encreased
           ⅕
           ,
           does
           naturally
           encrease
           the
           number
           of
           Userers
           and
           Purchasers
           ,
           and
           the
           number
           of
           Userers
           and
           Purchasers
           encreaseth
           the
           value
           of
           Land
           ,
           and
           lowers
           the
           Rate
           of
           Interest
           .
           So
           ,
           if
           with
           this
           Money
           he
           would
           purchase
           ,
           Land
           is
           advanced
           ;
           or
           if
           he
           would
           lend
           it
           on
           Usury
           ,
           Interest
           is
           lowered
           ;
           so
           that
           he
           must
           necessarily
           Iose
           by
           this
           means
           notwithstanding
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           As
           the
           Landlord
           ,
           whose
           Estate
           is
           lett
           out
           by
           Lease
           ,
           must
           lose
           until
           his
           Leases
           are
           expir'd
           ,
           and
           he
           can
           advance
           
           his
           Rents
           proportionable
           to
           the
           price
           of
           all
           other
           things
           :
           So
           likewise
           it
           will
           go
           with
           such
           as
           have
           Employments
           ,
           whose
           Sallaries
           are
           certain
           ,
           and
           cannot
           be
           suddennly
           (
           if
           ever
           )
           advanced
           in
           proportion
           to
           Victuals
           ,
           Cloaths
           ,
           &c.
           on
           which
           they
           live
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           must
           also
           be
           great
           losers
           by
           this
           advance
           of
           things
           ,
           which
           is
           occasioned
           by
           the
           rise
           of
           our
           Coin.
           
        
         
           3.
           
           All
           Creditors
           whose
           Debts
           were
           contracted
           before
           the
           rise
           of
           Coin
           ,
           and
           not
           paid
           till
           afterward
           ,
           must
           lose
           ,
           because
           the
           Debt
           was
           contracted
           before
           the
           rise
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           according
           to
           the
           value
           of
           Money
           then
           ;
           but
           now
           Money
           is
           raised
           and
           Commodities
           likewise
           ,
           this
           (
           when
           paid
           the
           Creditor
           in
           the
           New
           Money
           )
           will
           not
           purchase
           so
           much
           by
           ⅕
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           paid
           him
           before
           this
           Revolution
           of
           Coin
           ;
           besides
           ,
           had
           the
           Debt
           been
           in
           the
           Creditors
           hands
           before
           the
           alteration
           of
           Coin
           ,
           it
           would
           of
           it self
           encreased
           ⅕
           ,
           which
           he
           also
           loseth
           .
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
        
         
           1.
           
           All
           Day-Labourers
           .
           And
           ,
        
         
           2.
           
           All
           Landed-men
           having
           Tenants
           at
           Will
           ,
           need
           not
           lose
           by
           this
           Alteration
           of
           Coin
           ,
           because
           they
           may
           advance
           the
           Prices
           of
           their
           work
           ,
           and
           Income
           proportionable
           ,
           
           to
           the
           advance
           of
           Money
           and
           Commodities
           ,
           which
           loss
           must
           therefore
           fall
           ,
        
         
           1.
           
           On
           such
           as
           have
           occasion
           to
           employ
           these
           Labourers
           ,
           as
           Builders
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           2.
           
           On
           these
           Tenants
           at
           Will
           ,
           who
           must
           advance
           the
           Rent
           of
           the
           Houses
           or
           Lands
           they
           hold
           ;
           so
           that
           I
           think
           nothing
           can
           be
           made
           more
           apparent
           ,
           than
           that
           advancing
           the
           currant
           value
           of
           Money
           ,
           will
           be
           a
           loss
           not
           only
           to
           Landed-men
           ,
           but
           to
           most
           others
           .
        
         
           What
           is
           material
           in
           Sir
           
           Richard's
           Fifth
           Remark
           ,
           is
           already
           Answered
           :
           I
           shall
           therefore
           say
           no
           more
           to
           it
           ,
           but
           consider
           ▪
        
         
           
             Sir
             
             Richard's
             Sixth
             Remark
             .
          
           
             To
             keep
             up
             an
             old
             Standard
             under
             an
             old
             Denomination
             below
             the
             value
             of
             Bullion
             ,
             is
             the
             greatest
             Folly
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             for
             which
             we
             have
             paid
             dear
             ;
             for
             it
             first
             carryed
             away
             all
             our
             Gold
             and
             Broad
             Money
             ,
             and
             lastly
             all
             our
             Mill'd
             Money
             ,
          
           &c.
           
        
         
           
             And
             the
             Doctor
             says
             in
             the
             Eighth
             of
             his
             contrary
             Propositions
             ,
          
           
             That
             it
             is
             the
             Practice
             of
             all
             the
             Governments
             in
             Europe
             ,
             to
             raise
             their
             Money
             as
             the
             price
             of
             Silver
             rises
             .
          
        
         
         
           To
           Sir
           R.
           I
           answer
           ,
           That
           nothing
           can
           be
           greater
           Folly
           than
           to
           alter
           the
           Standard
           of
           our
           Coin
           ,
           as
           the
           price
           of
           any
           Commodity
           is
           altered
           ;
           for
           Money
           being
           the
           Measure
           of
           Commerce
           (
           as
           both
           Sir
           R.
           and
           the
           Doctor
           say
           it
           is
           ,
           )
           to
           alter
           Money
           ,
           is
           to
           alter
           the
           Measure
           of
           all
           things
           ;
           and
           that
           I
           am
           sure
           ,
           unless
           there
           is
           absolute
           necessity
           ,
           is
           both
           Folly
           and
           Injustice
           ,
           and
           is
           as
           tho'
           the
           Buyer
           of
           Timber
           or
           Deal
           Boards
           ,
           should
           have
           his
           two
           Foot
           Rule
           made
           longer
           in
           proportion
           to
           what
           the
           seller
           advanceth
           the
           price
           of
           his
           Wood.
           
        
         
           'T
           is
           great
           Folly
           to
           advance
           the
           value
           of
           our
           Coin
           in
           proportion
           to
           Bullion
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Commodity
           ,
           because
           it
           will
           never
           answer
           the
           end
           for
           which
           it
           is
           raised
           .
           I
           have
           sufficiently
           proved
           ,
           That
           raising
           the
           Coin
           will
           inhance
           the
           price
           of
           all
           Commodities
           ;
           and
           therefore
           to
           advance
           the
           value
           of
           Money
           ,
           to
           bring
           it
           to
           the
           same
           price
           with
           Bullion
           ,
           instead
           of
           that
           ,
           it
           would
           advance
           the
           value
           of
           Bullion
           ,
           that
           being
           a
           Commodity
           as
           well
           as
           other
           things
           ,
           and
           is
           indeed
           beginning
           at
           the
           wrong
           end
           ,
           as
           if
           we
           should
           bring
           the
           Cart
           to
           the
           Horses
           ;
           Not
           that
           I
           can
           see
           that
           Bullion
           before
           the
           Regulation
           of
           
           our
           Coin
           was
           advanced
           (
           properly
           speaking
           )
           to
           6
           s.
           3
           d.
           per
           ounce
           ,
           as
           some
           fancy
           ;
           altho'
           it
           was
           frequently
           sold
           for
           that
           price
           ,
           yet
           if
           we
           consider
           that
           that
           6
           s.
           3
           d.
           of
           Clipt
           Mony
           ,
           was
           
             bona
             fide
          
           ,
           worth
           but
           5
           s.
           of
           our
           true
           Mill'd
           Coin
           ;
           it
           then
           follows
           ,
           That
           Bullion
           was
           not
           advanced
           so
           much
           as
           other
           Commodities
           ,
           but
           was
           all
           along
           at
           the
           old
           price
           of
           5
           s.
           per
           ounce
           ,
           if
           you
           would
           pay
           for
           it
           with
           Money
           of
           full
           weight
           and
           fineness
           .
           And
           to
           confirm
           this
           truth
           ,
           I
           have
           discoursed
           with
           several
           Eminent
           Goldsmiths
           ,
           who
           have
           great
           dealing
           in
           Plate
           ,
           and
           they
           tell
           me
           ,
           That
           what
           I
           have
           here
           asserted
           is
           true
           ;
           and
           I
           am
           sure
           ,
           it
           is
           reasonable
           .
           For
           (
           as
           the
           ingenious
           Mr.
           Lock
           observes
           )
           it
           is
           impossible
           there
           should
           ever
           be
           15
           d.
           difference
           between
           an
           ounce
           of
           Sterling
           Silver
           coined
           and
           an
           ounce
           uncoined
           ,
           tho'
           there
           may
           be
           2
           d.
           3
           d.
           or
           4
           d.
           per
           ounce
           difference
           ,
           because
           Bullion
           may
           be
           exported
           and
           coined
           Silver
           may
           not
           .
           And
           because
           a
           Crown
           Piece
           wants
           2
           d.
           of
           being
           1
           ℥
           .
           of
           Silver
           .
        
         
           And
           as
           the
           ill
           Policy
           of
           coining
           our
           Money
           lighter
           ,
           or
           making
           it
           go
           for
           ¼
           or
           〈◊〉
           more
           than
           it
           is
           worth
           in
           other
           Nations
           ,
           
           would
           appear
           ;
           so
           would
           it
           be
           great
           injustice
           ,
           because
           it
           would
           injure
           several
           sorts
           of
           people
           .
           The
           King
           for
           Example
           ,
           must
           lose
           ⅕
           of
           what
           he
           takes
           over
           to
           bear
           his
           Expences
           in
           Holland
           ,
           and
           so
           must
           the
           Officers
           and
           every
           private
           Souldier
           ,
           which
           would
           fall
           especially
           very
           heavy
           on
           the
           latter
           :
           who
           out
           of
           their
           3
           s.
           a
           week
           Allowance
           ,
           must
           but
           have
           ½
           a
           Crowns
           worth
           (
           at
           most
           )
           of
           the
           Dutch
           Victuals
           ,
           Drink
           ,
           &c.
           and
           so
           would
           it
           likewise
           be
           a
           manifest
           Injury
           to
           all
           persons
           concerned
           in
           Foreign
           Affairs
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           sufficiently
           proved
           before
           ;
           so
           that
           instead
           of
           being
           the
           greatest
           Folly
           imaginable
           to
           keep
           our
           Coin
           to
           the
           old
           Standard
           for
           Weight
           and
           Fineness
           ,
           I
           think
           if
           rightly
           consider'd
           ,
           it
           will
           appear
           to
           be
           the
           most
           prudent
           and
           advantagious
           thing
           the
           Government
           can
           do
           ,
           to
           keep
           it
           where
           it
           is
           ;
           and
           that
           more
           especially
           ,
           considering
           we
           are
           so
           deeply
           engag'd
           in
           Foreign
           Concerns
           :
           And
           as
           to
           out
           Domestick
           Affairs
           ,
           many
           (
           I
           have
           shewed
           )
           will
           be
           losers
           by
           this
           advance
           of
           Coin
           ,
           but
           none
           can
           be
           gainers
           ;
           the
           truth
           is
           ,
           our
           Inland
           Trader's
           (
           purely
           living
           upon
           that
           )
           will
           lose
           the
           least
           ,
           tho'
           they
           'l
           gain
           nothing
           ;
           for
           what
           they
           will
           gain
           by
           the
           
           advance
           of
           their
           Stock
           and
           Cash
           just
           upon
           the
           Revolution
           thereof
           ,
           they
           will
           in
           short
           time
           lose
           ,
           by
           paying
           dearer
           for
           Manufacturing
           their
           Goods
           ,
           and
           all
           Necessaries
           .
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           tho'
           we
           can
           gain
           nothing
           but
           loss
           by
           advance
           of
           Coin
           ,
           yet
           we
           shall
           be
           great
           Gainers
           by
           continuing
           the
           present
           Standard
           ,
           because
           Foreigners
           will
           take
           out
           Money
           (
           upon
           occasion
           )
           at
           the
           same
           price
           we
           take
           it
           at
           ,
           and
           it
           will
           keep
           all
           Commodities
           both
           Foreign
           and
           Inland
           ,
           at
           a
           reasonable
           price
           .
           Besides
           ,
           the
           Honour
           and
           Esteem
           the
           Nation
           would
           justly
           gain
           thereby
           in
           the
           eyes
           of
           Foreigners
           ▪
           for
           ,
           as
           the
           ingenious
           Sir
           
             William
             Betty
          
           says
           of
           raising
           the
           Denomination
           of
           Coin
           ,
           That
           it
           's
           like
           compounding
           to
           pay
           a
           Debt
           ,
           and
           is
           an
           infallible
           sign
           of
           a
           Bankrupt
           ,
           and
           poor
           Nation
           ;
           so
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           the
           keeping
           the
           Coin
           to
           its
           Primitive
           Weight
           and
           Purity
           ,
           is
           an
           Indication
           of
           its
           Wealth
           and
           Riches
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           continuing
           our
           Coin
           on
           the
           present
           foot
           ,
           being
           the
           cause
           of
           carrying
           away
           all
           our
           Broad
           and
           Mill'd
           Money
           .
        
         
           I
           answer
           ,
           That
           of
           the
           three
           parts
           ,
           viz.
           what
           is
           Exported
           ,
           Hoarded
           ,
           and
           Melted
           down
           ,
           I
           really
           believe
           the
           part
           carryed
           
           away
           to
           be
           the
           least
           ,
           and
           the
           part
           Hoarded
           the
           greatest
           .
           And
           this
           will
           appear
           by
           considering
           ,
           in
           whose
           Hands
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           this
           Cash
           lyeth
           :
           It
           cannot
           be
           deny'd
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           Gentry
           ,
           and
           Inland
           Traders
           together
           ,
           are
           Richer
           ,
           and
           have
           more
           Money
           than
           either
           the
           Merchants
           actually
           Trading
           beyond
           the
           Sea
           ,
           on
           the
           Manufacturers
           of
           Plate
           ,
           called
           Goldsmiths
           ;
           and
           therefore
           't
           is
           most
           certain
           ,
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           our
           Milled
           and
           Broad
           Money
           ,
           is
           hoarded
           ,
           for
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           have
           no
           other
           use
           to
           make
           of
           the
           surplus
           of
           their
           Expences
           ,
           unless
           to
           purchase
           with
           ,
           or
           put
           out
           to
           Interest
           ,
           or
           into
           the
           Bankers
           Hands
           ;
           and
           so
           long
           as
           the
           major
           part
           of
           the
           Cash
           currant
           is
           Clipt
           ,
           they
           'l
           dispose
           of
           that
           these
           ways
           ,
           and
           keep
           the
           Mill'd
           and
           Broad
           Money
           in
           their
           own
           Hands
           ;
           so
           that
           I
           may
           safely
           affirm
           ,
           that
           in
           some
           measure
           to
           my
           own
           knowledge
           ,
           besides
           what
           Reason
           suggests
           ,
           That
           there
           is
           not
           a
           Gentleman
           in
           England
           ,
           that
           lives
           not
           up
           to
           the
           heighth
           of
           his
           Estate
           ,
           but
           who
           has
           considerable
           Sums
           of
           Milled
           ,
           and
           Broad
           Money
           by
           him
           ;
           and
           tho'
           the
           Bankers
           and
           Goldsmiths
           are
           reputed
           to
           have
           melted
           down
           much
           ,
           yet
           they
           are
           
           not
           all
           so
           ill
           principl'd
           ,
           to
           act
           against
           the
           Laws
           ,
           Constitution
           and
           Interest
           of
           the
           Nation
           ;
           for
           I
           know
           a
           Banker
           who
           upon
           this
           Revolution
           of
           Coin
           ,
           had
           by
           him
           to
           answer
           Payments
           in
           Old
           Mill'd
           Money
           ,
           to
           the
           value
           of
           10000
           l.
           
        
         
           And
           't
           is
           but
           reasonable
           to
           conclude
           ,
           That
           the
           Bankers
           have
           much
           more
           Money
           in
           their
           Hands
           than
           the
           Merchants
           ;
           for
           they
           have
           generally
           the
           possession
           of
           the
           Merchants
           Money
           .
           And
           if
           a
           Merchant
           has
           a
           great
           Sum
           to
           receive
           ,
           he
           orders
           his
           Goldsmith
           to
           do
           it
           ,
           who
           has
           therefore
           the
           priviledge
           of
           picking
           and
           culling
           out
           the
           Mill'd
           or
           Broad
           ,
           to
           hoard
           or
           melt
           down
           ,
           and
           satisfieth
           the
           Merchant
           with
           ordinary
           Clipt
           Money
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           's
           plain
           almost
           to
           a
           Demonstration
           ,
           that
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           our
           Mill'd
           and
           Broad
           Money
           is
           hoarded
           ,
           the
           next
           to
           that
           is
           melted
           down
           ,
           and
           the
           least
           part
           of
           all
           is
           exported
           .
        
         
           And
           as
           to
           what
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           the
           practice
           of
           all
           the
           Governments
           in
           Europe
           ,
           to
           raise
           their
           Money
           as
           the
           price
           of
           Silver
           rises
           :
           And
           at
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           his
           Book
           ,
           pretends
           to
           give
           several
           Examples
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           what
           was
           the
           consequence
           thereof
           .
           I
           do
           not
           see
           that
           
           thing
           he
           says
           makes
           for
           him
           ,
           but
           rather
           against
           the
           Raising
           of
           our
           Coin
           ,
           whose
           Circumstances
           do
           by
           no
           means
           run
           parallel
           with
           theirs
           .
           For
           pag.
           61
           ,
           62
           ,
           and
           63.
           he
           tells
           us
           ,
           The
           Romans
           and
           French
           did
           use
           to
           raise
           their
           Coin
           ;
           but
           what
           is
           that
           to
           us
           ;
           they
           were
           lead
           by
           their
           Ambition
           to
           be
           engag'd
           in
           long
           and
           chargeable
           Wars
           ;
           the
           former
           ,
           with
           most
           part
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           the
           latter
           ,
           with
           most
           of
           Europe
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           let
           the
           consequence
           be
           never
           so
           fatal
           to
           their
           Foreign
           Commerce
           ▪
           (
           of
           which
           the
           Romans
           had
           little
           ,
           and
           the
           French
           of
           late
           have
           as
           little
           or
           less
           ,
           )
           yet
           they
           must
           have
           Money
           to
           supply
           their
           present
           Exigencies
           ,
           which
           they
           could
           not
           possibly
           acquire
           any
           other
           way
           ,
           but
           by
           multiplying
           their
           Species
           of
           Coin.
           But
           for
           us
           to
           follow
           their
           Example
           ,
           since
           we
           can
           easily
           raise
           our
           Money
           without
           that
           beggarly
           way
           of
           Compounding
           ;
           and
           since
           we
           have
           so
           vast
           a
           Foreign
           Trade
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Riches
           and
           Glory
           of
           our
           Nation
           ,
           and
           which
           must
           be
           much
           abated
           ,
           if
           not
           ruined
           by
           such
           advance
           of
           Coin
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           sufficiently
           proved
           above
           :
           I
           say
           ,
           these
           and
           many
           other
           miserable
           consequences
           unavoidably
           attending
           ,
           for
           us
           to
           follow
           
           their
           Example
           ,
           would
           be
           the
           worst
           piece
           of
           Policy
           imaginable
           :
           For
           indeed
           ,
           the
           consequence
           of
           this
           advance
           of
           Coin
           was
           no
           more
           than
           (
           as
           the
           Doctor
           confesses
           ,
           pag.
           62
           and
           63
           ,
           )
           they
           themselves
           grew
           weary
           of
           ;
           for
           (
           says
           he
           )
           it
           created
           a
           disturbance
           .
           And
           pag.
           82.
           they
           called
           in
           such
           Money
           as
           had
           been
           greatly
           raised
           ,
           and
           reduced
           the
           value
           of
           it
           to
           its
           usual
           Bounds
           ;
           which
           I
           think
           they
           would
           never
           have
           done
           ,
           had
           they
           not
           found
           this
           raising
           of
           their
           Coin
           very
           prejudicial
           to
           them
           ;
           for
           People
           are
           not
           willing
           to
           let
           go
           what
           they
           find
           by
           Experience
           will
           be
           their
           interest
           to
           retain
           .
           And
           pag.
           84.
           the
           Doctor
           confesses
           ,
           that
           the
           Nation
           was
           never
           at
           Peace
           in
           their
           Commerce
           and
           Traffique
           ,
           till
           the
           value
           of
           the
           Money
           was
           reduced
           within
           their
           Bounds
           .
           So
           that
           the
           Doctors
           Example
           of
           raising
           Coin
           ,
           is
           neither
           a
           Reason
           why
           we
           should
           do
           the
           like
           ,
           nor
           any
           Encouragement
           ,
           but
           quite
           contrary
           ;
           from
           the
           ill
           Effects
           ,
           he
           tells
           us
           ,
           The
           raising
           their
           Coin
           had
           as
           I
           have
           shewed
           above
           ;
           and
           yet
           notwithstanding
           these
           miserable
           Effects
           ,
           the
           Doctor
           wishes
           heartily
           ,
           pag.
           71.
           
           That
           we
           had
           a
           Power
           to
           raise
           our
           Coin
           40
           or
           50
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           Which
           Power
           no
           doubt
           
           but
           we
           have
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           needs
           not
           wish
           forit
           ;
           but
           blessed
           be
           God
           ,
           they
           that
           have
           this
           Power
           ,
           have
           more
           Reason
           and
           Ingenuity
           ,
           than
           to
           make
           use
           of
           it
           in
           a
           case
           that
           would
           be
           of
           so
           miserable
           and
           destructive
           consequence
           .
        
         
           The
           truth
           is
           ,
           could
           the
           Doctor
           prove
           ,
           That
           Bullion
           were
           6
           s.
           or
           upward
           per
           ounce
           in
           Foreign
           parts
           ,
           with
           whom
           we
           have
           great
           Commerce
           ,
           and
           that
           this
           price
           were
           so
           constant
           and
           ordinary
           ,
           that
           there
           were
           no
           hopes
           of
           its
           Fall
           ,
           then
           it
           would
           be
           time
           to
           advance
           the
           price
           of
           Bullion
           likewise
           in
           England
           ,
           otherwise
           we
           should
           have
           none
           Imported
           ,
           but
           what
           we
           have
           would
           be
           Exported
           ;
           and
           if
           we
           should
           by
           that
           means
           ,
           be
           forc'd
           to
           advance
           the
           price
           of
           Bullion
           from
           ●…
           s.
           1
           d.
           per
           ounce
           (
           which
           it
           is
           at
           now
           ,
           )
           to
           Six
           Shillings
           ,
           we
           must
           necessarily
           advance
           the
           price
           of
           coined
           Silver
           as
           well
           as
           Bullion
           ,
           otherwise
           the
           price
           of
           Bullion
           being
           so
           much
           above
           that
           of
           Coined
           Silver
           ,
           we
           could
           neither
           make
           up
           the
           Difference
           by
           Imposition
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           hinted
           afterwards
           ;
           nor
           could
           we
           possibly
           prevent
           the
           Melting
           Down
           and
           Transporting
           it
           ,
           the
           Encouragement
           being
           so
           great
           ;
           but
           since
           that
           high
           price
           of
           Silver
           cannot
           
           for
           a
           constancy
           happen
           in
           Foreign
           parts
           ,
           since
           the
           discovery
           of
           those
           rich
           Mines
           in
           the
           
             West
             Indies
          
           ,
           and
           since
           the
           price
           of
           Bullion
           is
           now
           much
           the
           same
           with
           us
           as
           in
           other
           Trading
           Countrys
           ;
           and
           since
           the
           value
           of
           Bullion
           and
           Coined
           Silver
           is
           at
           this
           time
           much
           the
           same
           here
           ,
           there
           not
           being
           a
           penny
           per
           ounce
           difference
           ,
           I
           see
           not
           the
           least
           Reason
           why
           we
           should
           advance
           the
           value
           of
           our
           Money
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           what
           the
           Doctor
           says
           ,
           pag.
           80.
           
           That
           Trade
           makes
           people
           Rich
           ,
           and
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           are
           the
           Badges
           of
           Riches
           ;
           and
           therefore
           ,
           as
           the
           People
           grow
           Rich
           ,
           Gold
           &
           Silver
           must
           rise
           .
           I
           Answer
           ,
           That
           his
           Premises
           do
           by
           no
           means
           require
           such
           Consequences
           ;
           for
           by
           this
           he
           would
           suppose
           ,
           that
           we
           have
           only
           a
           certain
           quantity
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           here
           in
           Europe
           ,
           which
           can
           no
           ways
           encrease
           but
           by
           the
           advance
           of
           the
           Specie
           ,
           not
           considering
           that
           many
           Years
           some
           Millions
           of
           pounds
           are
           brought
           over
           into
           Europe
           from
           the
           
             West
             Indies
          
           ,
           which
           greatly
           encreases
           our
           Stock
           ,
           keeps
           the
           price
           pretty
           certain
           ,
           and
           prevents
           us
           having
           any
           occasion
           for
           the
           Doctors
           multiplying
           our
           Cash
           by
           inhancing
           its
           nominal
           value
           .
        
         
         
           Sir
           Richard
           under
           his
           last
           Remark
           ▪
           has
           chiefly
           this
           ,
           worth
           Answering
           ,
           viz.
           
        
         
           
             That
             the
             Fall
             of
             Guinea's
             was
             not
             only
             unnecessary
             ,
             but
             highly
             prejudicial
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
        
         
           This
           is
           easily
           proved
           a
           mistake
           ,
           by
           proving
           that
           the
           lowering
           of
           them
           conduced
           extreamly
           much
           to
           our
           advantage
           ,
           especially
           in
           our
           Foreign
           Trade
           .
           For
           if
           in
           the
           greatness
           of
           our
           Foreign
           Trade
           consists
           the
           Riches
           and
           Glory
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           as
           all
           hands
           do
           agree
           it
           chiefly
           does
           ,
           and
           if
           the
           highness
           of
           Guinea's
           so
           perplex'd
           our
           Merchants
           that
           they
           could
           not
           possibly
           carry
           on
           their
           Foreign
           Commerce
           without
           great
           Difficulty
           and
           Loss
           ,
           and
           if
           all
           this
           put
           the
           Merchants
           upon
           petitioning
           the
           Parliament
           for
           bringing
           Guinea's
           lower
           ,
           which
           was
           done
           at
           their
           Request
           ;
           then
           I
           think
           it
           's
           plain
           ,
           that
           the
           lowering
           them
           was
           not
           disadvantagious
           to
           us
           ,
           but
           absolutely
           ,
           necessary
           for
           the
           carrying
           on
           of
           Foreign
           Commerce
           ,
           and
           maintaining
           the
           Riches
           and
           Grandure
           of
           this
           Nation
           :
           For
           the
           high
           price
           of
           Guinea's
           first
           advanced
           the
           course
           of
           Exchange
           against
           us
           ,
           and
           all
           Foreign
           Commodities
           ;
           and
           secondly
           ,
           
           the
           price
           of
           Inland
           Goods
           ,
           which
           nothing
           can
           be
           more
           plain
           ,
           than
           that
           lowering
           of
           them
           has
           brought
           down
           ;
           and
           I
           could
           give
           instances
           almost
           in
           all
           Commodities
           that
           have
           fallen
           since
           Guinea's
           were
           brought
           Low
           :
           So
           that
           the
           Gain
           thereby
           extends
           to
           all
           that
           have
           occasion
           either
           for
           Apparel
           or
           Victuals
           ,
           whereas
           the
           loss
           by
           lowering
           them
           chiefly
           fell
           on
           such
           as
           had
           great
           Sums
           in
           their
           hands
           ,
           and
           who
           probably
           got
           as
           much
           or
           more
           by
           the
           Rise
           of
           Guineas
           as
           they
           lost
           by
           their
           Fall.
           
        
         
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           done
           with
           my
           Arguments
           against
           Raising
           our
           Coin
           ,
           of
           which
           tho'
           I
           might
           have
           said
           much
           more
           ,
           if
           my
           Business
           other
           ways
           would
           have
           permitted
           ;
           yet
           I
           think
           the
           foregoing
           Lines
           are
           sufficient
           to
           prove
           ,
           That
           the
           Raising
           our
           Coin
           will
           infallibly
           bring
           great
           loss
           to
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           this
           Nation
           ,
           by
           raising
           Foreign
           Goods
           ,
           and
           the
           course
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           likewise
           all
           Inland
           Commodities
           :
           Whereas
           the
           Loss
           to
           us
           by
           continuing
           the
           Coin
           at
           the
           present
           Standard
           ,
           is
           meerly
           accidental
           ,
           and
           can
           only
           prove
           so
           by
           our
           Coins
           being
           either
           melted
           down
           ,
           counterfeited
           or
           hoarded
           ;
           all
           which
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           no
           less
           subject
           to
           ,
           
           were
           it
           Coined
           lighter
           ,
           or
           the
           value
           raised
           ,
           as
           they
           would
           have
           it
           ,
           should
           the
           price
           of
           Bullion
           rise
           proportionably
           to
           what
           we
           advance
           our
           Coin
           ,
           which
           't
           is
           more
           than
           probable
           it
           would
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           since
           our
           Coin
           (
           tho'
           it
           were
           advanced
           )
           would
           still
           be
           lyable
           to
           the
           aforesaid
           Mischiefs
           ;
           the
           way
           to
           prevent
           and
           salve
           them
           ,
           will
           not
           be
           to
           Coin
           our
           Money
           lighter
           or
           baser
           ,
           or
           raise
           its
           value
           ,
           but
           it
           will
           be
           to
           endeavour
           by
           all
           means
           possible
           to
           prevent
           these
           Mischiefs
           ,
           in
           order
           whereunto
           I
           have
           made
           the
           following
           Essay
           .
        
         
           Since
           many
           have
           taken
           upon
           them
           to
           prescribe
           Rules
           for
           the
           prevention
           of
           these
           great
           Prejudices
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           of
           Hoarding
           ,
           Melting
           down
           ,
           &c.
           
           I
           shall
           take
           the
           liberty
           to
           throw
           in
           my
           Mite
           ,
           for
           the
           preservation
           of
           the
           Publick
           Treasure
           .
           For
           the
           truth
           is
           ,
           tho'
           the
           currency
           of
           such
           Money
           as
           is
           of
           full
           weight
           and
           fineness
           ,
           would
           conduce
           much
           to
           the
           facilitating
           all
           Receipts
           and
           Payments
           ,
           and
           tend
           extreamly
           to
           the
           Honour
           and
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Nation
           in
           several
           respects
           .
           Yet
           if
           we
           cannot
           find
           means
           to
           prevent
           the
           great
           mischiefs
           of
           Hoarding
           ,
           
           Melting
           down
           ,
           Exporting
           ,
           &c.
           it
           is
           to
           be
           fear'd
           ,
           we
           shall
           have
           a
           greater
           diminution
           of
           our
           Coin
           by
           these
           irregular
           and
           ill
           Practices
           ,
           than
           we
           can
           possibly
           make
           up
           by
           our
           Mint
           :
           And
           therefore
           I
           humbly
           propose
           ,
        
         
           
             First
             ,
             To
             prevent
             hoarding
             our
             Coin.
             
          
           
             This
             is
             certainly
             the
             least
             blameable
             of
             any
             of
             the
             ill
             Practices
             ,
             because
             the
             Money
             remains
             in
             Specie
             in
             the
             Nation
             ,
             which
             on
             emergent
             occasions
             would
             probably
             be
             brought
             to
             light
             ,
             as
             we
             see
             great
             Sums
             are
             of
             Broad
             Money
             at
             this
             time
             ;
             it
             is
             therefore
             the
             excessive
             Hoarding
             that
             is
             mischievous
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             when
             Men
             have
             such
             a
             love
             to
             Money
             ,
             either
             for
             its
             Beauty
             ,
             or
             intrinsick
             Worth
             ,
             that
             rather
             than
             part
             with
             it
             ,
             they
             will
             let
             their
             just
             Debts
             remain
             unpaid
             after
             due
             ,
             in
             hopes
             ,
             or
             upon
             the
             expectation
             that
             a
             Sum
             will
             shortly
             come
             into
             their
             hands
             that
             is
             less
             valuable
             ,
             tho'
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             perhaps
             the
             Labourer
             ,
             and
             other
             Artificers
             ,
             who
             have
             but
             just
             from
             hand
             to
             mouth
             want
             Bread
             for
             themselves
             and
             Families
             .
          
           
             This
             is
             the
             case
             of
             such
             Nations
             as
             have
             two
             sorts
             of
             Coin
             currant
             ,
             a
             better
             and
             a
             worse
             of
             the
             same
             denomination
             ,
             
             and
             this
             has
             long
             been
             our
             own
             case
             .
             We
             have
             had
             the
             Crown
             ,
             ½
             Crown
             ,
             Shilling
             and
             Six
             Pence
             ,
             New
             and
             Old
             ,
             Unclipt
             and
             Clipt
             ;
             and
             the
             consequence
             of
             that
             has
             been
             ,
             that
             our
             Mill'd
             and
             Broad
             Money
             has
             been
             Hoarded
             ,
             and
             the
             Clipt
             only
             currant
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             ,
             if
             ever
             we
             would
             prevent
             the
             excessive
             Hoarding
             of
             our
             Coin
             ,
             we
             must
             have
             it
             coined
             all
             of
             full
             Weight
             ,
             by
             calling
             all
             our
             Money
             in
             that
             admits
             but
             of
             suspition
             of
             being
             Clipt
             ,
             and
             when
             that
             is
             new
             Coined
             ,
             and
             all
             our
             Coin
             is
             Milled
             ,
             or
             Broad
             unclipt
             ,
             we
             shall
             find
             not
             a
             penny
             Hoarded
             that
             will
             any
             ways
             be
             a
             detriment
             to
             the
             Nation
             :
             And
             for
             any
             Gentleman
             ,
             &c.
             to
             hoard
             so
             much
             Money
             as
             is
             over
             and
             above
             what
             will
             defray
             all
             their
             Expences
             and
             pay
             their
             Debts
             ,
             can
             never
             hurt
             us
             .
          
           
             But
             then
             ,
             this
             calling
             in
             our
             Old
             Coin
             will
             best
             be
             done
             gradually
             ,
             as
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             the
             Parliament
             hath
             begun
             ,
             to
             their
             exceeding
             great
             Commendation
             .
             And
             in
             my
             poor
             opinion
             ,
             if
             the
             Government
             in
             the
             space
             of
             six
             Months
             (
             by
             which
             time
             we
             shall
             have
             a
             Million
             and
             a
             half
             of
             New
             Money
             ,
             besides
             the
             great
             quantity
             of
             Old
             Mill'd
             Coin
             and
             Guinea's
             ,
             )
             
             should
             call
             in
             all
             our
             present
             clipt
             Money
             ,
             it
             would
             I
             presume
             ,
             effectually
             prevent
             excessive
             Hoarding
             ,
             and
             we
             should
             have
             much
             more
             plenty
             of
             Money
             currant
             ,
             and
             ease
             in
             telling
             it
             ,
             than
             we
             have
             now
             ;
             which
             we
             can
             never
             expect
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             any
             of
             these
             Clipt
             Sixpences
             ,
             &c.
             are
             permitted
             to
             go
             ,
             for
             the
             Reasons
             aforesaid
             .
          
        
         
           
             2.
             
             To
             prevent
             the
             Melting
             down
             our
             New
             Coin.
             
          
           
             I
             humbly
             propose
             ,
             That
             the
             price
             of
             Bullion
             may
             be
             settled
             by
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             at
             5
             s.
             per
             ounce
             ,
             to
             all
             people
             that
             have
             dealings
             in
             it
             within
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             except
             the
             Merchant
             that
             imports
             it
             ,
             who
             may
             have
             5
             s.
             3
             d.
             or
             5
             s.
             4
             d.
             per
             ounce
             ,
             as
             an
             incouragement
             for
             bringing
             it
             into
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             That
             all
             Bullion
             imported
             be
             bought
             of
             the
             Merchant
             by
             the
             Lords
             of
             the
             Treasury
             or
             their
             Agents
             ,
             for
             the
             King
             ,
             of
             whom
             alone
             ,
             all
             such
             as
             have
             occasion
             shall
             buy
             their
             Bullion
             at
             5
             s.
             per
             ounce
             :
          
           
             That
             to
             make
             good
             this
             3
             d.
             or
             4
             d.
             per
             ounce
             ,
             and
             Charges
             ,
             &c.
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             a
             Duty
             be
             laid
             on
             some
             Commodity
             imported
             ,
             as
             Wine
             or
             the
             like
             ,
             to
             be
             paid
             by
             the
             Retailers
             or
             Importer
             ,
             as
             the
             Parliament
             shall
             think
             proper
             .
          
           
           
             That
             an
             enact
             Account
             be
             kept
             of
             what
             Bullion
             is
             imported
             ,
             and
             to
             whom
             it
             is
             disposed
             ,
             that
             so
             an
             estimate
             may
             be
             made
             what
             the
             King
             is
             out
             of
             Purse
             ,
             and
             a
             Duty
             laid
             accordingly
             :
             And
             if
             this
             Accompt
             is
             audited
             once
             a
             Month
             by
             the
             Kings
             Auditors
             ,
             it
             will
             prevent
             his
             Majesty
             being
             defrauded
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Officers
             concerned
             in
             receiving
             and
             disposing
             of
             this
             Bullion
             ,
             shall
             be
             sworn
             to
             deal
             justly
             and
             fairly
             ,
             and
             likewise
             give
             good
             Security
             for
             the
             same
             .
          
           
             That
             all
             persons
             selling
             Bullion
             to
             the
             King
             as
             imported
             ,
             shall
             make
             Oath
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             first
             Landed
             in
             England
             ,
             since
             a
             certain
             time
             that
             may
             be
             mentioned
             in
             the
             Act
             ;
             and
             that
             such
             Silver
             was
             never
             bought
             or
             sold
             before
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             will
             prevent
             the
             selling
             of
             any
             Bullion
             to
             the
             King
             (
             to
             gain
             3
             d.
             or
             4
             d.
             per
             ounce
             )
             that
             was
             formerly
             bought
             of
             him
             .
          
           
             That
             all
             Bullion
             thus
             bought
             of
             the
             King
             ,
             shall
             (
             after
             it
             is
             manufactured
             )
             be
             carry'd
             to
             Goldsmiths-Hall
             ,
             and
             vouched
             by
             the
             Mark
             (
             as
             it
             is
             now
             )
             to
             be
             Sterling
             Silver
             ,
             to
             prevent
             putting
             a
             greater
             quantity
             of
             Alloy
             therein
             by
             the
             Owner
             .
          
           
           
             That
             the
             Gain
             of
             Workers
             or
             Sellers
             of
             silver
             Utensils
             ,
             shall
             be
             charged
             to
             the
             Buyer
             in
             the
             Fashion
             ;
             and
             if
             any
             Goldsmith
             shall
             take
             or
             require
             above
             5
             s.
             per
             Ounce
             for
             Plate
             of
             11
             ℥
             .
             2
             pw
             .
             fine
             ,
             and
             18
             pw
             .
             of
             Alloy
             ,
             he
             shall
             forfeit
             the
             same
             ●
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             and
             ½
             to
             the
             Informer
             ,
             or
             such
             other
             Penalties
             as
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             Parliament
             shall
             think
             fit
             .
          
           
             That
             no
             Bullion
             be
             Exported
             before
             the
             Exporter
             make
             Oath
             ,
             That
             not
             any
             of
             the
             Current
             Money
             of
             England
             is
             contained
             in
             it
             ,
             as
             is
             by
             Law
             provided
             to
             that
             purpose
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             any
             one
             shall
             discover
             any
             Persons
             offending
             in
             any
             of
             these
             Cases
             ,
             their
             Estate
             shall
             be
             confiscated
             ,
             ½
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             and
             ½
             to
             the
             Informer
             .
          
           
             These
             and
             such
             like
             Rules
             and
             Methods
             ,
             tho'
             here
             laid
             down
             rough
             and
             imperfect
             ,
             may
             I
             doubt
             not
             ,
             if
             polished
             and
             improved
             by
             a
             prudent
             Government
             ,
             wholly
             cure
             us
             of
             that
             mischievous
             practice
             of
             melting
             down
             our
             Coin.
             And
             tho'
             many
             Objections
             may
             by
             prejudiced
             or
             self-interested
             People
             ,
             be
             brought
             against
             them
             ,
             yet
             if
             they
             prove
             only
             Motives
             to
             induce
             this
             sort
             of
             men
             ,
             or
             any
             others
             ,
             to
             rectify
             what
             I
             have
             said
             
             amiss
             ,
             or
             compleat
             what
             I
             have
             Essayed
             ,
             I
             have
             my
             desire
             .
             But
             I
             am
             fully
             perswaded
             ,
             That
             if
             ever
             our
             Coin
             be
             reduced
             to
             a
             state
             in
             which
             it
             may
             continue
             ,
             to
             be
             for
             the
             interest
             of
             the
             English
             Nation
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             effected
             ,
             first
             ,
             by
             having
             it
             coined
             according
             to
             the
             present
             Standard
             ,
             and
             secondly
             ,
             by
             taking
             such
             measures
             as
             will
             certainly
             secure
             it
             to
             us
             in
             that
             State
             ,
             by
             making
             it
             mens
             interest
             neither
             to
             Hoard
             ,
             Export
             ,
             or
             Melt
             down
             .
          
        
         
           
             3.
             
             To
             prevent
             Exporting
             or
             carrying
             our
             Coin
             out
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             The
             occasion
             of
             carrying
             away
             our
             Coin
             ,
             is
             taken
             to
             be
             ,
          
           
             1.
             
             To
             pay
             the
             Ballance
             of
             our
             Trade
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             To
             supply
             our
             Army
             in
             Flanders
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             To
             buy
             Foreign
             Commodities
             ,
             where
             we
             have
             no
             Exchange
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             To
             maintain
             Gentlemen
             in
             their
             Travels
             abroad
             ,
             till
             they
             can
             receive
             Money
             in
             Exchange
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             and
             third
             of
             these
             are
             reckoned
             the
             most
             material
             ,
             the
             other
             two
             more
             inconsiderable
             ;
             the
             second
             being
             only
             while
             the
             War
             lasteth
             ,
             and
             may
             wholly
             ,
             or
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             be
             avoided
             by
             our
             agreeing
             with
             the
             Dutch
             ,
             to
             take
             
             so
             much
             of
             our
             English
             Commodities
             ,
             as
             shall
             be
             equivalent
             to
             the
             Expence
             of
             our
             Army
             in
             Flanders
             ,
             and
             the
             English
             Merchant
             to
             be
             paid
             out
             of
             the
             Exchequer
             for
             such
             Commodities
             ;
             and
             the
             fourth
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             inconsiderable
             ,
             may
             be
             salved
             by
             the
             same
             method
             the
             first
             and
             third
             are
             .
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             first
             ,
             The
             paying
             the
             Ballance
             of
             our
             Trade
             .
             The
             Reader
             is
             to
             know
             ,
             That
             if
             England
             Export
             not
             as
             many
             Goods
             as
             it
             imports
             from
             all
             places
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             (
             reckoning
             the
             prime
             cost
             of
             the
             Foreign
             Goods
             imported
             ,
             and
             Charges
             ,
             and
             the
             selling
             price
             of
             those
             Exported
             ,
             with
             Charges
             )
             it
             must
             be
             in
             debt
             ;
             and
             in
             this
             case
             ,
             the
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
             is
             said
             to
             run
             against
             us
             .
          
           
             That
             this
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
             ,
             if
             it
             continue
             to
             run
             against
             us
             ,
             runs
             us
             still
             farther
             into
             debt
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             course
             of
             Trade
             does
             not
             alter
             ,
             that
             we
             pay
             this
             debt
             or
             Ballance
             with
             Commodities
             ,
             we
             must
             pay
             it
             with
             Gold
             or
             Silver
             ;
             for
             we
             cannot
             pay
             it
             with
             Bills
             of
             Exchange
             ,
             because
             that
             implies
             a
             Debt
             both
             ways
             ;
             as
             if
             I
             owe
             a
             Dutch
             Merchant
             100
             l.
             and
             another
             
               Dutch
               Man
            
             oweth
             me
             100
             l.
             I
             can
             draw
             a
             Bill
             on
             the
             
               Dutch
               Man
            
             that
             
             oweth
             me
             100
             l.
             to
             pay
             it
             to
             the
             Dutch
             Merchant
             ,
             to
             whom
             I
             am
             indebted
             .
             But
             if
             I
             have
             no
             100
             l.
             owing
             me
             in
             Holland
             ,
             nor
             any
             other
             place
             to
             which
             they
             Exchange
             ,
             then
             I
             must
             pay
             this
             100
             l.
             in
             Specie
             ,
             because
             I
             cannot
             draw
             a
             Bill
             .
          
           
             This
             is
             the
             common
             notion
             of
             the
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             of
             carrying
             our
             Money
             over
             to
             pay
             it
             ;
             but
             I
             must
             confess
             ,
             that
             unless
             the
             several
             Countries
             we
             trade
             with
             ,
             kept
             an
             account
             of
             the
             Trade
             in
             the
             Gross
             Bulk
             thereof
             ,
             by
             all
             the
             Merchants
             comparing
             Accompts
             of
             their
             Imports
             and
             Exports
             ,
             I
             cannot
             see
             how
             this
             Ballance
             should
             upon
             any
             certain
             grounds
             be
             known
             .
             So
             that
             tho'
             we
             may
             pay
             dear
             for
             the
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
             running
             against
             us
             ,
             by
             its
             being
             and
             cause
             of
             Exchange
             running
             against
             us
             ,
             which
             is
             caused
             by
             our
             having
             occasion
             to
             pay
             more
             Sums
             in
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             than
             they
             have
             to
             pay
             here
             ,
             yet
             the
             Sums
             carryed
             over
             to
             Ballance
             Trade
             withal
             ,
             are
             very
             inconsiderable
             if
             any
             at
             all
             .
          
           
             The
             chief
             occasion
             then
             of
             carrying
             away
             our
             Coin
             ,
             is
             to
             buy
             Foreign
             Commodities
             with
             (
             not
             to
             pay
             Debts
             ,
             )
             in
             places
             where
             we
             have
             no
             Exchange
             ,
             as
             chiefly
             in
             the
             
               East
               Indies
            
             :
             And
             this
             is
             
             done
             ,
             either
             because
             the
             Goods
             we
             carry
             thither
             are
             more
             bulky
             in
             proportion
             to
             their
             price
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             value
             of
             the
             Ships
             Cargoe
             outward
             ,
             will
             not
             lade
             her
             home
             in
             Goods
             ,
             whose
             value
             lye
             in
             a
             little
             room
             ,
             unless
             Silver
             be
             taken
             to
             make
             it
             up
             ;
             for
             in
             such
             long
             Voyages
             ,
             the
             Merchant
             is
             very
             unwilling
             to
             come
             home
             without
             a
             full
             Cargo
             ;
             or
             else
             it
             is
             done
             because
             the
             Merchant
             can
             go
             out
             (
             supposing
             the
             Goods
             of
             like
             value
             Bulk
             for
             Bulk
             ,
             )
             without
             a
             full
             Cargo
             ,
             and
             make
             up
             what
             is
             wanting
             by
             taking
             Bullion
             or
             Coin
             privately
             ,
             which
             saves
             a
             great
             deal
             both
             in
             Custom
             outward
             ,
             and
             in
             Freight
             .
          
           
             But
             however
             ,
             let
             the
             design
             of
             taking
             away
             our
             Coin
             be
             what
             it
             will
             ,
             it
             is
             agreed
             on
             all
             hands
             ,
             that
             much
             of
             it
             is
             taken
             from
             us
             ,
             and
             especially
             to
             carry
             to
             the
             
               East
               Indies
            
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             great
             reason
             why
             I
             believe
             that
             Trade
             does
             us
             more
             damage
             than
             it
             does
             us
             good
             .
             And
             tho'
             I
             am
             a
             great
             Admirer
             of
             every
             thing
             the
             Ingenious
             and
             Accomplished
             Merchant
             Sir
             
               Josiah
               Child
            
             says
             ,
             in
             his
             Discourse
             concerning
             Trade
             ,
             yet
             I
             must
             except
             this
             of
             the
             great
             advantage
             that
             occurs
             to
             the
             English
             Nation
             ,
             by
             the
             East
             
             India
             Trade
             ;
             and
             my
             chief
             reason
             for
             not
             fully
             conforming
             to
             his
             opinion
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             is
             ,
             First
             ,
             Because
             the
             Trade
             to
             the
             
               East
               Indies
            
             robs
             us
             of
             our
             Coin
             ,
             without
             which
             't
             is
             impossible
             the
             Nation
             should
             subsist
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             too
             great
             proof
             of
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             when
             no
             man
             can
             get
             10
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             of
             Bankers
             ,
             tho'
             his
             necessities
             are
             never
             so
             pressing
             :
             And
             Secondly
             ,
             Because
             the
             Commodities
             we
             import
             from
             India
             ,
             are
             fully
             manufactured
             ,
             as
             Silks
             ,
             Muslins
             ,
             and
             Callico's
             ,
             whereby
             our
             own
             Artificers
             have
             no
             Advantage
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             by
             the
             
               Turky
               ,
               Hamburgh
            
             ,
             and
             most
             other
             Trades
             .
             But
             this
             being
             partly
             a
             Digression
             from
             my
             Subject
             ,
             I
             shall
             return
             to
             shew
             ,
             That
             this
             Exportation
             of
             our
             Coin
             will
             be
             prevented
             ,
             by
             the
             aforesaid
             reducing
             the
             value
             of
             Bullion
             below
             that
             of
             our
             Coin.
             For
             ,
          
           
             As
             when
             our
             Coin
             is
             Richer
             than
             Bullion
             ,
             
               i.
               e.
            
             a
             5
             shill
             .
             piece
             is
             worth
             as
             much
             Bullion
             as
             5
             s.
             4
             d.
             or
             upward
             ,
             and
             then
             our
             Coin
             is
             more
             likely
             to
             be
             carryed
             away
             than
             Bullion
             ;
             so
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             ,
             when
             Bullion
             is
             reduced
             as
             aforesaid
             to
             5
             s
             per
             ounce
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             Richer
             than
             our
             Coin
             (
             as
             I
             have
             shewed
             before
             ,
             )
             and
             consequently
             be
             more
             advantagious
             to
             
             carry
             away
             than
             Coin.
             But
             because
             ,
             after
             the
             price
             of
             Silver
             is
             thus
             setled
             as
             aforesaid
             ,
             it
             may
             sometimes
             happen
             ,
             that
             Bullion
             may
             not
             be
             easily
             got
             to
             carry
             away
             ,
             and
             that
             rather
             than
             go
             without
             ,
             the
             Traders
             to
             the
             
               East
               Indies
            
             will
             carry
             away
             our
             Coin.
             Therefore
             ,
             Secondly
             ,
             I
             humbly
             propose
             ,
             That
             before
             any
             Ship
             be
             permitted
             to
             Sail
             that
             is
             bound
             to
             the
             
               East
               Indies
            
             ,
             the
             Governour
             and
             Committy-men
             of
             the
             East-India
             Company
             (
             if
             the
             Ship
             is
             on
             their
             Account
             )
             shall
             make
             Affidavit
             ,
             as
             shall
             also
             the
             Master
             of
             such
             Ship
             ,
             with
             his
             Mates
             and
             Pursur
             .
             That
             none
             of
             the
             currant
             Coin
             of
             England
             ,
             or
             Bullion
             made
             thereof
             in
             all
             or
             in
             part
             ,
             is
             laden
             or
             designed
             to
             be
             laden
             on
             Board
             such
             Ship
             ,
             or
             otherwise
             to
             be
             conveyed
             to
             the
             said
             Indies
             ,
             by
             any
             means
             directly
             or
             indirectly
             ,
             to
             their
             or
             any
             of
             their
             knowledge
             or
             privity
             ,
             other
             than
             permitted
             by
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             .
             And
             if
             the
             Ship
             is
             an
             Interloper
             ,
             such-like
             Oath
             may
             be
             taken
             by
             the
             Owners
             ,
             Supercargo
             ,
             Captain
             ,
             &c.
             
             Thirdly
             ,
             And
             if
             any
             one
             shall
             discover
             any
             Sum
             so
             to
             be
             carryed
             away
             of
             English
             Coin
             ,
             one
             Moiety
             shall
             be
             the
             Kings
             ,
             the
             other
             the
             Informers
             .
             Fourthly
             ,
             And
             if
             it
             can
             be
             
             proved
             ,
             That
             any
             of
             the
             Company
             or
             Owners
             were
             privy
             to
             the
             taking
             away
             such
             Sums
             of
             English
             Coin
             ,
             then
             the
             whole
             Ships
             Cargo
             shall
             be
             forfeited
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Captain
             be
             proved
             privy
             to
             it
             ▪
             (
             unless
             he
             makes
             such
             Discovery
             ,
             )
             he
             shall
             be
             utterly
             uncapable
             of
             Commanding
             as
             Captain
             ,
             any
             English
             Vessel
             whatsoever
             ,
             and
             his
             whole
             Estate
             confiscated
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             is
             a
             Fifth
             occasion
             of
             carrying
             away
             our
             Coin
             ,
             and
             which
             ,
             next
             to
             the
             
               East
               India
            
             Trade
             ,
             robs
             us
             of
             the
             most
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             what
             is
             taken
             from
             us
             by
             the
             
               Sweeds
               ,
               Danes
            
             ,
             and
             Portuguese
             ,
             who
             when
             they
             bring
             us
             of
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             do
             not
             take
             enough
             of
             ours
             to
             Ballance
             the
             Trade
             with
             them
             ,
             but
             take
             very
             considerable
             Sums
             of
             our
             Coin
             ,
             to
             our
             great
             Detriment
             ,
             and
             which
             I
             think
             deserves
             to
             be
             prevented
             ,
             either
             by
             altering
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             that
             we
             have
             none
             of
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             but
             what
             our
             Merchants
             fetch
             from
             them
             ,
             or
             by
             laying
             severe
             Penalties
             on
             all
             such
             as
             buy
             their
             Pitch
             ,
             Hemp
             ,
             Tarr
             ,
             &c.
             unless
             they
             pay
             with
             Goods
             of
             our
             own
             Manufacture
             .
          
           
             These
             or
             such-like
             Penalties
             and
             Encouragements
             will
             certainly
             prove
             effectual
             ,
             
             to
             prevent
             our
             Coin
             from
             being
             Exported
             ,
             or
             carryed
             out
             of
             England
             ;
             the
             preservation
             of
             which
             is
             of
             the
             greatest
             consequence
             to
             us
             ,
             and
             deserves
             certainly
             some
             speedy
             methods
             to
             be
             taken
             in
             order
             thereto
             ;
             for
             otherwise
             all
             our
             Coining
             at
             the
             Mint
             is
             in
             vain
             .
          
        
         
           
             4.
             
             To
             prevent
             Counterfeiting
             our
             New
             Coin.
             
          
           
             I
             had
             not
             thought
             to
             say
             any
             thing
             on
             this
             Head
             ,
             because
             I
             judged
             it
             needless
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Difficulty
             of
             Counterfeiting
             our
             Mill'd
             Coin.
             But
             being
             since
             inform'd
             ,
             that
             several
             considerable
             Sums
             thereof
             have
             been
             Counterfeited
             ,
             I
             think
             it
             proper
             to
             say
             something
             that
             may
             (
             if
             carefully
             put
             in
             practice
             )
             be
             a
             means
             to
             prevent
             it
             .
          
           
             And
             indeed
             Nature
             it self
             does
             much
             favour
             the
             Detections
             of
             this
             villanous
             practice
             :
             Since
             it
             is
             not
             possible
             for
             those
             Counterfeiters
             of
             our
             Coin
             to
             make
             their
             pieces
             weigh
             as
             pond'rous
             as
             the
             true
             ones
             ,
             because
             Silver
             is
             heavier
             than
             any
             other
             Metal
             of
             less
             value
             ,
             except
             Lead
             ,
             with
             which
             Silver
             will
             not
             incorporate
             or
             mix
             .
             For
             the
             weight
             of
             the
             several
             Metals
             Quantities
             being
             alike
             ,
             
             are
             less
             according
             as
             they
             are
             here
             placed
             ,
             from
             the
             heaviest
             downward
             ,
             viz.
             
          
           
             
               
                 Gold
                 ,
              
               
                 Lead
                 ,
              
               
                 Silver
                 ,
              
               
                 Copper
                 ,
              
               
                 Brass
                 ,
              
               
                 Iron
                 ,
              
               
                 Common
                 Pewter
                 ,
              
               
                 Fine
                 Pewter
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
          
           
             The
             weight
             of
             Sterl
             .
             Silver
             to
             the
             like
             quantity
             of
             
               
                 Copper
                 is
                 as
                 1
                 is
                 to
                 .87
              
               
                 Brass
                 is
                 as
                 1
                 is
                 to
                 .81
              
               
                 Iron
                 is
                 as
                 1
                 is
                 to
                 .77
              
               
                 Com.
                 Pewt
                 .
                 is
                 as
                 1
                 is
                 to
                 .71
              
               
                 Fine
                 Pewt
                 .
                 is
                 as
                 1
                 is
                 to
                 .69
              
            
          
           
             At
             which
             rate
             the
             quantity
             of
             a
             Crown
             piece
             of
             
               
                 Copper
                 will
                 weigh
                 but
                 16
                 Pw.
                 19
                 grs.
                 
              
               
                 Brass
                 will
                 weigh
                 but
                 15
                 Pw.
                 15
                 grs.
                 
              
               
                 Iron
                 will
                 weigh
                 but
                 14
                 Pw.
                 21
                 grs.
                 
              
               
                 com
                 .
                 Pw.
                 will
                 weigh
                 but
                 13
                 Pw.
                 17
                 grs.
                 
              
               
                 fine
                 Pw.
                 will
                 weigh
                 but
                 13
                 Pw.
                 8
                 grs.
                 
              
            
          
           
             Now
             ,
             that
             which
             I
             would
             infer
             from
             these
             Analogies
             of
             Silver
             to
             other
             Mettals
             ,
             is
             to
             shew
             ,
             how
             we
             may
             compute
             when
             a
             piece
             of
             Money
             is
             too
             light
             by
             Counterfeiting
             ,
             and
             when
             too
             light
             by
             wear
             .
             As
             in
             this
             Table
             of
             Proportions
             ,
             a
             false
             Crown
             Piece
             made
             of
             Copper
             ,
             and
             only
             washed
             over
             ,
             (
             if
             it
             does
             
             not
             much
             exceed
             a
             true
             Crown
             in
             Bulk
             )
             it
             will
             want
             2
             pw
             .
             13
             grs.
             the
             difference
             between
             16
             pw
             .
             19
             grs.
             and
             19
             pw
             .
             8
             grs.
             which
             it
             is
             impossible
             it
             should
             be
             worn
             lighter
             in
             700
             Years
             .
             And
             to
             prove
             this
             ,
             I
             have
             weigh'd
             some
             of
             K.
             Charles
             the
             2d's
             Crown
             Pieces
             ,
             and
             find
             of
             those
             coined
             27
             Years
             ago
             ,
             to
             be
             worn
             about
             two
             Grains
             ;
             now
             if
             I
             strike
             off
             the
             two
             Years
             last
             past
             ,
             wherein
             this
             Coin
             could
             not
             wear
             much
             ,
             because
             Hoarded
             ;
             then
             the
             Proportion
             will
             be
             ,
             That
             a
             Crown
             Piece
             will
             wear
             29
             grains
             in
             25
             years
             .
             By
             which
             it
             may
             be
             easily
             gathered
             ,
             what
             any
             other
             Piece
             will
             wear
             in
             any
             other
             number
             of
             years
             ,
             which
             cannot
             be
             worth
             taking
             notice
             of
             in
             any
             piece
             under
             50
             or
             100
             years
             ;
             in
             which
             last
             time
             a
             Crown
             Piece
             will
             want
             but
             a
             penny
             of
             full
             weight
             ,
             if
             the
             lightness
             proceed
             only
             from
             the
             wear
             .
          
           
             To
             instance
             in
             other
             Pieces
             ,
             Suppose
             I
             would
             know
             what
             a
             Shilling
             should
             wear
             that
             has
             been
             coined
             120
             years
             :
             By
             this
             Proportion
             it
             will
             appear
             ,
             it
             will
             but
             wear
             1
             26
             /
             29
             Grains
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             quite
             two
             Grains
             .
             For
          
           
             
               
                 
                   grains
                   .
                
                 
                   years
                   .
                
                 
                   grs.
                   
                
                 
                   grs.
                   
                
                 
                   years
                   .
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   464
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   92
                
                 
                   120
                
                 
                   1
                   26
                   /
                   29
                   Grs.
                   
                
              
            
          
           
           
             So
             that
             it
             can
             never
             countervail
             the
             trouble
             of
             Rogues
             and
             Villains
             ,
             to
             counterfeit
             any
             Pieces
             of
             Coin
             ,
             but
             it
             will
             be
             easily
             discovered
             by
             weight
             ,
             making
             a
             sufficient
             Allowance
             both
             for
             wear
             and
             difference
             in
             weight
             of
             the
             same
             pieces
             ,
             occasioned
             by
             the
             negligence
             of
             the
             Weigher
             at
             the
             Mint
             .
             A
             Crown
             Piece
             ,
             if
             they
             should
             take
             but
             6
             d.
             in
             Silver
             out
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             like
             quantity
             of
             Copper
             therein
             ,
             this
             would
             make
             7
             Grains
             difference
             in
             the
             weight
             ,
             between
             that
             Crown
             Piece
             and
             a
             true
             one
             ,
             which
             a
             true
             Crown
             would
             not
             wear
             in
             less
             than
             87
             years
             .
             And
             if
             this
             extraordinary
             Alloy
             were
             Brass
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Metals
             ,
             the
             want
             of
             weight
             would
             be
             much
             greater
             .
          
           
             And
             ,
             if
             every
             Banker
             and
             Cashier
             were
             obliged
             to
             keep
             in
             their
             Publick
             Shops
             or
             Offices
             ,
             a
             good
             pair
             of
             Scales
             and
             Weights
             for
             Silver
             ,
             to
             be
             for
             the
             common
             use
             of
             those
             with
             whom
             they
             deal
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             very
             easie
             to
             discover
             this
             Cheat
             ,
             either
             in
             single
             Pieces
             or
             in
             great
             Sums
             together
             ,
             allowing
             however
             a
             small
             matter
             for
             wear
             .
             And
             for
             the
             Assistance
             of
             those
             concerned
             ,
             I
             have
             here
             inserted
             a
             Table
             what
             any
             Sum
             of
             
             our
             New
             Coin
             should
             weigh
             precisely
             ,
             from
             6
             d.
             to
             100
             l.
             and
             may
             serve
             for
             much
             greater
             Sums
             ;
             which
             Table
             is
             calculated
             at
             the
             rate
             of
             the
             5
             s.
             piece
             weighing
             19
             pw
             .
             8151
             ,
             612
             ,
             903
             ,
             225
             grains
             ,
             or
             19
             pw
             .
             8
             grains
             ▪
             and
             something
             more
             than
             ½
             a
             grain
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   
                     lb
                     
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   ℥
                
                 
                   pw
                   .
                
                 
                   gr
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                   d.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   22
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   20
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                   6
                   d.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   09
                
                 
                   16
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   08
                   ½
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   17
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                   l.
                   
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   10
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   07
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   20
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   06
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   09
                
                 
                   16
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   07
                
                 
                   07
                
                 
                   02
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   04
                
                 
                   12
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   22
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   06
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   08
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   18
                   ½
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   04
                   ½
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   06
                
                 
                   05
                
                 
                   08
                
                 
                   09
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   09
                
                 
                   08
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   13
                   ¾
                
              
               
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   18
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   23
                
              
               
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   04
                
                 
                   05
                
                 
                   03
                   ½
                
              
               
                 
                   70
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   06
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   08
                   ½
                
              
               
                 
                   
                   80
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   09
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   12
                   ¾
                
              
               
                 
                   90
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   00
                
                 
                   07
                
                 
                   17
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   100
                
                 
                   32
                
                 
                   03
                
                 
                   01
                
                 
                   22
                
              
            
          
           
             So
             that
             if
             a
             Person
             have
             any
             of
             these
             Sums
             to
             receive
             ,
             it
             is
             but
             telling
             it
             over
             ,
             and
             afterward
             put
             it
             in
             a
             Bag
             ,
             and
             weigh
             it
             ;
             as
             if
             be
             70
             l.
             it
             must
             weigh
             22
             l.
             6
             ℥
             .
             19
             pw
             .
             8
             gr
             .
             To
             which
             add
             the
             weight
             of
             a
             Canvas
             100
             l.
             Bag
             ,
             which
             is
             commonly
             1
             ℥
             .
             and
             so
             to
             1
             ℥
             .
             1
             pw
             .
             and
             you
             have
             the
             true
             weight
             of
             70
             l.
             of
             our
             Milled
             Money
             and
             Bag
             ;
             but
             if
             any
             of
             it
             were
             counterfeit
             ,
             it
             would
             want
             weight
             .
             And
             if
             to
             this
             be
             added
             severe
             Penalties
             on
             all
             such
             as
             offer
             any
             Counterfeit
             Money
             in
             payment
             ,
             especially
             on
             the
             Goldsmiths
             and
             Bankers
             ,
             who
             are
             supposed
             to
             know
             Money
             well
             ,
             and
             are
             less
             lyable
             to
             be
             deceived
             than
             others
             :
             I
             hope
             it
             would
             be
             effectual
             to
             hinder
             the
             Currency
             of
             Counterfeit
             Money
             .
          
           
             For
             indeed
             ,
             't
             is
             too
             miserable
             and
             unhappy
             a
             truth
             ,
             That
             notwithstanding
             the
             Parliament
             have
             taken
             such
             measures
             in
             the
             last
             Sessions
             ,
             as
             would
             have
             been
             abundantly
             sufficient
             to
             cure
             us
             of
             the
             
             great
             difficulties
             we
             laboured
             under
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             ill
             state
             of
             our
             Coin
             ;
             yet
             we
             have
             a
             sort
             of
             Men
             among
             us
             ,
             I
             mean
             Bankers
             ,
             who
             (
             because
             these
             good
             Laws
             have
             run
             counter
             to
             their
             Self
             ish
             ends
             )
             have
             endeavoured
             to
             make
             all
             those
             prudent
             Methods
             taken
             for
             the
             Regulation
             and
             Restoring
             our
             Money
             ,
             of
             no
             effect
             ,
             by
             combining
             together
             to
             ruine
             the
             Bank
             of
             Eugland
             ,
             by
             getting
             what
             Bank
             Notes
             they
             could
             into
             their
             hands
             ;
             which
             upon
             the
             stop
             of
             the
             Currency
             of
             our
             Clipt
             Money
             ,
             they
             power'd
             on
             the
             Bank
             so
             fast
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             impossible
             they
             should
             Answer
             .
             And
             tho'
             they
             were
             disappointed
             in
             their
             design
             of
             quite
             ruining
             the
             Bank
             thus
             ,
             yet
             they
             have
             made
             the
             short
             Payments
             of
             the
             Bank
             a
             sufficient
             Reason
             for
             making
             their
             little
             or
             none
             ;
             tho'
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ▪
             they
             have
             very
             considerable
             Sums
             in
             Guinea's
             ,
             which
             they
             either
             Transport
             to
             Holland
             or
             Scotland
             ,
             to
             gain
             1
             s.
             or
             18
             d.
             a
             piece
             ,
             or
             else
             Hoard
             them
             up
             ,
             in
             hopes
             to
             break
             thro'
             the
             late
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             for
             keeping
             the
             value
             of
             Guinea's
             at
             22
             s.
             or
             under
             .
             Besides
             ,
             the
             non-payment
             of
             of
             their
             own
             Notes
             is
             most
             apparently
             very
             advantageous
             unto
             them
             ;
             and
             
             which
             for
             that
             reason
             they
             will
             never
             be
             brought
             to
             pay
             ,
             till
             they
             are
             forc't
             to
             it
             by
             Law
             ,
             or
             the
             Bank
             paying
             in
             full
             ,
             or
             the
             plenty
             of
             Silver
             Mony
             or
             Guinea's
             ,
             which
             they
             will
             therefore
             endeavour
             to
             stifle
             and
             retard
             as
             much
             as
             in
             them
             lyes
             ;
             since
             by
             that
             ,
             they
             have
             a
             colour
             for
             not
             paying
             their
             Notes
             ;
             and
             by
             not
             paying
             their
             Notes
             ,
             they
             have
             the
             more
             Cash
             out
             at
             Interest
             ,
             or
             invested
             in
             Jewels
             ,
             &c.
             or
             perhaps
             in
             monopolizing
             of
             Goods
             to
             their
             exceeding
             great
             advantage
             .
             All
             which
             Rogueries
             some
             ill
             disposed
             people
             are
             forward
             to
             say
             ,
             The
             Parliament
             might
             have
             prevented
             :
             First
             ,
             By
             giving
             longer
             time
             for
             bringing
             the
             Clipt
             Money
             into
             the
             Exchequer
             :
             And
             Secondly
             ,
             By
             not
             lowering
             the
             price
             of
             Guinea's
             ;
             not
             considering
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             That
             we
             had
             little
             or
             no
             Silver
             Coin
             currant
             from
             about
             last
             Midsummer
             till
             after
             Christmass
             last
             ,
             the
             Guinea's
             all
             that
             time
             being
             a
             sufficient
             Running
             Cash
             ,
             which
             they
             would
             have
             been
             ,
             till
             we
             had
             a
             sufficient
             quantity
             of
             our
             New
             Silver
             Coin
             ,
             had
             we
             not
             had
             some
             monsters
             of
             Men
             among
             us
             .
             And
             as
             for
             the
             lowering
             of
             Guinea's
             3
             s.
             too
             low
             ,
             which
             say
             they
             ,
             is
             the
             occasion
             of
             their
             being
             carryed
             to
             
               Holland
               ,
               Scotland
            
             ,
             and
             Ireland
             ,
             because
             they
             go
             there
             for
             23
             s.
             24
             s.
             and
             25
             s.
             each
             .
             I
             say
             in
             Answer
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             but
             reasonable
             to
             conclude
             ,
             that
             as
             the
             high
             price
             of
             Guinea's
             in
             England
             ,
             was
             the
             occasion
             of
             their
             Rise
             in
             these
             three
             places
             ;
             so
             the
             lowering
             of
             our
             own
             Coin
             should
             have
             caused
             these
             Nations
             to
             do
             the
             like
             ,
             which
             it
             has
             done
             in
             part
             :
             And
             no
             doubt
             ,
             but
             so
             long
             as
             we
             can
             have
             Gold
             as
             now
             ,
             at
             near
             4
             l.
             per
             ℥
             .
             if
             the
             Parliament
             should
             think
             fit
             to
             permit
             the
             Coining
             of
             more
             Guinea's
             ,
             we
             might
             afford
             to
             let
             the
             Dutch
             or
             others
             take
             them
             from
             us
             at
             23
             s.
             till
             
             they
             are
             weary
             ;
             for
             we
             shall
             gain
             considerably
             by
             them
             at
             this
             Rate
             ,
             as
             we
             do
             also
             in
             the
             way
             of
             Trade
             ;
             which
             the
             Dutch
             are
             not
             so
             blind
             (
             whatever
             the
             Irish
             are
             )
             but
             they
             will
             soon
             perceive
             ,
             and
             value
             our
             Guinea's
             no
             higher
             ,
             if
             so
             high
             as
             we
             do
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             if
             every
             body
             were
             on
             my
             mind
             ,
             unless
             these
             Bankers
             could
             make
             it
             appear
             by
             their
             Books
             ,
             and
             their
             own
             Oaths
             ,
             that
             they
             cannot
             make
             their
             Payments
             ,
             I
             would
             quickly
             make
             them
             tir'd
             with
             the
             Trade
             of
             Cheating
             ;
             for
             if
             a
             Man
             has
             receiv
             d
             a
             Sum
             of
             Money
             of
             another
             ,
             for
             which
             he
             has
             given
             his
             Note
             to
             repay
             at
             demand
             ,
             I
             think
             't
             is
             but
             reasonable
             ,
             that
             if
             this
             Demand
             is
             made
             ,
             and
             the
             Money
             is
             not
             paid
             ,
             the
             Lender
             should
             have
             the
             Improvement
             of
             that
             Money
             from
             the
             time
             such
             Demand
             is
             made
             ▪
             and
             I
             doubt
             not
             but
             a
             Court
             of
             Equity
             wou'd
             give
             it
             ,
             and
             which
             if
             duly
             prosecuted
             ,
             would
             soon
             make
             these
             Sparks
             weary
             of
             their
             Trade
             of
             Cheating
             ,
             in
             hindering
             what
             they
             can
             the
             Current
             Money
             〈◊〉
             to
             the
             destruction
             of
             Commerce
             ,
             and
             ruine
             of
             this
             Rich
             and
             Flourishing
             Island
             .
             So
             that
             upon
             the
             whole
             ,
             I
             humbly
             conceive
             ,
             That
             the
             readiest
             way
             to
             have
             plenty
             of
             good
             Money
             current
             ,
             is
             either
             totally
             to
             put
             down
             the
             Bankers
             Trade
             ,
             or
             to
             abridge
             them
             of
             that
             Power
             which
             they
             knavishly
             make
             use
             of
             ,
             to
             the
             great
             detriment
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             but
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             ▪
             if
             Rounds
             were
             set
             to
             the
             practice
             of
             Bankers
             ,
             and
             〈◊〉
             made
             more
             effectually
             ,
             to
             prevent
             Melting
             down
             ,
             Exporting
             and
             Counterfeiting
             our
             Coin
             ,
             we
             should
             in
             a
             short
             time
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             malice
             of
             our
             Enemies
             ,
             be
             one
             of
             the
             happiest
             Nations
             the
             Sun
             sees
             .
          
           
             FINIS
             .
          
           
        
      
    
     
  

