The
Making
of
ROCKETS
.
In
Two
Parts
.
The
First
Containing
the
Making
of
Rockets
for
the
meanest
Capacity
.
The
other
To
make
Rockets
by
a
Duplicate
Proposition
,
to
1000
pound
Weight
or
higher
.
Experimentally
and
Mathematically
Demonstrated
,
By
ROBERT
ANDERSON
.
LONDON
:
Printed
for
Robert
Morden
,
at
the
Atlas
in
Cornhil
.
1696.
To
the
Right
Honourable
HENRY
Earl
of
Romney
.
Vicount
Sidney
of
Sheppy
,
Baron
of
Milton
,
Master
General
of
his
Majesty's
Ordnance
,
Constable
of
Dover
Castle
,
Lord
Warden
of
the
Cinque
Ports
,
and
one
of
the
Lords
of
his
Majesty's
most
Honourable
Privy
Council
.
WELL
knowing
my
most
Noble
Lord
,
that
these
things
will
easily
receive
Perfection
in
your
Hands
,
which
for
many
Reasons
are
beyond
my
reach
.
This
Treatise
(
if
it
may
deserve
that
name
)
is
the
least
in
Bulk
,
and
seemingly
relating
to
the
sleightest
Subject
I
have
met
withal
in
Pyrotechnia
.
But
in
the
many
Volumns
great
and
small
that
I
have
read
relating
to
these
Matters
in
our
own
and
other
Languages
;
I
do
not
find
the
least
Pretence
or
Thought
of
doing
that
which
here
is
undertaken
,
viz.
To
raise
so
great
a
heap
of
Fire
,
and
to
confirm
the
Fact
by
the
greatest
Proofs
that
can
be
had
or
wish'd
for
,
which
are
Experiments
and
Demonstrations
Mathematical
.
Yet
this
alone
is
not
the
matter
aim'd
at
,
the
Problem
is
universal
,
and
applicable
to
the
Fortifications
of
all
sorts
of
Guns
and
other
Engines
with
their
Carriages
,
&c.
and
is
to
increase
or
decrease
the
strength
of
Materials
according
to
the
Effects
and
Services
required
.
But
the
greatest
Skill
in
this
Undertaking
being
to
adjust
the
Instrument
and
Means
in
a
due
and
proper
Proportion
to
the
Effect
sought
for
;
I
do
with
all
Humility
and
profound
Respect
make
offer
of
this
small
Essay
.
It
is
your
Lordships
great
Abilities
and
Merit
,
that
has
enabled
you
to
tread
the
intricate
and
painful
steps
of
Greatness
;
and
by
the
well
discharging
so
many
Eminent
Employments
,
to
add
,
(
if
any
thing
can
be
added
)
to
the
Great
Name
of
your
Renowned
Ancestors
.
An
ardent
Zeal
for
the
Welfare
and
Honour
of
your
Country
,
has
always
been
the
inbred
Vertue
of
your
Family
,
and
which
is
brought
to
its
Perfection
in
your self
.
The
Name
of
Master
General
of
the
Ordnance
,
lays
Claim
to
all
my
(
more
than
25
Years
)
Experience
and
Studies
about
the
Art
of
Shooting
in
all
sorts
of
Great
Artillery
amounts
to
:
But
the
adding
something
(
according
to
my
poor
Sphere
and
Capacity
)
to
the
Defence
,
Safety
and
Reputation
of
my
Native
Country
,
has
at
all
times
so
intirely
govern'd
me
,
that
upon
this
account
also
,
and
indeed
chiefly
,
I
am
emboldned
to
lay
this
mean
Attempt
of
mine
before
your
Lordship
;
trusting
that
it
may
at
some
time
or
other
undergo
a
Trial
,
and
by
your
Lordships
Favour
receive
a
meet
Incouragement
,
and
procure
your
Lordships
Pardon
,
&c.
to
My
Lord
,
Your
Lordships
most
Obedient
,
Humble
Servant
,
Robert
Anderson
.
TO
THE
Young
PYROBOLISTES
.
ROckets
are
the
most
Artificial
piece
of
Fire-work
yet
used
amongst
the
Pyrobolistes
,
and
hath
been
more
used
of
late
Years
than
formerly
,
and
that
the
Young
Artists
may
not
spend
their
Time
and
Money
unnecessarily
,
I
have
given
easie
,
plain
,
and
ready
Rules
for
making
of
Rockets
to
two
Inches
and
half
Diameter
,
which
is
sufficient
for
all
private
Occasion
,
viz.
Of
the
Mould
of
a
Rocket
.
Of
the
Rouler
and
Case
.
Of
the
Compositions
.
Of
the
Receipts
of
Rockets
.
Of
the
Driver
.
Of
the
Boring
of
the
Rocket
.
Of
the
Stars
and
other
Matter
to
be
put
in
the
Head
of
a
Rocket
.
To
Head
a
Rocket
.
Of
the
Sticking
of
a
Rocket
.
And
lastly
,
to
Fire
the
Rocket
.
And
some
Observations
about
the
management
of
a
Rocket
in
general
;
all
which
I
hope
will
prove
casie
and
beneficial
to
the
Ingenious
,
and
those
that
are
willing
to
Learn
:
and
what
you
do
,
endeavour
to
do
it
well
,
and
do
not
be
Conceited
;
which
if
so
,
I
have
my
ends
.
And
from
these
little
beginnings
greater
Matters
may
be
obtained
,
and
you
may
become
serviceable
to
your
Country
;
in
which
be
sure
to
be
Careful
,
Honest
and
Faithful
.
TO
THE
Other
PYROBOLISTES
.
ABout
fifteen
Years
since
I
considered
of
a
method
to
increase
or
decrease
the
strength
of
the
Metal
of
Guns
,
which
is
this
that
I
intend
to
discourse
of
.
And
at
the
Close
of
a
small
Treatise
to
hit
a
Mark
published
in
the
Year
1691.
I
proposed
that
Problem
in
Print
;
since
that
time
there
has
been
more
than
Ordinary
occasion
for
it
,
by
Reason
of
the
new
Casting
of
the
Mortar-pieces
.
About
two
Years
since
I
put
that
Problem
into
a
method
,
and
made
a
Draught
of
the
whole
matter
to
increase
or
decrease
the
strength
of
the
Metal
of
a
Gun
in
any
possible
Proportion
assigned
.
But
when
I
saw
the
Mortar-pieces
brought
from
Sea
broke
,
it
was
thought
to
be
a
good
time
to
shew
it
,
which
was
done
,
and
the
whole
matter
discoursed
of
at
large
,
but
it
signified
00.
But
now
I
apply
that
Problem
to
the
making
of
Rockets
for
the
young
Artist
,
as
you
see
in
its
proper
place
.
And
it
is
manifest
that
the
young
Rocket-makers
of
this
City
are
very
Careful
and
Artificial
in
their
Rockets
of
8d
.
12d
.
or
18d
.
value
,
otherwise
they
may
break
and
so
lose
their
Labour
and
Discredit
themselves
.
Seeing
these
Mathematical
Rules
are
so
applicable
to
the
greatest
nicety
of
the
Rising
of
all
sizes
of
Rockets
;
is
it
not
more
valuable
to
be
applied
to
those
Chargeable
Instruments
of
War
,
viz.
Guns
of
all
sorts
,
with
their
Carriages
,
and
all
other
their
Furniture
?
As
to
the
Doctrine
of
shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
,
this
way
of
making
of
Rockets
proves
it
to
be
absurd
;
for
all
Rocket
makers
to
this
time
weaken
the
Composition
of
their
Rockets
,
as
their
Rockets
are
in
greatness
,
or
having
greater
quantities
of
Composition
;
and
that
by
chance
,
and
without
any
Mathematical
Demonstration
.
And
also
by
Experience
,
in
Table
June
1.
1691.
and
in
the
first
Column
Experiment
4
,
against
that
in
Column
2
you
will
find
4
Ounces
of
Powder
,
and
in
Column
3
,
3377.
Again
,
in
Column
.
1
,
against
Experiment
1
in
Column
2
,
you
find
½
an
Ounce
of
Powder
,
and
against
that
in
Column
3
,
you
find
213
;
now
because
the
Requisite
of
Powder
are
as
8
to
1
,
therefore
I
multiply
213
by
8
,
and
it
makes
1704
,
much
short
of
3377
,
which
indeed
should
have
been
equal
to
the
said
3377.
that
is
the
Ranges
upon
the
plain
of
the
Horizon
are
not
as
the
Requisites
of
Powder
which
projected
those
Ranges
;
the
like
may
be
done
in
all
the
other
Experiments
.
I.
have
made
hundreds
of
Experiments
in
several
sorts
of
Mortar-pieces
,
and
am
ready
to
make
as
many
more
,
all
which
will
manifestly
confute
the
Doctrine
of
shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
,
and
have
often
invited
the
first
promoter
of
that
Doctrine
to
see
his
Invention
confuted
;
and
I
do
here
invite
all
the
Practitioners
in
that
Science
of
shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
,
to
come
and
see
their
Doctrine
confuted
.
I
do
hear
assert
it
is
impossible
ever
to
bring
that
way
of
shooting
to
be
so
exact
and
ready
for
use
,
in
all
or
any
sorts
of
Guns
,
as
the
common
or
usual
way
is
,
by
keeping
the
Requisites
of
Powder
constant
,
and
elevating
the
Piece
.
In
the
Complicating
of
Rockets
,
whose
Diameters
are
at
any
great
distance
;
we
make
use
of
Experiments
of
shooting
made
upon
another
Occasion
,
and
those
Experiments
serves
sufficiently
well
;
but
if
we
were
to
do
them
justly
according
to
Art
,
there
should
be
two
even
Chased
Guns
of
the
same
Proportion
as
the
Rockets
are
of
,
that
is
the
Diameter
of
the
exposed
Rocket
2½
Inch
multiplied
by
6
is
15
Inches
,
and
those
should
be
the
Diameter
and
length
of
one
of
the
Guns
:
4
Inches
the
Diameter
of
the
other
Rocket
,
multiplied
by
6
is
24
Inches
,
which
4
Inches
for
the
Diameter
,
and
24
Inches
for
the
length
should
be
the
other
Gun
,
or
any
two
Guns
in
that
Proportion
.
For
the
Requisite
of
Powder
take
the
Cube
of
4
,
which
is
64
,
as
also
the
Cube
of
2½
,
which
is
15.625
,
divide
the
greater
Cube
Number
by
the
lesser
,
and
the
Quotient
is
4
,
sufficiently
near
;
so
the
Requisites
of
Powder
of
these
two
Pieces
are
as
4
to
1
,
then
take
any
reasonable
Requisite
of
Powder
for
the
4
Inch
Gun
,
then
take
the
fourth
part
of
that
Requisite
for
the
Requisite
of
Powder
for
the
lesser
Gun
,
discharge
them
both
at
one
degree
of
Elevation
,
and
note
their
Ranges
.
Their
Bullets
are
to
be
of
the
same
Metal
,
and
of
the
same
likeness
,
and
both
exactly
fit
.
In
a
Mathematical
sence
these
Ranges
should
be
equal
;
but
by
Combination
the
greater
quantity
of
Powder
aggitates
more
upon
the
great
Bullet
,
than
the
lesser
Requisites
doth
aggitate
upon
the
lesser
Bullet
,
and
that
causes
those
differences
,
the
like
when
two
quantities
of
Powder
aggitate
upon
one
Bullet
;
it
is
Experience
only
that
determines
the
matter
.
Although
strange
things
sometimes
happens
;
yet
this
we
will
Assert
,
and
endeavour
to
maintain
that
Mathematical
Knowledg
,
join'd
with
faithful
Experiments
,
will
do
greater
matters
than
most
Men
commonly
conceive
.
Rob.
Anderson
.
Rocket
Moulds
are
made
by
Mr.
Cuggley
just
without
Cripplegate
.
Taper
Bits
for
Rockets
,
are
made
by
Mr.
Goode
just
within
Cripplegate
.
Rods
for
Rockets
,
are
made
by
Mr.
Stateham
in
Token-House-Yard
,
Lothbury
.
All
three
right
good
Workmen
.
PROPOSITION
I.
Of
a
Rocket-Mould
.
LEt
E
M
R
D
D
H
L
E
be
a
Rocket-Mould
,
A
B
the
Diameter
of
it
,
viz.
one
Inch
and
half
;
Z
K
4
Diameters
,
that
is
6
Inches
the
height
to
be
filled
with
Composition
,
B
E
half
a
Diameter
an
overplus
,
Z
C
the
height
of
the
boring
4
Inches
and
½
,
or
¾
of
the
height
of
the
Mould
,
G
F
the
Orifice
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
half
an
Inch
,
Z
Y
one
sixth
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
a
quarter
of
an
Inch
,
the
thickness
of
the
Case
,
D
Y
Z
G
C
F
Z
Y
D
the
bottom
of
the
Rocket-Mould
with
the
Needle
to
be
put
in
and
taken
out
;
R
H
a
Pin
of
Iron
to
fix
the
Mould
and
Bottom
together
.
PROPOSITION
.
II.
Of
the
Rowler
and
Case
of
a
Rocket
.
MAke
the
Body
of
the
Rowler
nine
Diameters
in
length
,
and
in
Diameter
two
thirds
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
,
and
the
Head
of
the
Rowler
of
the
Rocket
the
same
Diameter
;
let
the
Diameter
of
the
Neck
of
the
Rowler
be
a
little
less
than
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
,
because
when
opened
with
a
Cone
of
Wood
the
Orifice
of
the
Rocket
may
be
just
one
third
smooth
and
hard
to
endure
the
Fire
.
Then
the
thickness
of
the
Case
will
be
one
sixth
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
,
which
being
well
Rowled
and
Choaked
,
the
Case
may
be
finished
.
PROPOSITION
III.
Of
the
Composition
for
Rockets
.
THE
Ingredients
which
Rockets
are
Composed
of
are
Saltpetre
,
Sulphur
,
and
Wood-Coal
mealed
,
and
passed
through
a
fine
Sieve
.
First
,
take
the
largest
of
Small-Coal
made
of
Birch-Wood
.
Secondly
,
chuse
the
Yellowest
Roch
Sulphur
.
Thirdly
,
take
Saltpetre
put
in
a
Brass
Vessel
,
to
which
put
so
much
fair
Water
as
will
dissolve
it
,
put
that
Vessel
upon
the
Fire
,
when
it
boils
scum
it
clean
;
when
the
Water
evaporates
and
consumes
,
stir
it
with
a
Spatula
of
Wood
to
meal
it
,
what
remains
of
the
Saltpetre
upon
the
Spatula
,
and
sides
of
the
Vessel
,
rub
off
with
your
Spatula
of
Wood
;
then
meal
it
,
and
pass
it
through
a
fine
Sieve
.
A
second
way
to
Clarifie
Saltpetre
;
take
a
Crucible
,
set
it
in
the
Fire
,
put
Saltpetre
thereunto
,
increase
the
Fire
till
the
Saltpetre
be
Reduced
to
a
liquid
quality
like
Water
;
when
it
boils
take
mealed
Sulphur
upon
a
Spatula
of
Iron
,
and
put
it
into
the
boiling
Saltpetre
;
so
often
repeated
,
the
Flegmy
quality
of
the
Saltpetre
will
be
burnt
away
,
and
the
flame
will
remain
as
white
as
the
Body
of
the
Sun.
Then
pour
it
into
some
very
smooth
Vessel
,
which
being
cooled
,
you
may
reduce
it
into
meal
.
These
ways
I
have
done
for
my
Recreation
;
but
I
usually
take
the
cleanest
Saltpetre
to
be
found
in
Drugsters
Shops
,
and
it
does
as
well
.
PROPOSITION
IV.
The
Receipts
for
Rockets
.
FOR
an
Inch
,
an
Inch
and
half
,
and
two
Inch
Rocket
,
and
for
a
White
Fire
,
take
2
Drams
of
Antimony
,
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
2½
Ounces
of
Coal-dust
,
6
Ounces
of
Saltpetre
,
and
8
Ounces
of
powder
dust
,
[
Casimer
du
Grand
Art
d'
Artillerie
,
Partie
1.
Livre
3.
pag.
145.
]
Fill
4
Diameters
and
Bore
2½
.
For
an
Inch
and
half
,
and
two
Inch
,
and
two
Inch
and
half
Rocket
,
and
a
Yellow
Fire
,
take
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
,
1
Ounce
of
Coal-dust
,
4
Ounces
of
Saltpetre
;
or
take
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
,
1½
Ounce
of
Coal-dust
,
and
4
Ounces
of
Saltpetre
.
[
Casimer
du
Grand
Art
d'
Artillerie
,
Partie
1.
Livre
2.
pag.
99.
]
Fill
4
Diameters
,
and
bore
3
,
or
a
little
more
.
And
Daniel
Elrich
Der
grossen
Kunst
Artillerie
Zweiter
,
Thei
l
.
pag.
54.
at
.
19.
Advises
to
take
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
,
one
Ounce
of
Coal
dust
,
4
Ounces
of
Saltpetre
.
Again
,
take
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
,
2
Ounces
of
Coal
,
and
6
Ounces
of
Saltpetre
;
also
take
1
Ounce
of
Sulphur
2½
of
Coal
,
and
6
of
Saltpetre
.
Johann
.
Sigmund
.
Buchner
in
Theoria
praxis
Artilleria
Andere
Thei
l
,
pag.
28.
Weigh
the
Ingredients
single
,
put
them
into
a
wooden
Bowl
,
mix
them
very
well
together
,
and
pass
them
through
the
Sieve
,
then
your
Composition
is
fit
for
use
.
In
filling
Rockets
of
one
or
two
Inches
Diameter
;
let
them
be
filled
at
6
,
8
,
or
10
times
Charging
,
and
to
every
Charge
10
,
12
,
or
14
blows
with
a
Mallet
,
and
betwixt
every
three
blows
turn
the
Driver
a
little
in
your
Hand
,
so
the
Composition
about
the
Needle
will
be
preserved
.
Some
of
our
Rocket-Makers
cry
up
the
Compositions
of
Woolverman
and
Nelson
,
as
though
there
was
no
Composition
to
be
found
like
theirs
,
and
they
are
thus
:
that
falsly
called
Woolverman's
is
1
of
Sulphur
,
1
of
Coal
,
and
4
of
Saltpetre
:
and
that
of
Nelson
,
1
of
Sulphur
,
1½
of
Coal
,
and
4
of
Saltpetre
,
as
they
stand
in
the
Remains
of
Mr.
Francis
Deane
,
sometime
Gunner
of
the
Tower.
These
Compositions
are
Old
and
Common
,
as
you
see
,
they
are
Good
,
Strong
,
and
dull
Compositions
,
and
easily
mannaged
.
Those
Compositions
where
Powder
is
judiciously
mixed
are
more
lively
,
and
so
more
difficult
to
mannage
.
PROPOSITION
V.
Of
the
Driver
of
a
Rocket
.
LEt
y
A
F
G
H
E
B
y
be
the
Driver
of
the
Rocket
,
A
F
E
B
a
piece
of
a
Gun
Barrel
,
F
G
H
E
O
L
a
piece
of
Box
or
hard
Wood
,
R
L
O
q
a
hole
for
the
Needle
to
pass
through
,
A
C
D
B
y
a
piece
of
Box
to
drive
upon
;
this
we
call
a
hollow
Driver
,
it
dispatches
business
quickly
,
and
does
right
well
.
Or
you
may
fasten
a
piece
of
Brass
in
the
end
of
your
Iron
Driver
with
a
hole
in
it
to
receive
the
Needle
.
If
any
will
use
a
solid
Driver
,
let
them
have
the
bottom
of
the
Mould
as
D
y
Z
Z
Z
y
D
with
a
hole
passing
through
the
bottom
,
as
Z
R
,
for
a
strait
Piercer
to
pass
through
which
bottom
will
be
a
Guide
to
the
Piercer
to
be
just
in
the
middle
of
the
Rocket
,
make
a
mark
in
your
Piercer
to
be
a
guide
to
bore
always
an
equal
depth
,
then
take
your
Rocket
out
of
the
Mould
,
open
the
hole
with
a
Taper
bit
,
and
your
Work
is
done
,
thus
you
may
do
for
all
sizes
of
Rockets
.
PROPOSITION
VI.
Of
the
Boring
of
a
Rocket
.
MAke
the
Diameter
of
your
Borer
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
your
Rocket
,
not
for
any
necessity
,
but
for
conformity
to
the
other
parts
of
the
Rocket
;
from
that
Diameter
let
it
be
exactly
Taper
to
a
point
.
Further
,
there
being
an
entrance
made
by
the
Needle
,
it
is
very
easie
to
bore
the
Rocket
very
exactly
,
by
holding
the
Rocket
in
the
Left
Hand
,
and
the
Borer
in
the
Right
,
moving
the
Rocket
in
the
Left
Hand
,
keeping
the
Borer
fast
in
the
Right
Hand
.
If
you
make
the
Diameter
of
the
Needle
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
,
and
so
Taper
,
you
need
no
Borer
;
here
you
shall
find
the
Rocket
will
rise
swifter
than
when
bored
,
the
Composition
lying
looser
about
the
Needle
than
if
it
were
bored
,
takes
fire
easier
,
and
this
is
most
necessary
in
large
Rockets
,
viz.
of
3
,
4
,
or
6
Inches
Diameter
;
for
such
will
hang
too
long
time
upon
the
Nails
before
they
rise
.
Those
Rockets
whose
Compositions
are
Composed
of
mealed
Powder
,
Saltpetre
,
Coal
and
Sulphur
,
fill
four
Diameters
,
bore
two
and
half
.
Those
Composed
of
Saltpetre
,
Coal
,
and
Sulphur
fill
four
Diameters
,
bore
three
or
a
little
more
.
This
will
hold
in
Rockets
of
1
Inch
,
1½
and
2
Inches
,
but
in
larger
Rockets
there
must
be
less
solidity
to
the
hollow
Cone
of
Fire
.
I
used
for
many
years
to
drive
my
Rockets
solid
,
and
to
bore
them
after
,
but
that
way
did
no
better
than
these
I
now
use
and
deliver
;
but
this
is
most
certain
that
any
one
may
drive
and
bore
3
Rockets
with
those
hollow
Drivers
which
I
now
use
,
whilst
one
many
finish
the
driving
and
boring
of
one
Rocket
with
a
solid
Driver
;
when
the
Rocket
is
near
filled
,
use
a
shorter
Driver
with
a
smaller
hole
.
PROPOSITION
VII
.
Of
Stars
for
Rockets
.
1
,
1
,
2
,
2.
Sulphur
.
2
,
3
,
3
,
2.
Antimony
.
4
,
6
,
8
,
6.
Saltpetre
.
Meal
these
Ingredients
fine
,
pass
them
through
a
Sieve
,
mix
them
with
Water
in
which
some
Glue
,
or
Gum
Araback
,
or
Gum
Dragon
hath
been
dissolved
,
make
them
of
the
bigness
of
a
Hazle
Nut
,
or
small
Wallnut
;
roul
them
in
meal
Powder
,
when
dryed
they
are
fit
for
use
.
Rockets
are
headed
with
small
Serpents
,
their
Orifices
washed
with
mealed
Powder
and
Brandy
Wine
,
to
take
Fire
.
Of
Rain
and
Hail
.
TAke
any
of
those
Receipts
for
Stars
,
viz.
1
Sulphur
,
2
Antimony
,
and
4
Saltpetre
;
if
you
moisten
that
Composition
with
Oil
of
Petre
only
made
well
into
Paste
,
formed
into
little
Globes
,
rowled
into
mealed
Powder
;
such
Stars
will
have
Red
Colour
:
the
same
Composition
moistned
with
Linseed
Oil
will
have
a
Red
mixed
with
White
:
the
same
Composition
mixed
with
Oil
of
Petre
and
Linseed
Oil
mixed
together
,
will
make
an
Amethist
Fi●e
.
All
these
will
require
a
long
time
a
drying
,
the
best
time
is
to
make
them
in
the
Summer
.
The
same
Composition
mixed
with
Gum
Araback
Water
,
and
Colophone
,
gives
a
Red
Yellowish
Fire
.
The
former
Composition
moistned
with
Brandy
and
Oil
of
Petre
,
or
Linseed
Oil
,
mixed
together
,
requires
less
drying
Powder
of
Glass
,
Powder
made
of
Sawdust
mixed
with
the
former
Composition
gives
different
Fire
;
Coal
dust
instead
of
Antimony
,
all
which
you
may
govern
by
your
own
Reason
.
Take
the
Old
Proverb
,
So
many
Men
,
so
many
Minds
.
PROPOSITION
VIII
.
To
Head
a
Rocket
.
TUrn
a
piece
of
Wood
just
so
big
as
your
Rocket
is
,
with
a
Cone
at
one
end
thereof
,
paste
a
piece
of
strong
Paper
about
the
Wood
,
then
paste
another
piece
of
Paper
about
the
Cone
,
and
paste
both
Papers
together
;
then
put
your
Stars
into
this
Paper
Vessel
,
with
some
Rocket
Composition
to
break
the
Vessel
,
then
put
a
little
Paste
a
little
within
the
sides
of
this
Paper
Vessel
,
then
draw
it
upon
your
Rocket
,
and
paste
it
to
the
Rocket
,
so
your
Work
is
done
.
PROPOSITION
IX
.
Of
the
Sticking
of
Rockets
.
THE
Stick
of
a
Rocket
ought
to
be
seven
times
the
length
of
the
Rocket
or
more
,
viz.
a
Rocket
of
an
Inch
and
half
,
six
Diameters
thereof
,
the
length
of
the
Rocket
,
is
nine
Inches
,
seven
times
nine
is
sixty
three
Inches
,
that
is
five
Foot
three
Inches
.
The
breadth
of
the
Stick
at
the
Head
,
three
quarters
of
an
Inch
or
less
,
the
thickness
half
an
Inch
or
less
,
the
small
end
of
the
Stick
three
eighths
of
an
Inch
and
square
,
and
to
be
made
of
light
Deal
;
such
a
Stick
will
do
very
well
,
and
may
be
counted
Custom
without
Demonstration
.
In
the
Winter
1695.
there
were
two
sets
of
Fire
works
,
in
the
first
of
which
the
Wind
was
Northward
,
and
the
Rockets
in
their
rising
worked
into
the
Wind.
In
the
second
the
Wind
was
Westward
,
and
had
the
same
effect
as
the
first
;
the
Reason
was
because
the
Stick
was
to
heavy
at
the
upper
end
,
and
too
light
at
the
lower
;
and
so
the
Center
of
Gravity
of
the
Rocket
and
Stick
was
too
near
the
Rocket
:
when
indeed
the
Center
of
Gravity
should
be
in
the
middle
,
betwixt
the
lower
end
of
the
Stick
and
upper
end
of
the
Rocket
;
and
to
do
which
the
bigger
end
of
the
Stick
ought
to
be
downward
;
by
this
means
a
lighter
Stick
would
serve
,
and
if
the
Wind
did
drive
the
Rocket
,
the
Rocket
would
move
less
,
and
yet
perpendicular
to
the
Horizon
.
Nature
it self
has
taught
us
the
same
;
for
all
Birds
,
especially
Birds
of
a
swift
flight
,
spread
their
Tails
for
their
Guide
.
Sticks
of
Rockets
ought
to
be
one
to
another
as
the
length
and
Diameters
of
the
respective
Rockets
;
that
is
,
as
the
Diametre
1½
Inch
is
to
the
thickness
of
its
Stick
,
so
is
4
Inches
the
Diameter
of
a
4
Inch
Rocket
to
the
thickness
of
its
respective
Stick
.
As
the
length
of
one
Rocket
is
to
its
Stick
;
so
is
the
length
of
any
other
Rocket
to
its
Stick
:
and
as
the
weight
of
one
Rocket
is
to
the
weight
of
its
Stick
;
so
is
the
weight
of
any
other
Rocket
to
the
weight
of
its
respective
Stick
.
PROPOSITION
X.
To
fire
the
Rocket
.
PLace
the
Rocket
perpendicular
to
the
Horizon
by
four
Nails
,
make
a
port-fire
,
about
half
an
Inch
in
Diameter
,
with
single
Paper
,
viz.
1
Sulphur
,
2
Saw-dust
sifted
fine
,
or
rather
Logwood
beaten
and
sifted
fine
,
4
of
mealed
Powder
,
and
8
of
Saltpetre
;
or
make
the
port-fire
with
Rocket
Composition
:
fire
the
port-fire
,
move
it
gently
towards
the
Orifice
of
the
Rocket
till
it
takes
fire
.
Observations
concerning
Rockets
.
(
1.
)
IF
a
Rocket
be
driven
not
hard
enough
it
either
consumes
or
breaks
;
if
just
hard
enough
it
rises
well
;
if
two
hard
it
turns
a
loft
,
and
breaks
not
at
the
just
turn
.
(
2.
)
If
a
Rocket
be
bored
not
deep
enough
it
will
not
rise
well
;
if
just
deep
enough
it
rises
well
;
if
too
deep
it
often
breaks
.
(
3.
)
If
a
Rocket
be
bored
with
too
great
a
Borer
it
will
not
rise
well
;
if
with
a
fit
Borer
it
rises
well
;
if
with
too
small
a
Borer
it
breaks
,
or
rises
not
well
.
(
4.
)
If
the
Composition
be
too
moist
it
will
not
rise
well
;
if
too
dry
it
rises
too
fast
or
breaks
.
(
5.
)
If
a
Rocket
be
made
,
and
kept
in
too
dry
or
too
moist
a
place
,
it
will
have
the
same
effect
as
at
the
(
4.
)
(
6.
)
The
Velocity
of
a
Rocket
is
caused
by
the
boring
,
or
in
the
hollow
Cone
;
the
time
of
its
flight
is
in
the
solid
part
above
the
boring
,
which
solid
part
ought
to
be
less
in
a
great
Rocket
than
in
a
little
one
.
From
these
Observations
a
Youth
may
take
any
Composition
(
in
Reason
)
and
make
a
good
Rocket
.
PROPOSITION
XI
.
The
weight
of
the
Mallets
for
Rockets
.
THE
weight
of
the
Mallets
which
Rockets
are
driven
with
,
ought
to
be
as
the
Cube
of
the
Respective
Diameters
of
their
bores
,
viz.
If
the
weight
of
the
Mallet
for
an
Inch
Rocket
be
twelve
Ounces
,
the
weight
of
the
Mallet
for
an
Inch
and
half
Rocket
ought
to
be
two
Pounds
and
half
,
and
for
a
two
Inch
Rocket
six
Pounds
,
&c.
PROPOSITION
XII
.
How
Rockets
are
estimated
.
ROckets
are
estimated
either
by
Measure
or
by
Weight
;
if
by
Measure
,
then
by
the
Common
Standard
by
Inches
or
by
Feet
;
if
by
Weight
,
then
they
are
estimated
by
Cast
Iron
,
that
is
,
by
the
Gunners
Rule
,
viz.
An
Inch
Rocket
weigheth
two
Ounces
and
a
quater
:
an
Inch
and
half
Rocket
weigheth
half
a
Pound
:
a
two
Inch
Rocket
weigheth
a
little
above
a
Pound
:
a
three
Inch
Rocket
weigheth
almost
four
Pounds
:
a
four
Inch
Rocket
weigheth
nine
Pounds
:
an
eight
Inch
Rocket
weigheth
seventy
two
Pounds
,
which
may
be
called
a
Rocket
Royal.
PROPOSITION
XIII
.
Of
the
cause
of
the
Rockets
rising
.
LET
A
C
B
be
the
hollow
Cone
for
the
the
Fire
,
A
y
C
Z
B
the
Superficies
of
that
Cone
,
all
the
Lines
O
Z
at
right
Angles
with
B
C
,
and
all
the
Lines
O
y
at
Right
Angle
with
A
C
;
now
all
the
Angles
Z
O
y
being
towards
R
,
whether
the
Angles
Z
O
y
are
Obtuse
or
Acute
,
but
the
more
acuter
the
better
.
The
Rays
of
fire
Z
O
and
y
O
issuing
from
the
sides
of
the
Cone
B
C
and
A
C
,
and
continually
agitating
with
greater
force
one
upon
another
at
O
,
forcing
the
whole
Cone
B
C
A
upward
from
the
point
R
;
(
and
the
wider
the
bore
is
(
in
Reason
)
the
Rocket
will
rise
with
the
greater
velocity
;
if
the
Composition
and
deepness
of
boring
be
sutable
.
)
By
the
Rays
Z
X
,
and
y
Z
of
fire
,
crossing
,
each
other
at
the
Center
of
the
Cone
R
,
and
the
point
R
,
as
it
were
,
remains
fixt
;
and
here
the
similitude
of
Guns
and
Rockets
appears
plainly
,
a
Gun
remains
fixt
upon
the
Center
of
Motion
of
the
Trunnions
,
and
projects
its
burden
forth
;
but
a
Rocket
flys
from
its
burden
,
leaving
it
at
R
,
as
it
were
fixt
.
PART
II.
TO
OUR
PYROBOLISTES
.
A
duplicate
Proposition
.
HAving
one
Rocket
well
proved
in
all
its
Parts
,
viz.
a
three
Inch
Rocket
.
Then
,
To
decrease
the
Velocity
of
the
Composition
of
the
aforesaid
Rocket
,
to
make
it
fit
for
a
4
Inch
4½
and
5
Inch
Rocket
.
And
to
increase
the
Velocity
of
the
aforesaid
Composition
,
to
adapt
it
to
a
2
Inch
1½
and
1
Inch
Rocket
,
keeping
the
same
kind
of
Boring
.
Secondly
,
From
the
exposed
Rocket
of
3
Inches
,
to
increase
the
Diameter
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Rockets
of
4
:
4½
and
5
Inches
Diameter
;
and
to
decrease
the
Diameter
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Rockets
of
2
:
1½
and
1
Inch
Diameter
,
to
adapt
them
to
the
exposed
Rocket
,
keeping
the
Composition
of
the
same
Velocity
.
From
Experimental
and
Mathematical
Demonstration
.
The
Resolution
of
this
Problem
will
manifestly
shew
,
the
invalidity
of
the
Doctrine
of
Shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
;
and
that
weak
and
narrow
Scantling
it
pinfolds
in
,
too
mean
for
this
lofty
Engine
.
It
also
tells
the
Gun-Founder
how
to
give
his
Guns
their
due
Fortification
;
otherwise
they
may
become
useless
Instruments
of
War.
It
teacheth
our
Pyrobolistes
to
direct
their
Work
so
that
it
may
rise
well
,
and
not
break
nor
fall
.
It
teacheth
Artificers
to
increase
and
decrease
the
force
or
strength
of
their
Materials
in
any
possible
Proportion
assigned
.
This
Proposition
was
publickly
proposed
three
Months
before
the
publication
of
this
Book
,
but
no
Resolution
given
by
any
.
PROPOSITION
XIV
.
The
Complication
of
Rockets
in
Relation
to
their
Borers
.
FRom
a
2
Inch
and
half
Rocket
,
we
Complicate
other
Rockets
,
viz.
a
four
Inch
Rocket
thus
,
we
take
the
Cube
of
4
,
which
is
64
,
also
we
take
the
Cube
of
2½
,
which
is
15.625
,
with
which
we
divide
64
,
the
Quotient
is
4
▪
and
so
many
times
the
lesser
Rocket
is
contained
in
the
greater
,
that
is
as
4
is
to
1.
Then
I
look
into
the
Tables
of
Ranges
for
the
year
1691.
Iune
1
,
and
in
the
second
Column
I
find
the
requisite
of
Powder
1
and
4
,
and
against
the
4
in
the
third
Column
I
find
the
Range
3377
;
and
in
the
third
Column
against
1
I
find
the
Range
652
,
which
I
multiply
by
4
,
the
Ratio
of
the
Rockets
,
and
it
is
2608
:
Now
if
this
last
Number
had
been
equal
to
3377
,
the
Range
with
the
Quadruple
of
Powder
,
it
would
have
confirmed
the
shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
;
but
as
it
is
short
,
it
is
a
visible
Demonstration
of
the
error
of
that
Doctrine
:
and
if
the
Doctrine
of
shooting
by
the
increase
and
decrease
of
Powder
were
true
,
there
would
be
no
need
for
our
Pyrobolistes
to
give
different
Velocities
of
Compositions
to
different
sizes
of
Rockets
,
but
one
Composition
would
have
served
all
sizes
;
which
every
Youth
knows
the
Contrary
.
In
the
Parabola
A
H
Z
let
A
G
be
2608
,
and
A
H
3377
;
then
G
Z
and
H
Z
are
the
Velocities
of
the
equal
and
unequal
Ranges
.
Toricellius
22.
Prop.
de
motu
projec
.
lib
secund
.
Then
as
G
Z
the
Velocity
of
the
equal
Range
;
is
to
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
four
Inch
Rocket
1.
333
;
so
is
H
Z
the
Velocity
of
the
unequal
Range
,
to
a
larger
Diameter
of
the
4
Inch
Rocket
,
to
keep
the
same
Composition
.
Or
as
the
equal
Range
2608
,
is
to
the
unequal
Range
3377
;
so
is
the
square
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Orifice
of
the
4
Inch
Rocket
,
to
the
square
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Rocket
inlarged
,
keeping
the
same
Composition
.
Or
as
the
equal
Range
2608
,
is
to
the
unequal
Range
3377
;
so
is
the
Area
of
the
Orifice
of
the
Rocket
of
4
Diameter
,
when
taking
⅓
of
the
Diameter
;
to
the
Area
of
the
Orifice
of
the
same
Rocket
when
enlarged
,
to
bare
the
Composition
that
would
serve
a
Rocket
of
two
Inches
and
a
half
,
taking
⅓
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
for
the
Diameter
of
its
Orifice
.
Example
.
-
2608
The
equal
Range
3
.
4′6308
-
3377
The
unequal
Range
3.028531
-
The
square
of
1.333
,
&c.
the
Diam
.
of
the
equal
Oriffice
.249660
-
Take
the
half
.361883
-
The
Diam
.
of
the
new
Orifice
1.516
one
Inch
and
half
.180941
Take
another
Example
.
August
24.
1691.
I
look
in
Column
2
,
and
find
the
Requisites
of
Powder
half
an
Ounce
,
and
2
Ounces
,
and
against
those
Requisites
in
Column
3
I
find
1482
the
unequal
Range
,
and
236
the
equal
Range
;
which
I
multiply
by
4
,
and
it
makes
944.
-
944
The
equal
Range
2.974972
-
1482
The
unequal
Range
3.170848
-
The
Square
of
1.333
,
&c.
the
equal
Orifice
.249660
-
.445536
-
The
Diameter
of
the
new
Orifice
1.67
.222768
Here
may
be
seen
the
concurrence
of
Experiments
made
upon
another
account
,
not
then
thinking
to
apply
it
to
the
Complication
of
Rockets
.
I
made
2
Rockets
of
4
Inches
Diameter
,
and
a
Taper
bit
according
to
this
method
,
and
bored
three
Diameters
,
and
left
2
Inch●s
Solid
,
and
they
rose
well
.
An
example
of
a
Rocket
of
6
Inches
Diameter
,
keeping
the
same
Composition
.
Take
the
Cube
of
6
,
which
is
216
,
divide
that
Cube
by
the
Cube
of
4
,
which
is
64
,
the
Quotient
is
3
,
that
is
the
Composition
in
the
Rocket
of
4
Inches
,
is
to
the
Composition
in
the
Rocket
of
6
Inches
,
is
as
1
to
3
;
then
I
look
in
the
Table
of
Aug.
24.
and
find
in
the
second
Column
the
Requisites
of
Powder
half
an
Ounce
,
and
an
Ounce
and
a
half
;
and
against
these
Requisites
in
Column
three
800
,
the
unequal
Range
,
and
236
the
equal
Range
,
which
I
multiply
by
3
,
and
it
makes
708
:
then
as
4
is
to
6
,
so
is
twelve
half
quarters
of
an
Inch
,
the
Diameter
of
the
new
Orifice
of
the
four
Inch
Rocket
,
to
eighteen
half
quarters
of
Inches
;
that
is
2
Inches
and
1
quarter
:
or
as
4
is
to
6
,
so
is
1½
,
that
is
3
halfs
,
to
4½
half
Inches
,
that
is
2¼
.
Then
I
had
no
such
Ranges
,
that
their
Requisites
of
Powder
were
in
Proportion
as
the
Cube
of
6
is
to
the
Cube
of
2½
;
therefore
was
I
forced
to
help
my self
by
Proportion
,
which
is
the
same
in
Substance
.
-
708
The
equal
Range
2.850033
-
800
The
unequal
Range
2.903089
-
The
Square
of
2¼
,
or
18
half
quarters
2.510544
-
The
half
of
this
Logarithm
2.563600
-
Half
quarters
of
Inches
19.13
that
is
2.2
is
1.281800
A
second
Example
,
April
21
▪
1692.
I
look
in
Column
2
,
and
find
the
Requisites
of
Powder
12
Drams
,
and
36
Drams
;
and
against
these
Requisites
in
the
third
Column
I
find
1176
the
unequal
Range
,
and
303
the
equal
Range
,
which
I
multiply
by
3
,
and
it
makes
909.
-
909
The
equal
Range
2.958564
-
1176
The
unequal
Range
3.070407
-
The
Square
of
18
half
quarters
2.510544
-
2.622387
-
20.47
,
that
is
2
Inches
and
a
half
,
and
47
/
100
1.311193
Here
may
be
seen
one
Example
makes
the
Diameter
a
little
more
than
two
Inches
and
a
half
,
and
in
the
other
a
little
less
,
therefore
we
make
the
Taper
Bores
just
two
Inches
and
a
half
for
a
6
Inch
Rocket
.
To
work
from
a
two
Inch
and
a
half
Rocket
to
an
Inch
,
put
the
unequal
Range
in
the
first
place
,
and
the
Work
is
done
.
The
Composition
these
4
and
6
Inch
Rockets
were
made
of
,
were
1
Sulphur
,
1½
Coal
,
and
4
Saltpetre
;
but
I
believe
1
Sulphur
,
1
Coal
,
and
4
Salt-petre
would
do
better
,
there
being
no
great
danger
of
the
Rocket
breaking
,
by
Reason
of
the
large
Diameter
of
the
Bore
,
and
Tapering
to
a
point
;
and
by
the
same
Reason
,
a
lesser
solid
Head
is
required
,
that
is
about
2
Inches
in
a
4
Inch
,
and
1¼
in
a
6
or
8
Inch
Rocket
,
will
suffice
.
PROPOSITION
XV.
The
Complication
of
Rockets
in
Relation
to
their
Composition
,
with
some
Cautions
and
Limitations
.
TO
decrease
the
Velocity
of
the
Composition
of
1
,
1½
,
and
4
,
which
served
to
a
2½
Inch
Rocket
,
to
make
it
fit
for
a
4
Inch
Rocket
:
remember
the
Ratio
of
the
Rockets
are
as
1
to
4.
Look
in
the
Table
of
Ranges
,
and
find
the
Requisites
of
Powder
in
the
second
Column
,
as
1
to
4
,
and
against
them
in
the
third
Column
the
Ranges
,
viz.
3377
and
652
,
then
multiply
the
equal
Range
by
4
,
and
it
is
2608
,
(
in
fig.
1.
)
In
the
Parabola
Z
A
H
,
let
A
H
be
equal
to
3377
,
and
A
G
equal
to
2608
;
then
H
Z
,
and
G
Z
will
be
the
Velocity
of
the
Powder
,
which
projected
those
Ranges
,
and
we
increase
or
decrease
the
Velocity
of
the
Salpetre
by
the
Ratio
of
G
Z
to
H
Z
:
then
let
A
C
in
fig.
2
,
be
equal
to
H
Z
in
fig.
1
,
and
A
B
in
fig.
2
,
be
equal
to
G
Z
in
fig
1
;
then
draw
the
Ordinate
C
H
and
B
G
in
fig.
2
,
and
by
these
two
Lines
,
viz.
C
H
and
B
G
we
increase
or
decrease
the
Velocity
of
the
Coal
.
Further
,
let
D
F
in
fig.
3
,
be
equal
to
C
H
in
fig.
2
;
and
D
E
in
fig.
3.
be
equal
to
B
G
in
fig.
2
:
draw
the
Ordinates
F
K
and
E
I
,
and
by
these
3
Lines
we
increase
or
decrease
the
Velocity
of
the
Sulphur
.
Then
if
we
take
the
Logarit●m
of
(
0
)
(
1
)
(
●
)
(
4
)
(
8
)
3377
3.518531
1.759265
0.879632
0.439816
And
is
26●8
3.416308
1.708154
0.854077
0.427038
that
is
,
the
Ranges
under
(
0
)
,
their
Logarithm
under
(
1
)
the
half
of
the
Log.
under
(
2
)
,
the
numbers
answering
those
Logarithms
are
the
Lines
H
Z
and
G
Z
in
fig.
1.
The
Logarithm
under
(
4
)
is
the
fourth
part
of
the
Logarithm
under
(
1
)
:
The
Numbers
answering
these
Logarithms
,
are
the
Lines
C
H
,
and
B
G
in
fig.
2.
Further
,
the
Logarithm
under
(
8
)
is
the
eighth
part
of
the
Logarithm
under
(
1
)
;
the
Numbers
answering
those
Logarithms
,
are
the
Ordinates
F
K
and
E
I
in
the
Parabola
F
D
K.
-
Or
you
may
take
the
difference
of
the
Logarithms
under
(
1
)
viz.
102223
-
Half
51111
-
Quarter
25555
-
Eighth
12777
By
Adding
or
Subtracting
these
Log.
to
or
from
the
Logarithm
of
the
Salt-petre
,
Coal
,
and
Sulphur
,
you
have
your
desire
,
viz.
their
Velocities
either
increased
or
decreased
:
or
thus
,
take
the
difference
of
the
Logarithm
of
the
two
Ranges
102223
,
and
Subtract
it
from
the
Logarithm
of
the
Square
of
the
Number
of
Drams
,
Ounces
,
or
Pounds
of
Salt-petre
,
or
from
the
Logarithm
of
the
fourth
power
of
the
Numbers
of
Drams
,
Ounces
,
or
Pounds
of
Coal
.
And
Lastly
,
that
difference
being
Subtracted
from
the
Logarithms
of
the
eighth
power
of
the
Number
of
the
Drams
,
Ounces
,
or
Pounds
of
Sulphur
,
there
will
remain
three
Logarithms
,
the
first
being
divided
by
2
,
the
second
by
4
,
and
the
third
by
8
;
there
will
remain
three
Logarithms
,
the
Numbers
answering
to
which
,
will
be
the
Number
of
Drams
,
and
Tenths
of
the
Salt-petre
,
Coal
,
and
Sulphur
desired
.
-
To
Weaken
the
Velocity
of
the
Composition
of
1
,
1½
,
and
4.
-
3377
The
unequal
Range
3.518531
-
2608
The
equal
Range
3.416308
-
The
Square
of
64
Drams
of
Saltpetre
3.612360
-
Take
the
half
3.510137
-
Drams
56.9
nine
Tenths
of
Saltpetre
1.755068
-
The
fourth
power
of
twenty
four
Drams
of
Coal
5.520844
-
The
difference
of
the
Logarithm
of
unequal
,
and
equal
Ranges
Subtract
.102223
-
Is
the
Logarithm
of
the
fourth
power
,
which
being
divided
by
fourth
5.418621
-
22
Drams
63
/
100
of
Coal
1.354655
-
The
eighth
power
of
fix
〈…〉
Drams
of
Sulphur
9632960
-
The
difference
of
the
Logarithm
.102223
Subtract
.102223
-
Is
the
Logarithm
of
the
eighth
power
which
being
divided
by
8
9.530737
-
15
Drams
54
/
100
of
Sulphur
1.191342
The
Composition
will
be
Sulphur
15½
,
Coal
22½
,
and
Saltpetre
57
;
but
if
you
quicken
the
Velocity
,
the
equal
Range
will
be
in
the
first
place
of
the
Proportion
.
PROPOSITION
XVI
.
Tables
of
Ranges
made
with
Mortar-pieces
.
JUne
1.
1691.
On
Wimbleton-Heath
at
15
deg
.
of
Elevation
,
with
a
four
Inch
Mortar-piece
,
and
a
turned
Iron
Ball.
1
|
2
|
3
|
Experiments
.
|
Powder
.
|
Chain
.
|
1
|
½
|
213
|
2
|
1
|
652
|
3
|
2
|
1640
|
4
|
4
|
3377
|
August
24.
1691
:
At
15
deg
.
of
Elevation
,
with
a
3½
Inches
Mortar-piece
,
and
a
turn'd
Iron
Ball.
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
The
Chamber
of
this
Mortar-piece
a
Frustum
of
a
Cone
.
|
The
Chamber
of
this
Mortar
piece
a
Frustum
of
a
Sphere
.
|
|
Powder
|
Chain
.
|
Powder
|
Chain
.
|
1
|
½
|
236
|
½
|
144
|
2
|
1
|
496
|
1
|
304
|
3
|
1½
|
800
|
1½
|
1258
|
4
|
2
|
1482
|
2
|
3394
|
●
April
21.
162.
At
15
deg
.
of
Elevation
,
with
a
3½
Inch
Mortar-piece
,
and
a
turn'd
Iron
Ball.
1
|
2
|
3
|
Experiment
.
|
Powder
.
|
Chain
.
|
1
|
12
|
303
|
2
|
24
|
746
|
3
|
36
|
1176
|
4
|
48
|
1820
|
5
|
60
|
2698
|
Thus
have
I
given
plain
and
easie
Rules
to
the
Young
Pyrobolistes
for
the
making
of
small
Rockets
;
and
also
for
the
making
of
great
Rockets
,
to
them
of
a
greater
Knowledge
and
Purse
,
even
such
as
was
reputed
impossible
;
for
a
4
Inch
Rocket
was
given
in
by
our
ablest
Pyrobolistes
to
be
out
of
size
,
and
therefore
impossible
to
rise
.
Now
,
if
that
4
Inch
Rocket
was
thought
so
,
what
will
they
say
to
them
of
6
,
8
,
10
or
12
Inches
Diameter
;
for
certainly
this
Rule
takes
in
all
sizes
to
500
or
1000
weight
,
or
higher
.
Necessary
Tables
for
Rockets
.
Inches
and
half
Inches
.
|
Pounds
of
Rockets
.
Ounces
|
Ounces
of
Compos
.
for
Rockets
.
|
Pounds
of
the
Mall
.
Ounces
|
1
|
2
3
|
4
|
5
6
|
1
|
02
|
0●01
|
12
|
1½
|
08
|
0004
|
0002
08
|
2
|
001
02
|
0010
|
0006
0●
|
2½
|
002
04
|
0018
|
0011
11
|
3
|
003
12
|
0032
|
0020
04
|
3½
|
006
00
|
0051
|
0032
04
|
4
|
009
00
|
0076
|
0048
00
|
4½
|
012
13
|
0108
|
0068
08
|
5
|
017
09
|
0148
|
0093
12
|
5½
|
023
06
|
0197
|
0120
12
|
6
|
030
06
|
0256
|
0162
00
|
6½
|
038
10
|
0326
|
0206
06
|
7
|
048
04
|
0407
|
0251
00
|
7½
|
059
05
|
0500
|
0316
06
|
8
|
072
00
|
0607
|
0384
00
|
8½
|
086
06
|
0728
|
0460
09
|
9
|
102
08
|
0864
|
0546
12
|
9½
|
120
09
|
1016
|
0643
00
|
10
|
140
10
|
1285
|
0748
04
|
10½
|
162
13
|
1372
|
0868
03
|
11
|
187
02
|
1578
|
0998
04
|
11½
|
213
14
|
1805
|
●40
10
|
12
|
423
00
|
2048
|
1296
●0
|
The
Use
of
these
Necessary
Tables
.
IN
the
first
Column
you
have
the
Inches
and
half
Inches
,
to
12
Inches
.
In
the
second
and
third
Columns
you
have
the
weight
of
Pounds
and
Ounces
of
the
Rockets
,
when
six
Diameters
in
length
.
In
the
fourth
Column
you
have
the
Ounces
of
Composition
to
fill
those
Rockets
4
Diameters
.
In
the
fifth
and
sixth
Columns
you
have
the
weight
of
the
Mallets
to
drive
those
Rockets
in
Pounds
and
Ounces
.
An
Example
in
the
whole
,
for
a
three
Inch
Rocket
.
I
find
3
in
the
first
Column
under
Inches
and
half
Inches
;
in
the
second
and
third
Column
,
under
Pounds
and
Ounces
of
Rockets
.
I
find
three
Pounds
and
12
Ounces
the
weight
of
the
Rocket
when
finished
,
being
6
Diameters
.
In
the
fourth
Column
I
find
32
Ounces
of
Composition
to
fill
4
Diameters
.
In
the
fifth
and
sixth
Columns
I
find
20
Pounds
4
Ounces
for
the
Mallet
to
drive
that
Rocket
.
When
Rockets
are
of
a
great
weight
,
the
Mallet
will
be
too
heavy
to
manage
,
therefore
do
thus
.
The
Mallet
of
a
three
Inch
Rocket
,
viz.
20
Pounds
weight
is
of
a
good
size
;
and
we
will
make
an
Example
of
a
3
Inch
and
7½
Rockets
,
and
we
will
take
it
as
useful
that
all
Rockets
to
3
Inches
Diameter
,
may
be
filled
with
eight
Charges
,
but
further
not
,
then
against
7½
in
the
first
Column
.
In
Colum
4
I
find
500
Ounces
of
Composition
for
that
Rocket
,
which
I
divide
by
8
,
and
the
Quotient
will
be
62.5
.
In
the
Parabola
A
H
Z
,
let
A
H
be
the
Number
of
Ounces
5062
5
in
the
Mallet
for
the
7½
Rocket
,
and
A
G
the
Number
of
Ounces
324
in
the
Mallet
for
a
3
Inch
Rocket
;
then
the
Ordinates
H
Z
and
G
Z
will
be
the
Forces
of
those
Mallets
;
then
as
H
Z
is
to
G
Z
,
so
is
62.5
to
15.811
,
that
is
15
Ounces
and
●●●1000
shall
be
your
Charge
of
Composition
.
Further
,
divide
62.5
by
15.811
,
the
Quotient
will
be
3.2●22
/
10000
the
Number
of
Charges
in
the
eight
part
of
the
Composition
;
then
multiply
39529
by
8
,
there
will
be
31.
●●31000
Charges
in
that
Rocket
.
Lastly
,
give
about
eighteen
blows
to
every
Charge
,
with
that
Mallet
for
the
3
Inch
Rocket
,
so
your
Work
will
be
done
,
by
two
Men
,
in
two
hours
.
-
324
2.510545
-
62.5
Squared
3.591760
-
5062.5
Sub.
6.102305
-
3.704364
-
½
2.397941
-
15.811
is
Sub.
1.198970
-
62.5
is
from
1.795880
-
3.9529
Rest
0.596910
-
8.
Log.
0.903090
-
31.623
Sum
of
2
Logarithm
1.500000
-
15811
Add
1.198970
-
500.
the
Sum
of
Logarithm
2.698970
Iune
26.
1696.
Then
was
fired
a
4
and
6
Inch
Rocket
,
Mr.
Ayres
Junior
fired
them
both
off
a
hand
,
Mr.
Dandridge
,
Mr.
Rodway
,
my self
,
and
several
other
being
present
:
the
6
Inch
Rocket
had
3
Inches
solid
Head
,
that
is
about
the
double
of
what
it
ought
to
have
had
,
the
Reason
of
that
was
to
hold
Fire
;
it
moved
off
the
Nails
at
about
78
deg
.
of
Elevation
,
and
the
Horizontal
Range
was
just
15
Chains
,
that
is
330
Yards
,
by
which
we
may
find
the
Altitude
of
that
Parabola
it
moved
in
,
and
the
greatest
Range
,
and
Consequently
the
greatest
Perpendicular
Altitude
it
could
have
reached
.
In
the
Parabola
A
B
C
,
Let
A
C
be
equal
to
330
Yards
,
A
D
equal
to
165
the
Angle
D
A
E
78
degrees
,
then
in
the
right
Angled
Triangle
E
D
A.
-
Radius
90
10.000000
-
Tangent
78
10.672525
-
A
D
165
2.217484
-
D
E
776.22
2.889989
-
D
B
388.11
-
As
the
Sine
of
the
double
of
the
Elevation
407
2.609594
-
Is
to
Radius
1000
3.000000
-
So
is
the
Horizontal
distance
at
78
deg
.
330
2.518514
-
To
the
greatest
Range
in
the
Parabola
810.8
2.908920
-
Half
of
the
greatest
Range
is
the
Perpend
▪
hight
desired
405.4
So
then
the
greatest
height
of
that
6
Inches
Rocket
in
its
flight
was
three
hundred
eighty
and
eight
Yards
,
had
it
been
put
Perpendicular
,
its
height
would
have
been
four
hundred
and
five
Yards
.
The
flight
of
Rockets
does
sufficiently
well
agree
with
that
of
the
Parabola
at
each
end
of
the
Quadrant
;
but
towards
45
degrees
it
differs
more
.
A
Rocket
of
an
Inch
and
half
Diameter
,
filled
5
Diameters
,
and
bored
two
and
a
half
,
and
a
little
more
,
with
this
Composition
,
viz.
8
Powder-dust
,
6
Salt-petre
,
2½
Coal
,
and
1
Sulphur
,
and
layed
to
30
degrees
of
Elevation
;
Ranged
the
Rocket
880
Yards
,
that
is
half
a
Mile
.
To
make
Rockets
to
Swim
upon
the
Water
,
Dive
into
the
Water
,
and
keep
above
the
Water
.
An
Example
of
an
Inch
Rocket
.
MAke
the
Case
12
Diameters
,
which
will
be
in
this
Example
12
Inches
,
fill
it
with
two
Compositions
,
viz
a
Weaker
and
a
Stronger
;
fill
2
Inches
with
the
Weaker
Compsition
,
then
1½
with
the
Strong
,
then
2
with
the
Weak
,
1½
with
the
Strong
.
Lastly
,
2
Inches
with
the
Weak
,
then
there
will
remain
3
Inches
for
Corn
Powder
,
for
the
Report
.
The
Weak
Composition
to
Swim
above
Water
;
take
3
of
meal
Powder
,
1
of
Coal
.
The
Strong
Composition
to
Dive
under
the
Water
,
and
leap
above
the
Water
;
take
8
of
mealed
Powder
,
1
of
Saltpetre
,
and
1
of
Coal
.
To
divide
the
Driver
.
FRom
the
lower
end
of
your
Driver
set
off
3
Inches
,
then
2
Inches
,
then
1
●
,
then
2
Inches
,
then
1½
▪
Lastly
,
2
Inches
;
make
the
Rockets
of
a
just
length
,
and
so
you
may
see
the
Divisions
of
the
Driver
appear
above
the
Case
as
you
fill
.
The
Use.
FIre
the
Rocket
in
your
Hand
with
with
your
Port-fire
,
through
it
into
a
deep
Water
,
(
otherwise
it
will
stick
in
the
Mud
)
it
will
Swim
a
little
while
;
but
when
the
Strong
Composition
takes
fire
it
will
Dive
,
and
when
the
Strong
Composition
is
spent
it
will
jump
up
,
&c.
The
Weak
Composition
being
the
last
,
the
Rocket
for
some
time
will
Swim
upon
the
Water
,
and
then
give
a
Report
.
This
Rocket
is
all
Solid
.
To
make
a
Rocket
Charger
.
LET
the
length
of
the
Charger
E
G
,
be
one
Diameter
and
half
,
the
breadth
of
the
Charger
H
Z
,
one
Diameter
and
one
third
,
the
length
of
the
Neck
of
the
Charger
that
slippeth
upon
the
Handle
B
C
,
two
Diameters
;
the
breadth
of
that
Ferril
A
B
,
one
third
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Rocket
:
betwixt
eight
or
nine
of
these
Charges
will
fill
a
Rocket
4
Diameters
.
You
may
cut
the
Charger
A
B
C
D
H
G
Z
A
in
Paper
,
then
it
may
be
made
in
Copper
,
Close
A
to
D
,
and
B
to
C
,
Sodder
both
ends
together
;
bring
H
G
Z
into
more
than
half
a
round
,
and
A
B
and
C
D
in
a
round
,
put
it
then
upon
a
Handle
,
then
it
is
fit
for
use
.
To
make
good
Coal
for
Rockets
.
TAke
pieces
of
a
light
dry
Deal
Board
about
12
Inches
in
length
,
and
about
the
thickness
of
2
Fingers
or
less
;
put
them
into
an
Oven
,
put
fire
to
the
Wood
;
when
they
are
burned
enough
take
them
out
,
and
put
them
into
an
Iron
,
Brass
,
or
Eathern
Pot
,
close
it
well
with
a
Cover
,
that
it
takes
no
Air
,
the
Fire
being
extinguished
,
beat
it
and
pass
it
through
a
fine
Sieve
,
then
it
is
fit
for
use
.
If
the
Wood
be
not
well
burnt
,
put
it
into
the
Oven
again
,
and
so
repeat
your
Work
:
such
Coal
will
make
a
Rocket
fly
very
lively
,
if
not
with
two
much
Life
.
Compositions
for
Reports
.
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
〈…〉
Saltpetre
|
9.
|
4.
|
3.
|
2.
|
Salt
of
Tartar
|
3.
|
3.
|
2.
|
1.
|
Sulphur
|
1.
|
2.
|
1.
|
1.
|
Take
Sulphur
1
,
Tartar
3
,
and
Salt-petre
9
,
grind
these
well
together
,
and
dry
them
.
A
few
Grains
of
this
Powder
being
fired
,
will
give
as
great
a
Clap
as
a
Musket
when
it
is
discharged
.
Dr.
French
,
pag.
171.
Take
any
of
these
Ingredients
under
A
B
C
or
D
,
mix
them
well
together
,
put
a
little
quantity
of
that
mixture
into
a
Fire-Pan
,
set
it
upon
the
Fire
,
and
in
a
little
time
it
will
give
a
great
Report
.
A
further
use
of
the
Tables
.
WHat
is
done
in
the
14
and
15
Propositions
,
by
taking
the
Cubes
of
the
Diameter
of
the
Bores
of
the
Rockets
,
may
be
done
by
the
Tables
in
2
and
3
,
or
Tab
4.
Thus
,
look
in
the
first
Column
for
the
Diameters
of
the
Rockets
,
viz.
2½
and
4
,
and
against
them
,
in
Column
2
and
3
,
I
find
2
Pounds
and
4
Ounces
,
and
9
Pounds
,
divide
the
greater
Number
by
the
lesser
,
the
Quotient
will
be
4
,
near
enough
,
so
the
Ratio
of
these
two
Rockets
are
as
4
to
1
,
and
this
is
by
the
weight
of
the
Rockets
.
In
the
other
Example
I
find
4
and
6
in
the
first
Column
,
and
against
them
〈…〉
Column
4
,
I
find
76
and
256
Ounces
of
Composition
for
these
two
Rockets
;
then
divide
the
greater
by
the
lesser
,
the
Quotient
will
be
3
and
more
,
which
is
the
same
thing
as
if
you
made
use
of
the
Cubes
of
their
Diameters
;
for
indeed
these
Tables
are
made
by
the
Cubes
of
the
respective
Diameters
.