nurseries, orchards, profitable gardens, and vineyards encouraged the present obstructions removed, and probable expedients for the better progress proposed, for the general benefit of his majesties dominions, and more particularly of cambridge and the champain-countries and northern parts of england : in several letters out of the country directed to henry oldenburg, esq. ... / the first letter from anthony lawrence, all the rest from john beale ... lawrence, anthony, 17th cent. 1677 approx. 52 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 16 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2007-10 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a49755 wing l651 estc r11301 12929569 ocm 12929569 95619 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a49755) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 95619) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 387:18) nurseries, orchards, profitable gardens, and vineyards encouraged the present obstructions removed, and probable expedients for the better progress proposed, for the general benefit of his majesties dominions, and more particularly of cambridge and the champain-countries and northern parts of england : in several letters out of the country directed to henry oldenburg, esq. ... / the first letter from anthony lawrence, all the rest from john beale ... lawrence, anthony, 17th cent. beale, john, 1603-1683? oldenburg, henry, 1615?-1677. [2], 28 p. printed for henry brome ..., london : 1677. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng horticulture -england. fruit-culture -england. 2006-04 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-07 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-09 john latta sampled and proofread 2006-09 john latta text and markup reviewed and edited 2007-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion nurseries , orchards , profitable gardens , and vineyards encouraged , the present obstructions removed , and probable expedients for the better progress proposed ; for the general benefit of his majesties dominions , and more particularly of cambridge , and the champain-countries , and northern parts of england . in several letters out of the country , directed to henry oldenburg , esq secretary to the royal society . the first letter from anthony lawrence ; all the rest from john beale , d. d. and fellow of the royal society . london , printed for henry brome at the gun in st. pauls church-yard , the west end. 1677. to the much honoured and worthy henry oldenburg , esq secretary to the royal society . sir , i ought to take notice ( as i think all the intelligent do ) of your generous inclination , and free readiness to communicate to the royal society , and thence to the public , whatsoever is , upon sure accompt , suggested for the welfare of any of his majesties dominions . and those hortulan affairs are not the least of our inland commodities ; and they have been the serious engagement of the said royal society from the first year of their institution ; and have prospered exceedingly in many parts of england , and in some parts of scotland and ireland . the great example of his majesty , and of our nobility , and generally of our chief gentry , hath prevailed from the east all over the west , so far as to encompass oxford . and the stop is said to be about cambridge : and here are those expedients proposed , which may be effectual to remove all obstacles . and , if the gentry about cambridge shall be pleased to accept of them , and henceforth to be stirring in the business , as is here directed , they may soon overtake all that 's done about oxford , and advance more in five years , than hath hitherto been done in twenty , though it is not little that hath been done of late . for these arts , and our experience , and more expedients also , do grow daily . one said , that if we had one skilful and diligent nursery-man , who had a complete nursery of all sorts of good fruit , and of the best vines that agree best with this climate , and mulberry trees , and wholsom trees for the avenues of cities , towns , and fair mansions ; that one such nursery within ten or fifteen miles in all the vales of these three united kingdoms , would make all these plantations spread apace , and amount to the value of millions yearly . i answered , that it was now doing : and every reasonable man easily apprehends , how a noble orchard may be raised together with such a complete nursery , under the same inspection , and the same care ; and the one grow on and prosper the better by the association of the other . and i shall here shew , how a younger brother of ordinary capacities , who hath but so many acres of his own as belong to every cottager by statute , may thence easily and speedily raise a considerable gain , for the maintenance of his family , and entertain himself with the sweetest and most innocent of earthly pleasures . and it is great satisfaction , and intrinsic comfort to an ingenuous mind , when he can truly say , that all the good vines , and other best fruit in all the neighbourhood , and for some miles about him , are the product of his industry ; and when he can justly claim a posthume reputation for real services done to his country . and here i shew , how any gentleman may freely furnish all his neighbourhood , even cottages ( who cannot send to mr. rose ) with the best vines : i say , freely , and at less charges yearly , than the usual price of a flaggon of good wine . yet i know not how it should disparage our nobility , to suffer their gardeners to sell generous plants , as their woodmen sell timber , and fuel in their woods and coppices , and their tenants sell corn and cattel in the market . i am sure , that many in wiltshire , hampshire , dorsetshire , and sommersetshire are obliged and the richer for the famous garden of wilton , and for the goodly nurseries about salisbury . and his majesties gardiner , mr. rose , was an obliging example for his sale of the best vines , and the fittest for our climate . by this progress , and by these rules , we cannot fail of good nurseries within ten miles in all our vales. and this i can prophesie , that where the tenants have not orchards , and others have , they will shortly fail to pay their rents . if they cannot be trusted to preserve and to cherish orchards raised at the landlords charge , they should be compelled to raise thickets , as is here taught ; that orchards may the sooner and the easier be there raised when a tenant comes that may be trusted : otherwise the lands of gentlemen will fall , whilst the lands of small freeholders are raised in value . there is no need , i should say ▪ much to invite the consumers of their inheritance , and the desertors of their country , to put their hands to push on this affair , since the ingenious author of the gentlemans recreation hath said enough to call them out of their b — houses , and scurrilous p — houses : and the polite author of the planters manual speaks good english to the esteminate phantasticks . for , if none of the rural recreations , hunting , hawking , fowling , fishing ; nor any of the amenities , profits or pleasures of gardens , vineyards , orchards ; nor spicy and fragrant groves , can reclaim the prodigal , i have no more to say to him , but only , if he understands latine , mind him of the old style , about 1500 years ago , twice recorded against such romans as became degenerate : colvmella in prefat . omnes enim ( sicut m. varro jam temporibus avorum conquestus est , ) patres-familiae , falce & aratro relictis , intra murum correpsimus , & in cireis potiùs ac theatris , quàm in segetibus & vinetis manus movemus ; attonitique miramur gestus effoeminatorum , quòd à natura sexum viris denegatum muliebri motu mentiantur , decipiantque oculos spectantium . mox deinde ut apti veniamus ad ganeas , quotidianam cruditatem laconicis excoquimus , & exucto sudore sitim quaerimus , noctésque libidinibus & ebrietatibus , dies ludo vel somno consumimus . ac nosmet ipsos ducimus fortunatos , quod nec orientem solem videmus , nec occidentem : itaque istam vitam socordem persequitur valetudo . nam sic juvenum corpora fluxa & resoluta sunt , ut nihil mors mutatura videatur . at mehercule vera illa romuli proles assiduis venatibus , nec minùs agrestibus operibus exercitata , firmissimis praevaluit corporibus , ac militiam belli , cùm res postulavit , facilè sustinuit , durata pacis laboribus ; semperque rusticam vitam praeposuit vrbanae . thus much of our old date , and with twofold authority , in defence of the gentlemans recreations , and of our agrestic labour . sir , your humble servant john beale . the first letter . in which some plain nursery-books are recommended ; with encouragements and expedients proper to promote the planting of nurseries and orchards in the champain-countries near cambridge , leicester , &c. and the explication of the cumaean sybills wheel ⊕ ⊗ from anthony lawrence . sir , 1. i conceive , that it was meerly by incogitance , that that industrious author , mr. austen , hath not been hitherto mentioned in your tracts amongst others who have handled the same arguments ; therefore i shall here endeavour to do him right , if it may be with your favour . his treatise of fruit-trees was first published anno 1651 / 52 4 o. the second edition augmented , anno 1657. 4 o. the third edition , with notes upon lord bacons observations and experiments on vegetables , published anno 1665. 8 o. and now lately he published a new book , under this title ; a dialogue between the husbandman and fruit-trees in his nurseries , orchards and gardens : in which are discovered many useful and profitable observations and experiments in nature , in the ordering of fruit-trees ; devoutly instructing good husbands to adorn their own country , and justly blaming idle and voluptuous prodigals , as enemies to their own country : by ralph austen , practiser , at least 50 years , in the art of planting fruit-trees , in 8 o. 1676. all from oxford . 2. this plain writer , who pretends to no glory in rhetoric , hath by his labours and experiments done more good for oxford , and thence for england , than is yet done by many gaudy gallants , who spend more in a day , than this honest nursery-man can spare in a year . for , good cyder ( besides the pleasantness and wholesomness ) may in time save us large sums of our money , to defend us from invasions : whereas prodigals do precipitate our ruine by their wasts upon forain vanities and superfluities , as it was represented by the worthy merchant mr. thomas mun , to the late earl of southampton , anno 1664. when he was lord high treasurer , chap. 3. pag. 15 , 16 , 20 , &c. and it is to be noted , that this judicious treatise of mr. mun was licensed in whitehall , by his majesties principal secretary ; which confirms it to be the true english interest . and this is the main ground on which that excellent treatise chiefly insists . 3. upon this authentic and sure ground , according to our best old rules , by which real merit is to be preferred before undeserved titles ; and by which he that does most good for his country hath a just claim to the highest merit : in these respects we are obliged to attribute more to a laborious and skilful nursery-man , in his home-spun raiments of english manufacture , than to an idle prodigal with his sumptuous equipage of exotic embroideries . and in regard of mr. austens merit towards oxford and the public , a worthy friend hath devised a monument for him : it is in great roman letters of gold upon a black marble , the best touch : the figure round , agreeable to the roundness of this globe , and ( as we say ) of the world : the diameter three foot , both for modesty , and that the largeness of the characters may fill up the area : in the most ancient and the briefest manner , as here you see . d. o. m. s. radulphus austen optima pomorum vina primus arte et industria oxoniae paravit . circa a. d. ⊕ 4. and it is newly modern , to raise cider that shall compare , and excel the wine of many provinces nearer the sun , where they abound with fruitful vineyards . it is so newly modern , i say , to raise cider to such perfection , and it is generally thought incredible , and is hardly believed , where the full proof is not at hand . and it is certain , that mr. austen was busie at his experiments in preparing redstreaks for oxford long before vulgar cider was to be gotten there for money : so that malice it self cannot deny the truth of the inscription . and possibly the next age may enroll him among benefactors , as if he had sounded or endowed a colledge . for by experience it is throughly confirmed , that a seasonable and moderate use of good cider is the surest remedy and preservative against the diseases which do frequently afflict the sedentary life of them that are seriously studious . and m. austen hath now very lately taken-in twenty seven acres of ground , to enlarge his former nurseries , and for new plantations . and this was partly the occasion of this present address , and of this my adventure ( though from an obscure hand ) to recommend it to your register . 5. and my friend seriously protests , that he shall most gladly embrace the same occasion , to celebrate , in the best manner he can devise , the names and memory of those who shall have the happiness to do good in the same kind for cambridge , as mr. austen hath done and still continues to do for oxford . and the merit will be signal : for , besides the amenities and other advantages of health , and sweet air , when both vniversities shall be invested in a golden grove , it will have a good influence to allure the like improvements in all parts of england . what is well done for ornament , health , innocent pleasure , and considerable profit ( all joyned together ) in the eyes of both universities , will doubtless more speedily be every where exemplified , and effectually obtain a progress all over the kingdom . 6. and , if cambridge should be the example , it would , without doubt , excite very great improvements towards the north , and in many countries about the heart of england . for , if any expedient can invite the champain-countries , that are about cambridge , to inclosures , i think , orchards , gardens , nurseries , and groves , are most likely to do it ; these yielding quick-sets and other most profitable materials , to enable and encourage for inclosures ; and gardens every year repaying a full reward , whilst the standards of slower growth do yet still grow on for a more lasting and a more noble satisfaction . 7. and for an old authentical proof , that vulgar inclosures , in the old ordinary manner , are more than a tenfold improvement , give me leave to send you an extract of t. tussers old rhimes , made above an hundred years ago , in the reign of king edward vi. a comparison between champain and inclosure , by him called woodland . 1. example by leicestershire , what soil can be better than that , for any thing heart can desire ? and yet doth it want ye see what : mast , covert , close pasture , and wood , and other things needful , as good . 2. more plenty of mutton and beef , corn , butter and cheese of the best , more wealth any where ( to be brief ) more people , more handsom , and prest where find ye ( go ▪ search any coast ▪ ) than there where inclosure is most ? 3. more work for the labouring man , as well in the town as the field , or thereof ( devize , if ye can ) more profit what countries do yield ? more seldom where see ye the poor go begging from door unto door ? 4. in wood-land the poor men that have scarce fully two acres of land , more merrily live and do save than t'other with twenty in hand . yet pay they as much for the two as t'other for twenty must do . if this same be true , as it is , why gather they nothing by this ? sir , this is the old form ; and tussers rules are esteemed the best that are extant at this day , for the generality of husbandry and huswifry , to them that can bear his canting rhimes . all later writers , and long experience do confirm this his sentiment ; and all his instances do hold too true to this day . by inclosures and culture the worst land in england yields tenfold more profit ( besides many other advantages hinted here and in other parts of his comparison ) than that which is here called the best and richest land ; as will yet appear , if we compare these , which were lately the furzy parts of devonshire , with the champain of leicestershire and cambridgeshire . and what he saith here , is all to very great purpose ; for offices of charity , imployment for the poor ; and for multitudes of labourers ; for populousness , the strength , riches , and glory of the kingdom . and if he may challenge a tenfold improvement for the ordinary inclosures of those times ; we may with modesty promise a twenty-fold , for our extraordinary and modern skill in hortulan affairs . and in his last clause tusser shews , that the lords of mannors are as much concerned for the advance of their revenues by inclosures , as the vulgar for their ease , plenty , and some kind of prosperity . again , what a ioy is it known , when men may be bold with their own ? saith tusser in a latter edition . 8. now i proceed to represent , with what facility this great and good work may be brought on by nurseries , and young thickets of quicksets . every lord of a mannor , and most of the substantial free-holders , can find a few acres safely inclosed for such purpose , in his own possession ; and a few acres , rightly ordered for those uses may furnish a province for quicksets , and all sorts of better standards for orchards . how it may be done at small charges , and with dispatch , our tusser will tell us : go , plow up , or delve up , advised with skill , the breadth of a ridge , and in length as ye will ; whose speedy quickset for a fence ye will draw , to sow in the seed of the bramble and haw . october v. 8. this is the brief of the old plain way : and this is in the worst case , namely , to beget a fence or inclosure where there is none : and any bramble or other wild bushes are better than no fence . but where the inclosure is already provided , his advice is more magnificent or lofty : sow acorns , ye owners that timber do love , sow haw and rye with them the better to prove . october v. 6. and , if the ground be reasonably in heart , and of a sufficient depth , a strong plow by cross plowing , and weighty harrows may make the ground mellow , and fine enough for the seeds of all hedges , bushes , and trees of the neighbourhood ; for seeds of ashes , maples , elms , sycamores , and the like ; and for kernels of crabs , apples , and pears , and for stones of all stone-fruit . there also they may prick-in , or set with the hoe , walnuts , chesnuts , beech , nuts , filberts ; and for no great charge , the seeds of pines , firrs , and whatever else the owners delight in , as is copiously digested in mr. evelyns sylva . for such seeds as require finer work , here and there the garden-rake may do it . and for such as do not kindly bear transplantation , and for such as are to remain there for standards , the seeds may be set , three or four in a place , at fit distance , and in rows of the quincunx order , or in perfect squares . 9. i have heard some good husbandmen say , they can well remember , when this slight way was the only way that was in use to raise these orchards which are now esteemed the best , and the most fruitful in england . and it is yet pleaded , by some of good experience , that the wildings , taken out of such thickets , do commonly thrive better upon removals into nurseries or orchards , than those plants that have been tended more curiously and nicely . and in reason we may probably expect , that seedlings or stocks , drawn out of thickets thus rudely ordered , should be kinder than those which are taken from roots , or from under-trees , or from hedge-rows , or out of the wildest coppices , whether the seeds were brought by birds , or other casualties , where they were left to shift for their own propagation , without other culture . and yet by common experience we find , that these shifters do thrive well enough for transplantations into nurseries or orchards . if the root and the lower part of the stem be sound , the graft which is placed there seldom complains of the injuries done to the top , before the graffing , by droppings of trees , or by bruttings of cattle , or by oppression or incroachments of neighbouring plants . i have oftentimes seen these , when at full freedom , advance their grafts more speedily , than those that have been most tended by curious culture . 10. some nice wall-fruit , and such as are to be planted in gardens , may deserve a more curious diligence at first : and in this our thicket , if the soyl and shelter will allow it , the rake may prepare fit places for these , or for any kind of curiosities . for which there may be found accurate directions in the french gardiner , and in the sieur le gendre his manner of ordering fruit-trees by an experience of almost fifty years , as he saith in his inspiring preface . 11. now we come to the main point . some of these quicksets will be ready and fit to be drawn for the neighbourhood every year . and , if they be taken up with discretion , those which remain , especially such as are fit to be left for standards , will thrive much the better for the frequent , gentle , and wary stirring or turning of the earth about their roots . and at this cheap rate , ( and indeed for the better advance of our own quicksets , ) here is work enough , and stuff enough , to engage all the ring-leaders of the tumultuous rabble , to call in all their parties , and to stickle as stoutly for inclosures as ever they did formerly to hinder them . meanwhile , gentlemen and freeholders may thus accommodate themselves , and set easie bargains to all their own relations , and adherents , younger brothers , servants , and tenants ; which , in the end , will prove a great increase of their own patrimonies and revenues , and a blessing to all the neighbourhood . and thus , many commons , which have been hitherto little better than waste-grounds , may in a short time become populous villages , and well provided of all necessaries . 12. and because our experience grows yearly , by new discoveries of excellent cider-fruit , for all seasons , and for all diversities of palates ; for the first summer , and for durance , two , three , four , or more years ; some by their peculiar kind , and some by right sorting them in mixtures , in the grinding time ( by both which ways we in the west have already found many sorts of cider , that do manifestly far excell all the ordinary sorts of french wine , nemine contradicente ; ) therefore some worthy gentlemen are endeavouring to establish a correspondence of free contributers , gardeners and nursery-men from all the west and south , towards oxford , thence towards cambridge , and so all over england . this to be at least once , but better twice in the year , viz. in autumn ( when the fruit and the ordering of the fruit and cider may be seen , and when the kernels and seeds of all fruits may be had ; ) and especially in the early spring , when all sorts of grafts may be had ; many thousands of graffs easie to be carried in a portmantle , if they know , how the cions may be used for a graff ( which point few gardeners or graffers themselves did know , till i taught them . ) 13. and thus a gentleman , or an ingenious gardener may learn more in a few days travelling , than can be written in large volumes , or than would ever come in his mind to enquire at home . at present i offer two special and extraordinary remarks for nursery-men : the first is from dr. munting in the philosophical transactions , n. iii. p. 248. to graff upon such apple-stocks as are raised from the same kind of seeds , and have been deprived of the heart-root , which is the same that descends directly . thus , he saith , we may obtain extraordinary good , big , and beautiful apple-fruit . i conceive it probable , and that in time by changes of the like kind in pears , and many other fruits , a closer friendship between the stock and the graff may be established . and this is an item for our travelling nursery-man to furnish his portmantle with the seeds of special fruit apart , or in the marc , where they can be had fullest , thickest , and least bruised . these they may sow in beds apart ; as , for example , the kernels of red-strakes in beds designed for the graffs of red-strakes : so of pears , and other fruit . some kinds of plants will not well endure , that the heart-root be cut off . in such cases some put a tile-stone under the heart-root , and bow the root aside , that it may run on , and grow in better manner than is at distance under the surface . my second remark i can better assure , namely , to choose for some beds the seeds of the largest trees , which constantly bear the greatest burthen of good and profitable fruit ; as i can name , where an apple-tree , where many pear-trees ( some for delicate fruit , and some for their liquor , ) and where crab-trees are of such huge bulk , and of such spreading growth , that constantly each of them do yearly bear three , four , or five hogsheads of liquor . the seed of these for stocks to graff of the same , would doubtless be stately trees for a noble orchard , at fifty foot distance at least . but more of this hereafter . one skilful and diligent gardiner , or nursery-man , within ten or fifteen miles distance , in all the vales of england , would drive on these plantations apace all over england , to the great gain of the gardener . and the like we may hope of scotland and ireland . 14. to have good red-strake , or any other excellent cider , or the best perry , the fruit must be perfectly ripe and odorous , and such only shaken off the trees at first ; the rest to abide there till perfectly ripe : and it is the better , if they lie in heaps a week or fortnight . if some be rotten , the liquor is not the worse ( as mr. newburgh rightly observes , ) it is the better ; if the rottenness be not fetid , musty , hoary , or black rottenness : such must be carefully cast away . and some say for the best cherry-wine , the cherries must hang on the trees two days fully ripe , and abide two or three days after gathering before they be pressed ; though they seem bruised , and almost rotten . in france i have seen grapes lie a good while in a huge vat , pressed and bruised with their own weight , before they began to tread them : and no grapes are at the best , or safely wholsom to be eaten , till three or four days after gathering . i have oft-times tried , and used whole hogsheads of red-strakes and gennet-moyle , mixed by equal portions , in grinding time , and either apart was generally preferred before the mixture . i never had better cider , than when ( after the care above-said for ripeness and lying in heaps ) i caused it to be grinded and pressed with dispatch , and speedily put into the hogsheads , and the hogsheads immediately closed up perfectly , sufficient room being left for the liquor to ferment . all the following summer it continued brisk , sprightful , strong ; and smoother or less windy than when bottled . it is certain , that the gross matter ( which some body calls the crust ) preserves the liquor in spirit , as kindly as if bottled : this i observed , when the liquor was put into the vessels very negligently , and foul of the mare . and they say , some ladies do spoyl their meaths and metheglins by scumming them so nicely as to hinder seasonable fermentation . the liquor which comes first and easiest from the press is best . it is an endless trouble , to pare and pick apples ; which would be laughed at in the cider-countries : but i should well accept of a cider-mill , which would sever the rind , kernels , and stems ; as i read in vinetum britannicum , and in your philosophical transactions , numb . 124. p. 584. 15. lastly , the cumean sibyls wheel ⊕ ⊗ ( used above in mr. austens monument ) is in the latter impressions of angliae notitia . i find it first in the sixth edition , chap. 2. p. 68. here i will do it a little more largely ; the most ancient characters of numbers among the romans , which they say were used in the old tuscan rites , were all drawn from the cross in a circle , resembling the church in the world , ⊕ . the circle or world is always rolling , as time is ; so it wheels thus ⊗ , to produce st. andrews cross , and v the semidecussis . ⊕ . m. d. c. l. x. v. i.   1000. 500. 100. 50. 10. 5. 1. 1000 thus ⊕ compleats all the figures , just 1666. 500 100 50 10 5 1 1666 as x before c , subducts x from c , and makes xc stand for 90 ; so x before ⊕ subducts x from ⊕ , and maketh x ⊕ stand for 1656 ; xx ⊕ , 1646 ; xxx ⊕ , 1636 ; xl ⊕ , 1626 ; so by adding x after ⊕ , thus , ⊕ x , it signifies 1676. and thus it relates to a twofold aera . both numbers joyned together relate to the birth of christ : the added number relates to the conflagration of london , anno 1666. which they that are concerned for london , may take notice of in their monuments , or other records of time. i pray god to raise london , and to preserve it , to be the great empory of the world ; and that in the prosperity of london all his majesties kingdoms and dominions may ever prosper . and it is hoped , that the speedy and splendid restauration had a good omen for the perpetual growth of that famous city . and it is believed and expected , that before ⊕ xx xx 1686 20 years after the conflagration be compleated , good ale , good beer d' angleterre , good cider , and brandies drawn from english wines , which are all of english growth , and english manufactures , shall raise a greater profit , both at home and by exportation , than hath sometimes been gained by our staple-trade ; and greater revenues to the crown by excise and customs , than some of our victorious plantagenets obtained by our staple-trade : and that london ( by assisting the fishery of england , wales , scotland , ireland , new-found-land , new-england , bermudas , and his majesties other islands ) shall raise our naval affairs , and all our seafaring concernments , and our forein trade , far above any former examples and this ( in the sentiment of a country-clown ) is the surest expedient to hold all these kingdoms and dominions together , and united under one monarchy ; without which london cannot be london . and this is englands true interest . postscript . to smooth what hath been here rudely advised , if any are willing to have more indulgence for nurseries , they may be more punctually directed by mr. austen , dr. sharroc , mr. drope , the french gardener , and le gendre , whose preface i called inspiring , because it is able to inspire a prince or an emperour , a cyrus or a dioclesian , to fall to the hortulan work with his own hands . claudite jam rivos pueri , fat prata biberunt . the second letter . concerning orchards & vineyards , by john beale , d. d. and fellow of the royal society . i am glad they have cherry-orchards in the neighbourhood of cambridge . these , if ordered for their best advantage , will be no obstruction , but a proper expedient to bring on plantations of nurseries , and of orchards for the best cider , and for other good fruit . and a very fine and brisk wine may be made of some sorts of cherries : but few have yet hit the right art of making the best cherry-wine . sir kenelm digby shews us his way of making cherry-wine , in his closet ; a book , which will shortly be in great esteem for manifold uses , but especially when our good hospitable ladies have throughly learnt the due manner of using sugar and seasonable fermentations for as many or more kinds of artificial wines , as heretofore , and at present , they use honey to make meaths , metheglins , braggets , hydromels , medeas , and such like compositions : of which sorts i think he reckons above 90 several ways , practised by honourable persons in england ; and where these honey-drinks are made best , and are in greatest esteem in other parts of europe . 2. when the use of sugar shall be brought into common practice , and as well known as the use of honey is and hath been many ages ; then we shall know the true worth of dr. jonathan goddards proposal for making wine of the sugar-cane , mentioned in the history of the royal society , p. 193. for , when we have done our best for cider , it is only the sugar-cane that can challenge all the vines in the world . and if these be sometimes offensive by too much lusciousness , they may be helped by wholsom mixtures of a pleasing austereness , or gentle poignancy , more acceptable to the stomach . this may be had from some sorts of plums , and other vinous berries ; of which vinetum britannicum gives the fullest accompt of any that is yet extant . this vinetum and sir kenelm digby's closet are at present seasonable furniture for a ladies closet , to instruct in that practical devotion and charity , which obligeth our country , and keeps the poor from idleness and famine . 3. and such mixtures of the wine of the grape as these , which i here propose for mixtures with sugar , and much more than i can propose ( without transcripts ) are so ancient , both in old greece and in old italy , that i think no antiquary can name their origin . for two thousand years we are sure , and can shew abundance of particular receipts , the ingredients , and the dose , punctually in cato , columella , constantine the emperour , and palladius , who derives one of his compositions from the oracle of apollo , ( quod cretensibus oraculum pithii apollinis monstrasse memoratur , saith he , octob. tit. 14. ) and we know , that crete or candy hath been long famous for excellent wines . i cannot say , how far the ancient conditures of wine , and their mixtures and boylings of wine , do agree with our modern sophistications , and jumblings , and recoveries ; but for wholsomness i dare lay a good wager on the side of the ancients ; my self to drink it in the old way ; our merchants and vintners to drink it in their own new dress . and for varieties , i dare from the ancients challenge the skilfullest of our new men . peter de crescentii● is none of the ancients ; but i may take him on my side against our last innovators , dwelling at the sign of the bush . and this boldness i take ( though with some compass ) to hedge in a defence of the design of vinetum britannicum , and of our honourable ladies artificial wines , made by the mixture of sugar , with all the fanative and restorative simples , vegetables , spices , and drugs , which nature hath hitherto brought forth . 4. but yet i have much to say for the wine of the grape , though with some disparagement to our own country-men , who have done so little for it , after they have had such bright instructions , and such lively encouragements from mr. evelyn and mr. rose in their english vineyards , published anno 1666. mr. rose then offering all that desire it with sets and plants of the best vines ( sufficiently tried in our own soyl and climate ) at reasonable rates : and mr. hughes enlarging ( in his compleat vineyard , ) as the manner is in germany . and now newly the twice-named vinetum adds more spurs , and his particular directions . our mansions , and our out-houses , and almost every wall , and bank , and cottage , hath one side aspecting the south ; and both england , and wales , have mountains and hills , precipices and rocks , as good as walls to ripen grapes , for the table , for wine , and for brandy , and ( when that fails ) for sauce and for vinegar . and the labour and art is less than every country-boy learns in a hop-yard ; and one skilful vine-dresser may teach hundreds , and whole provinces ; as of late years one skilful hop-man taught a whole country . and multitudes raise clamours , that trade decays , and make loud out-cries , that they want work and honest employment ; and we see , and too well know , that england swarms with idle vagrants , beggars , and indigents ; a great burthen and a great shame to the kingdom . now here is one special remedy ; and gentile employment for generous families : and this paper may yet offer much more of sure and speedy remedies . 5. i must add a word for vines , to shew , how easily and speedily they may be propagated all over england at very small charges . before mr. rose obliged us , i found in several parts of england the black cluster-grape , which mr. rose commends in the first place , and also a very excellent white or light watchet grape ; both which were so easily ripe , and constantly in such abundance , far more northerly than cambridge lies , that i am perswaded , they will prosper well in some parts of scotland , where they have a longer summer-day than we have ; and in those parts of ireland , where they have the same sun that we have , and the air less pluvious since they have drained many of their great loughs or boggs . they are best planted from layers well rooted : but in a bed of ten foot square i tried cutlings , which had at the foot somewhat of the old wood , and there did none of them fail of sufficient root the first year , being set at a foot distance in the bed : yea , the small sprayes prospered , having somewhat of the old wood , ( as i may call it , ) cut from the branches , on both sides of the foot of the small sprayes . and thus we may have a hundred rooted plants from the prunings of one vine . i offered them to cottagers ; but they generally answered me churlishly , that they would not be troubled with grapes : but being told , how little the trouble would be , and that within five years they might have a bushel of grapes at a time , which might be sold for good money in the next market , a few bunches for a peny , they were soon of a more thankful mind . and if grapes were sent to market , as other fruit is , they would soon mind the plebeians to be as wise and happy , as other their neighbours are . and thus plants would be ready at hand , for any to try a trench under some sunny banks . and doubtless some of the hottest places neer the foot of the hills and mountains in wales , would bear as good wines , as they did in the days of gildas . 6. this is the conduct which will be more effectual to spread vineyards all over england , when the meanest of the people , even cottagers , shall be concerned to learn somewhat of the dressing of vines . and this will do something towards making good my prefacing address for the advance within five years : cherries and plums will not be long behind . and the best pears , when graffed on the pear-quince , with some help of walls or banks , will come on apace . and when in the country we have learnt to dry all sorts of fruit , the first fruit of pears will bear a good value . i know several sorts of pears in england now , which , being dried , approach the dried warden in colour and taste ; and are preferred by most men before marmalades of quinces , which are too luscious for mens palats . but quinces also make some grateful return within five years . 7. the vinous shrubs out-run all the former , and are at full within two or three years . and hence i say again , that , when our country-ladies have taught one another the best way of drawing bush-wines or shrub-wines by the help of sugar ; it will be a sudden improvement of england , wales , and ireland , and a great kindness also to jamaica . 8. but that which brings the present hortulan pay the first years , to fill the gardeners long pouch , as tusser calls it , is the due execution of all points , according to the french gardener ; first in the approaches of both universities , and other chief cities and towns , and under one where-ever new orchards ( and especially noble orchards ) are designed . this is all the skill i have in rhetoric , and eloquence , to repeat and inculcate my proofs ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 9. but i must not forsake the vine , upon such easie terms , we should get all sorts of vines , as it is easie for the londoners to do , though they were ten thousand sorts ; but first from our next neighbours , from all the coast of france , and the nearest on the rhine : perhaps these may do best for our ordinary works or first essays . from paris , orleans , graves , poitiers ( where i always met with excellent stomach-wine . ) from the mosel , the main , the necker , and the danube in germany . from italy , the aminean , and the falernian , the best in augustus his age , and so esteemed four or five hundred years after ( in my own reading ; ) i mean so esteemed in italy . sunt thasiae vites , sunt & mareotides albae ; pinguibus hae terris habiles , levioribus illae : et passo psythia utilior , tenuisque lageos , tentatura pedes olim , vinctur aque linguam ; purpureae , preeiaeque : & quo te carmine dicam , rhaetica ? nec cellis ideo contende falernis . sunt & ammineae vites , firmissima vina . virg. georg. l. 2. ver . 91. 10. this for the vines of italy . but then the wines of greece and of some islands did challenge the wines of italy ; and the like from other remote places ; from the next adjacent isles , from messina in sicily ; from candy and corsica . columella sweats and frets at it : et vindemias condimus ex insulis cycladibus , & ex regionibus , baeticis gallicisque — itaque in hoc latio & saturnia terra , ubi dii cultus agrorum progeniem suam docuerant , ibi nunc ad hastam locamus , ut nobis ex transmarinis provinciis advehatur frumentum , ne fame laboremus . 11. and virgil confesseth the fact , and sends us far off for excellent wine : tmolus & assurgit quibus , & rex ipse phanaeus : argitisque minor , cui non certaverit ulla , aut tantum fluere , aut totidem durare per annos . non ego te , mensis & diis accepta secundis , transierim , rhodia , & tumidis bumaste racemis . 12. doubtless from smyrna our merchants may be furnished with many kinds of most noble vines . and i am confirmed in this expectation of excellent vines from greece , and particularly from smyrna ( from whence we have , to this day , excellent wines ; ) because constantine the emperour , who made diligent search for all the best vines that could be heard of , prefers and highly extols above all other vines the myrsitis , ( so he calls it ) which makes the famous dendrogalonum of bithynia , and the tianum of paphlagonia , and the best wine in heraclea ponti ; and where-ever it is planted , excels all other vines , for the generosity of the wine , for the nectarine delicacy ( saith he ) of the grape to eat , and for the incredible fertility , lib. 5. c. 2. in the same chapter he extols the theriacal or treacle vine ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) for the most pleasant , wholsomest , and best wine without controversie : for this , he recites the testimony of democritus . this emperour resided , for the most part , in constantinople ; yet could not be a stranger to the best vines in italy . and lib. 5. c. 17. he mentions the aminean and surrentine , and other italian vines , prescribing what soyl is fittest for what vine . there he praises the aminean for a general capacity of abounding fertility in every kind of soyl , on the hills , in the vales , and in moorish , moist , or squalid places . but for rich wine , he prefers the drosyllan , and the leucothracian of bithynia ; and for early maturity , the boline of bithynia . of twenty books of georgical precepts or collections , this emperour employs five ( namely , iv , v , vi , vii , viii , ) to remark the choicest vines , the fittest soyl , the best culture , the ordering the vintage , and the improvement of wines by art , mixtures , or compositions . 13. neither should we neglect the vines of spain , about st. martin , and ribotany , and gibraltar ; of the sherry , malago , , and the canaries : which last vines are said to prove no other with us , than the vines of the rhine . but withall it is noted , that of late some vines are found in the canaries , which do much excel all that were formerly there known . and the madera wines are of a stout masculine strength , which bears the heat of the tropics , and holds out in barbados and jamaica , where the best canary is too fulsom and luscious . 14. and since trade and navigation hath enlarged our correspondence so far , we should send to the other side of the world for some variety of the best grapes in america . the canada-grape is in some esteem here . but what is that alone to the infinite variety of better vines , even in new england , which cultivate themselves without mans aid ; of better yet in virginia and carolina . i must also name barbados , jamaica , &c. 15. here is much for nurseries and nursery-men . but where are the seeds , and seeds-men ? this , indeed , if rightly ordered , would secure us of performing more vegetable miracles , than the sun , or the son of man ever yet saw , and at less charges , and perhaps for greater profit , than by some of our nurseries have hitherto obtained , and ( to hold to my former terms ) within five years . true , we have long since had the stately flower of the sun , the marvel of the world , the crown imperial , and many bulbous beauties , fritillaries , anemones , and crocusses . but what trifles are these , in comparison of those trees , fruits , vines , and herbs , i must say , noble , enlivening , restorative and invigorating pot-herbs , which may be even in our american plantations , and easily obtained for us , or , at least , their seeds , for trial . besides what mr. josseline hath written , i have seen such a wonderful catalogue of all these kinds , from new england alone , by a very intelligent person , that it forced me to cry out , o , how lazy have we been for a whole age ! one said , it was but a step or two , and a gentle swing from whitehall-stains to barbadoes , or to jamaica . barbados the fairest garden that ever was yet in the world ; not excepting the sky-reaching towers of semiramis , nor the gardens of any of the ancient or modern monarchs of the east , of mogols , sophies , or chineses ; nor of the pharaohs or ptolomies of aegypt , nor of solomon in all his glory in the holy land. those had more of the works and designs of men and women ; these have more of the workmanship of god. their walls and defences , the coral-rocks ( as mr. hughs calls and describes them ) of jamaica and the seas , are meerly the work of god alone . and in a short time , jamaica may be more than ten times fairer ( as it is more than so much larger ) than barbados . one ingenious nursery-man in each of the english colonies , corresponding with ingenious seedmen in lombard-street , and in bristol , and in all our chief port-towns , ( to try all the seeds we could send them , and to return back to their native soyl the seeds of all our vegetables which prospered in any of their soyls , and we doing the like to them , ) by many returns upon trials , again and again , here and there , would make the work short , and wonderful , and ( doubtless ) exceeding profitable , and shew us more than any of our botanic writers ever dreamt of . and in this , ireland hath the advantage . it is but a swing of three weeks patience from their long reach to any of those gardens : and the soyl of ireland is as pregnant as ours , and their climates as favourable . finis . herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all england written in an epistolary address to samuel hartlib, esq. / by i.b. beale, john, 1603-1683? this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a27154 of text r4687 in the english short title catalog (wing b1558). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 61 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 33 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a27154 wing b1558 estc r4687 12021127 ocm 12021127 52612 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a27154) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 52612) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 82:1) herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all england written in an epistolary address to samuel hartlib, esq. / by i.b. beale, john, 1603-1683? hartlib, samuel, d. 1662. [2], 62 p. printed by roger daniel, london : 1657. written by j. beale. cf. halkett & laing (2nd ed.). reproduction of original in british library. eng fruit-culture -england -herefordshire. a27154 r4687 (wing b1558). civilwar no herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all england. written in an epistolary address to samuel hartlib esq; by i.b. beale, john 1657 11200 11 0 0 0 0 0 10 c the rate of 10 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the c category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words. 2005-11 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-03 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-04 robyn anspach sampled and proofread 2007-04 robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion herefordshire orchards , a pattern for all england . written in an epistolary address to samuel hartlib esq by i. b. london , printed by roger daniel , anno m. dc . lvii . to my very worthy friend , the zealous sollicitor of christian peace amongst all nations , the constant friend of distressed strangers , the true-hearted lover of our native countrey , the sedulous advancer of ingenuous arts , and profitable sciences , and the principall contriver of generall accommodations , samuel hartlib esq sir , your industrious endeavours for the benefit of all men , and particularly for the good of this nation , hath well deserved the gratefull acknowledgement of all good men , and of my self in speciall : for that in my rurall retirement i have received some profit , and very much innocent and refreshing delights in the perusall of those treatises , which are by your diligent hand communicated to the publick . my education was amongst scholars in academyes , where i spent many yeares in conversing with variety of books only . a little before our wars began , i spent two summers in travelling towards the south , with purpose to learn to know men and forreign manners . since my return , i have been constantly imployed in a weighty office , by which i am not disengaged from the care of our publick welfare in the peace and prosperity of this nation ; but obliged to be the more sollicitous and tender in preserving it , and promoting it . wherefore , taking notice that this county is reputed the orchard of england , and ( in the generality of good husbandry ) excelleth many other places ; i offer it ( as my duty ) to give you some plain and unpolished account of our agriculture in herefordshire : which i do the more willingly undertake , for that i do not yet know of any other addresse is made unto you from this county . here i observe the wisest and best of our gentry to be very carefull in setting forward such kind of husbandry , as best agrees with the nature of the soyl where he inhabiteth . from the greatest persons to the poorest cottager , all habitations are encompassed with orchards and gardens ; and in most places our hedges are inriched with rowes of fruit-trees , pears , or apples , gennet-moyles , or crab trees . of these , the pears make a weak drink fit for our hindes , and is generally refused by our gentry , as breeding wind in the stomack ; yet this drink ( till the heat of summer hath caught it , ) is most pleasing to the female palat , having a relish of weak wine mixed with sugar . if mingled with some harsh kind of apples , it makes a happy mixture ; and our observant house-keepers know how to mix them to the best advantage . some peares are apt to incline 2the drink to be roapy , and they are known by giving a wheyish colour to the liquor . i know a good husband that cuts down and destroyes such peare-trees from off his ground , calling them the worst kind of weeds . for others are so nice as to refuse the drink , and women love it best , as sweetest , till it be roapy . most other kinds of perry are of a more waterish colour , then apple-cider , and more lushious . the white-horsepeare yields a juyce somewhat neer to the quality of cider ; and the neighbourhood of bosbury is famous for a peculiar perry , which hath many of the masculine qualities of cider . it is as quick , strong , and heady , high-coloured ; and retaineth a good vigour two or three summers , yea in great vessells and good cellars many yeares , before it declineth . the fruit is so hard and course , that a man cannot endure to bite a morsell of it , and a pig will refrain it . this bosbury peare is there called the bareland peare : and as the liquor approacheth to apple-cider in colour , strength , and excelleth in durance ; so the bloom cometh forth of a damaskrose colour , like apples , not like other peares . our gennet moyles are commonly found in hedges , or in our worst soyle , most commonly in irchinfield , or towards wales , where the land is somewhat dry and shallow . this fruit is nice , and apt to be discouraged by blasts , and we do ordinarily expect a failing of them every other year , especially in dry soil ; and the reason is apparent and necessary . but this fruit makes the best cider in my judgement , & such as i do prefer before the much-commended red-strak't must . for this gennet moyle , if it be suffered to ripen upon the tree , not to be mellow but to be yellowish and fragrant , and then to be hoorded in heapes under the trees , a fortnight or three weeks before you grind them ; it is ( at distance ) the most fragrant of all cider-fruit , & gives the liquor a most delicate perfume . so , for tarts and pyes , it is much commended . the crab is commonly ground for verjuice , and sometimes hoorded till neer december , and then mingled with cider , or washings of cider , to make a mordicant cider , which doth well please our day-labourers ; and would surely well agree with a french peasants palat . and , for a fresh wonder , i assure you , that we have lately found out , that one of our most delicate kinds of cider is made of a kind of crab , called a bromsbery crab , thus hoorded : it being much like a stomack wine , of a very pleasing sharpnesse . this experiment is not yet known to many of our countrey-men , it being reserved to few as a novell mystery . i have sometimes tryed the cider of pippins only , well ripened , not green windfalls , nor overripened , and somewhat hoorded : and i find it to be a very pleasant drink , and do conceive it to be the most wholesome , and most restorative of all sorts of cider . i need not tell you how all our villages , and generally all our high-wayes ( all our vales being thick set with rowes of villages ) are in the spring-time sweetned , and beautyfied with the bloomed trees , which continue their changeable varietyes of ornament , till ( in the end of autumn ) they fill our garners with pleasant fruit , and our cellars with rich and winey liquors . few cottagers , yea very few of our wealthiest yeomen do tast any other drink in the family , except at some speciall festivalls , twice or thrice in the year , and that for variety , rather than with choice . orchards being the pride of our countrey , and the scene of my present discourse , i will offer unto you two observations upon that argument , as properly directive to them that can affect the pleasure or profit , which must needs be , in many respects , very much : as , for that they do not only sweeten , but also purifie the ambient aire , ( which i conceive to conduce very much to the constant health and long lives , for which our county hath been alwayes famous ; ) and for that they fence our habitations and walks from the stroke of winds and storms in the winter , and afford us shelter & shade in the heat of summer ; and ( if i may acknowledge gratefull trifles ) for that they harbour a constant aviary of sweet singers , which are here retained without the charge or violence of the italian wiers . my first observation is this ; i conceive that , if other countreys would submit to the same patience and industry , as is usuall amongst us , they might partake of a great measure ( at least ) of the same blessings . as we see in our borderers of shropshire , worcestershire and glocestershire , and also in somersetshire ; and much more in kent and essex , &c. my reason i take from the wonderfull difference of soyles where we abound with rich orchards . about bromyard , a cold air , and a shallow barren soyl , yet store of orchards of divers kinds of spicey and savoury apples . about rosse and webley , and towards the hay , a shallow , hot , sandy or stony rye-land , & expos'd to a changeable air from the disgusts of the black mountain ; yet here , and all over irchinfield , and also about lemster , both towards keinton , and towards fayremile ( which makes a third difference of shallow and starvy land , ) in all these barren provinces , as good store of undeceiving orchards , as in the richest vale of the county , even by frome banks . only , as i fore-noted , where the dryest fruit-trees are planted in a very hot , shallow , and dry soyle , there we must be content with a full and certain blessing every second year . this being also allowed , that some soyle and some air is more agreeable for some kinde of fruit , than for other : as for example , worcestershire is more proper for peares and cherryes , than herefordshire , and herefordshire more proper for apples . the reason of the difference may in part appear by this following illustration . where the turf is very shallow , the rough starvy ground ( which in this countrey we wrongfully call marle ) hinders the tender root of the apple-tree from descending deep enough for due nourishment , and fit shelter . there ( as in the ground which we esteem the most barren ) the root of the pear-tree , having a more piercing vigour , breaks his way through this course marle , as it will also cleave through some veins of rocks and stones ; and , under this starvy ground , it finds a more congeniall and richer nourishment ; as appears by the store of fruit , fair and juicy , and also by the rinde of the tree , smooth , bright-coloured , and free from moss . this we also note , that in a deep soyl , that is most kind for apples , if the root of a pear-tree descends deep into a soft clay ground , the tree spends all his strength in growing downwards , and becomes lesse spacious , lesse beautifull in the head , and lesse fruitfull . and where some peares find great difference of soyle , whether grafted or planted by the stock , there it differeth sometimes in bulk , and oft times in other qualities very much . which seemeth to me to explain , why there is such different kinds of pears in every countrey : their shape and their nature , and therefore also their names , being changed so often , and so easily . also i have frequently noted , that the richest cider , and the best-tasted apples for the table , do grow in the soyle that is lesse deep and lesse commended for other uses , as in a high ground , or dry land . and you shall find the better-tasted fruit to be more wrethed or wrinckled , or spotted with warts , moles , or freckles , or of a more russet , or yellow colour . the other apple , that comes from the richer and lower ground , is more pallid , more plump , but more waterish and insipid . i conclude this observation with this direction , that since no kind of soyle should wholly discourage us , and yet much regard must be had of fitting the fruit to the soyle , therefore we must employ our first care in the plantation of a nursery , where our experiences may daily increase , and the plants also be educated , prepared and fitted for the neighbouring soyle . for what columella saith of vines , i may as truely say of fruit-trees ; quod ex longinquo petitur , parum familiariter nostro solo venit , propter quod difficilius convalescit alienum exterae regionis . optimum est ergo eodem agro quo vitem dispositurus es , vel certe vicino , facere seminarium : idque multum refert loci natura &c. de arbor . cap. 1. my second observation is intended to encourage the plantation of a nursery , by directing the sure way how to fit the soyl with the greatest variety of fruits , and also to obtain the speediest reward together with a yearly delight in novelties , & a like growth in experiences . but because i must now imbark ninto some paradoxes , which will not easily obtain belief , & least of all amongst our own countreymen here in herefordshire , for some reasons which hereafter will occurr , i will make my entrance with a plain and true story . some years ago i read a small treatise of orchards and gardens written by vvilliam lawsone , a north-countrey man . in it i found many assertions which seemed to me so strange , so contrary to our generall opinion , so discordant from our daily practice , and so incredible , that i could not forbeare my smiles . i related the particulars to all our best artists . every man confirmed me , that the treatise wa● wholly ridiculous , and in no respec● worthy to be examined and weighed : yet i thought i found many signes of honesty and integrity in the man , a sound , clear , naturall wit , and all things attested and affirm'd upo● his own experiences . this raised m● wonder the more . amongst many particulars , some were as followeth . 1. that the best way to plant a● orchard were to turn the groun● with a spade in february , and to se● from february till may , every month● some kernels of the best and sounde● apples , or peares &c. finger deep , a● a foot distance : and by removing the rest ( as time and occasion should advise ) to leave the likeliest plant to reside in the naturall place unremoved . ch. 7. pag. 17. 2. that the kernels of every apple would bring forth apples of the like kind . chap. 7. pag. 18. 3. that by the leaves of each spiring plant you might distinguish each kind of fruit , whether delicate or harsh , &c. ch. 7. pag. 18. 4. that trees thus raised might be preserved or continue for a thousand years , &c. chap. 14. pag. 47. 5. that apples either grafted , or any time removed , could never be sound , durable , or otherwise perfect . 1. the first of these assertions was rejected , as dilatory , and retarding our hopes & reward for half an age . 2. the second was contradicted by daily experience , which voucheth that many apple-kernels will degenerate to crabs , at least if taken from apples planted on a crab-stock : and that crab-kernels are better for a plantation , than any apple-kernels . 3. the third note was wholly unknown and unobserved in our countrey . 4. the fourth , like an unreasonable phansy . 5. the fifth , as refuted in all our orchards every where . notwithstanding these oppositions , i still retained my good opinion of the mans honesty and experience . therefore i resolved to make exact triall with patience . i dig'd holes of three foot breadth in a parcell of ordinary clay-ground . [ note that the whole piece of clay-ground was turned somewhat deep with the spade before , that the setlings might gather root as well in that vulgar ground , as also in the finer mold . ] i enquired slips of severall trees that grew without graffing , and bore severall fruits of their naturall kind : these i placed each kind round about the verges of the severall holes . by diligent enquiry the first spring i found fourteen severall sorts of these naturall apples , the fruit much differing in tast , shape and colour ; some only green and sowrish , some red-straked , some party-coloured , and very pleasant , some table-fruit in summer , some winter fruit , some cider fruit . of all these the kentish codling was by odds the worst : not many better then the french cornell . having placed these slips in the border of the hole at a foot distance , i filled up the hole with a fine kind of garden-mould , carryed thither in barrows . this i raised not in tumps , for i foresaw the inconvenience , that it would be a harbour for ants or pismires . i kept it also at an equall levell , that the rain might not lodge there , and corrupt the young roots . in the midst of this fine mold , in the most temperate weather , i did monethly , from autumn to the next spring , set kernels of the finest sort of apples , with delineating in a sciograph the several kinds in severall places . i now find that the kernells of apples grafted on crab-stocks prove not all crabs , nor ( as i guesse ) altogether of the kind of that apple , whence the kernell was taken . 2ly , that , as the mold is ●●ner where they first grow , so the fruit seemeth more civil , and in course ground they degenerate towards the crab . our neighbours , for a nursery , sow the drosse or must ( as we call it ) of apples ground in a cider-mill . but i have noted the fairest kernells to be bruised in the mill , the remainder being small , and sown in course land , become a kind of crabs . and that the kernells of naturall apples do very much propend to the kind of which they are descended . this was neglected , and therefore unknown to our neighbours , who had no need of this curiosity , as being so addicted to graffing , that they take not notice of any naturall apple , except the gennet moyle , the kydoddin , the sweeting , and the french cornell ; which are found in all places . t is sure that kernells of the same apples , in a far differing soyl , do produce a different apple ; but ( as i said ) still with some inclination to the originall , if it be the kernell of an ungrafted apple . and this may advertise the best season of designing variety ; namely , in application of choice compost to the very kernel , as gab. plat prescribeth exp. 14. pag. 210. of the additions to the excellent legacy . all other stories , of powring liquors into the bark , or bulk of the tree , are effete and idle phansies , for nine dayes wonder . 3ly , i find the truth , & that much more might be added to lawsons rules , of distinguishing the hopefulnesse of the fruit by the first leaves of the yearling plant . for a short and dark-green leaf prognosticateth a crabbed fruit . with a larger leaf and thick , but also dark-green , i have found a good winter-apple , but the stock hardy to endure a stiffe clay-ground . a fady willowish broad leaf noteth a flat , insipid apple , as the kentish codling , which holds out well against blasts . a paler green , as the poppinjay , or barbery leaf , specially if the leaf be limber also , noteth a delicate fruit : and the broader the leaf , the fairer that fruit . a wrinkled leaf , neither very dark , nor very light , proves red-strak't crab-stocks have reddish tops . more particulars will occurr by ordinary observation . 4ly , for the incredible durance of apple-trees to a thousand years , i have upon much experience & many reasons much abated the presumption of my censure . 't is certainly true ( as gabriel plat in the foresaid place noteth , ) that if a man aime at his present profit , then graffing is his way : but if he aime at the profit of his posterity , then it is best not to graft at all . this i add , that most ungraffed apples are apt by the overweight of their fruit to leane towards the ground : and i have seen many of them quell'd quite to the ground ; where they do renew their strength , and get up again into many trunks , in a continued order , answerable to the old fable of the giant antaeus . every aspiring trunk of some of these naturall apples , is much more lasting than any grafted fruit-tree : and many very aged people have assured me , that they have discerned no difference either of their growth or decay , in their whole age from their childhood . i will tell you upon my credit the wonders of one tree of this kind , now growing in ocle pitchard : the fruit is not very sappy , nor pleasant ; the leaf dark-green , and stiff . my known friend ( for tryall ) made of that tree five of our large hogsheads , consisting of sixty four statute gallons of cider , without the mixture of any water . it ordinarily yieldeth four hogsheads , and seldome or ( as they assure me that dwell there ) never faileth of three . yet few of our countreymen have heard of it , or take notice of it . this tree hath had very many uprisings , so that i conceive it hath been many hundreds of years making this progresse . my dear alliance , mr. thomas taylor , was owner of it many yeares , and dwelt alwayes in that parish . he is now past eighty yeares old , of firm strength and fresh memory : yet he affirmeth , that he never could discern any change in the tree . and his wife for many years tried to plant the branches , but was utterly discouraged by their slow motion . i have for three yeares tried some branches , which seem only to keep a faint life , with very little progresse . the ground on which this great tree growes , is pasture , and seems not in the age of man to have been broken up , or relieved with compost , or fresh mold ; which may shew , that it is a very hardy plant . so much upon the adventure of mine own credit , which may be examined by a thousand witnesses , to confirm the credit , or rather guesse and proposall , of mr. lawson . 5ly . for duration of the fruit-tree , much care must be had in the removall , which should be soon after the leaf is faln , when the autumnall rains have softned the earth at the roots , that the roots be not bruised or wounded in the removall : and then the tree should keep the same position towards the heavens ; the roots layd also in the same posture , the smaller fibers or bearded roots rather cut at the ends , then crumpled up : and the earth in which the stock is laid , somewhat of the same kind , but bettered , and mellowed , not with undigested muck , but with fine mold , and shovellings of the fold . if the roots are cut or bruised , to the same proportion the branches must be lopped . in a grafted plant every bow should be lopped , at the very tops , in apples and peares ; not in cherries and plums . in a naturall plant , the bowes should not at all be lopped , but some taken off close to the trunk ; that the root at first replantation be not engaged to maintain too many suckers . and this must be done with such discretion , that the top-branches be not too close together ; for the naturall plant is apt to grow spiry , & thereby failes of fruitfulnesse . therefore let the reserved branches be divided at a convenient roundnesse . the branches that are cut off , may be set , and will grow , but slowly . if the top prove spiry or the fruit unkind , then the due remedy must be in graffing . neither is graffing to be used only as a remedy . for it doth most certainly improve the kind of the fruit : insomuch that a graft of the same fruit doth meliorate the fruit , as is lately much observed by our welsh neighbours , who do graffe the gennet-moyle upon the same stock , and thereby obtain a larger apple , more juicy , and better for all uses : and some triplicate their graffings ( for a curiosity ) upon the same account . and it is noted amongst us , that a pearmain or any other pleasant fruit either for cider , or the table , is much sweeter , if grafted upon the stock of a gennet-moyle , or kydoddin , than if grafted on a crab-stock ; though much lesse lasting upon the stock of the gennet-moyle : the gennet-moyl being also lesse lasting , especially amongst us , where they are generally planted of large setlings , which must needs wound them in their very beginnings , and therefore hinder their duration . also graffing doth much precipitate , or at least expedite the reward , especially if the graffe be taken from a branch that hath some yeares constantly born sound fruit plentifully . trust not to one yeares triall . potest enim vel anni proventu , vel aliis de causis , etiā naturaliter infoecunda semel exuberare : sed ubi plurimis velut emeritis annorum stipendiis fides surculo constitit , nihil dubitandum est de foecunditate : nec tamen ultra quadriennium talis extenditur inquisitio , saith columella in a like case ; lib. 3. c. 6. 1. thus we see how to hasten the reward both by graffing , and in the choice of the graffe . 2. and how to sweeten the fruit and better it , both by the choice of a pleasing stock and also of a kind graffe . 3. and how to multiply variety in the diversity of compost , especially at the first plantation of the kernell ; and i add , with frequent application of pleasant infusions , and liquids , as in which annise seeds , fennel , rosemary , or other agreeable aromaticks have been steeped : yet beware of giving too much juice to a young plant ; for that may drown it , or make it lesse gustfull : and i never saw an orchard prove , where the ground was wetted with a water-gall , or where the moisture did for some time lye there , and could not be drained away . yet near a running sink of soyled water , i have seen the approaching trees never fail of their fruit . 4. and hence we see how to plant an orchard that may probably remain to the worlds end . and in this point i have insinuated some part of my paradoxes , by the way of a story , and in pretence of defending another against the opinion & common practise of mine own countrey-men . mr. lawsons book i have not now at hand , neither can i record his judgement verbally , but i think i have stuck close to his sense . he addeth , that the fruit of the naturall plant doth grow better and pleasanter by time , as better at thirty yeares growth than at twenty yeares growth . this i know not . see chap. 7. pag. 18 , 19. also he requireth much more distance of the trees than we observe as sixty foot at least . our common orchards are at twenty foot distance ; our best orchards at thirty at least , by alternative rowes per quincuncem . in large crofts of arable , reserved for constant tillage , which is a necessary help to fruit-trees , our best husbands graft high , and preferre lawsons utmost distance , even sixty yards , that the teames may not annoy the trees ; and then the trees bear a full load of fruit , and spread to the naturall perfection . this i adde , that if you would have the trees grow tall , and shadow more in summer , and keep off winds better in winter , and the fruit the sweeter , then you should plant the closer together , yet never nearer then twenty foot . to conclude my paradoxes ; he that is provided of a nursery , need not be very nicely provident for the longevity of his trees . a small parcell of ground will furnish store for all his grounds , and for all his neighbourhood , to play away upon graffings and novell experiments . and to encourage this nursery , i now summ up all with my last paradox , that for these four last yeares , whereof two were very dry summers , i laid the fruitfull sprayes of naturall apple-plants in the ground , some very small , not two foot above ground , all thereabout ; and from the first summer to this present spring , they never failed to bear as thick as traces of onyons . but it is better for the plant , if you pull off the young apples soon after they be knitted , the first year at least . some i laid also of four yards length under ground , the sprayes lying slope above ground : these grow and bear incredibly . others i slope , and pare away the bordering turfe , that the reflected sun may give me the early benefit of a dwarf orchard ; and these against midsummer , are as big as a ladies fist . i present them to store of witnesses . if i dwelt neer cheapside , i should make my new-planted nursery as rich as an orchard . all naturall apples are not of this precocity : the more durable ( as i said before ) are much more sullen . some require a knot for the root , others not : all three the better for it . to some a small slice from the bark is as good . before december , whilst the spray growes on the tree , by the bluntness of the bud you may discover what branch will bear fruit the next summer immediately following , if you cut off the branch , and set it before the buds be sprouted too far forward , ( as you may in february , or the beginning of march . ) this ( with some ) will passe as a prophesy . a sore blast or may-frosts may deceive you . of these naturall apples there are not past six or seven kinds distinguished by proper names amongst us . i conceive they can never be distinguished , for that every individuall alwayes assumes a peculiar nature from the infinite variety of compost . in this nursery , 't is the same pains , and no charge , to try the seeds of firres , pines , cypres , pitch , &c. which prove better for replantation than in hote beds . of the art of graffing either with the ciens , bud or leaf , i shall say nothing , because every village amongst us yieldeth store of artists : and many books shew the rules ; but in these things an artist can teach more in a day , than a book in a moneth . one reason why fruit do so abound in this county , is , for that no man hath of late years built him a house , but with speciall regard to the proximity of some ground fit for an orchard , which should be of some depth , as is commonly towards the foot of a descending ground , and frequently with a proclivity towards the south ; and the land not too friable or hollow , but somewhat tough , binding and tenacious , least the winds root up the stocks . and many times servants when they betake to marriage , seek out an acre or two of ground , which they find fit for orchard : for this they give a fine , or double value for years or lives ; and thereon they build a cottage , & plant an orchard , which is all the wealth they have for themselves , and their posterity . for gardens , we have little encouragement to designe more than is for the necessary use of our own families , except our river wye may be made navigable for transportation . and by defect of transportation , our store of cider is become a snare to many , who turne gods blessings into wantonnesse & drunkennesse . the credit of cider being of few late years much advanced in the estimation of our best gentry , who have sought out the right method of ripening and hoording the choicest fruits , and of finding the right season of drawing it , and some also of bottling it . but i am confident that much more may be added to the perfection of it , when they shall also apply to it the due subtleties of the mysterious art of fermentation . i found it much amended , by putting pure cider upon the fresh lees of a butt of sack , newly drawn . in vines our gentry have lately contended in a profitable ambition to excell each other : so that the white muscadell is vulgar , the purple and black grape frequent , the parsly-grape and frontiniack in many hands . wall-nuts belong to our high-way sides , and are fittest for dry and stony grounds . i find them for the dryest ground of the nursery a never-failing companion . in columella we may find many excellent rules how to ascertain and hasten their growth , and to mend their quality . the large chestnut being such a masculine food for lustie rusticks , and so much used at the best tables in france , and so savoury in the condiment of our strongest cider with salt , i much blame our countreymen , that we have no more use of a food that would soon become cheap , common , and lasting . all these nuts and filberts do accelerate growth , ( as i have proved , ) by the rules of columella : in aqua mulsa , nec ninius dulci macerato , it a jucundioris saporis fructum , cum adoleverit , praebebit , & interim melius & celerius frondebit , lib. 5. cap. 10. and again , de arb. 22. i cannot tell whether it should not be read , nec nimis dulci ; but i tryed it in milk , and also in stale urine steep'd in sheeps-dung , with good successe . he adds for an improvement , et in medulla ferulae sine putamine nucem graecam vel avellanam abscondito , & ita adobruito . a worthy person tryed the kernells of cherry-stones and plum-stones , having first broken and cast away the shells , and setting them in summer time , assoon as they were ripe ; and he assureth that they got a yeares advantage in celerity . i do much wonder that such a singular honest man as gabriel plat should write , that it is found by experience , that a chesnut in ten or twelve yeares will grow into a fair tree , able to be the master-post of a fair buildding . and the like of the wallnut , exp. 13. pag. 269. addit . to the legacy . i am at the like wonder at honest cap. blithes precedent of small quickset oaks , that at eleven yeares growth made sparrs and small building-timber , chap. 25. pag. 158. edit. 1652. our elme is of speediest growth , all timber , alwayes shredded to be the tallest of english trees ; and found in rowes on our high-wayes , and at every cottagers dore , except they be compell'd to give place to fruit-trees . in many journeys through shropshire , i have scarce seen two elmes of the right kind . the crust of the earth there is too shallow . but the root of the oaks cleaves through the harder earth , and surely finds a marly substance for his plentifull sustenance to the full depth of his stature , quod quantum vertice ad auras aethereas , tantum radice ad tartara tendit . georg. 2. vers. 191. all our hills have sometimes born oaks , or few failed , and i conceive most are very apt for it . but of late the iron-mills have devoured our glory , and defloured our groves . we are generally noted to excell in al kinds of husbandry : our ploughs are light , but we listen after further directions which come to us through your hands . the rye of clehanger and of some parts of irchinfield is as good as the muncorne or miscellane of many other countreys ; and our wheat is upon the ground farre richer than i saw any in the fair vale of esome in worcestershire and warwickshire , as in my travells , i sometimes examin'd it in the company of other more skilfull husbandmen . for pastures we add improvements daily , and as a stranger passeth by our habitations , by our fences , orchards , pastures , arable , he may distinguish a well-ordered house-keeper and a freeholder , from an over-wracked tenant , and an unthrift . this is the countrey where rowland vaughan began his water-works ; and i can name you a great number of admirable contrivers for the publick good . the lord scudamore may well begin to us ; a rare example , for the well-ordering of all his family , a great preserver of woods against the day of englands need , maintaining laudable hospitality regularly bounded with due sobriety , and alwayes keeping able servants to promote the best expediencies of all kinds of agriculture . and sr. h. l. hath heartily prosecuted the same encouragements . our learned mr. b.h. drives on the same design , as far as the glances of a most sedulous imployment will permit . mr. r. of l. is excellently apt , and constantly diligent in the pursuit as well of delicacies , as necessaries . mr. s. of w. hath in few yeares raised an under-tenement , from 8l . yearly , & so rented , to be well worth 60l . yearly , and so rented , or thereabouts . he never failes in any point of good husbandry . mr. f. of b. hath raised his poor pastures from the value of 2s . — 6d . to be better worth than 20s yearly . c. m. hath metamorphosed his wildernesse to be like the orchards of alcinous ; herein also a hearty patriot . i must cease to name men , since in every village there is some excellent republican . with one sad note i must now conclude this discourse . i wish this sore proverb , bona terra , mala gens , may not belong to us . the most high hath filled us with his blessings , but we fail so much in returning due thanks , that we many times turn his blessings into heavy curses , and make his liberall gifts the prevailing cause of our hasty ruine . and whereas the rurall life should in all reason be the most humble , tame , and innocent : yet daily experience sheweth , that where any trade of manufacture is driven on , there the word of god beares a price : where trade thrives not , there the word of god is at the best but as a pleasant song : if sometimes they hear it , yet seldome they obey it . and all doors and high-wayes are oppressed with idle and sturdy vagabonds : and it is more easy for an honest iusticiary to do the work of hercules in cleansing the augaean stable , than to remedy such a customary and prevailing evil . our fresh expectation is , that some worthy patriot will break through the difficulties of an obstructive people , and force open a way for trade and commerce . let our prayers and importunities press on all true-hearted patriots thus to advance the publick . for this adventure is , without dispute , sure of a reward in heaven , and not only free from the envy of men , but also alwayes acknowledged to deserve everlasting monuments of glory . and thus also in the person of another ( as under a fit vail of modesty ) i briefly hint unto you , what esteem we do truly ow unto your labours . i pray the lord to remember your diligence in the great day of his appearance in glory . may the 3d. 1656. your hearty well-wisher , and obliged servant in the lord , i. b. sir , having imployed one day upon a long letter to you concerning orchards and the culture of herefordshire , and the messenger being not yet gone , i shall now add somewhat , or at least summe up the result of my former discourse . the ground for an orchard should rather incline towards the south than towards the north : yet no necessity of nicenesse in that point . they prove well towards the north . so rather towards the rising sun , than towards the west . yet the west wind is the best , and the western sun best ripening . and the blasts commonly come from the full south , and about noon : wherefore we pray with the psalmist , to be delivered from the evil that flieth at noontide . yet a diligent observer may find that the hurtfull winds are apt to gather into channels upon the surface of the earth , as the streams of water do : and a man may find by his eye and reason , and see it confirmed by anniversary experience , that at a miles distance one point of the heavens is far more agreeable , or more hurtfull than another , either by the conduct of hills and vales in the neighbourhood , or at distance , or by vapours arising from lakes , rivers , or moorish grounds , which by frosts are turned into blasts . for we have confirm'd it into a proverb , that dry frosts do not blast , but moist frosts , and frosts following after rain do : and dampy grounds make frosts that would be drie in other places , become moist in the neighbourhood . also sometimes in a very bottome the air is penn'd so close , and the suns heat so multiplyed by reflections , that it is apt to gather the southern blasts ( which , as i said , are the more frequent , and more hurtfull to the nicer fruit , and to hops , ) as in a furnace or oven . if the crust , or richer surface of the earth be near a foot deep , it is fully enough : and if the crust of the earth be deeper , yet i have seldome seen any of our stocks set more than a foot deep , except they be great stocks , which should keep their former depth . if the ground be equable , that is , in any proclivity relating towards a levell , then it is pity to stock it with naturall plants . the more expedite way were in october to settle crab-stocks at thirtie foot distance in the forementioned best order , per quincuncem : and after three yeares , the next following spring , send for an artist to graft them with the best fruit . the crab-stocks should not be above the bignesse of a mans hand-wrist : if bigger , 't is lesse apt to close with the graft , and then the rain finds hole , to the danger of the stock . our usuall custome was , upon the plain stock to set two or three grafts , which ( for variety ) might be different , without any hazzard or dammage . of late many do slope the stock for one onely grafte conceiving this the more certain way to unite the stock and graft fully and speedily . in a nursery , if the stocks be as small as twigs , the surest and speediest way is by the joynt-graft , where no lesse than eight sides are engaged , and this is an improvement of the last stamp . we cannot trust to any artist , but have need to use a true and carefull friend in the choice of grafts from the fruitfull branch of a sound and fruitfull tree . and an errour in this point ( besides the mistake of the fruit , ) may prorogue the reward for five yeares or more , which is a sad losse . columella's former note is worthy to be remembred in this point . if the ground be very unequall , 't is a great charge , and a very grosse vanity to levell it . for there is a kind of beauty , and a sure refreshment in a wildernesse ; at least it is a good soyl if appendant to a pleasant garden . and it may be better , more kind , and more fruitfull , most certainly more fit for variety , and for all change of seasons by inequality , than by equality . and this is the ground that is fittest for the naturall apple , who is then wronged , maymed or wounded , when he is hindered from his naturall course , or forced into order . yet i should not plant him in such bottoms , where the water cannot passe away : the descent were best for his situation . the apples we commend for grafts , are the stockin-apple , the iellyflower-apple , the well-apple , the eliot , the queen-crab , the quince-apple , the winter-quining , the harvey , the william , the lenard , the iohn-apple , the snouting , not forgetting the pearemain , and pippin , & leather-coat . these , and many more that are namelesse , are for the table . for cider , the streak't must is most commended ; but t is but a kind of shrub or hedge-plant , not apt to grow to a large tree , and spending strength so thick and so constantly , that the planter commonly survives to see the decay of his own work . there is a white must , much commended for a strong lusty cider , the tree long lasting . another white must hath this fault ; they abide not on the tree , to be gathered together , but are alwayes dropping one after another . i need not note such cautions as may affoord choice for all seasons , early and late , and in the first stocking of the ground to plant peares and apples alternatively , at least if we have no certainty of the nature of the ground ; and there is a beauty as well as profit in variety : and peares grow long before they take up much room , and for the most part begin to be in perfection , when the grafted apple is decayed . or a winter-apple , which lasts longer , and growes slower , may be alternative to a cider-apple . the clay-land binds the tree faster from wind-strokes , the sandy-land hasteneth the growth more . by rowes of elmes every orchard and village is generally fenced from the north and north-east wind : yet no necessity . for hops , we make hast to be the chief hop-masters in england ; our countrey having store of coppice-woods , and many provident men within these three yeares planting abundance of the fairest & largest sort of hops . all about bromyard in a base soyl there is great store . at first we adventured only upon deep , low , rich and moorish grounds : now we climbe up the hills with wonderfull successe . we find also that the bottoms are apt to gather heat as an oven ( as is abovesaid ) and that begets hony-dewes , when the more open air escapes it . our poets new and old , and all best judgements do highly commend the pleasure of a grove , scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus , & fugit urbes . we do commonly devise a shadowy walk from our gardens through our orchards ( which is the richest , sweetest , and most embellisht grove ) into our coppice-woods or timber-woods . thus we approach the resemblance of paradise , which god with his own perfect hand had appropriated for the delight of his innocent master-piece . if a gap lyes in the way between our orchard and coppice , we fill up the vacancy with the artificiall help of a hop-yard . where a busy weed gives the shape of a wood . this must content us , 'till we can gain the credit of a vineyard , which as yet hangs between hope and fear . the late dry summers did swell us with hopes ; the later fickle spring & moist autumn did blast , or drown our expectation . some sow acorns , and ash keyes , and other seeds for woods , in wild and hilly grounds . others count it much better to plant quick-sets , which make more hast , and may be more reducible to the beauty of order . before we adventure for woods upon untryed ground , 't is not amiss to make use of sr. hugh plats his augur . my self having bought a small tenement , thought it worth the while to see the nature of mine own land , for nine foot depth , which was soon done . by that i found where sand , where stone , and where marle of the best sort were neerest at hand : i found the reason why one piece of arable was more cold and moist , and lesse fruitfull than another . we have a belief , that the most barren surface hath the richest entrailes , not only of metallick mineralls , but also of stone , yea of marle , or some other rich materiall . and this is certain , that which we esteem the richest land , & buy it at the dearest rate by far , that is in many respects the poorest land : as for example , our richest land is esteemed to be on frome banks , the pasture very rich , the arable a stiff clay bearing the best wheat ; yet this clay is very unkind for gardens , it does devour much compost . it is a slow ground for orchards ; the arable is much inclinable to mildewes : if we have need to turn it into pastures , though we have great advantages of land-flouds , or other fat waters , and the ground seem very likely for pasture , yet it is almost as good to give it away , as to go about to turn it into pasture . i have seen , that in twenty yeares it gathers not a turf , or sward . yea lately , the want of winter-flouds two years together left the best pastures as bare , hard , starvy , chapt and cheany , as the basest land on the welsh mountains . and if the arable be there once out of heart , or misse of one course of plowing , it is costly work to recover it . on the contrary , in many places of the hot rye-land , where the pastures have a course sea-green blade , or short and poor , and where the fields refuse wheat , pease , and fitches , there sheep thrive best , and their dung suddenly recovers the arable , which is light , and easie for a weak team : in three or four yeares 't is at the best for such pasture as it proves . the pastures quickly improved by fatting sheep there , that may ly upon it night and day . the land quick for orchards , or any sort of trees , as well the tallest elmes , as the ash : easily sitted for gardens , for hemp , flax , turneps , parsnips , &c. hence you may judge which of these were more worthy to be called the richer land : if the rich water-flouds did not give the rich pastures the advantage on one side . and hence you may see what a prevalency there is in the advantage of pasture onely . i have seldome seen pastures forced by compost in this countrey , as i have seen it elsewhere . onely in the winter we feed our cattel on the higher pastures , and in the hazzard of a rot , some follow the directions of gabriel plats , in putting out their sheep all nights ; which hath proved a safeguard to the sheep , and a great help to the pasture . other helps of pasture we do not omit , every rill of water is carefully conducted to the best use . if it runs from a fat stream , land-floud , or lime-stone , we finde benefit in it , if withall we let it passe over and away , before it exchangeth it's fatnesse into a cold hunger , which falls out in very few dayes . some water we find so hungry , that we dare not receive it , but at seasons of necessity . lime we have seldome tryed upon pasture . ashes we find excellent to beget the white and purple hony-suckle , if sifted on the ground in february , till it hath half candyed the ground , like a hoare-frost . our best english hay-seed is by experience found to be our more naturall friend . our grasiers , which are butchers , do find this fault in the excellent pastures stored with gilt-cups , which is a kind of crowfoot , that it makes the fat of their beef look yellow , as if it were of an old beef . the hony-suckle and delicate grasse we sort for cowes , the sowrer for the breed of young cattel , the harder and stronger for labouring oxen ; and if it be rough , and little better than sheep-pasture , t is the better for horses , to mend the breed of them for the saddle . in an hyperbolicall excesse , for the suller illustration , i may say , that a nag fed upon high grounds and dry grounds is , for travell , as much beyond a nag i bred in the lower medows , as a lion exceedeth a cow in activity . for a bag to market , or a cart , you may breed them in the lower meadows , & you shall see them big-limm'd , well-truss't , & apt to tire themselves with their own bulk and weight . the other that are bred on dry-ground , are airy and sinewy , full of spirits and vigour , in shape like the barbe : they rid ground , and gather courage and delight in their own speed . thus colts well chosen , and sheep well ordered , may be a rich help to repair the distresses of dry pasture . for sheep we are skill'd beyond the rules of gab. plats . our wooll being the finest of england , and our sheep small , and not bearing above 16. ounces ordinarily , ( yet i have seen our fairest weathers bear thirty ounces of wooll ) being small and nice , they are generally housed by night , summer and winter . and are therefore liable to two kinds of rot : the one is onely of the liver at first , and if it be discerned , t is cured by the butchers knife , without much losse to the owner ; the other rot prevails over the whole body of the sheep , & makes the flesh sit for nothing but dogs . i know some places , in which there hath not been a rot in the memory of any of the inhabitants ; but there they change often , because the ground is very stony , and in two or three years wears out their mouthes : and nothing preserves sheep better than change of soyl . our common husbandmen keep their small flocks at all adventure without much care or caution . but for larger flocks our shepheards of lemsters-oer and irchinfield are most incomparably expert . whilst this letter is under my hand , by a conference with mr. s. concerning orchards , i am assured , that upon a long trial ( as in a way of contestation ) it was found experimentally , that some apples raised of kernels did exceed the best that could be found of grafted apples in delicacy of tast . that he tried to meliorate the kentish codling , by a graft of the same kind , and it proved worse . that a near neighbour made a hogshead of cider of kentish codlings onely : he tasted it this very week . it had a tast far differing from all our other cider , not bad , nor very excellent . that it looks like perry , of a wheyish colour . he also gave me at his own house a most pleasant drink , which i thought to be cider , and preferr'd it before red-strak't cider , which was of the best , and , for triall , brought out to me and others at the same time . this commended drink was compounded of crabs never hoorded , but shaken from the tree , and immediately ground together with perry of that lushious kind , which at this time of the year is alwayes wont to be roapy . this drink was not clear , but had some resemblance of roapy perry . but he assures , that the crab does by this composition alwayes preserve the perry from being roapy . if so ( as of all men i can best believe him , who will not break his word to save his life ) this is an excellent art , at one time to make crabs , which grow naturally in all wild , dry , and barren soyl , a rich fruit ; and by them also to make a rich benefit of those peares , which in the language of another good husband were called a cumbersome weed . he prescribeth , that the more lushious the peare be , the more crabs be added to it . by the tast in the mill , you may fit it , generally more peares than crabs . he noteth that these crabs were not of the fore-mentioned bromsbury crabs , but common crabs : of which common crabs he advertiseth there are two sorts . the first soon ripe , and yellowish , and fit to be mingled with the peares that are first ripe . and of this kind was the cider that he gave to us . the other is a more sullen crab , green about the end of autumn . this agrees with it's contemporary peares . or to make a kind of scythian wine , fit to quicken the palat of a sturdy hinde , they may be laid in heaps , for a months hoording , and then ground by themselves , or with winter-apples . we know how welcome to forreign peasants , and also to our sea-men , a rough vinegar or verjuice would be , either to mingle with pottage , or with water for drink . we have not yet felt so much want in england , as were necessary to teach us the use of crabs , or other generall branches of frugality . the bromsbury crab , so often mentioned , is far larger than either of the other sort , and in shape like an apple . sir , 't is time i should now give you rest . in this you may see my hearty desires towards the improvement and wellfare of our native countrey . if we must be hindered of trade with spain , i wish our english indignation would scorn to feed at their tables , to drink of their liquors , or otherwise to borrow or buy of them , or of any of their confederates , as long as our native soyle did supply us with necessaries . i pray god to strenghthen us all in a firm love to his holy truth , and in a mutuall love to each other , under the shelter of his everlasting mercies . hereford may 13. 1656. your servant in the lord , i.b. an extract of mr. hartlibs letter dated september 4. 1656. he desires , that these letters may be presented to publick view , for an example to worthy men in other countreys to do the like in these , and other parts of husbandry . that the latine passages should be turned into the vernaculous language , and many expressions altered into more plain and common english , that all vulgar capacities may understand them , &c. the answer . 1. that it is now too late to polish any parts of those letters with such accuratenesse , as becomes a piece drest for severe judgements . if it must fly abroad , it must go as it is , all parts alike , in the free garb of a naturall simplicity ; written with speed , and with more care of truth , than of fit words . instead of a translation of columella's sentence pag. 12. lin. 19. i would annex this short english gloss ; that which is far fetcht , may have little familiarity with our soyl , and may a long time take it unkindly to be banisht from its native place . i dare not adventure for an exact translation , having no other edition but that of hieron. commeline 1595 , which is so full of errours , that i suspect every line . it were an excellent work , if any man would publish a well-corrected copy of the four roman husbandmen , they being rare monuments of antiquity ; the first , namely that of cato the censor , being almost 2000 yeares old . being now destitute of libraries , if i should undertake it , having no one old exemplar upon which i should frame my conjecture , at the best successe , i should shew more wit than honesty . for i hold it a most pernicious presumption , to intrude our own phansies instead of such great authorities . page 25. line 23. the latine may be untranslated , being but a rationall inference , to authorize that which is there said in english . page 27. line 9. to the worlds end . i use these words in a vulgar sense . for in very truth , and well-grounded theology , we have no reason to conceive it to belong now , before the world shall be changed or consumed by the last fire . pag. 28. line 5. to explain this per quincuncem to the dullest , we may add these english words ; as in a diaper-napkin , or in common glasse-windows , which is the rhombular figure . i dare adventure to use no more than the first letters of some mens names , least i have blame for my good meaning . as in this i have merited little , so i expect no better reward : yet you have very much obliged me ever to subscribe , yours unfeignedly i. b. the reader may be further advertised , that upon mr. hartlib's motion , the argument of herefordshire orchards is by the same hand explained , confirmed , and for all capacities amplified on a much larger discourse , reduced to the form of a familiar dialogue , and now coming forth . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a27154e-180 printed 1626. notes for div a27154e-2060 horat. l. 2. epist. 2. certaine experiments concerning fish and fruite: practised by iohn tauerner gentleman, and by him published for the benefit of others taverner, john. 1600 approx. 61 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 23 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2007-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a13396 stc 23708 estc s118167 99853376 99853376 18758 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a13396) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 18758) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 359:4) certaine experiments concerning fish and fruite: practised by iohn tauerner gentleman, and by him published for the benefit of others taverner, john. [8], 38, [2] p. printed [by richard field] for william ponsonby, london : 1600. printer's name from stc. the first leaf and the last leaf are blank. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 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that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng fish-culture -early works to 1800. fruit-culture -early works to 1800. 2004-02 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-12 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-04 elspeth healey sampled and proofread 2006-04 elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion certaine experiments concerning fish and frvite : practised by iohn taverner gentleman , and by him published for the benefit of others . anchora spei london , printed for william ponsonby . 1600. to the right honorable sir edmond anderson knight , lord chiefe ivstice of the common pleas . right honorable my good lord , it was my bap lately to light vpon a book dedicated vnto your lordship , by one m. george churchey , intituled , a new booke of good husbandrie , and intreating of fishponds , and ordering of the same : which booke , as it should seeme , was first written in latine by one iames dubrauius , but translated into english by the industrie of the said maister churchey , wherin his good meaning and trauell is greatly to be commended . i thereby gathering that your lordship tooke some delight in that practise , & being before that time minded to put in writing certaine experiments , that my selfe had obserued concerning those matters , did presently conclude with my selfe , humbly to craue that the same may passe vnder your l. protection : your vertues also deseruing that i should make choise herein of your lordship before others , as one vnto whom the whole commonweale of this realme in general is greatly bounden , for the great and painfull watchings , care and trauell you take in administration of iustice in your place and calling : and therefore i in particular , find my selfe willing ( if by any meanes i may ) to moue vnto your lordship any delight or liking , though neuer so litle . and if your lordship haue bene any practiser of these delights , i meane making of fishponds , or planting of fruite , i doubt not but you shal in this litle treatise , find somewhat that you knew not before , and thereby your delight that way augmented , which , if it so happen to be , my expectation herein is most amplie satisfied : beseeching the almightie , to blesse , preserue and keepe you and all yours , with such felicitie , as your heart desireth . this 22. of ian. 1600. you lordships in all humblenes , iohn taverner . to the reader . good reader , in seeking to shun that monster idlenes , and hauing a desire by all honest meanes possible , to benefit this my natiue countrie of england , and finding my abilitie otherwise insufficient to performe the same , i haue thought good to set downe some experiments that my selfe haue had concerning fish and fruite : of which two things , especially of fruite , although many authors haue more learnedly written , yet many of them being strangers , inhabiting in climates far differing from ours here in england , doe also for the most part teach how such fruite as their countries bring forth are to be vsed , of which kind of fruites here in england we haue litle or no vse . as also concerning fish , there are none that haue written in our vulgar tong to anie purpose that euer i haue seene , sauing that one maister churchey hath procured to be translated into english a treatise compiled by a stranger , a morauian ( as i take it . ) howbeit by reason the translator ( as it should seeme ) had no great experience in that matter , he therfore that shall practise , shall find great want in that booke to supplie his desires that way . notwithstanding the good indeuour of maister churchey is greatly to be commended , neither is my meaning herein to say what may be said in these matters , but onely what things my selfe haue obserued and practised . and if i should set downe by way of preface , the exceeding great benefit that might grow to this realme , by practising to haue aboundance of the two foresaid cōmodities , the preface would grow to a greater volume then now the whole booke containeth . and although i know that many men can say more then my self can do herein , yet i also beleeue that most men know not so much : for whose sake i haue compiled this litle treatise , by which , if they take either profit or honest pleasure , i haue my desire . farewell . certaine experiments concerning fish and frvite . first it is requisite to speake of ponds , i meane such as be necessarie , profitable , and conuenient to be vsed with vs here in england , not such in which the prodigall romains vsed to spend their superfluous wealth and treasure , rather for vaine ostentation , then for any honest recreation of mind , or profite vnto themselues , or the common wealth : whereunto i wold wish our countrey people in all their actions to haue chiefe regard . it should seeme that many of the romains imployed incredible wealth in making of ponds , in which with sea water , they kept diuerse kind of sea fish , for delicacie and wantonnesse , rather then profit : for that such kind of ponds were onely made neare vnto the sea side , wheras the like fish might more conueniently be taken in the sea it selfe . i would rather wish the greatest store of our ponds to be made farre vp land in the inmost partes of the realme , vnto which places fish cannot well be brought from the sea , to be eaten fresh whilest it is good , and sweete . the ponds i meane to speake of , shall be of two sorts : the one digged right downe into the ground by labour of man : the other made with a head in a valley betweene two hils , by swelling of the water ouer grassie ground , not in former times couered with water . those that are digged right downe are for the most part but small , and serue indeed to little vse , vnlesse it be to keepe fish in for the winter time , to spend as need requireth , or to feede fish in : otherwise of themselues they are not able to sustaine any number of fish , in any good sort , to increase in grouth or goodnesse of meate , and therefore i meane not to speake much of such ponds . but the other kind of pond made with a head being rightly ordered , as hereafter is mentioned , will giue great nourishment to fish without any feeding saue of it selfe . it is therefore requisite for him that would haue good fish , to haue two such ponds with heads so made , as with their sluces he may lay them drie when he pleaseth , and againe to fill them with water when he shall thinke good , to the end that one of them may lie drie one yeare , & the other the next yeare . the greatnesse of his ponds may be according to the aptnes of the place where he maketh them , and to the cost he meaneth to bestow . and that valley that hath not any sudden descent but descendeth by little & little , hauing also some littell rill or brooke running through it , is fittest for this purpose : by reason that in such places a man shall with least charges in making the head ouerflow greatest quantitie of ground . the sayd ponds are to be made as followeth . the making of a pond for fish . hauing a place conuenient , viz. a valley betweene two hilles , and some small brooke or rill running through the same , you are to dig a channell or pond as it were from the one hill to the other , ouerthwart the valley : and with the earth that you take out of the same to make your head . alwayes making your head downe the streame from the channell , so that the channell shal be the deepest place of your pond , and in no wise to dig any earth , or to make any channell on the backside of your head : for that will much weaken your head . you must also begin the foundation of your head not hard by the brim of your channell , but some eight or ten foote from the same , least the weight of the earth of the head cause your head to slide into the channell : and raise your head not vpright , but slopewise for caluing or slipping downe . and looke how high you meane to make your head , and so much it is requisite to be in breadth in the top thereof , & three times that breadth in the bottome : as for example : if you meane to make your head ten foot high , it had need to be ten foot broade in the top , and thirty foote broade in the bottome , otherwise it will hardly lye , but calue and slippe downe againe , vnlesse you force it with timber . howbeit such may be the nature of your earth , as a light sand , or onely chalke , that it will not stand without timber , otherwise a stiffe clay mingled with grauell , is best for such a head : if your soile be a light sand , or altogether a grauell , or chalke , it will hardly hold water . it is not good to put any timber in your head to beare it vp , but rather only earth being broken very smal , and watered with water often times as you raise it : for that will cause it to bind closer and surer then any ramming or timber worke will do . i suppose the spring time , & autumne to be best for the making of such heads , especially if you water it well and breake the earth small , that it may drie againe and settle . in the making of the head , you are to lay your sluce in the head against the deepest place of your channell , being made of a whole peece of timber , or at least wise the forepart thereof being a whole peece , and the residue of one or two peeces more , being ioyned very close , and stopped with haire and tarre in the ioynts : for if therein be neuer so small a hole , it will spoyle your head at the sewing of your pond . hauing made and hollowed your trough , hewen through at the tayle , but close at the end next to the pond , you are to naile thereon a strong boord or planke , very close in all places : or else which is better , a slab being before the hollowing of your trough , sawne from the same : then turne that side downeward , and then the vpper side will be that which before was the bottom of the trough : at the end whereof next to the channell in the vpper part thereof , you are to make the tampion hole square , and likewise make a square tampion to shut close in the same , with a steale , either of the same peece which is best , or else strongly mortised with a bouetaile mortice into the sayd tampion , and so reaching vp as high as the top of your head , or at least to the vppermost part of the water . and the best fashion for the head of your sluse , is two strong planks , fastened on each side of the tampion hole , being in breadth somewhat broader then the square of your tampion , & grated boords nailed before & behind the same , some two or three foote from the bottome . but for the more speedy sewing out the water , you may make as it were a nose of grated boords before the tampion , at the bottome of the sluce , of some three or foure foote long , and a foote deepe . the residue of the sluce may be boorded vp to the top with boords vngrated , and i thinke grated boords to be better for this purpose , being made with a hand saw , rather then holes made with piercer or augur . the trough of this sluce had need be layd so soone as you begin to make your head , because it may conuey the water from you , which else will trouble you in making the channell . the sluce made , and the channell digged , it may be you shall need more earth to be carried in dung-carts or barrowes which you are still to keepe mingled with water , and the earth broken smal : in frostie weather it is good working of any such head . also take heede you put not in the sayd head , any dung or turfs of grasse , that will turne to dung : but onely good earth . when the head is raised , it is requisite to settle well before you fill the same with water , and therefore not good to fill it full the first yeare , but rather halfe full : and to store it with such fish as you meane to keepe therein , in ianuary , february or march : after which time it is not good to carry or handle any fish all the sommer time , vntill it be october or nouember . the colder the weather is when you handle your fish , the better : vnlesse it be for such fish as you meane to spend presently . but store-fish being taken or handled in hot weather , will be sicke , and not prosper long time after , and perhaps die thereof , although not presently . and to speake of fish , i meane such as are vsually kept in ponds or lakes , i will deuide them into two sorts : those that liue by rauening and deuouring of other fish , and the others that liue vpon seedes , roots , weeds , corne , wormes , and such like : for as there are some beasts that do liue chiefly and naturally by flesh of other beasts , and other some that liue onely by corne , grasse , fruit , & such like , & will at no time taste of flesh : so there are fishes much like in nature . the fish that liue vpon rauening and deuouring of other fish , are the pike , the trought , the perch , & the eele : and these kinds will not naturally feede vpon corne , rootes , seeds , grasse , or such like . but the carpe , the breame , the tench , and the roch , liue naturally vpon corne , seedes , grasse , wormes , bodes , flies , and such like : & will not naturally feede vpon any other fish , neither hath nature giuen them meanes so to do , for that the foresayd deuouring fish haue only dog-teeth , or sharpe teeth , wherewith they bite and hold any other fish that they take : and when that by griping and biting it , they feele it dead , and cease to struggle or striue , then they swallow it downe whole . the other kind do not so : but hauing teeth only like vnto man , broade and flat do grind and chew all their meate before they swallow it : and it is as vnnaturall for the carpe , breame , tench or roch to eate another raw fish , as it is for a sheep or a cow to eate raw flesh . the sharpe and deuouring teeth in the pike , perch , trought & eele , are easily seene and perceiued , but so are not the flat grinding teeth in the other kind of fish . howbeit if you search diligently the head of the carpe , breame , or any the other aforesayd of that nature , & of any bignesse , when it is sodden you shall find two neather iawes , hauing in each iaw a row of flat teeth , like to the eye teeth in a man , & apt to grind & chew withall , with which two neather iawes they grind their meate against a certaine flat bone in the roofe of their mouth , or vpper part of their throte , which is commonly called the stone in the carpes head , and is in steede of his vpper iaw and teeth , and of many thought to be a remedy for excessiue bleeding at the nose for man. the like is in the head of the tench and roch , although by reason of the smalnesse it is not easie to be found . of the same nature also is the barbill , cheuen , dace , bleke , and riuer roch : although i haue not seene them vsually in any pond . howbeit they wil liue and wex in a pond , especially the riuer roch , but not spawne , vnlesse it haue great store of watea running through it continually , neither will the trought spawne in any standing poole , but will liue and grow very fat and good , if the pond be of any greatnesse , as some fiue or sixe acres of ground , or more , and that he may haue good store of small fry to feede on , and will also be very fat and good all the winter long , by reason he doth not spawne as aforesayd . the best fish in my opinion is carpe , breame , tench , and perch : howbeit if your pond be not aboue foure or fiue acres of ground , a breame will be fiue or sixe yeares at the least , before it be of any bignesse to eate , as also they will ouer-store any pond with fry , which is a great hinderance to the growth of your bigger fish . hauing stored your pond , as aforesayd , you shall find that the first yeare your fish will spawne exceedingly . howbeit if any water run through your pond , your fry will very hardly be kept in : for that all the beginning of the sommer they will go away against the streame : and in the latter end of the sommer they will go away with the streame , if they be not with very good grates kept in , and herein you are to vse very great diligence . and therefore your pond being full of water , it is good to conuey away the residue in some ditch , along hard by the one side of your pond , casting the banke of your ditch toward the pond : the leuel of the water will direct you where to make your ditch : so may your conuey away your superfluous water . if any water runne through your pond , especially in the sommer time , it will also make your fish leane with laboring against it , as it is their nature to do , and also in manner vnpossible to keepe in your frie. a pond being thus ordered , and your fish therein feeding all the sommer time , it is requisite that about hollantide next you sew your pond , taking out all your fish : the best , and such as you meane to spend that winter , to put into small ponds , or stewes , whereas with a dragge you may take them againe as you neede to spend them : the other store-fish you may put into the like pond , as aforesayd , either new made , or one that hath lien dry all the sommer before . howbeit if you haue any great number of frie , especially of breame , it were better to preserue but part of them , and the residue to put into some stew or small pond with pikes : so shall you alwayes haue good pikes , and also your carpe , breame , and tench will be very fat and good . if your ponds be not ouerstored with fry , your pond being sewed , and your fish bestowed , it is good to let that pond you last sewed , to lie as drie as you can by any meanes all that winter , and the next sommer vntill michelmas : and then to fill it with water of the first floud that happeneth about that time : and sew your other pond betweene michelmas and hollantide , vsing the same as is before rehearsed . as for hauing any fish to spend in the sommer time , it is requisite to trust to your angle , a bownet , a tramell , or such like : by which meanes you shall seldome faile of some fish for your spending . if you should keepe any carpe , breame , or tench in stewes in the sommer time , they will wex leane , vnlesse you do feede them with corne : as barly , sod pease , or oates , or any other kind of corne . it may be heare expected i should set downe some proportion of number of fishes , hauing regard to the greatnesse of your pond , and the greatnesse of the fish . surely as the fertility of some soyle will nourish double the number of cattle that some others will do , euen so of pondes : if the soyle bee a fat clay , or other good ground , it will nourish double the number of fish , that a leane barren heath ground or drie sand will do . howbeit the ordering of a pond in such sort as aforesayd , and to lie dry euery other yeare , will much mend any ground euery yeare , especially if in the sommer time when it lyeth dry , cattell , and especially sheepe may feede and lie therein , as hereafter shall appeare by good reason . howbeit in an indifferent soile , i suppose you may well keepe foure hundreth carpe , breame , or tench , for euery acre , supposing your fish to be eight or ten inches in length : and the greater your pond is , the greater number in proportion it will keepe : as for example : a pond of foure acres will much better keepe 1600. fish , then a pond of two acres will keepe eight hundreth of like fish : for euery hundreth of such fish as aforesayd , you may keepe halfe a hundreth perches in the same pond , after you are once sufficiently stored of frie , and not before : for that a perch is a very great deuourer of frie , especially of carpe . i haue seene in the belly of a small perch sixteene or seuenteene small carpe frie at once : but hauing sufficient of frie , they do good in a pond , rather then otherwise : and will themselues be very fat and good . the pike is in no wise to be admitted into your great ponds , with your other fish , he is so great a deuourer , and will grow so fast hauing his fill of feeding , that being but eight or ten inches in the beginning of sommer , he may be eighteene or twentie inches before hollantide , at what time he will eate more fish euery day , then will suffise a man , and will feede onelie of carpe before anie other fish , if there be carpe frie in the pond . howbeit hauing two such ponds as aforesaid , made with heads , you shall euerie yeare haue sufficient store of reffuse frie , to feede some good number of pikes withall , wherewith they will be made verie thicke , sweete , and well growne , but not fatte , vnlesse you haue some store of small eeles , wherewithall to feede them some moneth or sixe weekes before you take them to spend : for that only that feeding vpon eeles , being cut in peeces , so as they may stir in the water , and yet not be able to escape awaie , will make the pikes verie fat . the causes mouing to haue a pond lie but one yeare with water and fish , and the next yeare emptie and drie , do hereafter ensue . first by that meanes you shall auoide superfluous number of frie , which greatly hinder the growth and goodnesse of your greater fish . secondly , by that meanes you shall so proportion your pond , that it shall neuer be ouerstored . thirdly , by that meanes your water shall alwayes be excellent sweete , by reason it ouerfloweth such ground as hath taken the sunne and ayre all the sommer before : wherein also if cattell do feede , or especially be fodered and lie , their dung and stale together with the naturall force of the sunne at the next spring ouerflowing with water , will breede an innumerable number of flies , and bodes of diuerse kinds and sorts , which in a faire sunshine day in march or aprill , you shall see in the water as thicke as motes in the sunne , of which bodes and flies the fish do feede exceedingly . also great store of seedes , of weedes , and grasse , shedding that sommer that it lieth drie , is a great feede to your fish the next sommer after , when it is ouerflowne with water . the sayd bodes doe for the most part breede of the blowings and seede of diuerse kinds of flies , and such like liuing creatures in the sommer , when your pond lieth drie , in the dung of cattell , and otherwise : and take life and being the ne●t spring time by the naturall heate of the suune , together with the moisture of the fat and pleasant water , as aforeiaid : for surely many and sundrie kinds of flies that flie about in the ayre in sommer time , do take life in the water ouerflowing such ground where they haue bene left by the blowings and feede of other flies . and i haue often obserued and beheld in a sunshine day , in shallow waters , especially where any dung or fatte earth is therewith mingled : i say , i haue seene a young flie swimme in the water too and fro , and in the end come to the vpper crust of the water , and assay to flie vp : howbeit not being perfitly ripe or fledge , hath twice or thrice fallen downe againe into the water : howbeit in the end receiuing perfection by the heate of the sunne , and the pleasant fat water , hath in the ende within some halfe houre after taken her flight , and flied quite awaie into the ayre . and of such young flies before they are able to flie awaie , do fish feede exceedingly . fourthlie , your fish shall euerie yeare haue feeding in proportion to their increasing in bignesse : for it standeth with reason , that carpes or other fish of twelue inches long , will require more feeding then so many of si●e inches long will do : but chieflie by meanes aforesayd of sewing euerie yeare , you shall haue oportunitie to be rid of the great increase of frie , and your greater fish more sweete and fat then any other hath by farre . fish will liue in a manner in any pond , and without any feeding , or such other industrie as aforesayd : but then they are forced to liue vppon the muddie earth and weedes that grow in such ponds , and being so fedde , they will eate and taste accordingly : and there is as great difference in taste betweene fish that is kept as aforesaid , and other fish that is kept in a standing pond without feeding or other industrie , as is betweene the flesh of a larke , and the flesh of a crow or kite . and i suppose that that is the cause that most men are out of loue with all pond fish , because they neuer tasted of any good or well ordered pond fish . that sommer that your pond lieth drie , as aforesaid , if there happen to grow any sower or rancke weedes therein ( as many times there will ) it is good to cut them vp , and being dried with the sunne , to burne them , so shall you haue sweete grasse , or yong weeds come in their place , that cattell will feede on , and also the heate of the sunne shall much amend your ground . also trench out the water , that it may lie as drie as may be possible : and if you can plough it , and haue sommer corne therein , as bucke or barley that sommer that it lieth drie , i thinke it very good . i haue heard the common people in the fenne countries affirme , and that very earnestly , that their fishes do feede of ashes , by reason that in a drie sommer , when much of their fenne grounds lie drie , and are pastured with cattell , then towards the winter time such ranke grasse , sedge , reedes , or weedes , as the cattell do leaue vneaten , they will burne them with fire , to the end that the next sommer such old sedge , reedes , or weedes , may not annoy the comming vp of young and better sedge , reedes , or grasse . and the common people find by experience , that after such a drie sommer , as aforesaid , all the next winter the water ouerflowing those grounds , their fish will be exceeding fat and good : and therefore ( say they ) surely the fish do feede vppon the ashes of the weeds , and such like burnt as aforesaid . but the truth is , in such a drie sommer as aforesaid , the cattell then feeding in such grounds as then lie drie , do bestow therein great quantitie of dung and stale , wherein is bred great abundance of such bodes , flies , and wormes , as aforesayd : as also the naturall and liuelie heate of the sunne piercing such grounds , doth make the same pleasant and fat , and to bring forth the next sommer many hearbes and weedes , the seedes of which do yeeld vnto fishes verie great foode and nourishment , and not the barren drie ashes , as afore is imagined . he that cannot haue such ponds as aforesaid , and hauing but some small mote or other horse-pond in his ground , that standeth continuallie full of water , may often times haue a dish of good fish , if he will bestow some feeding of corne , as sod barley or pease , cheese-curds , or bloud of beasts , to throw into his pond in the sommer time , for that fish being not of the rauening kind , do then onelie feede . but it behoueth to do it in such sort , as he may be assured that the fish do eate it , and that he be not beguiled with duckes , geesse , or such like . he may therefore make a square thing of some two foote broade , of elme boords , with ledges some three or foure inches deepe , and therein sincke his corne with a line tied vnto the foure corners thereof , so that he may pull it vp and let it downe when he pleaseth , and after the fish haue once found the vse thereof , you shall well perceiue they will haunt it . sweet graines in small proportion are also good , but if they be once sower or mustie , the fish will not feede on them , and also they will stench your pond . the tench of all other fish will best like to be fed , as aforesaid , and will be very good , sweete , and fatte , and next vnto him the carpe . it is with fish as it is with other creatures , for like as one acre of ground , will hardly feede one ore throughout the yeare , to keepe him in good plight and fat , yet so much corne or hay you may lay in that acre , that you may feede therein ten or twentie oxen . and euen so , although one acre of ground ouerflowed with water , will naturallie , and if it selfe keepe but 300. or foure hundreth carpes , or other fsshes : yet so much feeding you may adde thereunto , that it may keepe three thousand or foure thousand in as good plight as three hundreth or foure hundreth without such feeding . of all creatures fish are the greatest increasers in number : and so great is the increase of them , that i do verily suppose the sea it selfe and all fresh riuers likewise , would be ouerstored if they did not deuour one another in very great quantity : yet haue they many other enemies besides fish , that do continually pray and feede vpon them : as , for pond fish , first the small eeles , when the carps , breams , tenches , or roches do lay their spawne in egges in spawning time , you shall many times see sixe , ten , or more small eeles follow them , and as the spawne falleth from them they eate it , as also duckes will do the like . afterward so sonne as it is quicke , the eele , and especially the perch , will deuour it in great quantitie before it be able to swimme any thing fast . after that , it is foode for the kings fisher , all kind of shel-foule , the bitture , the hearne , the cormorant , and the ospray . and when it is at the greatest , as if it bee a carpe of three foote long , the otter will kill him : otherwise all ponds would quickly be ouerstored , if it also go not away with flouds , which is greatly to be foreseene . i remember myselfe did once put three spawning carps into a pond that was some three acres of ground , and with them nine or ten milters about february , and in nouember next following i did sew the same pond , and of those breeders i had 9000. and vpwards of carpe frie , notwithstanding all the foresaid enemies : and surely a breame will increase in number much more . the ingendring and breeding of the like fish as aforesaid , i haue noted to be in this manner , sometime in may , and sometime in iune , as the season happeneth to fall out apt for generation , the water by gods prouidence hauing then a naturall warmth to performe the same , the male fish by course of nature , will chase about the female , seeking copulation : and as in all other creatures , so in this the female seemeth to shun and flie from the male , so that you shall see three , foure , or fiue male fish chase one female , and so hold her in on euerie side , that they will force her to swimme through weedes , grasse , rushes , straw , or any such like thing that is in the pond , wherein she being intangled and wearied with their chasing , they find oportunitie to ioyne in copulation with her , mingling their milt with her spawne , sometime one of them , sometime another , at which time the spawne falleth from her like little egges , and sticketh fast to the sayd weedes : some eight , nine , or ten dayes after which time it quickneth , taketh life , and hath the proportion of a fish : yea two or three dayes before it quicken , if you take such an egge and breake it vppon your naile , you shall perceiue the proportion of a fish therein . after it is quicke it mooueth very little for some fortnight or three weekes , and then it gathereth together into sculles by the shore side , where the water is shallow : howbeit the tench frie will lie scattering in the weedes , and not flote in sculles . and if there run any water from your pond , you shall not possible keepe eeles out of the same , they will come into the same against the streame . their manner of breeding is very vncertaine and vnknowne , but vndoubtedly they are bred in the brackish or sea water : and at the first full moone in maie they begin to come into all great riuers , and out of great riuers into lesser riuers , and out of those lesser riuers into all small brookes , rils , and running waters , continually against the streame all the beginning of sommer : as likewise with the first floud that commeth about michelmas , they couet to go downe the streame , and will not stay vntill they come into the deepe and brackish waters , if they be not taken or letted by the way . i know that some hold opinion that they breede of the may deaw , for proofe whereof they say if you cut vp two turfes of grassie in a may morning , and clap the grassie sides of those turfes together , and so lay them in a riuer , you shall the next day find small young eeles betweene the sayd turfes : and so you shall indeeede , for the most part do . howbeit not therefore they do breede of the deaw , for if you likewise take a little bottle of sweete hay , straw , or weedes , that haue had no may deaw fallen thereon , and sinke it in a riuer at that time of the yeare , and take it out suddenly the next morning , and you shall find likewise many small eeles therein . the reason is , at that time of the yeare that riuer being full of such young eeles , they will creepe into euery thing that is sweete and pleasant . and for proofe that the sayd eele frie doe come out of the brackish waters against the streame into all other riuers , rils , and ponds , if in the beginning of the sommer you do diligently obserue at the taile of any water mill , especially neare vnto any great riuer , you shall see them in great numbers early in the morning , and late in the euening , in iune or iuly at the chinckes and holes in the floud-gates to labour exceedingly to get vp against the streame , although they be often times driuen backe with the violence of the water , yet cease they not still againe to labour vntill they haue gotten vp against the streame . the like do salmonds , barbils , troutes , roch , date , cheuin , gogions , and other riuer fish at weres and dammes in great riuers , for that they couet to spawne in shallow waters , and not in the deepe : the which thing when they haue performed , they then presently couet to go downe the streame vntill they come vnto the brackish or sea water . it may be here expected that i should set downe the baites to be vsed for all kind of pond-fish , for all seasons of the yeare , but therein i haue not had such exact knowledge to prescribe vnto the diligent practiser any better then himselfe can find out . i haue found that the carpe , breame , and tench , being vsed to feeding , will bite at the red worme , paste made of dough , or the grashopper , most part of the sommer season . the tench also is a fish very easilie taken in a bownet , and whosoeuer hath of them in his ponds , it behooueth him to take great heede that he be not deceiued by leud people . the shallow or pond roch with the red fins will spawne in most ponds . the riuer roch and dace will not spawne in any pond : howbeit if your pond be neare any riuer , and that there runne any water from it in the sommer time , you shall find that they will come into the same against the streame , where you would thinke it vnpossible : and so will pickerell and perch . and i haue heard some affirme very constantly , that water-fowle do often times bring the spawne of such fish in their feathers into ponds . others will affirme , that the heate of the sunne may draw vp such spawne of fish before it be quicke , and so the same taking life in the moist ayre , may afterward fall downe in a shower of raine into a pond : the reason that hath mooued many men so to thinke , is , because they haue found such kind of fish in their ponds , where they are sure that they nor any other haue euer put any such . howbeit surely the same haue come into the sayd ponds against the streame , as aforesaid , in sommer flouds , and not by any such other monstrous generation as is last afore mentioned . and somewhat to say of the growth of fish : as nature may be helped by art in other things , so likewise in fish very much : for that a carpe may with feeding the first yeare be brought to be sixe inches long , and the next to twelue or foureteene inches , whereas in ordinary ponds without feeding , they will hardly be brought to be fourteene inches in fiue or sixe yeares . i do not thinke that ground would yeeld vnto the owner any other way so much benefite , as to be conuerted into such ponds with heads as is afore mentioned , if onely fish were spent vppon the dayes by law ordained for that purpose in this realme : the which thing if it were obserued , no doubt would turne this realme to incredible benefite , many and sundry wayes . but now those that should spend such fish , will rather bestow their money in rabbets , capons , or such like . howbeit i am perswaded that fish vsed as aforesayd , and dressed whilest it is new taken , is very wholsome for mans body , and also more delicate then most kinds of flesh . a breame will be very long in growing , before it come to any bignesse , as commonly fiue or sixe yeares before he be a foote long , but if your water be not very great , he will hardly be a foote long in ten yeares . the tench will grow and prosper very well : howbeit will neuer be so great as some carpes will be . i haue seene a carpe of xxxiii . inches betweene the eye and the forke of the taile , but neuer any tench aboue two and twenty inches of like measure . the pike will grow exceedingly , if he may haue his fill of other small fish : as , the first yeare to twelue or fourteene inches , the next to twenty or two and twenty inches . and whosoeuer hath ponds with heads as aforesayd , shall euery yeare very conueniently feede some good number of pikes in some ditch or small stew with refuse frie. if you haue such ponds as aforesayd , often or twelue acres of ground or more , neare any riuer where troughts are , you may get troughts to put into such ponds with your other fish , so there be no pikes amongst them . howbeit when you come to sew your pond , and that the water commeth any thing neare the mud , your troughts will then die : yet haue i seene them grow exceedingly in such a pond in one yeare , and to be very fat and good : howbeit they must be very charily handled in the cariage , and a few of them caried in a great deale of faire and cleane water , and that in cold weather , and may not be handled with hands , but in a hand-net very charily : and so likewise are all other fish to be vsed , especially such as you meane to keepe for store . if you haue carpes in small ditches , in the moneth of march , at what time todes doe ingender , the tode will many times couet to fasten himselfe vppon the head of the carpe , and will thereby inuenime the carpe , in such sort that the carpe will swell as great as he may hold , so that his seales will stand as it were on edge , and his eyes stand out of his head neare halfe an inch , in very vgly sort : and in the end will for the most part die thereof : and it is very dangerous for any person to eate of any such carpe so inuenimed . it is not sufficient that fish be aliue and swimme away when they are put into a pond , but if they be brused or take heate in the cariage , they will be long before they recouer againe and fall to their feeding , and sometime neuer recouer , but after long pining and sicknesse , do in the end die also . the carpe of all pond fish will abide most hardnesse in cariage : next to him the tench , then the breame , pike , and perch . a carpe in the winter time may be caried aliue in wet hay or grasse that is sweete for the space of fiue or sixe houres . if you cary any fish in water , let not the tench or eele be caried among them , because they cast great store of slime , which will choke and kill your other fish , especially pike or perch . a pike will hardly feede of any thing except it stirre and be aliue , but the perch and eele will feede of the small guts of sheepe being cut , or of any garbage of chickens , coneys , or such like , and of bloud of beasts . the tench , perch , and eele , being vsed to be fed , will not lightly faile to bite at an angle anytime the sommer halfe yeare . the feeding of frie the first yeare will make them quickly past many dangers , as of being past danger of eating of some other fishes and foules , as also past danger of going away at grates , or at the holes of water rats in bankes . also they will be of a larger and greater growth then euer they will be not being fed : and it behooueth to feede them with such foode as they are able to feede on : as , the first moneth with otemeale , or some other meale sodden , and being cold may be like a gelly in thicknesse , a very little in quantity to be laid in shallow places , where onely the frie do haunt , and not the greater fish . a carpe frie will begin to feede when he is not aboue an inch long , at what time also they will begin to gather together in sculles after some fortnight or three weekes , you may then make their meate thicker , and increase in quantitie as your frie bee of abilitie to eate it , giuing to euerie kind of frie such feeding as his nature requireth . it is not good to handle any kinde of frie whilest it is very young and tender , or at least wise not in handes , but in some small mashed hand-net , that is flatte and not deepe like a bagge or a sacke , and a few at once , that they rub not one vpon another . the second yeare you may feede your frie with sodden barley or mault steeped in water , and the third yeare with sodden pease : for like as any kind of beasts , especially such as chew not the cud , do take more nutriture out of sodden corne , then out of corne being raw : so fishes being of nature more cold then other creatures , take lesse nutriture of raw corne then any other creatures do . and if you feede your fish with raw corne , you shall find it come from them in their dung not halfe concocted , whereby a great part of the feeding thereof is lost and doth not good . it may be demaunded if it will quite the cost , to haue fish in this sort fed . surely if corne be not excessiue deare , it will beare the charges very well : for that a small quantity of corne will suffice a great many of fish . howbeit the other way before mentioned , with ponds with heads , and to lie drie euery other yeare , is lesse troublesome , and will breede very excellent , good , sweete , and fat fish : so that they bee not ouerstored , although they haue no feeding by hand . the more that a pond lieth open vnto the sunne , the ayre , and the winds , the better it is for your fish . the leaues of any kind of trees , but especially of oke , falling into any pond , is noysome to the fish , and so is the greene boughes of oke , or any other wood except willow ▪ the haunt of cattell vnto any pond is verie good , and nourishing to the fish , especially of kine and oxen , and chiefly when such cattell do feede where corne hath bene newly mown or reaped , for that therewil then remaine in their dung much corne and seedes of grasse , which the fishes being not of the rauening kind do feede on . the fish that bee not of the rauening kind , do feede little or nothing in the winter time , but do lie either in holes in the bankes , or in weedes in the bottome of the ponds , to shun the extremitie of cold ayre . the rauening kind do feede in the winter season , although nothing so much as in the sommer season . some will hold opinion that the pike will not eate the perch , because of his sharpe finnes , but i haue often times seene two or three small perches in the belly of a pike , and likewise in the belly of an eele . and i haue likewise seene a pike choked sometime with eating of a perch , when as he hath swallowed the perch with the taile foremost . but the pike will not lightly meddle with the perch if there be any store of other kind of feeding for him in the pond of other small fish . it is also requisite that the pike be helped , so that he labour not ouer much in chasing of his pray before he take it , as to haue the tailes of the small fish cut off , when you throw them into the stew or small pond vnto your pikes , to the end they may with the more ease take them , the perch and eele will feed of bloud of beasts as aforesayd , and likewise of the small garbage of sheepe and such like being cut small , and also of small frie of fish , either dead or aliue . the preface concerning frvite . if the benefite arising vnto the common-wealth through the abundance of fruite were well weighed and pondered , there would be lawes established for the increase and maintenance therof throughout this realme . many countries as gloccster-shire , hereford-shire , worcester-shire , great part of kent and sussex are so replenished with fruite , that it serueth the poorer sort not onely for foode a great part of the yeare , but also for drinke the most part of the yeare . i haue knowne in those countries many men that haue 12. or twenty persons vprising and downe lying in their houses , that do not spend most yeares two quarters of malt for their drinke ( but onely cider and perry ) and also do yearely sell great quantitie . and there is no doubt but in most countries in england there might be the like , if men would generally plant fruite , and notwithstanding take as great commoditie in effect by pasturing or earing of their ground as they now do . but in many places the short estate that men haue in their holdings , and the discommoditie they find in stealers , do discourage them . howbeit if men would generally plant in their hedge-rowes , balkes and other places , it would be a very small matter to any one man , although poore folke did now & then take some part of the same . howbeit it were very necessary that some law were established to punish such offenders , not so much in respect of the value of the thing , as in that it discourageth men to set & plant fruite , and that respect were had to moses law , viz. that so long as the same extendeth but to the filling of their bellies to expell hunger , it is the more to be borne withall : but if they shall also cary away to any value , there is no reason but that it should be seuerely punished . i am also perswaded that cider and perry is very wholesome for the bodies of naturall english people , especially such as do labor and trauell . it is also by experience found to be very good to furnish ships withall for long voyages by sea , for that a small quantity thereof will relish and giue good taste vnto a great deale of water : and very great commodity might arise to this realme , if we were able to spare mault to serue the low countries withall , or rather the same being made into beare , for that our themes water doth for that purpose passe any other water whatsoeuer : which thing in time might be very commodious vnto our prince in respect of custom , & likewise to the whole realme , in respect of maintenance of nauigation by transporting the same , besides other commodities not here to be spoken of . certaine experiments concerning frvite , as followeth . for planting of any great quantity of fruite it is necessarie first to sow in some bed ( being before hand well trenched two foote deepe , and the earth broken small and layd light but not dunged ) the kernels of apples , crabs , or pears . the kernels of apples may be gotten in some good quantitie of such as make apple pies to sell in markets or market townes . the keruels of crabs or peares , are to be picked out of crabs that are stamped for veriuyce , or peares ground or stamped for perry : which kernels being sowne in such beds as aforesayd , being kept from cropping of cattell or coneys , and also kept with weeding , will in two yeares be ready to remoue and to be set in beds three foote asunder one way , and a foote the other other way , the body being cut off halfe a foote aboue the ground , in which beds hauing stood one yeare , they may then be grafted with what fruite you please , a handfull aboue the ground is best grafting , which beds being kept with weeding , you may also commodiously plant strawberies vnder your grafts . within three or foure yeares after the grafting , they will be ready to remoue into an orchard , where you may plant them to continue : but if you meane to plant them in your hedge-rowes in your ground where cattle commeth , they had need to be of sixe yeares growth after the grafting , because you may then the more conueniently tie bushes about them , or other prouision to keepe them from cattle : but the wild choke peare that is neuer grafted , will make very good perry . also one other way to plant an orchard may be done by planting of small crab-stockes in beds in some nurcery as aforesayd , three foote asunder one way , and one foote the other way , the ground in the sayd beds being first trenched two foote deepe , and the mould laid light , and the stocke cut off halfe a foote aboue ground : and the next yeare the same to be grafted close by the ground , or at the most foure inches aboue the ground , to the end that if the first grafting happen to faile , it may be againe grafted the second time . howbeit some also do vse to graft fiue or sixe foote high , and vppon great olde stockes , the same is not greatly amisse : howbeit the other way is farre better as i take it , for that the siences so grafted fiue or sixe foote high , are many times broken downe with foules lighting on them , & many times broken downe with the wind in the ioynt when they are 3. or 4. years old , which is a great displeasure vnto the owner . aboue all things you must foresee , that the ground of your nurcerie or orchard be not naturally ouer wet or moist . it cannot lightly be too drie , for that the rootes will naturally run downwards , vntill they come vnto sufficient moisture : but if the roote of anie plant be once set too deepe , he cannot helpe himselfe : it is against nature for the roote to grow vpwards , but will rather grow mustie and die . the third way to plant an orchard , is by setting of slips of trees of cider fruite , which is the speediest & readiest way in shortest time to haue store of such fruite . but that kind of setting doth seldome prosper but onely in some few especiall kind of cider fruite . as also an orchard so planted , will not continue aboue fortie , or at the most fiftie yeares , but it will decay againe . in planting of an orchard the greatest care is to be had , that the ground be not too wet : for that a tree planted in such ground cannot prosper : or if it grow , it will not beare other then spotted and cappard fruite , either apple , peare or plumme , neither will it shoote out or grow in anie good sort . if your ground be naturally wet , it must be holpen with making of trenches betweene euerie row of trees , so as the water may draine away , at the least three foote deepe : and whereas the ground is inclined to moisture , you are to set your trees verie shallow , as halfe a foot deepe , and rather to raise a hillock of earth about your tree roote , then to set your tree too deepe near the water . and here note , that euery ground hath an vpper crust of earth , which by the natural heate of the sun , & pleasantnesse of the ayre piercing the same , is made more fruitfull then the residue of the earth is : which vpper crust in some grounds is a foote , some two foote , and in some three foote deepe : also in some grounds not aboue halfe a foote deepe . and vnder the same vpper crust is either a hote chalke , a drie sand , a barren grauell , or a cold lean clay , or lome , or such like . it is therefore requisite that you set your yong tree in such sort , as that the rootes thereof may run and spread in that vpper crust , for that if you set him any deeper , you spoile all . in many places in a chalke ground , where such crust as aforesayd is very shallow and not past halfe a foote deepe , you shall see most of the rootes of the elmes ashes , and other trees there growing , to runne naturally euen three or foure inches aboue the earth : which thing they do to shun the extreame heate of the chalke . the like experience shall you also see in a wet or moorish ground , a great part of the roote of great trees to run also aboue the ground , for that they do naturally shunne the extreame wet and cold of such grounds . the fattest & fruitfullest ground is not best for fruite , for that the trees growing in such ground will be very subiect to be eaten with cankers , as also the fruite will be much wormeaten . i suppose the best ground for an orchard is a wheate ground , or that which is as it were a mixture of clay and sand , but in no wise inclined to wet or springs of water . if you plant your trees twenty foote one way and thirty foote the other , you may then very conueniently either plough broade ridges , or mow your orchard between euery ranke of trees : and such plowing will also do good vnto the roots of the trees , especially if you turne your ground vpward vnto the roots of your trees some three or four plowings together , making your forrow in the middest betweene euery ranke of trees , especially whereas the ground is inclined to wet . it is also requisite that the place where you set your tree , be digged wide and deepe , to the end that the rootes may haue loose earth to run into : by which meanes the roote spreading and increasing , it will send out the more nourishment and strength into the top . also when you plant your young trees in your orchard , it is requisite to cut off all the top , otherwise he will be in danger to die the next sommer , by reason the roote cannot the first yeare be able to giue nourishment vnto many boughes & branches . many couet to haue their trees sixe or seuen foote high before they branch out in top , but i haue found very great inconuenience in so doing , for that when such trees come to beare fruite , the bodies will not be able to sustaine the tops , but that they will bend downe , and often times breake in sunder with the weight of fruite : but to braunch at some foure foote in height , i take to be the best , especially where commeth no cattell to crop them . in my opinion there were no fruite to be compared vnto the pippin , if it were not so subiect vnto the canker as it is . there be manie kinds of good apples , howbeit will not beare past once in fiue or sixe yeares to anie purpose . some other kinds will beare euerie second yeare exceeding full . of both which sorts i haue diuers kinds , howbeit cannot giue proper names to euerie of them . the good bearing fruite is fittest for cider , so it be also naturally moist and not drie . howbeit the peare maketh the more delicate drinke then the apple will do : and i haue seene some perrie of that strength , that it will warme the stomacke euen like white wine , and tast as pleasantly . and i am verily perswaded , that a ground planted with wild peares otherwise called choke peares , would be verie beneficiall vnto the owner : for that such kind of fruite is fittest for perrie , as also for the most part doth beare verie full euerie yeare : and vntill your trees be of some ten or twelue yeares growth , you may take commoditie by ploughing or mowing your ground , and grasing the same with horses , and afterward by mowing and grasing the same with any other cattell , especially if you set your trees twentie foote asunder one way , and thirtie foote another way , as aforesaid . the peare will prosper in a ground inclined to wet better then the apple will do . there is a disease in trees , which is called a canker , wherevnto the pippin chiefly is greatly subiect , and the same doth spoile manie trees . i know no better remedie for the same , then to cut it cleaue out in the winter time , which oftentimes doth helpe the same , so that the barke will againe ouergrow the sore , and do well : but if it haue once gone more then halfe about the tree , it will hardly be euer recouered : and for the most part the best and most delicate fruite is most subiect to this infirmitie . it may be here expected i should treat of all kindes of grafting , as to graft in the cleft , in the leafe , in the noch , or otherwise : but surely for apples , peares , or most kind of plummes , i haue found to graft in the clift some foure inches aboue the ground to be the best . howbeit the abricocke plumme , the vine , and such other as haue great store of pith , they are fittest to be grafted in the leafe , or eie ( as the call it . ) the third way to graft in the noch , the cyent must be in effect as great as the stocke , and such grafts for the most part grow to be toppe heauie , and therefore that kind of grafting to no great purpose in my opinion . some writers teach , that apples may be grafted vpon the willow , the elme , the ash , alder , and such others : but a man had better be without such fruite-trees in his orchard then to haue them , for that they will haue a tast of the stocke that they are grafted on . an apple is not good to be grafted , but vpon the stocke of the wild apple or crab , as likewise the peare and warden vpon the wild peare stocke . if you graft a peare or a warden vppon a white thorne , it will be finall , hard , cappard , and spotted . the medler is good to be grafted vpon the white thorne . the quince is best to be planted of the wild siences that grow out of the root of other quince trees , and so likewise the philbard . the chesnut and walnut are to be set of nuts : and besides the commodity of the fruite , do also become very good timber . the chesnut timber will outlast the heart of oke , to lie either alwayes wet or alwayes drie , or sometime wet and sometime drie . the perry wil not last well aboue one yeare , but the cider will last good two or three yeares . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a13396-e170 where to lay your sluce . when to store your ponds . not good to handle fish in hot weather . rauening fish . fish not of the rauening kind . a breame long in growing , and a great increaser . the first yeare your fish will spawne exceedingly . the nature of fish . no water to run through a pond in the sommer time . how to order your fish at sewing time . to preserue ouer many fry , is a hinderance to the owner . to feede pikes with your superfluous fry . the proportion of fish according to the greatnesse of your pond . causes why ponds shold lie drie euery other yeare . what maketh sweete fish . great difference in goodnesse of pond fish . the second sort of ponds . how fish may be fed in such ponds . the tench good to be fed . the great increase of fish . eeles and afterward perches great deuourers of frie. fish haue many enemies to destroy them . how fish do breede . the breeding of eeles very vncertaine and vnknowne . eeles come from the brackish and sea water . in the riuer of seuerne i haue seene great store of these small eele frie taken going against the streame , when they are no greater then a wheate straw . eeles go against the streame , and so doth most other fish in the spring time . fish couet to go downe the streame in the latter end of the sommer . baites for euery seuerall fish . many opinions concerning breeding of fish . a breame very slow in growth . carpe . troughts may be kept in ponds . fish to be charily handled in the cariage . the carpe will abide most hardnesse . tenches and eeles not to be caried with other fish . a nurcery of plants and grafts . an especiall note to be obserued . wet groūds vnfit for an orchard . an especiall matter to be noted in planting of any trees whatsoeuer . many men are at great charge● in planting of orchards , and yet can haue no good fruite , only by reason their trees are at the first set too deepe : howbeit do not perceiue the reason thereof . aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder, or making cyder-royal lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others, and pay dear for wine ... : to which are added, certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees, gooseberry-trees, &c. with respect to cheapness, expedition, certain growing, and fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known / by richard haines. haines, richard, 1633-1685. 1684 approx. 75 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 11 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2009-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a43774 wing h198 estc r11090 13115485 ocm 13115485 97747 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a43774) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 97747) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 419:10) aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder, or making cyder-royal lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others, and pay dear for wine ... : to which are added, certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees, gooseberry-trees, &c. with respect to cheapness, expedition, certain growing, and fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known / by richard haines. haines, richard, 1633-1685. [5], 17 p. printed by george larkin for the author ..., london : 1684. marginal notes. reproduction of original in bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng cider -england -early works to 1800. fruit-culture -england -early works to 1800. 2008-01 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2008-03 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2008-04 john pas sampled and proofread 2008-04 john pas text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder , or making cyder-royal , lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others , and pay dear for wine . shewing , that simple cyder , frequently sold for thirty shillings per hogshead , ( viz. three-half-pence a quart ) may be made as strong , wholesom , and pleasing as french wine usually sold for twelve-pence a quart ; without adding any thing to it , but what is of the juice of apples ; and for one penny or three-half-pence a quart more charge , may be made as good as canary commonly sold for two shillings . as also , how one acre of land now worth twenty shillings , may be made worth eight or ten pound per annum . to which are added , certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees , gooseberry-trees , &c. with respect to cheapness , expedition , certain growing , and fruitfulness , beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known . by richard haines . london : printed by george larkin for the author , and are to be had at the marine and carolina coffee-house in burching lane near the royal exchange ; until our royal-cyder-office be erected for granting of licenses , of which we shall give a further account shortly . 1684. the epistle dedicatory , to all kings , princes , & states , who have no wines of their own production ; especially to the most sacred majesty of his soveraign lord the king of great britain , &c. as also to their most excellent majesties , the kings of the two northern crowns ; and to the high and mighty lords ; the states general of the united provinces . may it please your majesties and lordships : food , drink , and rayment , are the prime requisites of humane life . of drinks , the juice of the grape is esteemed the most generous ; but since providence has not indulged every nation with that of its own growth ; and for that , tho' the more southern countrys enjoy it , yet the more northern that are without it , do by the coldness of their climate most stand in need of strong drinks ; and since ale and beer is too cloudy and heavy ; and to furnish themselves with wine , they exhaust yearly a great part of their treasure and native commodities ; i thought , if i could find out and inform that part of the world , how to prepare a sort of liquor which might answer all the ends and advantages of wine , and yet be of your own countries production , and afforded much cheaper , i might deserve well of your majesties and lordships , and all your subjects , both now and to posterity . that which nearest approaches the nature of wine , is the juice of apples , wildings , pears and other fruits , ( commonly called cyder , perry , currant , cherry and gooseberry-wine &c. ) and with all or some of these , your respective territories are , or may be plentifully furnisht . the defect hitherto has been , first , that few have applyed themselves to making of cyder . secondly , much fewer are those that know how to make even tollerable common simple cyder . thirdly , their cyder who made it best , falls short of the goodness of wine in strength and delicacy ; and besides , by reason of its coldness and crudities , was apt to generate wind , and other distempers , and so proved not so wholsome to the body . for all these inconveniences , here is found a proper and certain remedy ; the secret is brought home to your doors , and in the following papers spread before you ; so that hencefoth , after a little industry , you need not ( for general use ) be beholden to any forreiner , for their wines but furnish your selves as well , and abundantly cheaper , at home , and drink for your own healhs , without despising the discoverer in variety of liquors of your own production , altogether as good and satisfactory . how this overture may be resented , i am not prophet enough to fore-see ; the incredulity of our king henry the seventh ( tho justly numbred amongst the wisest monarchs of that age ) is reported by some authors to have cost him the immense loss of the west-indian treasures , which have since enricht all the kings , princes , and states of europe : and even ferdinand of castile was beholding to the importunities of his lady isabella , for accepting that proffer'd prize , and the discovery of that new world , from a despised columbus . and however this present thing , or my self may be censur'd or contemn'd at first ; yet without the least doubt i believe , that a time will come , wherein all or most of the kings , princes , and states , or at least their subjects , in those nations that have no wines of their own , may have cause to rejoice either in the use or advantage , which themselves may make thereof ; and that too , without raising any burthensome taxes , or putting their subjects to heavy charges . for as it must undoubtedly be of great profit to all nations that are unfurnisht with wine of their own production , especially , those whose soil will afford the materials ( in which respect i forget not the kingdom of poland , to whom i made my endeavours to transmit my proposals , but by reason of the remote distance and small entercourse from hence thither , i could not gain an opportunity ; however i cannot but recommend it as a thing of great moment to that renouned king and nation , their countrey being as proper for it as any in the world ) so as for climates which yield not fruits necessary , they will yet however fare much the better too , since less vvines being spent in those nations that used to take off the greatest quantities ( viz. two or three millions worth of wines and brandy's per annum ) the french , &c. must then be necessiated to force a trade , by selling them much cheaper , than ever they would have done , were it not for this discovery . vpon the whole matter , as your most excellent majesties , and your renowned lordships , have by your several letters patents , contracts , and resolutions , given me assurances of a proportionate reward and encouragement ; if upon the discovery , the thing should prove feazible , and be accepted , or suffered to be practised in your several dominions , so relying upon your royal and honourable vvords ( than which nothing here below can be more sacred ) to your justice wisdom , and goodness , i humbly referr my self , and these my well-intended endeavours , remaining to your majesty my dread soveraign , a most humble loyal and faithfully devoted subject . and to you the other most excellent kings , and honourable lords , a most humble , and ready servant , to my power , richard haines . an advertisement to all loyal subjects in his majesties kingdom of england and principality of wales . vvhereas our soveraign lord the king , hath been graciously pleased by his royal letters patent , to give and grant unto me and partners , the sole use and benefit of my invention in the ensuing treatise discovered ; with all the profits and advantages that may , can , or shall be made thereof ; with prohibition to all others from doing or imitating the same , within all his majesties dominions ; for and during the term of fourteen years . and forasmuch as such our invention may be very desirable , useful , and beneficial to all or most part of his majesties subjects ; therefore to the intent , they may not be with-holden from the same , notwitstanding it might be abundantly most for our particular advantage to keep it in our hands , and reserve it wholly to our selves , since it is , that we might gain five or six pound by every hogshead , when no such is made in our nation , but by our selves . yet nevertheless to demonstrate the greatness of our zeal to the publick ; and how ready we are to postpone our private interests thereunto ; that no reasonable person may have any colour to complain ; and that all that are willing , may have the opportunity to make sufficient benefit of this our invention ; we do by these presents declare , that we are willing and content , that this our said invention shall be free to all his majesties subjects in england and wales , upon the terms , limitations , and conditions following , viz. 1. that every person that shall or will sell the said cyder-royal , or other liquors herein after mentioned , either by wholesale or retail , shall yearly have a deputation or allowance from us so to do , paying us one and twenty shillings and six-pence per annum . 2. that any of his majesties subjects in england or wales , paying the like sum of twenty one shilling six-pence , shall for the whole term of fourteen years have the like deputation or allowance , to practice or use the same for his particular use , viz. so far , as to make cyder-royal , and all or any the aforesaid liquors , to be spent by themselves and their respective private families . and to entertain their friends therewith in their own houses ; provided they do not fell , or otherwise dispose thereof . this is the method we propose , the termes whereof are so easy and profitable to those to whom they are offered ; that we hope no loyal subject may have the least cause to dislike ; nor any be found so unreasonably perverse , as to oppose or contemn the authority of his majesties gracious letters patent , or to envy the patentees so small a consideration and acknowledgment , who out of love and good-will to the publick , are contented with that which will not amount to one tenth part of the benefit vve might make thereof , if we kept the thing wholly in our own particular hands and management . and supposing these our reasonable terms may be readily embrac'd , we shall be content to abide by and continue the same . but however , forasmuch as we know , that there are a discontented troublesome and envious sort of people in the vvorld , who are naturally apt not only to envy and abuse them whom they are beholding to , for their own vvelfare ; but also delight to affront and contemn the authority of his majesties laws and royal prerogative therefore , as to venders , viz. all such as sell either by vvholesale or retale , vve intend their deputations or licences shall be but from one year to another ; to the intent , that in case the method we have proposed be thwarted and endeavoured to be obstructed , we may the next year , take to our selves the sole benefit of our invention granted ; and those only to have the selling and uttering thereof as shall give security to take it of our selves and no others . but for those that sell it not , they upon sending in their money as aforesaid , shall freely enjoy the same , for our whole term , upon the condition before offered . if it be objected , that this way of improving cyder , &c. by me discovered , is so obvious and easy , that it deserves not the honour of being called a project or invention . to this i crave leave to answer — 1. that every thing seems easy when 't is known , and yet if it be a useful thing , those that knew it not before , will be ungrateful not to acknowledge an obligation to him that first taught them . 2. if it seem now so plain when you find it here discovered , it vvas lately not so ; for else how came it not to be practiced before ? nay , ( though 't is not difficult to add to things once found out ) yet the ordinary objector , even after i have given the hint , and in general disclosed the thing , would perhaps find it not very easy to advance his liquors to the proposed perfection , without consulting those rules and instructions which i have here laid down , having by frequent trials and experiments found them most effectual . the old fable is significative , of the mag-pye reaching the wood pigeon to build a nest ; to every direction the other contemptuously cry'd — this i can do , and this i can do ; which at last so incensed the pye , that she left her in the midst of her work with this reprimand , — then do 't , then do 't ; and ever since the simple pigeon for want of a little patience and gratitude is forc'd to be content with a sorry imperfect lodging for her young ones . so in the present case , suppose any shall say , this is easy , i doubt not but to do it and mend it too my self — be it so , yet still i know not that you have more reason to boast , than the cobler , who says he mends what the shomaker makes , whereas had not the latter first made the shoe , the former would have had no occasion for such a vapour . 3dly . inventions are to be honour'd and esteem'd for that usefulness and benefit they afford , rather than for their uneasiness to be found out at first , or their difficulty to be practiced afterwards ; whether a man by sagaciousness of judgment , or a long industry and frequent essays , find out a thing ; or whether it occur to him suddenly by the friendly suggestion of his good genius , 't is all one to the rest of the world . nay , whenever the thing is really useful , the more easie 't is in practice , the more ought it to be valulued , because thereby 't is likely to be more publickly beneficial , and consequently the people are the more beholding to the inventer . especially he if be such an one as this discoverer ; who hath at his own cost and charge , ( besides this thing ) found out and contrived certain expedients by which not only the wealth of the kingdom of england might encrease at least twenty , if not thirty hundred thousand pounds , and his majesties revenue at least five , hundred thousand pounds per annum for ever ; but also all poor people not having any habitations of their own , or wherewith to live of themselves , may be so provided for , that there shall not be one beggar in the nation , nor any have reason to complain for want of a comfortable imployment , food , rayment or habitation . as my several printed proposals presented to his majesty and both houses of parliament , do most plainly demonstrate ; insomuch that i having presented my petition to the honourable house of commons , the thing was so readily approved of . that an order was made for bringing in a bill pursuant to the effect of my proposals , nemine contra-dicente ; which bill i at my further charge , procured to be drawn and prepared ; and had not the person whom i first intrusted , and who promised to read my petition in the house of commons , from time to time delayed so to do , till within a week before the dissolution of the parliament ; there is no reason to doubt but it had past into an act , and at this day been practiced , to the inestimable benefit of the nation . so that it will be very hard , and the highest discouragement imaginable to all persons in future times , to study to promote the welfare of their country , by new and profitable inventions and expedients , if a person who has thus for many years made it his business to serve the publick so considerably , to his great expence of time and charge , to the value of divers hundred pounds , may not without being envied , repined at , or obstructed , be afforded and allowed to reap the benefit of his majesties most gracious grant ( whose goodness never is wanting to any that find out improvements advantagious to his people ) especially this present discovery , being such as not only tends so much to the publick utility , but also to the great profit of all that please to make use of it on such easy and condescending termes , prejudicial to our own interests , as those herein before offered . which as they are heartily tendred for a general good , so we hope they will be received with that acceptance and gratitude , and respect to his majesties royal grant , as becomes all considerate men and good subjects . aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder , &c. the secret by me proposed to the before mentioned most excellent princes and honourable states , and for the discovery of which , they have been severally pleased , by their gracious letters patent , contracts , or resolutions , to promise me a reward or gratuity , is as followeth ; that is to say , to make the cyder , perry , juice , wines or liquors of apple , pears , wildings , crabbs , cherries , goose-berries , currants , and mul-berries , to he as strong , wholsome , and useful , as french , spanish , and other wines now in frequent use ; and that thereby the revenues of the said kings and states may severally be encreased more than one-hundred-thousand pounds per annum . and yet the said cyder , &c. so improved , to be made and afforded for 3. d. per quart , as good as the wine now usually sold for 12.d . per quart. which cyder so improved , for its excellency , and to distinguish it , in name , from common simple cyder , may fittly be called , cyder-royal . all which i now come to explain , and demonstrate in the following aphorisms . i. to make cyder-royal , or raise ordinary simple cyder , to be full as good or better than french wine , or to make the best simple cyder twice as strong as it is ( and so the like of any the aforesaid liquors ) by putting the strength and goodness of two hogs-heads into one ; which for to do , first put one hogs-head of cyder , and some part of the other , into a copper-still , and draw off all the spirit : after which distil the said spirit a second time , and then put the same into your other hogs-head and fill it up , stirr it about well , and keep it close-stopr , except one day in ten or twenty , let it lie open five or six hours . and within one quarter of a year , if the ensuing directions be observed , this cyder will be full as strong or stronger than the best french wines , and altogether as pleasing , tho' it may be some what different in tast . ii. if you would have it drink more like canary or other sacks , you must add more of the spirit , and as much sugar or sweets ( the making of which is herein after taught ) as will best please your pallate ; and is the proportion of one pint of good spirit to a gallon , will make it as strong as french-wine ; so one pint and a half will make it full as strong as spanish wine ; and by this means in like manner , perry and the juice of cherries , mal-berries , currants and goose-berries , ( especially goose-berries ) may by adding thereunto their proper spirits , or any other convenient spirits , be made as good and pleasi●g as the winer made in the canaries . i mention other spirits , because upon trial i have observ'd , that brandy , spirit of wine , and of grain , and other spirits , may be of good effect in this business , provided they are drawn fine ; yet by experience i have found , the spirits of the same kind , or at least of some other fruits , to be the best and most natural ; and the spirits raised from ale or beer to be most improper ; unless the ale and beer be mixt with cyder before the spirits be drawn off . iii. that one acre of land planted with apple-trees , may be worth by this means to the planters at least 8 l. per annum ; and yet the cyder thus made to the goodness of french-wine , be afforded at 2 d. per quart ; as is thus demonstrable . 1. eight-soore-trees , viz. red-strakes and golden-pippins , may conveniently be planted upon one acre of land ; each standing sixteen foot distant . 2. these trees cannot be supposed to bear less than one bushel on each , tree , one with another , that is , eight score bushels ; and 't is well-known that twenty bushels of apples will make an hogs-head of cyder ; so that there will be yielded eight hogs-heads on an acre . 3. these eight hogs-heads of simple cyder , will make four hogs-heads of cyber royal , full as good and strong as french-wine ; which at 2 d. per quart , is 2 l. per hogs-head ; and so the four hogs-heads yield 8 l. the product of one acre — which is what was to be demonstrated . but in case it be sold at 8 d. per quart , as most certainly it may , during the term of fourteen years : since it is so that this cyder royal will be as good as wine sold at 12 d. per quart : then the product of this acre thus planted , may be worth 32 l. besides the profit of the grass or corn , growing the same year on the same acre of land : for if you plant your trees at the distance of twenty foot one way , and but twelve the other ( which is all one with sixteen foot before mentioned ) you may well enough plow between them . iv. but further , if goose-berries and currants be planted amongst the apple-trees ( as very well they may , and that will prove much the better husbandry ) then there may be more than four hogs-heads of wine-royal ; made in a year of them , and much better than the other ; so that at the same price , viz. 2 d. per quart , there will thereby be . 8 l. more raised , that is , 16 l. per annum from the same acre of ground . v. but since 't is usual for apple-trees to bear , some four bushels , some five , six , seven , and upwards , to twenty bushels , 't is very probable that one tree with another , may bear four bushels ; whence may be produced 16 hogs-heads of cyder-royal ; which at 3 d. per quart ( that is , 3 l. the hogs-head ) comes to 48 l. nor is it unreasonable to believe that the product of goose-berries and currants may amount to much more than the 8 l. per annum at which we have computed it . for i know by reason and experience , that currant-trees and goose-berrie-trees , one with another well-husbanded , may yield one gallon a piece : and upon one rod of land may be planted 16 trees , each 4 foot from another ( which is a competent distance ) so that one rod may produce two bushels of currants and goose-berries ; and consequently there being eight-score-rods in an acre , there may 16 score bushels grow thereon ; which yielding 16 hogs-heads of simple wine , makes eight hogs-heads of wine royal ; which at 3 d. per quart , comes to 24 l. which being added to the 48 l. made by cyder ( according to the last computation ) makes 72 l. per annum , at 3 d. per quart : but sold or valued at 6 d. per quart , the total product from one acre of ground ( now worth not above 20 s. per annum ) will amount to double the aforesaid value , that is to say , to 144 l. per annum . nor do i know why any should contemn , or deny this , as an extravagant calculation ; however a thing impossible it cannot be , for these two reasons : first , that one apple-tree may bear 30 bushels at a time ; and one currant-tree six gallons , and one goose-berry-tree 4 gallons ; whereas here i reckon but 4 bushels instead of 30 , and but one gallon instead of 4 , or six . — and as for selling it at 6 d. per quart , this i am sure of , that the cyder and wines made as aforesaid , are as good , and as well worth 12 d. per quart , as the wines generally sold in taverns . secondly , for that this cyder-royal being as good as wine at 12 d. per quart , the price cannot fail of 8 d. per quart , until by a very considerable encrease of plantations , the thing be made cheaper through the greatness of the quantity . vi. as this method of improving cyder and other liquors before mentioned , renders them more strong and delicious , so it also makes them much more wholsome for the body than simple cyder ; the heavy , cold , and sickly parts being either wholly taken away , or so corrected that it becomes no way prejudicial to the stomach , nor any longer apt to generate wind ; and i think none will deny , that the juice of vegetables growing in our own soil , and under the same influences with our selves , being thus honestly improved with their own spirits only , or the addition of a little innocent sugar , are as agreable to our bodies , and must needs be as good and wholsome , as those that are brought from regions remote , and climates vastly different , and afterwards brewed again with variety of unknown , and perhaps , dangerous ingredients . and much more is the former to be preferr'd , than the latter , in another respect , viz. because if ten times more of it be spent than there is of forreign wines , the nation will be never the poorer for it , but on the contrary much the richer . vii . for there is in this invention not only strength to chear the heart of the weak or wearyed , delicacy to please the pallate of the curious , cheapness to render it familiar to the poor ; private profit to gratify the rich , and wholsomness to indear it to due observers of their health : but also publique advantage to recommend it to the regards of princes , and engage kingdomes and states in a concernment to advance and put it in practise . for by this expedient , the wealth and treasure of those realms and nations to whom it is proposed , may be greatly preserved and augmented ; and particularly england and the territories thereunto belonging , may save at least six , if not eight-hundred-thousand pounds sterling per annum . ( and the other nations proportionably ) by saving so much treasure as goes out every year to the enriching of other nations , and impoverishing of their own . to this there may be some objections . first , those whose lands are imployed in raising of barley , will fear that by this expedient rich liquors will be so plenty and cheap , and raised by every body for their own use , that beer and ale will be neglected ; and consequently , they will in some measure lose their former benefit arising by barley . to this i answer ; first , 't is as reasonable , that all others should make the best improvement of their lands in an honest way , for their own and the nations good , as that these men should make the most of theirs for their private interest . secondly , most lands kind for barley , are proper for such plantations , and the owners thereof , as well as others , may make the like profit in this way , and much more than they did by barley : for that , one acre of land so planted as is before-mentioned , when grown upp , will ( without charge of plowing and sowing ) produce more hogs-heads of cyder and wine-royal , worth six-pence a quart ( or three-pence at least ) than it would strong beer or ale , worth but two-pence per quart , if it had been sown with barley . thirdly , as for several years yet to come , there will be little danger of the objected inconveniences , viz. until those trees hereafter to be planted , shall be grown upp ; so in the mean time , until then , there will be more beer and ale spent than was before this secret was discovered : because that cyder which was sold for twenty or thirty shillings per hogs-head , and spent instead of beer , will now be advanced to the price of five or six , perhaps eight or ten pound per hogs-head , and so be drank instead of wine . and lastly , when the plantations shall be grown numerous , the publique wisdom of each nation , may easily prevent any such inconvenience as is feared , by laying such an imposition on all home-made wines and cyders , as may keep them from being sold too cheap , which yet will be no burthen to the planters , nor they have any reason to complain thereof , tho' it should be twenty shillings on every hogs-head , so great will their profit be , notwithstanding . the second objection , as it more immediately concerns england , is more considerable , viz. that this invention of improving cyders , and other liquors of our own production , hindring the consumption and importation of forreign wines , will much diminish his majesties customes . to this is humbly answered , that the loss of customes by decrease of forreign wines may easily be made good ; nay the profit to his majesty more than doubled , by an imposition on these domestick liquors which come in place of them . and as the publick national interest will readily embrace and afford such an imposition , which tends to the stopping of that vast sluce of treasure , which forreigners yearly drain from us ; so may the same be laid without any grievance to the particular subjects that are to pay it ; since notwithstanding the same , 't is evident every acre may be made worth at least six pound per annum ( after all charges deducted ) better to the owners than it was before : and every one for his own use may make or have that for three-pence at most , as good as what he paid a shilling for before . besides the publick profit of enriching the nation several hundred thousand pounds every year . for example ( keeping to our first , and the meanest calculation that can in reason be imagined ) suppose but four hogs-heads of cyder-royal , and as many of currant and goose-berry-royal be made upon an acre ; these at three-pence per quart make the product of that one acre for that year twenty four pound . now suppose further , that an imposition were laid of one penny per quart , which is twenty shillings per hogs-head ; then the kings part or profit from that acre will be eight pound per annum , and the planters sixteen pound . and sure the latter has no cause to complain , since that may be more than two cropps of grain would have brought in . and at this proportion in any country where there shall be one-hundred-thousand acres planted , the king or state may raise to themselves six or eight hundred-thousand pounds per annum . and yet at the same time much benefit and enrich their subjects , as keeping their treasure at home from being exhausted by forreign nations , and enjoying for their use at 3 d. per quart , altogether as good or better drink than that for which before they paid 12 d. and as for those that plant it , especially such as have land of their own , they may by this means keep their houses always plentifully furnisht with variety of rich delicate liquors for themselves , and their friends , and if there be no imposition , the same will cost them nothing but the labour of making it : and if there be such an imposition , yet ( besides their labour ) it will stand them in but one penny a quart. again , the decrease of customes on forreign wines may be supplyed by laying double or trebble customs on what shall for the future be brought in ; for since there will be no need of it , 't is but just that those that will gratify their fancies to the publique prejudice of their countries , should pay for their humour , which perhaps will make their out-landish drinks relish the sweeter ; and yet even they will have no reason to grudge at it , since ( supposing them persons of estates ) their lands by this improvement of cyder at home will be much augmented in value . if it be objected that the customes already on wine , are twice as much per hogs-head as what is proposed to be laid on cyder . i answer , suppose the customes on wines be 8 l. per tun , and on cyder but 4 l. yet since cyder may be made for 3 d. per quart , as good as french wine at 12 d. per quart , it may be concluded , that there will be 4 times as much cyder drank as there is now wine ; which if so , then for every 100 l. the king or state did receive for wines , they may receive 200 l. by cyder-royal . there is yet another objection , — many people are much against mixtures in drink , and will be ready to say , here is a mixture in your cyder-royal , and therefore we will not like it — to which i answer : first , 't is not all mixtures , but dangerous or improper mixtures which ought to be avoided . secondly , this in truth is not any mixture at all , since only the better part of the same thing or kind is added to it , and when all is done , it is but cyder , or wine refined and made better , without any composition , but what comes from the apple , unless you will ( which is left to your own free choice ) to gratify your own pallate add a little sugar , which all men know to be wholsome and nourishing , especially when 't is first so purg'd and ordered as herein after is set forth ; nor is such spirits in such liquors any ways worse than gravey with meat , which makes the best sawce for the flesh whence it proceeds : and as the gravey is the vital and nourishing part of meat , so is the spirit of cyder to cyder . but if our cyder-royal he to be refused , as being mixt , i desire to be inform'd , what liquor ( except fair water ) there is in common use , not much more justly liable to the like exception ? but perhaps our greatest wine-bibbers will by no means change their out-landish liquors for domestick cyder : because , say they , the quantity we are to drink , will make us sick , before it will make us merry &c. to which i answer , this is undoubtedly true of your common simple cyder , but if you please to consider the cause , you shall find no room for this exception against our cyder-royal , for that which useth to cause this sickness in the stomack , is the chilly , cold , phlegmatick part of the cyder , viz. that which hath least spirit in it , is most hurtful ; that this is so , nothing can be more evident , for that the strongest cyder is most free from occasioning this distemper . now this we know , that the spirits of cyder are no other but the purer part of it , viz. the strong , warm , and lively part , separated from the weak , cold , and melancholly dead part ; so that reason must needs yield , that the spirits of the cyder being mixt with cyder , cannot but make it both more strong and pleasant , and also more wholsome , for that by this expedient the sickly cold and windy part is cured . moreover for want of strength and life , simple cyders are apt to decay and dye ; this we see by experience ; for that as the strongest simple cyder hath most spirit in it , and therefore lives longest ; so the weakest cyder that hath least spirit in it , will soon grow sickly and decay ; therefore this expedient must needs be so farr from rendring cyder more unwholsome and unkind , that 't is rather to be esteemed its most infallible physitian or remedy , for that it corrects all the ill humours that cause its sickness , or ill-effects on humane bodies . and this much i can honestly and truely averr , from a long continued experience , that a glass of this excellent refined cyder-royal , drank half an hour before meals , procures a good appetite ; and after meals , helps digestion : that it chears the heart , and revives the spirits . and as for its operation upon the brain , when too much is drank at a time , the same is less hurtful , than excess of strong beer , ale , canary , or high-country-wines : for 't is so farr from clogging the stomach , or clouding the brain with thick muddy vapours , that i do believe a man may ( were it not a sin ) be fuddled and sober two times in a day with this liquor , without mischief to his health ; and the reason in my opinion , is , because it so admirably provokes urine , and carries with it such foul and ill matter that offends the head , stomach , and belly ; the truth of all which , i doubt not , will be soon attested by the experience of those that shall make trial. viii . a bushel of currants ripe and good , will make 6 or 7 gallons of wine ; to every bushel of currants , so soon as they are broken to pieces , put in 12 quarts of water , and in 12 or 16 hours after , press it , and strain it , put it into a cask , and let it stand until it begin to be clear , than rack it off from the gross-lee , and put to each gallon a pint of good spirit , and as much as best pleaseth your pallets of sugar , or sweets , ( here-after mentioned ) stirr it well together for one quarter of an hour , then stop it up close for about a quarter of a year . in like manner is made wine-royal of goose-berries , mul-berries and cherries ; but of all these , that of goose-berries excels the rest , and doth resemble canary the most . if it be objected , that the fore-going calculations are partial , because i have not cast up the charge of converting the fruit into cyder , nor the charge of sweets or sugars — to this it is answered , that there is enough to be saved to defray all such charges , viz. by saving the spirits that may be drawn out of the apples after the cyder is pressed out of them , as in the 15th aphorism is herein after mentioned ; but that which is much more considerable is , that here may be made double the quantity of goose-berry and currant-wine-royal as has been reckond upon ih the 4th . and 5th . aphorisms , in this respect , viz. because i there allow 20 bushels of currants and goose-berries to an hogs-head , whereas every bushel will make six gallons ; so that 20 bushels will make 120 gallons , which is two hogs-head , so that there , may be at lest 4 hogs-heads on an acre more than was reckoned , which may much more than pay for all the charges of sweets , and of converting the fruit. ix . the last year , viz. 1682. good simple cyder was frequently sold in the west of england for 10● per hogs-head , viz. an half-penny per quart. and this year by reason of scarcity of fruit , at 20 s. per hogs-head ; which is but one penny per quart. x. when cyder comes to be plenty , there may be as much good brandy made thereof , as may furnish those whole nations to whom this is addressed , both for land and sea-service , which perhaps may save them several hundred-thousand pounds per annum ; for which use the most stale and sowr cyder , which is scarce fit to be drank , will make the greatest quantity , and best tasted brandy , being twice distill'd . of this cyder-brandy i have kept some four years , and better than it was at first making , and without doubt would keep four years longer . xi . the best known fruit that is only for cyder is red-streak , which is a kind of wilding ; but for both uses , viz. for the table and cyder , the best and golden pippins , because they are both quick growers , great bearers , yield the greatest quantity of liquors , and the best in quality ; and their very husks after the cyder is pressed out , especially the golden-pippin ; will yield more spirit than any other i have yet found out ; nor is it harder to raise the best sort of fruit , than the worser . some other wildings i have sound that are as good as the other , but they are as yet unknown by name ; but this is most certain , good wildings , and good crabbs , are better for cyder than the most delicious summer or winter table-fruit , or sweet apples , ( golden-pippins excepted ) yea the bitter sharp crabb is much better than a bitter sweet-apple , because the juice of the first will afford twice as much spirit as the latter ; nor are the spirits of the most pleasant apples in the world , better than those of crabbed fruit , for be they sweet or sowr , neither of those tastes do arise with the spirit , but is left behind in the earthy flegmatick part of the cyder : for example , suppose you put 10 l. of sugar into your still , amongst ten gallons of sowr cyder , the spirit will be never the sweeter ; or suppose you fill your still with new sweet mead ( or metheglin ) made of honey , sugar , or molosso's , you shall have neither spirits nor sweets come out of it , but only fair water ; but if you let it stand until it be well fermented , and become sowr , it will yield spirit in abundance . so likewise cyder , perry , or juice of crabbs , goose-berries , currants , mul-berries and cherries , will yield little or no spirit , untill it be passed the fermentation ( or working ) and then the more sowr it is ( provided it be not vinegar ) the more spirit it will afford : nevertheless this observe , apples of bitter taste makes the cyder bitter . xii . as to the time of putting your spirits into your cyder , observe , that the staler your cyder is before the spirits are added , the more time they require to incorporate ; and the sooner they are put in , the sooner is in fit for use . but in case you put your spirits into the cyder , before it hath fermented , they will evaporate , and be cast out ; therefore be sure , that your cyder be rackt off the lee , once , twice , or three times , as you find occasion , and being indifferent fine , then put in your spirits , either with or without sweets , well beaten together with a certain quantity of cyder , and after 't is put into the cask stirr it very well together again , and bung it close up , and about 2 or 3 months after , it will be sitt for use ; but the longer it lieth , the better , especially if your cyder be stale er'e your spirits are put in , for as this cyder drinks very unpleasing when first mixt together , so no wine can be more strong and pleasing than this , when it hath stood its due time to incorporate and meliorate , and in the mean time to be kept close stope without drawing any out . unless the season of the year be warm , then to prevent its fermentation , let the cask be open as you find occasion . xiii . the first and worst infirmities that common cyder is subject to , are of two sorts , either being musty , or fretting it self until the spirits are spent , and the cyder become weak and unpleasant . if apples be gathered into the house whilst they are wet , they will be musty , and so will the cyder ; again , if the vessel wherein 't is made , or that you put it into , be musty , so will be you cyder : if none of these happen , you need not fear any thing of that kind : but if cyder be musty , so will the spirits that are drawn from it . to cure cyder that is subject to fret is somewhat difficult , but the best way is to prevent the causes ; which are , either the gathering of the fruit before they are ripe ; or making the cyder before the apples have lain long enough , for until apples have lain in an heap while they have sweat , and are dry again , they cannot be fit for the press . but if by reason of warmth , and mildness of the season , or any other accident , the cyder should fret and destroy it self , the best way is to draw it off into another vessel ; and do so once in six or ten days , as you see cause , always taking the lee from it , as oft as 't is rackt . let not your vessel be full by a gallon ; nor yet stopt close , untill by drawing it off , it be made to leave huzzing and sputtering ; for the fuller and closer it is , the more it frets . when your cyder is thus quiet then have a care to keep the vessel full and close stopt ; yet lest you should stop it too soon , open it once in two three or four days , and if you find it is not yet quiet , let the vessel lie open an hour or half an hour at a time . omit not to burn a match of brimstone , dipt in coriander-seeds in your empty cask , just before you put in your cyder , and do this as oft as your cyder is rackt , 't is an excellent expedient to prevent ill tastes and fermentation . xiv . the best way to order your sugar before you put it into your cyder , is to make it into a kind of syrup or sweets , by dissolving of it in water ; one hundred weight will make 16 gallons , and so proportionably ; but before you put your sugar into the kettle , take the whites of 30 or 40 eggs , the more the better , which being well beat with a thing like a rod or whisk in eight or ten gallons of water , then put 4 gallons of this egg-water so prepared into your kettle or vessel where your sugar is to be dissolved ; then hang it over a gentle fire and stirr it about until it be dissolved : but be sure when it boils , put in more egg-water to keep it from boiling to high ; and so continue putting it in , one quart after another , for an hour together , untill all your egg-water be spent : but to prepare your egg-water in parcels , viz. a quart or two at a time , as you use it , is the better way . now the use of these eggs is only to raise such a scum as will carry away not only all the foulness and grosness of the sugar , but all the egg also . and when the scum hath done rising , and is clean taken off , then fill up your kettle with as much vvater as will make up your quantity , and let it boil to the size of a syrup , and being cold put it into your cyder : but to put in a little coriander-seed bruized , and tied up in a fine linnen ragg whilst it is boiling , will give it a fine gratefull scent . of these sweets you may put in 2 or 3 gallons more or lest into an hogs-head as your pallate invites you , or as the tartness of the cyder requires : but , put them not in till you have rackt your cyder the last time , and that it be past the fermentation . and before you put your sweets into the cask , mix your sweets and the spirits you intend to put in , together ; with a like quantity of cyder , and stirr them well together , then put all into your cask of cyder and stirr them with all your strength , with a strong staff in the bung-hole for one half quarter of an hour ; after that stop it close , and draw none off till 2 , 3 , or 4 months ; by which time it will be answerable to what hath been proposed ; only remember that if you will have it to resemble canary , you must add the greater proportion of spirits and sweets , but if french-wine , then the less sweets , or none at all . as to the sort of sugar , if the sweets be made with white , the cyder will remain pale , if of brown sugar , it will raise it to an higher colour . and in my opinion the latter is as good , as well is the cheapest , since the coursest by the aforesaid preparation , becomes as pure , as the finest ; and sweets being thus made , will cost but 5 d. per quart. and thus every man may merryly make his varieties of drink , with that which he knows to be good cheap and wholsome , which is more than he is sure to have at every tavern , altho' he pay three times as much for it : nor hath he so much reason to suspect these liquors in those houses to be so much adulterated as the others , because none of like goodness to the eye , scent , and pallate , can be afforded so cheap to the pocket . xv. the husky part of the apples , after the cyder is pressed out , being steeped 2 or 3 days in as much water as will cover it , and then pressed clean out , and kept in a vessel untill it hath well fermented ; as also the lees of all your cyder , will afford spirit or brandy , so much , that being added to the cyder of the same apples , will make it almost as strong as french-wine : which is a thing of great advantage . xvi . spirits being put into bottles amongst cyder or any of the aforesaid liquors , will not drink well . i was a long time troubled to find out how to make this drink as pallatable and pleasing as it was become strong and chearing , until i put both cyder and spirits into a wooden cask ; the first i compleated was in a vessel of six gallons ; into which i put 2 quarts of sweets , and 3 quarts of the spirits of cyder , which after it had lain 2 or 3 months , i found to be as strong and pleasing as canary . xvii . by adding wormwood to cyder-royal , as you do to wine , you may make it as good and gratefull to the stomach , both for procuring appetite and causing digestion , as the best purl-royal or wormwood-wine . thus may you have or your own growth , cyder-royal , goose-berry , currant , cherry , &c. from the size of the smallest wines , to the strength and goodness of the best canary , suitable to all seasons of the year , and to the constitutions of all persons , and humours of all pallates , and agreable to all ages from children of 12 months old , to the heighth of old age. xviii . this cyder-rayal or new wine , thus prepared , may be kept in the cask 2 or 3 years , and be better'd thereby ; provided you keep the cask full ; which to do , you must observe , that in 2 months time , the liquor will waste a quart more or less , as the vessel is bigger or lesser ; which you ought to fill up again , with liquor of the same strength , or if ; stronger , the better . and by this means it may keep and grow better and better some years , without putting into it ( as some are said to do into their liquors ) stum , or other unwholsome ingredients . suppose by keeping cyder-royal too long , it should become unpleasant , and as unfit to bottle as old hockamore , take but one hogs-head of that , and one of tart new cyder , and before the latter be quite clear or fine , mix them together in two other hogs-heads , well-perfumed , and add sprits and sweets a due proportion , to the quantity of your new cyder , suppose it be in the month of october or november , you may be sure to have it full as good , if not better than ever it was , and a most excellent cyder-royal to drink , or to bottle , by or before christmass . and this i know by repeated experience and practise , nor can your new cyder be made half so good by that time of the year . an appendix further demonstrating , that the treasure those kings and state , who have respectively by their several letters patent , contracts or resolutions , promised me a gratuity , may by this invention amount to more than four-hundred , thousand pounds sterling per annum , over and above several hundred-thousand pounds that will be saved at home , which before was carried out , to the inriching of other nations and countries .   l. s. d. first , suppose one penny per quart custom be paid for cyder-royal , & a man drink a quart per day , that makes by the year . 2 0 5 secondly , a thousand persons at the same rate and proportion must pay , 2004 3 4 thirdly , and consequently 400000 persons must pay , 801661 13 4 so that in any nation that yields 100000 acres of land fit to be planted with apples , currants , goose-berries , &c. and wherein there may be found 400000 persons that may one with another , drink a quart a day ( of a drink so rich , and yet withal so cheap , and of their own production ) the supream magistrate of that nation may have and raise hereby 800000 pounds per annum ( which is as much again as above proposed ) to the publique exchequer : besides 1661 l. 13 s. 4 d. towards the charge of collecting it . if it be still objected , that this will be a grievance to the subject ? — 't is answered ( besides what has before been said on that subject ) that notwithstanding such imposition , it may be raised by those that make it for their own use , much cheaper then beer , since one acre of land ( take one with another ) will yield at least ; half as much more of the former , as it will of the latter , and with less labour and charge . nor can it be well imagined but that there will be found in either of those nations , 40000 persons who one with another will not drink less than a quart a day a piece , when they can have it upon the matter as cheap or rather cheaper then beer , tho' it be altogether as good as wine ; and especially since such as have land in their own possession , may have plenty of it for their own use , for nothing but a little of their own labour and paying a penny per quart to the king or state. if be objected , that this cyder-royal will be of low esteem amongst the nobility , who are accustomed to the most costly and curious wines — i thereto humbly answer ; that the objection is built but upon a supposition , for no man is sure , that princes whose dominions , yield not wine , may not be as much taken with these drinks instead thereof , the rather for that besides their variety , pleasantness and wholsomness , 't will be so much their interest to permote and recommend the same to general use , whereby not only the wealth of their kingdomes or states may be preserved and encreased , but their own revenues greatly augmented . secondly , tho' princes and nobles are the highest and more refined part of the vvorld , yet they are but few , comparatively , in number : the great benefit depends on the greatness of the consumption of liquors , and that depends , upon persons of an inferior sphere , and middle fortunes ; so that altho princes and persons of the first rank should still delight in champaigne , burgundy , frontineack , greek or florence-wines , of any other costly forreign liquors , yet this will signify little to hinder the general use of cyder-royal , &c. since 't is not to be doubted , but thousands of good country-gentlemen , multitudes of citizens , substantial yeomen and other persons , may for interest and good-husbandry be content to make themselves and their neighbours merry with these cheaper , and altogether as good , strong , and wholsome drinks , with which they may so readily furnish themselves . nay , there is scarce , a cottager , having but one acre of land , but may have as much of these excellent liquors as may be worth him 8 l. per annum ; so that the persons of inferior condition that may make use thereof , in comparison of the nobility , who 't is objected are not like to use it , will be at least 5000 to one ; and consequently the profit proposed , may not fail or come short , notwithstanding it should so happen , that neither kings , princes , nor nobility should ever vouchsafe to taste thereof . the best and quickest way of raising a nursery , &c. the raising of nurseries for orchards being so essential to what hath been proposed , and since by experience i know , that these following difficulties and inconveniences do happen therein , viz. that 2 trees of one sort of fruit , and both well rooted alike , and planted in one and the same soil , many times the one will grow bravely , and bear a bushel at a time , within 6 or 7 years , and the fruit good and pleasant , when the other shall be a small shrubb , and produce small unpleasant fruit , and not half a peck for the others bushel . again some trees tho' they are planted on very good land , and husbanded never so carefully , will yet never become good nor long liv'd trees . whereas other trees planted in the same land shall grow apace , be very fruitful and long liv'd . the want of knowing the causes and remedy of these things , hath not only discouraged many from planting , but hath spoiled many hopeful trees and orchards . as for the remedy it is ( in it self ) both plain and easy ; and therefore since many people think that they need not be taught any thing that is so , and are unwilling so acknowledge any obligation to those that inform them thereof , what need i say any more ? let them find it out . however , for the satisfaction of person more modest and grateful , i will at present shew you the best expedients to prevent both those mischiefs , which are the great cause why in most orchards little more than half of the trees prove good. as to the first , supposing 2 young trees being both very good , let one of them be set shallow , viz. the upper root not more than an inch or two at the most under ground , and the deepest not above 8 or 9 , and suffer no down-right root to be upon it ; then shall you have it a thriving tree and bearing good fruit , if it be carefully preserved and kept clear from suckers and superfluous branches , which are apt to sprout up at or near the root . but the other tree being set too deep never thrives , nor proves fruitful . as to the second inconvenience , by which the planter misseth his expectation , that doth arise from the stock or kernel , on which the graft is placed ; and this i take for a certain rule , that the kernels of fruit produced by a shrubb or imthriving tree , very rarely prove good , and indeed the like may be said of apple-kernels in general . vvherefore in raising of nurseries , rather take your kernels from a fruitful crab-tree that hath a clear body , a great spreading head , and full of boughs and branches ; for it may be observ'd , that as the head is full of boughs and twigs , so proportionably that stem abounds with roots and fibres ; and as is the tree , so will its product or seed be . i have so much remarqu'd this , that i would much rather give 12 d. per tree for those so raised , then a penny a tree for such as are raised from shrubs or apple-trees . from such kernels as afore-mentioned , i do knew , trees may be raised ready to be transplanted into orchards , and produce a bushel on a tree within 10 or 12 years after the kernel is put into the ground ; for the doing of which , and to raise a nursery to the best advantage , i will shew you the best expedients my self have experienc'd by the following aphorisms . i. as to the ordering of your kernels of such crabs as aforesaid , either put them in the ground so soon as they may be taken out of the crab , or else so soon as the winter will give leave , the sooner the better ; but if you keep them till the spring , take care they be kept neither too moist nor too dry ; if too moist , they will heat , &c. if too dry , they will not grow , therefore keep them in a mixture of dry sand within doors . ii. so soon after january , as the season will permit , sow your kernels in ordinary good ground ( that lies as warm and lue from the vvind as may be : ) let the ground be will dugg , and the kernels be rak'd in so as they lie not too deep ; an inch , as near as you can guess , is enough ; and when they are come up , preserve them clear of grass and vveeds , until you have them transplanted . iii. the next spring , viz. about 12 months after your kernels were sown , you may draw those that are best grown , and transplant them into a nursery . iv. let your nursery-ground be made good with dung , and well digg'd , and mixt together , and set them in rows so farr apart as that you may digg between viz. the rows at 2 foot distance : but in the rows the plants may be placed within 9 inches of each other . v. before you set your plants in the nursery , be sure crop off the down-right-root , spread the small roots , and close up the ground very well about them . vi. the next spring after this , you may return agnin to your first plantation of kernels , and draw forth , & transplant into your nursery as aforesaid as many more as have made a good shoot , ordering them as the first , & so you , may do from year to year ; but observe the last of all are not so good as the first altho' for the second or third year they may do well enough . vii . having thus transplanted your kernels into a nursery , they ought still to be kept clean from weeds , and also the ground to be kept loose , that the roots may spread the better , and therefore in the next autumn before the leaf is off , your nursery ought to be digg'd ; but never amongst them but once a year ; only pull up the weeds in spring and summer , as often as occasion requires . and here note , the difference between digging your nursery and all other trees whilst the leaf is yet on , and afterwards , is greater than you may at first imagine ; for that if it be done whilst the sapp is up , if a root should happen to be cut , the same will shoot out again , perhaps two for one , but after the sap is once down , if a root be cut , it will not shoot forth that winter , neverthelese be not too early in the season , nor yet too careless of the roots . viii . by that time your plants have had one or two summer growth in your nursery , the next winter , or rather near the spring , cut off all their tops , about a foot above ground , and the next march or april after , the biggest of them will be ready to be grafted . ix . a tree that is grafted , having made two summers shoot , is fit to be transplanted into an orchard , because there is farr less danger of a young trees not growing or thriving , than is of an old one. x. in transplanting be sure do not set too deep , to prevent which , this i do , first digg my holes 4 foot square , but no deeper than one spit , or there abouts , viz. no deeper than the roots of the trees should lie ; for if the holes be digg'd deep , and fill'd up again before the tree is planted , the tree and all will sink together and never prosper . if it be objected , that if the holes be no deeper they will not contain the roots of many trees , for some have roots as downright & long as a parsnip ; some are single , some double , and some trebble , and all down-right long ones , and such an hole will not receive them . i answer , away with such trees , i would rather give 2 d. a dozen for them to burn , than 6 d. per hundred to plant ; and tho' there is scarce one of an hundred but proves thus bad , if they are never transpanted , ( especially if they come from apple kernels ) yet if from crab-kernels , and transplanted as before is ordered , there is hardly one of 400 will prove so improper . xi . now as to the charge of all this ; one mans labour upon one acre of land with crab-kernels may after 3 or 4 years raise 10000 trees every year , which at 3 d. per tree , comes to 125 l. which will well pay the rent of your land and the gardeners wages ; so that the charge of planting your orchard will be very cheap and easy , for that an acre of land planted with six score . trees , as for the trees they comes but to 30 s. and the planting about 18 d. per score , which is 9 s. so that by this expedient , nurseries may be raised so as to afford an acre of land to be planted with the best sort of trees , and of the best fruit for less then 40 s. per acre . xii . after your trees are transplanted into orchards , the greatest care and charge is to keep them safe from being abused , either by weeds that may grow about them , suckers that may grow out of them between the root , and spreading boughs , and from all cattle , coneys and hares . and in case they are digged about the roots ( where you may , if you please , plant turneps , beans , peas , or any other thing that may destroy the grass or vveeds , ) your trees will thrive much the better , and grow twice as fast ; but in case you plant currants and goose-berries amongst your apple-trees , you may place 4 of them in the same hole with your apple-tree ( that is , making the hole about 4 foot square , plant your apple-tree in the middle , and a currant or goose-berry-tree at each corner ) and keep them from weeds , and all will thrive together . but note that for goose-berries and currants , you had need bestow more dung than apple-trees require ; and also forget not to mix your dung and earth together before the trees are planted ; for if a tree stand in all dung , 't is destructive to the root : mudd and soil of ponds , ditches , &c. is as good for this purpose as any dung , provided it be sun-burnt and dryed before it be used . xiii . as to the soil most proper for orchards , i do observe that all land proper for corn , as wheat , barley , rye , beans , pease , &c. are kind for that use . but the most improper is extream hot and dry sands , and on the other side grounds very wet and cold. xiv . as for currants & goose-berries , very great may be the profit that may be raised by planting them amongst your apple-trees , because they will thrive there better than elsewhere . but because the currants love the shadiest ground most , let the goose-berries be planted in the midst of your ground , between your rows of apple-trees in the most sunny part . xv. as for raising of currant and goose-berry-trees , it s very easy & speedy , as thus : take either of the said trees about the end of february or beginning of march , lay down every limb flat with the ground , cover every twig with good earth , and turn out the tops that they may lie above ground , and every twig will both root and shoot forth , so that by the next winter you may have of one tree , 40 or 50 , perhaps an hundred , well-rooted plants , fit to be so transplanted . take care to keep the uncovered stock , which is between the old root and the cover'd part , that it run not out in branches ; for if it do , the twigs will be robb'd of that nourishment as should feed them . also remember to keep them clear of all grass and vveeds that may annoy them . advertisement . if any think it too much trouble for themselves to prepare the spirits herein before mentioned ; these are to give notice , that they may have them ready made and well prepared at mr. woodward's , a distiller in the old baily : and sweets at almost every sugar-bakers in london : but for such spirits , i have not heard there is the like , neither for quantity nor quality , in all the city , as at the place aforesaid . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a43774-e1400 the manner of doubling the strength of cyder , or making it as good as french-wine . how to make it as good as canary . the quantity of spirits to be used . one acre of land to be worth 8 l. per annum , ( besides the benefit of corn and pasture , ) and yet cyder-royal sold but for 2 d. per quart. the same acre to yield 8 l. per annum more , by goose-berry and currant-wine . that probably one acre may produce as much cyder and wine-royal , as may come to more than 50 l. at 3 d. a quart , and at 6 d. per quart , more than 100 l. per annum . this cyder-royal much more wholsom than simple cyder . the more drank , the richer the nation . cyder-royal of national , as well as private advantage . the more drank , the richer the nation . the farmers objection . answered . objection touching loss of customes . answered . an imposition of 20● . per hogs-head may be laid on cyder-royal , without impoverishing the planter . thus six or eight hundred thousand pounds per annum may be raised to the government . customes on forreign wines may be doubled . customes on cyder may amount to more than those on wine , because more will be drank . cyder-royal is no mixture . the reason why simple cyder makes the stomach sick ; no such thing to be feared from cyder-royal . cyder-royal will keep better than simple cyders . some of the vertues of cyder-royal . how to make royal-currant wine , &c. the common price of simple cyder . brandy to be made of cyder . what fruit best for cyder . golden-pippins excellent . when cyder it fit to make spirits . the time for putting in the spirits to cyder . when cyder-royal is fit for use . the infirmities of simple cyder . the causes of musty cyder . the causes of cyders freting and cure. a persume for the cask not to be neglected . the way to make sweets for such cyder-royal as you would have as rich as canary . the quantity of sweets , and when to be put in . what sugar to be used . an advantage for making spirit . spirits mixt with simple cyder in bottles , will not do so well . worm-wood cyder-royal . touching the keeping of cyder-royal . if cyder-royal be kept till 't is too stale , there need be no loss by it . a short and sure guid[e] in the practice of raising and ordering of fruit-trees being the many years recreation and experience of francis drope ... drope, francis, 1629?-1671. 1672 approx. 96 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 67 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a36561 wing d2188 estc r9715 11988116 ocm 11988116 51977 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a36561) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 51977) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 64:8) a short and sure guid[e] in the practice of raising and ordering of fruit-trees being the many years recreation and experience of francis drope ... drope, francis, 1629?-1671. [13], 120 p. printed for ric. davis, oxford : 1672. reproduction of original in yale university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng fruit-culture. 2006-10 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-10 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-07 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2007-07 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion imprimatur , p. mews . vice-cancel . oxon . feb. 9. 1671. a short and sure guid in the practice of raising and ordering of fruit-trees . being the many years recreation and experience of francis drope , bachelour in divinity , late fellow of magdalen colledge in oxford . oxford , printed for ric. davis , an. dom. 1672. to the right honourable and truly noble philip , lord wenman , baron of kilmainham , viscount tuam . my lord , as a testimony of my gratitude , for those many favours i have received from your lordship , i humbly present this small book of my deceased brothers , of planting . i confesse it unworthy your honours perusal , who are as great a judge of books as men : yet i intreat your lordships patronage and countenance , presuming it may be serviceable for the preserving , and perfecting your new orchard at brackly , and so somewhat prevail towards the procuring your honours pardon , for prefixing so great a name before so mean a discourse . my lord , i lay it at your feet , and assure your lordship , it comes from one who honours you in the most secret corners of his heart , and who had no other way , nor method to express it but this . i know your lordships charity to be so diffusive , as to invite all those , who have the honour to know you , to make their application to it : and that you are readier to afford your protection to those that want it , then they are to crave it , and will not i humbly conceive , be offended at this dedication , knowing the weakest , and meanest ever seek their support from the great , and good. and that is another reason of the present ambition of ( my lord ) your honours , most obliged , most humble and most devoted servant , edward drope . the preface . friendly reader , the author of these following papers , having lately pay'd his debt to nature , i thought it great pitty that they should die , and be buryed with him , since i am inform'd , by some of learning and judgment , they may be useful to the publick , and this is the only aim ( and not any popular applause ) that produceth this publication ; for though many worthy and ingenious persons have written more largely already on this subject , yet none ( i presume ) hath say'd so much , in so little a treatise , and what he directs , is by his own experience , which i take to be the best instructer . yet it was not his study ( who was by profession a divine ) but his recreation , an inoffensive delight hee took in planting ; neither do i think this study so ill becoming that function , when solomon , that great king , and princely divine , wrote of trees , and plants , from the cedar in lebanon , to the hysop that springeth out of the wall ; that is , from the highest and tallest tree , to the smallest shrub , and lowest herb . i may truly say , this our author knew most herbs and flowers in this nation , yet i do not find he wrote any thing of them ; but i would not have thee think that this knowledge was his master-peice , who had a competency in all arts and sciences , sufficient to compleat a scholler . he was my brother , and i am affraid lest that my affection should lead me to partiality , and therefore shall say no more as to that particular ; only somthing more as to the book , which is but small , yet may prove of great benefit to thee ; and therefore if thou art a good husband , thou canst not but think it well worth thy money , when it teaches thee how to plant and order fruit-trees , the planting whereof , both for sider and table fruit , i account one of the best parts of good husbandry , for i have frequently seen ( in diverse countries of england ) what improvements persons have made upon their estates by so doing , beside that liquor of cider is say'd to agree best with our english bodyes , men living to great ages in the cider-countryes , both active and strong , as may appear by a storie , i shall here insert , which i borrowed out of an honourable and learned author ; * that at a wake in herefordshire , a daunce was performed by eight men , whose ages , added together , amountted to eight hundred years , some being as much above one hundred years old , as others were under that age. we may well suppose them to be cider-drinkers most of their dayes ; and what an excellent remedy it is for the cure of the stone , will be verifyed in this following example ; a gentleman of quality , of my acquaintance , who from his childhood was tormented with the distemper of the stone , being upon some occasion in that countrie for one year and half , or thereabouts , fell to drinking of cider , and thereby cured himself , as is supposed , for he has not been troubled with it since , and it is now four or five years agoe . i will detain you no longer at the door , but let you into the orchard , and so farewel . i am thine in all christian offices of love and service , edward drope . comner , march. 1672. a short and sure guid in the practice of raising and ordering of fruit-trees . the goodnesse of materials , and the sufficiency of the ground-work , as in building , so in planting , is the first thing considerable ; the stock therefore being the cheif foundation of a good fruit-tree , shall give the beginning to this my ensuing discourse . and whereas the best of stocks are produced from the seed ; i will not pervert natures method , but keeping in her tract all the way treat of such in this first following chapter . chap. i. of raising stocks from the seed . every sort of seed hath a delight peculiar to it self , to be produced in a place , that affords juice most agreeable to it's nature . the best ground ( or mould ) that i have seen for the sowing of apple and pear-kernells is a clay . if you have not the conveniency of such for your purpose , then procure and bring into the nursery ( or garden ) good store of clay , and make therewith a bed of about one foot and an half in thicknesse , of what breadth and length you please . upon this bed must be laid some spit-dung ( i. e. such horse-dung as is rotted in the heap , and may be digged with a spade ) or excellent mould , upon which likewise lay as much sand , as will cover half a foot , or more , thick , when you have thus done , digge the sand , dung ( or mould ) and half of the clay , so that they mix well together . let this be done in the summer before you intend to sow your kernells , so will this compost be sufficiently work't together against the time you sow , which may be any time after christmas and afore mid-march . digge it over often , but especially digge it afresh , and very fine , when you intend to put the seeds in the ground ; rake it then even , and pick all the stones , and trash out of it . afterwards , by the guidance of a line , digge ( or drill ) a little trench of about two inches deep , and as much broad ; into the which cast some of the seed . when you have done this , remove the line , and place it about half a foot distant from the trench , make by it another trench in like manner , and sow it with seeds , as you did the former . do thus , until all your bed is sown , or your seeds spent . then cover all these little trenches by raking the earth upon them . let this bed for kernells be on the north-side of a wall , or fence , or in some shady place : so will the young plants be freed from the parching heat in the summer ; and thereby be kept moist a longer time then they would in another place . this bed , being thus made of clay , yeildeth little harbor for the mole , mouse , or worm ; all which are very busy in destroying seeds sown in light ground ; what the clay is supposed to kill by its cold and astringent clamminesse , the sand preserveth by heat and friability ; filling up the chaps , which would otherwise be in the clay , if the bed should happen to be neglected to be watered in season . you may not wonder that i make choise of clay to sow kernells in ; for it is the natural soile for them : witnesse the moist and clay woods , which afford far better ( and greater store of ) wild stocks , then any other whatsoever . by this manner of sowing in clay , i have known kernells to shoot , some two foot , others a yard in a dry year ; when those , that were sowne in loose and richer mould , grew not above half a foot , or a foot at the most . having mentioned something about mice , i thinke it not amisse to adde thereunto in this place ( once for all ) how to keep them from destroying the seeds , which ( besides the trappes ) may be done by mixing a little soot with them in the sowing , and to scatter a little lime and soot on the superficies of the bed , after the seeds are sown : by the bitternesse of the soot and the heat of the lime , the mice ( unlesse very much pinch't with hunger ) will be cautelous to venter thereon , as disagreeing to the relish of their discerning pallats . but to return where i left . although this is the best kind of ground ( or mould ) to sow the seeds in ; yet will i not deny , what i have seen , viz. that they have thrived very much in others beside . plum-stones will grow very well this way : but cherry stones will not . wherefore you must procure ( or make ) a place of light mould , or black sand , and sow them therein in the like manner , as you did the apple and pear kernels ; so will they thrive extraordinarily . peach-stones thrive best , when set in a loomy ground ( such as serves to make bricks about london ) mixt with some spit-dung , &c. i have known them inoculated the first year , they grew herein so bigge ; the next unto this is that wherein you sow the black cherries . these are the cheif seeds to make stocks : but now to tell you , what stocks serve , for what kinds of fruit ; for there must not be a mixture of grafts and stocks of diverse natures , as many ( who treat of miracles not truth ) do deliver . know therefore , that the kernels of wildings , for all sorts of apples to be grafted on , are the best ; if you can obtain them ; if not , of any crabbe ( such as are in the hulls , out of which verjuice was prest ) will serve the turn , if the crabbs were not too small . some are of opinion that apple kernells make the fittest stocks for the sweetest sort of apples , but of this i never saw the tryall , my opinion being wedded to the crabb and wilding ; for as the same men affirme , the stock coming from the apple is not so lasting . all pear-kernells , but especially those , that came from some what soure pears , ( such are these , that make the best perry ) for all kinds of pears , wardens , and medlars , though these last are usually grafted on white-thorne ; yet they afford larger fruit , when grafted on pear-stocks , as i have seen happen by the experience of others . the service-tree both wild and planted is an excellent stock for medlars , the fruit thereof being better relish't and thicker set on , then those of the pear stock . the separation of crabb and pear-kernells is performed on this wise . after that the liquor hath been pressed forth of the bruised fruit , take the hull-cakes and rubb them between your hands , that they may loosen themselves from the kernells ; then spread them on a blancket or winnow-sheet laid in the sun , where let them dry for a while : then take a wide sive and ridder them , so will the kernells drop forth , like as corn usually doth . if some of the smaller hulls do come forth with the kernells , they may be dryed a fresh , and shaken in a closer ( or raying ) sive , whereby part will fall through , and part will gather into an heap , by the turning round of the sive , but a clean separation is tedious and unnecessary , if the kernells are to be carried a great way , it is good to dry them again , least they grow mouldy in the carriage . these and all other kinds of seeds here mentioned must be mixt with fine mould or sand in like sort , as plums are mingled in fine flower by the bakers , to make cakes withall , and kept in tubs or pots , neither too dry , least they wither , nor yet too moist , least they grow mouldy and rotten ; let them therefore , if they are kept within doors , be watered now and then , and after every watering be carried forth an hour or two for two or three days together to receive the benefit of the refreshing air ; and afterwards cast into pots each kind by it self as before . some men do keep them so mixt always without doors where they stand to the adventure of all weathers . the stones of plums , coming of a kind , whose bark is smooth and full of sap , are the best to make stocks for all sorts of plums , and aprecocks ; more especially , if they are of a white pear-plum , which also will serve indifferently for the more common sorts of peaches . but the generall and best approved stocks for peaches , nectrines , melocotoons , and the rest of that tribe , are the stons of peaches themselves , and among them , the melocotoon , and such whose flesh easily separates from the stone : which stones ( notwithstanding what i have said of seeds in generall ) ought to be set early , or else ( which is better ) the shells broken in such sort that the kernells be not bruised but carefully taken forth and then set like others : for the shell is a great hinderance , to the speedy and regular shooting forth of the tender seedling , yea many a good kernel is rotted before it can break through such a thick inclosure . some choise exoticke plums and aprecoks prove good when grafted or inoculated on peach-stocks low on the face of the ground . almonds make a great shew the first year , whereby many have been invited to inoculate them with the best kinds of peaches , &c. but the next year ( or when they are once removed ) they do for the most part come to nought , however if any of cherrys stand , they are never so good as these of peaches . aprecock stones are little worth , for they grow slowly , and are somewhat , to dry to inoculate on . black cherry stones prest from their juice and washt from their flesh , make the only gallant stocks for all sorts of cherrys , if planted in a blackish sand ( as i have said ) in three or four year they shoot both in length and bignesse almost beyond beleif . the english cherry called the hony-cherry is the stock whereon the earlyest may's do grow , yet that fruit is not so good as that on the black cherry , enquirie and tryall may be made , how some cherrys ( especially the morisco ) will prove on the rhamnus catharticus or the harts thorne . for the bark thereof shews that they will agree well together . the young plants must be constantly kept clean , and sometimes the earth between the ranks loosned by howing , or ( rather ) gentle digging , least they be overcome and choaked by the weeds . if the young seedlings grow too thick , or too close to one another pluck up some of the weakest of them , and the rest will shoot the stronger , but of this hereafter . chap. ii. of the nursery or place , where young trees are to be brought up before the translating into an orchard , &c. before that these seedlings be transplanted from the bed , wherein they were sown , it is requisite , that a plot of ground ( to make a nursery ) be chosen fit to cherish and entertain them ; the naturall ( or genuine ) soile , of which i advise to be between ( or a mixture of ) clay and sand , but therein the sand to abound ; if such with conveniency may be to this purpose acquired ; if not , any indifferent [ i. e. ] neither too fat nor faint ) will serve the turn . however the situation thereof should be guarded , and fenced from the blasts of the north and north-western winds : for those are the greatest destroyers of buds in inoculation & tender graftings ; where you intend the nursery shall be large , this choise will not be of such consequence , for one tree will guard another . the place being thus chosen and designed , ought the year ( or two ) preceding to have been well soil'd and till'd for corn , or digg'd as for a garden ; and at the michaelmas ( or at such time as the crop is of ) before the planting , trenched [ i. e. ] digged two spit deep , the upper spit of earth being turned in the place of the lower and the lower cast in the room of the upper . the superficies of the whole , lying in plano , as an area in a garden , must immediately before ( or at ) the time of setting be spread over sufficiently with the best soil , ( or dung , ) such is that , that cometh from the brew-houses ; which soil in the planting is to be lightly turned into the earth , more especially about the roots of the seedlings . by this manner of trenching and ordering the nursery , trees are caus'd to improve exceedingly : for the earth , which before ( like milk , ) threw up and contained all it's fatnesse ( or cream ) on the superficies , now feedeth the lowest root , that a young tree is able to send forth : and although to some it may seem to have a disprocortion ( or a part ) of bad mould in the midle [ i. e. ] where the roots will shoot out the second year , yet may they understand , that , by the soaking ( or sinking ) of the soil , that was laid afresh on the new superficies , and the rising ( or ebullition ) of the fat mould of the quondam superficies , now turned two spit into the earth , there will be a perfect mixture through out the whole , before the first year be fully ended . besides this good mould , being thus under the roots , doth at once supply the stead of many dungings ; which , though never so often repeated , will not be able to descend so deep . as to the objection of others , ( and those the greatest number of men that deal in fruit-trees , ) who say that by this enriching the nursery , those trees that are fetch 't from off thence will not grow or thrive else where , save in such like or better ground ; cause , if into worse transplanted , for the most part they dy : i must answer this , that no man ( unlesse very idle on ignorant , and so unfit for imployment in this purpose ) would ever set a fruit-tree , but would prepare the place by soil , and mellowing it before hand ; whereby it comet● to passe , that the tree ( though brought off a rich nursery yet ) is meliorated in the transplanting , which lasteth for at least two years ; that space of time being enough to keep alive and make grow the tree ; after which i● seldome happeneth , that any dy . yea , granting the supposition , that the tree is removed from better to worse , i can say , that it is a great furtherance to the quicker bearing of fruit ; hereby the sap , that in the nursery spent it self altogether in effecting the growing of the tree , is arrested in it's speed , and so digesteth , and prepareth it self in the tree for the bringing forthe of blossoms ( and consequently fruit ) the next year aster ; this may be seen daily in the re-planting of cherry trees . moreover these people do not consider , that young trees ( like young cattle ) do desire in their first years a tender education ; which if not granted , they are hindred ( or hide bound ) in their growth and improvement ; whereby it hapneth , that an inconsiderable dilatation of their branches , and in the end a mossinesse affects them , though transfer'd to richer quarters ; where if they do escape those maladves and thrive , their growth will be so fast , that for it no fruit can be produc'd , and ( which is the worst of all diseases ) a canker in few years stops the career . most apple-trees give this experiment and observation . but in these matters i do not take part with the too much inforced nurseryes : such being as lyable to reproof , for their over-doing , as these other ( censures ) are for their opinion in under-doing ; the first occasion and cause whereof was lazinesse . having cleared the difficulties about the choise of ground for the nursery and the due ordering thereof before planting , i must now return to discourse of the work it self ; and before it , the season ( or time of the year ) is to be considered : this i find to be best , and safest from michaelmas to the midle of february ; ( when the weather is open ; for frost will kill the roots in the winter ; in like sort as the heat doth in the summer . ) the earlyer removall , ( viz. in and about august , ) i dislike ; because of the danger proceeding from the checking of the tree , before the sap be throughly hardned into wood ; by reason whereof the bark , being then too tender , withereth ( or wrinckleth ) and so becometh a dead cover ; when a live tree is expected . secondly , for that hereby it is hindred of a second spring ; lastly , because those fibers at root , which usually sprout forth upon such early setting , do perish in the winter ; if the frost be penetrating . yet when seedlings grow too thick , and your mind is to save them all , you may at any time throughout the whole summer , by the help of a scoop like a paddle , after a watering , take up what number you please , with the earth on their roots ; and reset them in a new appointed border , where with due watering and shading they will scarce take notice of their removall , unlesse it be by a faster thriving , through their deliverance from the incumbrances of their fellowes , and by being set at liberty in a fresher quarter . the best way to preserve the close and low growers of peach-stones is by the thus taking up of their overtoppers ; or ( as the fancy guides ) the lesser may be taken up , and the greater stand . a late removall i aff●ct not ; because the tree benummed ( if i may so speak ) by it's taking up , is to seek for nourishment at the roots , when it should be springing out in branches . yet in the earlyer , cherry-stocks ( by care ) do frequently grow , and crabb-stocks in the latter . now proceed i to the planting . fist let all the greatest sort of seedlings be taken ( or drawn ) up by themselves , slip ( or prune ) off all the side-branches ( if there be any ) from them , leaving only the middle ( or upright ) stemme standing , which may be a little top't too , if it be taper , then cut away all the fibrous roots , ( that the earth may close to the main , ) and good part of that root , which commonly groweth directly downward : for thereby fresh roots will spring forth at the sides ; and because that direct descending root shooteth most commonly deeper , then the good mould extendeth , which is one of the causes of barrennesse in trees , trimme also the ends ( when there are any ) of the side roots . having done thus , and designed the plot in the nursery , where they should be set , extend a garden-line a crosse the breadth of the said plot at one end thereof , by the guidance of which line digge a small trench , not much deeper then the roots of the young plants , ( newly prepared as afore-mentioned ) which you must place therein , one plant half or three quarters of a foot distant from another ; so causing their heads to rest directly erect on the line : then throw the mould [ mixt with the dung , that was spread over the superficies of the plot , as i have said , ] on the roots : and shake the plants , one after the other , somewhat after this loose covering , that the earth may be fitted on every of the roots , and that the plants be not buryed too deep in ground : after which you ought to tread the earth , pretty hard for the firmer and better closure thereof to the roots in generall , but in this fixing of them , there must be a regard had , they stand upright by the line , as at the first placing ▪ when the rank is fill'd up in this manner , remove the line from thence 2 foot ( or a space sufficient for men to passe to and fro , to inoculate grafts and prune them , and for them to spread ) then set others in the like form , as the former : do thus , till all the greater sort of seedlings be spent . then deal in like order with the second sort , or those of the middle growth , but as for the least , let them grow an year or two longer in the beds , where they were sown , ( for even the worms will turn out of the ground such tender roots ) then set them in like manner , as the other two were before . some planters make holes by the line , with a dible or settingstick made of the handle of a spade cut picked at the end , into which they put the seedlings , and ( by treading ) close the earth about them . but this manner of setting serves not for those plants that have side-roots , because the holes without some trouble , cannot be dilated to admit them : neither is it altogether so good for those that can be so set ; because the earth is clotted by the dibber , as it maketh the hole ; where upon it cannot so exactly encompasse the roots , unlesse with a spade , or trowell , it be thrust close to them , which is a trouble exceeding that of making a small trench as is before directed . observe , that all seedlings one time or other must be removed , by reason of the direct descending roots : as is above specified . those plum-stocks , you intend to inoculate aprecocks , and to graft wal-plums on , as also peaches , must be set a somewhat greater distance in the rank ; because that their spreading ought to be low , unlesse you are certain to remove them the next year after their insition keep the spaces between the ranks clean from weeds , by once ( or twice ) howing them , in the summer , if you have so much leasure : however at the winter fail not to digge them over a fresh , for the better mixture of the earth and soil ; and for the refreshing of the roots by the rain , which here by hath the freer admittance into the earth . some years , when you have perceived the former dung devoured , and the heart ( or fatnesse ) of the nursery to faint , by the slow shooting of the spriggs and grafts , lay on fresh dung , and turn it in by the said winter-digging . at al-hallontide ( or there about ) cut of all the side-branches ( or spriggs ) from the plum-stocks & cherry-stocks every year ; leaving the upright one , ( or that that is intended for to graft or inoculate on , ) standing against another year , for a leader : this labour may be spared , when the stocks are reserved for the wall , or to be dwarfe standards , in which a low grafting , and inoculation , is to be used . the contrary kind of pruning [ i. c. ] by cutting of the erect ascending branch ) may be used to crabbe-stocks and pear-stocks , for to make their bodyes grow bigge and not toppe-heavy : or it is not of much moment , whether you use any , when that you have about two , or three , foot of the stocks clear bark't above the ground ; for that will be high enough to graft them on . chap. iii. of grafting and the severall fashions therein . when the crabb-and pear-stocks have thus stood , and grown in the nursery , two , three , or four years , according to their improvement in bignesse ; then the grafting must be thought upon , and effected . but the winter before [ i. e. ] ( between michaelmas and st. andrews-tide , ) let their branches and heads be cut off , an handfull or more , above the smooth place appointed to be grafted on . this cutting of the heads is for the better arresting the sap in the main body of the stock , which doth hereby become the more turgid in it's bark , by being thus hindred of it's vent ; for the sap ( more especially the more serous part thereof ) is not wholy spent , till the great frosts in winter , as may be seen by the long continuance of the leaves on the top-branches , and their softnesse . now , i say , it is hereby restrained to the greater effusion of it into the graft ( instead of it's own toppe and branches ) the next spring . cherry-stocks , that you have reserved for standards in orchards , must not be thus dealt with , but the side-branches ( as i have said ) only pruned of the stocks ; because they must be grafted at such an height , as the trees are to spread : for cherry grafts ( for the most part ) immediately expand themselves into branches on the head of the stock , neither will they grow any higher in an entire body . thus much to the preparation of grafting , whose cheifest time is february and march , the weather being warm , [ i. e. ] without frosts or cold winds , february for cherryes , and most sorts of plums , march for the latter kinds of plums , and for all the species of apples and pears . yet some have , in the variety of their practice , adventured to graft from , and in , november ; as also in aprill , both which have happened to grow well : but these are but nicety's , the surest grafting being in those two months , i now have named . now the manner and several ways of grafting , ( which notwithstanding the difficulty to attain without ocular demonstration ) i will in this place endeavour to describe . first there is the most vulgar called stock-grafting , or cleft-grafting . to do this , cut off the head of the stock smooth , at the place where you intend to fix the the graft , then cut the graft like a wedg for two inches , ( but ) with shoulders on both sides at a seam , or ( which is as well by mine own triall ) an eye ; the inner part ( that is to be placed within the wood of the stock ) being made somewhat thinner then the outward , which with it's bark is to join to the bark of the stock ; the graft thus prepared must be laid down in the basket or put in a dish of water till you have cleft the stock , ( a little beside the pith , ) with a mallet and sharp chisell , or knife , without bruising the bark . into this cleft , which if rough , or continued with strings of bark one side to the other , must be shaved smooth with a penknife , from the bottom ( upward ) to the top ; and if too short must be made long enough to receive the wedg-part of the graft : put a wooden wedge , about the center ( or middle ) of the stock to keep it open for the graft , which must then be fitted thereunto exactly , bo that the shoulders on the top , and the sides ; the insides , not outsides , ( as by many mistaken , whose work thereby came to nought , ) of the barks , both of the graft and stock ; they touching one the other , almost as even , and close as two peices of wainscoat shot by a joiners plain . when you perceive , that they will do thus , let the graft alone in the cleft , and pull out the wedg , that held the cleft open , but if you find the graft will be pinched by the stock , leave a little peice of a wedg in the middle of the cleft , to keep it from pressing too close thereon : if the stock be big enough , another graft may be placed on the adverse side of the stock in like manner as the former . this way of grafting ( though universally known , and practised ) is not good ; because the heart of the stock is wounded , and the rain ( ormoisture ) oft falleth into the cleft , and where likewise earwiggs , and such like vermin find harbour ; both which are causes , that the head of the stock often dyeth , or rotteth away , before the bark hath encompassed it . it is better therefore , ( if by a cleft you would graft ) that you cut the head of the stock aslope [ i. e. ] ( oblique descending ) like a coltsfoot ( from the similitude whereof , this manner of grafting hath it's denomination , ) but plane a little , on the top , where the shoulder of the graft is to rest . the remainder of the work is after the same order , and fashion , as in the former . by this way the stock admitteth only one graft ; you may therefore make two slits , or clefts , on each side of the pith one , for two severall grafts , if the stock be large enough to contain them . this cutting of the head of the stock a-slope , doth in part ( not wholly ) divert , and avoide the mischeifs of the former . this stock grafting ( or the former ) must be used when stocks are thick set with knots ; but in others it pleaseth me neither , for i find these ensuing ways to be the more excellent , as bringing in their operation lesse danger to the whole , and as being finished in a shorter time . whip-grafting ( otherwise called backing , packing , or splicing ) is thus performed ; after the stock is cut even , as in the first or second grafting , you must cut your graft on one side only with a shoulder , very even and smooth , descending ( like the side of a wedg ) till the point ( or end ) thereof sharpeneth it self in the bark , that is on the opposite side of the graft , this shoulder must be made a little beneath an eye ( or bud . ) the other side must be left whole and intire , with another eye ( or bud ) on it , about the middle , from the shoulder , toward the bottom , or end , which must be distant two inches ( more or lesse ) from the shoulder . the graft and head of the stock being thus prepared , lay the cut-side of the graft on that side of the stock , that hath the smoothest bark , ( the shoulder lying exactly on the top of the stock , ) and mark with your penknife-edg the place , to which the bottom or end of the graft extendeth , then ( having laid the graft by ) with the penknife cut a slice ( of such breadth as you guesse the flat side of the graft to be ) out of the bark to the wood ( and some part of the wood , when otherways it will not be broad enough ) from a little below the place , you did mark at the bottom ( or end ) of the graft , to the top of the stock . this done ; see whether the inward part of the bark of one side , and the end of the graft , fit to the inward part of the bark ( or the narrow space , or line , between the bark and wood ) of the stock , in the room of that , which was sliced off by the penknife . it is not so materiall , whether the other side join so exactly : nay i rather advise , that that side of the graft fall somewhat within the wood of the stock ; for thereby it will sit the closer and firmer to the former side . if the stock be big enough , and you have a mind thereunto , you may place another graft , after the same manner , on the adverse side of the stock ; but whether you graft one or two , you must with one hand hold them on a right , and with the other ( if that none other person be there present to help you ) bind them fast on the stock , ( staying the bond with the hand , that holds the grafts , ) with a soft flag , rush , peice of basses or inward rind of any tree , or such like . observe in this place , both for this and all other kinds of grafting , where the grafts are to be thus bound on the stock , that you loosen the bonds at such time as the grafts have grown a little , for thereby they escape the dammages that ensue by pinching . another way may be termed shot-grafting ; for , if we can understand small things by great , it is like the shooting of two peices of timber ( as in a ship-mast ) together . the graft is prepared , and the whole operation performed , after the same manner as before in whip-grafting , from which it varyeth but little , and that is , by cutting away the wood of the stock like the graft , if you would graft with a shoulder ; if not , it is no more trouble then to cut a slice of two inches ( more or lesse ) long from of the graft , and the like from of the stock , and to place the one upon the other in the same fashion as in the other . but yet the graft groweth the surer , if the bud on the back be ( orly ) beneath another bud on the opposite side of the stock ; for by the bud , that is on the stock , lying higher then the bud on the graft , the sap taketh hold on the graft in it's passage thereunto . this way is most used , when the graft and stock are of equall bignesse ; but it may serve very well also , though the bignesse of the stock do somewhat exceed that of the graft ; so that they close on one side exactly , as i have mentioned in the former . there is a way much used by some of the best nursery-men about london , and indeed very easy and certain , which is performed on this wise . first they cut of the head of the stock on the side , where the graft is to be put , descending or a little bending downward , and not altogether flat , when there is but one graft intended to be placed thereon ; but when there are two grafts to be inserted on the same stock , it must be cut flat , or ( which is better ) with a ridg ( like a cheveron in heraldry , or the tops of two rafters coupled ) in the middle . then they slice of a peice of the graft in the same fashion , as is described in the second shot-grafting way ; the stock , if somewhat big , is dealt with as in whip-grafting ; but if little , as in shot-grafting , these things being thus accomplished , and the sliced side of the graft found to agree to the sliced place of the stock ; then they slit the graft ( gently , least the bark should be ●urt ) on that side that is to ly on the stock , from within half an inch ( or lesse ) of the end , ( or bottom , ) to within ( about ) half an inch of the top , or where the slice began ; the like they do unto the stock , so that on them both there is ( as it were ) a tongue : now they put the tip ( or point ) of the tongue of the graft into the slit of the stock , and the tongue of the stock into the slit of the graft , and guiding them even on one side they thrust them gently ( the one tongue within the other ) till the bottom of the graft come to the place of the stock , whereon it is to ly . last of all , they bind it , as in the two last preceding ways . this grafting i account the best , for it's certainty and easy accomplishing , as i have said : very certain it is , because that by the making and placing the tongues , the one within the other , it commeth to passe , that the graft may be fed in three several places by the sap ; whereas in the other ways of grafting it receiveth it's nourishment , but in one or two at the most . it is easy likewise , as having lesse trouble in the placing and binding , the others of that kind ; for the grafts stick almost as close to the stock in this as in cleft-grafting . in grafting between the wood and the bark , the head of the stock is cut off flat and smooth , as for cleft-grafting ; and the graft prepared in the same fashion , as in whip-grafting : which being effected , and a style of iuory , box , or such like hard and smooth wood cut like ( though somewhat lesse then ) the end of the graft , provided in a readinesse ; you must make a place for the graft with this style , by thrusting it ( but not rashly , between the wood and the bark ( on the smoothest side ) of the stock , as deep almost as the cut part of the graft is long , then , having pulled out the style , put the point of the graft in the room thereof , with it's cut side close to the wood of the stock ; continue the thrusting it ( gently though it be stiffe in going ) down , till the shoulder of the graft rest even on the head of the stock , and then the work is finished , save that , least the wind , or the very putting on the clay , should shake it , you must bind it , as in others . this way of parting the bark and wood pleaseth me not very well ; because herein the bark will rise on both sides the graft , farther then is requisite ; or if it be not so flexible , it will either not part clear from the wood , or else it will pinch and bruise the graft in it's passage . all which do ( as i have known ) frustrate the labour and expectation . some , to avoid this danger , cut the graft on both sides , without any shoulders , like a sharp wedg ; and so thrust it between the bark and wood : but hereby likewise too great a wound is given to it for to come to good ; though i deny not , that it may happen to grow , if the sap can take hold on any place thereof in such sort as that the back part may in a short space be covered afresh . instead therefore of these i have substituted , and made triall of another way , taken notice of by few , though the most neat , and least dangerous , and hurtful for the grafting of great stocks . the operation about it is somewhat agreeing to that of inoculation , from which because there is some variation , i will here set down the whole in the same order i was accustomed to do it . first i cut off the head of the stock ( like the coltsfoot ) aslope , and at the very top flat , for about half an inch , on the side , where i place the graft . then i fit the graft like unto that for whip-grafting , save that in this i cut the pith , and middle part of the wood , from both sides somewhat hollow scoop-like , that the outsides thereof might stick the compleater to the stock ; from whose top i draw a slit , with the point of my penknife , through the bark , direct downward , of an inch or more in length . then i raise the bark on both sides the slit by the back of my penknife , to receive the point of the graft , which being put therein , i thrust the cut part down between the wood and the bark , till the shoulder thereof rest on the top of the stock , as it doth in others . now although the bark of the stock was not opened , nor slit the length of that part of the graft that was to be applyed to the wood ; yet will the point of the graft , by this gentle thrusting down , cleave and dilate the bark wide enough to receive it most exactly . when the stock is of a larger size , i set another graft in like sort one the same side , but distant from the other about an inch ; and if the stock be very big , ( such are the arms and bodys of trees ) i place others , with oblique shoulders , to fit the sloped part of the head , and one without any shoulder , at the lower end of the clots-foot . by this slitting of the bark i eschew the inconveniency's of the other graftings between the wood and the bark ; for herein the bark opens no wider then to receive the graft , whom likewise it cannot by pinching oppresse . yet sometimes it falleth out , that the bark of an old stock is so thick , that it will rise , further then is needfull , as not being able to turn short enough , only for the admittance of the graft ; wherefore i pare , and cut away some part thereof on both sides the slit , whereby that mischeif is prevented . all sorts of grafting between the bark and the wood , for the most part are used in juicy-bark't stocks ; or late , [ i. e. ] when the sap beginneth to arise , otherwise to make them part clear will prove a difficult matter . some trees there are , whose cions will not be grafted , if taken clean from the tree , whereon they grew at the first ; with these you must deal in another method of grafting , called inarching . to effect this , you must , an year or two before hand , plant some stocks so nigh the tree from whence you would graft , that the cion , which is to make the graft , may by that time extend over the head , of the stock , when it is cut and cleft , about five or six eyes , without any difficult straining or pulling of it ; from one of these ( suppose the fourth ) eyes , it must be cut with cheeks , or shoulders , from which , about two inches in length , must the bark and some part of the wood be smooth and evenly taken of on both sides , like as in cleft-grafting , save that herein the graft is not cut off like a wedg , but ought to continue on the tree , without hurting the outside bark in any place . then , in the cleft of the stock , prepared ( as hath been said ) to receive it , in like order and form , as in cleft-grafting , must you place that part of the graft , where the bark was taken away next to the shoulders , as far as may ; so that the lower part thereof , which joynes to the old tree , and is the thickest , do not cause the cleft to open at top from the shoulders set thereon . when this is done , bind it upright so fast , that the wind , when it shakes the tree , from whence the graft is binded , may in no wise loosen it . now , though this be the most usuall way of inarching , i know and do find , that the working whip , or ( rather ) shet-graft fashion is better , for the grafts are not so subject to break , neither is there so great a wound given to the stock by this , as by cleaving . another manner of inarching , where the wood of the cion is not too brittle , is by cutting the head of the stock , like a wedg , for an inch and an half : and then to cleave , or slice , out of the cion , a tongue somewhat more then half way through ; of the same length , as the wedged part of the stock is ; for the end of the tongue must extend to the place , where the bark of the stock began to be sliced for to make it wedg fashion . being thus cleft it must be placed riding astride on the edged head of the stock , the tongue on the one side , and the part that holds on the old tree , on the other side of the stock lying , as in whip-grafting , or , in short , the whole is like cleft-grafting revers't ; for the graft , by being cleft , in this imitates the stock in that , and the graft of that shews the fashion of the stock in this ; the difference is , that herein the stock must not be cut with shoulders , nor the tongue flat , but descending , till it end sharp in the bark , as the cut part of the graft in whip-grafting . this manner of inarching i approve of , as the best , when it may be effected ; for that the graft can herein receive the sap from both sides the stock , if it be well guided in the binding thereon . in these inarchings the old tree feeds the graft , till such time , as it is united to the stock , and groweth firmly there with ; which will be before the summer is ended : so that the winter following , it may with safety be cut off , from the old tree , close unto the stock , on which it will have made a very great growth by double feeding . in an year or two store of aprecocks , without inoculation , may be produced , if that before hand plum-stocks be set round about an aprecock-tree at such a distance as that they may be grafted by these ways of inarching . by the same also a cion , or a great bough ( if the uttermost point of a branch thereof be cut like the lower part of a graft ) may be made to grow , with the lower end upward , whereof i have known the experience , whereby that foolish traditional opinion of having fruit without stones or kernels was confuted ; for the fruit proved to be of the kind and manner with that of the tree ; from whence the cion , or bough was inarched . these are the cheif ways of grafting , some whereof are necessary , for a compleat grafter to know , other some meer curiosityes ; but there are other variations , which i purposely omit ; supposing that from these , as from the cheif heads , an ingenious lover of this art , will of his own industry , discover and improve them , to his greater pleasure , and content . chap. iv. certain rules to be observed in and after grafting . for the better detaining the grafts in their right posture , and for preserving the sap , at the grafted place , in the tender growing , from the extremity of heat and cold , adventitious moisture and drinesse ; like as an emplaster on a wound , in all graftings there is to be used a loom or compost of clay and horse-dung or such like . the best , that i find , for this purpose is made on this manner : viz. take of clay one half , new horse-dung , and cow-hair from the tanpits , of each one fourth , which makes the other half ; mix all these very well together , by kneading , beating , &c. with it cover over your stock in the grafted place , about an inch above the head , and a little beneath the point of the graft : the whole representing an egge or a ball of an ovall forme . when the grafts have grown somewhat , then pull off the loom , and the bindings of such as required binding , and put only a little of the like loom on the head of the stock , to keep it from the heat and wet , or , if your leasure gives leave , daube them over afresh , yet not with such curiosity as in the former . as for the smaller sort the renewing the loom is altogether unneceslary . before the grafts do grow , the stock will usually send forth some shoots out of it's body ; which must not be rubb'd of ( as is commonly practised ) till the graft grow ; and then , if the graft be free in growing , all must not be pull'd of at one time , but one , or two , left to prevent the ascending of too much sap into the graft : for by it the tree will grow lop-heavy , and the graft toward that winter , or the next year , corroded with a canker . in this i seem to many paradoxical ; because that they , by thus doing , think to force up the sap into the graft : but experience hath shewed me , that , when the buds are not suffered to stand till that time , the stock will either dy for want of venting it's sap , or , at the best , the root will endeavour to send forth suckers , whereby the grafted part is weakned , if not gone , and the pains most commonly comes not to the wished effect . besides the buds , that are toward the top serve to draw up sap the nigher to the graft , which the graft it self through wounds and weaknesse is not so able to perform . but if you find , that the graft in it's growing shoots but slowly , you may then pick off all the springs from the stock , and not before . at michaelmas prune off all the irregular , and side branches from the grafts , leaving only that , you intend for a leader , or to make the body of the tree ; do thus to them every year , till those , you reserve for standards , are shot up to the height of a man , or a foot lower ; after which time the upright branches may be taken away , and three , four , or five of the side ones , remain to make the spreading arms of the tree . the vulgar grafters do always pick off the side buds , till such time as the tree is high enough : but herein they erre ; for by that means the tree grows taper , and not able to stand by it self , without a stake to hold it upright ; whereas if the side buds be suffered to grow afresh from year to year , the body of the graft will be big , and strong enough , to maintain it self against the winds ; then may it by pruning ( as afore said ) be raised to such an height you please , to which speedy rise these men only aim at , not regarding those now mentioned inconveniencyes . the body of the graft , being thus kept low to grow big , doth likewise cover the head of the stock much sooner , then when it is strip't up to such a taper dimension . trees , that are for the wall , must be made to spread very low ; therefore leave three , or four side branches , constantly cutting away the upright . dwarf standards at the height of an yard at the furthest must be made to spread as t is elsewhere spoken of . as for the choise of grafts i advise , that they be taken from the fairest and best bearers , large , full-eyed , and smooth-bark't , of the last years shooting ; when you graft , cut off the heads , and let not above four buds remain , on a graft , above the loom for appels and pears . in cherrys and plums two will be enough , because , for the most part , they send forth new branches out of those that grew at the first hand of the year , which appels and pears ( unlesse the tops be broken ) do seldom adventure to do . an old tree which is a good bearer seldom affordeth cions for grafts ; wherefore some cut off a bough from the tree the year before , to cause the tree to sprout forth at that place . but usually the sap of the tree , striving only to cover that place neglecteth all irruption thereat . what grafts take on what stocks hath been shewed in the first chapter . chap. v. of inoculation , &c. a precocks , peaches , nectrines , and such kinds of choise fruit , are seldome procured by ordinary grafting , because they bring forth blossoms before the young shoots ; so that the graft , missing the usuall method of it's kind , withereth away , as not able to stay , so long for a conglutinating juice , when the season is to be in flower , and if the stock should endeavour to preserve the new union by throwing up such a sap , yet will the graft refuse it for the same reason , whereby it turns to a killing gelly ; but this seldome happens , for these earlyer kinds are calling for nourishment before the spring is strong enough to awake and rouse it in the stock . there is therefore another way invented to increase them , and this is called inoculation , or budding . the time for it is principally from a fortnight before midsommer , to a fortnight after , when the buds and bark are newly hardned enough to part from the wood , and that without any difficulty . yet if the tree hath been forward in growing that year , the buds will be fit to inoculate with , even in may ; and if backward , then to the last of july . aprecocks are the first to be inoculated , and peaches the last , and between both all other kinds of fruit . those sprigs , that shot that year biggest and fairest , afford buds for inoculation , only toward the bottom , or ( rather ) the middle half way and more ; so that the top must be cut of and thrown away : for the buds thereof are always too tender to part from the wood , as the lowest are oftentimes too old and tough . these sprigs , or cuttings , must immediately be wrapped up in some wet linnen cloth , or ( which is surest ) their lower ends stuck in clay and the whole body of them enclosed with watered mosse and so put in a box ; if that they are to be carryed any long way , or must continue any space of time , before the inoculation ; for otherwise in lesse then six hours they will wither or prove very difficult in the separation . now you having obtained such cuttings and brought them on this wise to your stocks , cut of all the leaves , reserving only the stalk of them ( or , if you perceive that will be too short , a very little of the leaf also ) to hold them by in the work . go to your stock , and in the smoothest . place thereof ( somewhat low ) cut a transverse cut , with an even and sharp edged penknife , three quarters of an inch ( or more ) in length : from the middle of this cut , or line , draw , with the very point of the penknife , another cut directly downward of an inch , or such like length , within a little , as the escutcheon shall be . but neither cut ought to be deeper then the bark . both of them joined thus together are represented by a great t. and that you may not be deceived in your work , open with the back of the penknife ( toward the point ) the direct descending cut a very little at the top thereof , where it joynes to the transverse cut , only to se whither the bark will part easily from the wood ; if it will , then let it rest , till you have prepared the bud to put therein , which you must do on this wise : having designed which bud shall be made use of , cut with the penknife a transverse cut , half an inch , or lesse , above it , cut the like beneath , both quite round the shoot . then draw the side-cuts ( on each side the bud one ) from the cut above the bud to the cut beneath : these cuts are not to be drawn parallel , to one another , as the transverse ; but oblique descending , meeting thereby in an ovall point at the lower transverse line : so that the form of the bud , with that part of the bark , that is to be with it , is like an escutcheon , in the same manner as is expressed in the margent ; the point in the middle sheweth the stalke of the leafe , and the bud before it . these cuts being thus made with the knife , peele away the bark of the shoot , between the transverse cuts , that is on the side opposite to the escutcheon . [ thus far of the preparation may precede the cutting of the t in the stock , but i place them together , as being lesse trouble to the understanding of the description , but to proceed . ] when you have done this , cut a small notch above ( but ending in ) the upper transverse cut , to admit the quill or steele that is to take off the escutcheon . then thrust this quill or steele in that notch between the bark , or escutcheon , and the wood , very even and steedy , that so the escutcheon may be taken off without bruising . observe after it is taken off , whither it hath any hole withinside at the root of the bud , if it hath , cast it away , as unmeet for that purpose , and prepare others in like sort , till that you have one without any hole at the bottom of the bud , which being procur'd must be laid on your lip , to be kept moist , or put in a dish of water till you have nimbly opened the descending cut in the stock with the back of your penknife , without touching the gelly or moisture on the wood , into which immediately put the escutcheon on this wise ; take it from your lip and pour out the water by the stalk of the leafe , and hold it and the bud close ( though not pinching ) between your forefinger & thumb ; in which posture , thrust the point thereof into the top of the descending cut between the bark ( you newly opened ) and the wood of the stock , so by degrees draw down the whole escutcheon , if it be somewhat stiffe ( as it should ) in drawing down , lay the back of the penknife on the stalk , close to the bud , but not on it least you bruise it , place likewise the top of your thumb underneath the stalk , and presse it down by the back of the penknife with your other hand , till the upper end of the escutcheon come within a little of the transverse cut where it must be cut off with the sharp edge of the penknife , which will by that means fit it exactly to the bark that is above . but if the going down be very difficult , then may you open the bark by the back of the penknife a little , on the sides and beneath the escutcheon , as he stands on the stock ; then presse it down as before . when you have thus finished , bind the whole with some soft flag , bull-rush , woolen yarn , or basse , pretty straight , beginning at ( and upon ) the transverse cut and so winding downward , till all the escutcheon be covered with the binding : but be sure , not to touch the very bud , but to skip it , lest it should be bruised ; however let the binding be placed close above , and beneath the stalk of the leaf , under which the root of the bud lyes . some open the bark of the stock , before they take of the escutcheon , but in my mind they do not so well therein ; for if the root of the bud should ( as it often doth ) happen to be broken in the taking off , the air and heat doth often dry the place , that is prepared for it , before another bud can be made ready to be put therein : but men may do herewith , as it best pleaseth their fancyes . if that the stalk of the leaf will fall off , before the escutcheon can be brought to it's proper place , or where there is no stalk at all , but a bare bud , you may stick the point of the penknife somewhat beneath the side of the bud , and draw the escutcheon down , as well as if it had a leaf-stalk thereon . the style , that taketh off the escutcheon , is a quill cut two third parts away , sloping downward as for a pen , and at the end , instead of a nibb or point , with a flat round edg . after the same fashion many procure a steel one ( well burnish't ) to be made for them , which indeed is better then the other , but the best is an ivory one , cut in the same form , which seldome hurteth the root or gelly . many there are who take off the bud by thrusting the style from the point of the escutcheon upwards : but in this the edg of the style must be kept close to the wood , whereon the bud groweth ; otherwise it will glide between the root of the bud and the bud it self , rendring it thereby unprofitable for inoculation . others never use a style , but make the upper transverse cut on the cion at a greater length , or distance from the bud , so that they may take hold thereof with their penknife and thumb , thereby pulling it leasurely , till it comes ( or is peeled ) off . what is bruised by the taking hold of it thus , is cut off at the transverse line in the stock , before it be quite thrust down in the same order , as in the other before . this is the quickest and safest way ; for the bud and inward bark are not touched hereby , as they are by the style in the other , which ( unlesse very smooth and round edged ) often maketh the same rugged , to the indangering the whole inoculation . the next best unto this is the taking off the escutcheon , by a suddain and equall twist of the fore-finger and the thumb , as you hold it between them . there is a way to inoculate , whose fashion is contrary to this ; for in it the transverse cut is made beneath the direct descending line , both which therefore are like a great t reverst ; so that the escutcheon must be cut reverst likewise , and the whole operation performed from the lower part upward . this , without doubt , is a very good way , and the bud likely to take ; but i dare affirm nothing of certainty therein , because my self have not as yet seen the tryal thereof in fruit-trees ; having received the hint hereof from an orange bud , which ( though otherwise very difficult in propagating ) hath by this way taken very well . a freind of mine did once use to inoculate , without taking away the wood from within the escutcheon , which many times ( especially in moist years ) hath luckyly proceeded : but it is not so sure as the other ( whose trouble , i confesse , is the greater ) because that the sap of the stock cannot so compleatly annex it self to the new adopted bud . there are other ( but fantastical ) ways of cutting , and placing on the bud , such are the fashioning it lozenge-wise , and like the leaves of a book opened , &c. but i omit their description , as uncertain in themselves , and therefore unnecessary to my discourse . it is ( and hath been ) a great tradition among divers gardners that no bud will take , if any adventitious moisture touch the root thereof , before it be inoculated ; but this i know to be as frivolous a rule as hath been invented , for it is not only good , but very necessary in dry weather , to dip the escutcheon in water before you put it on the stock , for thereby it will slide down the better into the slit . all inoculations succeed best , when they are done in a gloomy and cloudy day ; now if there be none such in the season , but the weather prove wholy dry , and parching , it is best to work somewhat early in the morning before the sun make the day too hot , and in the afternoon , when the heat is abated . to prevent that the heat do not so much mischeif , as otherwise it would , ty or hang some cabbageleaf , or such like , over the buds after the inoculation ; under this shadow will they be in some measure preserved . when the weather hath been and is extraordinary dry , it is of good consequence to water the stocks 2 or 3 nights before the inoculation , and the like , after ; for that by the former the bark will rise the better ; and by the latter the new adopted bud will receive the greater nourishment : yet in the watering after , there must be a caution for overdoing , least insted of affording liquor to a thirsty plant you make it drunk , which will appear in the spuing up of a gum at the place , to the buds destruction . within ten or fourteen days , if the inoculation be done before , or about , midsommer , the bark will happen to swell ; wherefore the bond must be taken off , or loosned , least the bud be destroyed by pinching . but the true time of loosning the bond will be best known by the goodnesse and smoothnesse of the bark of the stock ; for some stocks ( such as are full of sap ) will in a shorter time swell out , and extend the bindings , when as others , that are dryer , and inoculated late , require a longer time , before that the bond will be streightned . in dryer weather the bud requires the longer time , in moister the shorter for unbinding . it happeneth sometimes that in four , or five dayes you may know whither the bud have taken or no : for if then it look fresh and green , as when it came of the cion , it hath taken ; yea , although the stalk of the leaf will at the touching fall off ; that being caused by the bruise , it received either from the back of the penknife in the depression of the escutcheon , or else from the streightnesse of their binding . because of the difficulty of one single bud in running through all the hazards , it is necessary that three , or four , buds be placed on the same stock ; where , if none have come to good , the inoculation , especially when you began the first early , may be renewed severall times , untill you are assured that one on every stock will answer your desire . rebind the buds loose , &c. when the weather is very wet , for else the bark of the stock will open from the escutcheon . after the unbinding there remaines nothing to be done till the next autumne or winter ; at which time you must cut of the heads of these stocks two inches from the bud , and the next year close to the shoot , that grew out of the bud , then it were good like wise to cover it with loom as in grafting . if you should the first year cut off the stock close to the bud , 't is ten to one , but that the head thereof with the bud therein will ' dy ; besides the leaving of the head thus long , more especially with a natural bud on it , serves at the spring to convey and attract the sap into the bud that is inoculated ; but all other buds below ought to be rubbed of ; and that above too , when the inoculated one hath shot two inches long . after an early inoculation , wherein the buds held very well , that i might see varietyes , i adventured to cut off the heads of some plump bark't stocks ; whereby it came to passe , that the bud immediately sprung forth a considerable le●gth , able enough to withstand the piercing winter , yet this is not of such certainty as the not permitting of it's growth till the next spring . the inoculation of roses ( which most account a difficult matter ) comes best to effect this way ; for it is seldome seen that their midsommer buds do stay so long as the spring , from shooting forth ; such shrubs if observ'd , continue always growing , unlesse impeded by the frost , which is no sooner over , but they ( even in the mid'st of winter ) thrust out their heads again , to the often nipping of many of them , amongst whom the adopted are likelyest to suffer , if the head was cut off just at that winter season ; wherefore it is ( as i have found ) the best course to cut off their heads four or five days after the unbinding , whereupon they will immediately shoot lustily enough to withstand the encounter of the winter , like unto other rose-trees , that are clipped after bearing . but this is somewhat beside my purpose ; i now return . as to the stocks , whereon each kind should be inoculated , see in the first chapter . those trees thus inoculated , may , even in the bud , the next autumn , be removed , as well as when they have grown an year or two ; yea i find it best so to do : for there is lesse danger ln transplanting trees ( such are these ) whose heads are cut of , and they thereby pruned , then those , whose branches must be left at full length . yet it may prove a losse to the buyer , if the bud should chance to miscarry . if the winter and spring prove very frosty , it is of a very great concernment to wind wisps of straw round the buds , during all the season of cold ; for thereby the tender buds are preserved , which otherwise by the peircing of the frosts are oftentimes destroyed . if such kind of weather continue long , you must sometimes unwreath the straw , from off the buds , for an hour or two in the hottest time of the day , to give them fresh air , and afterwards wind them up as before . many men , being ignorant of this guarding the buds , have lost multitudes , which held very well and continued fair a long while after the inoculation ; admiring in themselves , why the tree sprung not out at the season , when as they were all killed the preceeding winter . it will not be much from our purpose , as a close to this and the other chapters , to seek out and assign , for the satisfaction of some , the cause why the greatest part of trees yeild better and fairer fruit , through insition , then , when permitted to bear from seed . now whereas i cannot so exactly fetch the resolution hereof from the insensitive tree itself , whose method of separation avoids even the clearest eye ; i must by comparing trees and animals find the full demination thereof , yet so , as that i abstract the same from the facultyes of sense and motion , and speak of them only as to augmentation . whereas therefore it cannot be made appear , that there is any great difference between a beast and a plant in their nutrition , the one therefore will demonstrate and clear the other . thus then ; as the chyle which is separated from the digested meat , thrown into the guts , for a further purification or concoction , hath other vessels to secern it from it's several excrements , before that it is fit for the nourishing of the particular members , who in themselves likewise have an attractive force to elect the meetest thereof for their own increase , and being there which sufficed , by another quality they do reject the superfluity ( though in it self good , yet as ) unprofitable for them ; from whence it proceedeth , that there is such a conformable growth in the animal , answerable as well to the bearing of fruit , as to the extension of the branches and trunk in trees : so is there in trees , themselves an allicient property , to draw by roots ( like lacteal veines ) a juice out of the whole earth , or cheifly the moister parts thereof ; which juice so extracted is by a natural inclination carried into the body of the stock , as into a common receptacle , out of which likewise the graft inticeth and altereth , what it finds best for the true purpose of it's being , and the end appointed it by nature , refusing the other , which yet serveth for the nourishment of the stock , as too grosse , or excrementitious , so that the juice hath need of a second and finer concoction , before it can be turned into the proper substance of the more excellent fruit. this is not wholy a comparison ; for it will further be manifested , if we consider the growth of masse , polypody and misletoe on the trees themselves , which , though all the art of man be used , cannot be perswaded to live on the meer ground : for that they have not those ostridge-like substances to turn the grosser and ( as i may say ) iron juice , at the first extraction out of the earth , into more subtile spirits for nutriment , before that the trees ( like loving nurses who , though fed with course meates themselves , give the finest of their chyle in their milk , to be suck't out of their paps by the infants ) hath ( as it were ) chewed and digested it for them . whence it cometh to passe that the misletoe beareth such a crystalline berry , and together with the mosse and polypody doth abound in such medicinal qualityes , which in the tree it self were dogged by others more perdominant , till that by the excellent chymistry in these plants , after a due fermentation in the tree , they are delivered . and whereas it is urged , that trees without grafting have and do bear fruit ; it may be answered , that they grow a longer season , in respect of the others , before they bear , and then too , produce not so large , nor so well compacted fruit : for that their finer bodyes , which are but single , are to effect and undergo two offices at once , which they are not so able to do , as when they have a stock of a more rough ( though not altogether disagreeing ) nature , for to give the juice a preparation . this likewise is the reason why such trees are more busied in bringing forth branches and are more subject to cankers then others ; for having taken from the earth at the first for the most part a growing nourishment , they have no other place , nor stop in it's passage , through which it might be percolated , and where it might deposite it's corrosive humor , which doth not prove so in the sower stock , where there are enimies enough to encounter and subdue it into a better temper . chap. vi. of stocks raised without seed , and trees without insition . now least it should seem strange , or a neglect in me , not to speak of a thing generally used ; i will in few words deliver something concerning stocks procured out of the woods , and suckers from the roots of trees . where seedlings can be obteined , i advise that none do make much use of any others , such as wild ones and suckers are , for usually their roots grow in a disproportioned manner , whereby the inriching the mould round about them cannot so truly be effected , and the grafts in few years out strip the stock in bignesse ; which is a great hinderance to the bearing of good and large fruit. the only remedy hereof is the grafting them low on the superficies of the earth . the best sort of these are such whose bark is smooth and green , the bodyes single [ i. e. ] not two stems upon one root , and the knots thin set on them . these marks shew , that they are either descended from seed , or at the least plants of themselves , and not dependent on an old maimed trunk ; a care likewise must be had , that the roots be drawn up without any great bruising . if there be many on one root , they make unhandsome trees ; if grey coloured , they prove hungry and hide bound ; if full of knots , ( besides the other inconveniencyes , ) they are very difficult to be grafted : and if notwithstanding this they thrive , the young sprigs through an irregular nourishing of the whole , are more subject to the canker then those of others . the roots must be cut into such a conformity as that they answer one another like the radii of the same circumference . then set the bigger sort of them in the place , where they are to remain constantly ; and after two years they may be grafted . by this means they become good trees , and grow the faster and kinder , for that they are naturalised to the ground before their grafting , wherein likewise they avoid the many mischeifs that are incident to their rough natures , upon a second removall . yet those that are small ( that is , within three inches compasse ) may be set in the nursery , and entertained like seedlings , howbeit few of them will improve so well . what i have spoken in this is concerning the crab , pear , and black-cherry : suckers that come from the roots of full and juicybark'd plumtrees ( such as the pear-plums who ) make excellent stocks , in no wise giving place to the seedlings ; for the greatest part of them ascend from the roots of the old tree by one single erect root at the first , out of which the side-roots immediately do spring , so that the second year after their irruption , they are like seedlings , not much regarding the assistant sap of the old tree , as appeareth by the little improvement of the erect root beneath the side-roots , whereas above them it is of a larger compasse , receiving nourishment from them , and from it's first as from one of the same number . crab and pear suckers are of such a carelesse and unweaned nature , that they will hardly adventure to send forth above two , or three new roots , as being assured that what food these will not forage for , the old stump , like a loving mother , will afford , out of her own store house , as not caring much in what low estate she keeps her self , so that her ofspring may flaunt it , whereby it comes to passe that they ( though otherwise of hardy nature ) are such punyes in their growth at the first upon a removal , when plum-suckers ( as neglecting the dependance on the old one after the first year ) do , as i have said , improve themselves exceedingly ; it is good therefore to procure store of these for your nursery , for so you gain two , or three years of the other . under this head of thus raising stocks the multiplying them and other plants by layers will fall ; a businesse not yet vulgarly known , though naturally practised by briers and thornes themselves ; yea of so great antiquity that it was found by alexander the great to have been a long time used by the mardi a neighbouring nation of hyrcania for the artificial fortifying of their country against ( him and ) their enimies . of this see further in quint. curt. lib. 6. where this very thing is exactly described . virgil seems to give an hint hereof in this expression . virgil. georg. 2. sylvarumque , aliae pressos propaginis arcus expectant : & viva sua plantaria terra . some trees require their boughs be set archwise and make their own soile living nurseryes . the causing trees to increase by laying is effected after several wayes ; the cheif are these . first by bare bending down a branch from a tree into the ground , ( where it is to be kept steady by a forked stick drove over it and ) then turning the end out of the ground upright as if it were a young one proceeding from a root of it 's own , in one year that part , that is in the ground , will take root , which when you have found it to do , cut it three quarters through ( hard by the roots ) on the side that joines it to the tree , then let it remain another year untouch't in the same ground , as it did at the first , this year being expired , it may at the winter be clear cut off , and transplanted . this is for very choise plants . the second manner of laying is by cutting the branch half way or more through , and then ordering it as the former , yet a little more gently , least it break in the covering . in this the branch will root faster and stronger ; for that at the cut there is an occasion given to the sap to turn into fibres , whilest it strives to cover the wounded part . the next winter you may open the mould , wherein if you find the roots to have shot forth sufficiently you may then transplant it ; if not let it remain till another year as did the former . some use to take only part of the bark , three quarters round , from of the branch , and so to lay it ; but it comes all to one end , if there be any difference , the cutting is the better . others wreath or twist the bough in the part that is to be lay'd in the ground , which cleaveth it in sundry places , out of which the fibres for roots will issue . the time of laying is usually in winter , or spring , but it may be done at any time of the year , and the plant take rooting very well . if the branch be high , so that it cannot be bended to the earth , it then must be laid in a basket , box , or earthen pot fill'd with good mould in such wise , as shall be described when i come to speak of the vine slips , and of the kentish codling , nurse-garden , sweeting , &c. who will grow without roots like ozier-sticks . a branch sometimes will grow if two or three inches of bark be cut off round about it , as it growes on the tree , and then clayed sufficiently about the place , where the bark was taken away . this is done in july and august , and at the winter toward spring , the branch is cut off and set in the ground , where it often happeneth to thrive like another tree . but a better way to make a bough grow on the tree is by slicing off small peices of the bark and hacking it a little in the place where the roots should issue forth , and then placing an old boot over the bough , so that the middle of it be the conteiner of the place that is sliced , it being thus placed must be bound close at the bottom , and filled with good earth , afterwards in dry weather the earth should be watered , whereby the bough will send out roots into the boot . this is to be performed in spring . if you find at latter end of summer that it hath taken root , you may cut off , and set it as the former . but it often happens that instead of roots there is only certain extuberancyes , or knots a risen in several places about the slicings , which are but so many preparatives for roots against the ensuing year ; wherefore it must stand till the next season , at present only cut away the bark , that was reserved at the first for the better conveiance of sap into the upper part of the bough . now that the cion groweth , after the bark is wholy taken away , is not ( as some suppose ) by a passage of new sap through the clay or mould ; for if it were so , the upper part would not endeavour to take root downward , that being a contrariety of motion in the same organ , which cannot be granted : yea i scarce beleive that any juice passeth that way for the nourishing of the sprig ; because that all such cions do not grow but by the mediation of the roots of the tree , who refine the course juice of the earth , before these receive the least atom thereof , and although the lower part sendeth none but good , yet the clay and mould reduceth it into it's former coursness , immediately at it's passage into the upper part of the cion . neither is the rooting caused ( as others affirm ) by the arrest and stoppage of the sap in it's descent at autumn , whereby it not finding a place where to retire , doth at the cut transforme it self into fibres ; if this were so , and that there is any such thing as the descent of the sap at the fall of the leaf , then would all trees grow more at the root in the winter then in the summer , the contrary whereof is sufficiently known . the true reason therefore and manner of this growing ( by the leave of so many who content themselves with the former ) i conceive to be by the ascent of sap through the heart and pores of the wood , which , to conserve the upper part of the cion , doth in an extending motion find out the wound , which it , ( with other juice then called in a large measure to assistance ) doth strive to cure by reuniting the upper to the nether part : but the wound proving too great , and that juice ( by reason of the affluence of new and it 's own weight ) not able to return the way it came , nor finding any other place to divert it self , doth at the same wound burst forth into fibres , which afterward being strong ( like the vessels of an embryo when it becomes an animal subsisting of it self ) act a contrary part , and suck fit nourishment for the plant , when as at the first they received it from the same . and this likewise must be the manner how all rootlesse sticks thrust into the ground do grow . that there is a motion of sap through the internal parts and pores of the wood appears plainly to the eye , in late pruning of vines , wherein these pores manifestly shew themselves , to give the only nourishment , whose passage between the wood and bark is here really stop't through the thinnesse and binding drinesse of the bark , whereby it will sooner exhale then ascend . if any branch ( or limb ) be cut off from other trees also in the spring , there will be an exsudation ( or weeping , which is the lachrymae in physick ) throughout the whole wood of the remaining part of the branch even if the bark it self should be taken away . now that there is likewise upon occasion , a motion ( though preternatural ) of sap thus through the pores even downward too , i have demonstrated to my self in an experience upon a walnut-tree , one of the roots whereof i cut off a distance from the tree , in the month of march , which within half an hours space began to destil fromward the body of the tree , faster then any spirit of wine can do in an alembick , the bark during that space was hardened by the air . this water therefore must needs come by descent from the several parts of the tree , and not by any other way ; neither could so great a quantity ly in the part of the root that remained on the tree , for in three dayes space the destillation was so great , that if the liquor had been weighed , it would have exceeded that of the root in a manifold proportion . in very young trees , who are of a nimbler growth , the substance encircling the pith is of a greenish colour , very tender & spongy , through which ( i suppose ) a larger quantity of sap doth passe , then doth in any other part beside . the cheifest use of the bark is to preserve the sap from the injury of the weather , ( in the like manner as the skin doth the internal parts from external injuryes , ) and in no wise administring moisture to the body being it self generated by a restagnation thereof , it 's office in these tricks the clay and mould do supply . as for the sap that was drawn in the spring & summer , part thereof is converted into leaves , new branches , and fruit ; part likewise after by an exsudation through the wood turneth first into a jelly between the bark and wood , & afterward , by ehe help of the heat in and about summer solstice , into wood it self ; and the remainder is imployed in dilating the old tree ; so much of it only retaineth it's own old nature , as serveth to keep the whole moist until the next spring . this manner of growth is manifested in that action of woodmen , who , to know of what age any underwood is , do cut off a stick ( viz. of hazel or sallow ) somewhat aslope , and by telling the scaly orbes ( which some men call colts i suppose they mean coats ) do know the age of the wood ; which orbes cannot be so distinguished , were there not every year a new one made by the hardened sap . these orbes in young sticks may be separated , but in old wood they scarce appear . there is one thing yet remaining , which ( perhaps ) may cause a dissent from this my opinion , and that is an argument raised from grafting , the substance whereof is this ; if there ariseth little or no sap between the bark and the wood , how cometh it to passe , that to make the graft grow , there ought such a regard to be had to the placing of the inwardest part of the bark of the graft so exactly to the inwardest part of the bark of the stock , and not to the wood of the same , which ( according to the preceding position ) hath the largest quantity of sap : to this an answer may be found in the foregoing words likewise ; where 't is said , that part of the sap , after an exsudation through the wood , turneth first into a jelly between the bark and the wood : which being granted , i can say , that the sap , arriving at the outside of the wood there to generate a new orbe , doth in the restagnation seize upon and conjoine it self to that moist part of the graft , that is of affinity unto it ; according to the maxime , which saith , that moist things are easily contained in others bounds , but very difficultly in their own , so that by this the graft is nourished like other parts of the tree . now upon the cutting off the head of the stock , the woody part thereof groweth dry on the superficies of the wound ; for that the sap retireth another way , because that , having no inclosure , it would pump the tree into a languishing condition , if not to death it self ; which if it do escape , yet would that weeping choak the graft , wherefore it leaveth the naked face of the wood devoid of moisture : howbeit not resting unmindful of the preserving the continuity of the whole , it doth rally it's force on the borders or circumfepence of the wound , and assuming for it's armour a new filme , doth under the protection thereof by a rouling march at length cover the wounded place , rendring it the same defensive cloathing , of which it had before been divested ; whereby it happeneth , that the graft not being adopted , before the filme is generated , is thrust off the wood of the stock , and excluded as a stranger , to whom the stock hath no relation . but to proceed again according to the design of the chapter . if a branch cannot be allured to grow by laying or otherwise , nor the tree afford suckers ; then may a root be cut off from the tree , and left lying in the ground ; as when it was on the tree : if it dy not , it will the next spring send forth several young shoots ; by reason that the sap which the root draweth , hath no way else to vent it self , then by setting up new trees instead of the old one , from whence it was of late secluded . observe that such suckers must the next autumn be cut half or three quarters through , close to the old root ; and cover well above with good mould , wherein they will that next summer shoot out roots sufficient enough to maintain them in a removal the second winter . if you should the first year endeavour to transplant them , you would find but one single root , and that joining to the old one , as its proper and sole nurse , for want of which , or some others in the room thereof , it may chance to wither ; wherefore it is better to use them in such sort as i have declared . some have adventured to cut down the whole tree somewhat within the ground , whereby every root contributeth to the making up of an hydra-like company of young ones surrounding the stump of the old ; now if the smaller sort be plucked up , and the greater let stand , these will thrive extraordinarily . it sometimes happeneth , that before any root is cut off , or the tree felled , there doth a gallant number of upstart cions spring from the roots of the tree , whereby the tree it self pineth away through the disability of the sap , which cannot feed both young and old ; wherefore in such a case , where there is a desire of multiplying that kind , there need no doubt to be made of cutting down the tree ; for quae tenera caeso virga de trunco stetit , par ipsa matri tempore exiguo subit . sen . the suckers that from felled trunckes remain , in few yeares with the trees like bigness gain . these devises , though properly belonging to the mulberry , and rare exotick plants , because of the great difficulty in propagating them , rather then to those of an orchard , may yet for recreations sake be practised in fruit-trees also . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a36561-e260 * lord verulam . the garden of eden, or, an accurate description of all flowers and fruits now growing in england with particular rules how to advance their nature and growth, as well in seeds and herbs, as the secret ordering of trees and plants / by that learned and great observer, sir hugh plat. plat, hugh, sir, 1552-1611? this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a54994 of text r33966 in the english short title catalog (wing p2386). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 138 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 92 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a54994 wing p2386 estc r33966 13640527 ocm 13640527 100886 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54994) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 100886) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1040:3) the garden of eden, or, an accurate description of all flowers and fruits now growing in england with particular rules how to advance their nature and growth, as well in seeds and herbs, as the secret ordering of trees and plants / by that learned and great observer, sir hugh plat. plat, hugh, sir, 1552-1611? bellingham, charles. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a54994 of text r33966 in the english short title catalog (wing p2386). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread 175 p. printed for william leake ..., london : 1654. engraved frontispiece. dedication signed: charles bellingham. includes index. imperfect: pages cropped, stained, with loss of print. reproduction of original in the cambridge university library. eng gardening -early works to 1800. fruit-culture -great britain. a54994 r33966 (wing p2386). civilwar no the garden of eden· or, an accurate description of all flowers and fruits now growing in england, with particular rules how to advance their plat, hugh, sir 1654 23851 14 5 0 0 0 0 8 b the rate of 8 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the b category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 2006-04 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-04 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-06 john latta sampled and proofread 2006-06 john latta text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the garden of eden . or , an accurate description of all flowers and fruits now growing in england , with particular rules how to advance their nature and growth , as well in seeds and herbs , as the secret ordering of trees and plants . by that learned and great observer , sir hugh plat , knight . the fourth edition . london , printed for william leake , at the crown in fleetstreet betwixt the two temple gates . 1654. to the honourable and most perfect gentleman , francis finch junior , of the inner temple , esquire . sir , you may please to pardon my forward inscribing this book to your name . were it a work of mine own composition , i should have thought on a meaner patron . but the memory of that learned knight the authour ( to whom i had so neer alliance ) may excuse this presumption . he was a great searcher after all sorts of knowledge , and as great a lover of it in all others . and i humbly conceiv'd i could not doe him a higher service than by placing his book under your protection , who are not more honour'd by those many noble families whence you are descended , than by that large portion of learning and vertue which have so enriched your noble mind ; and rendred you precious to all that know you . i hope that candor and sweetness which accompanies all your actions , will also shew it selfe in acceptation of this offering from him who is ambitious of no other title than sir , the most humble and most devoted of all those that honour you charles bellingham . the pvblisher to the reader . i shall not blush to tell you , i had some ambition to publish this book , as well to doe right to the learned author ( my ever honoured kinsman ) as to check their forwardnesse who were ready to violate so usefull a work . there are some men ( of great name in the world ) who made use of this author , and it had been civil to have mentioned his name who held forth a candle to light them to their desires ; but this is an unthankfull age . and what ever you may think of this small piece , it cost the author many yeares search , and no small expence , there being not extant in our language ) any work of this subject so necessary and so brief . he had consultation with all gentlemen , scholars , nay not a gardiner in england ( of any note ) but made use of his discoveries , and confirm'd his inventions by their own experience . and what ever they discover'd ( such was his modesty ) he freely acknowledges by naming the authors , sometimes in words at length , as mr. hill , mr. taverner , m. pointer , m. colborn , m. melinus , m. simson , and sometimes by t. t. a. p. &c. what ever is his own hath no name at all , unlesse sometimes ( and that not often ) he add h. p. at the end of the paragraph . and when he refers you to some other part of the book , 't is according to the number or section , not the page , for that onely serves for the table . he wrote other pieces of natural philosophy , whereunto he subjoyned an excellent abstract of cornelius agrippa de occulta philosophia ; but they fell into ill hands , and worse times . as for this collection of flowers and fruits , i would say ( if i had not so near relation to it ) that no english man that hath a garden or orchard can handsomely be without it , but at least by having it will finde a large benefit . and all ladies and gentlemen by reading these few leaves may not only advance their knowledge and observation when they walke into a garden , but discourse more skilfully of any flower , plant , or fruit then the gardiner himself , who ( in a manner ) growes there night and day . farewell . c. b. the author's epistle to all gentlemen , ladies , and all others delighting in god's vegetable creatures . having out of mine own experience , as also by long conference with divers gentlemen of the best skill and practice , in the altering , multiplying , enlarging , planting , and transplanting of sundry sorts of fruits & flowers , at length obtained a pretty volume of experimentall observations in this kind : and not knowing the length of my daies , nay , assuredly knowing that they are drawing to their period , i am willing to unfold my napkin , and deliver my poor talent abroad , to the profit of some , who by their manuall works , may gain a greater imployment than heretofore in theirusual callings : and to the pleasuring of others , who delight to see a rarity spring out of their own labors , and provoke nature to play , and shew some of her pleasing varieties , when shee hath met with a stirring workman . i hope , so as i bring substantiall and approved matter with me , though i leave method at this time to schoolmen , who have already written many large and methodicall volumes of this subject ( whose labours have greatly furnished our studies and libraries , but little or nothing altered or graced our gardens and orchards ) that you will accept my skill , in such a habit and form as i shall think most fit and appropriate for it ; and give me leave rather to write briefly and confusedly , with those that seek out the practicall and operative part of nature , whereunto but a few in many ages have attained , then formally and largely to imitate her theorists , of whom each age affordeth great store and plenty . and though amongst these two hundred experiments , there happen a few to faile under the workmans hand ( which yet may be the operators mistake not mine ) yet seeing they are such as carry both good sense and probability with them , i hope in your courtesie i shall find you willing to excuse so small a number , because i doubt not , but to give good satisfaction in the rest . and let not the concealing , or rather the figurative describing of my last and principall secret , withdraw your good and thankfull acceptation , from all that go before ; on which i have bestowed the plainest and most familiar phrase that i can : for ▪ jo. baptista porta himself , that gallant and glorious italian , without craving any leave or pardon , is bold to set down in his magia naturalis , amongst many other conclusions of art and nature , four of his secret skils , ( viz. concerning the secret killing of mē , the precipitation of salt out of sea water , the multiplying of corn two hundred fold , which elswhere i have discovered : & the puffing up of a little past , to the bignesse of a foot-ball ) in an obscure and aenigmatical phrase . and i make no question , but that if he had known this part of vegetable philosophy , he would have penned the same as a sphinx , & roll'd it up in the most cloudy and dark some speech that he could possibly have devised . this author , i say , hath emboldened me , and some writers of more worth and higher reach then himself , have also charged me , not to disperse or divulgate a secret of this nature , to the common and vulgar eye or ear of the world . and thus having acquainted you with my long , costly , and laborious collections , not written at adventure , or by an imaginary conceit in a scholars private study , but wrung out of the earth by the painful hand of experience : and having also given you a touch of nature , whom no man as yet ever durst send naked into the world without her veile ; and expecting , by your good entertainment of these , some encouragement for higher and deeper discoveries hereafter , i leave you to the god of nature , from whom all the true light of nature proceedeth . h. p. knight . an alphabeticall table to the book . a. annis seeds to grow in england page 78 apple cornels to set 101 apple agreeth not with a pear-stock 120. notè contra 121 apples kept without wrinkles 164 apricot multiplied 127 apricot , which is best 136 apricots fair 157 apricots to bear well 148 apricot stones to set 155 apricots in what ground 146 apricots to prosper 105 arbour when to cut . 90 arbour aloft 94 artichocks from frost 39 , 41 , 79 97 b. barking to help 159 barking of trees 107 barly growing without earth 47 barrenness in trees , upon what cause , and how helped 163 bayes to plant 36 & 100 beasts of hearbs to grow speedily 76 birds of hearbs to grow speedily 76 blossoms from frost 104 to stay blossoming 157 borders of hearbs delicate 77 box tree to plant 100 branches to root 70 , 102 , 105 briony sap to gather 62 c. candying of growing flowers 42 canker avoided 107 carnations growing in winter 50 , 96 carnations old and revived 52 carnations how to set 69 carnations plants to carry far 69 carnations seed to gather 72 carnations of divers kinds upon one root . 75 carnation pots of a stately fashion 49 , 50 carnations to multiply 83 carnations early 65 carots kept long 66 carots to grow large 35 , 67 carots when to sow 68 cats at the roots of trees 99 cherries when to plant 101 cherries growing long upon the tree 105 cherry stock wilde , of what bignesse to graft on 110 cherry upon a plum stock 113 cherries fair 157 cherry to grow large 119 cherries in clusters 265 chestnut tree to plant 111 cions how to chuse 119 cions made the stock 120 cions how to carry far 126 cions to prosper 146 cions and stock sutable 164 coleflower seed to gather and plant 73 coleflower to bear late 74 coliander to sow 81 colour of a flower altred 71 , 138 cowcumbers to multiply 63 crabstock , at what bignesse to be grafted 109 d. dogs at the tree roots 99 dung for pot-herbs 35 dwarf-trees 150 dwarf-trees in an orchard 52 depth for trees 108 e. earth barren strengthned 77 earth , see ground eldern to plant 36 , 100 elme no stock to graft on 120 elme to lop truly 152 early fruit 56 , 64 , 103 , 145 f. fearn to enrich ground 33 flower de luce of seed 91 flowers to grow gilded 41 flowers candied as they grow 42 flowers to keep backward 66 , 67 or forward 64 , 65 flowers to grow upon trees 71 , 67 flowers grafted one upon another 71 flowers single made double 85 flowers from frost 96 fruit early . see early . frets of hearbs in a delicate manner 77 fruit hanging long upon the tree 104 frut without stones 136 frut hiden with leaves 136 167 g. garden enriched philosophically garden ground rich 70 garden within doors 44 garlick to grow large 35 grafting in the bud , with all the rules 111 grafting in the cions , with all the rules 117 grafting , how often in the yeere 135 grafting between the bark and tree 139 grapes kept long 67 , 92 , 97 grapes growing long upon the vine 105 ground to temper 33 ground enriched with fearn 33 ground enriched with soot 33 ground enriched with horn 34 ground enriched 99 , 100 gilding of leaves , and flowers growing 41 h. hasels when to plant 101 hedge of fruit trees for a garden 72 hedge when to cut 90 hedge of white-thorn , how to use 72 hearbs with great heads 34 hearbs to grow upon trees 71 hearbs grafted one upon another 71 hops , how to order 98 horn to enrich ground 34 i. inoculation , witb all the rules thereof 111 k. kernels when to set 70 l. leaves growing gilded 41 leeks to grow great 36 lettice to sow 37 lettice seeds to gather 37 lettice to grow great 37 lopping of trees for beauty 108 139 lopping of trees for bearing 147 m. medlar upon a white thorne 110 medlar stock for a quince 137 mellons to grow great 63 mellons to order 57 musk-mellon to prosper 94 mellons to multiply 63 misseltoe to find 86 misselchild 86 mosse to kill 160 mold rich for orchard or garden 33 , 99 n. nursery , what ground it requireth 134 nuts , when to set 70 nuts set 111 o. oake , when not to be felled 109 oake , how to lop 152 onions and baysalt sowed together 34 onions how to order 79 orchard of dwarf-trees 52 , 103 orchard ground how to keep 140 orchard wet , how to help 146 orchard barren to bear 99 p. parsnips kept long 66 parsnips when to sow 68 parsnips to grow large 35 , 68 peaches in what ground 149 peach stones to plant 102 , 155 peach upon a plum-stock 123 peare , in what ground 149 peare stocks , of what bignesse to be grafted on 110 peare , not to be grafted upon a white thorn ibid. pear tree when to plant 101 pescods early and late 80 , 90 pineapple when to set 102 pinks of carnations , and in carnation time 72 piony of the seeds 91 pippen upon what stocks 137 pyramides of hearbs to grow speedily 76 plants , when to set 102 plants rooted , how to remove without harm 88 plums growing long upon the trees 105 plum-stocks white , of what bignesse to graft on 110 plum agreeth not with a cherry stock 113 plum-stones when to set 101 pompions to grow great 38 pompions to multiplie 63 poplar to grow 100 pot-hearbs , what dung they require 35 pots for carnations , of a stately fashion 49 , 75 proining of trees for beauty 108 proyning of trees for bearing 147 purslane seed to gather 37 q. quinces when to plant 101 quince grafted upon medlar 121 quinces to grow delicate 155 r radish 91 radish to grow large 35 roots when in their best strength 40 roots to grow long and great 67 roots old removed 88 roots of trees , how to be ordered in setting 149 roses grafted , upon what stocks 38 rose musk to bear late 40 roses growing in winter 50 roses to bear late 65 , 82 roses to defend from frost 65 roses early 65 roses late 66 , 82 , 95 roses to multiply 83 rose to bear twice in one yeer 89 rose of gelderland , how to plant 90 s. salt sowed with onions 34 sap in trees checked 162 sappinesse in wood avoided 153 sap of hearbs , how to gather 82 sap of trees , how to gather 156 seeds how old they may be 34 seeds how to choose 34 , 84 seeds to multiply 67 seeds to sprout speedily 84 seeds to grow full and plump 91 seeds kept from fowle 91 sent of flower altered 71. 138 snayles to kill 35 soot to enrich ground 33 spring when to set 102 stock gilliflower made double 85 stock and cions sutable 164 stock gilliflowers how to plant 69 stock gillyflowers to continue long growing 88 stock when it is big enongh to be grafted on 110 stock made to prosper 131 stock to multiply 134 stones when to set 70 strawberries wild into gardens 38 strawberries how to water 38 strawberries early 64 strawberries large 92 suckers planted 111 spinage when to sow 91 t tast of a flower altered 71 , 138 timber or tree togrow of any fashion 148 trees old recovered 56 , 103 trees coming of a branch 70 tree to bush in the top 55 , 9 trees to prosper 105 tree from barking , or canker 107 tree , at what depth to set 108 trees to top 108 tree bark-bound , helped 31 tree let into another 124 tree how to transplant 134 , 143 tree transplanted , how it altereth . 137 tree-gum in winter 140 tree to grow tall 55 tree made to root higher 141 , 162 tree with a wreathed body 142 tree-gum in autumn 158 tree to burnish 160 tree barren to bear 143 tulip to double 86 turneps kept long 66 turneps to grow large 35 v. vine cutting to choose 35 vine when to plant 35 vine young , when to proin 35 vines old , recovered 56 , 103 , 145 vine to carry grapes long upon it 105 vineyard how to keep 141 vine bleeding helped 145 vineyard to plant 54 w walnut tree to plant 111 walflowers how to plant 69 wardens in what soyl 159 warden agreeth not upon a white-thorn 110 water philosophicall for gardens 167 water artificiall for gardens 75 93 wax artificiall for graffing 124 weather ill to work in 109 white-thorn for what cions 110 white-thorn stock at what bignesse to be graffed on 109 woods speedy 106 worms to kill 70 the garden of eden . or , a briefe description of all sorts of fruits & flowers , with meanes how to advance their nature and growth in england . i shall not trouble the reader with any curious rules for shaping and fashioning of a garden or orchard ; how long , broad , or high the beds , hedges , or borders should be cōtrived ; for every man may dispose it as his house or quantity of ground requires . and ( to deale freely ) i look on such work as things of more facility then what i now am about . every drawer or embroiderer , nay ( almost ) each dancing-master may pretend to such niceties ; in regard they call for very small invention , & lesse learning . i shall therefore speake to that which common searchers passe over , or never aymed at , being somewhat above their reach , who neglect the cause of what they find effected . yet i shall begin with the ground , soile , or earth it selfe , as the foundation of all ; still confessing what light or assistance i had from those who imployed their hours this way as well as my selfe . 2. break up your ground , and dung it at michaelmas . in januar. turn your ground three of four times , to mingle your dnng and earth the better , rooting up the weeds at every time . proved by mr. t. t. 3 in winter time , if you cover the ground which you meane to break up in the spring , with good store of fern , it keepeth down grass and weeds from springing up in winter , which would spend some part of the heart of the ground , and it doth also inrich the ground very much , for all manner of roots and hearbs . by mr. and. hill . ashes of fern are excellent . 4. quaere , of enriching ground with soot , which mr. stutfield ( that married my lord north's brothers daughter ) assured me to have found true in pasture grounds , the same onely strewed thinly over . 5. shavings of horn strewed upon the ground , or first rotted in earth , and ( after ) that earth spread upon the ground , maketh a garden ground very rich . probatum at bishops hall , by h. p. 6. onions & baysalt sowen together , have prospered exceeding well . 7. the surest way to have your seeds to grow , is to sow such as are not above one year old , t. t. 8. if hearbs be nipped with the fingers , or clipped , they will grow to have great heads . t. t. 9. chuse such seeds as be heavy , & white with in , t. t. 10. swines & pidgeons dung are good for potherbs and sifted ashes laid about them , killeth snails , t. t. 11. if you would have garlick , parsnep , radish , turnep , carot , &c. to have a large root , tread down the tops often , else the sap will run into the leaves , t. t. 12. take the cutting of a vine from a branch that spreadeth most in the midst of the tree , and not from the lowest nor the highest branch , having five or six joynts from the old stock , and it would be a cubit long or more : plant it in octob. or march . t. t. 13. proine not your young vines untill they have had three years growth . t. t. 14. every slip of a bay tree will grow , strip off the great leaves , and set them in march when the sap beginneth to rise . t. t. 15. every plant of an eldern will grow . t. t. 16. first , put some good fat dung into water , and therein water your leekes one night , and make your beds of good fat dung , that the dung may be a foot at the least in depth : then cover the bed with fern , and set the leekes with a great planting stick , and fill not the holes with earth , but water them once in two dayes and no more ; after this maner of setting i have seen leekes as great as the stemme of a spade . t. t. 17. sow lettice in august for winter . t. t. 18. after the lettice is all blowen , and some of the bolles begin to bear a white poff , then cut off the whole great stem , and lay it a drying in the sun : and when it is dry , beat it up and down with thy fist upon a boord , & put altogether in a dish , & blow away softly all the dust . t. t. and if you sow or set your lettice in the shade they will be very great . 19. when it hath bolles , cut it up , and lay all the hearb to dry in the shadow then beat it out . t. t. 20. strawberries which grow in woods , prosper best in gardens : and if you will transplant them forth of one garden into another then enrich the last ground by watering the same either with sheeps dung , or pidgeons dung infused in water ; by master hill . 21. the muske and yellow rose , and all those double and centiple roses , may well be grafted in the bud upon the sweet-brier . by mr. hill . 22. if you would have pompions to grow exceeding great , first plant them in a rich mold , then transplant those sets into other fat mold , watring them now and then with the water wherein pidgeons dung hath been infused , then take away all the hang-bies , maintaining only one or two main runners at the most , and so you shall have them grow to an huge bignesse . proved by mr. hill . you must nip off these side branches about blossoming time , with their flowers and fruits ; and take heed you hurt not the heads of the main runners , for then your pompions will prove but dwindlings . 23. in winter time raise little hills about your artichokes close to the leaves , because they are tender ; and if any extream frosts should happen , they might otherwise be in danger to perish . 23. if you cut away the old branches of a muskerose , leaving onely the shoots of the next year to bear ; these shootes will bring forth musk roses the next year , but after all other musk-rose trees . by mr. hill . 25. the roots of every tree and plant , are most full of sap when their tops or heads are most green and flourishing : and when the bark of the tree will pill and loosen from the body , then will the rind also loosen from the root ; and when the tops begin to wither or stand at a stay , then doe the rootes likewise . and therefore that common opinion , that rootes are best and of most force in winter , is erroneous . so as if i should gather any roots , for the use of physick or surgery , i would gather them either at their first putting forth of leaves , or else between their first springing , & the springing up of their branches , when they begin to encline towards their flowring . by a. h. 26. if every evening you lay a great colewort or cabbage leaf upon the top of every artichoke , this will defend the apple from the violence of the frost . by goodman the gardiner . 27. a branch of box or rosemary will carry their leaves gilded a long time fair , notwithstanding the violence of rain , if you first moisten the leaves with the gum of mastick , first dissolved in a hard egge according to art , and leafe-gold presently laid thereon . do this in a summers day , when all the dew is ascended , and when the sun being hot , may presently harden the mastick , and so bind down the gold fast unto it . quaere , if myrrhe and benjamin will not do the like , dissolved as before . 28. make gum water as strong as for inke , but make it with rose-water ; then wet any growing flower therewith , about ten of the clock in a hot summers day , and when the sun shineth bright , bending the flower so as you may dip it all over therein , and then shake the flower well ; or else you may wet the flower with a soft callaver pensill , then strew the fine searced powder of double refined sugar upon it : do this with a little box or searce , whose bottom consisteth of an open lawn , & having also a cover on the top ; holding a paper under each flower , to receive the sugar that falleth by : and in three houres it will candy , or harden upon it ; & so you may bid your friends after dinner to a growing banquet : or else you maycut off these ers so prepared , and dry them after in dishes two or three dayes in the sun , or by a fire , or in a stove ; and so they will last six or eight weeks , happily longer , if they be kept in a place where the gum may not relent . you may doe this also in balme , sage , or borrage , as they grow . 29. i hold it for a most delicate and pleasing thing to have a fair gallery , great chamber or other lodging , that openeth fully upon the east or west sun , to be inwardly garnished with sweet hearbs and flowers , yea and fruit if it were possible for the performance whereof , i have thought of these courses following . first , you may have faire sweet marjerom , basil , carnation , or rose-mary pots , &c. to stand loosely upon faire shelves , which pots you may let down at your pleasure in apt frames with a pulley from your chamber window into your garden , or you may place them upon shelves made without the room , there to receive the warme sun , or temperate raine at your pleasure , now and then when you see cause . in every window you may make square frames either of lead or of bords , well pitched within : fill them with some rich earth , and plant such flowers or hearbs therein as you like best ; if hearbs you may keep them in the shape of green borders , or other forms . and if you plant them with rosemary , you may maintain the same running up the transumes and movels of your windowes . and in the shady places of the room , you may prove if such shady plants as do grow abroad out of the sun , will not also grow there : as sweet bryars , bayes , germander , &c. but you must often set open your casements , especially in the day time , which would be also many in number ; because flowers delight and prosper best in the open aire . you may also hang in the roof , and about the sides of this room , small pompions or cowcombers , pricked full of barley , first making holes for the barley ( quaere , what other seeds or flowers will grow in them and these will be overgrown with green spires , so as the pompion or cowcomber will not appear . and these are italian fancies hung up in their rooms to keep the flies from their pictures : in summer time , your chimny may be trimed with a fine bank of moss , which may be wrought in works being placed in earth , or with orpin , or the white flower called everlasting . and at either end , and in the middest place one of your flower or rosemary pots , which you may once a week , or once every fortnight , expose now and then to the sunne and rain , if they will not grow by watering them with raiue water ; or else , from platformes of lead over your windows , raine may descend by smal pipes and so be conveyed to the roots of your hearbs or flowers that grow in your windowes . these pipes would have holes in the sides , for so much of them as is within the earth , and also holes in the bottome , to let out the water when you please in great showers and if you back the borders growing in your windowes with loose frames to take off and on , within the inside of your windows , the sun will reflect very strongly from them upon your flowers and hearbs . you may also plant vines without the walls , which being let in at some quarrels , may run about the sides of your windows , and all over the sealing of your rooms . so may you do with apricot trees , or other plum trees , spreading them against the sides of your windowes . i would have all the pots wherein any hearbs or flowers are planted , to have large loose squares in the sides ; and the bottoms so made , as they might be taken out at ones pleasure , and fastned by little holes with wiers unto their pots , thereby to give fresh earth when need is to the roots , and to remove the old and spent earth , and so in your windowes : see more of this in numb. 30. 30. to have roses or carnations growing in winter , place them in a room that may some way be kept warm , either with a dry fire , or with the steam of hot water conveyed by a pipe fastened to the cover of a pot , that is kept seething over some idle fire , now and then exposing them in a warm day , from twelve to two , in the sun , or to the rain if it happen to rain ; or if it rain not in convenient time , set your pots having holes in the bottom in pans of rain water , & so moisten the roots . i have known master jacob of the glassehouse to have carnations all the winter by the benefit of a room that was neare his glasse house fire ; and i my self , by nipping off the branches of carnations when they began first to spire , & so preventing the first bearing , have had flowers in lent , by keeping the pots all night in a close room , and exposing them to the sun in the day time , out at the windowes , when the wather was temperate : this may be added to the garden ( mentioned nu. 20. ) to grace it in winter , if the roome stand conveniently for the purpose . 31. you shall oftentimes preserve the life of a carnation or gilliflower growing in a pot , that is almost dead and withered , by breaking out the bottom of the pot , and covering the pot in good earth , & also the old stalks that spring from the roots ; but every third or fourth year , it is good to slip and new set them . 32. if you make an orchard of dwarf-trees , suffering none of them to grow above a yard high ; then may you strain course canvas over your trees in the blooming time , especially in the nights and cold mornings , to defend them from the frosts : and this canvas being such as painters use , may after be sold with the losse onely of a penny upon the ell . you may use it onely for apricots , and such like rare fruit whose blossoms are tender ; or else to backward them after they be knit , if you would have them to beare late when all other trees of that kind have done bearing . in this dwarf orchard i would have the walks between the trees either pavedwith brick , or graveled , and the gravel born up with bricks , that the sun might make a strong reflection upon the trees , to make them bear the sooner . and to bring forth the better digested fruit , i would also have the plot so chosen out , that all easterly and northerly winds may be avoided by some defence . i would have it but a small orchard ; and if it were walled in , it were so much the better . help this orchard with the best artificial earths and waters that are . i think a vineyard may thus be planted , to bring forth a full , rich , and ripe grape : or if you could happen upon a square pit of a yard deep , whose banks are sloaping ▪ & whose earth have been philosophically prepared ( as before num. 10. ) & that your trees were bound sloaping to the sides of your orchard , and backed with boards , or lead , for reflexion , that so your trees would prosper and beare most excellent fruit : and to keep your trees low , when your stock is at such height as you would have it , nip off all the green bunds when they come first forth , which you finde in the top of the tree , with your fingers ; and so , as often as any appeare in the top , nip them off : and so they will spread but nor grow tall ; even as by nipping off the side buds onely , you may make your tree to grow streight and tall , without spreading , till you see cause : and thus with your fingers onely , and vvithout any toole , you may keep your young trees grovving in what form you please . 33. to have early fruit , you must have an especial care to plant or graffe such fruits , as are the earliest of all other , and then adde all artificial helps thereto . 34. two quarts of oxebloud or horse bloud for want thereof , tempered with a hat full of pidgeons dung , or so much as will make it up into a soft paste , is a most excellent substance to apply to the principal roots of any large tree , fastening the same about them , after the root of the tree hath taken ayr a few dayes , first , by lying bare : and it will recover a tree that is almost dead , and so likewise of a vine . for this will make a decaying tree or vine to put forth both blossoms and fruits afresh . this must be done to the tree about the midst of february , but apply it to the vine about the 3d or 4th of march . this is of m. nicholson gardiner . 35. get a load or two of fresh horse dung , such as is not above 8. or 10. dayes old , or not exceeding fourteen : lay it on a heap till it have gotten a great heat , & then make a bed thereof an ell long , and half a yard broad , and eighteen inches high , in some sunny place , treading every lay down very hard as you lay it ; then lay thereon three inches thick of fine black sifted mold ; prick in at every three or four inches distance a muske mellon seed , which hath first bin steeped twenty four hours in milk : prick the top of your bed full of little forks of wood appearing some four or five inches above ground ; upon these forks lay sticks , and upon the sticks so much straw in thicknesse , as may both keep out a reasonable showre of rain , and also the sun , & likewise defend the cold ( some strain canvas slopewise onely over their beds ) let your seeds rest so untill they appeare above ground , which will commonly be in six or seven dayes . you must watch them carefully when they first appeare ; for then you must give them an howers sunne in the morning , and another in the afternoon ; then shall you have them shoot an inch and a halfe by the next morning ; then strew more fine earth about each stalk of such plants as have shot highest , like a little hill to keep the sun from the stalks : for if the sun catch them , they perish ; and therefore you shal often see the leaves fresh , when the stalks wither . heighten your hills , as you shall perceive the stalk to shoot higher and higher . the plants must remain till they have gotten four leaves , and then remove them , taking up earth and dung together carefully about every root : make a hole fit for every of them good ground , placing them ( if the ground serve ) upon an high slope bank , which lyeth aptly for the morning sun , if you may ; let this bank be covered with field sand two inches thick all over , except neare about the plants ( this ripeneth & enlargeth the fruit greatly ) then cover each plant with a sugar pot , gilliflower pot , or such like , having a hole in the bottom ; or else prick in two sticks acrosse , archwise , and upon them lay some great leaves to keep your plants from rain , sun and cold . after they have been planted a day or two , you may give them two houres sun in the morning , and two in the evening , to bring them forward , but , till they have stood 14. dayes , be sure to cover them from 12 to 4 in the afternoon every day , and all night long . these pots defend the cold , and keep out all worms from spoyling your plants ; and therefore are much better then leaves . note , that you must defend them in this manner in the day time , until your plants have gotten leaves broad enough to cover their stalks and roots , from all injury of weather ; and then may you leave them to the hot sun all the day long . if there be cause , you must with rain water , water them now and then , but not wetting the leaves . and if by any exceeding cold , or moysture , your plants doe not shoot forward sufficiently , but seem to stand at a stay , then take some blood and pidgeons dung tempered ( as before in num. 34. ) apply the same to the roots of the young plant ; leaving some earth betwixt the roots , and the same will make them to shoot out very speedily . remember to plant three plants together ther in each place , being round , and a little deep , and of the bignesse of a round trencher . now when they have shot out all their joynts ( which you shall perceive when you see a knot at the very end of the shoot , which is somewhat before the flowring time ) then some do use to cover every knot , or joynt , with a spade or shovel full of fine and rich earth ; and thereby each knot will root , and put forth a new shoote ( quaere , of the same course in pompions or cowcumbers ) by means whereof you shall have great increase of mellons . when your mellons are as big as tennis balls , then if you nip off at a joynt , all the shoots that are beyond them , the mellons will grow exceeding great ; for then the sap doth not run any more at waste . but some hold , that you shall have greater mellons though not so many , if you suffer their shoots to run on without earthing the knots ; and then , when when you see your mellons of the bigness of tennis balls ( as before ) then nip off , at a joynt , all the shoots that are beyond the mellons , but meddle not with the chief runner . this of mr. nicholson gardiner . lay your young mellons upon ridge-tiles , to keep them frō the ground , and for reflection . 36. make a high bank , slopewise like a penthouse , that openeth to the sun , and is by some means defended from all hurtfull winds : plant your strawberries therein , and water them with the infusion of some apt dung , now and then , when the weather is dry . 37. bow down the branches of roses , having buds upon them , into a vessel of wood pitched , standing within the ground , to keep them long upon the stalk , or to prevent frosts if you see cause . 38. quaere , what pigeons dung and bloud , applyed to the rootes of roses , or carnations , will do , in the forwarding of their bearing . 39. plant roses , according to the manner set down for strawberries before ( num : 36. ) to have them before all others . 40. make a lay of sand , and a lay of carot rootes , cutting away the toppes close to the root , with some of the small ends of the carots ; do this in october or novemb : in dry weather : and about the last of december where there is no frost , unpack them againe ; and if you will then keep them longer , you must pare off the shooting at the upper end of the root , and then lay them in sand . this out of gardiners kitchin-garden , printed 1599. so of parsneps and turneps . 41. quaere , if binding the bark somewhat hard with a packthred , or rather with brawn-bands , will not keep roses , and other flowers and fruits , long from blowing , by staying the sap from rising . 42. to have rootes prosper and grow great , you must trench your dung about the depth of your root which you would sow ; and if the root once get into the dung , then it forketh , and gathereth fibras , whereas otherwise it will grow wholly into a long , round , and fair root , of mr. andr. hill 43. but if you desire to multiply your seed , not respecting the rootes , then mix your dung first well rotted with good mold , and therein sow your seeds and they will encrase much : so as for seeds the dung must lye in the top , and for roots in the bottom by mr. andr. hill 43. gather your carot or parsnep seeds &c. from the highest spiring brances , and out of some friends garden , where you may be sure of the best ; sow these seeds about march , or april : and at drawing time choose the fairest roots of all other ; cut off their tops somewhat low , and set them againe , and then let them feed the next yeare ; then take the seedes from the highest toppes and sow them , and so shall you have most faire and large roots . this of master hunt , the good horseman . 44. take off the tops as far as the green goeth , viz. till you come to the wood , from carnations , gilliflowers , &c. slit them upward thorough the nethermost joynt , thrusting between the joyns some fine searced earth , made first into pap ; and with the same pap close the ends round about as big as a walnut : make holes in your pots , and put in your tops so earthed ; these do seldome or never faile . by minisris hill . also , the old root is here preserved , and you may carry these tops thus earthed 100 miles in a box . quaere , if this secret will not also extend to stock gilliflowers , wall-flowers , &c. 45. cut off a bought from any tree ; and two inches from the bottom , take away the bark round about , prick it into the ground , and it will grow . quaere . 46. in the end of february or march , wet the ground first , and about eight or nine of the clocke at night , by candle-light , gather up all the wormes in dishes , and so you may destroy them . 47. a rich mold for a garden : see among the trees . numb : 29. 48. set or sow kernells in november , nuts in february , stones of fruit in march , all in the increase of the moon . 49. quaere , of graffing roses , the splicing way , and so of thyme , rosemary , hysope , &c. to be graffed in this manner , either one upon another , or graffing them upon the boughes or branches of trees , if happily they will take . 50. whether the colour , sent , or tast , may be altered in a flower or hearb , by art , see the title , trees and plants , numb : 90. 51. instead of privy hedges about a quarter , i commend a fence made with lath or sticks , thinly placed and after graced with dwarf apple , and plumme trees , spred abroad upon the stick . 52. when you would have a strong and speedy white-thorne hedge about your garden , set your plant high and sloping , and not flat , after the common manner . prick in the cuttings , with the slope side downward , that the rain may not get in between the wood and the bark . weed these hedges twice every yeare , and as the sprowts doe grow of some length , let them be platted , or brayded upward from the ditch ; defend them from cattell with a dry or dead hedge . 53 let carnations or gilliflowers shed their leaves , and leave the cods standing upon the root till the end of october , v●z . so long as you may for the danger of frost : then cut off the stems with the cods upon them ; stick them upright in some dry place in an upper roome , and so let them rest untill the spring , then sow them . your carnation seed will prove faire large pink , and beare in carnation time ; by s. 54. your coleflower seed will not ripen till michaelmas , or a week after ; let it stand so long or longer , if you feare not frost , before you gather the seeds , which grow in yellow cups ; and being ripe , are also yellow themselves . be sure you gather the cups before the seedes be shed ; put these seeds with their cups or cods in a box , but cover not the box , and keep the box in some place from the frost ; prick them in about the full of the moon in aprill , when cold weather is spent : remove them when they have gotten four leaves , and in the full of the moon in any case . remove some of them in severall moneths , and so you may save them growing with coleflowers till christmas . your ground cannot be too rich for them ; the best removing is not till june and july , and those of least growth , are best to remove late , to bear in winter . cover each coleflower in frosty weather , every night with two of their great leaves , fastned in two places , with two woodden pricks . do this also in cold gloomy dayes , when the sun shineth not . 55. graft the branches of carnations the splicing way , as in small twigges of trees , placing upon each branch a severall coloured flower , but let the branches which you graft , be wooddy enough . by s. 56. cause large carnation pot to be made , viz. double in bignesse to the usuall pots , let them have ranks of sloping holes , of the bignesse of ones finger , each rank one inch distant from another . set in the midst of the pot a carnation , or a lilly , and in every of the holes , a plant of thyme or hysop ; keep the thyme or hysop as it groweth , even with clipping , or in the forme of frets or borders , and set these pots upon faire pillars in your garden , to make a beautifull shew . also , you may either of stone or wood , make pyramides , losinges , circles , pentagons , or any forme of beast or fowle , in wood , or burnt clay , full of slope holes ( as before ) in gilliflower pots ; these being planted with hearbes , will very speedily grow greene , according to the forme they are planted in : and in this manner may you in two yeares space , make a high pyramid of thyme , or rosemary . in hot weather , they would be shaded with some strained canvas from the sun , * and watered now and then by some artificiall meanes . also , a fret or border may be cut out in wood or lead , and after placed in a garden when the hysope or thyme sides are growne to some height to be let thorough the cuts , and alwayes after kept by clipping , according to the worke of the border , or fret : let the earth settle well before you sow your seeds ; water with an infusion of dung , or good earth , because otherwise the earth within your molds will spend , and then your plants will decay . 57. sow english annis seeds when the moon is at the full in february , or any time between the full and the change : if frosts will not suffer you to take the full moon , hatch them into the ground , with a rake stricken thick upon them : then strew new hors-dung thinly upon the ground , to defend the seedes from the frost . these will ripen about bartholomewtide ; then respecting the moon as before , sow againe , and these seeds will be ripe sooner then those which were sowen in february . these seeds will also come up well , being self-sowen , only break up the ground about them when they begin to ripen . that ground which you would sow in february , breake up about michaelmas ; let it lye and crumble all the winter : then when you meane to sow , stir it up againe , that it may be mellow ; for , the mellower the better . a black rich mellow ground is best , and they like well in a rich dunged ground : proved by s. 58. having well earthed your artichocks , then strew upon them some fresh hors-dung , one inch in thicknesse , and so leave them all the winter : by 23. 56. 59. sow onion seeds in february within eight dayes after the full at the farthest ( but the neerer the full , the better , so all will go to seed , or head , and not grow to scallions : after you have sowed them , cover them as you did your annis seeds , before in num. 57. by s. 60. sow the early pease as neer midsommer as the moon will suffer , if you would have them come about six weekes after michaelmas : but if you would have them ripe in may , then sow them in the beginning of september , somewhat before or after , as the moon will give you leave : at the full is good , or three dayes before the full , and till eight dayes after the full , is also good : these will be ripe in may . make your holes about one inch and a halfe deepe , wherein you set your pease ; let the ground be rich , mellow , and ordered , as before , ( numb. 57. ) in annis seeds ; beare them up with stickes , as they doe the gardenpease ; cover them after they be set with new hors-dung about halfe an inch thick , all over ; and ( if you may possibly ) plant them so , as that they may be defended from the north , and northeast , by reason of some hedge or wall . quaere , of covering them with un sleakt lime powdered , after they have been steeped in some apt liquor a convenient time ; by s. 61. sow coliander seeds in february , respecting the moon as in annis seedes , ( num : 57 ) but they need no dunging : by s. 62. in aprill make a deep overthwart cut or gash into a briony root , taking away the earth first from it ; put in a goos-quill a little under the slit , sloping the quill at the end which you thrust into the root : but first make a hole with your knife to get in the quill , and so you may gather great store of the water of briony , placing a receiver under the quill ; by s. 63. quaere , if one may not prevent the early budding of the rose , by crosshacking the bark ( as in trees to kill mosse , or to stay their sap from rising . ) 65. you may multiply many rootes from a province rose , and the double musk-rose , ( quaere , of carnations ) if you buy a grafted rose tree , that hath gotten many sprowts from the place graffed , and setting the root so as the body may lye sloping neer the earth : then lay as many of the branches as you may conveniently into the earth , loosing every slip a little from the body , and pricking with an aule about the joynt that is next the slip , from whence many sprowts will issue . and thus may you have great store of province roses without graffing in the bud , because each of them standeth upon his owne roote ; whereas the bud is maintained from one roote , whch also maintaineth many other branches . by s. see before in numb. 53. 65. put some of your seeds in a sawcer of faire water , set it a while upon a chafingdish of coales ; and if they be good , they will sprowt in a short time , else not . 66. quaere , in what time seeds may be made to grow in earth , moystened with warme water now and then , and the same placed in a warme roome , over a fornace , with a small temperate heate under the same . 67. remove a plant of stock gilliflowers when it is a little woodded , and not too greene , and water it presently ; doe this three dayes after the full , and remove it twice more before the change . doe this in barren ground , and likewise three dayes after the new full moone , remove againe ; and then remove once more before the change : then at the third full moon , viz. eight dayes after , remove againe , and set it in very rich ground , and this will make it to bring forth a double flower ; but if your stock-gilliflowers once spindle , then you may not remove them . also , you must shade your plant with boughs for three or foure dayes after the first removing ; and so of pinks , roses , daysies , featherfew , &c. that grow single with long standing . in removing , breake not the least root . make tulipees double in this manner . some think by cutting them at every full moone before they beare , to make them at length to beare double . num : 71. 68. by sitting upon a hill late in an evening , neere a wood , in a few nights a fire drake will appeare ; marke where it lighteth , and there you shall finde an oake with misletoe therein , at the root whereof there is a misell-childe , whereof many strange things are conceived . beati qui non crediderunt . 69. gather your grapes at the full of the moon , and when they are full ripe , slip each bunch from the stocke whereupon it grew , and hang those bunches along by beames , in the roofe of a warme chamber , that doth not open to the east , or to the north , and these will keepe plump and fresh till our lady day , or thereabout : or else with every bunch , cut off some of the stock whereupon the stalke grew , and then hang up the bunches . both these wayes be true ; by s. 70. make a ●●●tle square or round hole in a tree , or in some great arme there of , of halfe an inch , or an inch deep , fill it with earth , sow therein some rosemary seeds , wall-flower , carnation , or other seeds ; and these will grow first in the earth , and after root in the sap of the trees , and seeme in time as if they were graffed . 71. remove both double and single stock-gilliflowers , when they are halfe a foot high , and then they will stand six or seaven yeares : whereas otherwise they will decay very speedily : see before , num. 67. 72. if you remove any rooted plants of hearbe or flower , though it be somewhat forward in the summer , so as you do it in the evening , after the heat is past ; and plant it presently , and water it , there is no danger of the parching heat of the sun the next day . but in any case heave up the earth with the root carefully , so as you do not breake the least sprigge of any root ; for then the sap goeth out of the plant , and it perisheth . this way you may recover great gilliflower rootes , and others , without danger ; by s. 73. cut your roses , after they have done bearing , so soone as the moone will give you leave , viz. the fourth , fift , or sixt day after the change , and so you shall have store of roses againe about michaelmas , or after . take heed you cut no branch of a rose so low , as that you leave no leading branches upon it : for that will hinder the bearing of the roses exceedingly . it is also good in the after-said dayes after the change , to cut any hedge , arbour , &c. to make it grow the better : by s. 74. if you would have peascods before all men , sow the early pease in august , three dayes before the full moon , or within six dayes after , and these will come very early ; by s. 75. how to plant the gelderland rose , see among trees and plants , numb : 119. 76. how to have onion seeds , annis seeds , and other seedes , to keepe full and plump , see among trees : numb : 135. 77. sow at every wane before midsommer , to have radishes unseeded , and one under another ; but at midsommer wane so we radish , spynage , &c. but once , to grow till winter unseeded ; proved by tomkins the gardner . 78. the double piony , and flowerdeluce , will grow of their own seed . by tomkins . 79. lime beaten to powder , and mixed with corne before it be sowen , preventeth rookes , and other fowle , from devouring the same . by my cousin mathews of wales ; quaere , if it do not also help to enrich . 80. gather you grapes , as before , num . 69. dry them in a stove , till the faint water be spent , and so you may keep them all the yeare for your table . quaere , if they will not plump up againe at any time in warm water . quaere , of drying all manner of apples , plummes , peares , &c. this way , for lasting . before numb. 69. 81. as soone as your strawberries have done bearing , cut them down to the ground ; and as often as they spire , crop them , till towards the spring , when you would have them to proceed towards bearing : now and then as you cut them , strew the fine powder of dryed cow-dung ( quaere of pidgeons dung ) upon them , and water them when there is cause . field strawberries , this way , will grow two inches about in bignesse , as i am credibly enformed . enrich carnation pots this way . 82. to water your pyramides , pentagons , globes , beasts , &c. made of wood , or lead , and overgrowne with hearbes , as before in num . 56. let there be placed a long and large pipe of lead , or tinne plate , reaching from the bottome to the top ; let the bottome be sodred up , and let it have divers holes in the sides , at a reasonable distance : then have an exceeding large funnell of tin plate , to let in to the pipe at your pleasure to receive so much raine as will water the same sufficiently ; and when it raineth not , you may also water thereby with some rain-water kept of purpose . 83. quaere , if pompions planted in large pots , will not grow and beare fruit : for then you may have an arbour of them in an open tarras , leades , or gutter , having a frame to support the fruit . enrich the earth ; as before , numb. 83. now and then , to nourish the plant the better . 84. quaere , if musk-mellons will not grow , and beare in such pots , for so in a leads or tarras , the sunne will shine shrongly upon them ; and you may defend frosts and cold winds by streining of canvas : water the pots with raine water put into other pannes , wherein you may place these pots when you want raine . 85. cut you roses when they are ready to bud in an apt time of the moon , and they will begin to bud , when other roses have done bearing : this is an excellent secret , if frosts happen in budding time : for so may you have store of roses , when others shall have few or none , and may then be sold at a high rate . this i proved the 18th . of march 1606. being a few dayes after the change , upon divers standards at bednal-green , being extreamely nipped with frosts , in budding time ; and many of them did yeeld me great store of roses , when the rest of my garden did in a manner fail . 86. cut your rose-standards in the twelve dayes , and not before : so they will beare exceeding well . proved often by garret the apothecary , and pigot the gardener . 87. towards winter , new earth your gilliflowers , carnations ; and such other flowers as you would defend from the violence of winter ; then whelme carnation pots that are bottomlesse upon them , or having a great hole in the bottom : and by this meanes , neither the sharp windes , nor the frost , can easily pearce to their roots . i hold this to be a good course for the defence of artichokes in winter . 88. you may keep bunches of grapes that are sound and well gathered , in stone pots , covering them carefully , with sand . to choose ground for a hop-garden , you must be sure it bee not a moorish or wet soyle ( though such perhaps may content a wild hop ) but a dry ground , if it be rich , mellow , and gentle , is absolutely best . yet a light mold ( though never so rich ) is unapt for this purpose , for the heaviest ground will bear the greatest weight of hops . place your garden so as the sun may have free accesse to it , either all day , or warmest part of the day . it must be guarded also from the wind , either naturally defended by hills , which is best ; or artificially by trees : but your trees must stand aloofe , lest the shadow of them reach the hops , or drop wet upon them , which will destroy all . about the end of march , or beginning of april , take your roots from some garden where they are yearly cut , and where the hills are raised high ( for there the roots will be greatest ) let each root be nine or ten inches long , let there be three joynts in every root , and of the last yeer's springing ; but be sure no wild hops cumber the ground , which cannot be distinguished by the root , but by the fruit , or stalk . secrets in the ordering of trees and plants . dogs and cats applyed to the roots of trees before the sap rise , have recovered many old decaying trees , shred them . 2. divers waies for the enriching of a ground , whereof to make an orchard , see among flowers . numb. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5. 3. gravelly ground is to be dunged with chalk , and chalky with gravell , for lack of dung . t. t. 4. strip away the leaves form the boxen slippe , and winde not the stemme , but set it whole without winding . t. t. 5. every slip of a bay tree will grow : strip off the great leaves , and set them in march , when the sappe beginneth to rise . 6. every plant of an eldern will grow . t. t. 7. sand enricheth a clay ground ; and clay a sandy ground . 8. every slip of the poplar tree will grow . 9. all trees which you would have to grow thick at the top , and to bush there , cut or proin them in may : for they spring more in june and july , than all the yeare before or after . 10. plant cherries in october , november , january , and february . t. t. 11. plant quince trees in october , november , february , and march . t. t. 12. set hasells and peare trees in october , november , february , and march . t. t. 13. set apple cornells evermore the end that is next the root downward , five fingers breadth between every cornell ; moysten them often with water by sprinkling , and set the cornells in march . t. t. 14. set plumstones in november , six or eight inches ches deep in the earth . t. t. 15. set the pineapple cornel ( first steeped in water three dayes ) in october , november , february , and march , four inches deep . 16. set peach-stones the sharp end downward , in november , four or five inches deep . t. t. 17. set springs and plants in harvest . 18. if a plant put forth many stalkes or branches from the root , and you would have each branch to root , then bear up the earth about them to some reasonable height , either with tills or brickbats ; and in that earth , every branch will root . ( quare , if your branch will root at any part but in a joynt , about the which also , with a great aule you must pricke many holes even to the wood , ) this is a necessary secret in all such plants as be straight and stiffe , and not apt to bow , or to be laid along within the earth . by mr. pointer . 19. how to recover an old decaying tree or vine , with bloud , and pigeons dung , see among the flowers numb. 34. 20. an orchard of dwarf-trees , that may be defended from all frosts , see among the flowers , numb. 32. 21. how to have early fruit , see among the flowers numb. 33. 22. plant dwarse trees , and when the fruit is almost ripe , bow down their branches with their fruit upon them , into great earthen pots , or pitched tubs , either with bottomes , or without bottomes , the pots or tubs standing in the earth ; then cover them with boards and earth from the sun , and the sap of the tree will keep them growing a long time , as i suppose . prove this in greene fruit , ripefruit , and almost ripe fruit ; also in the blooming time , if you fear frosts bow downe the branches with the blossoms , as before to defend them in may , from the injury of the weather : and by this help you may happily have fruit , when others shall want . 23. put a vine branch through a basket in december , chuse such a one as is like to beare grapes ; fill the basket with earth , and when the grapes are ripe , cut off the branch under the basket : keep the basket abroad , whilst the weather is warme ; and within doors in cold weather , in a convenient place : prove this in plummes and cherries , &c. 24. make divers holes with a croe of iron , round about the bodies of your trees ; and about alhallontide , pour oxe bloud into the holes , cover them with earth , and this will make your trees to prosper well . probatum in apricot trees , by mr. andr. hill . if you do this at the spring , the smell of the bloud will offend you ; and therefore this practice is best for the winter season . 25. plant the shoots of sallow , willow , alder , and of all swift growing trees , being of seven yeares growth , sloping off both the ends one way , and laying the sloaped ends towards the ground , let them be of the length of a billet , bury them a reasonable depth in the ground , and they will put forth seven or eight branches , each of which will becom a tree in a short time . i take moyst grounds to be best for this purpose : thus you may have speedy growing woods . 26. to make any branch of a tree to root , see among the flowers , numb. 45. 27. mixe green cow-dung and urine together , wash the trees with a brush so high as you think meet , once in two or three months , and it will keep the trees from barking with beasts , conies , &c. and the same doth also destroy the canker . 28. take of the rich crust of one acre of ground , and therewith you may make any garden , or orchard ground , that is but a foot deep in goodnesse , of what depth you please to make the rootes of your trees to prosper the better . 29. in high grounds and sandy , set trees deepe : in low grounds , and watry , plant them shallow ; the shallower the better . by master hill . but by taverner , you must set your trees so , that the rootes may spread in the upper crust , which is the fruitfull part of the earth . this crust in some grounds is two foot ; in some three foot ; in some one foot ; and in some but halfe a foot deepe : see the reason more at large , in his booke , page 34. 30. lop , top , and proin all trees in january , in the wane of the moone , and pare them over in march : so shall the bark cover his stock the sooner . 31. slit the barke of all trees that are bark bound , in february , or march , in the increase of the moon . 32. refuse to grasse , plant , remove , lop , top , proin , to slit the barks of trees , or set or sow cornells , nuts or stones , in weather frosty or watry , and when the wind shall be east or north , or north-east . yea , the best oake felled under such a winde , will prove but wind-shaken timber . 33. small crabstock of three inches about , or lesse , may be graffed . 34. peare stocke , and white thorne stockes of the same scantling , all of them about the length of twelve or twenty four inches . 35. wild cherry stocks , three , four , or five foot long and three inches about , little more , or lesse . 36. white plumstockes would be of the same bignesse . 37. when the stocke is able to put forth in one yeare a shoot of a yard long , then is it of strength sufficient to bear a cions ; for then it sheweth to like the ground well ; otherwise , it will never prove a fair tree . 38. a peare or warden , grasled upon a white thorn , will be small , hard , cappard , and spotted ; but a medlar may well be grafted upon a white thorne . taverner . 39. the suckers of quince trees , and filberds , will prove well being planted . taverner . 40. for chestnuts and wallnuts , set the nuts onely . taverner . rules for inoculation , or graffing in the bud . 41. if you graft in the bud , be carefull to close the same well in the bottome of the scocheon ; for there the sap riseth that maketh it to take . by andr. hill . 42. from the eight of june until the 24 is the best time to graft in the bud in plums and cherries , but specially in apricots ; but the surest rule is to do this work when you find the bark to come easily from the body . 43. two parts of three in a goos-quill taken away in breadth , is an apt tool to take off a bud withall , without danger of hurting the bud . by master pointer . some commend a tool of ivory ; some do onely slip off the bud and the bark together . 44. graffing , by taking off a bud losenge wise , and setting the same in another like place upon a stock , is good . by master pointer . this is done at such time , as is sit to graft in the cions . 45. when your bud takes , then in march after , cut off all that groweth aboue it , stripping away all the buds that put forth : and that which remaineth serveth to leade up the branch of the bud to keepe it straight , and to defend it from breaking with the wind . 46. if you graft two or three buds upon one tree , and they all do take , maintaine onely the lowest , and preserve and strengthen the same with some neither branch , as before in num . 45. 47. a cherry prospereth well upon a plum stocke ; but not e contra : and therefore , if you graft a cherry in the bud upon a branch , or bough , of a plumtree that doth beare , you may make the same tree to bear both plums and cherries . proved by mr. hill . 48. a pair of compasses made flat at the ends , and sharp with edges , is an apt instrument to cut away the bark for inoculation , both for a true breadth and distance all at once . and so likewise with the same you may take off the bud , truly to fit the same place again in the stocks some compasses are made flat at one end , and sharp at the other . 49. you must have care in this grafting , not to hurt or bruise the gelly next the stock which must minister sap to your bud . 50. also when you have taken off your bud , clip the sides of the bark whereon the bud standeth , with a pair of scissors , very even , in a square form ; or rather somewhat longer then broad : for if you cut the bark at the ends with a knife , laying the inside upon any board , you will hurt the gellie in the inside , and then the bud will never take . 51. make the place ready for inoculation , and remove not your bud before you mean to place it , for taking of too much ayre . 52. when you have cut down the bark on either side , and likewise at the top , leave the bottome of the barke whole , and then slip down the bark ; and betweene the barke and the tree , put in the bud , and bind the loose barke of the tree upon your bud , and by this meanes your grafting will take more certainly . the lesser your slit is , and the closer that your bud fitteth the slit , it it the likelier to take . 53. take off your bud from a sprig of the last years shoot , for that is best for this purpose ; by mr. andr : hill . 54. make an overthwart cut at the bottom , and then begin your slit upward , putting up your bud from the bottome of your slit , closing well at the bottom , this is contrary to the common course , which beginneth at the top , with a slit downward . graffing of a cions . 55. a tool of ebony , or box , is better to open the bark than a toole of iron , if you would graft a cions betweene the bark and the tree . by master pointer : for mars tainteth the sap presently . 56. grafting whipstocke wise , and letting in the cions into the stock by a slit , is good for young trees , that spring upot stones , or pippins , being of theee of foure yeares growth , and not above . some call this the splicing way . 57. grafting upon a old tree , by cutting off the head , and one inch from the center by striking in a small iron wedge , and as it eleaveth by following the same with your knife ; and so on either side , placing of a cions , sap to sap ; this is a way of grafting used by master pointer of twicknam . 58. graft within a foot of the ground , if you would have the fruit to grow low , and easie to be gathered ; and this is also thought a fit way to make your cions to take , because the sap riseth speedily to the cions . 59. graft your cions on that side the stock , where it may take least hurt with the south-west wind ( because it is the most common , and the most violent wind that bloweth in the spring , and summer : ) so as that wind may blow it to the stock , and not from the stock . 60. if you would have faire and kindly cherry trees , set the stones of cherries , of the same kind as your bud or cions is of , and at three of foure yeares , you may graft thereon , according to the manner , spoken of before , in numb : 57 viz. great cherries , upon stocks that carry great cherries . 91. some think it good , that your cions have some of the former yeares shoot with it , that it may be the stronger to graft , and abide to be put close into the stock ; and perhaps it will forward the sam in bearing . 62. it is the best way , to put in your cions in the graffing as close and straight as you may : neither are you here to fear the pinching of the stocke , unlesse it bee where you graft in a deepe clift of a large body . 63. so likewise you may graft , upon a bearing bough of an apple tree , a contrary apple ; and when that cions is growne great enough to receive another graft , you may graft a contrary fruit thereon ; but an apple cions doth not agree with a peare stocke , ( not e contra ) nor a plumme upon an apple or peare stock , neither will any cions of a fruit tree take upgn an elme stocke ; proved by master hill . 64. a quince may well be grafted upon a medlar stock : and a medlar will grow , but not prosper so well upon a quince stocke , because the cions will out-grow the stocke ; proved by master hill . 65. unlesse the uttermost rind or barke of your stocke be very gentle and thin , it is best to slit the same along : but hurt not the innermost barke when you graft between the bark and the tree by mr. an. hill . 66. before you graft your cions , take a way a little of the uppermost barke on either side the edge , but hurt not the greenish part . 67. if your bark and cions are both straight , then may you graft the deeper into the stock , viz. foure inches , and that is a very sure way to make the cions to take , so as you joyne sap to sap well ; but if either the stock or cions be crooked , then two inches are sufficient . by mr. and: hill . 68. you may graft an apple cions at christmas , so as you graft the same very deepe into the stocke , viz. four inches , or three at the least , and close it well : for , though the sap rise not , yet the moysture of the stock is sufficient to preserve the cions , untill the sap do rise ; proved by mr. and: hill . 69. long mosse , well bound about the head of your stock and of an inch or more in thicknesse , is sufficient alone to keep out both wind and water from the stock where the cions is let in . this must be repaired again at midsomer . 70. close your cions with red or green wax , having a little butter therein about the slit : and this both keepeth out the wind , and maketh the sap to creepe under , and cover the slit the sooner . 71. a peach may well be grafted or inoculated in a plmme stocke , and will thrive better then upon his own stock . 72. if two trees grow together , that be apt to be grafted one into another , then let one brach into an other workmanly joyning sap to sap . 73. if you have three or foure good buds next the foot of the cions , that cions is long enough to be grafted ; and so you may make divers cions of one branch , where you cannot get plenty of cions . 74. close all your incisions upon small and young stocks , with a mixture consisting of green wax , or red wax : and if your wax be old , melt the same , and adde some fresh turpentine thereto , or else you may use pitch instead of wax , adding turpentine : but let there be alwayes in your wax , one fifth , or one sixth part of butter , to keep the same supple ; and when you have applyed this salve close to the joynts , then strew thereon the fine powder of dryed earth , which you must have alwayes ready ; and that keepeth it hard in the sun-shine : this is the onely composition to make the bark to cover the stock . you must first after your grafting , binde the stock and the cions together , with the bands of brawne , and then lay your tempered wax thereon ; and if the band continue whole , you shall cut it in sunder about august following ; by andr : hill . 75. you may carry your cions in this manner , a long journey without endangering them : first , wax over the ends with the artificiall wax , ( mentioned before in numb : 74. ) then role them up in great store of greene mosse moystened , and tye them , and then put them into a case or box of wood , and so carry them ; by and : hill : you may keep a cions fourteen dayes or 3 weekes in grafting time , so , as it be done before march , by sticking the same in your window onely ; yet some will have ends of them dipped in the compounded wax , as before in numb : 74. 76. alwayes be carefull when you graft upon your stocks the splicing way , that your stocke be of as large a kind of fruit , or larger , then the cions , or else it will not be able to feed the cions : or else you must graft upon larger stocks , if the cions be of a large fruit , and the stock but of a small fruit . 77. plant an apricot in the midst of other plumme trees round about it , at a convenient distance ; then in an apt season , bore thorought your plum trees , and let in to every one of them , one or two of the branches of your apricot tree , thorough rough those holes , taking away the barke on both sides of your branches which you let in , joyning sap to sap , and lute the holes up with tempered loame ; and when they are well knit , the next year cut off the branch from the a. pricot tree : and so you have gotten many apricot trees out of one . take away in time all the head of your plum tree , and all other branches maintaining onely that which is gotten from the apricot . but some commend rather the leting in of a branch of one tree , into the other , worknanly , for the more certaine kinde of grafting . 78. plant every stocke with one leading branch , at the least , to carry up the sap : and after your stocke hath growne one year , and maketh good shew of liking the ground , then graft your cions upon it , leaving one or two leaders ; but none so high as to overtop your cions : and when your cions is well taken , then cut away your leaders , and all other spires ; and so your cions will prosper exceedingly . by andr. hill . 79. some hold opinion , that if when others begin to graft in the slit , you doe then cut off the head of your stock , leaving one branch near the head to lead the sap , and then after cold weather is all past , if you graft in the slit , that so your stock and cions will prosper far better , then if you had grafted the same in the slit at the first . by andr : hill . but then you must remember to take away the leader , that the sap may more plentifully feed the cions . 80. some doe cut off all their cions in the winter , viz. either in november , or december , and then lay them in earth ; and in the new moone of march or aprill , they graft them , and they prove exceeding well ; perswading themselves , that no knife is so sharpe , but that it will hurt the barke orgelly of the cions , if the cions should be cut downe when the sap is up . this of mr. colborne ; who commendeth this course , upon long experience . and if you graft those cions upon such forward trees , as have put out their sap very plentifully , they will prosper exceeding well ; because being hungry , and almost starved for want of nourishment , they take hold of the sap that ariseth from the stocke , very eagerly . 81. note , that your stocks may put forth buds , yea , small leaves ; and yet you may safely graft upon them . 82. if you would have your stocks of your young grafted trees to prosper , and grow exceedingly , then suffer the waterboughs to grow up with the stock , till the bodies be as big as your arme , and then prune them at your pleasure ; for by this meanes the sap doth rise more lustily , when it hath many branches to draw from the root . 83. you may graft in the cions , a moneth after other men , and yet have a longer shoot than they , the same yeare , in this manner : cut off the head of your stock when other men do ( which many times falleth out to be in very cold weather ) then cover your stock over with your artificiall wax , ( as before in numb. 74. ) and one moneth after , or when all cold weather is past , crop your stock one inchlower , and then graft your cions ; and then ( cold weather being past ) the sap will rise very plentifully to maintaine the cions . proved by master andr. hill . 84. graft not upon any young stock , till it be able to put forth a shoot of a yard long in one yeare ( which sometimes will not happen , till it have been of two or three years growth ) for till it put forth abundance of sap , it will never feed the cions sufficiently . proved by master andr. hill . 85. the stocks of black cherry trees , are best to graft the great cherry upon ; proved by mr. colborne . 86. to have your nursery full of stocks to graft on , sow the stampings of crabs ; which are commonly : full of cornells ; by mr. kirwin . 87. let your nursery consist alwayes of a more barrain ground then your orchard , whither you meane to remove your stocks and grafts . so likewise , if you transplant any fruit trees , bring them alwayes from a worse ground to a better , or else they will never prosper . 88. slope your stockes which you meane to graft on , like colts feet before you graft them : for so the bark will cover the sooner , and the raine shooteth from the stock the better . proved by master colborne . 89. if you would have your graft to beare quickly , one speciall help is , to take it out of a bearing branch . 90. at the beginning of the yeer , and before the sap doe rise , you may graft in the body of the stock , or by way of splicing upon every little branch of your tree ( but alwayes remember to take off the top of your cions , having any leaves upon it : ) when the sap is up , then you must graft betweene the barke and the stock ; and then the sap is so plentifully risen , that the barke will easily pill from the body , then may you graft in the bud , or leafe . how to graft at christmas , see before in numb. 69. 91. to graft roses , or hearbs upon trees , see among the flowers , numb. 49. 92. graft the small end of the cions downward ; and so of pears and apples ; and they will have no coar . quaere , of glummes grafted upon a willow , to come without stones . also , such apples and pears thus grafted , will for the most part hang under the leaves , and not be seene , unlesse you come under the trees : by s. 93. a grafted apricot is the best : yet from the stone you shall have a faire apricot , but not so good ; and the grafted is more tender then the other . by s. 94. graft a medlar upon a quince , and it will bring a faire and large medlar : by s. 95. a cion of a pippin , grafted upon a crab-stock , is more kindly , and keepeth better , without touch of canker , then being grafted upon a pippin . by mr. simson . 96. trees that bear early , or often in the yeare , as peare trees upon vvindsorhill , which beare three times in a yeare ; these , though they be removed to as rich , or richer ground , yet they do seldom bear so early , or so often , except the soyle be of the same hot nature , and have the like advantages of situation , and other circumstances , with those of vvindsor . and therefore commonly , the second fruit of that pear tree being removed , doth seldome ripen in other places . by master hill . 97. all those fantasticall conceits , of changing the colour , taste , or sent , of any fruit , or flower , by infusing , mixing , or letting in at the bark , or at the roots of any tree , hearb , or flower , of any coloured , or aromaticall substance , master hill hath by often experience sufficiently controlled : and though some fruits and flowers , seeme to carry the sent or taste , of some aromaticall body , yet that doth rather arise from their own naturall infused quality then from the hand of man . 98. some do never graft betweene the bark and the tree , but in old stocks . 99. lop the branches of your trees alwayes in winter , before the sap doe rise within ten or twelve inches of the trunk ; and in the spring , when the sap is up , cut those branches close to the trunk : and so shall you both have your tree lusty , because no sap is left in those vast branches ( which would have beene lost , if you had proined them according to the usuall all manner , in march , or aprill ) and also the sap will then come purling out , and soone cover the wood ; whereby you shall avoid those blemishes in your trees , which others procure by proining them in the winter . by master andr. hill . 100. quaere , what hearbs , flowers , or branches of trees , may be grafted upon the bay or holly tree , or any such tree as keepeth green to winter , to make them also carry green leave in winter . 101. pare your ground with a shod shovell , so often as any grasse or weedes begin to put forth , both in your nursery and orchard ; and so shall you both keepe the ground mellow , and the raine shall have better passage unto the roots of your trees . by masters pointer ; who keepeth coines in his orchard , onely to keepe downe the grasse low , because otherwise it would be very chargeable . also , in vineyards , the use is to turne up the grounds with a shallow plough , as often as any grasse offereth to spring : but i thinke , that prevention of graffe , both in orchard and vineyard , is much better , if in were not too costly . 102. upon the epiphany , by reason of a great storme , an apple tree , that had not beene very fruitfull before , was almost blowne up by the roots at hackney ; and after with ropes it was drawne upright , and the what mounted , and the root covered with earth ; and that tree , the next sommer , bare an exceeding great burden of fruit . 103. when your apple cornells are of two yeares growth , then set a long straight stick by each of them , winding the young stocke about the stick ; by little and little as it groweth , and fastning it with bands under the stick , and so it will grow in a wreathed form . 104. quaere , if nipping off the new and tender tops about blossoming time will not make sommer fruit trees to blossome speedily , or to enlarge the fruit . 105. if an old tree that is spent , and hath done bearing , be underpropped , so as the body sink not , and that the earth be after taken away from under all the roots , and instead thereof , good rich mold be conveyed into the void places , that so an old tree will florish againe , and beare fruit . see before in numb. 103. 106. the lord zouch , in winter , in the yeare 1597 ( and master and. hill ) thinketh moist weather is best , that the earth cleaving to the roots , may be also removed with them , the earth being fast bound with fearn branches to the roots ) removed diverse apple trees , damson trees , &c. being of thirty or forty years growth , at hackney : the earth was digged in a good large compasse from the roots , the roots little hurt ; holes were prepared for each tree before hand , enriched with fresh and good earth ; and branches and tops taken off almost close to the trunk ; and they were planted again in the same hower wherein they were removed ; and the roots placed towards the same point of the compasse as they first grew . he had a few damsons the first year , and all put forth leaves at michaelmas after , anno 1598. 107. blood laid at the roots of old vines , hath been commended for an excellent substance to harten them , unto mr. andrew hill . 108. if you cut any vines when the sap is up , presently cover the place with good store of turpentine , and it will stay bleeding . proved by mr. melinus . some commend the straight binding of a packthred about the bark thereof : some sear with a hot iron , and drop hard wax presently upon it . 109. by the opinion of some men , if outlandish fruit trees be planted in england , they do strive to put forth blossoms , and to bring fruit at the same time with us , as they did in their naturall places , unlesse the extremity of cold doe nippe or hinder them . and this seemeth to them to be the reason , why the black thorne at glassenbury abbey , did use to blossome at christmas , because happily the plant was brought from such a climat , as where it did blossome at the same time of the year . 110. if your trees stand in wet grounds , some doe advise to lay lime on the face of the ground , to help the bearing of the trees . 111. if whilst you maintaine some suckers to your stock , ( because the stock is not yet so big as your arme ) your cions doth not prosper to your mind , then nip off the buds that grow upon the suckers , now and then in the midst , till your cions thrive according to your owne desire . 112. in proining of your fruit trees , or of any other shrub or plant bearing fruit you must alwayes have respect , whether it beare his fruit upon the first , second , or third yeares sprowt ; for you must never cut away all the bearing sprowts , if you meane to have any fruit . as , in pippins , the third yeares sprowt doth onely beare fruit ; and in some other fruit trees ; onely the second yeares sprowts ; in gooseberries , the last years sprouts bear most , by mr. andr. hill . 113. when your trees are young , you may bow them to what compass you will , by binding them down with packthread to any circular form , or other shape that pleaseth one best . and by this means your timber will growe fit for ships , wheels , &c. whereby great waste of timber in time would be avoided . 114. mix cow-dung and horse-dung well rotted , with fine earth and claret wine lees , of each a like quantity , baring the roots of your trees in jan. february , and march : and then apply of this mixture to the roots of your apricot trees , and so cover them with common earth : by this means , such apricot trees as never bare before , have brought forth great store of fruit . prove this in other trees . this of mr. andr. hill . 115. pears , wardens , and peaches , delight in clay grounds . 116. when you plant any tree , presse not down the roots together , with laying earth confusedly upon them , but extend every branch by it self , and cover it loosly with earth , according to that form wherein it did first growe . by mr. colborn . 117. apricots like well in sandy ground . 118. some hold opinion , that if one set the slips of an apple tree , and so of divers other trees , that these will prove dwarfe trees . and so of the tree that beareth a white flower as big as a rose , called the gelderland rose . 119. from may to the end of july , you may take off the bark from any bough of a tree , round about the bough foure inches deep , if the bough be as large as a mans wrist ; or else a lesse depth will serve . if the bough be lesse in compasse cover the bare place ; and somwhat above and below , with loame well tempered with horse dung , binding downe the loame with hay , and brawn ban ds upon the hay : and so let it rest till about alhallontide : and then within two or three dayes of the first new moon , cut off the bough in the bare place , but in any case cut not the green bark above it ; and then set it in the ground , and it will grow to be a faire tree in one yeare , according to the length of the bough . quaere , of watering the loam now and then . yet in reason , me thinkes it a likelier course , to clap a gilliflower pot made of purpose in two halfes , with a great hole in the bottome , about such an arme ; and after you have bound the pot well with wier , then to fill it with good earth , which you may better water in dry weather , than you can do the lump of loam . you may also use a twig no bigger than ones finger , in the same manner . yet some do rather commend the binding of the loam , or earthing the tree , with a pot about it , without taking away any bark at all , but only pricking many holes with a great aule , in that part of the bark which is covered with the loam or earth . you must remember to underprop the pot , or else to hang it fast to the tree . quaere , if a branch must not root at a joynt . 120. if you cut off the top or head of an elme , it will not leave rotting downward , till it be hollow , and doat within : but an oake will abide heading and not rot . also , the boughs or branches of an elme , would be left a foot long , next to the trunk when you lop them . this of an expert carpenter . 121. to avoid sappinesse , fell both the bodies and the arms of oaks and elms in december after the frost hath well nipped them : and so your saplings , whereof rafters , sparres , &c. are made , will last as long as the heart of the tree , without having any sap . by the same man . 122. take off a thin turfe of two foot , round about type="duplicate" each tree newly planted , cover the same with fearn , pease straw , or such like , a handfull thick : water your trees once a moneth , if the weather prove dry , with dung water , or common water , that hath stood in some open pit in the sun . this keepeth the ground loose from baking ; whereby the tree will prosper the better , and put forth shoots of three and four foot in one year : remember you do not set any tree above one foot deep , or little more , & give each tree some props for the first yeare , that the wind shake it not too much . and yet some , of good experience , doe hold , that it skilleth not how much a young tree be shaken ( so as it be not blown up by the roots ) and that it prospereth so much the better . 123. quinces growing a gainst a wall , lying open to the sun , and defended from cold windes , eate most delicately . this secret the lord darcy brought out of italy . quaere , of all other fruits . 124. set peach stones in a dry ground , where there is no water within three or four foot ; for this tree hath one root that will run deep into the ground : and if it once getteth into the water the tree dyeth . the stone bringeth forth a kindly peach . set peach and apricot stones in pots of earth , within doors in february ; keep the earth moist , by wat ring now & then ; transplant them in march into your orchard . by s. 125. in the end of march , gather the sap of the trees within a foot of the ground : but take off the first bark , & then slit the white bark overthwart wise , even to the body of the tree ; but slit onely that part of the bark which standeth south-west , or between south & west , because little or no sap riseth from the north , or north-east side . after you have slit the tree , open the slit with your knife , so as you may let in a leafe of a tree , first fitted to the breadth of the slit ; and from this the sap will drop , as it doth in filtration . take away the leaf , and the bark will close again ; earthing it with a little earth upon the slit . by s. 126. cut away all the idle shoots of the last year , in your apricot and cherry trees , before christmas some three weeks , to make your fruit the fairer . 127. if you would stay the sap of trees from rising , to make your trees to blossom later , thereby to avoid frosts in blooming time , then hack crosse-wise , viz. overthwart the tree , upon so much of the tree as is within the ground , even down to the root , and then cover it again with earth . hack it very thick , even thorough all the bark to the very wood , in the new moone three weekes before christmas , if they be apple trees , pear trees , or warden trees : but for apricots , doe this rather in the full of the moone , next before christmas ; but crosse hack your cherry trees and peach trees in the new moon next after christmas : and so you shall have your blossomes , and by consequence your fruit , come later then other mens doe , because the sap cannot rise . i thinke you must also hack the maine root . cuaere . by s. 128. if you would make a tree in a short time to cast his leaves , and thereby to bring forth young leaves , which will last upon the tree fresh and green , when all other trees have lost their leaves ; then crosse hack the bark , close to the wood about midsomer . in all the crosse hackings here mentioned , let every of them be halfe an inch , or thereabout , distant one from another ; and every rank of hacks , one inch above another , or thereabout . also , this practice to avoid the fall of the leafe , must be done but every second yeare to any tree , for fear of destroying the same . 129. but if in january , or before the sap doe rise , you hack the body long-wise , and not overthwartly , and that only thorough the first bark , and no further ; this will make the bodies of your trees to swell , and burnish the better , to maintain their heads or grafts . 130. and if by overthwart hacking you would only kill the mosse of trees , then let your overthwart backs be thorow the bark , even to the wood : and this you must do between alhallontide and s : andrews day ; viz. so soon as the leaves be off the tree , both to avoid mosse , and to make barren trees to bear . you must make these hacks with the nether corner , or point of a small hatchet , so as every notch may be about half an inch long : and hack the body the height of a man ; viz. one row of hacks , two inches below one another ; all over the body : but let there be a distance between the overthwart hacks , so as they may not meet in a round ring , like a circle , about the tree : and by this meanes the uppermost bark whereon the mosse grew , will in time fall clean away , and the mosse with it , and the tree will gather a new bark . and though the tree be thus hacked but to a mans height , yet the tree will beare much better the next yeare . but when your leisure serveth , crosse-hack all the body in this manner , even to the trunk , as also a part of every great arme that groweth next the tree : note , that in seven years the tree will bee bark-bound , and so mossie again , as at the first : and therefore once in seven yeares you must renew this work . by s. 131. but if your tree bear not , because it was planted too deepe at the first , then take away the earth from the body of the tree ; and a little below the uppermost face of the ground , prick the body of the tree clean thorough the bark , full of holes , with a pretty round aule or bodkin , of a reasonable bredth . then cover the body with earth , and divers new roots will issue , to make the same fruitfull . 132. and if your tree beare not well , by reason that all the sap runneth into leaves , which is a common fault in divers orchards , then to check the sap , cut off all the young roots that grow about the master roots ; and crosse hack the body under the ground , and likewise the maine roots , as before ( num. 131. ) to avoid mosie , and cover the tree with earth againe : for by this meanes the sap is kept from rising up too plentifully . by s. 133. all barrennesse , or unfruitfulnesse in trees , doth for the most part arise , either by reason of their mossinesse , whose cure is set downe before in numb. 131. or because they are bark-bound ; whose remedy is also in numb. 130. or because they were planted too deepe , whose remedy is in num. 132. or by reason that the sap , which should turne into fruit , runneth together , or for the most part into leaves : and this is remedied also in numb. 133. 134. gather not your pippins till the full moon , after michaelmas ; so may you keepe them a whole yeare without shrinking : and so of the grapes , and all other fruits ; so of onion seeds , annis seeds , and other seeds , which you would keepe full and plump . by s. 135. let your tree whereon you graft , be more forward then the cions ; viz : let it either have bigger buds then the cions hath , or small leaves : but the cions is best that hath onely red buds , and no leaves . 136. i have seen cherriesgrow in clusters like filberts , viz. 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5. upon one stalk . cuaere , if it be not performed in this manner ; joyne 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5. leaves with the buds in one flit together , by way of incoulation , and so leave them . here i will conclude with a conceit of that delicate knight , sir francis carew ; who , for the better accomplishment of his royall entertainment of our late queen of happy memory , at his house at beddington , led her majesty to a cherry tree , whose fruit he had of purpose kept back from ripening , at the least one moneth after all cherries had taken their farewell of england . this secret he performed , by straining a tent or cover of canvas over the whole tree , and wetting the same now and then with a scoope or horne , as the heat of the weather required ▪ and so , by with-holding the sun-beames from reflecting upon the berries , they grew both great , and were very long before they had gotten their perfect cherry colour : and when he was assured of her majesties comming , he removed the tent , and a few sunny dayes brought them to their full maturity . a philosophicall garden : with a touch at the vegetable work in physick , whose principall fire is the stomach of the ostrich . first , pave a square plot with brick , ( and if it be covered with plaister of paris , it is so much the better ) making up sides of brick also plaistered likewise : let this be of a convenient depth , fill it with the best vegetable ♄ which you can get , that hath stood two yeares , or one at the least , quite within his owne spheare : make contrition of the same ; and be sure to avoid all obstructions , imbibe it with aqua coelestis in a true proportion , grind it once a day till it be dry : being dry , let it stand two or three days without any imbibition , yt it may the better attract from all the heavenly influence , continuing then also a philosophical contrition every day ( this grinding must also be used in the vegetable work where the ☿ of hearbs is used instead of aqua coelestis ) during all the time of preparation : then plant what rare flowers , fruits , or seeds , you please therein . and ( if my theory of nature deceive me not this ♄ so enriched from the heavens , without the help of any manner of soyl , marle , or compost ( after one years revolution ) will make the same to flourish and fructifie in a strange and admirable manner : yea , i am perswaded , that it will receive an indian plant , and make all vegetables to prosper in the highest degree , and to bear their fruits in england , as naturally as they do in spain , italy , or elsewhere . so likewise of that walnut-tree , planted within the limits of the aforesaid abby , which on st. barnabias eve standeth bare , and naked without leaves ; and upon the day it self , richly clothed with his green vesture . i could remember many philosophical plants in england , were it not that the losse of ripley's life , that renowned alchymist , who suffered death ( as the secret report goeth ) for making a pear-tree to fructifie in winter , did command an altum silentium in these matters : but it was the denial of his medicine , and not the crime of conjuration , which was but colourably laid to his charge , that wrought his overthrow . nay , if the earth it self , after it hath thus conceived from the clouds , were then left to bring forth her own fruits and flowers in her own time , and no seeds or plants placed therein by the hand of man , it is held very probable ( unlesse for the sin of our first parents , begun in them , and mightily increased in us , the great god of nature , even natura naturans , should recall , or suspend those fructifying blessings which at the first he conferred upon his coelestial creatures ) that this heavenly earth , so manured with the starres , would bring forth such strange and glorious plants , fruits and flowers , as none of all the herbarists that ever wrote till this day , nor any other , unlesse adam himselfe were alive againe , could either know , or give true and proper names unto these most admirable simples . also , in the work of fructification , i think that corn it self may be so philosophically prepared , only by imbibition in the philosophers aqua vitae , that any barren ground , so as it be in nature kindly for corn , shall bring forth a rich crop , without any matter added to the ground , and so with a small or no charge , a man may sow yearly upon the same ground and he that knoweth how to lay his fallowes truely , whereby they may become pregnant from the heavens , and draw abundantly that coelestial and generative vertue into the mataix of the earth ; this man , no doubt , will prove the true and philosophical husbandman , and goe beyond all the countrey coridons of the land , though never so well acquainted with virgils georgicks , or with master bernhard palisiy his congelative part of raine water , which he calleth the vegetable salt of nature : wherein though he observed more then either varro , columella , or any of the ancient writers in this kind , did ever dream of ; yet doth he come many degrees short of this heavenly mystery . now , to give you some taste of that fire which the philosophers call the stomach of the ostrich , ( without which the philosophers true and perfect aqua vitae can never be made ) you must understand , that it is an outward fire of nature , which doth not onely keepe your glasse , and the matter therein contained , in a true proportionable heat , fit for workmanship , without the helpe of any ordinary or material fire : but it is also an efficient and principal cause , by his powerful nature and pearcing quality , to stir up , alter and exalt , that inward fire that is inclosed within the glasse in his owne proper earth . and therefore here , all the usual chymical fires , with all their graduations , are utterly secluded ; so as neither any naked fire , nor the heat of filings of iron , of sand , of ashes , nor of baln . mar. though kept in a most exquisite manner , nor any of the fires engendered by putrefaction , as of dung and such like , no nor the heat of the sun , or of a lamp , or an athanor ( the last refuge of our wandring and illiterate alchymists ) have here any place at all . so that by this fire and furnace onely , a man may easily discern a mercenary workman ( if he deale in vegetables onely from a second philosopher ; and if in any thing ( as no doubt in many things ) then here especially vulgaris oculus caligat plurimum . this fire is by nature generally offered unto all , and yet none but the children of art have power to apprehend it : for , being coelestial , it is not easily understood of an elemental braine ; and being too subtile for the sense of the eye , it is left onely to the search of a divine wit : and there i leave it for this time . the physical use of this fire , is to divide a coelum terrae , and then to stellifie the same with any animall or vegetable star , whereby in the end it may become a quintessence . here i had thought to have handled that crimson coloured salt of nature , so farre exceeding all other salts , in a true , quick , and lively taste , which is drawne from the philosophers earth , and worketh miraculous effects in mans body ; and withall , to have examined that strange opinion which doctor quercitanus , an excellent theorist in nature , and a great writer in these dayes doth . violently maintaine , in his discourse upon salt-peter . but because it is impertinent to this subject , and that i have discoursed more at large thereon in my abstract of corn . agrip. his booke de occult . philos. and for that quercitanus doth shew himselfe to be a true lover of hermes houshold , i will not straine my wit , to write against any particular person that professeth himselfe to be of that family ; although both he , and some others , as great as himselfe , must give me leave , whensoever i shall be forced in that booke to handle the practical part of nature , and her processe , happily to weaken some principles and positions , which both he and they have already published ; excusing my selfe with that golden saying of ar●isttle , {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} . amicus socrates , amicus plato , sed magis amica veritas . but i am affraid i have been too bold with vulgar wits , who take no pleasure to heare any man altius philosophari , that they can well understand ; and therefore i have compiled this book in plain termes , of such a garden and orchard as will better serve for common use , and fit their wits and conceits much better . finis . ●ooks printed or sold by william leake at the signe of the crown in fleetstreet between the two temple gates . a bible of a faire large roman letter , 4o . tokt's heraldy . man become guilty , by iohn francis senalt , & englished by henry earl of monmouth . welby's second set of musique , 3 4 5 and 6 paris . the h●story of vienna , and paris . callis learned readings on the stat. 21. h. 8. cap. 5. of sewers . sken ' de fignificatione verba rum . posing of the accidence . delaman's use of the horizontall quadrant . corderim in english . doctor fulkis meteors . nyes gunnery & fireworks gato major , with annotat. mel helliconium , by alex. riss lizerillo de tormes . the ideot in four books . aula luck , or the house of light . topicks in the laws of engl perkins on the laws of engl wilkinsons office of sheriffs parsons law . mirrour of justice . the fort royall of holy scripture , or a new concordance by j. h a tragedy written by the most learned , hug grotius , called chris●● patiens , and englished by george sands solitary devotions , with man in glory , by the most reverend and holy father , anselm , archbishop of canterbury . ex●●citatio scholastica . mathernaticall recreations with the generall horologicall ring , and double horizontall dyall , by william o●ghtred . playes . hero and leander . the wedding . the hallander . henry the fourth . maids tragedy . king and no king . philaster . the gratefull servant . the strange discovery . the merchant of venice notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a54994e-4000 tempering the ground . fern to enrich ground . soot to enrich ground shavings of horn to enrich ground . onyons & bay-salt . age of seeds . hearbs with great heads . choice of seeds . dung for potheabs to kill snailes . roots made large . chusing of a vine cutting . vine when to plant . young vines to proine . bayes to plant . eldern to plant . leeks to grow great . lettice to sowe . lettice seed how to gather . lettice to grow great . purslane seed to gather . wood strawberries into gardens . watering of strawberries . roses grassed upon what stock . pompions to grow great . artichokes from frost . see this in numb. 26. 58. musk rose to beare late . roots in their best strength . artichocks from frost . 23 , 38. flowers or leaves gilded and growing . quae●● of isinglasse dissolved . flowers candied as they grow a garden within doors . barly growing without earth . pots for flowers of a good fashion . see this also numb. 56. roses or carnations in winter . reviving of carnations . orchard of dwarf trees . uineyard to plant . trees growing either high or lowe . early fruit old trees recovered vines recovered . ordering of the musk-mellon . the shortest way is to buy plants and set them . pompions and cowcumbers multiplied mellons to growe great . earlie strawberries . roses to bear late , and from frost . early roses and carnations . early roses . carots , parseneps , and turneps , kept long . roses and flowers backward . quaere , of doing thus after the rose is new budded . roots long and great . seeds to multiply . large carots , or parsneps . a new planting of carnations , wall-flowers , & stock gilliflowers . plants to carry far . branches to root . to kill wormes . rich mold when to set or sow . one plant upon another , or upon a tree . colour , sent , or taste of a flower , altered . fence of fruit trees . white-thorn hedge . carnation seed to gather . coleflow re seed to gather & to plant . coleflower to bear late . divers carnations in one root . stately pots for carnations as before num. 29. birds , beasts , pyramides &c. to grow speedily . * see after in num. 84. delicate frets or borders . the wood may be laid in some oyle colour . earth strengthned . to sow anniseeds in england . artichocks from frosts oniō seeds ordered . early and late pescods . colianders to sow . sap of briony , to gather . roses to beare late . roses and carnation multiplyed good seeds to know . seeds to sprowt speedily . single flowers doubled . tulipee double . miseltoe to finde . missel child grapes kept long . see after in num. 82 flowers in trees . stock-gilliflowers to continue . to remove rooted plants . roses to bear twice . hedge and arbour when to cut . early peascods . gilderland roses . seeds full & plump . radish & spinage . piony and flowerdeluce . seeds from devouring grapes kept long . prove this in cheries , clusters of raisins , figs . strawberries large . after in num. 85. watering artificiall . arbour aloft . musk-mellon to prosper . roses late . store of roses . flowers from frost . artichocks from frost . grapes kept . notes for div a54994e-7070 dogs and carst to the roots . rich ground . ground enriched . box tree pranted . bayes to plant . eldern to plant ground enriched . poplar to grow . trees to bush in the top . cherries when to plant . quinces when to plant . hasels and pear trees when to plant . apple cornels set . plum-stones set . pineapple corness set . peach stones set . springs & plants set branches to root in the ground . o'd tree or vine recodered orchard of dwarf trees . early fruit fruit growing long . blossoms frō frests . grapes growing long upon the vine . plums and cherries growing long . trees to prosper apricots to prosper speedy woods . branches to root . trees frō barking or canker . rich mold for ochard or garden . depth for trees . procining of trees . trees baakbound , helped . ill weather for orchard works . oak when not to be felled . bignesse of crabstock . bignesse of pear stock and white thou ne . bignesse of wild chery stocks . white plumstocks . when a stock is to be graffed . white thorn no stock for peare or warden ; good for a medlar . suckers planted . nuts set . 1 close well in the bottom . 2 time of grasting . 3 instrument to graft with . 4 losengewise . 5 what to do when the bud taketh . 6 the lowest bud maintained . 7 a cherry upon a plum tree . 8 grafting compasses . 9 galy preserved in the stock . 10 gelly in the bud preserved . 11 bud to take no ayre . 12 how to slit the bark . 13 what buds are best . 14 how to slit the bark . 1 grasting tocl 2 splicing way . 3. cleaving he body . 4. low grafting . 5 on which side to graft . 6 how to have large cherries . 7 what cions is best . 8 cions put in close . 9 the cions made the stock . uponwhat stock to graft . to quinces upon a medlar . 11 bark when to slit . 12 prepasing the cions . 13 when to graft deep . 14 grasting at christmas . 15 graft bound with mosse 16 closing the cions . 17 peach upon a plum stock 18 one ●ree let into another . 19 length of a cions . 20 artifi●iall wax to close with . 21 how to carry a cions far . 22 upon large fruited stocks . 23 many apricot trees of one . 24 observation in stock . 25 heading of stocks , and grafting after . 26 when to cut down a cions . upon what stock to graft . 27 stocks when to graft . 28 stockss to prosper 29 late , grafting , yet with advantage 30 when to graft a stock . 31 stocks so great cherriet . 32 store of stocks . 33 ground for a nursery . a rule for transplanting of trees . 34 stocks stopped . 35 cions to beare quickly . 36 the times of severall grafting . 37 plants upon trees 38 fruit without stones , and hidden with leaves . 39 apricot grafted . 40 a large medlar . 41 a pippin upon what stock why trees transplanted doe alter . colour , sent , or taste altered . graft between bark and tree . how to lop . to have green trees in winter . orchard ground to order . vineyard to order . tree rooted higher see after in 106. wreathed bodies of trees . fruit enlarged . barren trees to beare . transplanting old trees . old vines recovered bleeding of vines stayed . early fruits . wet orchard helped . the cions to prosper true proining timber to grow of any fashion . apricots to beare . peare , warden , peach , in what ground . how to use the roots in settings . apricot , in what ground . dwarf trees . gelderland rose . dwarf trees . how to lop elms. sappiness to avoid . young trees to grow . delicate quinces . peach and apricot stones to set . sap of tree to gather fair apricots and cherries to stay blossoming . green trees in autumne . quaere , if the moon be here to be respected . bodies of trees to enlarge . bark-bound . to kill mosse . a tree to root higher . sap choaked . barren trees to beare . causes of barrenness in trees . app'es without wrinckles . respect between the stock and cions . cherries in clusters observations upon some part of sr francis bacon's naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by r.a. austen, practiser in the art of planting. austen, ralph, d. 1676. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a26232 of text r13917 in the english short title catalog (wing a4234). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 150 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 29 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a26232 wing a4234 estc r13917 11710418 ocm 11710418 48282 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can 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(eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a26232) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 48282) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 9:15) observations upon some part of sr francis bacon's naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by r.a. austen, practiser in the art of planting. austen, ralph, d. 1676. bacon, francis, 1561-1626. sylva sylvarum. [8], 46, [2] p. printed by hen. hall, for thomas robinson, oxford : 1658. reproduction of original in cambridge university library. eng fruit-culture -early works to 1800. a26232 r13917 (wing a4234). civilwar no observations upon some part of sr francis bacon's naturall history as it concernes, fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers: especially the fifth, austen, ralph 1658 25802 1081 5 0 0 0 0 421 f the rate of 421 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the f category of texts with 100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 2002-03 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-04 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-05 tcp staff (oxford) sampled and proofread 2002-05 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-06 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion observations upon some part of sr francis bacons natvrall history as it concernes , fruit-trees , fruits , and flowers : especially the fifth , sixth , and seaventh centuries , improving the experiments mentioned , to the best advantage . by ra: austen practiser in the art of planting . gen : 2.8 . and the lord god planted a garden eastward in eden , and there he put the man whom he had formed . and out of the ground made the lord god to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight , and good for foode . gen : 1.29 . and god said : behold i have given you every hearb bearing seede , which is upon the face of all the earth : and every tree , in which is the fruit of a tree bearing seede , to you it shall be for meate . oxford , printed by hen : hall , for thomas robinson . 1658. to the honourable robert boyle esq. sonne to the lord boyle earle of co●ke● honoured sir , the prophet david tells us , the workes of the lord are wonderfull , sought out of all them that have pleasure therein : and he hath laid some of the secrets of nature so deepe , that no humane understanding can fathom , or find them out : yet neverthelesse he gives wisdome unto man ( who is studious thereabout ) to discover multitudes of rare , and excellent things , for the use and comfort of mankind , that god in all things may be glorified . every man hath a talent , ( or more ) given him , to improve , for the honour of him that gave it , and the advantage of himselfe , and others : and not to hide it , or lay it up in a napkin , as very many slothfull persons do , to their shame , and destruction : especially of those who have the greatest portions , and revenues in this world : and therefore think ther 's no need ( nor reason ) they should labour , either with body or mind : * but mr boulton ( now in heaven ) hath left a lesson behind him for such to learne , he is ( saith he ) a cursed drone , a child of idlenesse , and sloth , the very tennis ball of temptation , most unworthy of the blessings , and benefits of humane society , who doth not one way or other , cooperate , and contribute to the common good , with his best endeavours , in some honest particular calling , or course of life . it brings true honour to be instrumentall for the honour of god , and good of others : we may take his word for it , who hath said , them that honour me i will honour , but those that despise me , shall be lightly esteemed . all men desire a good name , which is no way attainable , but by obedience according to the scriptures : the truest worth , and nobility , is to be borne from above , to have relations in heaven , all earthly honour is but a shadow to it . now i wish ( for their good ) such persons would look upon you , ( worthy sr ) and set you as an example , and patterne before them , of learning , and studiousnesse , in all profitable knowledg , your diligent search , and indagation into the noble art of chymistry , ( as it relates to vegetables , and animals ) having already produced many excellent effects , and been profitable unto many ; your study also of other parts of philosophy i doubt not but ●ill ( in due time ) b●ing forth speciall fruits ; and tha● in par●icular about fermentation , ( and other wa●es of pr●paration ) of liquors , more especially that of cider , which you are now in hand with . it is well knowne , how acceptable , and profitable it is , and hath been , for many generations past , for the health of our bodies , abov● many ( if not any ) other kinds of liquors , knowne to us ; now in case it may be advanc●d , and made much better , by fermentation , ( as there is no doubt but it may ) then it will be of more speciall and generall use , then ever yet it hath been , if unto all this be added , vi● . to make it of those fruits w●ich are knowne by experience to be the best for that purpose : the learned , and incomparable author sr francis bacon hath left unto men such rules , and helps in all kinds of learning , that th●y will be much wanting to themselves , if arts , and sciences improve not , very much above what they have been in former ages ; and as the foresaid worthy author was eminently seen in all arts and sciences , so his delight was especially ( as is recorded of him ) in vegetable philosophy , which was as it were , his darling delight , having left unto us much upon record in his naturall h●story ; some part whereof referring to f●uit-trees , fruits , and flowers , i have , ( by encouragement from himselfe ) endeavoured to improve unto publique profit , according to what understanding , and experience i have therein : ( i think it would not be in vaine , if others who are seene , and experienced in other parts of the said history , would do the like ) and seeing i perceive ( since you have been pleased to honour me with your acquaintance ) that your genius is towards things of this nature , to promote them , in order to the common good , and that i have encouragements in my labours thereabout , ( both as to the theory , and practise ) i humbly , present these following observations into your hands , and am ( for all your favours ) ( honoured sr ) your obliged servant ra: austen . to the reader . concerning my undertaking this ensuing work , i give this account : it may ( perhaps ) by some be thought too bold an attemp in me , to examine the writings , and to recede ( in any thing ) from the judgment of so eminent , and worthy an author ; to which i answer : for what i have here done , i doubt not , but if the authour himselfe were now living , he would approve of it : but more particularly , let it be considered that those things which i have to do with herein , are directly within the compasse of my calling , and course of life : about which i am daily conversant : and the author hath given to my selfe , and others , sufficient encouragement in this : having said ( in his advancement of learning ) that the writings of speculative men upon active matter , seemes to men of experience , to be but as dreames , and dotage : and that it were to be wished , ( as that which would make learning indeede solid , and frui●full ) that active men would , or could become writers : men that have experience in things , are like to see in the mysteries , and secrets of them , more , and further then such as have only notions , and apprehensions of them without action , and practice , it is concluded , and laid for a ground : that , peritis credendum in sua arte : men are to give credit to artists in their owne faculty , and f●rther observe : that many of the ensuing particulars , are but only queries , set downe by the author , wherein not having experience , he desired further light from it : which i have ende●voured herein to resolve ; and wherein i have perceived a manifest mistake● i have ( for the truths sake , and profit of men ) discovered it . i hope , without any reflection upon the worthy , and learn●d author , who i verily believe , would have encouraged any experienced man , in the like undertaking : not seeking himselfe , ( as he * professeth ) but the truth , in these things , for the good of future generatio●s . let it be observed also , that the experiments set downe by the author in his naturall history , are of two sorts , as himselfe saith : experimenta fructifera , & experimenta lucifera : experiments of light , and discovery , ( such as serve for the illumination of the unde●standing , for the finding out , and discovering of naturall things in their cau●es , and ●ff●cts , that so a●ioms may be framed more soundly , and solidly ) and also experiments of use , and profit , in the lives of men . now the observations upon these experiments tend also to the s●me ends . i have endeavoured to improve them for most advantage , and therefore have so much enlarged , especially upon many of them , and where i have been more briefe , and the thing required further di●covery , i have referred to it , in my treatise of fruit-trees , where it is spoken to more fully . and that there may be a briefe view of what is contained in the ens●ing experiments , and observations● i have set downe the chiefe particulars , in the table following , which i recommend to thy use , for thy profit , ra: avsten . good reader . the author of this piece has alwaies thought fit ( i disclaime any worth in me that may deserve it ) to give me leave some time before every impression to make a judgment of what in this nature he has published . but now bearing reverence to the greatnesse and honour of the person ( without controversy for that constellation of learning and nobility in him none of the least credits of our nation ) with whom he is now seene , was desirous , that i should not only tell him ( which at other times served the t●rne ) but thee , and the world , my thoughts concerning this his adventure . which are , that no man ought to judge him presumptuous in this particular , i take him to be such who has more mind to communicate to the world ( for publique profit ) what he has found by triall certaine , than to make a book● and indeed am witn●sse my selfe to the truth of most of his experiments , the subjects of which no man dares call too low for the p●n , that remembers the author whose writing fi●st gave occasion to th●se animadversions . the nature of things , c●use● of their generation , and of all appearing effect , in them , is confest to be a dark theme , and for ought i know , many questions thereabouts are not likely to be concluded , especially to the conviction of gainesayers , till anaxagoras , epicurus , aristotle rise againe : a little time by gods providence i have been continued in the world , some small pittance of which has been laid out in that search : i dare not say that i have been ascertained of the adequate , and true causes , with their manner in causation of any of those vulg●r appearances which are in all mens eyes , after the best state that i can make in this subject , fortasse non , if opposed , may put me to a blanck● nor am i confident of any mans wisdome that concludes affirmatively more than this . that such an effect may proceede in such a manner from su●h a cause : sometimes in many opinions we have no probable causes assigned , but when many probable , than t is hard●st of all to prove which is true● this i sp●ak to tak● off the ●xceptions of such who are otherwise perswaded than our author d●clares himselfe , when the qu●stion is concerning c●uses , as in the 481. exp●riment : my lord bacon seemes to maintaine anaxag●ras his opinion , concerning the way of generation , and augmentation per {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , mr austen a●istotles , i le not be bound that in a severe judgment the m●ster of our schooles shall have the sentence on his side : yet we find few better instances ( th●n mr austen brings ) to explaine how out of one nature ( if ind●ed there ●e but one ) in the j●yce drawne through the roots to serve severall grafts upon the same stock severall natures may be made . others may likely be ●ffended at his refusall to attribute many effects to the descention of sap , which who ever d●es , i give him leave to blame me too ; for i have long beli●ved the opinion of descention of sap in trees , a vulg●r error , and h●ve alwaies encourag●d him to publish his argum●nts to the contrary . there may be others ready to stumble at other things , but if it be in matters wherein we are so much in the da●k● , by my consent for all mistakes we will enterchangeably beg , and give pardon : his arguments to me are all ●sp●cially commendable in this , that they smell more of the garden than library see pag. 100 , 101 , &c. of his treatise of fruit-trees . if therefore my judgment must be made , i can't but commend him heartily , and his ex●mple to all , exercised in any like waies , and doubt not but that it would be mightily to the advantage of knowledge in naturall p●ilosophy , if even all to the low●st of mechaniques would communicate the m●steries of their arts . interest ind●ed hinders most , and ●o t is like ●o do ; from maki●g any thing valuable common . but t is heroicall and n●ble charity when there 's nothing but selfe●interest hindring , to d●ny that for the publique good : i believe the author exp●cts to himselfe no a●tributes of so high qualities . i wish he may alwaies have his du● a● l●ast from ( good reader ) his and thine to serve thee r. sharrock l. b. novi coll : soc : observations upon some part of sr fran : bacons naturall history the v. century . wee will now enquire of plants , or vegetables , and we shall do it with diligence . they are the principall part of the third daies work : they are the first producat , which is the word of animation ; for the other words are but the words of essence : and they are of excellent , and generall use , for foode , medicine , and a number of mechanicall arts . experiments in consort touching the acceleration of germination . there were sowen in a bed , turnip-seede , wheate , cowcumber-seede , and pease : the bed we call a hot-bed : horse-dung ( such as will heate when laid together ) laid a foot high , supported on the sides , and mould laid thereon two or three fingers deepe . the turnip-seede and wheate , came up halfe an inch above ground , within two daies after ; the rest the third day : this is a noble experiment , for without this they would have been foure times as long in comming up . it may be tryed also with cherries , strawberries , and other fruits , which are dearest when they come early . though a hot-bed conduce much to the speedy springing up of seeds , stones , roots &c. yet the end cannot be attained hereby : ( they will not come to ripen●sse earlier th●n others for profit ) unlesse there be a continuance , and concurrence of causes , from fi●st to last , all alon● , without intermission : for the hasty , and sudden springing up of seed upon a hot-b●d , is but a forcing of n●ture , for a little while , and serves to excite for the present , while the heate continues in it ; but what shall carry on the springing , and growth of these things to pe●fection , when the heate of the hot-bed is over : surely as the cause of springing and growth becomes weaker , and weaker , untill it cease altogether , so also will the ●ff●ct of that heate , that is , the growth of the plants . steeping of wheate in fat waters , and other liquors , is a rich exp●riment f●r profit , if the goodn●sse of the crop answer the earlinesse of the comming up &c. s●eeping of seed● , kernell● , stones &c. is chiefly to excite the spi●it of the kernell , or seede , and to make them the sooner , and more easily to open , and spring up out of the e●rth ; which some kinds have much need of : as aprecots , almonds , and other thick , hard stones . as for wheate , and such like seeds , sleeping will excite the spirits , and open the grosser parts , and hasten their springing up ; but i conceive the vigour , and virtue ( gotten by such steeping ) will be soone gone , it will not be lasting , as the naturall properties of the seed ; whatsoever is naturall , in seeds , plants &c. doth continue , and cannot fall off , or be lost ; but that which is but accidentall , and from art , is but of short continuance , and soone over ; ( like the virtue of a cup of wine , or a meales meate , to our bodies ) so that the end will not be attained , unlesse the same help be ●enewed , and often repe●ted , by wat●ing of such steeped seeds● with the same liquors , from time to time ●ntill they come to pe●fection . strawberries watred now , and then ( as once in three daies ) with water wherein hath been steeped sheeps-dung , or pigeons-dung , will prevent , and come early . this is a good experiment , and profitable to make the b●rries earlier , and fairer , so it be seasonably , and moderately done● i conceive the morning is best , before the sunne be hot ; but water them not too often , nor too much , lest it make the ground too ranke , and fat , which is not good for strawberries ; it makes them commonly runne into great leaves and strings , and to beare fruits lesse . dung , or chalke , or blood , applyed in substance , ( seasonably ) to the roots of trees , doth s●t them forwards &c. too great a quantity of these things , will hurt , especially young trees ; as the best meates , and drinks immoderately , and unseasonably taken , hurt men : blood , or flesh , or the like , applyed to the roots of old vines , or other fruit-trees being decaying , or old , will refresh them greatly : let this be done before winter , or in winter time , that the virtue thereof may soke into the roots , and the earth about them , before the spring : and also that it may not be noysome , or offensive , in spring , or sommer after : digge up the earth , and bare the roots , as much as may be , and power in the blood , or lay the dung , flesh , or any fat substance to the roots , afterwards cover it with the mould , all over : otherwise take a barre of iron , and make many holes , among , and about the roots of old trees ( especially where the ground i● bad ) and power in blood of beasts , fat water , or such like ; this will much refresh the trees . fruit-trees upon a south , or south-east wall , will bring forth their fruits early . it is true● that the south-wall is best , and the south-east next● to plant choice trees upon , to come early ; the reason why the west-wall is not so good as the east , for early budding , and ripening of fruits , i conceive is mainely , because there is usually more raine , and moisture , and greater and more winds out of the west , in spring and sommer , then out of the east , which do much coo●e the trees and fr●its , and so retard . also may-cherry-trees , or other kinds which n●●urally bud , and bring fruits early , being plan●ed ( as is here said ) against the back of a chimney where fire is much kept , the same will bud , and beare ve●y early in the yeare , especially if the wall be of brick , and but a thin wall . digging , and loosening the earth about the roots of trees accelerate germination . this culture is undoubtedly a benefit to trees , as to their increase , and growth : they will thrive the faster her●by ; but i conceive not as to their early budding ; for all trees bud forth before they draw one jot of s●p out of the earth : there is sap , existing in the buds and branches all the winter , which is excit●d by the sunnes drawing neere in the spring time , and breaketh forth into blossome , and leafe . a dama●ke rose tree in water budded in the space of ten daies in a chamber . i conceive this acceleration was not for that it was set in water , but because the aire was somewhat warmer in the house , then out of dores at that season , it being in october ; it would have done a● much if it had beene set in earth : and as for the difference betwixt this , and that with the horse-dung mixed ; it may be that rose tree in water only had the better , and more roots , which would certainly cause budding sooner . a dutch flower that had a bulbous roote , was put under water ; and within seaven daies sprouted &c. i have tryed severall flowers with bulbous roots , and other kinds of roots , in water , in the house , in autumne , which kept fresh , and seemed to come on somewhat for a while , but afterwards flag'd , and faded ; i know no advantage that may be had hereby at that season , for the aire ( in a while ) growes chill , and coole , even within dores . radish &c. in a month. pease , radish &c. are hastned in the spring , and summer , and their returnes quick , chiefly because ●hey are sowed , and set in a warme place , upon g●ound sloping upon the south-east sunne ; with some speciall shelters from the north , and cold winds . for nourishment , water is almost all in all , therefore it is a comfortable experiment for good drink●rs . simply water affords but a feeble , and weake nourishment , crude , and cold : and therefore we see that in low , watr●sh grounds , fruit-trees come on poorely , being full of mosse , by reason of the cold nourishment : and that in dryer , deepe , fat soyles , fruit-trees are three or foure times bigger , and longer lived th●n those in watrish grounds : neither is this a comfortable experiment for good drinkers ; for experience shewes us , such as live most upon good liquors ( eating but little ) are more unsound , unheal●hy peopl● , and shorter liv'd , then those who drinke lesse , and feed upon solid meates . housing of plants will accelera●● germination . certainely it will ; if the plants be ordered with d●scretion , to be seasonably set out in the sunne , and raine , in the warmest seasons , and time of the day , ( removing the box of earth in , and out , as occasion is ) or otherwise housing may spoyle them , and cause the branches , and twiggs to contract , and become dry ; for as the aire within dores is warmer then that without , so al●o it is dryer , and does exhaust and dry the plants more , therefore they have need sometimes of the moist aire without . experiments touching the putting back , or retardation of germination . to make roses come late . first , cut them after bearing . this may be a meanes as to some rose-trees , that is , such as are old : i have knowne some of long standing , perhaps a dozen , sixteene , or twenty yeares of age , and some of seaven , or eight yea●es , ( cut newly after bearing ) have borne roses againe , a sec●nd time , late in the yeare , being cut the next full moone , after they have done bearing ; but there is a kind i have ( amongst many other k●nds ) which naturally beares a second time , although the tree be but small and young ; besides the rose called the monthly rose . secondly , pulling off the buds of the roses that first spring forth . i have try'd this second way , which succeeded not , it may be , because the trees were young ; but one affirmed he pluckt off some buds in the spring , and the tree bore roses in november . thirdly , cutting top boughes in the spring . this hath b●en tryed also , but was ineffectuall , but the tryall was upon young trees ; as for the report that followes in this experim●nt of cyons perishing , if the old top boughes be cut off● it is otherw●se , for it is a common experiment to cut off all the boughs of a tree , and to graft them , and the grafts will not only not perish , but grow the better therefore ; as having all the s●p to themselves , which naturally riseth ( the sunne also drawing it up ) without the help of any top bough left , as continuall experience sh●wes . fourthly , laying the roots bare about the end of december . m●ny hundred● of trees are thus bared , yet i find no difference at all in the late budding , or bearing of such trees , from others . fifthly , removing the tree some months before it buddeth . this hath been done , but the trees being removed so unseasonably ( too late ) they grew poorely , so the end was not attained . sixthly , grafting roses in may . i know an ingenious ge●tleman that tryed this experiment● inoculating buds in the spring , which budded for roses at the same time that others ( of the same kind ) did ; which buds being cut off they bore roses afterwards , the same yeare , when others were gone . seaventhly , girding the body of the tree with some packthread . this will not do it neither , we see commonly that grafts tyed straight with strong flaggs , and some branches of wall-trees nailed straight to the wall , so that i have seene the bark dinted in with the straitnesse of the lether , yet for all that sap riseth plentifully , through the place so girded , up into the branch . eightly , planting them in the shade . i have knowne rose-trees in a shady place , which have not bore at all , it s a tree that loves the sunne . so that i suppose this experiment will not hold : i have try'd it in one or too , and it succeeds not . experiments touching the melioration of fruits , trees , and plants . an heape of flint , or stone laid about the bottome of a tree upon the fi●st planting , mak●s it prosper much . stones laid to the roots of fruit-trees , when newly set , is a good experiment in some grounds , but not in all : its true , stones so laid , keep the roote of the tree somewhat more moist , and warme , and stedy , that winds shake it not , and so are profitable , but there is danger ( in some grounds ) le●t they harbor●ants , or pismires , about the tree root , under the stones , which i have seen , to the hurt , and destruction of divers young trees . but it is a s●fer , and better way to lay a good quantity of rotten dung , or litter , straw &c. round about the roots of new set trees , upon the top of the mould , this keeps them warme in winter , and coole and moist in sommer , and stedy , and the moisture , and fatnesse of the muck sokes downe to the roots , and refreshes the tree very much : or for want thereof , lay a heap of weeds round about the new set t●ee root● , and so all the next sommer af●er ; these things are speciall advantages to new set t●ees . a tr●e at fi●st setting should not be shaken , but a●ter a yeares ro●ti●g th●n s●aking is good . when y●ung trees are first planted , it s very convenient to set a st●ke to each of them , and tye them together with a hay band , or some ●o●t band , that winds shake them not : and this not for a yeare only , but divers yeares , untill the young trees be we●l rooted in the earth , and also be growne strong , that the winds ●ow not their bodie● , and cause them to grow crooked , which fault i have seene in very many trees . cutting away suckers , and side boughes , make trees grow high . all su●k●rs must be cut away from the roots of trees ; and as for side branches , those may be cut as men are minded to have their trees to spread neerer , or high●r from the ground : but cu● not the side branches too soone , b●fore the body be growne stro●g enough to beare the head , else it will be top heavy , and g●ow crooked . to have many new roots of fruit-trees , lay the branches in the g●ound &c. the branch●s of all kinds of trees will not take roote thus , thi● way of p●opagation is only for some kinds , as mulberries , fig● , vine● , q●o●li●gs , nurs-gardens , and some other kinds of t●ee● , whose branc●●s are sof● , and porous . as for aprecots , p●aches , and such like , they will not take roote thus : i have try'd , but not one roote could be got , neither will they take w●●h graft●ng , i have try'd many . the way to propagate these kind● , is by inocula●ing bu●s upon young stocks , full of ●ap . from may to iuly you may take off the barke of any bough &c. and set it , and it will grow to be a faire tree in one yeare , the cause may be for that the baring from the barke keepeth the sap from descending towards winter . it is true , that the boughes of some kinds of trees will take roote in this manner as is here exprest ; that is , such kinds as will take roote with laying downe in the ground , mentioned in the last experiment ; which being cut off and set , may grow to be a f●ire tree in certaine yeares , not in one yeare ( as is said ) for the roots ( got in this manner ) are but small , and very disproportionable to the bough , so that it can come on but very poorely , and slowly , for divers yeares : as for the baring from the barke , which is supposed to keepe sap from descending towards winter ; i say , the sap is as farre from descending when the barke is on , as when t is off ; there 's no such thing in nature as descention of sap in any trees whatsoever . this worthy authour took this upon trust , according to the generall opinion of men , for had he but stayed a little to consider it , he would have found it groundlesse , and a meere conceit ; for all the sap that asscends into the body and bran●hes of a tree , is changed into wood , barke , buds , blossomes , leaves , and fruits , it is turned into that body and substance which we see above ground , and none at all descends at any time ; for there is no cause , and therefore no such effect : sap is continually asscending all the yeare long , more , or lesse , either for the growth of the tree , or for the conservation of it in life , and in all its dimension● : for there is a continuall extraction of sap out of the body , boughes , and branches , by the sunne , and aire , as this au●hour elsewhere asserts , and which experience proves . now if there were at any time , a descention also , what then would become of the tree , it would q●ickly wither , be cont●acted , and shrinke apparently : whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descention of sap in trees , may see ( hereof ) more largely many arguments against it in my treatise of fruit-trees● pag. 100.101.102 . &c. if trees beare not , bore a hole through the heart of the tree , and it will beare . perhaps this course may do some good in letting out superfluous sap , if too much repletion be the cause : but there are divers other causes of barrennesse of fruit-trees : as too deepe setting , the roots running downe into gravell , clay , water &c. which must have answerable remedies . and sometimes it is in the nature of the trees : that all the culture in the world used to the roots , and body will not help , without engrafting the branches with grafts of some good bearing kinds , which is the best way i know to have store of good fruits , ( and speedily too ) from barren trees . to make trees beare , cleave the chiefe roots , and put in a small pebble . this may be profitable not only for that the roote may be bark-bound , as well as the body , and branches ( which must be scored downe , and cut to the wood ) but also it will cause the roots to shoote forth many young small roots at the place opened , which will afford more vigour , life , and sap to the branches , and so make the tree stronger , and more in heart , and able to bring forth more , and fairer fruits . trees against a south-wall have more of the heate of the sunne , then when they grow round . aprecots , peaches , and such like cold fruits will scarce ripen but against a south-wall : they have need both of the direct , and reflex beames of the sunne : and if it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a south-wall ( as the great burgaim●t , sommer boncriteu , greene-field peare , and other speciall kinds ) this would advantage them greatly , not only in bignesse , but also in their early ripening , and goodnesse of tast ; thus , one , or a few , would be worth many ordinary ones . some pull off the leaves from wall-trees , that the sunne may come the better upon the boughs and fruit . this may hasten ripening , but i conceive it hinders the bignesse of the fruits , the sunne ripening them before they have attained their naturall greatnesse : in case it prove then very hot weather : so that if leaves be pulled off , it should not be till fruits are at biggest . the lownesse of the bough , maketh the fruit greater ; and to ripen b●tter , &c. graft a tree low , and maintaine only the lower bough● . low trees , and the lower boughs of high trees , have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner then the higher , because they have some benefit by the reflection of the sunne from the earth , as well as from the wall ; ( if they grow against a wall , ) but that the fruits are greater on lower , then on higher boughs , i perceive not ; i am sure i have seene sometimes faire fruit on the higher boughes , and but small on the lower , in case the branches of a wall-tree have beene permitted to grow straight upwards , without bowing downe along the wall , as most commonly they be , and the reason is plaine because the most , and greatest quantity of sap presseth upwards , and leaveth the side branches indigent of sap , whereby they grow poorely , and some even dye for want of sap : now according to the quantity of sap in branches , so are the fruits , smaller , or greater . it is true indeed , many little , and low trees , if they be vigorous , and shoote well , beare very large fruits , it may be larger then high trees of the same kinds : but this is not because low , but because they are more lively , and vigorous then the other . and if we should graft a tree low , and maintaine only the low●r branches , by continually cutting off the higher , this would much enfeeble the tree , by deg●ees by obstructing of the s●p , and the fruit would be accordingly . but the b●st way to order a wall-tree that shoots upwards strongly , is to bow those strong branches along the wall both waies , and then there will be as large fruits on the lower , as on the higher boughes , and sooner ripe . to have fruit in greater plenty the way is , to graft not only upon young st●cks , but upon divers boughs of an old tree &c. it is an excellent experiment to graft the boughes of an old tree , ( that is a bad bearer , or bears bad fruits ) with grafts of some speciall good bearing kinds , for this will have large branches and beare fruits , even in a yeare or two : so that it is a very unwise course of many who ( when some of their trees beare not as they would have them ) cut them downe , and set young ones in their roome , which cannot possibly attaine the bignesse of the former , in many yeares . digging yearely about the roots of trees is a great meanes both to the acc●leration , and melioration of fruits &c. old trees that grow in stiffe , cold clay grounds have most neede to be dug about yearely , that thereby the gound may be more open , and mellow ; but for young trees of few yeares standing , ( especially if in sandy● mell●w grounds ) these have little , or no neede at all of digging about : to dig about roses , and such like , which g●ow nee●e the top of the ground● i conceive it is needlesse , for this w●rk is chi●fly to open the earth about old fruit-trees ( whose roo●s are growne great , and deepe , ) that the rain● , snow , and sunne in win●er , may reach the bottome roots . a fruit-tree almost blowne up by the roots , and set up againe , the n●xt yeare bore exceedingly : loosing the earth , comforteth any tree . i was ( not long since ) at the raising up of a couple of faire app●e-trees blowne downe , the one rooted , and bore well afterwards : the other died . though digging about the roots sometimes be good , yet overmuch digging , and loosening the earth about the roots of trees , will cause many to be blowne downe by great winds , which will not fasten againe to abide a strong wind , in many yeares , if ever . to revive an old tree , the digging of it about the roots , and applying new mould to the roots , is the way , and change of mould to the better , is pr●fitable . d●gg●ng ( as hath beene said ) with caution , is good , and change of m●uld , if to the better , is also very advantagious to f●ui●-●rees , in case the soyle be barren , but if it be very fat , as some is , ( especially some pa●ticular places by acc●dent ) then mould that is more sterill , and hung●y , will do better ; fo●overmuch re●l●tion , and fertility may hinder fruitfulnesse ; and cause the ●ap to runne most into long shoots , and broad leaves . the sh●fting of ground , is a meanes to better the tree , and fruit : and all things do prosper b●st , when they are advanced to the better . and a nu●sery ought to be in a more barren ground , then the places whither they are transplanted . it is true : change of soyles sometimes is very good , if to the better : but its true also , that if trees grow in over ranke soyle , then worse will be better ; that is , will help more towards fruitfulnesse : as a course , and meane fare is better for a fat man , then the more delicious . without controversy , young trees out of barren nurseries come on faster when transplanted , then out of fat soyles ; but in case the nursery be fat soyle , then some other as good , must be laid to their roots when set againe . hacking of trees doth great good to trees . after eight or tenne yeares growth , cutting , or scoring , o● hacking the barke of trees with a knife , is profitable ; but while they a●e young , the barke is but thin , and tender , and enlargeth well enough without this cutting , unlesse some that through barrennesse of soyle ( or other cause ) are bark● bound . shade to some plants conduceth to make them large , and prosperous , more then sunne , as in strawberries , and baies &c. it is true , baies and lawrell prospereth better in the shade then in the sunne , being hot plants , but strawberries do better , partly in the shade , and partly in the sunne ; then in shade only : as ●mong bushes , and other plants : i have observed those in the shade , to beare little , or nothing : when others of the same kind , and growth , somewhat in the sunne , bore very much . pulling off many blossomes from a fruit-tree , doth make the fruit fairer : and if some blossomes be not pulled off the fi●st time a tree bloometh , it will blossome it selfe to death . commonly the fewer blossoms upon a tree , the fairer will the fruit be , because ( as the authour saies ) of the plenty of sap : and indeed in case a tree newly planted , blossome very much , and the roote be but weake ( which may be perceived by the weaknesse of the buds ) then its best to pull off most , if not all the blossomes : but many i have knowne ( the first yeares planting , ) take roote so strongly , ( being in good mo●ld , ) as that they blossome , and shoot forth , and beare faire fruits the same yeare . it w●re good to try what would be the ●ff●ct , if all the blossomes were pulled from a fruit-tree , for two yeares together . fruit-trees that beare but every other yeare they ( for the most p●rt ) beare that yeare very plentifully ; and the exc●ssive expence of sap ●hat yeare ( its like ) makes the tree more feeble the next : but if blossomes be pulled ●ff a yeare or two together : i suppose the sap would go mo●e into the shoots , and ma●e them larger then if it bore fruits ; and the issue a● to bearing more , or better f●uits , would be nothing worth . there is no doubt but that grafting ( for the most part ) doth m●liorate fruit ; the cause is manifest , for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke , then in the crude earth . grafting doth not at all meliorate the fruit , simply in it s●lfe : for a ●ice will not be the better for grafting , unlesse the grafts be taken from a good tree . if the tree from which grafts are cut , be no better then the tree which is grafted , then grafting will not a jot mend the fruit ; which it would , if grafting were any thing towards the bettering of the fruit . the cause why grafted trees beare better fruits , then wild ungraf●ed trees , is not because they are grafted , but because the graf●s are good , the tree from which the grafts are cut , is of a good kind , and nature , and every ●wig , graft , and bud , hath the nature of the whole tree in it , perfectly ; the properties of the tree are in all , and every part , as the soule in the body , which is tota in toto , & tota in qualibet pa●te ; and the grafts retaine the nature , and properties being grafted upon wild stocks , and bring forth fruits accordingly : and that 's the cause that grafting doth meliorate the fruit , and not because the nourishment is better prepared in the stock , then in the crude earth , for the branches of an ungrafted tree do no more receive nourishment from the crude earth , then the branches of a grafted tree : but the s●p , and nourishment , passeth up a body , or stock to the branches , in the one , as well as in the other . and as i● i● true that the peach and melocot●ne do beare good fr●its comming up of stone● , ( which is not alwaies so neither , only here and there one ) so it is true also that they beare as good fruits of the bud , being inoculated . it hath beene received , that a smaller peare grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater peare , will become great &c. it is true ( as the authour thinks ) that this will not succeed ; because the grafts do governe , they alwaies bring forth fruit answerable to their owne natures and kinds , else it were to little purpose to get grafts from such , or such a good tree , to have more of the kind . yet it is true also that the stock hath some influence upon the graft , so as to make the fruit better , or worse , according to the nature of the stock , in some small degree : as if we graft upon a stock that naturally beares a sower , harsh fruit , the fruit of the graft will not be altogether so pleasant as if it were grafted upon a stock that beares naturally a sweet , and pleasant fruit : and hence it is that peares grafted upon quince-stocks , will be more delicate , then upon peare-stocks ; the quince-stock gives an excellent tast to it , but these trees upon quinces will never attaine to any great bignesse , for all quince-trees are but small in comparison of peare-trees , and where the stock can be but small , the graft cannot be great , yet ( as i have seene it ) somewhat bigger then the stock : as for a peare upon a thorne ( which this authour speakes of ) it cannot be good , it makes it a harsh , hard peare , at the core , if it thrive and beare , but most commonly they dye in two , or three yeares : we know its naturall fruit , ( hawes ) have stones in them : but for the apple upon the crab , that 's naturall , the crab being a wild apple , and very proper to graft all sorts of apples upon , in regard of the soundnesse of the stock , its long lasting , and aptnesse to take with grafts , and also when set in the ground ; although its true , it makes the fruit somewhat more tart , then the same fruit upon sweet apple-stocks . as concerning grafting apples on coleworts , the kernells of which if set , will be a colewort , if the thing be true , then it confirmes what hath beene asserted , that the seede of fruits when sowen , bring forth a bastard fruit , which pertakes as well of the stock , as of the graft : although it be true , that the seeds of some apples , and peares , may bring forth very good fruit , and the stones of some peaches , may bring forth the same fruits , or neere as good : the cause , of this ( i suppose ) is , for that the stocks whereon these fruits were grafted or inoculated , were good kinds of themselves ; and if so , no marvell though the seeds bring forth good fruits without grafting , or inoculating : and i verily believe that p●aches , ( of which it is taken for granted ( by some ) that these come the same againe of stones ) if they were inoculated on harsh , sower stocks , and the stones of the fruit set , they would not bring forth the ●ame , but it would manifestly tast of the stock , as well as of the bud inoculated : as we see generally other kinds of stones , and seedes do ; yea , and upon the experience of some others , peach-stones have brought forth a paltry , naughty fruit , many of them , though some good : as concerning the grafting of an apple cions upon a sallow , poplar , alder , elme , or horse plum ; it is in vaine to try , for tryall hath beene made upon stoc●s neerer in kind then these , and it would not come to perfection , it will grow a yeare , or two ( it may be ) and then decay , and dye . flowers r●moved wax greater , because the nourishment is more easily come by in the loose earth : it may be that often regrafting of the same cions may lik●wise make fruit greater . to r●move flowers ( small young roots ) into good fresh earth , w●ll improve them in growth , and bignesse : especially if withall some of the side-slips , ( and also of the buds which the roote shoots up for ●lowers ) be cut off● and some halfe a dozen , or halfe a score of the buds , or shoots be left to grow upon the root ; the roote then will be able to give plentifull nourishment to them , whereby they will become much larger , then if all the spindle buds were su●lered to grow . but as for often regrafting the same graft in order to make a larg fruit ; this will not do it , for we see it is constantly done from yeare to yeare ; for what else is the cutting of g●●f●s from young trees ( it may be of two , or three , or but of one yeares growth ) and grafting them againe upon their sto●ks : and repeating this ●or many yea●es together ; and yet we know the grafts hold thei● owne naturall properties from one yeare to another . and though there be ( as has beene said ) some small alteratio● according to the kind of the stock while it growes upon it , yet that alteration is lost , and falls off , when the graft is e●grafted ●pon another stock , and the graft retaines its owne naturall properties only : with some small addition of the nature of the stock on which it ( at present ) growes . it maketh figs better● if a fig-tree when it beginneth to put forth leaves , have his top cut off . if the fig-tree be very old , cutting off the top may be profitable ; for that such cutting ( as in all other trees ) maketh the sap shoot forth into branches more vigorously , then otherwise it would ; by which lively rising of sap , the whole tree , and the fruit upon it , fares the better : but if the tops of young-trees be cut off , ( fig-trees or other ) there will shoot forth ( in the roome thereof ) such huge strong shoots , that the maine streame of sap will runne that way , which great shoots will be for a yeare , or two ( it may be ) unfruitfull . it is reported , that mulberries will be fairer , and the trees more fruitfull , if you bo●e the trunke of the tree thorow , in severall places , and put in wedges of h●t trees , as mastick , iuniper &c. as for the black mulberry-tree , i suppose it needs not these things to make it fruitfull , for i never knew any of them faile of store of fruits every yeare ; bu●white mulberry-trees ( with us ) have need enough of all helps that may be . it is reported that trees will grow greater , and beare better fruit , if you put salt , or lees of wine , or blood to the roo●e . concerning lees of wine , washings of strong beare , or ale vessells , blood fl●sh , or the like ; it is certaine these are helpfull to fruit-tree● , both as to their growth , and bearing ; if seasonably● and moderately used ; especially to old trees . i account it best to be applyed to the roots of trees in the beginning of winter , that the v●rtue may soke into the roots , and earth about them before the spring . terebration of trees , as it makes them prosper better , so also it is found that it maketh fruit sweeter● and better , by causing the coursest juice to sweat out , and the rest is better digested . terebration ( or boring holes into the bodies , ●nd great roots ) of fruit●trees with a wimble , or awger , is most ne●dfull , as i judge , for great trees which grow upon fat land , and have too ranke nourishment , and may be unfruitfull , and beare over wat●ish fruit for that cause ; that may help to let out some of the raw , supers●●ous sap● and juice as an ●ssue in a mans body : but scoring , or cutting the barke of yo●●ger trees under twenty yeares may be better for them , and this to be done chiefly in the spring time . as terebration doth meliorate fruit , so doth letting of plants blood ; as pricking vi●es or other trees , after they be of some growth . it is reported that by this artifice , bitter almonds have beene tu●ned into sweete . this must needs have the like e●●ect ( in some proportion as those particulars before mentioned , of boring with wimbles , ( or the like ) and scoring the barke , with a kni●e in the sp●●ng time . the antients for the dulcorating of fruit , do c●mmend swines du●g , above all other dung ; which may b● for the moisture of that b●●st . i have s●ene divers faire fruit-trees q●ite sp●yld● and deaded● by ove●much swines dung , the swine lying amongst them , and continually leaving their ex●rements , by degrees the trees withered , and died : but i doubt not bu● that a moderate quanti●y of ●wines dung , mixed with mould , and la●d to the roots of trees , will be good for them● and it may be in order to the sweetning of the fruit . as grafting doth generally advance , and meliorate f●uits ; so ( no doubt ) even in grafting , the choice of the stock doth much : they commend much the grafting of peares , or apples upon a quince . grafting , ( simply as grafting ) doth not advance or meliorate fruits ; as i● shew'd elsewhere at large ; but grafted trees beare better fruits , and sooner , then ungrafted trees , because grafts are usually taken from good bearing trees , and of the best kinds , and grafts ( retaining the nature of the trees from which they are cut , ) do bring ●orth the same fruits ; so also do buds , ( though they be much smaller then grafts ) when inoculated upon wild stocks . as concerning the choice of stocks in grafting , in order to the advancement of fruits ; it is certaine , the goodnesse of the stocks in respect of nature , and kind , is very considerable : the sweeter , and better the stock is , the better will the fruit be , that is engrafted thereon ; though it be true , that grafts governe , and bring forth the same fruits , according to their owne kinds , yet the stock hath some considerable influence upon the fruit of the graft , and thence it is , that peares upon a quince ( as the authour speaks of ) are better , then the ●ame kind upon a wild peare stock : ( as experience shewes ) because a quince is a more excellent fruit , then a wild peare , so the nourishment of the stock● , is answerable . it is set downe as try'd , that a mixture of brane , and swines dung , or chaffe , and swines-dung , rotten , is a great nourisher , and comforter to a fruit-tree . there is no doubt but swines dung , or any other dung , with other composts laid together till they be rotten , will nourish and comfort fruit-trees , and better when they are throughly rotten , & turned to mould , then before , because new dung may be too hot . it is delivered by some , that if one take the bough of a low tree , newly budded , and draw it gently into an earthen pot perforated at the bottome to let in the plant , and then cover the pot with earth , it will yeild a very large fruit within ground ; the like will be effected by an empty pot , with some few pertusions made in the pot , hang'd in the tree . concerning the first of these waies , i suppose the fruit growing upon the bough so bowed downe into a pot , will not be so large , as the fruit upon the other boughes ; because we see by experience it is against the nature of sap to runne vigorously , ( or in any great plenty ) into boughe● bended downewards so neere the earth , as this must needs be , for sap presseth upwards in greatest plenty ; and consequently those fruits will be greatest which have most sap . i meane such as are of one kind , upon one tree . and concerning the second m●anes by the perforated pot , hang'd in the tree , that is more likely to worke the effect , as to the greatnesse of fruit , not so much ( i suppose ) because of the pertusions , or holes in the pot , as by the shade that the fruit has by the pot : for although fruit that growes in the sunn● , be much better , and more pleasant then that which growes in the shade , ( as being better co●cocted , ) yet that in the shade ( of the same kind ) is commonly the g●eater , but more flat , dull , and inconcoct : as we see in apr●cots , cherries &c. unde●●he leaves . all trees in high and sandy grounds , are to be s●t d●ep , and in watry ground● more sh●llow : and all tr●es when th●y be remov●d ( ●specially fruit-tr●●s ) care ought to be taken that the sides of the trees be coasted ( north , and south ) as they stood before . it is true , that trees on higher grounds are to be set somewhat d●●per , then in moist grounds ; yet bewa●e of setting below the good scyl● , in any ground● as for coasting of trees , that is , ( seti●g the same side to the south when tran●planted as was before ) the rule is good , but not necessary : for many thousands are transplan●ed w●●h g●od successe not observing which side grew no●th or south : howsoever some reasons migh be shew'd why t is best to observe it , if it may conveniently be done . f●uit-trees , set upon a wall against the sunne , betweene ●lb●wes or but●eress●s of stone , ripen m●re , then upon a plaine wall . fruit-trees soset , have their fruits ripe sooner then tho●e upon a plaine wall no : so much because they are d●fended better from winds , but chi●●l● because the● have a double , or ●reble d●gree of heate to w●at those upon a plaine wall have , the he●te being pent in by the e●b●wes , or bu●ter●sses of the wall , and so r●●l●cts the stronger upon the fruits and trees , there is a double reflection of heate upon such . grafting elms , ( or other unfruitfull trees ) will make their leaves larg●r : as in fruit-trees the graft maketh the greater fruit . grafting , barely considered as grafting , will not do this , it will neither make leaves , nor fruits fairer : but as stocks are chosen for the purpose : for though it be true ( as hath been elsewhere said ) that grafts governe , and overrule the stocks , bringing forth the same leaves , and fruits when grafted , as before ; according to their owne natures ; yet it is true also , that the stocks have some small influence upon them , in making the fruits better or worse in tast , and bign●sse : and so of the leaves in fairenesse , according to the goodnesse or badnesse of the stocks : yet notwithstanding graf●s , and buds inoculated may be said to rule , and bring forth the same fruits , else it were in vaine to graft . barr●nnesse of trees commeth of their overgrowing with mosse , or their being hide bound ; or planting too d●●pe ; or by issuing of the sap too much into the leaves . there are severall causes of the barrenn●sse of trees . i conceive mossinesse , as mossinesse , is not the cause of barrenn●ss● ; but the causes of mossinesse are the cau●es of barrennesse , which are coldnesse , overmoistnesse , and barrennesse of the soyle , where the trees grow : therefore such soyles must be amended . see how , treatise of fruit-trees , pag. 114. also barrennesse is often , by reason of the excessive sap , and moisture of trees , which is m●nifest by their strong , and vigorou● shoots , branches , and broad greene leaves ; as in many young , full-fed trees , for while nature is vigorous , and active , spending it selfe that w●y , in the excessive growth of the tree ; it is then weake and feeble in bearing of fruits . now as to some kinds of trees , it is not best ( for some time ) to go about to remove the cause , that is , as to standard apple-trees , peare-trees , and other kinds , which g●ow in the o●chards and fields at large : but let them alone , let them go on in ●heir large , and vigorous growthes for certaine yeares , though they beare b●t little , ( provided that we know they a●e naturally of good bearing kinds , otherwise it is in vaine to wai●e for store of fruits from such trees : ) after that such trees have growen exceedingly some yeares , and attained a faire large growth , they will then by degrees , grow lesse in the branches , and fall to bearing of fruits : but in case the trees are wall-trees , and shoo●e excessively , and beare not , then it will be best to take away the cause as much as we can ; that is , first , abate their overfull , and rank nou●ishment , by putting in sand , gravell , buck-ashes , or any thing that is barren , insteed of the ●at soyle . secondly , also cut off , and part , one or two of the biggest roots , from the body , that so it may have lesse nourishment , and that left will turne to fruits . thirdly , bend downewards the branches , and fasten them to the wall with their tops as low as may be , this obstructs , and restraines the excessive ●●sing of sap , which rising moder●tely , turnes to frui●● : but if the trees are naturally bad bearers ( if barren upon that account ) then there is no remedy for such , but grafting them ag●in , with grafts taken from some good bearing kinds , which are knowne by yearely experience to beare fruits well . it hath be●ne set downe by one of the ancients that two twiggs of severall fruit-trees flatted on the sides , and bound together , and set , th●y will come up in one stock . and that vines of red , and white grapes slatted , and bound tog●ther , will beare grapes of severall colours , upon one branch ; al●o the shoots of divers seeds , will incorporate ; and that young trees of severall kinds set contiguous , will incorporate . these , and such like , are prescribed in order to the compounding of fruits . concerning compounding , or mixing of divers kinds of fruits , whereof to make one new kind , these things before mentioned , ( and many such like ) have beene prescribed by ancient authours , which are of the number of those things (a) sr francis bacon accounts meere imaginations , and conceits without any ground , or light f●om experi●nce . he saies (b) ( elsewhere ) that many things have beene rashly , ( and with little ch●ice or judgment ) receiv●d and registred , as app●ares in the writings of divers authours , which a●e eve●y where fra●ght , and forged with fabulous reports , and those not only uncerta●●e , and untry●d , but notoriously untrue , to the great derogation of naturall philosophy with grave and sober men . as for those things before mentioned , they can never effect what is promised , to produce compound fruits . for we see by continuall experienc● , that grafts , and buds ( though never so small ) set up●n st●cks of different kinds , do hold their owne , and k●epe their kinds ; and so it would be if two long shoots were united , or three , or many : if it were possible to make them incorporate , and become one body , yet they would retaine every one their owne nature , and bring forth each its owne kind of fruit , without commixture . if any man desire to be set on work about these things , he may have p●escriptions eno●gh out of a certaine book entituled , the country farme , pag. 360 , 361 , 362 , 363 , 364 , 365 , &c. for more full satisfaction about which , and all of that nature , see my treatise of fruit-trees , pag. 91 , 92 , 93 , &c. where these things are spoken to largely . but if the thing be possible in nature , to mix and compound fruits , the likeliest way that i apprehend is this , ( which i h●ve upon tryall , but is not yet come to an issue ) viz : to graft one fruit upon another , many times over , every yeare a d●fferent kind● ( so that we keepe still to those kinds that will grow together ) as first to gra●t a crab tree , neere the ground , with some good kind of apple graft , and the next yeare to graft that ag●ine a handfull or two above where the first was grafted , and the next yeare to graft that second graft , and the fourth yeare to graft that third graft , a handfull or two , above where it was grafted , and thus every yeare to set graft upon graft for divers yeares together , this ( probably ) may make some alteration , and commixture in the top branch and its fruit , although it be true that every graft keep● his owne nature , yet so as that it receives some small alteration from the sto●k ( as hath beene said : ) now the sap arising and passing th●ough so many kinds of stocks ( as before ) up into the top branches , this ( if any thing ) i conceive will have an influence into the fruit of the last graft to cause some comm●xture ( more o● lesse ) in the fruit ; the sap passing through so many kinds of stocks . thus as of many kinds of apples , together , so also of peares among themselves , and of cherries , and plums , among themselves , but as for mixing contrary kinds , apples , peares , cherries , plum● &c. all together , as some prescribe , there is no hope , nor possibility of any advantage thereby . all plants that draw much nourishment from the earth , and exhaust it , hurt all things that grow by them , as ash-trees , coleworts &c. and where plants of severall natures ( which draw severall juyces ) are set together , there the neerenesse doth good , as rue by a fig-tree , garlicke by a rose-tree &c. it is true indeed , that all trees , and plants that draw much nourishment from the earth , are no good neighbours to any thing that growes neere them , because such make the earth barren , in which plants must needs grow poorely : but that severall kinds of plants , draw severall kinds of juyces , out of one , and the same soyle , i much question : as that bitter plants ( rue , wormwood , and the like ) draw the bitter juyce of the earth , and the sweeter kinds as ( roses , flowers , &c. ) draw the sweeter juyce . for can it be immagined that there are so many kinds of juyces in the earth , as there are severall kinds of trees , and plants , so that every one should draw only its proper , and peculiar nourishment ? may it not upon better grounds be said , that many trees and plants growing neere together in a piece of ground , though they draw all of them one and the same juyce , yet they convert , & assimilate the same , every one into its owne specifique nature . we see that in a little garden , where there are ( it may be ) divers hundreds ( or thousands ) of distinct plants , trees , flowers , herbs , and simples , they growing all upon one , and the same soyle , do convert the juyce , and fatnesse of it into their severall natures : by the same law in nature as severall kinds of grafts upon one tree , drawing one and the same sap , do turne that one kind of nourishment , into their severall natures , whereby they bring forth ( as we see by experience ) distinct , and severall kinds of fruits , made of the same single juyce , or sap of the tree whereon they all grow : this they would do if there were all or many kinds of apples grafted upon one great crab-tree , and so of peare-trees , cherry-trees , and the like , upon their owne kinds : though multitudes of distinct kinds of grafts , draw one and the same sap , yet every one changes it into its owne nature ; and why should it not be so also with severall plants drawing one and the same juyce out of the earth ? so that i cannot conceive that those things mentioned , ( or the like ) if try'd , would succeed to the purpose : viz that rue , set by a fig-tree , will make the figs tast sweeter ; or garlike set by rose-trees , will make roses smell sweeter ; or sorrell set by rasps , will make the rasps sweeter , and the like : because severall , or contrary kinds of plants , meete not with severall kinds of juyces in the same soyle , ( sh●ll we think there are hundreds , or thousands of severall juyces in one garden ) though they draw the same juyce they convert it , and assimilate it into their severall natures , accord●ng to the inna●e , and intrins●call forme●hat every one hath , as was said before of severall kinds of grafts upon one tree . the altering of the sent , colour , or tast of fruit , by infusing , mixing or letting into the bark , or root● of the tree , herb , or flower , any coloured , ar●maticall , or medicinall substance ; are but fancies : all alteration of vegetables , in those qu●lities must be by somewhat that is apt to go into the nourishment of the plant. divers authours ( in their books of planting fruit-trees ) have given severall directions for the altering of the sent , colour , and tast , of fruits ; but none of them from any well grounded experience . many particulers are mentioned , and set downe at large : ( with reasons , and experience against them ; that men may not be deceived by them , and loose their t●me , cost , and labour about such fancies ) see pag. 91 , 92. &c. of the treatise of fruit-trees . but as this authour sa●es well , the l●keliest way to make herbs , and fruits medicinable , and to give them a good relish is the often watring of the tree , or plant with that substance , which we desire they should pert●ke of , for this is certaine , ( and we see it by manifest experience ) that plants , and fruits of trees , do somewhat tast , and partake of the nature , and virtues of that kind of nourishment which they continually draw . as if trees grow upon a low , m●ist , watrish ground , the fruits will be more spongy , and watrish , then the same kinds of fruits , where the trees g●ow upon a dry , sandy , soyle : so if cabbages , turneps , carr●ts , and such like , grow in a rancke soyle , full of fil●h , and dung , they have a virtue , and relish accordingly , not halfe so swee●e , and pleasant , as the same kinds growing upon pure mo●ld , or sweet sandy soyle : so here , if men think it worth the while , if they judge it will answer their labour , cost , and time , to water fruit-trees , herbs , plants , and flowers , with aromaticall , and medicinall substances : infusions of cinamon , ginger , cloves , mace , and such like spices , to give a pleasant relish , or ( for physicall respects ) with hell●bore , opium , scammony &c. if they can afford to give them enough from time to time , of these things , ( wa●ring their roots abundantly therewith ) why then its probable such plants will somewhat pert●ke of their virtues : but as for slitting of their roots , or perforating the body of the tree , and infusing the medicine , or ste●ping the s●ede , or kernell , in s●me liquor wherein the m●dicine is infus●d , these i account a● good as nothing ; not only for that the virtues cannot be commun●ca●ed , or trans●used by this meanes , but also because , though they we●e carried to all the par●s of tree● , and plants , yet su●h , ●mall quantities would be indiscernable , the effect would be as nothing at all . the vi . century . it is a curiosity to have severall fruits upon one tree : some early , and s●m● late , ripe fruits all s●mm●r . this is done by grafting s●verall ●ruits upon one tree : but i conceive the diversity of fruits must be such as w●ll graf● upon the same stocke , not contrary kinds . it is true , ( as the authour saies ) that severall fruits may be graf●ed , or inoculated upon one tree , some early , and some late ; but yet ( as he also observes ) they must be of such as will take , and grow together , as many ●inds of appl●s , upon one tree , so of peares , and of ch●rries among thems●lves , and the l●ke : and it is not true which some authours have written , that cherries , and plums , figgs , nuts , peaches , and such like , will grow together upon one tree . yet a book , intituled the country farme ( composed by some doctors of physicke , and other inexperienced men ) is full of such odde conceits , pag. 360 , 361 , &c. it is a curi●sity to have fruits of divers shapes , and figures● this is easily performed by moulding them when the fruit is young , with moulds of earth or wood , ●f severall shapes on the inner side , as it is in mould workes of liquid thing●● let the moulds be made partible in the middle , that they may be opened . also trees , or fruits may be with inscriptions , and engravings upon them , by writing with a n●edle , or bodkin , or knife , when the trees , and fruits are young , and as they grow greater , so the letters , or figures will be more plaine . if men be not content with the naturall forme of fruits , they may ( if they have so much leasure to sp●re ) put them into moulds as is said , to make them of an artificiall forme ; as for inscriptions , figures● and shapes upon fruit trees , that is ( as the authour saies ) performed by scoring through the ba●ke with the poynt of a knife , in the spring , or summer , what letters● or words , or figures a man pleaseth , which as the tree growes , will become more plaine , and discernable , and that for many yeares after : i use to make a letter , or two , or three , or more upon all young trees that i graft , whereby to know the severall kinds of fruits , ( or if any be stolen and found againe , they may thereby be knowne ) and i have perceived the letters plainely nine , or ten yeares after , or more . but as for the prescriptions of some authours about these things they are vaine , and ridiculous : who direct to write upon the kernell● of seeds , that we sow , and set , and upon the buds that we inoculate what letters , or shape we please , and the fruits coming thereof , will have the sam● upon them , see hereof treatise of fruit-trees pag. 97. you may have trees apparelled with flowers , or herbs , by boring holes in the bodies of them , and putting into them good mould , and setting slips , or ●owing seeds therein , those roots of a more ligneous nature , will perhaps inco●porate with the tree it selfe . this is a curiosity indeed , which may be done ( as the authour saies ) by m●king h●les in trees , and putting in good mould ; care must be taken to make them slopewaies , with the bottome downewards ; that so both mould , and moisture may keepe in them , about the roots of things that are set . but yet i should be loath to spoyle a good tree thus , for it must needs make it rot , and perish in a certaine time : howsoever , for one , or two of indifferent kinds , it may ra●her be admitted , for satis●action in this curiosity . beauty in flowers is their preheminence , it is observed , that gilly-flowers , violets , &c. that are coloured , if they be negl●cted , and not watred , nor n●w moulded , nor tra●splanted , will turne white : and its probable , that the white with much cultur● , may turne colour●d . i doubt not but that the flowers aforementioned , and diver● o●her ●inds , will not only l●o●e the beauty of their colo●rs , if they be not sometimes removed into new , and b●tter mould , but also that they will in time change from double , to single ; or else be much ●mal●r , then they will be in fr●sh● strong mould . therefore , every o●her yeare , at least , let the mou●d be cha●ged , more or lesse : lay about all their roots , some good , fresh , bla●k mould● and that we may have every ye●re new , young roots , and t●at the best kinds ma● be i●creased , the slips must be laid in s●mmer ; as i shall here shew how , though it be a co●mon thing , and well knowne amongst many , yet ●or the sake of those tha●●now it not , and desire it . i shall brie●ly speak of it . about the beginning of iuly , ( and for six , or seaven wee●es afterwards ) s●ips may be laid thus . observe the fairest , and bigg●st slips upon the roots , and with a sharp kni●e , cut halfe way through the sl●p , on the out side , neere to the bottome , just from a joynt , and cut the sl●p upwards , through the middle of it , about halfe an inch , ( or little more ) in leng●h ; then with a small hook stick f●sten the cut part downe into the mould , yet so as that the slip be not bro●en , or parted from the roo●e wherein it growes : so do to the rest of the sl●ps upon the same roote , or to as many as you please : having so done , then mould them all up , with f●esh mould , that is , cover all the c●t parts on every side with mould , then water them , and presse the mould close about them , and so let them rest . afterwards , in a month , or five weekes t●ese slips ( so laid ) will have taken roote , ( especially if their mould have beene watred now and then ) then they may be c●t off from the old root , and ●aken up , and so set againe in fr●sh , good mould , prepared in the garden plat for that purpose : or else they may be let alone untill the spring after , and then set : these young , vigorous roots , set in good mould , and watred ( now , and then ) with ●at water , will have large ●lowers : especially if in iune we break off , most of their buds , and suffer only some few six , or eight , or ten flowers upon a root , these the root will easily maintaine , and each of them will have the more nourishment , then when they are suffered to spindle up as many as nat●re will , such must needs be smaller flowers , the root being overburdened . the clove-gilly-flower , is of all other the best , for use , it is well knowne how usefull they are to make syrups , which a●e very cordiall : they are good for sallets , prepared with sugar , to use all the yeare long : and have the best smell of any other ; therefore increase these , as much as may be , not only of slips ( for sl●ps of these will grow without laying● better then o● other kind of ●lowers ) but lay many of them also for more certain●y . and among these preferre those which are largest , and of the deepest colour , and those that are without hornes ( as they call them ) they also are increased of seede , as other kinds● i have been the larger upon this particular , ( and somewhat digressed from the experiment , which chiefly concerned c●lour ) because hereupon mainly depends the goodn●sse , and flourishing of a garden , as to these k●nds of flowers ; for if we know not the best way to propagate flowers , nor to plant , and order them being prepa●ed , the garden will be but poore . whites are more inodorate ( for the most part ) then flow●rs of the same kind coloured : we find also that blossomes of trees that are white , are commo●ly inodorate , as cherries , peares , plum● . whereas those of apples , crabs , almonds , and peaches , are blush● , and smell sweete . i conceive this experiment was not throughly we●ghed , and try'd : for to my observation white flowers , have ( generally ) as much smell , as those coloured : to i●stance in the white rose , the ordinary k●●d , and the white musk rose , i suppose they have as much smell ( especially the musk ro●e ) as red roses , or provosts , or velvet , or ma●ble , and some other coloured kinds yea and more too : and as for some white flowers , as the white lilly , and some other kinds , their smell is more full● and ranck then many red , or other colo●red flowers : and for blossomes of trees , some that are white , smell as much , as some that are red , or coloured , for what smell hath the double blossome peach-fllower , or the nectrin , or any kind of peach blossomes , which are all coloured excellentl● ) more then the blossomes of peare-tree , ch●rry , or plum-tree , which a●e said to be inodorate : so that i conceive there ●ust be ●ome othe●cause found out , why some flowers , and b●●●s●m●s ●m●ll n●t , ( or smell not so much as some others ) then th●t whic● is assigned ; viz : the thinn●sse , or sc●ntn●sse of that substanc● w●ich m●keth the flower is not the cause wh● some flowers and blos●●m●s ●m●ll not , so much as others : the same is the cause why some flowers , and fruits are bigger then others , and of a better tast then o●hers ; which proceeds ( undo●b●edly ) from the speci●ique , or d●stinct intrinsecall forme , of each particular plant , which the god of nat●re hath fixed in it as a law , which nature never violates , but keeps in all kinds of creatures . contrariwise in berries the white is commonly more delicate , and sweete in tast , then the coloured ; as we see in white-grapes , white-ra●ps , white strawberries , currants &c. the cause is , for that the c●loured are more juyced , and courser juyced , and therefore not so well , and ●qually concocted . but in fruits the white commonly is meaner , as in plums , the white ha●vest plum is a base plum , the musle , damaze●ne , and other black plums , are of the best &c. this proves what was last said to be true , viz. that it is the speci●icall forme of every plant , that causeth the difference of tasts in fruits , and smell in flowers . for we see by experie●ce that ●ome white kinds of flowers , fruits , berries &c. are sweeter , and better in smell , and tast , then some others of coloured kinds : and that likewise some o●her coloured kinds of flowers , fruits , and berries , a●●sw●et●r , and better then some white k●nds : so that it is a hard matter to find out the particular cause , and give a distinct rea●●n , of the differences of particu●ars , though men may venture a● it . gilly-●l●wer seede of one kind , being sewen , will c●me up of severall colours : the cau●e is ( no doubt ) that in earth though it be contiguous , and in one bed , there are severall juyces ; and ●s the seede doth casually meete with them , so it cometh forth . it is true , that gilly-flowerseede of one kind sowen , will bring up severall kinds : some double , and some single : but i much doubt whether it be , for that the seede me●ts with severall juyces in one bed of earth : for can it be imagined that two , or three very small seeds , that lye as close together as can be , in the earth , should draw severall juyces , from the very selfe same mould , so as to cause them to vary in the colour of the flowers ? may it not rather be said , it is from a law in nature , which god of his generall bounty to us , hath put into it ; though we stand not in absolute necessity of them , yet in that he gives us such variety , and ch●i●e ? but for men to find out , and shew a particular cause in nature , of this variety , will be as hard to do , as to shew a cause why severall kinds of grafts , upon one tree , drawing one and the selfe same sap , do yet bri●g forth different fruits ; other then to say , they keepe their severall natures , and so convert the same sap into severall kinds of fruits . and why may not the same be said of severall seeds , and roots , in one bed , drawing the same juyce of the earth ? concerning sowing of gilly flower seede , i advise those that sow it : first , to gather it from the fairest , and best clove-gilly-flower , and that i● be full ripe , ere it be g●thered , which is , when it is turned black● also seede may be g●thered from other double flowers , some commend especially the london white , others , a flower cald the old mans head● and say the greatest varieties c●me from these ; some are for one , and some for another , but so it is , that most will be single fl●wers from the best seede : but doubtlesse there is much in the ground in which the seede is sowen ; if it be poore soyle , they are more like to be more single , then if the ground be speciall rich mould ; for ( as was said ) barren ground , as it makes flower●small , so sometimes in it , they turne from double to single , so it may be said as to the seede when sowen . it is a curiosity to have flowers double , which is effected by often removing them into new earth , as on the contrary part double flowers , by neglecting , and not removing , prove single . and the way to do it speedily , is to sow , or set seeds , or slips of flowers , and as soone as they c●m● up to remove them into new ground , that is good . enquire also wh●ther inoculating of flowers ( as stock-gilly-flowers , roses , musk-roses &c. ) doth not make them double . for the first part of ●his experiment , to make flowers double , or fairer , it is a good rule , as the authour hath set downe , especially if withall we observe the directions given in the observation to the 50●experim●nt , in breaking off some of the buds , and st●ms , and letting some few grow , to be fl●wers . concerning inoculating of flowers ( stock gilly flowers , or any other kind ) i know no such thing , and believe it is but a fancy , for having heard of it , i have considered of the matter , and cannot find , nor apprehend what it is that should be inoculated ; there are no buds , nor any thing like a bud , to be taken off for that purpose : and i have spoken with divers who have had skill in fl●wers ; and they have said they have heard of such a thing , but have never seene any thing thereof in experience . there are ●hree other waies sufficient for the propagation of flowers , which are , by seede , by slips , and by layers , but by laying is by far the best , as is shewed at large , in the observation to the 506. experiment . but as for inoculating roses , ( musk r●se , and all other kinds ) that is very commo● , and sure ; yet as to the intent of the authour , viz. ( to make them double ) it succeeds not : and he himselfe hath given the reason , truly , upon another occ●sion : that is , all buds , and grafts , rule , and keepe their owne natures , and so change not , neither as to the making ros●s more double● or better then they were before , nor as to the bettering of any f●uit : as hath beene shew'd heretofore . the m●king of fruits without core , or stone , is likewise a curiosity ; if a cions , or shoote , have the pith finely taken forth , ( and not altog●ther , but some of it left , the better to save the life , it will beare a fruit with little , or no core , or stone . the like is said to be of dividing a quick tree downe to the ground , and taking out the pu● , a●d then binding it up againe . these prescriptions for making f●uits without core , or stone , i canno● think are from this worthy authour , but they are such as are set downe by others , which i have seene : and they are as weake , and groundlesse conceits as many other things asserted by them , about chang●ing the species of fruits : and making them of an aromatique , and pleasant tast , and altering the colour of fruits , and such like co●ceits : the variety of which ( i suppose ) hath beene sufficiently laid open in a late treatise of fruit-trees : see there errors discovered pag. 91 92. &c. for , let this thing be a little considered , and it will appeare to any man that has but halfe an eye , to be vaine : suppose a shoote , or graft ( as is here said ) be cloven , and all , or most of the pith taken out , and ad●it such a one be grafted , ( or any way set in the ground , so as to take roote ) and grow● yet we know all the bark and buds , are as they were before ; the taking out of the pith makes no alteration at all , more , or lesse ; we know , in all the buds that are inoculated not only all the pi●h , but also all the wood is cast away ; and no●hing made use of but only the buds , and bark of any young shoote ; and yet wee see by continuall experience what the effect i● ; that these buds bring for●h the same fruits , as the trees from which they were taken . and if a * young tree were divided , and the pith taken out , from the top to the roote ( as is said ) there is lesse reason , ( if lesse can be ) that that should work this eff●ct ; because all the side twigs , ( if it have any ) would have pith st●ll , and if it have none , or if the pith were taken out of all ; yet we know the increase of the tree , must be still from the buds ; which have the same nature in them , as grafts , or buds inoculated . it is very probable , that any sower fruit , grafted upon a stock that beareth a sweeter fruit , may both make the fruit sweeter , and more voyd of the harsh matter of the kernells , or seeds . it is reported , that not only taking out the pith , but the stopping of the juy●e of the pith , from rising in the midst , and turning it to rise o● the outside , will make the fruit , withou● core or stone . the rule is generall ; that whatsoever will make a wild tree , a gard●n tree , will make a garden tree to have lesse core , or stone . it is true , that a sower fruit grafted upon a stock of a sweeter kind , will make the fruit somewhat sweeter ; yet so as that the graft still governs , ( as this authour elsewhere hath said ) and as experience proves ; b●t the fruits will have k●rn●lls , and seeds , as before . as for taking out the pith , or stopping the juyce of the pith , it is all one , as to this intention . concerning the generall rule in the 517 experiment i know nothing that will make a wild tree , a garden tree , but grafting it with good kinds of grafts ; and i am sure grafting will not make any fruit to have lesse core , or stone . plants for want of culture degenerate to be baser in the same kind ; and sometim●s to change into another kind . 1. by standing long unremoved . 2. by drought , and drynesse of the earth . 3. by the barrennesse of the earth , removing plants into worse mould , or forbearing to renew , and help the ground with dung , or fresh mould . it hath been (a) said , that violets , and some other flowers , will change from double to single , or change in colour , when the mould wherein they grow , becomes barren , and hartl●sse , through neglect ; which is the same in substance with all the three particulars mentioned in the experiment . therefore there is need of some fresh mould from yeare to yeare , for the preserving of flowers in their perfection . see hereof at large , experiment 506. and 510. whatsoever fruit useth to be set upon a roote , or slip , if it be sowen , will d●generate : and most of those fruits that use to be grafted , if th●y be set of kernells , or stones , degenerate . it is true , that peaches do better upon stones set , then upon grafting : and the rule of exception should seeme to be this ; that whatsoever plant requireth much moisture , prospereth better upon the stone , or kernell , then upon the graft ; for the stock though it giveth a finer nourishment , yet it giveth a scanter than the earth at large . the reason why fruits that come of seede , or stones , do degenerate ( for the most part ) and become worse then the fruits out of which the seede was taken , i conceive to be this ; fruits that come of seede , or stones , do partake both of the graft , and of the stock of that tree from which they were taken ; so that although the graft was of a speciall good , and choice kind , yet the stock whereon it was engrafted being a crabtree , ( or some other wild kind of fruit-tree ) the seede participates of both graft , and stock , and so brings forth a mungrell fruit , between them both : for although grafts governe , ( as hath beene said ) and may be said to bring forth the same kinds , yet so as that the stock hath some influence into the fruits , according to the goodn●sse , or badnesse of the stock . but now : in case the tree from which seeds , or stones are taken , be an ungrafted tree , one that came of seede it selfe , then i doubt not but that the seede of that tree , will bring forth the very same kinds againe , without any alteration . as to that the authour saies concerning peaches ; that they come better of stones then grafting ; i suppose there is a mistake in this : for although it be true , that some peaches will come good of seede ; yet doubtlesse not better , then by inoculating , ( they take not with grafting ) for we see by constant experience , that peach buds set upon good stocks , will bring forth the very sam● , as the trees from which they were cut ; if the rest of their culture , and ordering be the same , or as good . and as for some that have come of stones , i have observ'd they have beene none of the best : many that have come of stones have beene starke nought ; though some have beene good . and why peaches , or any other kind of fruit , should be thought to come better of stones , or s●eds , then by grafting , or inoculating , i apprehend not any reason : as for that which is given ; that the stock giveth a scanter nourishment , then the earth at large ; let it be considered : the twigs and branches of a peach tree , ( or any other tree that came of seede , or stones ) they receive sap , and nourishment from a stem , or body , and roote , as w●ll as if the tree were engrafted ; the twigs , and branches of an ingrafted tree , have as free and full nourishment , ( without any obstruction ) as the branches of a●ungrafted tree ; the branches of a grafted tree , have no finer nourishment , no●scanter , then the branches of an ungrafted tr●● : for we know , the roote , and body of a graf●ed tree , and of an ungrafted tree , are alike : and the earth is as free , to the one , as to the other . it is reported● that a good strong canvas , spread over a tree , grafted low , soone after it putteth forth , will dwarfe it , and make it spread : the cause is plaine , for that all things grow , as they find roome . it is true ( as is said ) that cloth sometimes spread over a tree grafted low , ( and suffered to lye on for a time ) will cause it to spread much ; and that this may be improved for our use , and benifit , this may be done : to plant some few cherry trees , plum trees , or other kinds , grafted low , and caused to spread much , and kept from rising up , by this meanes , keep the earth bare , cleane from weeds , grasse , or any thing growing under , or about them : such trees ( if they be good kinds ) will beare much and fairer fruits , then high trees : the reflection of heate from the earth , will be almost as strong , as from a wall . and the fruits may be kept long , growing upon the trees ; even till after september , or october . for if a cloth be sometimes , in hot weather , spread over them , and moistned , it will keep the fruits from ripening too soone : ( yet shade them not too much , lest they come not to full ripenesse ) afterwards , the fruits being ripe , some old canvas haire-cloth , ( or such like ) may be spread over them , to preserve the fruits from birds , and may be so kept long ; ( look that snailes eate them not ) or else a net may be spread over such trees , to preserve the fruits : i have knowne faire cherries upon trees towards the middle of october . i conceive the great bearing cherry , or other late ripe , tart cherries , to be the best to keepe long , in this manner : such are more hardy then other kinds ; cherries very late , are as great rarities , as those that are early . trees are generally set of roots , or kernells ; but if you set them of slips ( as the mulberry &c. ) they will grow , and those ( as is reported ) will be dwarfe trees ; the cause is , for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly , then either a roote , or kernell . mulberry-tree slips , and some other kinds of trees that will grow of slips , may be made dwarfe trees , if we will order them accordingly , that is ; if we suffer all the side branches to grow : or such slips ( taking roote ) may be made high trees , in time , if we cut off all the side branches , and preserve only the middle , straight shoote . but indeed at first , for certaine yeares , they must needs be dwarfe trees , untill they can rise higher , which in time they will do , if they take roote well , and the ground be good . in clay grounds , all fruit-trees grow full of mosse , both upon body , and boughes : which is caused partly by the coldnesse of the ground , whereby the plants nourish lesse : and partly by the toughnesse of the earth , whereby the sap is shut in &c. we see by experience , that trees growing upon cold , and moist grounds , or clay , grav●ll , barr●n grounds , do generally breed moss● , which is caused , ( as the authour s●ies ) by the coldnesse and scantn●sse of the nour●shment : and therefore there is neede ( besides the scraping off of the mosse ) to lay the roots of fruit-trees as dry as may be in such moist grounds , by tre●ching , or otherwise , and also to bring in some soyles to make the g●ound b●tter , and warmer , as much as may be . it is to be noted● that ( commonly ) trees that ripen their fruits latest , do blossome soonest . s●me fruit-trees indeed which bring forth their fruits to perfect●on , and ripenesse , late in the yeare , do blossome early ; as having neede of the heate of the sunne to ripen them , all the sommer : but some other kinds blossome early , and ripen the●r fruits also ea●ly ; as may cherry trees , the premorden●plum , also the mirabilon plum-tree blossomes exceeding early , and the tree brings forth his fruit early . i have got ripe plums from this tree about the beginning of iuly , which is early for plums . there be fruits , ( but rar●ly , ) that come twice a yeare , as some peares , strawberries &c. roses beare twice , but it is not wit●out cutting . the winsor peare-tree does blossome and beare fruits twice in the year● , some yeares : but the second bearing i cou●d never see worth the ga●hering , for they are poore , small , hard fruits , not worth any thing . i have seen cherries twice in the yeare upon one and the same tree , an early flanders , which i set upon a very warme southwall , bore ripe cherries about the twenteth of may , and the same tree bore a couple of ripe cherries afterwards , the one about the sixth of octob●r , the other a fortnight after . strawberries ordinarily beare twice a y●are , though but few the second time . as for rose-trees , some damask roses , and some provosts beare a second time , the same yeare , though but few , if cut soone after the first bearing in the full moone . but besides , there is a rose-tree , called the monthly ro●e , which beares roses untill the coldnesse of the winter stop it , about november . nothing procureth the lasting of tr●es , bushes , and he●bs , so much as oft●n cutting , for every cutting causeth a renovation of the juyce of the plant , that is neither go●th so farre , nor riseth so faintly , as when the plant is not cut . this is to be considered in cutting of trees , else insteed of making them last longer , we shorten their lives . that i● , that we so cut them that the wet , and moisture get not into their bodies , which in certaine yeares will ●ot , and spoyle them : as we see in many pollard trees , which are hollow all along their bodies : and many fruit-trees , having had their heads cut off , when they were great trees , and grafted againe ; we see the wet , and moisture gets in at the top , before the grafts can cover the head , and rots the tree , which can never grow great after , nor last long , but rot● , and decayes in few ye●res . whereas trees that are sound , fruit-trees , and all other kinds , must needs last much longer : yet as to cutting of side branches , and all supe●fluous branches . ( which are not great ) that conduceth to the lasting of trees , as giving the more plentifull , and vig●rous nourishment to those that are left , and to the whole body . the vii . century . qvinces , or apples if you will keepe them long , drowne them in honey , but because honey ( perhaps ) will give them a tast overlushious , it were good to make tryall in powder of sugar , or in ●yrrup of wine only boyled to height . as for keeping of apples , keeping them in honey , or sugar , would be too costly : some pippins , and iohn apples , will ( of themselves ) last till new come againe : its good then to get such kinds , that we may have for use all the yeare long● without charge in keeping . and for keeping quinces , they are kept long in pickle , made of the pa●ings , and cores● of those that are used for marmalade , well boyled in water , with salt , and ginger . or a better way ( as some account ) is to ●eepe them in small ale , a penny a gallon , and to draw i● off , once in ten , or twelve da●es , and put in f●esh ; thus it s said they will last two yeares . take grapes , and hang them in an empty v●ss●ll , well stopped , and s●t the v●ss●ll , not in a cellar , but in some dry place , and its said th●y will last lo●g . grapes will keepe for some short time , in this manner , as hath been said : but when cold moist aire towards winter comes on , they will begin to mould , and ●ot ; i have kept some in glasse , as close stop● with cork● , and wax , as i could , supposing the exclusion of aire , had been best , but though they were good certaine weekes , yet afterwards they began to perish : i account it better to hang the bunches in a kitchin , or some warme roome , where fire is much kept , that so some of their supe●fl●ous moisture may be a little dryed up ; i have kept them thus many weekes . for though the aire be much shut out from them in any v●ss●ll , yet that a●re that is shut in with them and their owne naturall moisture , will cause putrefaction ; therefore there is neede of some degree of warmth , with dryn●sse : cut off some of the wood with the bunches , and cover them with paper from dust , and hang them up . also a vine branch full of ripe grapes , may be drawne in at a window , and nailed up , upon the w●ll or ●eeling , letting the br●nch grow still to the vine , thus they will keepe long . the juyces of fruits are either watry , or oylie : i reckon amongst the watry , all the fruits out of which drinke is expressed , as the grape , the apple , the peare , the cherry , the pome-granate &c. and th●re are some others which though they be not in use for drinke , yet they appeare to be of the same nature , as plums , mulberries , services , rasps &c. and for those juyces that are so fleshy as they cannot make drinke by expression ( yet perhaps they may make drinke by mixture of water . and some of the watry juyces , after they have gathered spirit , will burn● , and inflame , as wine . concerning the juyces of apples , peares , and cherries , these are well knowne , and much in use , and esteeme : the two former with us in england , and all of them in other parts ; and we might have wine of cherries , as plentifull in england , as it is beyond-sea , if men would but plant store of cherry trees , of the best kinds , such as are fittest for this purpose : as the morello-cherry , the charoone , the black-hart , and other k●nds which have a pleasant tast , the j●yce of which is of a deepe red colour : these would make a delicate wine , especially for sommer time ; and which will last also all the yeare ; as i have heard it credibly spoken , by a worthy gentleman , who dranke good cherry wine , of a twelve month old . a● for cider , and perry , these liquors ( especially cider ) begin to be better knowne to us , in some parts where they have scarce beene heretofore : and doubtlesse when men are better acquainted with them , and know their good properties , and virtues , in reference to health , and long●life , they will be more diligent in planting fruit-trees , such as are best , and fittest for this purpose . as the pear●-maine , pippin , g●nnet-moyle , redstreake , and such like ; whi●h make cider better then french-winds . concerning the manner of making cider , and perry , with the k●eping , and o●dering of it , i have spoken at large in my treati●e ●f fruit-trees : see , the use of fruits pag. 77. a● for plums , it is affirmed , that there may be made an excellent wine out of them , and also aquavitae , of those that are sweete , fat plum● , as musle plums , damson● &c. and though the juyce be too thi●k of it selfe for that purpose , yet water , cider , or some other liquor , may be mixed therewi●h , which being put up into the ves●ell ; some honey , yest , ( or the like ) must be mixed , to cause it to wo●ke . it hath beene noted , that m●st trees , ( and specially those that beare mast ) are ●●ui●full but once in two yea●es . the cause ( no doubt ) is the expence of s●p ; for many orchard trees , well cul●ured , will be●re divers y●ares together . some fruit-trees beare store of fruits but once in two yeares ; and i conceive it to be as naturall so to do , as to beare such , or such a k●●d of fruit . and others are observed to beare store of f●uits e●●●y yeare , constantly ; unlesse ( perhaps ) in some extreame blast●●g spring , which spoyles ( in a manner ) all : but for many ye●●es t●gether , eve●y yea●e , s●me are knowne to beare frui●s exceeding full in the same ground , and with the same culture , as those that beare but each other yeare : so that we see the expence of sa● , in the ●●aring yeare , is not the only cause that trees bea●e not the next yeare ●●ter ; fo● some that expend as much sap , do yet beare the next yeare after , as full as before : so then , let care be taken , to ●h●se graf●s from those trees that we see by experience are the best , and m●st const●n● b●arers ; and b●st fruits . the g●●at●r part of t●ees beare most , and best , on the lower boughes ; but some beare b●st on the t●p b●ughes . those that beare b●st below , are ●u●h as shade doth more good to , then hurt : for g●n●rally all fruits bea●e b●st l●west , b●cau●e the sap tireth not , having but a short way ; and the●efore in f●uits spread upon walls , the low●st are the greatest . to my observation , apple-trees , peare trees , cherry-trees &c. that are good bearers , they beare all over alike . and generally all fruit●t●ees in these par●s , h●ve need enough of the sunne , and beare better in the ●unne , then in the sh●d● ; but indeed as to wall-t●ees , most commonly we see most fruits upon the lower boughes , and * side●boughes , and the reason i apprehend to be this : not the tiring of the sap , in its going to the top branches ; for the sap is too vigorous , and too plentifull , in the top boughes , and thence it is we alwaies see the fairest , and greatest shoots towards the top of all w●ll-trees , and commonly of all other trees . but the cause why the lower boughes , and side branches , have usually more fruit , then the top branches , i conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards , in greatest plenty , and runneth forth into shoots , and branches : n●w nat●re being so intent , and vigorously active in one work ( viz. increase of the tree in those branches ) it doth not put forth it selfe , at the same time , in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches . but now , as to the lower boughes , and side-branches , there na●ure is at work , but in a r●misse , and weaker d●gree , as to the increase of the branches , such grow but little , because the sap is somewhat obstructed , and curbed by bowing the branches downewards , and so does attend to the other work also , viz. the bearing of fruits . and the truth of this is made more evident , if we consider the same thing in all young trees : we know young apple-trees , peare-trees , and the like , when , and while they grow , and increase exceedingly in all the parts , shooting forth great , large , strong shoots , and branches , they beare but littl● fruit , or none at all : but af●er certaine yeares , when they grow not so much , when they shoute l●ss● , then they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly there be trees that bear● best when th●y begin to be old ; as almonds , peares , vines , and all trees that give mast. the cause is , for that all trees that beare mast , have an oylie fruit : and young trees have a more watry juyce and lesse concocted . but the most part of trees : amongst which are apples , plums &c. bear● best when they are young . pear●-trees , apple-trees , plum● and cherry trees , if they be good ●earing kinds naturally , after they are three , or foure yeares grow●h ( and some sooner ) do all beare store of fruits , untill they be extreame old , and in a decaying , dying condi●ion ; and there●ore in planting of fruit-trees , be sure to procure those kinds that are knowne by experience to be good bearers , and good fruits , and such will beare well , both when they are young , and when they are old , untill extreame age . were i to plant an orchard , or garden of fruit-trees , and might have trees at hand , freely , for nothing , of indifferent , common kinds , a●d but ind●fferent beare●s , i would ra●her ch●●e to fetch ●hose tha● are choice kinds , and speciall bearers one hundred or two hundred miles ( if they could not be had neerer ) and there pay deare for them too , besides all other charges , then take those at hand , for when men plant fruit-●r●es , it is not for a f●w ye●●es , but fo●sev●rall generations : therefore take speciall care to have the b●st kinds , for bearing , and for r●lish , or tast : that is the foundation of the work , the principall thing in planting . now when fruit-trees are growen to extreame old age , and therefore be●re but little , this m●y be done ; which will make them ( as it were ) young againe , for certaine yeares , and to beare exc●eding much fruit year●ly : that is , cut off their head● , or big bough●s , not straight over , but a slope , that so raine , and moisture may not rest ●pon the top , to rot it : these great boughes will ( the next sommer ) put forth many young shoots ; which may be inoculated the same sommer , or grafted the spring after , with speciall bearing kinds : and these old bodies h●ving young heads ( which draw sap vigorously ) will be much refreshed thereby : and such trees will beare store of fruits many yeares after . the ro●ts of trees do ( some of them ) put down●-wards , deep into the ground ; as the oake , pine , fi●re & c● some spread more towards the surface of the earth ; as the ash , cypresse-tree , olive &c. the ca●se of this l●●●r may be , for that such trees as lov● the sunne do not willi●gly d●scend farre into the earth . it is true , the roots of oak● trees , and some other kinds , shoot d●wne deeper into the earth , then ash-trees , and some other ●●ees : may not the r●ason be ( why some put their roots de●per then others ) b●c●●se those trees have gr●ater , and larger bodies , then others : a●d nature layes the foundation answerable to what is to be set upon it : now o●kes being the greatest trees , nature is wise enough ( acco●ding to a law god ha●h put into it ) to make the roote or foundation answerable : o●he●wise i conceive , the roots of all trees would be as neere the top of the groun● as may be , as loving the sun , as having an absolute need of it in order to their growth ; and i am perswaded , that the appetite of the spirit , in all ●●ees whatsoever , ( one as well as another ) is upwards , and not downewards , and never exerts it selfe down●-wards , but upon necessity : and in order , or in subordination , to the growth of the body of the tree , above ground . it hath been observed , that a branch of a tree , being unbarked some space at the bo●tome , and so set into the ground , even of such trees as if the barke were set on , they would not grow , yet contrariwise we see that a tree ●ared round in the body , above gr●und , will dye : the cause may be , for that the unbarkt part draweth the nourishment best , but the barke continueth it only . it is true●some branches that are unbark't at the bottome , and set in the ground will grow : of some kinds of apple-trees ; as the quodling , nursgarden , moyse , and some other kinds , that have soft barks● not because , ( not i suppose the sooner ) for that the branch is unbark't , for such will grow of cutting● , or slips , though they be not at all unbark't , and those that be unbark't and grow , it is not the unbark't par● that draweth nourish ne●t best , nor th●t draweth it at all ; but the roots put forth from the barke , even at the very edge of the cut part , and also some breake out of the bark where it is not cut , as we see in those branches of trees from which we get roots while they grow upon the tree , by disb●●king of them , an inch round , and tying mould about : see how , at large , treatis● of fruit-trees . p. 136. the grafting of vines upon vines ( as i take it ) is not now in use ; the ancients had it , and that th●ee waies : the first was insition , which is the ordinary manner of grafting . the second was terebra●ion through the middle of the stocke● and putting in the cions there . and the third was , p●ring of two vines , that grow together , to the marrow , and binding them close . i have tryed severall waies , to graft vines : by cleving , or insition , ( as the author calls it ) and also by pari●g two vines , the stock , and graft , on two sides , which is my usuall , and best way of grafting other fruit-trees , but neither took effect : so that i am perswaded those fruit-trees that are so easily propagated by other meanes , as by laying downe the branches , into the earth , and by cuttings , that these will not take with grafting , or inoculating as vines , mulberries &c. i have tryed many experiments about mu●berries , both for grafting , and inoculating , ●pon severall kinds of stock● , and yet none succeeded : but mulberries are increased by laying downe the branches , and by cutting , as vines are : so that i conceive this grafting , mentioned by some ancient authors , is but a conceit of theirs , ( a grafting in the braine ) insteed of a reall exp●riment , like multitudes of other things recorded by some who ( its probable by what they say ) had no experimentall knowledge , in the things they spake . as for ma●uration of fruits , it is effected by heate , motion , attract●on ; and by a rudiment of putrefaction , for the inception of putrefaction , hath in it a maturation . concerning the maturation or speedy ripe●ing or concocting of fruits , all kinds of heate ( as the author saies ) hastneth it faster , or slower , according to the degree of heate : as we see by experience , apples , or peares laid upon a heape together ( being newly gathered ) they m●llow , and rip●n faster then if they lay single , at distance one f●om another . al●o apples covered in lime , hay● straw , &c. will be m●ll●w , in a short time ; but the most speedy way to ripen hard fruits , and to abate the grosse tartnesse of them , is the common experiment by a gentle heate before the fire , or in an oven after bread is drawen . so we see ( as the a●thor obse●ves ) if fruits are eate with wasps , hornets , bird● &c. some part of them , the rest sweeten , and rip●n sooner , putrefaction beg●nning , and hastning by reason of solution of continuity , in that part . we see that beere or wine in bottles close stopped lasts long : and that fruits closed in wax k●epe fresh : and lik●wise bodies put in hony and flower , keepe more fresh . it is true , th●t liquors when they are well setled in the v●ss●ll , ( after a certaine time ) and after drawen ou● into b●ttles , and stopped very close with corke , and set in a c●ll●r , or buried in sand , such will be much more fresh , and quick th●● th●●●me liquor in a gre●t vessell , especially if any part of it be drawen off : and therefore this is a good way to keep cider , perry , white-wine , or the like , and that for a long time ●ogether . as for fruits closed in wax , or put in honey . i find that even cherries ( which are more subject to corruption ●hen many other k●nds of fruits ) will keep fresh , many weekes toge●her , more then they will do of themselves in the open aire : exclusion of aire preserve● them for a time , but yet putre●ac●ion at length will worke within , because of the superfluous moisture , which h●d need of drying up . i have tryed fruits in hon●y , ( aprecots , plums , cherries ) and they held good two , or three monthes : a●terwards pu●re●action began . a bottle of beere buried foure foote d●epe in the ground , became more liv●ly better tasted , and clear●r , then it was● and a bottle of wine in like manner : a bottle of vineger so buried came forth more lively , and more ●doriferous , smelling almost like a vi●l●t after a month , buriall all the three came forth● as fresh and lively , if not better then before . this is certaine , that beere , ale , cider , and wine , when well setled and cleared in the vessell , and drawen off into bottles , and well stopt with corke , and wax ; will continue fr●sh , and good , much longer then in the vessell : if the bottles are buried in sand , ( as was said before ) or buried a yard , or more in the ground : the reason i conceive is , for that as no aire can possibly penetrate so deepe , and through the bottle , to the liquor , nor can the spirits of the liquor ( in the least ) get out : so neither can the liquor suffer any prejudice by alteration of the aire from heate to cold , as it does in vessells above ground . tryall hath beene made , with earthen bottles , well stopped , hanged in a well of twenty fathome deepe , at the least , and some of the bottles have been let downe into the water , some others have hanged above , w●th●in about a fathome of the water : wine , and beere in these bottles have kept better , then in a cell●r , but those above water were apparently the best . the cause why beere , wine , cider or the like , will keepe better thus , and in earth , sand &c. ( as before ) then in v●ssells , or bottles above ground , i apprehen● ( as was said ) for that the aire is excluded , and the spirits shut in : also the aire above ground is subject to variation● some●imes more hot , and sometimes more cold : which som●what stirrs , and affects the spirits of the liquor in the vess●ll , whe●●by they become weaker . i have heard i● repor●ed for a truth , that bottles of wine , ( or some other liquor ) were found in a deepe draw-well , which had been many yeares f●●d up , and afterwards opened , and cle●sed againe for use : and the liquor was found to be very fresh , and good , notwithstanding it had l●en there many yeare : whereby it is manifest , th●t this way of keeping liquors , will preserve it good a long time . the ix . century . we have partly touched before , the meanes of producing fruits without cores , or stones : and this we adde further , that the cause must be abundance of moisture , for that the core , and stone , are made of a dry sap● and we see that it is possible to mak● a tr●e put forth o●ly in blossome without fruit , as in cherries with double flowers : much more in fruit , without stone or cores . this hath beene spoken to sufficiently before , see experiment 514. it is neither the taking out of the pi●h , as is there prescribed ; nor the abundance of moisture , as here , that will work this effect : some trees have a greate deale too much moisture , and yet the fruits of such have neverthelesse cores , or stones . as for the cherry-tree that puts forth bloss●ms without fruits : that is not made to do so by any mans art , or skill : but it is naturall : i know the kind well , it is as naturall for it to beare double blossoms , without fruit , as for any other tree to beare such , or such a kind of fruit . trees set upon the back● of chimneys , do ripen fruits sooner : vines that have been drawen in at the window of a kitchen , have sent forth grapes ripe a mo●th ( at l●ast ) before others . thi● is certaine ( as the author saie●● such a kind of heate , as is upon the back of chimneys , where fire is continually , or most commonly kept , will much hasten the ripening of fruits . i have seene a thin brick wall whe●e fire hath been kept on the one side ; and fruit-trees have been plan●●d on the other side : which have brought forth ripe f●uits very early : much sooner then the same ●inds without such artificiall heate . but ( as i remember ) such trees dye , soone after bearing , they last but one yeare : being so much forced with heate , it destroyes nature . and branches of vines being drawen in at the window of a kitchen , or room where fire is kept : the fruits will be ripe sooner then those without dores : but let it not be too neere the fire , lest it wither , or over much dry the branch . the end . i desire the reader to amend these faults escaped in printing . pag. 2. line 1●● for forming● reade forcing of nature . p. 30. l. 6. put a full poynt af●er the w●●d flower . p. 30. ● . 7. for is , read with . p. 32. l. the last , for vari●ty , ●ead 〈◊〉 . p. 40. l. the fir●t , for winds , read wines . a table shewing the principall things contained in the ensuing experiments , and observations . acceleration of germination , by s●wing seede upon a hot-bed pag. 1. steeping of seeds , kernells , stones , &c. in liquors before sowing , to make them spring up the sooner p. 2. watring of strawberries , to hasten their ripening p● 3. blood , and other things applyed to the roots of trees , helps towards th●iving of the trees , and bearing of fruits , moderately , and seasonably observed p. 3. fruits upon the south , and east sun , ripen soonest p. 3. digging about the roots of some trees , is profitable p. 4. rose-trees bud forth in the house p. 4. flowers with bulbous roots , grow a time in water p. 4. pease , radish &c. early p 4. water nec●ssary to fruit-trees but not overmuch p. 5. plants housed seas●●ably , bud soonest p. 5. to make roses come late , severall meanes p. 5 , 6 , 7. stones , weeds , muck &c. laid about the roots of new set trees , makes them prosper b●tter p. 7. keepe trees st●dy , at first se●ting p 8. cut away suckers , and side branches , as need is p. 8. branches of some trees laid in the ground , take roote p● 8. how to take ●ff the boughes of some trees with roots p. 8. no descention of sap in trees , divers arguments against it . p. 9. how to make barren trees fruitfull p. 9 , 10. trees against a south-wall beare fruits ripe soonest 10. pull not off leaves too so●ne p. 10. fruits on low boughes , ripe soon●st p. 11. graft trees that beare not , or beare not good fruits , with grafts of good bearing kinds p. 11. digging ●bout the roots of trees , profitable to some p. 12. opening the roots of old trees , and putting in good mould , is nec●ssary in barren ground p. 12. tra●splant trees from bad ground , to better p. 12. cu●ting , or scoring the bark of trees● sometimes profitable p. 13. shade good for some trees p 13. pull off blossoms in some cases p. 13 , 14. grafting helpeth not trees , exc●pt the grafts are of good kinds p. 14. g●afts do governe , yet partake somewhat of the stock p. 14 , 15. fruit-trees of some kernells , beare good fruits p. 15 , 16. remove flowers into fresh ●arth p. 16. regrafting the same graft mak●s not fruits greater p 16. cut not off the ●ops of young fig-trees p. 17. blacke mulberry-trees great bearers p. 17. lees of wine● blood &c. good especially to old trees p. 17. terebration of trees , good for some trees 17. pricking , or scoring some trees , profitable p. 18. swines dung , good for trees , if moderately used p. 18. simply grafting doth not meliorat● fruits p. 18. chuse the b●st grafts , and stocks p. 18. rot●en dung , b●st for trees p. 19. fruit growing in pots p. 19. set not any trees below the soyle p. 20. fruits upon warme walles ripen soonest p. 20. graft upon the b●st sto●k● p. 20. the causes of barrenn●sse of trees 21 of compounding fruits , making of s●ve●all kinds , one n●w kind 22. sym●athy● and antipathy of plant 23. severall kinds drawing ●he ●●me ●uyce , or sap , convert it into their own● natures p. 24 of making herbs , and fruits medicinable p. 25. curiosities about f●uits , and plants p. 26. fruits of severall shapes 26. fruits , and trees wi●h insc●iptions● or ingravings upon them p. 26. set letters on fruit-trees , to know the kinds p. 27. trees appa●elled with flow●rs p. ●7 . r●move flowers into fr●sh mould p. 27 , 28. lay fl●wers to multiply them , see how p● 28. cl●ve-gilly● flowers , the most u●●full p. 29. white colours , more inodorate p 29● white fruits c●mmonly b●st p. 30. d●ff●●●nt co●ours fr●m one kind of seed● p. 30. ga●her s●●d● fr●m the best f●owers p. 31. how to have flowers faire , and double p. 31. roses multiplyed by inoculating p. 32. fruits without core , or st●ne p. 32. grafts upon the sweetest stocks , beare the sweet●st fruits p. 33. degenerating of pla●ts p. 34. some fl●wers degenerate , and change , through barrennesse of the soyle 34. seede of some fruits d●generate , see the cause p. 34. p●aches come not better of stones , then grafting p. 35. dwarfe trees beare great fruits , and many p. 35 , 36. help barren s●yles , and such as are too most , lay them dryer p. 36 , 37. some trees beare twice a y●are p. 37. cutting fruit-trees conduceth to their lasting in some cases p. 37. how to keepe fruits long p. 38. wine of ch●rri●s , and other fruits p. 39. cider , and perry , conduce to health and long life p. 39 an excellent drink made of plums p. 40. plant the best be●ring tr●es p. 40. most fruits commonly on the low●st bough●s , the caus●p . 40. co●d b●aring kinds beare betime , and continue long p. 41. get the best kinds upon any rates p. 41. graft againe o●d trees if bad fruits , or bad bearers p. 41. some trees grow de●per then o●h●rs , the cause p 42. some trees take root of slips p 42. vines take not with graf●ing . lay the branches in the earth p 43. h●●te hastneth maturation of f●uits p. 43. how to keep cid●r , ( and other liquors ) long p. 44. bottles of liquor in sand , earth &c. p. 44. fruits cannot be made wi●hout cores , or stones p. 45. artificiall heate may h●lp to ripen fruits ●ooner p. 46. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a26232e-180 * directions for walking with god ; pag. 49. notes for div a26232e-810 * in his epistle to his naturall ●istory . notes for div a26232e-1960 experiment . 401. obse●vation . expe●iment . 402. observation . experiment . 403. observation . experiment . 404. observation . experiment . 405. observation . experiment . 406. observation . experiment . 407. observation . experiment . 408. observation . experiment . 409. observat●on . experiment . 411. observation . experiment . 412. observation . experiment . 413. observation . experiment . 414. ob●ervation . experiment . 415. observation . experiment . 416. observation . experim●nt . 417. observation . experiment . 4●8 . observation . experiment . 419. observation . experiment . 420. observation . experiment . 421. observation . experiment . 423. observation . experiment . 4●4 . obs●●vation . experiment . 4●● . observation . experiment . 4●7 . observation . experiment . 428. observation . experiment . 429. observation . experiment . 430. observation . experiment . 431. observation . experiment . ●32 . observation . experiment . 433. observation . experim●nt . 434. observation . exp●●im●nt . 435. obse●vation . expe●iment . 436. observation . experiment . 439. observation . experiment . 440. observation . experiment . 441. observation . experiment . 427. observation . experiment . 450. observation . experiment . 452. obse●vation . experiment . 453. observation . experiment . 452. observation . experiment . 455. observation . experiment . 456. observation . experiment . 457. observation . experiment . 463. observation . experiment . 464. observation . expe●iment . 4●5 . observation . experiment . 467. ob●ervation . see pag. 18. trea●●●e of fruit-trees . pag. 98. experiment . 468. observation . experiment . 470. observation . experiment . 471. observation . see h●re●f treatise of fruit-t●ees . pag. 63.64 . experiment . 472. ob●ervation . exp●●im●nt . 475. ob●e●vation s●e pag. 18. experiment . 476. barrennesse of trees . observation . experiments 477 , 478 , 479. compound●ng of fruits . observation . (a) n●t . hist. p●g . 16● . (b) advan● . l●a● . ● . 1. p. 32. experiments 480 , 481 , &c sympathy , & antipathy of plants . observation . experiment . 499. making herbs , and fruits medicinable . observations . notes for div a26232e-12980 experiments 501. &c. cu●iosi●●●s about 〈◊〉 , and p●ants . observation . experiment . 502. experiment . 503. observation . experiment . 504. observation . experiment . 506. observation . experiment . 570. ob●ervation . experiments 5●8 . & 5●9 . observation . ex●er●ment . 510. observation . see exper. 481. experiment . 513. observation . experiment . 541. observation . * some old fruit trees are holl●w , all along their bodies , having no pith at all , which bring forth fruits with no lesse core , or stone for that . experiment . 515. experiment . 516. experiment . 517. observation . of this see exper. 514. experiment . 518. degenerating of plants . observation . (a) exper. 506. experiment . 519. observation . experiment . 534. procerity , and lownesse of trees . observation . experiment . 535. observation . experiment . 544. observation . experiment . 578. observation . experiment . 579. observation . experiment . 586. observation . notes for div a26232e-19590 experiment . 624. observation . experiment . 627. observation . experiment . 633. observation . se●mr h●rtlibs leg●cy of ●●●bandry pag. ●● ex●eriment . 634. observation . ex●erim●nt . ●37 . ob●ervation . * the●●f●re o●serve the ●ir●c●ions given in the tr●a●ise ●f fruit trees , p. 70. in causing the b●āches to spread along the wall both waies which causeth f●uit bearing . experiment . 638. observation . experiment . ●53 . observation . experiment . 654. observation . experiment . 668. observation . see the observation upon the 477. experim● experiment . 316. observation . experiment . 343. observation . experiment . 378. observation . experiment● 385. observation . notes for div a26232e-24130 experiment . 854. observation . exp●riment . 856. observation . fruit-walls improved, by inclining them to the horizon, or, a way to build walls for fruit-trees whereby they may receive more sun shine, and heat, than ordinary / by a member of the royal society. fatio de duillier, nicolas, 1664-1753. 1699 approx. 239 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 83 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2007-10 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a40990 wing f557 estc r5191 11794058 ocm 11794058 49276 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a40990) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 49276) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 492:1) fruit-walls improved, by inclining them to the horizon, or, a way to build walls for fruit-trees whereby they may receive more sun shine, and heat, than ordinary / by a member of the royal society. fatio de duillier, nicolas, 1664-1753. xxviii, [2], 128 p., 2 leaves of plates (folded) : ill. printed by r. everingham, london : 1699. attributed to nicolas fatio de duillier. cf. halkett & laing (2nd ed.). reproduction of original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng fruit-culture -early works to 1800. 2006-11 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-11 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-12 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2006-12 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2007-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion fruit-walls improved , by inclining them to the horizon : or , a way to build walls for fruit-trees ; whereby they may receive more sun shine , and heat , than ordinary . by a member of the royal society . london : printed by r. everingham ; and are to be sold by john taylor , at the sign of the ship , in st. paul's church-yard . mdcxcix . imprimatur liber cui titulus , fruit-walls improved , by inclining them to the horizon . john hoskyns , v. p. r. s. august 31. 1698. to the right honourable the marquiss of tavistock . my lord , while your lordship fits your self , in your travels , to follow the footsteps of so many glorious ancestors , i prepare for you , in the culture of fruits , a diversion to those great occupations , which your birth will hereafter bring upon your lordship . i was walking with your lordship , when i first thought of this way , to make our gardens yield better fruits . besides , my lord , i cannot forget what other titles you have , to look upon this as a domestick production . i shall think my self happy , if i can add something to the innocent pleasures of many nations ; especially this ; for which , as well as most of the neighbouring countries , what i have to propose seems to be of most use . however , my lord , i shall be satisfied , if , by thus indeavouring to become useful to your lordship , i express my most sincere gratitude , for all the obligations i have to your illustrious family . i am with all manner of respect , my lord , your lordship 's most humble , most obedient , and most obliged servant , n. f. d. the preface . the reader may , perhaps , think it strange to find , in this discourse , a mixture of gardening and geometry ; these having had hitherto but little communication with each other . but such is the wonderful extent of mathematicks , that very few arts can be named , but what may be , by a due application of them , in a great measure improved . at least i hope experience will make this plain , in the very case we have under consideration . i might have published only that part of this discourse , which could be understood by every body ; or else have placed the mathematical part , wholy by it self . but it was hard to separate them , without an injury to both . and i thought it better , that whoever dos not care , for what relates to geometry , should be desired , from hence , to read only what the table , or margin , will shew him to be most for his use . and , lest the nicest reader should have yet any occasion to complain , and think it too great a trouble , for him to chuse what he may read , and what he may pass over , i have all along set , in the margin , some commas , over against such places , as any one , not skilled in the mathematicks , may freely avoid . i must however except the two or three first sheets , which were already printed , before i thought of this distinction . the remaining discourse , tho some few words in it may not be understood , by such as are unacquainted with the common terms of ordinary arts , will , i hope , neither prove tedious , nor offensive , to any lovers , of gardening ; even ladies themselves not excepted . where i have used a double row of commas , i desire to have no other readers , but such as have studyed , to a great degree , either natural philosophy , or mathematicks , or both . it was requisite that this theory should not appear , without its demonstration ; that so the curious might know the ground , it is built upon ; and satisfie the rest of the world , that here is no design laid , to impose upon them ; but , on the contrary , such hopes offered , of an extraordinary success , in raising good and early fruits , unless the seasons be too much wanting , as amount almost to an intire certainty . neither could the directions , that were to be given , be fitly expressed , without borrowing from geometry , and some other mathematical sciences , their proper language . i have endeavoured to be as short , as i possibly could : and there are some places , where , if one reads fast , he will hardly conceive the whole extent of the discourse . such are , for instance , the places , where i speak of remedies against winds . that very brevity , for which discerning men are used to express so great an esteem , will make a second reading pleasanter , less troublesom , and more profitable , whenever it will be necessary : and will help to find easily , and within a little compass , the directions useful to practice . as to the style , i am sorry to find so very few words , and not one sentence , to have been altered , by such , as were at the trouble to peruse my manuscript . but the example of the illustrious monsieur hugens , who published in french his theories of light and gravity , tho he was no perfect master of that language , makes me hope that any faults , in the style , will be forgiven me , especially by english men ; who , of all nations , have least to reproach me withal , that i should offer to write this treatise in english . if it be well received , perhaps a second edition may be more accurately penned . most countries may reap some advantage , by the theory , which i shall propose : but especially such , as have more than 45 degrees latitude . this comprehends , in our europe , all england , scotland , and ireland ; most part of france ; holland , flanders , germany , switzerland ; the north part of italy ; hungary , sclavonia , transilvania , moldavia poland , denmark , sweden , muscovy ; and several other countries of less note : but with some difference . of these countries , such , as lie more to the south , may expect to have , with our walls , some excellent figs , and grapes , &c. with some of the fruits of hotter climates . but as one goes more northwards , tho here and there some new sorts of fruits be met withal , yet fewer and fewer good fruits will , by degrees , be left , especially of those kinds that require a great deal of heat ; till at last most fruits , by the help of sloping walls , will only shew better their shape and bigness , and perhaps something of their flavour , without ever coming to a perfect maturity . for i do not doubt but that , even in those unhappy climates , the natural productions , which they have , will be much mended , by our inclining walls . southwards of 45 degrees latitude , i can no more reckon , in the north hemisphere , whole countries , as concerned in this discourse ; but only some particular places , upon hills and mountains ; or else some peculiar sorts of fruits ; of which some may be made forwarder , without any prejudice from the increase of heat ; and others may be transported , from hotter countries : or lastly , some peculiar expositions ; which being yet too cold , as , for instance , the north expositions , may be helped , as much , as one pleases , by duly inclining their walls . as our theory is not restrained to europe , nor to countries on this side the equinoctial line ; so it is not proper only to men of great estates : but whoever is able to have a wall , about his garden , may , in some proportion , injoy the advantage , that arises from it . 't is true i have principally considered how large gardens , for fruit , might be made useful , handsome , and stately . and this being the hardest part , and including all the directions , necessary to those , that can be but at a small expence , what i had more to say , in reference to them , was the less considerable . no body therefore ought to complain , that i forgot his case . it is not just that we should lay open those rich presents , which the author of nature offers us , without expressing a due sense of his magnificence and greatness . who can avoid admiring that supream and infinite wisdom , which makes every where such an immense variety , of most graceful and excellent productions , to cover the whole face of the earth , and to spring out of the very ground ? from thence it is that , notwithstanding their different proprieties , they all draw wonderfully their life , and the spirit that animates them ; to the amazement of any , that considers this surprising operation . the table . idea of sloping walls for fruit. pag. 1 defects of perpendicular south walls . p. 2 perpendicular south walls , east walls and west-walls compared together . ibid. perpendicular walls compared with sloping walls . p. 4 the same done in a particular example for the equinox : p. 5 and for the summer solstice . p. 6 the result of which shews the great advantage of sloping walls . ibid. what countries they are best for . ibid. a good culture is necessary for them to have their full effect . p. 7 an instance from experience of the usefulness of sloping walls . ibid. how sloping walls may be built with little charge . p. 9 and how far the roofs of houses might serve instead of sloping walls . p. 10 the advantage of their having no foundation . p. 11 rule for determining the quantity of the inclination of sloping south walls . p. 12 of sloping walls in very hot countries . p. 14 a table giving the limits of the elevation of south walls in temperate countries . p. 15 it is difficult to determine those limits in very hot countries . p. 16. the vse of the table . p. 17 vines are commonly planted upon a rising ground well exposed . ibid. a hill well exposed cut into terrasses , with sloping walls for fruit. p. 18. something like this done in china , but for another reason . p. 19 a considerable declivity to the south , in a large garden , may be turned to much advantage . p. 20. a perpendicular wall in no country so hot , as a sloping wall , proper to the place and exposition . p. 21. the north exposition is made tolerable by a sloping wall. ibid. vse of sloping walls for having fruits , melons &c , early and thoroughly ripe . p. 22 walls of bricks are best in england . p. 23 of walls of slate , or of any dark coloured stone , whether natural or painted . p. 23 sloping walls not to be clogged with any shade , except perhaps in winter , or when the sun is very low . p. 24 sloping walls may ascend obliquely upon a hill ; and the use of making them so . ibid. many slopes in several gardens are ready made , and fit for sloping walls . ibid. the goodness of a wall proved owing in a great measure to the exposition . p. 25 the author's design in commending this theory . ibid. the advantage for vegetation of a close and warm air , and of small and narrow gardens . p. 26 how to make some terrasses , running from east to west , so that the air between be extreamly warm : p. 28 and that they be not exposed to winds . p. 29 terrasses to be made higher when they are far asunder . p. 30 roofs may be used instead of terrasses . p. 31 of plants of hotter countries . ibid. of orange trees . ibid. of some objections against sloping walls . ibid. sloping south walls exposed to the mischiefs of latter frosts , unless prevented . p. 32 of remedies against an early vegetation and winds . ibid. sloping walls are exposed to one sort of white frosts . p. 33 they are much exposed to hail . p. 34 of the trees growing obliquely to the ground . ibid. of the dampness that may be objected against sloping walls . p. 35 of their being exposed to mice , and ants , &c. p. 36 of all other objections against them . ibid. calculation shewing for an example the proportion of heat , at the solstice , in the latitude of 52½ , upon a perpendicular wall , and a sloping smooth south wall , passing thrô the pole. p. 38. the ground and method of this calculation . ibid. the result of it . p. 42 other examples to the same purpose for the latitude of 51½ : ibid. and 45 degrees . p. 43 sloping walls are more necessary in colder countries ; but the increase of heat , they give , is greater , in warmer climates . ibid. sloping south wall passing thrô the pole less hot , in the solstice , than the south wall passing thrô the lower point of the polar circle . p. 44 a more accurate method of comparing the sun's heat , upon two plane walls , in any situation . p. 45 this method depends upon the quadrature , and center of gravity , of the line of sines and its segments : ibid. and is general : p. 48 and in some few cases capable of a very easie approximation ; ibid. notwithstanding the effects of the air. p. 49 a corollary for finding the heat of the sun , upon a plane parallel to the horizon . ibid. a table shewing the sun's heat upon a plane , for each degree of the sun's elevation upon it . ibid. the vse of the table . p. 51 the diminution of heat occasioned by the air is considerable ; ibid. but hardly to be found by meditation ; and why . ibid. a method for finding it by some experiments , with a burning speculum . ibid. a table giving the length of a beam of light in the air , supposing the height of the atmosphere given &c. p. 52 how to find , in an air of an uniform density , the diminution of heat , for the several altitudes of the sun. p. 54 of movable walls , in order to receive the light of the sun almost perpendicularly for the whole day . p. 56 description of an engine for that purpose . ibid. advantage of movable walls against storms and winds . p. 59 their use for early fruits . ibid. of the rain falling upon sloping walls . ibid. terrasses so shaped as to give some more advantages , in reference to rain and heat . p. 60 idea of a paved sloping ground upon a hill , to be used instead of terrasses with sloping walls . p. 62 it will prevent the dissipation of the spirits of the earth . p. 63 what the author finds said by others , particularly by monsieur la quintinye , that may have some relation to sloping walls . ibid. an account of what monsieur la quintinye calls des ados . p. 64 and of his slopes of earth , exposed to the south or east , and purposely made for fruit. p. 65 reflexion upon this contrivance : p. 66 which is here compared with sloping walls . ibid. our gardens , thô square , may at once injoy the sun upon their four walls . p. 67 in monsieur la quintinye's ground plat of the french king's garden , no footstep found of sloping walls . ibid. to what degree they may be unpleasant to the eye . ibid. objection from monsieur la quintinye's english translation solved . p. 68 account of an amphitheater with sloping walls . ibid. and of some melons , and other fruits , heated with convex glasses . p. 69 the fault of vines that are commonly made to grow against a roof , or the coping of a wall. ibid. judgement of those and all other such tryals , in order to make the most of the sun's heat . p. 70 caution against too much heat sloping walls are like to procure . ibid. frames called espaliers by the french recommended , to take off some of the sun's heat , and to give more liberty to trees . p. 71 a method for chusing the elevation of a sloping wall in any exposition whatsoever . p. 72 the heat sensibly the same upon a south or upon a north sloping wall , thô a little declining from the true north or south . p. 75 a singular sort of maximums and minimums , very different from those that are commonly considered . ibid. the same in some measure already observed by others . ibid. the ground of the foregoing method . p. 76 experience must also be consulted . ibid. of walls that are not smooth . ibid. there can be no such thing as a wall giving the heat proportional to the sine of the sun's elevation upon it . ibid. but if there was , the method of calculating the heat upon it would be easie . p. 77 and sloping walls would be yet very advantagious , even in that supposition , thô less than before . p. 77 of a wall giving a mean proportional heat , between such a wall as this and a plane wall. ibid. a smooth wall compared with a rough wall. p. 78 how to make a brick wall smooth . ibid. of a sloping wall with semi-cylindrical furrows upon it . p. 79 these furrows compared with a plane wall of the same breadth with them . ibid. measure of the heat upon a semi-cylindrical space . p. 81 an account of a table giving , from 40 to 67 degrees latitude , the proportion of the sun's heat , in the solstice , upon a perpendicular and a sloping south wall. ibid. the use of sloping walls in very hot countries , in such situations as , being high , are naturally temperate or cold . ibid. the table it self , and its explication p. 82 the vse of the table . example for paris . p. 84 of south walls that are more inclined to the horizon , than the wall that passes thrô the pole of the world. p. 85 perpendicular and sloping south walls may be well compared together in the same , but not in different climates . ibid. of some other advantages of sloping walls . p. 86 in reference to dew and rain ; especially as to the east wall : ibid. in reference to frost , occasioned by the earth's transpiring some moisture ; p. 87 or by the cold vapours in the air driving with the wind and sticking upon trees . ibid. the growing of fruits extended to more countries and places : ibid. and the time of their ripeness and vse for men to more days in the year . p. 88 ordinary walls compared among themselves and with sloping walls , as to the forwardness of their fruits . ibid. the certainty made greater of our latter fruits coming to perfection . p. 89 slopes of earth for smaller plants . ibid. of the dividing a main slope into many small ones . ibid. of shaping the level or ordinary ground , into very large furrows running east and west , with a gentle slope southwards , and a steep one northwards , or contrary wise , in order to increase or diminish a little the sun's heat . ibid. application of this practice to vse . p. 91. of the difference of heat upon the north and south side of mountains , hills and downs . ibid. the heat of the air in any place dos not very easily spread into the next air. p. 92 nor the reflected heat spend it self so fast but that it may be strongly felt . ibid. our european plants grow naturally , upon the mountains in the west-indies , in such places where the heat is fitted to their several natures . p. 93 an account of a slope where extraordinary strawberries are said to grow . ibid. advantage of sloping walls in such days as the sun is seen for some hours only . p. 94 advantage of inclining sloping walls more or less , according to the climate , situation , and exposition . ibid. advantage of terrasses with sloping walls , in reference to a sufficient quantity of good earth , which is easily procured . p. 95. description of a garden for fruit , according to the present theory . ibid. the vse of making the outside wall thicker at bottom than at top . p. 96 a kind of canal or ditch , to keep the garden from too much water . ibid. measures of the slopes , which are respectively made equal . but being made different they may be better fitted for several fruits . p. 98 a table shewing the heights , elevations , and bases of the walls . p. 99 measures for the ground plat taken across the garden . p. 100 of a garden for vines only . it requires but small terrasses . p. 103 of the number of ordinary trees the garden could hold ; from whence is to be estimated the number of its fruits . ibid. a table shewing the heights and lengths and expositions of the walls . p. 104 short table giving the result of the former . p. 105 some suppositions taken from monsieur la quintinye ; ibid. by which a table is made of the number of ordinary trees the garden would have . p. 106 3½ vines to be substituted for one tree . p. 107 general sum of ordinary trees and vines in the garden . ibid. of terrasses for vines only . ibid. vines ought to be kept very low . ibid. of a large terrasse , parted into two , for vines . p. 108 the garden will not hold so many trees as it would , if they were to keep within the ordinary sizes . ibid. the trees in it will grow very large , and why : ibid. and must be far asunder : ibid. yet will not yield a less crop of fruits . p. 109 they will be more lasting . ibid. a guess at their distances . ibid. proportion of the london foot to that of paris . ibid. a draught of the garden in perspective . ibid. division of a large garden by some canals into four or sixteen little gardens , or any other number . p. 110 this will yield the earth necessary for the terrasses . ibid. and either give different ponds for several sorts of fishes : or else open the way by boats among the gardens . 111 and leave also a foot-way into them all p. 111 any ordinary gentleman may have a few terrasses or slopes well exposed . p. 112 a tryal of sloping walls not to be depended upon , unless made by a very good artist . ibid. a good culture more significant than a good exposition . p. 113 sloping walls very necessary , while our summers continue to be so cold . ibid. the cause of that change , in our seasons , referred to a phenomenon , like smoak , that incompasses the body of the sun , and is seen to spread an exceeding great way from it . p. 114 the origine of that smoak . p. 115 how to determine the figure of the space it lies in . ibid. it may grow thicker and yet not be perceived to have changed , except perhaps by its effects . p. 117 some directions relating to fruit-walls . directions about garden walls ought to be taken from monsieur la quintinye , and the present discourse . p. 118 let your walls be straight . ibid. how they must be if they stand by themselves , without any earth on either side . ibid. how if they rest against a terrasse or slope of earth . p. 119 let the earth of the terrasses be throughly setled . ibid. the perpendicular height of sloping walls . p. 120 their inclination . ibid. of a broad terrasse , and how it may be made ; ibid. when its sides are almost equally leaning ; ibid. and when the terrasse runs from east to west . p. 121 the ground of alleys for fruit may be made sloping towards the south . ibid. the north wall may be left bare , and herbs sown at the foot of it : ibid. or else the earth be kept resting , in order to renew that of the south wall. ibid. slopes preferred to walls . p. 122 if you can have but one slope , give it the best exposition . ibid. of a slope round the garden . ibid. of a terrasse round the garden . ibid. of more terrasses in the garden . ibid. of flat and sharp terrasses ibid. description of a wall very well secured from winds . p. 123 of the disposition the roots ought to have , in a tree that is to be planted against a sloping wall. p. 124 description of a ladder to be used about sloping walls . p. 125 of harbours and summer houses , in our large gardens . p. 126 of ornaments of architecture , in a wall altogether smooth . p. 127 the end of the table . errata . pag. xviij . l. 14. the. p. xxj . l. 21. latitudes . p. 4. l. 28. neighbourhood . p. 14. l. 30. err . p. 15. in the note a table . p. 16. l. 22. dos . p. 19. l. 27. china tells us , how . p. 23. l. 2. we should gather from . p 26. l. 23. not to be . p. 29. l. 18. terrasse . p. 33. l. 21. ridings for fruit might . p. 37. l. 27. proceed . p. 38. l. 10. smooth south wall. p. 43. l. 4. 10593. p. 50. in the column of degrees read 55. p. 53. in the column of degrees read 41. p. 54. l. 5. add in the margin the following note if it be wanting : how to find , in an air of an uniform density , the diminution of heat , for the several altitudes of the sun. p. 60. l. 6. b a is the slope . p. 67. in the notes la quintinye's . l. 27. begin a new paragraph . p. 69. l. 2. tryed , about 53. p. 78. l. 5. would . p. 96. l. 29. canal . and so in the marginal note . p. 104. l. 17. 16. 6¾ . l. 19. 10. 2¾ and. p. 115. l. 4. that it has . p. 121. l. 2. in the notes read when . p. 122. l. ult . and. p. 124. l. 29. judgement . p. 127. l. 8. fear yet lest . p. 128. l. 4. frontispice . advertisement . a mistake of one degree , in the supposed latitude of paris , which ought to have been 48 degrees 50 minutes , has spread thrô the numbers in the whole 85th page , and the beginning of the next . but it is easie to rectifie this mistake , which is not very material . if you are minded to correct it ; instead of 49. 183. 781. 427. 548. 427. 121. 548. 121. 487. 4⅚ . 2 degrees . 49. write 48. 169. 773. 460. 595. 460. 135. 595. 135. 527. 5¼ . 1 degree . 48. in the latin mathematical treatise , which will be bound at the end of some copies of the present discourse , the last number in the 21th page , ought to be 2●302584 . to the book-binder . ☞ the frontispice and the title half-sheets ought to be folded so , one within another , as to have first two white leafs ; then the frontispice and the title facing each other . the garden in perspective ought to face the first page ; and the large mathematical cut ought to face the last page , that is the 128th page . both these cuts must be so disposed , as to lie , when unfolded , altogether out of the book . after the same way must also be folded the small mathematical cut. it belongs to the latin mathematical treatise , and it must face the 24th page , which is the last page of the said treatise . horti fructuum edilium feracis orthographica delineatio , spectatore versus occidentem acquinoctialem prospiciente hac tabula murorum ad horizontem inclinatorum . arboribus pandendis ac plenius diutiusque soli exponendis , exhibetur vsus . s : gribelin sculp . fruit-walls improved , by inclining them to the horizon : or a way to build walls for fruit-trees , whereby they may receive more sun-shine and heat than ordinary . after all the application of so many men in all times and countries to agriculture , one would scarce have thought there was yet left so notable and so very obvious an improvement of it as that i am a going to propose . it consists in building walls for fruits , grapes &c , not in a perpendicular situation , as is commonly done , but so sloping , thô otherwise straight and plane , as to receive the beams of the sun , not only for a longer time , but also with a much fuller and better exposition . it will appear that this way of building fruit-walls will be very advantagious , if we compare perpendicular walls in several countries and expositions with one another , and with sloping walls : examining withal some of their most considerable proprieties . south-walls are commonly reckoned to be the best for fruits . but in these climates , and much more in hotter countries , when the days are something long , and the heat of the summer is in its greatest strength , it is late before the sun shines upon them , and the sun leaves them as early in the afternoon . when it is about mid-day the sun is so high , that it shines but faintly and very sloping upon them ; which makes the heat to be much the less ; both because a small quantity of rays falls then upon these walls ; and because that very quantity acts with a kind of glancing ; and not with full force . before or after noon the rays come yet upon our ordinary south-walls with more obliquity . in the north part of france east walls are looked upon as almost of the same goodness for fruit as south-walls : which proceeds more from the defect i have noted in south-walls , than from any particular excellency in those facing the east . and accordingly south-walls are here , and in all other cold climates , much the best of the two . west-walls in france , as well as here , are but indifferent , thô they have the like exposition to the sun as east-walls . i take the reason of this difference between east-walls and west-walls to be partly because in the morning the air is purer , and that the sun shines oftener and stronger than in the afternoon ; and meets with the dew while it is yet fresh upon plants , whose motion it revives after a long rest , and as it were a refreshing sleep . but the chief cause of it must be attributed to the coldness of the air in the morning , that checks the vegetation , till the presence of the sun revives it ; which it dos much sooner and much more effectually on the east-wall than on the westerly . in the afternoon the heat of the air is great every where ; and heat alone , without any sun-shine , is able to make plants vegetate , thô not so perfectly . which , if it were not sufficiently known , might be easily evinced from what is observed in summer in the fields , when the sun happens not to be seen for some weeks together . i said that the sun shines stronger in the morning than in the afternoon , thô it be hotter in the afternoon than in the morning . but this is not because the sun in the afternoon shines with more force ; but because it continues to act upon an air already warmed with the impression of the morning sun. in order to be satisfied in it , one may , when the days are long , compare nicely the effects of a burning speculum at 5 , 6 and 7 a clock in the morning , with its effects at 7 , 6 and 5 in the afternoon . for the like reason it is much warmer a month or two after than a month or two before the summer solstice ; thô we cannot but suppose the sun to shine sensibly with the same force at equal distances from the tropick . conceive a perpendicular wall with trees against it . it is evident that it is exposed only to one half of the visible sky . and the point to which it is directly exposed falls upon the horizon . to which point should we suppose the sun to be something near , one half of the time it would be under the horizon , and the other half it would shine but weakly thrô so great a depth of air. but if we suppose the said wall remaining on the same place to be inclined , with the trees against it , so as to become elevated only 45 degrees upon the horizon , and to have the trees on its upper side ; the wall in that situation will be exposed to three quarters of the visible sky : and the point to which it is directly exposed will be 45 degrees high . to all the neigbourhood of which place if the sun happens to come , it must needs act from thence upon the wall with a considerable force . and so far the advantage of sloping walls is already plain and obvious , without any calculation . now if we proceed farther , and bring the matter to a calculation , according to some principles , which shall be explained in a proper place , and which most mathematicians will admit of ; we shall not only say that there is a great advantage in sloping walls ; but we may also shew in numbers , sometimes exactly , sometimes by a near computation , the increase of heat we shall have , by using them rather than perpendicular walls . thus , for instance , if in the latitude of 52½ degrees , which is more northerly by one degree than london , a south-wall , very smooth and even , be so leaning as to have its plane passing thrô the pole of the world ; which sloping for many fruits is not altogether the best that might be assigned ; the action of the sun upon it in an equinoctial day will be to the action of the sun in the same day upon an ordinary upright south-wall ( supposing it also to be smooth and even ) as 100 to 63. and these numbers we can easily continue with exactness to many more places at pleasure . so then here the heat of the sun is increased something more than in the proportion of 3 to 2 ( not to say of 11 to 7 ) above what it is in the perpendicular wall ; which is very considerable . but that increase will be yet greater and greater , as the sun comes to have a greater northerly declination . for in the summer solstice the action of the sun , upon that even and smooth sloping wall , will be increased so as to be upon one account more than 3½ times greater than the action upon the perpendicular wall. besides another very considerable addition of heat , which would make that action from 3½ to become 4½ times greater , were it not that something is to be substracted from this last number , upon the account of the light of the sun not coming so freely thrô a greater depth of air : which correction has no place in the equinoctial day . however we may suppose the heat , in the summer solstice , to be about fourfold what it would have been upon the perpendicular wall. this increase of heat is so extraordinary , and for above two months the sun keeps so very near the tropick , viz. within a distance from it of 3½ degrees , that seeing what our south-walls are already able to do , i do not doubt but such a wall as this would make grapes , and figs , and other fruits equal here in goodness to those of some much hotter climates . yet i confess this improvement for fruit-walls is not like to be so useful here as in france , or those other countries where they enjoy the sight of the sun oftener than we use to do ; a due regard being had every where to the natural productions of the place . nor do i look for any excellent effect from it , unless the trees or grapes be raised from the best kinds , and the soil be good and deep , and the trees and vines be governed and cultivated by a skilful artist . it is too common here to leave these plants to themselves , and in a manner without any culture . whereas , besides the necessary care of pruning them duly , they do not think it too much , even in latitudes where they have not the same occasion for those foreign helps , to dig very frequently about them , or to do it at least four or five times in a year . lest those that desire good fruits , and are no proper judges in an inquiry that depends so much on geometry , should look upon what i have said as a bare speculation , i will make them acquainted with the following story . by which it will appear , that as we have already our reflexions and calculations of our side , so we are not altogether destitute of experience . having explained to a person of quality the present invention of sloping walls , i received for answer , that upon a sloping wall , which i saw since , and i will describe by and by , there grew some years ago grapes equal in goodness to those that grow in france . this wall was nothing but a facing of bricks laid flat ( and by consequence only two or three inches thick ) upon a natural slope of earth , about seven or eight foot high . it was of very many years standing , yet extreamly sound and intire ; except in some few places , where the brick it self was mouldered away . it had been made only because ( being very near and directly opposite to the house ) it was thought to be handsomer than the naked earth . it made an angle of about 60 degrees with the horizon ; and was exposed not directly to the south , but several degrees westward . the soil is not extraordinary . the house was but low , but it must needs shade that place a great part of the day . there has been added since some pretty high buildings to both ends of the house , which buildings by their shade have intirely spoiled the said vine , so that it has been pulled up . i felt the bricks of that slope one day , when the sun shone almost perpendicularly upon them , and they were exceeding hot . but those noble persons , to whom the house belonged , thought the goodness of the grapes might arise from the soil ; and forgetting the exposition , they never tryed to recover their loss by another sloping wall , for which the ground would have afforded them abundance of convenient places . and thus we have not only a notable experience for us ; but we see also how easily and how cheap our sloping walls may be built , without any danger of their tumbling down , as our garden-walls are apt to do . but this being a very material point , and considering that most people may think it either very chargeable , or very impracticable , to build a sloping wall , let us a little inlarge upon it . i conceive then that the facing the slope of terrasse walks , either with a brick-wall , such as i just now described , or else with a wall twice , or at most three or four times as thick is the best , easiest , and handsomest way of building our inclining walls . whose name ought not therefore to mislead one so far , as to make him think , that we would propose the building of a thick wall sloping and incompassed on both sides with air. the thicker walls are properest when they are less sloping : for so their strength may better serve to keep the terrasses from breaking out . it is not required we should lay the flat sides of the bricks perpendicularly to the plane of our wall : but it will be more proper to lay them parallel to it : so that each bed or floor of bricks , of which our wall is composed , may be only two or three inches thick . and thus the joynts of the bricks may be so disposed as to leave no room for plants or insects to come out of the ground . after having explained a better way , 't is hardly worth our while to observe that the roofs of long and low buildings in the country , and even the roofs of houses in great towns , might also conveniently be made to serve for sloping walls ; especially if some regard were had to it in building . so , for instance , in the country the roof of a long building might on one side be brought as low as the very ground . and thus trees and vines , especially the last , might be made to grow against the roof , without spending their very strength in growing up to an immoderate height . in cities , where they use sometimes to make one roof to serve many houses of one side the street , one might , between the garret windows , cut out in the roof a rectangular space , of the same height and breadth with the space the windows take up ; and from within one might slide up to that space a square box full of earth , of a fit figure and bigness to stand handsomly between the windows . this box being supported at some height from the floor , one need not fear any inconveniency from the water 's dropping out : which , in case it should do , might be received in some vessels . it is so easie to prevent the rain from running in , between the roof and the box , that it is to no purpose to inlarge upon it . out of these boxes one might raise some excellent trees and vines , and spread them upon some frames disposed against the roof . and this , besides the more substantial advantage of yielding a considerable quantity of fruit , would also prove a delightful ornament to that part of our buildings , which seems to want it most . however at london the smoak of sea-coal is much to be feared ; since it both takes off the strength of the sun , and dos settle upon trees , where its great acrimony must needs be unnatural and pernicious . but i must give over and leave the application of this doctrine to every body's industry . i need not mention that , in the making our bricks , some holes may be made in them to receive pegs of wood to serve as necessity shall require : unless you chuse rather to use those frames the french call des espaliers ; which indeed seem to be much better . but it is worth observing , that such walls as these , having no foundation , leave in the earth more room for the roots of our trees ; and are cheaper built and less apt to fall . if they be not made both exceeding heavy and little sloping , i do not think that they will compress so much the ground under them as to obstruct the growing and spreading of the roots . and thus much is sufficient as to the manner of building our walls . let us now see , as far as we can , how we may chuse , in any latitude , the properest elevation for our south wall , and for the fruit we design to raise . in order then to determine what slope is best to give , in cold and temperate countries , to our south-wall , i look for the sun's meridian altitude at least ten days , or a fortnight , or three weeks , &c. before the latter half of the fruit of the kind i design to have uses to be ripe : and then i make the complement of that altitude , to 90 degrees , the measure of the elevation of the wall above the horizon . however i would not be tyed by this rule , but that i might alter , upon the least consideration , the sloping of the wall by several degrees ; especially if one be afraid of taking in too much heat . and if the sun's declination , belonging to the meridian altitude found by the rule aforesaid , should be otherwise , i commonly reduce it so ( in our northern climates ) as to make it fall in the space , which is from the equator to the parallel that goes thrô the 16th or 20th degree of north latitude . the longer the fruit is a growing ripe , and also the more distance of time there is between the first and the last ripe fruit of the same tree , the more days would i allow backwards in the finding the sun's meridian . altitude , and declination : indeavouring by this to make , for the most part , the strongest heat of all to fall something before the middle of the ripening time . for the degree of heat , that arises barely from the exposition , is during many days sensibly the same , and as it were at a stay , when it is at the greatest . and we must , for the most part , indeavour that , when our tree makes an end of yielding its fruit , especially if this be about the latter end of the year , the sun may already , by changing its declination , have been withdrawing it self some 5 , or 10 , or 15 degrees from the line perpendicular to our inclined plane . thus all the while the fruit is growing ripe it will injoy the greatest heat . but let us inquire more particularly after the limits of the elevations of south-walls : so that we may resolve to keep them , in each climate , within the two extreams we shall find . i should not easily chuse to make any where , except perhaps in extraordinary high grounds , the south-wall more sloping than an elevation of about 30 or 40 degrees upon the horizon would make it to be . for , thô a great obliquity of the wall would not hinder . vegetation , but rather , for ought i know , forward it ; yet , our experience in this kind being so very narrow i cannot know otherwise , than by guess , how the elevations of only 10 or 20 degrees upon the horizon would agree with plants . however such small elevations are not fit for south-walls , in these countries . but , if there were any use for our south-walls in the torrid zone , as there may possibly be for those fruits , which , being peculiar to that climate , require also a great deal of sun-shine to bring them to perfection , especially in the higher situations , upon some hills or some mountains , i should even there chuse not to give these walls less than 40 , or 45 degrees elevation : which sloping would perhaps give but too much heat . for there is some reason to doubt whether it would not scorch any plant whatsoever , that is set , in these hot countries , against a wall very much inclined . so i should leave the most sloping south-walls for the climates that have about 40 , or 45 degrees latitude : and not use them there neither , but upon mountains , or for the plants of hotter countries . in iseland , which is placed under the polar circle , the inclined south-walls must make an angle of more than 46 degrees , and less than 66½ degrees with the horizon . generally , in all the temperate zone , i should limit the elevation of the south-wall between 30 and 66 degrees . these several considerations must be duly weighed together , as well as the tenderness of your plants , in order to chuse a properer elevation . but a small errour in this is not of great consequence , if you intend to raise all the heat possible . for you can indeed erre considerably but one way , to wit , in procuring too much heat . if you do not fear to exceed in this , you may follow the numbers of this table ; where the first column gives the latitude or elevation of the pole ; latitude . deg. greatest elevation of the south wall. deg. least elevation of the south wall. deg. least elevation corrected . deg. middle elevation . deg. 40 40 20 30 35 50 50 30 35 42½ 60 60 40 40 50 70 70 50 50 60 i ii iii iv v the second column gives the greatest , and the third column the least elevation of the south wall upon the horizon . the fourth column gives the same least elevation , with some corrections , that are not made in order to increase the heat , but , at the expense of some heat , to give ( in smaller latitudes ) more elevation to the wall. the fifth column gives only the middle numbers between those of the second and fourth ; never differing from them one way or another more than 10 degrees . the table was made from this rule , that the elevation of the south wall , in temperate countries , ought , in order to make the most of the sun's heat , neither to be more than the height of the pole , nor less than the height of the pole wanting 20 degrees . so then the second and fourth column may pretty well serve , especially in great latitudes , for limits of the elevations of our warmest south walls . but the elevations , for hottest countries , cannot be so well determined , till experience has taught what may and what may not be done there . in those hot climates the rule i gave just now is of little or no use . for it supposes that fruits are ripe by the end of october , or long before . but in the torrid zone we may have fruits all the year round . in great latitudes the sun in autumn and winter shines seldom , and always thrô a great depth of air ; which inclines one to neglect that insignificant sun-shine , and to make the most of the sun-shine in the spring and summer ; by keeping the south walls , as our rule does , rather more sloping than they needed have been otherwise . but pretty near the equator the sun comes every day to a considerable height . and that invites one not to neglect the sun-shine so much during autumn and winter , and by consequence to make there the walls rather less sloping . which the scorching heat requiring also , all these reasons seem to prove that the south walls must again grow rather more upright , as one comes nearer the equator . for let it ever be remembred to consider whether the climate , the height of the situation , the soil , the exposition , the nature of your plants , and the season of their growing be such as to permit you to give your sloping walls the most heat you can procure . as to the use of the table , the fruits that ripen in autumn , and very late in the year , require the greatest elevations ; those that ripen in june , or july the least . such as grow ripe in may will have almost the least elevations : and such as grow ripe in april , august , and september , require some middling ones . but if any fruit , such as pease &c , are to grow ripe in march , they require again the greatest elevations . now all this is said upon supposition that you are in no fear of procuring too much heat . and this is what we can at present determine about the limits of the elevations of south walls . before we proceed farther , should not we relate , as an experiment favouring our inclined walls , that where vines do grow in the open air , they chuse to plant them not upon a flat , but upon a rising ground , exposed to the east , or south-east , or south ? which sloping of the ground , consonant to the theory i have been proposing , is found by experience to be of an extraordinary advantage . and to this must also be referred what monsieur la quintinye has writ concerning the exposition and declivity of the ground for great gardens . but , if after all there should be left some scruples in the reader 's mind , let him either examine the demonstrations i shall give in this discourse , or cause some proper judge to tell him how far he may rely upon them . having then no reason to think , but that our theory will be found agreeable to nature , we may see farther how it can be brought to an extended and easie practice . if any body therefore is desirous , particularly in a country not exposed to some returns of frost in the spring , and to blasting winds , to raise a pretty deal of good fruit , either for his own use or for the market , i would advise him , both as the best and the least chargeable , to chuse , in a very good soil , especially in the side of a narrow vale , a convenient hill or rising , with a pretty strong ascent , and exposed to the south south east , or to the south and by east , or to the south , or to the south and by west , or at least not far from these expositions : and to dispose his ground by terrasses , one above another , so that , in the latitude of london , the sloping of the terrasses be elevated upon the horizon , for the south wall , neither less than 36 , nor more than 52 degrees . see the figure i , where the section of those terrasses is represented , in two several places , to the eye . and here you may take notice that , if the ground be not very steep , the less the sloping wall is elevated upon the horizon , the less room , all things being alike , each terrasse will take , and the less charge will be required . in the making of these terrasses a sufficient quantity of the good earth must be carefully gathered along the ridge of each walk , there to receive and nourish the roots of our trees . neither is it necessary to be very curious in keeping your terrasses , or sloping grounds , straight and parallel . but you may follow the winding of the hill , provided it keeps within the extent of good expositions : and take every where so much breadth as dos most conveniently give your terrasses the height you require . thus the expence will not be considerable ; and even the plain countrey man may not think it above his power ; especially if he dos his work by parts , and in several years . and i am much mistaken , if even those irregular terrasses do not prove very pleasant and entertaining to the eye . a late ingenious account of china , tells us how agreeable the prospects of their hills are , which the country men divide into several levels , parted by a sloping ground between . all this trouble is taken , in that industrious country , in order to keep the rain from running off their fields . but here we shall have probably more occasion to think how we may not be troubled with too much water ; and how that of the upper terrasses may be prevented from falling into the lower ones : which being always easie to be done , and the remedy depending , in a great measure , upon the extent of the ground , i must here forbear any farther discourse . thus have i brought our theory to some consistence , and shewn how it might easily be reduced to practice . but while the first figure is under our eyes , i cannot but observe , that instead of looking with others upon a great declivity towards the south as a considerable inconveniency in the ground for a great garden , i should rather admire it , for the multitude of sloping walls , well exposed , it would afford from place to place ; besides the pleasantness of many walls breast high , and of a good prospect abroad . and as to the shade for walks , one might have it at the top of all from some rows of trees . i will here add some reflexions , i chuse among a great many , by which we may farther compare inclined walls with perpendicular ones . for i should swell this to an unreasonable bulk , should i speak of all the calculations i have made relating to this matter . i shall only then observe that , from the equator to the very pole , that is in the whole terrestrial globe , i find not one place , and not one exposition whatsoever , in which a perpendicular wall is so hot as a wall sloping to a proper degree for the exposition . and , whereas the north exposition is utterly naught , in our ordinary manner of building perpendicular walls , if in the latitude of 51½ degrees a north wall be elevated only 38½ degrees upon the horizon , it will injoy the sun , thô much sloping , for every minute it can shine in the whole half year , from the spring equinox to the autumn equinox . but during the two months and three days about the summer solstice it will injoy the sun with an elevation , or inclination , ever greater than of 20 degrees : which gives more than the ninth part of the full action of the sun. and for ought i see that may be near as much as our ordinary south walls do then receive . this might serve for the summer fruits that are ripe about the end of july , and for raising of pease , &c. for thô one would not chuse to build such a wall without some necessity , or some other considerable advantage , yet having it at hand one would not leave it without use . the north exposition dos mend very fast as the countrey lies more southerly : and above all others it dos require , in temperate countries on this side the equator , walls with a very small elevation , such as 25 , or 30 , or 35 degrees . so then we find that even the very worst of perpendicular walls may become tolerably good , if they be made sloping . it will appear , by the sequel of this discourse , how many advantages , besides the bare increase of heat , do follow our building of sloping walls : but one of them lies already too obvious not to be spoken of here . i say then that this contrivance seems to be of an extraordinary consequence , for the raising of all sorts of fruits something earlier than we use to have them , and for their perfect ripening : and that it may prevent some of those , that are fond of fruits , from falling into the diseases that usually follow the eating fruit not thoroughly ripe . i expect from these walls such melons , and figs , and grapes , as , i think , have never been seen in this country . i forbear speaking of other fruits ; but shall only say that , if we had once some excellent kinds of trees raised by this method , we might not need to send for new graffs again to france . and if , the summer being extraordinary wet and cloudy , our sloping south wall should bring forth but indifferent fruits , yet even then those fruits will be more tolerable than such as we gather from our ordinary walls . but all this will become more evident , when the principles i build upon shall be laid down . there is yet something i have to say , both in reference to the properest matter to build our walls withal , and to some other circumstances in the manner of building . as to the properest matter for our walls , i think brick to be much better , in this countrey , than stone : because they grow hotter , and keep much longer the heat . by which means they do still warm the plants a good while after the sun is hid under a cloud , and , in a manner , lost to other walls . i know nothing ▪ that is more convenient than they are , or of a better shape for our purpose . the biggest and thickest bricks will be best : and i should chuse , as i said before , to dispose them so that they might appear by their broadest sides . thus the wall will be cheaper , the bricks will be apt to grow warmer , and , their interstices being fewer and less deep , there will be less room to take care of against insects finding a shelter there . walls of slate , or of any dark coloured stone , whether natural or painted , will also be very good . for these colours imbibe the light , or heat , much more than colours that are whiter . our walls ought not to have any building raised from the top of them ; nor any other shade cast upon them in vegetating time , by the interposition of any thing standing , on either side of them , between them and the sun. but if they be deprived of the sight of the sun , while it is only within a few degrees from the horizon , the loss is not considerable , and abundantly made up , if , at the same time , they be secured from winds . the foundation , or rather bottom of sloping walls needs not be horizontal ; but it may ascend obliquely upon a hill by some degrees . which is of some conveniency for the running off of the water , and for the chusing a south exposition upon a hill that looks to the south-east , or south-west , or to any other point , either between , or , at least , not much above 45 degrees distance from these places . for the most part of the spring and summer such a wall will injoy as much sun , as if the foundation had been horizontal ; but the ground at the foot of it will injoy less . and this is what i had further to mention as to the way of building our sloping walls . i have seen , in many gardens , and other places , some slopes of earth ready made , and fit every way for trees to grow against them , if they had been but faced with bricks . but they lay neglected , perhaps because the good use that might be made of them was unknown . if any were apt yet to think that there can be no great difference between two south walls , of which the one receives the light of the sun much fuller and longer than the other ; let them consider that , upon the very same soil , the south-side of a wall is as good for fruit as the north-side is bad . that the east-side of another wall is very good , at least in france , and the west-side but indifferent . which diversity can certainly be attributed to nothing but the exposition ; and makes it more than probable that by so much as this is mended , by so much fruits ought to be more perfect . i have given to this theory some of the commendations it justly deserves , knowing how hard a matter it is to persuade people to go out of their ordinary way : and i wish i may have said enough to bring it into common practice . i hope this is not out of any vain ostentation , since i chuse to publish here what i know to be much inferiour to some meditations of another kind , i have had these many years by me . and thus much i beg leave to say ; lest a thing that might be useful should be neglected and thrown by , before it be understood . if the vegetation of plants did only depend upon the sun-shine coming freely to them , there would be but little occasion left for any farther improvement . but it is well known that a warm and pretty close air , well sheltered from winds , thô not so much exposed to the sun , in a word , such an air as is found in the gardens at paris , and other great cities where they do not burn sea coal , dos often bring forth better fruit than will be found in other places , in the neighbourhood , thô better exposed . however , at the same time that we get wholly the advantage of sloping walls , we may also keep all others , and secure those walls from cold and dangerous winds . this makes me recommend gardens of but an indifferent bigness , with high walls to them : being willing to purchase a close air with some little loss of sun-shine . but if the gardens be very narrow , as i should for the most part chuse , the walls may be less high . the breadth of your gardens ought not be the same in all expositions . and it is of great consequence that the length of very narrow gardens be from east to west , and not from north to south . in disposing thus the length of the garden , the wall may be from 8 or 10 , to 15 foot , or a little more , in the slope : the breadth of the garden , or earth , between the walls , from 11 or 12 , to 50 or 100 foot : and the length as great as you please . but the smallest breadths are best : and those , as i said , do not so much require high walls : and by consequence will not be so chargeable . in gardens that run from north to south , a very small breadth will be as prejudicial as it is good in gardens that run from east to west . for it is easie to see that , in these last , the shade of the long walls upon each other is but little , in vegetating time ; and falls either upon the shortest days , or upon such moments as the sun is but low and weak . but , in gardens that run from north to south , and are of the same breadth with the former , the shade is more considerable . and i find that such gardens , having an east wall and a west wall , each with an elevation of 30 degrees , and each of 7 foot in perpendicular height , must be 68 foot wide , from wall to wall , if you will that neither wall should take from the other the sight of the sun , but when it is less than 5 degrees high . lest any one should wonder at this extraordinary narrowness , which dos often turn what we called a garden into a narrow walk , i will shew that i do not chuse it without securing that great advantage of a warm and close air : in order to which i give here the section of a walk , or narrow garden for trees , whose length runs east and west . let the south wall ab have a proper elevation for your climate , and for the fruits you design to have ; suppose at london an elevation of 45 degrees . that elevation is good for those trees , whose latest fruits are ripe near the 20th of september , when the sun is about 3 or 4 degrees south declination : at which time the sun is already withdrawn about 10 degrees from the perpendicular to the wall ab . let the perpendicular height bc of your wall be for instance , of 7 or 10 foot ; which will give 9 ⌊ 9 , or 14 ⌊ 1 foot in the slope ab , and 7 or 10 foot in the horizontal line ac . let the line ad be in the plane of the equator : and it will make here at london an angle of 38½ degrees with the horizontal line ae . make the breadth of your walk the narrowest you can . allow , for instance , four foot to the ground that is to receive the trees , and to be now and then cultivated : three foot to the walk or path ; which ought , of right , to be dug up every winter : four foot more to another line of cultivated ground . so you will have 11 foot for the whole breadth of your walk ae . draw from the top b of your sloping wall an horizontal line bdg . draw also the sloping line eg , representing your north wall , and make it , if you please , parallel to the plane of the equator ; or rather , if you think fit , make it yet more inclined to the horizon , i mean more approaching to it , by some 10 degrees . make the tops of your terrasses gh , bi , of what breadth you please ; suppose of 1 , 2 , or 3 foot. but they must be broader if you intend them for walks . draw the new slopes hk , il , either parallel to ba , ge , or else with what alteration you think convenient . and so you have two terrasses ; to which you may , upon the same level , and at convenient distances , add as many more as you please . now it is evident that the heat of the sun , being at the same time reflected , in the spring and summer , by both the walls , will warm extreamly the air abge ; and , in all probability , give a much closer heat than is in great cities : especially if , to break the winds , you have , from distance to distance , another terasse running from north to south , between those i have described . these terrasses have a double advantage against winds , in that they receive them more sloping , and also reflect them upwards : so that the first terrasses are a pretty good shelter to defend the following ones . if the ground be falling or hanging towards the south , the top gh might be kept lower than the top bi ; or the contrary done if the falling be to the north and but little . for i would chuse , except in hot countries , to avoid any other north exposition . in case you should desire to make your walls higher , you might , for instance , increase by a quarter the lines in each of the figures ; or else increase them in any other such proportion ; and keep the same inclinations as before . so you might make ab of 13 ⌊ 2 foot , and ae of 14 ⌊ 7 foot ; or else ab of 18 ⌊ 8 foot , and ae of 14 ⌊ 7 or 20 foot. only the cultivated ground needs not exceed 5 or 6 foot ; and the path may be accordingly increased as it lights . on the other hand , in case your walk be made a pretty deal wider , it would , at the same time , be proper that your sloping walls should be made higher , thô in a less proportion than the walk is increased . and this is in order to procure more closeness to your air , and to have both more sun-shine and a better shelter against winds . so , for instance , if you make your walk four times as broad as it was supposed in the second and third figures , and your wall higher only in the proportion of 4 to 3 than it was already , the foot of your wall would not , after that change , lose half the sun-shine it should have lost before . and the sun , of which it would be deprived , being ever very low and oblique , it would yet amount to much less as to the loss of heat : especially almost all that loss falling upon the shortest days , and coming to nothing near the equinox . but those extraordinary banks would perhaps be more chargeable , as they would also be more lasting , than two bare roofs , like those of houses , and supporting , instead of tiles , a brick wall. which roofs would also yield under them a space that might be turned to some use . the greater those banks or roofs are , the greater is the quantity of rain brought to the foot of them ; and the closer and stronger is the heat . unless , for the conveniency of a garden between , you should remove them farther asunder . such a walk as i have described would also be good for raising in it those rare foreign and medicinal plants , that require more heat than the climate dos give . and i don't doubt but orange trees may grow there in the nature of standards , provided , in winter , the place be secured from cold : which is not impracticable . however we have what we aimed at , the closeness of air , and walls pretty well secured against dangerous winds . i cannot here dissemble some faults of our sloping walls . for , as they have several very great advantages , so on the other hand there is in them some inconveniencies , which i could heartily wish were otherwise . however these last are not at all able to ballance the former ; as will easily appear to any one that reads impartially this whole discourse . let me first mention one very considerable objection , against our sloping south walls , in those cold countries , where the passage , from cold to fair weather , is not , as in denmark , quick and certain ; but the air is subject , as here , to some returns of frost , after it has been fair for a good while . and that is , that the heat of these walls will probably make the blossoms of some trees to come out too soon , and expose them to an evident danger of being spoiled by the latter frosts . to this objection i have little to say , but that it dos already grant a great deal in favour of our walls : and that we may take our chance , as others do ; there being but a few days more of danger , for our south walls , than for those of other people ; whose blossoms are like enough to be spoiled when ours are . let us also remember that , in those climates , a kindly and natural forwardness , together with a perfect maturity , owing not to our artificial fires , but to the light of the sun , is hardly to be had , but at the rate of running that hazard . let us then , as i said , try our fortune ; and in the mean while use , if we think fit , all the remedies agriculture dos afford , to keep back this early vegetation , and to prevent the mischiefs of frost : for which i refer you to the proper authors . * however here is an easie remedy we may use , not only against this too great forwardness , but also against winds . suppose we make but few parallel terrasses , all of them running from east to west , for instance , but two , or four , &c. let , in the ii figure , ab represent the south wall of the northermost terrasse , and eg the north wall of the southermost terrasse . prolong upwards , indefinitly , the lines ab , eg , in m and n ; and prolong also the horizontal line ea northwards in o , and southwards in p. you may fill all the angle mao with trees , and very tall and thick hedges &c , without any injury to the south wall ab , and the angle nep , without any injury to the north wall ge. and yet both the walls ab and eg will , for six months together , enjoy the sun-shine , for twelve hours or more . now this remedy is better against winds , and against the forwardness of blossoming , than against the forwardness of fruits ; and , by consequence , is so much more to be valued . thus several ridings might be made in a large forest ; provided the ground were not already worn out ; or that it were put in heart again . another objection against our sloping walls , is , that in the spring , in some cold mornings , the dew may sometimes fall , in great plenty , upon the blossoms , and there freeze , as it falls ; which might endanger them , and blast all our hopes . i confess , i do not know how far this mischief is to be feared . but this i may say , that , in the coldest part of the spring , the sun shines upon our terrasses , from the time it begins to be some few degrees high ; and , by consequence , soon after the dew is fallen . so that there will be no time , at least in fair weather , without which we have commonly no dews , for much harm to be done : especially the vapours , or steams , that arise from the ground , being more like to disperse in the air , than to condense against our trees ; as i shall explain hereafter . however this inconveniency being already too much felt in ordinary gardens , the remedies against it are found , and well known ; at least by such as raise some early and tender plants , at the latter end of winter . our walls are also more exposed to storms , and hail , than ordinary walls . yet this ought not to deter us . for we shall not have this accident every year , at such times , when we may fear it . and , if we should have it , yet it is to be supposed that many of our fruits will escape being spoiled . neither is it impossible to cover such trees , as are most precious , when there is any prospect of a storm . i expect some will object also , that , the natural posture of trees being to grow upright , their leaning against a bank will be like to disagree with their vegetation . but this objection has not that strength in it , which is in the former ; and might well have passed under silence . for it is a common thing , in our gardens , to force trees into a figure not at all natural to them . and even trees , that grow in the open air , have some of their branches bending downwards ; and most of them in a manner parallel to the horizon . it was ordered wisely , for the beauty and stability of trees , but not for their fruitfulness , that they should naturally grow upright . now these first considerations ceasing , in an inclined wall , i do not doubt but that , as to the production of fruit , vegetation will have there its ordinary course . it has been twice objected to me that the dampness of the ground would probably spoil the fruits growing against our sloping walls . which makes me take notice of this objection , for otherwise i should have neglected to give it an answer . i say then that either this inconvenience is not at all to be feared ; or , if it be , that the remedies are obvious and easie . i do not fear it in such terrasses as those of the ii , iii , and xith figures ; especially when they are well exposed . for i cannot see what mighty store of dampness can come , or be kept there ; since water naturally runs off of such heaps . but as to the lower terrasses of the first figure , if one or two beds of bricks be not enough , at least three or four such beds , and what else one pleases underneath , will be sufficient to make the wall remain dry at the outside . moreover it is not necessary that the fruit should touch the very wall. but in case it should grow too close against it , a thin slate , or a small ring , of any proper matter and shape , will easily keep it from the terrasse . after all i think experience , to which i must appeal , will add no strength to this objection . some have urged , against our walls , that our fruit will be eaten up by mice , or by ants , &c. thô i might say that all other trees are exposed to this very mischief ; for 't is known that those mice and ants can easily creep upon them , yet to this , and all other objections , i will give but one general answer . i ask whether the inconvenience that is objected be real , necessary , general , and unavoidable ? or else whether it be not , in a great measure , imaginary ? i ask whether there be no remedy left against it to our care and industry ? i ask , when all is granted to the objection that can be given it , whether there will be nothing at all left for us , but trees without fruit ? 't is true that i ought by so much more to fear the resort of insects to our fruits , as they are like to prove more excellent than others are . but it is well for us that the first inventers and improvers of arts have not at all been moved by such objections as these . are they greater than such as may be made against a countrey-man , who would sow his grounds ? how is he secured against the vexations of troublesom neighbours , against the invasions of an enemy , the mischiefs of civil wars , the unfaithfulness of servants ? how can he depend upon fair and seasonable weather ; without too much drought or rain , without hail and storms and strong winds ? may not his seed be eaten up in the fields ; may not his increase be stolen away from him ; or destroyed by numberless sorts of insects ? what shall i say of the mischiefs of fire ? what of taxes and tithes ? what of the price of rents and leases ? what of selling one's increase to such as will not , or cannot , pay their debts ? what of all other fears and troubles that may come upon this poor countrey-man ? yet for all this our fields are ploughed , we are nourished , and our barns are filled with grain . such is the profusion , with which god almighty provides for us , that , after all deductions made , we have enough to bless his munificence , and to live with plenty . now having , in some measure , satisfied the curiosity and impatience of the reader , i may proeeed to shew how i calculate the proportion of heat , i gave before , between a perpendicular and a sloping south wall ; and treat at large of the principles and method , upon which those , and the like calculations , are grounded : endeavouring to make our doctrine as general and as exact as the nature of the subject will bear . i begin with calculating , for the parallel that lies one degree north of london , the proportion between the actions of the sun , in the summer solstice , upon a perpendicular , and upon an inclined smooth wall , with an elevation of 52¼ degrees ; which is an inclination very good there , for the fruits that are ripe in the month of october , or the latter end of september . for other fruits that elevation is rather of the greatest . the circle ptep described from the center c represents the celestial sphere . ch is the horizon ; p the pole ; ce the equator ; it a parallel to the equator , as suppose here the tropick of cancer . cip is the plane of the inclined wall ci cm the plane of the perpendicular wall cm. upon the circumference of the parallel ti i suppose a right cylindrical surface elevated and prolonged of each side as far as is necessary : which i do in order to find upon it the proportion of the sun's heat . ; now it is easily known that the quantity of rays , falling from the sun upon any plane , is as the sine of the sun's altitude on that plane . and that the force of each ray , coming from the sun upon a plane , is also as the sine of the sun's altitude on that plane . from whence it follows that the whole action of the rays , upon a plane , is as the square of the sine of the sun's altitude on the plane , and the time that action lasts , joyntly : neglecting the effects of the atmosphere . let now the whole perpendicular force of the sun , upon a plane directly exposed to it , be expressed by the radius ce , which is unity divided into 10000 parts . the force of the sun at the meridian in t upon the wall c i , will be as the square of the sine ti ; that is , supposing still ce for unity , as the line tv equal to 8410 parts ; which i take upon the cylindrical surface northward . now from the vertex i , upon the axis ip , i draw thrô the point v the parabola inv. and the lines or ordinates as tv , mn &c , drawn parallel to the axis ip , from any point as t or m in the line it , till they meet the parabola iv , express by their lengths tv , mn the action of the sun in the tropick , in t or m &c , upon the sloping wall ci. the sum of all those lines till noon is the cylindrical surface itvi , which gives the whole heat of the morning sun upon the sloping wall ci , secluding , as before , the effects of the atmosphere . now from the point t drawing a parallel to the horizon , till it meets with the line cmm , make the line tl opposite to tv equal to the square of that parallel ; supposing still unity to be expressed by ce. and in our example you will find tl equal to 2350 parts . draw the parabola ml , of which m is the vertex , mt the tangent at the vertex , and l a point thrô which that parabola passes . the ordinates , such as tl , will give , for every correspondent point of the circle tm , the action of the sun upon the perpendicular wall cm. and the cylindrical surface mtlm will give the whole heat of the morning sun , upon that perpendicular wall , excepting only the effects of the atmosphere . make the point m the vertex of another parabola , of which mt is the tangent at the vertex , and v a point thrô which the said parabola passes . it is evident that the cylindrical spaces mtv , mtl are to one another as tv to tl , that is as 8410 to 2350 , or as 3 ⌊ 58 to 1. and that proportion obtaining for every point in the arc mt , it is clear the heats arising from thence keep that very proportion upon the walls ; notwithstanding any variety you may suppose in the thickness and effects of the air , thrô which the light is to come from different altitudes . but there is yet all the heat expressed by the cylindrical surface mvi to be accounted for . the proportion between the arcs tm , ti will be found , by the help of their versed sines , to be as 100 to 127 ⌊ 6. and the proportion between the very small arcs tm , ti will be found as 100 to 122½ : which depends upon the proportion of the line tm to ti being as tm is to ti . and if upon tv you take the point τ , which is three times farther from v than from t , and thrô that point you conceive the circle τμι parallel to tmi , and meeting the two parabolas in μ and ι , you will find the proportion , between the arcs τμ and τι , as 100 to 124½ . so then one cannot err sensibly with supposing the whole cylindrical space mtvm to the cylindrical space itvi as 100 to 125 , or thereabouts ; that is as 8410 to 10512 ; which stands for the cylindrical space itv , supposing the cylindrical space mtl , mtv to be 2350 and 8410. and the number 10512 being divided by 2350 , you find the cylindrical space mtl to the cylindrical space itv as 1 to 4 ⌊ 47. but this number is to be something diminisht , because of the different transparency of the air for different altitudes . imn is very considerably less than the 1 / 27 of the cylindrical space itv : and it is upon imn , and the neighbouring parts , that the greatest diminution of the heat of the sun dos fall . from whence it appears that the said diminution cannot be very great : especially , in our present inquiry , not the whole diminution of the sun's heat being to be accounted for ; but the diminution or difference only from what the heat of the sun is , when as high as in t. however the number 3 ⌊ 58 being certainly too small , and the number 4 ⌊ 47 certainly too great , to express the whole heat upon the sloping wall , it cannot but be pretty near 4 times as great as the heat upon the perpendicular wall : the middle number between those being 4 ⌊ 02. this method , which is clear and easie , is sufficiently exact for our purpose : and it can be easily transfered to other latitudes , and to the cases where the wall is more or less sloping : not to mention those where the wall has indifferently any other exposition . thus if we leave the latitude of 52½ degrees , which is about the middle of england and holland , and make the like calculations for the latitude of london , lt will become 2204 ; tv will remain 8410. the space mtl will be to the space mtv as 2204 to 8410 ; or as 1 to 3 ⌊ 82. the arc τμ will be 47° 38′ . τι is of 60 degrees , as it was before . now as 47° 38′ to 60° , so is 8410 to 10593 , which comes for the space itv . and dividing 10595 by 2204 the quotient is 4 ⌊ 81 ; which is too great to express the heat upon the sloping wall , as 3 ⌊ 82 is too little . the middle number is 4 ⌊ 31 , which was only 4 ⌊ 02 before . so here the disproportion is considerably greater , between the heat for the sloping and the perpendicular wall. on the equinoctial day the heats are as 1000 to 614. in the latitude of 45 degrees tl becomes 1344 , which gives mtl to mtv as 1 to 6 ⌊ 26. so the heat is already 6¼ times greater for the sloping than the perpendicular wall : besides the addition of heat mvi , which is very considerable . for the whole space itv is about 8½ times bigger than mtl . the middle between those two numbers is 7⅜ . on the equinoctial day the heat is exactly doubled . the immediate action of the sun upon the walls , without any regard to the heat reflected from the ground , or occasioned by the warmth of the air , dos not become equal for both the perpendicular and sloping wall , till the sun has got a considerable south latitude . by this it appears that our walls are not only good for the climates of cold countries , but that they will have the greatest effect farther from the poles . in england and holland , and all the north , they are almost necessary ; because without them fruits can hardly be very good . in france &c , they cannot fail of producing most excellent fruits , of the kinds that require a great deal of heat , they being able there to outdo so much ordinary south walls ; than which confessedly there is among perpendicular walls no hotter exposition . hitherto i have not compared sloping and perpendicular south walls to the best advantage of the former . for in our first latitude of 52½ if the sloping wall was at noon exposed directly to the sun in the tropick , there would already be above 4¼ times the heat from the comparison of the two opposite parabolas . besides that addition i have so often mentioned , which would make the heat about 6⅙ . times greater , were it not for the interposition of the atmosphere . the middle number is 5⅕ or thereabouts . in the equinox the proportion of heats would be found as 1000 to 748. so then a little loss of heat near the equinox is here very largely made up about the solstice . and this may invite ( instead of giving to the south walls the same elevation , as the pole has above the horizon ) to give them rather a smaller elevation by 15 or 20 degrees . if you desire a more accurate method of comparing the sun's heat upon two different walls , but with neglecting the effects of the air , you will have it in the solution of the following probleme ; which depends upon the quadrature and the center of gravity of the line of sines . the latitude being given , for instance that of london , to find for a given day , suppose that of the summer solstice , the heat of the sun upon any plane wall whatsoever ; suppose a sloping wall that lies , for instance , north-east and north-west , and has an elevation of 48 degrees upon the horizon , going obliquely from the north-east point towards he north. the great variety of cases , into which this problem may be branched , obliges me thus to fix my discourse , by applying it , in a great measure , to a particular example . conceive , in the fifth figure , the sphere pobd αβgap , projected about the center c , for an eye placed at an infinite distance , in the common section of the planes of the sloping wall , and of the equator , or its parallels . let ακcnka be the plane of the sloping wall ; βxceξb the plane of the equator ; p the pole of the world ; dezkhζκd the horizon ; otznζg the tropick or parallel ; n the common section of its plane , with the plane of the wall , whether this section fall within or without the sphere ; z , ζ the two intersections of the tropick or parallel with the horizon , if they meet each other . in the triangle cke the side ek being given , as here of 45 degrees , and the angle e being of 38½ , and the angle k of 48 degrees , you will easily find the side ec and the angle c. take upon the equator cx equal to the complement of ce ; and thrô the point x conceive the meridian xhptξx . in the rectangular triangle ebd find bd ; and so draw thrô the point e the horizon dezkhζκd , cutting , as i said , if it lights so , the tropick or parallel og in the points z , ζ ; and draw the indefinite lines zy , ζυ perpendicular to og . take the radius of the sphere for unity ; and make ov , perpendicular to og , equal to the square of the sine of the arc oa . from the point n as vertex draw thrô the point v the parabola nyv υ , making no to be a tangent at the vertex . transfer as much of the cylindrical surface nvnon into the sixth figure , ( where it is opened , and the parallel or tropick becomes a straight line ) as there is of it that is seen from the wall. and thus having drawn from the points z , ζ duly transfered , if they be seen by the sloping wall , the ordinates zy . ζυ , the space between them zyvnz , after it is increased in the proportion of the circumference or radius of the tropick or parallel to the circumference or radius of the equator , will give you the measure of the heat upon the sloping wall. but this is with neglecting the effects of the atmosphere . now that space , or a solid proportional to it , is found by having the quadrature and center of gravity of the line of sines , and of its segments ; all which are already known . the truth of this assertion is obvious without any farther demonstration of it ; and will appear to agree with the following construction , which also dos solve the problem . to the circle ong , fig. v. conceive the correspondent line of sines aoybzga fig. vii . in which the axis ab is equal to the semi circumference , and the other axis og is equal to the diameter of the parallel or tropick . thrô the point n duly transfered upon og , to wit , with making gn , gn equal in both figures , draw the parallel nnn to the axis ab , till it meets in n , n with the curve aob continued for that purpose as far as is necessary . and having also duly trasfered the point z , by taking the line nz equal to the arc nz , and having drawn zy perpendicular to nnn , and meeting with the line of sines aob in y , upon nnz as the edge , and zyoanz as basis , erect a semi-quadrantal ungula ; and find its solidity or bigness , by those rules dr. wallis has publisht in his mechanicks ; where he has given the quadrature and the center of gravity of the line of sines and its segments . then depress that ungula , or make it smaller , in the proportion of the square of no to the square of the sine of the arc oa . when the solid of this new ungula is found , correct it again , increasing it in the proportion of the circumference or radius of the tropick or parallel to the circumference or radius of the equator . the new resulting solid will be proportional to the heat of the sun upon the sloping wall , if we neglect the effects of the air. after the same way might be found the solid expressing the heat mtmlm of the iv. figure , upon a perpendicular south wall ; for the solution is general . but if the cylindrical surface mtmlm be also duly transfered into the vi. figure , as you see it done ; and upon the basis mtm , when it falls intire between the points n , n , you draw the curve line mam , whose ordinates upon mm are every where proportional to the correspondent ordinates of the curve mlm , and whose swelling comes just to touch the curve nvn , the heats expressed by the surfaces mlmm , mamm will be as tl to ta , notwithstanding the effects of the air. which consideration may be of some use , where the begness of the remaining part is but small , and to be guessed at , as we did heretofore , by some easie approximation . but this by the by . this solution gives , as a corollary , the method of measuring the heat of the sun upon the horizon , any day in the year , for any proposed climate ; thô it remains yet to account for the diminution of heat arising from the atmosphere . i do not expect that the whole crowd of geometers will see that our constructions carry with themselves the strength and evidence of a demonstration . but this discourse being intended to be , in a great measure , popular , i am loth to fill it with a long digression , only to make our proofs evident to a greater number of mathematicians . let it be enough that some of them may perceive that we have advanced here nothing but what is exactly true . having calculated a table of the sun's heat upon a plane , for each degree of the sun's elevation upon the said plane , i thought it might be acceptable to some if i transcribed it here . in this table the heats to an elevation and to its complement make always the same sum : which depends upon the squares of the sides being , in a rectangular triangle , equal to the square of the hypotenuse . the sun's elevation upon a plane . the sun's heat upon the plane . the sun's elevation upon a plane . the sun's heat upon the plane . the sun's elevation upon a plane . the sun's heat upon the plane . deg. parts . deg. parts . deg. parts . 1 3 31 2653 61 7650 2 12 32 2808 62 7796 3 27 33 2966 63 7939 4 49 34 3127 64 8078 5 76 35 3290 65 8214 6 109 36 3455 66 8346 7 149 37 3622 67 8473 8 194 38 3790 68 8597 9 245 39 3960 69 8716 10 302 40 4132 70 8830 11 364 41 4304 71 8940 12 432 42 4477 72 9045 13 506 43 4651 73 9145 14 585 44 4825 74 9240 15 670 45 5000 75 9330 16 760 46 5175 76 9415 17 855 47 5349 77 9494 18 955 48 5523 78 9568 19 1060 49 5696 79 9636 20 1170 50 5868 80 9698 21 1284 51 6040 81 9755 22 1403 52 6210 82 9806 23 1527 53 6378 83 9851 24 1654 54 6545 84 9891 25 1786 45 6710 85 9924 26 1922 56 6873 86 9951 27 2061 57 7034 87 9973 28 2204 58 7192 88 9988 29 2350 59 7347 89 9997 30 2500 60 7500 90 10000 degrees . squares of their sines degrees . squares of their sines . degrees . squares of their sines . if the sun's altitude be given , and you expose to its rays a plane , with more or less obliquity ; the sun's heat upon it will be , in any obliquity , as the table shews . but if the sun's altitude be supposed to change , the effects of the atmosphere ought also to come under consideration . i need not say that i make no allowance for the sun 's apparent diameter being of a pretty great bigness , and not insensible like the stars . as to the diminution of the sun's heat , occasion'd by the interposition of a greater or less depth of air , it is certainly very great . we cannot bear the sight of the sun when it is something high ; much less if it was in the very zenith . but it is no hard matter to bear it , when the sun is within three or four degrees of the horizon . it is not easie to find by bare study the laws of that diminution ; not only because of the different density and continual refraction of the air , at several heights from the center of the earth ; but especially because of that wonderful propriety of light , that makes it go thrô , and among terrestrial bodies , under a certain and determinate degree of smallness , depending upon their density , without being affected at all in its passage . however i see how that diminution might be found , by some experiments made with a large burning speculum constantly turned to the sun for a whole summer-day , and with a thermometer kept by it always at the same degree of heat . the middle of the speculum must be shaded by a round plate , supported exactly over against it . in the shade of this plate , and not far from the focus of the speculum , the thermometer , which ought to be but small , must be duly fastened . the speculum ought to have a graduated circle about it . and by the different opening of an arched ruler , that is to move about the center of the speculum , and to be every where pretty near its surface , it ought to have an opaque vail spread , more or less , before it : so that a greater or smaller sectour be uncovered , according as the strength of the sun's heat requires . that heat will be reciprocal to the arc or sectour uncovered . so then keeping , in one of the longest days , a table of the quantity of this arc , for the several minutes , or other intervals of time , of which the day is composed , one may easily gather the proportion of the sun's heat it-self , such as is transmitted thrô the atmosphere . the following table , which is very short and easie to make , or , instead of it , some other table made upon the like principles , might help us also to guess a little , in so dark an inquiry . this table gives , upon some suppositions , the length of the way of the sun-beams thrô the air , to every apparent altitude of the sun. apparent altitude of the sun. length of the way of the sun-beams thrô the air. deg. min parts . 0. 0 20. 0. 18 19. 0. 37 18. 0. 57 17. 1. 18 16. 1. 41 15. 2. 6 14. 2. 33½ 13. 3. 4 12. 3. 39 11. 4. 19 10. 5. 6 9. 6. 3 8. 7. 13 7. 8. 45 6. 10. 51 5. 13. 55 4 19. 4 3 29. 45 2 31. 31 1 ⌊ 9 33. 32 1 ⌊ 8 35. 51 1 ⌊ 7 38. 30 1 ⌊ 6 31. 39 1 ⌊ 5 45. 26 1 ⌊ 4 50. 9 1 ⌊ 3 56. 21 1 ⌊ 2 65. 19 1 ⌊ 1 90. 0 1. let 2r be the diameter of the earth , equal , for instance , to 400 parts : a the perpendicular height of the air that is able to obstruct sensibly the light of the sun : this i suppose , for an example , equal to 1 part. let the indeterminate q be the length of the way of the sun-beams thrô that air : s the sine of the sun 's apparent altitude to the radius r : and neglect the effects of refraction . in these suppositions you will find . which equation is the ground , upon which the table was calculated . and if you give any other value to the quantity a , you will easily make such another table , at your pleasure , by the help of the same equation . if we suppose the air every where of an uniform density ; and its perpendicular height given ; which will be easily determined in that supposition : and the whole refraction of the rays of light to be , at their coming into the atmosphere : and that the same quantity of light penetrates into the air , whether it comes with more , or with less obliquity ; it will be easie to make a table shewing the loss of light occasioned by the air , for any given apparent altitude of the sun. and this may , perhaps , serve well enough for use . from experience find the proportion of light , suppose as a to b , for any two apparent altitudes of the sun ; suppose 62 and 30 degrees . let the length of the rays in the air for those apparent altitudes be as n to m. draw , in the eighth figure , the assymptote oab , of an indefinite length . take in it ob equal to m oa equal to n and ab will be equal to m — n. draw to the assymptote the perpendicular . lines ad , bc , equal respectively to a and b. thrô the points c and d draw the logarithmic line fcdq : and draw the ordinate oq . if ▪ you suppose oq for the whole light , that enters the atmosphere ; and , upon the assymptote , you take , from the point o , the line oe equal to the length of the rays of light in the air ; the correspondent ordinate ef will give the quantity of light remaining , after the passage thrô so much air , as the length of the rays dos expose : and a table of its diminution will easily be calculated . the ground , i proceed upon , is that if two solid rays of light pass , thrô a given thickness of air equally dense , they will lose of their quantity , or strength , in the same proportion , as they have to one another . by the like method you may find how much more light there is , at any time , near the surface of a calm water , than in any given depth . ; ; and this is what we had to say of the diminution of heat , occasioned by the rays of light crossing the atmosphere . let us now take our leave of these mathematical speculations , and go on to consider what advantage we can make of movable walls . as there are some countries , or some sorts of fruits , for which the best is not always the hottest exposition ; so there are some other countries , or some other sorts of fruits , for which we cannot well procure too much heat . but it will be a hard matter to outdo much the south walls of our second , or third , or eleventh figure ; of which last i shall speak hereafter ; unless it be perhaps by a movable wall. i shall not mention here the placing some earth , and having a sloping wall built , all along in a kind of boat ; or otherwise built , in any other sort of floating vessel ; as suppose a round one . thô with the turning of the vessel , so as to follow the sun , and making it , and the wall at the same time , lean more or less , one might be sure to injoy almost all the sun's heat . i will only describe a kind of movable box , which having an inclined brick wall fastened to it , will , without any water , which both is difficult to procure , and rots vessels too easily , have the same advantage of being constantly turned towards the sun ; and may , in winter time , be laid up in an orange house . in the ix and x figures ab is a strong post fastened upright in the ground ; whose upper end b is shaped into an hemisphere , or rather into a part of a sphere , yet something bigger . upon b there rests a strong piece of oak , cc ; in the middle of which there is a concave place , so made as to fit the figure of b , and to leave the liberty of turning and inclining the box several degrees to and fro . the concave surface will be great enough , if it contains the half of the surface of an hemisphere . d is the box it self ; which is somewhat long , and so shaped that the sun may shine pretty fully upon the foreside of it . to the two sides of the box , and to the piece cc , are fastened two inclined pieces of timber ef , ef , almost parallel to one another ; and upon these , close by the box , another pretty long horizontal piece of timber gg . the remaining pieces gf , gf ; gf , gf ; ff ; eg , eg ; ee , are so disposed as to give much strength to the whole frame . upon the part gffg i place a floor of boards , and the piece gg jets out some two or four inches , from that floor . i use both the piece gg , and the floor of boards , for the foundation of my inclined brick wall ; to which i give a thickness equal to once or twice the thickness of a brick , according to the weight as i desire it should have . under the box are yet two strong parallel pieces of timber hh , running on each side close by the post ab ; and made firm together , at both their ends , by two cross pieces . from the back end of hh there rises several pieces hk , hi ; which being fastened to the pieces ef , some near the middle , some at or near the upper end of the floor or frame , help to bear it up . in the pieces hh there might be some holes , at proper distances from each other , for two iron pegs , one of each side the post ab , to keep , at your pleasure , the whole box in a proper elevation . but this might be done more conveniently with cords . for from the ends e , e ; f , f ; g , g ; h , h , you might have some cords fastened to some pretty great weights of metal or stone , or else to some buckles , to keep the whole engine firm in any position . in the making of it it must be so proportioned , in all its parts , that the center of gravity may fall under b , but withal near it . and so it will be proper that the floor be not exactly flat , but convex . the addition of some movable weight like p might also help to alter the center of gravity , and to manage the engine more easily . and it is to be observed , that the farther ●c is from the box , the wider you may make it at bottom . such an engine as this will easily be defended from ants and other creeping insects . about the floor gffg one might have a kind of plain border , with an inclination to the floor , of about 45 degrees every where : which border , by its reflexion , would much increase the heat , and make it closer ; giving besides some shelter from winds : and upon it one might spread a net , to keep off the birds and flys . if , by an easie change , you should desire to have two boxes and two trees , in one single engine , the boxes being something distant from each other , there would be room for the post ab between them ; and you might make them as broad as you would at bottom ; and fix the bearing place much lower , if you thought it convenient so . instead of bricks the floor might perhaps be covered with lead , either painted dark or black , or not painted at all . but i am apt to think it would give , in some climates not far from this , and at some seasons in the year , too great a heat for vines , and such other tender trees . one advantage of movable walls is that they may , at any time , be turned from storms , and from cold or blasting winds ; and take in as much , or as little , of the sun-shine , as one pleases . they might besides , when the sun is strong , and the fruit grown large , be sometimes presented side ways to the sun , that it may shine fully upon the sides of the fruits ; and give them also that fine colour which becomes the whole fruit so well . but after all these walls may better serve the turn of some curious body , than the publick . they will be good particularly for melons , vines , figs &c , and for raising early most sorts of fruits . as to our former sloping walls , it remains yet to order them so that we may not be troubled with the rain , they are apt to bring in abundance to the root of our trees . but this certainly can be no fault in a dry season , or light ground , or easterly wall , or hot countrey ; especially considering the great force of the sun upon our terrasses , which will quickly dry the ground . in other places , besides what may be done , by receiving and turning off the rain , the walk might be made as you see in the xith figure ; where it is pretty deep in the middle of it . is the slope of the south wall ; am the cultivated ground , some three , four , or five foot broad : mn another thin sloping wall , parallel to ba , and some three or four foot high : no the walk , or path ; which may be five or six foot broad , and paved , if you think fit . op , pe , eg are the correspondent sloping north walls and cultivated ground . the great depth of no will keep the grounds amn , epo pretty dry : and the path no may be made falling , in order to bring the water to some drains , where it may be lost . in an extraordinary wet weather , one might use some slight boards , like qr , and place them so , near the foot of the sloping wall , that they might receive the rain at their upper end , in order to convey it to the bottom no . for this purpose it is proper that there be a very small jetting out in the wall , to which the boards may be closely applyed . or rather one might , at first , fix in the wall a long and narrow piece of beaten lead , which necessarily receiving the rain , would easily bring it to the upper surface of the boards , or to some gutters placed along the wall , which would be much convenienter than the boards ; and would easily convey the water to some other gutters that should make it fall upon the bottom no . the slope mn , receiving so directly the sun-shine upon it , will help very much to heat the ground nma ; and by consequence will , in some measure , forward vegetation . the bottom no , which is to serve for a path or walk , must be raising near the middle in a round figure , to keep it dry there . the two terrasses being farther from one another , than in the second or third figure , the heat will accordingly be less close . now we have begun to propose , for our terrasses , a shape something different from that excellent one , in the second and third figure ; we may farther observe that there would perhaps be some small advantage to shape our cultivated ground so as to have it better exposed to the sun , and grow warmer . we might , for instance , let the section of our walk , in the eleventh figure , be according to the lines brmnoteg ; and order matters so , as not to be troubled with the rain , especially in the ridge e. and by these means we should also get a sloping wall ot , of a tolerable bigness , and very well sheltered , but ill placed , and of an indifferent exposition . you may remember how , speaking to the first figure , i did chuse , in the side of a narrow vale , a pretty steep hill well exposed ; which i did shape into several terrasses , one above another . i don't know but that , keeping to the like idea , it may succeed pretty well , especially about 45 degrees latitude , to chuse that hill very steep , to take it almost as nature dos give it us , and to pave it all over with brick laid flat , except some holes of an oval figure , about six or seven foot long , and about four foot broad . these holes are each to receive at the top of them a tree , whose branches must be made to spread upon the paving of bricks . the greatest diameter of the ovals ought to be horizontal . they must be disposed with as much regularity as possible . they will look handsomer , and will be more equally divided , and lie more convenient for the spreading of the tree , and to receive all the rain , if they be checker-wise ; as you see them in the twelth figure . but they will lie something more conveniently to turn off the rain , if they be above one another . however it seems there is no great danger to be feared , from too much rain , in a hill so well exposed to the sun ; and where an extraordinary quantity of rain will not fail to find its way down , or will ever be easily turned off . the uncovered earth must be dug as often , as it is convenient . the bricks will grow very hot , by the sun shining so fully upon them : and , for ought i know , they may hinder the too great and useless dissipation of the spirits of the earth , that secret and precious fire of nature , not only by preventing the growth of grass , but also by intercepting their way , and making them come out , in greater abundance , at the place where the trees and their roots are . the good earth must have been gathered to a sufficient depth about the ovals . it is easie to order it so that either all the rain shall run into the ovals , or most of it run down at the sides of them , according as your climate or the season requires . as to the charge , both in bricks and mortar and day-labour , it will come , for each tree , to much less than half the correspondent charge , in building of a perpendicular wall ; thô we should suppose this to have trees on both sides . since i began this treatise , i have often inquired whether our sloping walls had been used any where : and particularly i have indeavoured to find , in monsieur la quintinye's book , what he says that may relate to this matter . it is very plain that they are in no common use , if used at all , in these northern climates , where they are most wanted . and probably they have have had no occasion to think of them in hotter climates , where , for the most part , heat is as much feared , as here it is desired . but i would fain have known whether ever they had been designedly built , on purpose to injoy the sun longer , and to increase its heat . monsieur la quintinye speaks * of some sloping grounds , which he calls des ados . these , he says , are an earth raised up , with a slope , along a well exposed wall , in order to sow upon it , in winter time and in the spring , some plants , that are designed to be more forward , than in the open ground . so pease and beans are sown , and artichokes , vines , rasberries &c , are planted upon an ados ; the reflexion of the sun , probably from the wall above , and from the ground before , heating these slopes , as if they were real walls . what i find said of them , in the rest of the work , is much to the same purpose . by this contrivance , the origine of which i do not at present inquire into , one dos considerably increase the heat , at all times in the year ; and i do not see that one can out-do it much in winter or autumn . but , in the spring and summer , the wall hides the sun from the slope for some time ; which perhaps the reflexion from the said wall is not a sufficient recompence for . to which must be added , that the heat is perhaps better , being divided to a greater part of the day , than crowded together about noon . however by this disposition of the wall the heat is made closer . in another place * he dos mend the hanging of the ground , in a large garden , but without admiring at all the remedy , by dividing it into several parts , of different heights , and making each of them level , and parting them , either by some little walls , or only by some slopes of earth closely beaten together . and being satisfied , as he has it somewhere else , that there is no place , in a garden , but what may be of some use ; he says , that these little walls may serve for several things he mentions : and that the little slopes will not be useless neither ; but on the contrary , when they are exposed to the south or east , they may either be used to raise at first some early plants , for the spring ; as winter lettuce , pease , beans , strawberries , artichokes and after the spring they may serve to raise some seeds of purslain , basil &c : or else , if there be a great quantity of those slopes well exposed , a part of them may be imployed for good and all to bring forth good grapes and other fruits ; as it has been done in the king of france's fruit or kitchen garden , in certain slopes purposely made for that use . i guess , by these passages , that the worthy author , who is ever very particular and full in what he writes , thô he says no more in this matter , used these slopes no otherwise than as grounds , and as they do chuse some hills well exposed for their vines , or even for their gardens . but thô this be something a-kin to the main idea i follow , in this discourse , and a confirmation of it , yet i believe there remain some considerable differences , between what monsieur la quintinye has writ , and what i propose . the gardens of his making may justifie whether or no he had left any room for our meditations . which would indeed be only a fuller explication of his thoughts , if he had covered his slopes with bricks or stones ; and had made his trees to grow against them obliquely to the ground ; and had used them in any exposition rather than perpendicular walls ; and had made them sometimes more , sometimes less sloping ; and had defended them , as i do , against winds ; and had likewise procured the closeness of air , with no loss of either sun or rain , for the six or seven hottest months , from equinox to equinox : not to mention some other improvements you will find in this treatise . however those ados of earth have a peculiar advantage for all herbs ; and particularly for those early plants , that are to be gathered in february , march , or april . to this i might add the account monsieur la quintinye gives of square or rectangular gardens ; where he explains how the sun never shines upon more than two walls at once ; and in some moments upon one only ; without ever shining upon two opposite walls together . but near the summer solstice one might see , for a good while together about noon , the sun to shine at once pretty full upon the four walls of a rectangular garden built after our way : and seldom , in the rest of the day , to shine upon less than three walls , except the sun be very low . there is in monsieur la quintinye's book a ground plat of the kitchen garden , or fruit garden , of versailles . thô there be in that garden a high and very long terrasse , with trees on both sides against it , yet the ground plat shews that the walls of it are perpendicular . so this terrasse having at once the disadvantages of being more chargeable , and less solid or lasting , and worse for vegetation than a terrasse with sloping walls would be , i cannot but conclude also from thence that monsieur la quintinye knew no other walls than perpendicular ones . as to the beauty , i acknowledge indeed our sloping walls not to be altogether so handsome as the others are : and yet i do not doubt but the eye will soon be accustomed to them ; especially when it may look upon them more as terrasses , than as walls ; so that their leaning may not seem to threaten a fall . in the english translation of monsieur la quintinye , i find a place , that seems peremptorily to condemn our sloping walls . it is near the end of the fifth chapter of the third part of the first volume . there you may read , by all i have newly said , about the height of walls , it appears that i have little value for those leaning walls , to pretend to make them fruit walls for pears , peaches , apricocks but they may serve for something else . and in the margin you find also writ , leaning walls not proper . but the sense , in the french original , is that such walls as are only breast high ( des murs d'appui ) are not good for fruit. neither was the author speaking of sloping walls before , but of the height of perpendicular walls . i have also heard of a large round pit , like an amphitheater , built here in england with sloping walls all about it . the ground in the middle was , as they said , several yards diameter , perhaps about 50 or 100 or more . and upon all that ground there grew vines , both sheltered from winds , and cherished with a closer heat , than they could have in the open air. a person of quality has tryed about , 53 degrees latitude , in the present year 1697 , to increase the sun's heat upon his melons , by some pretty large convex glasses . these being placed , between the sun and the melons , did gather the rays in a pretty small focus each . and we have been told , to our admiration , that the melons thus helpt have been tolerably good , and much better than others that did grow in the neighbourhood , which were generally bad ones . as if it were enough to heat any one part of the fruit , to make the effects of it to spread over the whole . but i hear also that the like tryals having been made upon several fruits , in other places , have had no other success than the giving them some unkindly precocity , leaving withal to them a harsh and unpleasant taste . in some places , they make a vine to grow as high as the roof of some ordinary building ; and there to spread its branches over the whole roof . in other places , they make the vines to grow first as high as the top of a garden wall ; and there to part into two branches , running on each side , for 25 or 30 foot together , upon the small coping of bricks , they do sometimes end their garden walls withal . thô i have been told that , with the first of these two ways , they have had some good grapes in england ; yet i find , in both of them , this capital fault , that the roots having work enough to feed so long a stock , and to garnish such a large extent with leaves , and a thousand other little useless shoots , there can remain no strength in the sap , for the production of grapes ; unless perhaps they be some few and ill favoured ones . all these and the like trials were indeavours towards what is here more fully stated : for i do not doubt but a great deal more besides has been attempted , in many places , in order to make the most of the sun's heat . whether i have done any thing more towards it than others , let either experience justifie , or those determine , that are able to understand the mathematical part of this discourse . but after all i acknowledge readily that our invention required but an ordinary capacity , to light upon it ; and even but an indifferent skill in geometry , to examine and establish it upon its true principles . i must here repeat again and again , that i have , in this discourse , indeavoured to increase the sun's heat to an extraordinary degree : and this , i hope , i have found how to do effectually . but it is easie in hot climates , and in some light and dry grounds , and in the governing of tender plants , to err by an excess of heat . if any body should fall into that errour , it must be by his own fault . he may take as much and as little , as he pleases , of that degree of heat , which is to be had by our sloping walls . thô accommodating my self to the climate of england , where too much heat is hardly to be feared , i may perhaps have sometimes spoke , as if one were always to take the most . however a pretty good remedy , against too much heat , is to keep constantly the ground sufficiently watered : so that the trees being conveniently full of moisture , their fruits may be so much the farther from being scorched and dryed up . and here i may observe by the by , that if our terrasses be so broad as to have , at the top of them , a little rivulet , or aqueduct , it will be very easie from thence to water them on both sides . but this is perhaps above the circumstances of an ordinary gentleman's estate . the same conveniency for watering would be found , in the steep hill of the twelfth figure , provided there were some water at hand , above the uppermost ovals . if you have a sloping wall ready built , and you are unwilling to have all the heat it dos give , you may keep your trees upon some frames or espaliers , at some little distance from the wall , as half a foot , or a foot , or a foot and a half , more or less , as you intend to take off more or less of the sun's heat . those frames , thô not much used in england , are yet better than the bare wall , because they leave more room and liberty to trees . perhaps you may desire to have some method , for the chusing of the elevations of your walls , when they have any other exposition than to the south , or to the north. i do for this make use , in our climates , of the following construction ; which i do not give as a geometrical one , but only as a mechanical approximation , for the solution of a problem perhaps too hard , to be solved , in its full extent , with any great exactness . an exposition being given , in a given climate , it is easily understood , by what i said before , that all fruits do not require the sloping wall should have the same elevation : but that some fruits will have it great , some little : and that among these elevations there is two extreams , to wit , the highest elevation and the lowest , that stand , as it were , for limits of the rest . i call the highest elevation , the sloping wall can have , in the given exposition , simply the greatest or highest elevation ; and its proper wall the highest wall. and i call the lowest elevation , the same wall can have , in the same exposition , the smallest or least elevation ; and its proper wall the lowest wall. let ha be the horizon , aop the meridian ; ao an arc equal to the elevation you chuse to give to your sloping wall , when it looks to the north : ap the height of the pole. and you may find thus the greatest elevation of your declining wall ; whether it declines to the east , or to the west . draw the line po , whose middle is d ; and determine how much more you would take , for the greatest elevation of your east wall , than for the greatest elevation of your west wall. for i do chuse to give the east wall a greater elevation , that it may injoy the morning sun more fully : and to the west wall a smaller elevation ; that the sun may come the sooner to shine upon it . suppose , for instance , you chuse 5 degrees , or 10 degrees , for the difference of elevations , between the highest east wall , and the highest west wall. place those 10 degrees , for instance , in the middle of the arc po , from s to t ; and let s be higher than t. and draw the lines ds , dt . make the little circle pdo to serve as a compass ; where the point o will answer to the north exposition , and the point p to the south exposition . let your proposed expositions look , for instance , towards the 60th degree , taken on both sides the north : and upon the circle odp take oe equal to 60 degrees . the lines e σ , e τ , parallel to ds , dt , will give , upon the arc ap , the greatest elevations a σ , a τ , for the two walls : to wit , a σ for the wall that looks 60 degrees east-ward , from the north point of the horizon ; and a τ for the wall that looks 60 degrees westward , from the same point . the smallest elevations , belonging to the same expositions , will be found with taking aq equal to the smallest elevation of the south wall , and proceeding , with the little circle oq , as was done , with the little circle op . now the point q cannot be lower than the point o. for whatever be the least elevation you can give to the south wall , the north wall requires either the same , or a lower : and never the same , but when it seems inconvenient , for vegetation , to give a lower . if the point q happens to be very near the point o , as suppose within 5 degrees from it ; you may , upon the little circle oq , take o● of 60 degrees , as before ; and draw to oq the perpendicular eh , meeting with the arc ap in h and so you will have the arc ah , for the least elevation . and , if you think fit , you may add to and substract a little from it , at your pleasure ; if you intend to give more elevation to the east wall , than to the westerly . but let it be so that you may still remain , between the limits o , q. however much niceness , in so wide a construction , is probably superfluous . ; the heat remains sensibly the same , for the south wall , and for the north wall too , if , keeping their elevation each , they are made to decline some few degrees , from the north or from the south . this is partly plain , because the heat , upon a wall , whose elevation is given , is a maximum , when the exposition is to the south , and a minimum , when it is to the north. and , this not being a sufficient proof , it is also further evident , by some calculations , which i forbear to insert here . for thô a maximum , or a minimum , dos not , for the most part , alter its bigness sensibly , when the elements , from which it results , are but a little changed ; yet it happens sometimes , as in the points of retrogression of curves , that a maximum , or a minimum will alter very much , upon the least change in its elements ; as suppose in the abscisse . and not only a maximum , or minimum , may be found , where the fluxions of the abscisse and ordinate are either of them infinitely greater than the other ; but where those very fluxions have any determinate and finite proportion among themselves . but a part of this has already been observed by others . this equality of heat is the ground of the construction i have given , for determining the elevation of declining walls . for it follows easily from it , that the elevation of the south wall will remain sensibly the same , thô it declines , some few degrees , from the true south ; and that the elevation of the north wall will also remain sensibly the same , thô it should decline , some few degrees , from the true north. but experience will be , in all climates , the properest way to determine , for each fruit , and each exposition and situation , and each sort of materials , our walls may be made withal , the elevation that should be given to sloping walls . we must now compare , as well as we can , a smooth and plane wall , with a rough irregular wall , and with some other walls , that are not plane . in this theory i have supposed hitherto the walls to be very smooth and plane . and in that supposition the heat is as the square of the sine of the sun's elevation , upon the plane of the wall. but , if it was possible to have a wall , of an uniform and determinate roughness every where , that could perpetually fold its rough surface into larger and straight prismatical furrows , so as to have always one side of the furrows parallel to the rays of light , and the other side perpendicular to them , the heat would then be , and only then , as the sine of the sun's elevation upon the wall. which must be so understood , as not to exclude a wall , whose roughness vanishes into an exact plane . i am apt to think that our ordinary walls , thô very rough and uneven , come nearer the first supposition , than the second . but , if the second was to take place , tv , tl must , in the fourth figure , be made equal to the sines of their proper arcs tp , tz : and the parabolas mv , ml , iv , must be turned into straight lines , and the rest of the calculation must be altered accordingly . the result of which would be a much smaller disproportion of heat than before , between the sloping and the perpendicular wall. but , notwithstanding this , there would be yet left a very considerable increase of heat for sloping walls ; which would give a sufficient incouragement for the building of them : as will soon appear to you , by an easie calculation , too obvious after all i have said , for me to explain it any farther . however it is not possible that the heat should follow this proportion . if the heat was supposed as s½ , which is the mean proportional , between the heats in the two former suppositions , taking s for the sine of the sun's elevation upon the wall ; then , tv , tl being duly determined , the parabolas would be turned into parabolas of another kind , where the cube of the ordinate would be as the square of the abscisse . and the calculations woud be made after a method like that i followed before . and the result would come much nearer my first supposition : thô it would perhaps yet fall short of the true increase of heat , upon the wall. a smooth south wall seems to receive more heat in all , than a rough irregular wall. but the rough wall receives more heat , while the sun shines very obliquely upon it , than a smooth south wall would do : and it receives less heat than the smooth wall , when the sun shines near full upon both . for my part i think the smooth wall to be preferable ; not only because it seems to have more heat in all , and looks much neater , but because it gives no shelter to insects . the very sloping of a brick wall will give an advantage for the polishing or making of it smooth , by the drawing to and fro of a rough and hard stone sufficiently plane upon it , the stone being large and suspended from above , to some convenient place for that purpose . but we have one sort of very large and thin bricks , whose figure is an exact square , already polished to our hands . neither should i be very fond of a sloping south wall , with some smooth semi-cylindrical furrows upon it , running from top to bottom , in all the wall ; as in architecture some pilasters are often made ; the flat part between the furrows being also very smooth ; unless the furrows were very small indeed ; which would bring the wall so much the nearer a plane . any other furrows would prove too convenient a nest for insects . i have calculated , more out of curiosity , than for any real use , the proportion of heat , for an equinoctial day , upon such a furrow , and upon the plane wall , or fascia , that could fill it up to the very axis ; supposing the atmosphere not to act upon the rays of light , and the elevation of the walls to be the same , with that of the pole ; and these walls to be turned directly to the south . and i have also calculated the heat , that the like fascia would receive , if it was turned directly to the sun , for the whole day . in the seventh figure , where c is the center of the lines of sines oa , ag , make up the rectangles ocad and gcae ; and upon the axis ac conceive the solid formed by the revolution of the space oago , as well as the cylinder formed by the revolution of the space degod . the heat of the sun , upon the fascia always perpendicular to its rays , will be , at the days end , as the moment or weight of the cylinder odeg , in reference to the line od ; suppose as the number 9870. and the heat upon the cylindrical surface , will be as the moment of the solid oag , in reference to the line de , that is as 2723. and the heat upon the inclined fascia , will be as the moment of the solid oag , in reference to the line od ; that is as 2467. but the inclined fascia , or the plane wall , receives , in proportion to its surface , much more heat than the semi-cylindrical cavity ; as appears both by the very numbers i have just now given ; and by taking upon the semi-cylindrical surface a small space , equal to the like space upon the inclined plane wall. for the space , taken in the cylindrical surface , will be seen by the sun , only for six hours : and the most it can receive of the sun's heat dos but equal the heat , that the space taken in the plane wall dos receive , from nine in the morning to three in the afternoon . the wall with the cylindrical furrows has some advantage , in that the solid , between the furrows , not being thick , it may be heated from side to side , and in that the reflexion of the sun-beams makes the heat something closer . but the advantage will be greater if the furrows be very close , and very small , as suppose six or ten or more in an inch : in which case they seem to be even preferable to a plane wall , thô the difference between them can be but little . the whole direct or unreflected heat , upon a semicylindrical space adb , is as the sectour dab , the line da being directed to the sun , and the perpendicular heat being expressed by a height equal to the radius of the cylinder . from whence it follows that the heat , upon the plane ab , is equal to the heat , or action of the rays of light , upon the cylindrical space adb , when the angle dab is of 59 degrees 4 minutes , and about 50 seconds . and so we leave off considering of walls that are not plane . i have , for the reader 's satisfaction , calculated , according to the principles that have been laid down , the following table , which gives for all countries , from 40 to 67 degrees latitude , the proportion of heat , in the summer solstice , upon a perpendicular south wall , and a sloping wall passing thrô the pole of the world. this space dos comprehend almost all europe . but , in the south parts of it , i should not much care for our sloping south walls , unless it were for some plants of the hottest countries , or in a place naturally temperate or cold , upon the side of some little vale duly chosen in a high hill or mountain . and thus those many habitations , which , being placed very high , are , in all times of the year , much colder than the neighbouring plains , and unfit upon that account , even in hot countries , for the production of good fruits , may hereafter injoy that blessing . and this so much the more , that the heat of the south wall may , perhaps without danger , be extremely increased there . so , for instance , in the middle of spain , which is a mountainous kingdom , the heat may be made , in the solstice , ten or fifteen times greater , upon our wall , than upon a perpendicular south-wall . and this , or rather a part of it , will give a very good help against the coldness of a situation , proceeding from its height . suppose that , in the fourth figure , the point τ is , as before , three times nearer to t than to v : and that the cylindrical surface tmv is to the cylindrical surface tiv as the arc τμ to the arc τι : you will find the proportion , between the cylindrical surfaces tml , tmv , tiv , to be , at the solstice , as in the following table . the first column gives the elevation of the pole in degrees from 40 to 67. the fourth column gives the heat tiv , upon a smooth south wall , so much inclined to the horizon as to pass thrô the pole of the world ; and it makes it always equal to 1000. hp tml tmv tiv mn tml tmv tiv m. n. 40 65 677 1000 838 100 1043 1540 1291 41 74 690 1000 845 100 930 1348 1139 42 84 702 1000 851 100 835 1189 1012 43 95 714 1000 857 100 755 1057 906 44 106 725 1000 863 100 686 946 816 45 118 736 1000 868 100 626 851 738 46 130 746 1000 873 100 574 770 672 47 143 756 1000 878 100 529 700 614 48 157 765 1000 883 100 489 639 564 49 171 774 1000 887 100 454 586 520 50 185 783 1000 891 100 422 540 481 51 201 791 1000 896 100 394 499 447 52 216 799 1000 900 100 369 462 416 53 233 807 1000 903 100 347 430 388 54 249 814 1000 907 100 327 401 364 55 267 821 1000 911 100 308 375 342 56 284 829 1000 914 100 291 352 321 57 303 835 1000 918 100 276 33o 303 58 321 842 1000 921 100 262 311 287 59 340 848 1000 924 100 249 294 272 60 360 855 1000 927 100 238 278 258 61 379 861 1000 930 100 227 264 245 62 399 867 1000 933 100 217 250 234 63 420 873 1000 936 100 208 238 223 64 441 878 1000 939 100 199 227 213 65 462 884 1000 942 100 191 217 204 66 483 890 1000 945 100 184 207 196 67 504 895 1000 947 100 177 198 188 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix the explication of the table . i. elevation of the pole in degrees . ii. heat upon the perpendicular south wall , in the summer solstice . iii. that part of the heat , upon the sloping wall , that is not affected by the air. iv. heat upon the sloping south wall , in the solstice ; its elevation being the same as that of the pole. v. middle numbers , between those of the third and fourth column . vi. heat upon the perpendicular south wall , in the summer solstice . vii . that part of the heat , upon the sloping wall , that is not affected by the air. viii . heat upon the sloping south wall , in the solstice . ix . middle numbers , between those of the seventh and eighth column . and indeed that heat would be always the same , if it was not for the different effects of the atmosphere , in several climates , and for the various communication of heat from the ground to the air , and so to the sloping wall. the second column gives , in the same proportion , the heat tml , upon a smooth perpendicular south wall : and the third column gives that part tmv , of the total heat tiv , upon the sloping wall , that is not affected by the air. the fifth column gives the middle numbers between those of the third and fourth . the three following columns give the same heats , and with the same proportions ; but the heat , upon the south wall , is always exprest by 100. the ninth column gives the middle numbers , between those of the seventh and eighth . the real direct or unreflected heats , upon the sloping wall , being determined , by the atmosphere , to some number between tmv and tiv , they cannot be very far from the strength exprest in the fifth and ninth column . the use of the table is as follows . suppose i would know what might be at paris , in the solstice , the proportion of heat , between a perpendicular plane south wall , and a sloping plane south wall , passing thrô the pole of the world. i take the height of the pole at paris , which is 49 degrees 50 minutes . and over against this number i find tml , tmv , tiv must be 183 , 781 and 1000. or else that they must be 100 , 427 and 548. i will use these last numbers , as being more convenient . i conclude therefore that , the heat , upon the perpendicular south wall , being supposed of 100 parts , the heat , upon the sloping wall , is already , upon a consideration , which is not at all subject to the effects of the atmosphere , of 427 parts . besides an additional heat of 121 parts , that would raise it to 548 parts , were it not that from this number , 121 , something is to be substracted , because of the effects of the air. the last column gives the middle number 487 ; which we may suppose is not far from the real heat upon the sloping wall. and this is about 4⅚ times greater than the heat upon the perpendicular wall. but if we go about to calculate the heat , upon the sloping south wall , that passes thrô the lowest point of the polar circle , we shall find the increase of heat , upon it , to be yet much greater . and in general a sloping south wall , elevated at paris , upon the horizon , by so much as is the height of the pole , wanting the whole distance between the two tropicks , being much hotter in the solstice , than the sloping south wall , that passes thrô the pole : it follows that any south wall whatsoever , whose elevation , upon the horizon , is there between 2 degrees 50 minutes , and 49 degrees 50 minutes , must be hotter also . this comparing together of perpendicular and sloping south walls proceeds well enough , for the same climate , whether it be often cloudy or often fair : provided the clouds do not use to come more at some certain hours of the day than at others : suppose more about noon than in the morning . but we cannot , from the table , determine safely the proportion of heat , between the perpendicular and sloping south walls of several countries ; the interposition of the air , and especially the difference of weathers being almost an insuperable obstruction against it . in the tract of this discourse , i have , in several places , shewn some of the advantages we get by using sloping instead of perpendicular walls . i will now run over some other advantages , that are yet untouched , or else not fully treated of . our sloping walls injoy much more the benefit of the dew and rain's falling , than other walls can do . and the east sloping wall will not have , as the perpendicular , that great fault of keeping the rain from its trees . the consequence of this will easily be perceived , by those that complain so much of the drought incident to their east walls . it is a common fault , in all perpendicular walls , that the ground being wet , and transpiring much humidity , this will stick upon the tender blossoms , and in cold weather cover them with frost , and destroy them . if our sloping walls do not intirely prevent this , they cannot but do it at least in a great measure : the very sloping of the tree turning it from those steams , and giving room for them to dissipate themselves in the air. in like manner our terrasses will have an advantage in reference to frost , occasioned by the cold vapours in the air driving with the wind and sticking upon trees . for one terrasse dos defend , in a great measure , the following terrasses against this accident . by our theory the extent of those places , where several fruits do grow , will be much inlarged . and not only two zones of some miles , or perhaps of some degrees , round the whole earth , one of each side the equator , will be made able to produce , for instance , some good grapes , whereas they afforded before only some bad or indifferent ones . but in countries , where vines do grow plentifully , if you mark upon the hills , or mountains , those limits , where vines do begin to be but bad or indifferent , even against walls built after the ordinary way ; you may often take in yet a great deal more of ground , with several country houses and towns in it , and have there some excellent vines , by the help of sloping walls . what is here said of vines is , in like manner , easily understood of other trees . so then whereas every climate in europe begins to lose some sorts of fruits , for want of heat and time to ripen them ; we may every where open our gardens to receive those fruits , which hitherto we have been unable to have , thô our near neighbours southwards did raise them , with no extraordinary trouble . and not only the places for the growing of fruits are inlarged , but so are the times also , in which we may injoy them . this advantage arising from our walls giving probably their fruits a week , or perhaps a fortnight , sooner than we could have them otherwise . for since at paris the fruits of good espaliers are something sooner ripe , than those of standard trees ; and these last are sooner ripe , than those of dwarf trees : and , among the espaliers , those of the south and of the east begin to give some ripe fruits about eight or ten days sooner than those of the west , and about , at least , fifteen or twenty days sooner than those of the north ; is it not easie , from thence , to conclude that our sloping south walls and east walls will give their fruits considerably sooner , than ordinary walls can do ? the certainty of our latter fruits coming to ripeness is also much greater ; since , by our having them early , we need not fear so much the beginnings of cold and wet weather , that might hinder them from coming to perfection . walls may not only be so exposed , and so inclined , as to make several sorts of trees , growing against them , to bear early some excellent fruits ; but , according to the same idea , the ground it self may be so shaped , into slopes and terrasses , as to bring early some of the smallest sorts of plants , as strawberries , sallets &c. and as for such plants , as cast a pretty deal of shade , thô the same sloping ground might serve very well for them , yet one might also use , with some more advantage , a main slope cut by stories into several small ones faced with bricks , as you see in the fifteenth figure . in the like manner we might easily so shape the large furrows of our fields , or the surface of our other grounds , as to have them exposed to the sun , with the same obliquity , as the level ground of any country , not above 10 or 15 degrees more to the south , or north , than we are our selves . for instance , in the latitude of london , the ground will have the same exposition to the sun , as the level ground , in the latitude of 45 degrees , if going from south to north , you make , suppose for five yards together , your ground to rise by an angle of 6½ degrees , in a slope exposed exactly to the south ; and then you make your ground to fall as much towards the north , by a slope as steep as it can conveniently be , suppose of 35 or 40 degrees : and then you begin again another long and gentle slope towards the south , for five yards together , to be followed as before , by a short and steeper slope towards the north ; and so on . see the eighteenth figure . thô we do not , by this , give the same weather , or heat , to the climate , nor the same strength , or weakness , to the sun , as there is in a country , where its rays do not pass thrô so much or so little air ; yet at first sight it seems to be of some consequence for agriculture , both in cold and in hot countries ; and i could not forbear proposing it to the consideration of the curious . if , in our example , we do not get that degree of heat , they have naturally in the latitude of 45 , supposing both countries equally cloudy ; yet , with the very numbers i gave , we may possibly reach , upon our ground , the heat , which they have in 48 degrees latitude ; and we may yet come nearer the heat , which the ground has in the latitude of 45 , if we make our slope , that looks to the south , a little steeper ; raising it , for instance , 10 or 12 degrees above the horizon . there is some ground lost here , thô not very much . as to the trouble it is not greater than we see countrey-men take , to make the water to run off their fields . and we have this conveniency , that we may give our slopes only what breadth we please ; suppose as much as will result from the strength of a man to throw , with a shovel , the earth from him . but the broadest slopes are best . thus we may help and increase a little , by the shape of our ground , the heat of the sun ; or else we may abate a little from it . and by consequence we may fit our lands the better , to bear any plants we have a mind to raise . this may serve to guide such as would plant some vines in their country , whether it be naturally a little too hot or too cold . for it will either lead them , as daily experience dos others , to chuse a ground fitly exposed and inclined for their purpose : or else , if their ground be not proper , it will let them see a possibility and a method , with a little trouble , to make it so . every body knows what great difference of heat and vegetation there is , in the same climate , between the north and south side of great mountains ; and the like is , in some measure , observed , at much smaller distances , in our hills . i remember that travelling once in england , in summer , over some downs , which had but an ordinary declivity , one could plainly perceive , by turns that the air became of a suddain much warmer , when the declivity was towards the sun ; and colder , when it lay from it . yet the sun being high then did shine upon the whole ground . in any shade , and even in our woods , thô the communication be so open with the very next air , warmed immediately by the sun , and its rays are let in at several places , yet the coolness is very sensible ; the heat spreading from the ambient air , with less ease , than one is apt to think . these considerations incline me to believe that , by this shaping the ground , there may be something done for the benefit of smaller plants , especially in a close place , or calm weather , when the reflected heat may not be blown away from the ground that reflects it . for it seems each surface of ground makes then , close about it , as it were a peculiar climate . and this is farther confirmed , by the common experiment we have , how much hotter it is , in summer , near a south wall , or a row of houses , that look to the south , when the sun shines full against them , than in any other place , where the light of the sun comes with the same liberty . for it is plain the reflected heat , being thus perpetually supplied from the sun , dos not so much spend it self , into the open air , but that it may be strongly felt , at some distance , all along the place that reflects it . i cannot here but mention what i heard a learned gentleman say , who has been in the west-indies . he assured that upon their mountains , according as one goes up higher and higher , and the heat dos become less , one finds , by degrees , very many of our european plants naturally growing ; the mountains always giving them , in some peculiar places , as it were different climates , fitted to their several natures . so then , as the diminution of heat makes the ground naturally to bring forth the plants of colder countries : so , on the other side , the increase of heat , which in a great measure lyes in our power , must needs fit our grounds , and gardens , for an easie and natural production of the plants of such countries , as are hotter , only to a certain degree , than ours . the use of sloping grounds , for smaller plants , is pretty well known already ; especially beyond sea. and as for these climates , not to mention what they call in french des ados , i have heard that a gentleman , who lives at dublin , has in his garden a pretty easie slope well exposed ; which furnishes him with straw berries , long before they be ripe in other gardens ; and with such strawberries too , as have a colour , smell and taste , to which the others are not to be compared . it happens pretty often that the sun dos shine only some part of the day ; which makes , at such times , perpendicular walls , in the spring and summer , to be frequently altogether without it . but sloping walls , having before them a much greater part of the sky , are so much the more likely to injoy the sun , if it comes at all to be seen . this advantage , as well as that of injoying more fully the sun , at any moment it happens to shine , is so much the more to be valued , when the climate is apt to be cloudy , and subject to much rain . in pretty hot countries , or in climates , where their perpendicular south walls are already as hot , as they desire to have them , one may often , by inclining another wall , to a proper quantity , make any exposition , from the north east southwards to the north west , to be equal in heat to a perpendicular south wall. the like may be said of a perpendicular south east wall , &c : if it be the best perpendicular wall , in your climate , you may make several other expositions not to be inferiour to it , by inclining the walls , as much as is necessary . and further , suppose experience has taught , in your country and situation , the best east-south-east wall , for instance , to be , for such a kind of fruits , that , which is elevated 75 degrees upon the horizon ; you may give such an elevation to another wall , in another given exposition , as will receive an equal degree of heat with the former . very few grounds have so much good earth , as is necessary for fruit gardens . the charge of bringing some , from another place , is very great : and , unless one fetches it from far , there will probably be , too near the garden and the house , some large unsightly place left in a manner barren and desolate . neither is it practicable to take away the good earth , from some parts of your garden , to bring it to some other parts ; except as far as your alleys , and such other places , will give leave . but , in a garden for fruit , made as i shall presently describe , one may find , upon the spot , so much good earth , as will much more than double the natural depth , there was of it before ; thô you should plant your lines of wall trees , in the middle of a plat of good ground , eight or nine foot wide . and all this may be done , without altering at all the beauty or symmetry , of your disposition . the sixteenth figure is the ground plat of a garden for trees , made up into terrasses . it is an exact square of 470 foot on each side : that figure not being so offensive , in our disposition , as it is in that which is common . if you would have a bigger garden you may keep the same breadth , and add two , or four , or six , or eight terrasses more &c , and order it so that the door may still remain in the middle . if you design to have a smaller garden , you may make the length of your terrasses less , by 50 , or 100 , or 150 foot. and if you would have it smaller yet , you may , instead of ten terrasses , make only eight , or six , &c. the outside wall is about 10 foot high ; and broader at bottom , than at top . the breadth at bottom is 3 or 4 foot. the breadth at top might be made of 8 inches ; and it would be better yet , if the wall ended there into a sharp edge . the sides of the wall are plane ; and so they must needs be somewhat sloping . thô this may perhaps seem to be of little consequence , yet i do not doubt but it will be a considerable advantage for this wall , to injoy thus the sun , near the solstice , for about half an hour , or an hour , longer of each side , than it could otherwise ; and at the same time to injoy it more fully . to which advantage there must also be added that of a greater solidity ; which will make the wall to be more lasting , and seldom to want any reparations . on the inside of this wall is a line of four or five foot of cultivated ground ; then an alley round the garden , and a chanel , or deep trench , that may serve for a drain to the garden . i did suppose in the figure that this canal was faced on each side , with a competent perpendicular brick wall. but it should always have some water , whose surface ought to be about three or four foot lower than the level of the little walks . one or two of those little wind mills , that turn alone towards the wind , and are so common in the fields in holland , might serve to empty this ditch , lest it should grow too full ; and , if one would , they might also serve to distribute the water of it to any other place , or to the alleys , in order to water the trees . those wind mills might be placed either within or without the garden ; as you think it most convenient . the breadth of the canal must be considerable , if you design it for state and ornament ; but it may be little , if you design it chiefly for use . unless the necessity of having some earth from thence , for the terrasses , makes you to chuse a large canal . under the middle of the alleys , a cross the whole garden , should be as it were a common-shore , to receive all the superfluous water of the alleys , and to carry it into the ditch . and , if one such common-shore was not sufficient , one might have two placed at equal distances , from the middle of the alleys ; so as to leave between them about half the length of the alleys , or very little more . after the ditch comes a little path , and a line of cultivated ground . then the slope of the main terrasse round the garden . then an alley at the top of it . then the inner slope of the main terrasse . the rest are the lesser terrasses , with their respective slopes on each side ; their thicknesses at top ; the cultivated grounds at the foot of them , and the little walks between . the door , and bridge , and main staires , to get up the main terrasse , and lesser staires , to go down from it into the alleys , are easily perceived in the figure ; whose particular measures are as follows hereafter . thô the sloping , in all the little terrasses , have been made the same , and such as are properest for latter fruits , yet it would be more convenient to have them something different . the perpendicular height of the terrasses is 8 foot. the slopes that look to the south are elevated 51 degrees 30 minutes , above the horizon . those that look to the east 45 degrees . those that look to the west 35 degrees 22 minutes . and those that look to the north 28 degrees 53 minutes . the height of the south walls taken along the slope is 10 foot 2¾ inches . that of the east walls 11 foot 3¾ inches . that of the west walls 13 foot 10 inches . and that of the north walls 16 foot 6¾ inches . the bases of the slopes that look to the south , to the east , to the west , and to the north have in breath 6 foot 4⅓ inches , 8 foot , 11 foot 3¼ inches , and 14 foot 6 inches . the door is towards the east . expositions of the walls . height of the walls in the slope . elevations of the walls above the horizon . bases of the walls or their talus . perpendicular height of the walls .   feet . inches . deg. min. feet . inches . feet . inches . south . 10. 2¾ 51. 30 6. 4⅓ 8. 0 east . 11. 3● 45. 0 8. 0 8. 0 west . 13. 10 35. 22 11. 3¼ 8. 0 north. 16. 6¾ 28. 53 14. 6 8. 0 here i bring into one table the several heights , elevations and bases i said did belong to our sloping walls . i go on to give the measures of two several sections cross our garden . measures taken across the garden , going from south to north. feet . inch : 1. 6 external slope of the wall. 0. 0 breadth of the wall at top. 1. 6 internal slope of the wall. 4. 8 cultivated ground . 16. 4 alley . 19. 4 ditch or canal . 2. 0 path. 4. 8 cultivated ground . 6. 4⅓ slope looking towards the south . 13. 0 alley at the top of the main terrasse . 14. 6 slope looking towards the north. sums . 4. 8 cultivated ground . 4. 9⅔ path or alley . feet . inch : 4. 8 cultivated ground . 98. 0 — 6. 4⅓ slope looking towards the south . 1. 0 thickness of the terrasse at top. 14. 6 slope looking towards the north. 4. 8 cultivated ground . 4. 9⅔ path or alley . 4. 8 cultivated ground . 36. 0 — feet . inch : 36. 0 divided as before , or with what alterations one pleases . 36. 0 divided as before , &c. 36. 0 divided as before , &c. 36. 0 divided as before , &c. 36. 0 divided as before , &c. 36. 0 divided as before , &c. 36. 0 divided as before , &c. feet . inch : 6. 4⅓ slope looking towards the south . 13. 0 alley at the top of the main terrasse . 14. 6 slope looking towards the north. 4. 8 cultivated ground . 2. 0 path. 19. 5⅔ ditch or canal . 16. 4 alley . 4. 8 cultivated ground . 1. 6 internal slope of the wall. 0. 0 breadth of the wall at top. 1. 6 external slope of the wall. 84. 0 — — 470. 0 total sum. measures taken across the garden , along one of the small alleys , going from east to west . feet . inch. 7. 8 wall and cultivated ground . 42. 4 alley , ditch , path , cultivated ground . 8. 0 slope looking towards the east . 13. 0 alley . 11. 3¼ slope looking towards the west . 305. 5½ length of the alley and small cultivated ground . 8. 0 slope looking towards the east . 13. 0 alley . 11 3¼ slope looking towards the west . 42. 4 cultivated ground , path , ditch , alley . 7. 8 cultivated ground and wall. — 470. 0 total sum. but , with increasing the breadth of the canal every where , by 15 foot more , the whole breadth and length of the garden would be 500 foot each . if the garden be designed for vines only , the terrasses need not , i suppose , have more than 4 or 5 , or at most 6 foot , in the slope that looks to the south ; and accordingly they will be smaller , and nearer one another ; and by consequence they will be less chargeable ; and the same extent of ground will yield more fruit. supposing the ground not to be of the very best sort , but of a middling kind , between that , and the sort of ground monsieur la quintinye calls indifferent ; the garden , whose measures i have just now given , would hold almost 1600 ordinary fruit trees ; taking in those that may be placed against the outside of the wall , that goes round the garden . this will appear upon examining the three following tables , where i make yet no allowance for the trees growing bigger , against our walls , than against the ordinary ones . but the tables however will very well serve , to guess at the quantity of fruits , that will be produced . and this must be with allowing for each tree according to the common rate of their fruitfulness . height of the wall taken along the slope . length of the wall. exposition of the wall to the heavens . the walls spoken of in this table . feet . inches . feet . inches .     10. 0 456. 0 east . outside of the wall that goes round the garden . 10. 0 468. 0 south . 10. 0 468. 0 west . 10. 0 468. 0 north. 10. 0 458. 8 east . inside of the wall that goes round the garden . 10. 0 458. 8 south . 10. 0 446. 8 west . 10. 0 458. 8 north. 11. 3¾ 347. 6 east . outside of the main terrasse round the garden . 10. 2¾ 360. 4 south . 13. 10 359. 6 west .   16. 6 360. 4 north.   11. 3¾ 27 trees east . the nine little walls , at the bottom of the nine alleys . 20. 2¾ and 9 trees south and west . the nine corners at the right hand , at the going into the alleys . 13. 10 16. 6¾ and 9 trees north and west the nine corners at the left hand , at the going into the alleys . 13. 10 16. 6¾ 297. 0 north. one of the north walls of the little alleys . 16. 6¾ 2376. 0 north. the remaining 8 north walls . 10. 2¾ 297. 0 south . one of the south walls of the little alleys . 10. 2¾ 2376. 0 south . the remaining 8 south walls . this first table allows twelve foot to the gate and pillars ; and makes the length of a sloping wall middlemost , between its length at bottom , and its length at top. only , as to the long slopes of the little alleys , observe that they are set down less by 8½ foot , than what they really are at bottom : so much being allowed , for the spreading of the trees in the corners . the result of the first table is here set down in the second . east . south . south and west . west . north and west . north. length and height of the walls . length and height of the walls . length and height of the walls . length and height of the walls . length and height of the walls . length and height of the walls . 914. 8 10. 0 926. 8. 10. 0 9 trees . 10. 2● ; 914. 8. 10. 0 9 trees . 16. 6¾ 926. 8. 10. 0 247. 6. 11. 3¾ 3033. 4. 10. 2¾ and 359. 6 13. 10 and 3033. 4. 16. 6¾ 27 trees 11. 3¾         13. 10         13. 10         monsieur la quintinye divides our wall trees into two classes : and , according to him , if the ground be between very good and indifferent soil , the walls , whose height is in the table 10 foot and 10 foot 2¾ inches , require the trees of the first class to be at eight foot six inches distance asunder ; and the trees of the second class to be at seven foot three inches distance asunder . the middle number between those is about 8 foot. but the walls , whose height is in the table 11 foot 3● ; inches , and 13 foot 10 inches , and 16 foot 6● ; inches , require to have their trees alternately intermixt , with making them by turns a high one and a low one : and their distances must be about five foot three inches , one with another . according to these determinations , the last table will give the following numbers of ordinary trees . east . south . south and west . west . north and west . north. trees . distance . trees . distance . trees . trees . distance . trees . trees . distance 114 8 116 8   114 8   116 8 66 5¼ 379 8 9 68 5¼ 9 577 5¼ 27 5¼                 the total sum of trees is 1595. and for one tree , that takes up 8 foot space , you may substitute , if you please , 3● vines . but if the ground be very good the number of trees will be less . so then our garden might hold 1300 ordinary trees , and 1000 ordinary vines ; or 1400 ordinary trees , and 680 ordinary vines . and from thence must be estimated the number of its fruits . but it would be very unwise to make such high terrasses , to serve for vines only . for that plant being of such a nature , as not to do well in these countries , if it be suffered , as it is too often done , to spend its strength in nourishing an overgrown stock ; we may follow their directions , that advise us to keep it so low , as to give , for instance , to muscat only the height from three foot to five . a terrasse for vines would then be great enough , unless i mistake in drawing this conclusion , if it was but half as high as those i have described . neither would it be necessary to allow more than half the breadth , we did give to our alleys , or very little besides . and since this great narrowness might prove troublesome , because of the rain , i would in building the terrasses spare , within , and at a good depth under each of them , a little paved ditch , to carry off the rain at both ends , and to keep the alleys clear of too much water . the same might also be conveniently done , in building any terrasses , thô never so big . but , if you think it too improper , to have in one garden a mixture of large and small terrasses , you might cut one great terrasse so , as to afford , in the middle of its height , a step for another row of vines ; as you see in the seventeenth figure . i should however , upon many other accounts , and also for fear of the vines of the lower part of the terrasse intangling with those of the upper part , rather chuse to have a whole garden for vines , excepting only the bad walls in it : and such might be , after some few changes , the sixteenth figure ; if we suppose the outside to be only of 240 , or 300 foot. now , as i did already intimate once before , our garden will probably not hold so many trees , as are set down in the last table . for there being more room with our walls , than with the ordinary ones , for the spreading and growing of the roots round about , they will make their trees undoubtedly to grow bigger , and larger every way . the best fault , in determining the distances , between the trees , is to make them too big at first ; for fear of the confusion , and want of fruitfulness , that attends those distances , when they are made too small . however in this we find a new advantage of our gardens ; since a smaller number of trees will garnish the same extent of walls , and give no fewer fruits , than a greater number would have done ; and will be withal more vigorous and lasting . but the difficulty lies in guessing at the distances we must chuse . for my part i would , for the first tryal , if the ground be good , not only make them as great , as the distances , monsieur la quintinye determines , for the very best sort of ground ; but make them yet , by about one sixth or one fifth part bigger . neither would i begin to mix alternately big trees and little trees together ; unless the wall were , at least , twelve foot high . we must take notice here that the paris foot , used by monsieur la quintinye , and after him by me , is to that of london as 16 to 15. so that to the london foot one must add ⅘ of an inch , to make it a paris foot. i have drawn , with a great deal of care , according to the rules of perspective , in a large print by it self , the elevation of the south-west corner of our garden . any body may judge , by the effect of this figure , particularly with hiding the lower part , whether sloping walls and sloping trees will be much offensive to the eye . for my part i think it may be a question whether an ordinary fruit-garden , with perpendicular walls , can ever be made to look so pleasant , and so full of a regular and stately variety , as i find the figure to be . that stateliness is altogether owing to those great and massy terrasses , which , in our draught , overrule , as it were , and master the whole ; and have an effect like to that of very large columns , in our buildings . they have besides , from so many trees set against them , in a regular order , that airiness and gayity , which arise in our architecture , from abundance of proper ornaments . the canal is made broader than according to the measures of the ground plat. it will not only be nobler , if it be very broad ; but , if you have no natural rising , in the midst of your ground , it may yield also the earth necessary for the terrasses , without sinking the level of the garden . the figure will help to conceive how some roofs might be used , instead of terrasses . if the garden be very large , and you are at a loss where to have all the earth , that would be required ; even thô you should pretty much increase the breadth of your canal ; keep the outermost square terrasse untouched ; and in the middle of your ground plat , draw , from side to side , a large canal , like a cross , ending at the four ends perpendicularly against the main terrasse . this new canal will give the earth you want : and each of the four divisions of the garden must be finished by it self , according to the idea i have followed , in the sixteenth figure . only the new terrasses , that go round the inner half of the four divisions of the garden , and make up the banks of the new canal , should not be so large , as the main terrasse . after the same way , if the extent of the ground was extraordinary great , and there was yet some earth wanting one might again , by four new canals like a cross , subdivide each of the four last divisions : which would give sixteen small gardens in all . if these canals be designed for several ponds , where you may keep different sorts of fishes , they need not have any communication one with another . but if you would have the liberty of going every where , with boats , among the gardens , it will be sufficient , if all the canals be opened , and continued into one another , along that branch of the main cross , which the bridge dos come up to : excepting only that part of the main terrasse , the bridge ends against . thus you might go , at your pleasure , either with a boat , or walking , to any one particular garden . as the outer terrasses are made less and less , according as their length decreases , so should also the canals be made less and less broad . now , by such canals , your garden might be divided , not only into four or sixteen smaller gardens , but into any other number . thô such large and magnificent gardens can only be the work of princes , and other great men , or of powerful societies ; yet there is no ordinary gentleman , that is able to have a garden , but may , according to his ability , and the directions i have given in other places of this discourse , have one or more terrasses , or slopes , well exposed , of what length he can afford : so that he may have , against them , a competent number of vines , and other trees . and whereas they say now , for instance , i have got fifty yards of very good wall ; they may say hereafter , to a greater commendation of their gardens , i have raised 30 or 40 yards of a sloping south wall. it may happen that , upon some tryals made by an unskilful artist , our walls may seem not to be of any use , for the production of good fruits . but ordinary agriculture dos not now thrive equally , in everybody's hands . and whilst a diligent and understanding country man is largely repaid for his care and industry , the unskilful often sees himself deceived in his hopes . there will ever be a just distinction , between those that act by the certain principles of an art grounded upon nature , and such as act in a great measure by chance . the same instruments , according to the several applications that are made of them , being managed by two several hands , produce often both what is deservedly admired of one side , and what is as deservedly despised on the other . in a word , i do not hope , by this theory , to make all gardeners equal among themselves . but i give them , in all countries , an easie , and natural , and very great increase of the sun's heat ; which may often assure them of an extraordinary success ; thô without excluding the necessary care and skill , which after all is the most significant part. if what i have been proposing might , at any time , have been acceptable and useful to mankind , it must certainly be so now . every body has been sensible , for these twelve or fifteen years , of a very great , and , as some think , unaccountable change in our seasons . our summers are much colder than they were ; and 't is but seldom they bring us any thunder . their influence is felt in many of the productions of the earth ; particularly in all sorts of fruits , that come late in the year : for such have no heat to bring them to perfection . and the unsettledness of our springs commonly destroys the very first hopes we have , at the blossoming of our trees . the cause of this change , in our seasons , is often the subject of common discourse : and it is no wonder to see how wide and empty the guesses of most people are , upon that matter . this is certain , and was made out heretofore past dispute , that from the year 1683 downwards , and i say now even to the present time , the sun has been in the very middle , or center , of a thin mist of a prodigious extent ; which , incompassing the whole body of the sun , spreads near the plane of the ecliptick , so as to reach almost the great orb of the earth ; resembling much , in its figure , an ordinary ocular glass , or lens , equally convex on both sides . it s thickness or opacity ( not where it is greatest , but where we may begin to see it , when the night is already become dark ) is like that of the tail of a comet , or the milky way . but it is yet considerably greater , just in the line that passes from the earth thrô the body of the sun. whoever has seen this vail , that is spread between the sun and us , will easily grant that it must needs take off some part of its heat . there has not yet been found , at least as far as i know , any other old footstep of this strange phenomenon , but that in 1660 , mr. j. childrey , in his britannia baconica , has printed that he had observed it several years together , and he desired astronomers to mind it . thus much seems very possible , that it might be many years unobserved in the sky , and perhaps have continued for some ages , without being minded . but the very change in our seasons seems now to be a proof , that it has either not been at all , in former times , unless we should find in history such another series of cold summers , or at least that it is has not been so thick , or has not lasted so long , as at present . the true system of the world having at length been discovered , by the immortal mr. newton , we may perhaps guess more exactly , than heretofore , at the natural causes of this appearance . it seems then , at least , the outside of it , to arise from some fumes , or exhalations , which the sun throws up , with an equal strength , and the greatest it can , all about its body , perpendicularly to the several points of its surface . and the sun revolving at the same time , about its axis , in some 25 days , occasions the spreading of that smoak , near the plane of the sun 's equator , much farther than it dos towards the poles . the parts of smoak , whose swiftness is not so great , do not rise so high ; and perform all their motions , within the body of the phenomenon ; not being able ever to come near its extremity . and , supposing several degrees of swiftness in those particles , the phenomenon ought to grow much denser , as one approaches the sun : which our observations also do confirm . from the supposition that the particles of smoak , that fly out at the sun 's equator , perpendicularly to its surface , are able to rise so far , as to reach , as by observation they are seen to do , the circumference of a circle , that seems , at its extremity , to be removed from the sun by about 70 degrees , i have calculated how high would rise the particles that should , with the same perpendicular velocity , fly out of the poles of the sun. and the calculation gave me that height , as agreed very well with the breadth , the phenomenon seems to have in all its parts . it would have been easie , upon the same grounds , to make the like calculations , for so many points in the section thrô the axis , as would have made it sufficiently known ; and by consequence have served to establish , or overthrow my conjectures . but as yet i have neglected to do it . and this is no proper place to handle this subject more exactly . i shall only say that i look upon each particle of smoak , that rises from the sun , as having its motion as free , as if it was a planet : the same being observed also in the smoak , that composes the tayl of comets . so then each of our particles revolves in an ellipsis , till being near the end of its revolution it falls into the sun again . the whole body of the phenomenon is thus perpetually supplyed afresh , somewhat in the nature of those jets d'eau , or water spouts , they call in french , des gerbes . the extraordinary small number of spots , that appear for these many years so seldom in the sun , whereas in the first half of this age they were so very numerous and so frequent , leads us to suspect that the matter of those spots has , for several years , been kept evaporated and dispersed , in all the space i have just now described . for ought we know yet this phenomenon may , at sometimes , by the supervention of a thicker and heavier smoak , grow denser about the sun , than at other times ; thô the outside of it spreads but to the same place , and seems not to increase in thickness . so that our heat , in our summers , may very much alter , without our being able to perceive any change , in the outermost part of the phenomenon ; which is the only part visible to us ; unless the sun should be totally eclipsed ; and give us , in the middle of the day , an image of a dark night . some directions relating to fruit walls . let the rules and directions given by monsieur la quintinye be supposed here , as the main foundation of our hopes , in raising fruit trees . to which rules must be joyned those , that may be gathered , from the present discourse . and to the whole the following maxims may be yet added ; some of them being only an abridgment of what i have already treated of more at large , and some others being yet untouched . let all your walls be plain , and straight on both sides . if they are to stand by themselves , without any earth or terrasse on either side , let them be thicker at bottom than at top , where they must end as it were into an edge . that edge , which is at the top of the wall , should stand over the middle of its thickness at bottom , if you would have the wall to be most solid and lasting . but , if you intend to favour the trees of one side , more than those of the other side , where perhaps it is not in your power to have any trees , the top of the wall may be removed , going from that side , you intend to favour , towards the other ; provided it dos yet bear directly over some part of the bottom . and this will make that side the steeper , which probably you design for the outside of your garden . the broader your wall is at bottom the better it is for vegetation ; but the charge is also greater . 2½ or 3 foot may be a competent thickness . the height will be well from 8 to 10 or 11 foot. a higher wall would be more chargeable , and , unless the breadth at bottom be also increased , it would be less hot , and would not last so long . walls of darkest colours are best . if your wall is to rest against a terrasse , or earth , having a slope faced with bricks on the other side , it will be well that the plane , which parts the earth and the wall , be perpendicular to the horizon ; which will make the other side of the wall so much the more sloping . and let the several beds of bricks , which make up your wall , be , not horizontal , but a little leaning towards the terrasse . so the wall will be able to witstand better the pression of the earth . let the earth of all your terrasses , or other sloping grounds , which you intend to face , be throughly setled , or well beaten , before you face them . lest that earth , by coming to sink , should spoil the regularity of your wall. the perpendicular height of such a wall as this needs not be more than 8 foot. if you would have a terrasse , with solid walls on both sides , they must be built after the same way . let the inclinations of all your terrasses be made , according to the directions , i have given at large , in the present discourse . if your terrasse be very sloping on both sides , let it have some little thickness at top ; that the earth coming more and more to settle , the two walls , that face it , may not come to touch one another . terrasses that are flat at top , with a walk there , are very noble and neat . but if this walk be broad , you may consider whether you had rather build two walls breast high , on both sides of the terrasse , so that the facing of it be not altered by them . this will save the charge of bringing so much earth , and is capable of the ornaments of architecture , or else may be performed after a very plain way , and with little charge . it is most proper for such terrasses , as have both their sides almost equally leaning . such are those that run from north to south , or from north west to south east . you might also have a wall breast high , only of one side of the terrasse ; which would spare some charge , and be pleasanter in walking . this is very proper , when your terrasse runs from east to west : for thus your south wall , having at the top of it the wall breast high , your north wall will have a more proportionable height for trees . see the figures quoted in the margin . the ground of your alleys may be made sloping by some 5 or 10 degrees &c , towards the south : which will expose it better to the sun ; and cause the water to run more towards the north wall , or worst side ; and make the ground near the south wall to be the dryer . this will be particularly proper for vines , which thrive best in a pretty dry ground ; and for a country subject to much rain . your north wall might be left bare , without any trees ; which would make the reflected heat to be much the stronger , upon the south wall. and then , at the foot of the north wall , might be sown some plants that require , in your climate , in the spring and summer , much sun shine , and a ground not very dry . such might be some strawberries , or any other smaller plants , that are common in gardens . so then one side of your alleys may be for fruit , and the other side for all sorts of herbs . but , if you think fit , the earth of the north side may wholly rest , and be kept in store , to renew the earth of the south side , as there shall be occasion . you may order , after the manner i have said , whatever walls , or terrasses , you build ; prefering always a terrasse , with a slope on each side , faced with bricks , to an earth , or slope , walled on one side , and only faced on the other : as this must be preferred to a simple wall , without any earth . i need not say that , if in your garden you will have but one slope , it should be against the best wall , and reach the very top. a garden may very properly be surrounded by a slope of earth , walled on one side , and faced on the other ; the wall being at the outside of the garden . but , if you please , you may not make the slope , that would look to the north. if you will be at a greater expence , you may have a flat terrasse round your garden . or else , before your slope , that looks to the south , build a sharp terrasse , having the whole length of your garden . the same you might do along your slope , that looks to the north. and so you might have as many terrasses , as you please . but it is best not to part them , by a garden between , but to keep them all together ; because they will be thus better sheltered against winds . a flat terrasse is that , which has a convenient walk at the top of it ; whether it be walled or only faced on both sides . a sharp terrasse is , for the most part , only faced on both sides , and ends at top , as it were into an edge ; there not being room enough for a walk . it may also be walled on one side , and only faced on the other . the same may be said of a flat terrasse . a sharp terrasse is preferable to a flat terrasse for cheapness . a flat terrasse is preferable to a sharp terrasse for state , and for the convenience of the walk it affords . if your climate be subject to very dangerous winds ; from which your walls must be secured at any rate ; the best will be to make , in a convenient place , two terrasses , running exactly from east to west , like those of the second and third figure . i have no new directions to give , about the insides of those terrasses . they must be faced with bricks ; and , the side exposed to the south being used for fruit , the north side may either wholly rest , or be employed as you think fit . but , as to the outsides , these not being designed for any use , you may make them as steep as you please . then you may fill the whole spaces , comprehended by the indefinite lines , or rather planes , am , ao ; en , ep , continued as far as you think fit , with trees , and very tall and thick hedges or with buildings , and whatever else is able to stop the wind. both the ends of the alley must be stopped , by a cross terrasse each ; and , at their outside , the same care must be taken for a shelter , of very tall hedges and trees , against winds . thus the walk , between your terrasses , will be sheltered , as much as possible , and the heat in it will be very close , and the sun shine , that is lost , will be inconsiderable . i do not mean only that such buildings and plantations , as i spoke of , may be made about your walk , to secure it from winds : but that you may also take your advantage of buildings already made , and of trees already planted , even of those of a forest , to make your alley between them , and to secure it , by the shelter they will afford . the roots of the trees , we are to plant against our sloping walls , should not be disposed after the same way , as if the walls were perpendicular . if there be but one root , it is best placed , when it makes an angle , with the body of the tree , equal to the angle of the sloping wall , with the cultivated ground . and then such a root , being turned from the wall , will be horizontal . but , thô the root made a smaller angle with the tree , yet there will be commonly some position , where it will naturally place it self , in your cultivated ground , in an horizontal situation . but this must be done with judgment , so that the roots , of different trees , may not too much intermix . if there be but two roots in your tree , when they are opposite , and both horizontal , place them parallel to your sloping wall. if they be not directly opposite , they will be best , when they both bend a little downwards , from the body of the tree . and you will easily find what situation is best , for the tree , with keeping its body parallel to the situation it is to have , and , at the same time , turning the tree about its own axis . after the same way , whatever be the number of your roots , and their situation , you will know how to place the tree , if you indeavour to find how all the roots , without running too deep ; from the places , which are heated by the sun , can best remain under ground : especially under the cultivated ground , which receives more the benefit of the dew and rain and sun shine , than that which is under the wall. and , when the roots are long and pliant , you may place them ; at your pleasure , in a situation parallel to the surface of the ground , or to the plane of the wall ; according as they are near the one or the other of those . the fruits that grow pretty high , from your cultivated ground , will require that you should have ▪ in order to gather them , a ladder somewhat particular , with two arms at the upper end , by which it may be kept from the wall , and from the trees . and such a ladder , being once fixed , will be near parallel to the wall ; and will serve to gather at once all the ripe fruits in that place ; or to do all the necessary work about the trees , be the wall never so high ; till you remove the ladder , to another part of the wall. some harbours , cabinets , or summer houses , in our large garden , might be very well placed at the four corners . they should have the full breadth of the alleys , or rather more ; so that they may face the middle of them directly . and the walks may be continued into one another , by cutting a round space , from the corner of the canal . i have drawn , in one of the corners of the sixteenth figure , some pointed lines , which shew how i mean those summer houses should be made ; and what changes they will give , both in the alleys and canal , and in the corners of our main terrasse . smaller harbours , or grottos , may be made under the terrasses ; and may serve for shelter against storms , and for store-houses for our fruits : not to keep them there for a good while ; but to lay them up , till they be carried to a more convenient place . they may be of about ten foot square ; and have their floor lower than the ground : and cause no other change , in the outer part of the terrasses , but that a way must be cut to them , along that corner of the walk , which is exposed to the north west . they must have a good deal of air from the door &c. and , according as you would have them dry , you may have , under your trees , in the south wall , a small window , of a convenient bigness , so much raising from the wall , as to exclude the rain . and , if you fear lest you harbour , or store-house , might prove too damp , you may make it narrower , and spread it under a greater length of the terrasse . this will give you the liberty of making the floor higher , and level with your alley , or raised above it , by two or three inches , or more . one is not apt to think that a brick wall , altogether smooth , and without any jetting out , and windows , should be capable of some pretty ornaments of architecture . yet i find it may be very much imbellisht , barely by the different disposition of the bricks : and i have given an instance of it , in the frontispice . there i made use only of bricks , whose measures are as follows . ordinary brick ; length 4 parts ; breadth 2. double brick ; 4. 4. half brick square ; 2. 2. half brick long ; 4. 1. quarter brick ; 2. 1. but one might also imploy bricks of different colours and sizes . what is done in the frontispiece , for imitating an architrave , freese and cornish , might also be done for pilasters , and for large partitions between them , like the square frames of our wainscot , or like our windows . i say this , after having tried it , and perceived that even the schizzos i made looked noble and pretty ; and imitated our good architecture , beyond what i could have expected , without having any thing either gottick or fanciful . the example you have , in the frontispice , is very much inferiour to what might have been done , if there had been more room . and not only the modillons , of the finest orders , might be easily imitated ; but so might also the triglyphes , and metopes , of the dorick . f.i. f.ii. f.iii. f.iv. f.v. f.vi. f.vii. f. viii . f.ix. f.x. f.xi. f.xii. f. xiii . f.xiv. f.xv. f.xvi. f. xvii . f. xviii . f.xix. f.xx. f.xxi. f. xxii . s : g : sculp : notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a40990-e4800 idea of sloping walls for fruit. defects of perpendicular south-walls . perpendicular south-walls , east-walls , and west-walls compared together . perpendicular walls compared with sloping walls . the same done in a particular example for the equinox ; and for the summer solstice . the result of which shews the great advantage of sloping walls . what countries they are best for . a good culture is necessary for them to have their full effect . an instance from experience of the usefulness of sloping walls . how sloping walls may be built with little charge : and how far the roofs of houses might serve instead of sloping walls . the advantage of their having no foundation . rule for determining the quantity of the inclination of sloping south-walls . of sloping-walls in very hot countries . a table giving the limits of the elevation of south walls in temperate countreys . it is difficult to determine those limits in very hot countries . the use of the table . vines are commonly planted upon a rising ground well exposed . a hill well exposed cut into terrasses with sloping walls for fruit. fig. i. something like this done in china , but for another reason . fig. i. a considerable declivity to the south in a large garden may be turned to much advantage . a perpendicular wall in no countrey so hot as a sloping wall proper to the place and exposition . the north exposition is made tolerable by a sloping wall. vse of sloping walls for having fruits , melons &c , early and thoroughly ripe . walls of bricks are best in england . of walls of slate , or of any dark coloured stone , whether natural or painted . sloping walls not to be clogged with any shade , except perhaps in winter , or when the sun is very low . sloping walls may ascend obliquely upon a hill ; and the use of making them so . many slopes in several gardens are ready made , and fit for sloping walls . the goodness of a wall proved owing in a great measure to the exposition . the author's design in commending this theory . the advantage for vegetation of a close and warm air ; and of small and narrow gardens . fig. ii , iii. how to make some terrasses running from east to west , so that the air between be extreamly warm ; and that they be not exposed to winds . terrasses to be made higher when they are far asunder . roofs may be used instead of terrasses . of plants of hotter countries . of orange trees . of some objections against sloping walls . sloping south walls exposed to the mischiefs of latter frosts , unless prevented . of remedies against an early vegetation and winds . * see la quintinye . fig. ii. sloping walls are exposed to one sort of white frosts . they are much exposed to hail . of the trees growing obliquely to the ground . of the dampness that may be objected against sloping walls . of their being exposed to mice and ants , &c. of all other objections against them . calculation shewing for an example the proportion of heat at the solstice , in the latitude of 52½ upon a perpendicular wall , and a sloping smooth south wall , passing thrô the pole. fig. iv. the ground and method of this calculation . the result of it . other examples to the same purpose for the latitudes of 51½ ; and 45 degrees . sloping walls are more necessary in colder countries ; but the increase of heat they give is greater in warmer climates . sloping south wall passing thrò the pole less hot , in the solstice , than the south wall passing thrô the lower point of the polar circle . a more accurate method of comparing the sun's heat upon two plane walls in any situation . this method depends upon the quadrature and center of gravity of the line of sines and its segments : fig. v 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . fig. vi. fig. v. fig. vii . fig. iv. and is general : and in some few cases fig. vi. capable of a very easie approximation ; notwithstanding the effects of the air. a corollary for finding the heat of the sun upon a plane , parallel to the horizon . a table shewing the sun's heat upon a plane for each degree of the sun's elevation upon it . the vse of the table . the diminution of heat occasioned by the air is considerable ; but hardly to be found by meditation ; and why . a method for finding it by some experiments with a burning speeulum . a table giving the length of a beam of light in the air , supposing the height of the atmosphere given , &c. fig. viii . of movable walls , in order to receive the light of the sun almost perpendicularly for the whole day . description of an engine for that purpose . fig. ix . x. advantage of movable walls against storms and winds . their vse for early fruits . of the rain falling upon sloping walls . fig. xi . terrasses so shaped as to give some more advantages in reference to rain and heat . idea of a paved sloping ground upon a hill , to be used instead of terrasses with sloping walls . fig. xii . it will prevent the dissipation of the spirits of the earth . what the author finds said by others , particularly by monsieur la quintinie , that may have some relation to sloping walls . * tom. 1. p. 20. edition of amsterdam , 1692. an account of what monsieur la quintinye calls des ados . * pag. 92. and of his slopes of earth exposed to the south or east , and purposely made for fruit. reflexion upon this contrivance ; which is here compared with sloping walls . part 1. pag. 205. our gardens , thô square , may at once injoy the sun upon their four walls . in monsieur la quintinei's ground plat of the french king's garden no footstep found of sloping walls . to what degree they may be unpleasant to the eye . objection from monsieur la quintinye's english translation solved . account of an amphitheater with sloping walls . and of some melons , and other fruits , heated with convex glasses . the fault of vines that are commonly made to grow against a roof , or the coping of a wall. judgement of those and all other such trials , in order to make the most of the sun's heat . caution against too much heat sloping walls are like to procure . fig. xii . frames called espaliers by the french recommended , to take off some of the sun's heat , and to give more liberty to trees . a method for chusing the elevation of a sloping wall , in any exposition whatsoever . fig. xiii . the heat sensibly the same , upon a south or upon a north sloping wall , thô a little declining from the true north or south . a singular sort of maximums and minimums , very different from those that are commonly considered . the same , in some measure , already observed by others . the ground of the foregoing method . experience must also be consulted . of walls that are not smooth . there can be no such thing as a wall giving the heat proportional to the sine of the sun 's . elevation upon it . but if there was , the [ fig. iv. ] method of calculating the heat upon it would be easie . and sloping walls would be yet very advantagious , even in that supposition ; thô less than before . of a wall giving a mean proportional . heat , between such a wall as this and a plane wall. a smooth wall compared with a rough wall. how to make a brick wall smooth . of a sloping wall with semi-cylindrical furrows upon it . these furrows compared with a plane wall of the same breadth with them . fig. vii . fig. xiv . measure of the heat upon a semicylindrical space . an account of a table giving , from 40 to 67 degrees latitude , the proportion of the sun's heat , in the solstice , upon a perpendicular and a sloping south wall. the use of sloping walls , in very hot countries , in such situations as being high , are naturally temperate or cold . the table it self , and its explication . the vse of the table . example for paris . of south walls that are more inclined , to the horizon , than the wall that passes thrô the pole of the world. perpendicular and sloping south walls may be well compared together in the same , but not in different climates . of some other advantages of sloping walls : in reference to dew and rain ; especially as to the east wall. in reference to frost occasioned by the earths transpiring sonte moisture : or by the cold vapours in the air driving with the wind , and sticking upon trees . the growing of fruits extended to more countries and places . and the time of their ripeness , and use for men , to more days in the year . ordinary walls compared among themselves , and with sloping walls , as to the forwardness of their fruits . the certainty made greater of our latter fruits coming to perfection . slopes of earth for smaller plants . of the dividing a main slope into many small ones . fig. xv. of shaping the level or ordinary ground , into very large furrows running east and west , with a gentle slope southwards , and a steep one northwards , or contrarywise ; in order to increase or diminish a little the sun's heat . fig. xviii . application of this practice to vse . of the difference of heat , upon the north and south side of mountains , hills and downs . the heat of the air in any place dos not very easily spread into the next air. nor the reflected heat spend it self so fast , but that it may be strongly felt . an account of a slope where extraordinary strawberries are said to grow . advantage of sloping walls , in such days as the sun is seen for some hours only . advantage of inclining sloping walls more or less , according to the climate , situation and exposition . advantage of terrasses with sloping walls , in reference to a sufficient quantity of good earth , which is easily procured . fig. xvi . description of a garden for fruit , according to the present theory . the vse of making the outside wall thicker at bottom than at top . a kind of chanel , or ditch , to keep the garden from too much water . measures of the slopes , which are respectively made equal . but being made different they may be better fitted for several fruits . a table shewing the heights , elevations and bases of the walls . measures for the ground plat taken across the garden . of a garden for vines only . it requires but small terrasses . of the number of ordinary trees the garden could hold : from whence is to be estimated the number of its fruits , a table shewing the heights and lengths and expositions of the walls . short table giving the result of the former . some suppositions taken from monsieur la quintinye : by which a table is made of the number of ordinary trees , the garden would have . 3½ vines to be substituted for one tree . general sum of ordinary trees and vines in the garden . of terrasses for vines only . vines ought to be kept very low . la quintinye . of a large terrasse parted into two for vines . fig. xvii . fig. xvi . the garden will not hold so many trees , as it would , if they were to keep within the ordinary size . the trees in it will grow very large and why : and must be far asunder : yet will not yield a less crop of fruits . they will be more lasting . a guess at their distances . see la quintinye vol. ii. p. 294. and vol. l. p. 208. &c. proportion of the london foot to that of paris . a draught of the garden in perspective . pag. 1. division of a large garden , by some canals , into four or sixteen little gardens , or any other number . this will yield the earth necessary for the terrasses . and either give different ponds for several sorts of fishes : or else open the way , by boats , among the gardens : aud leave also a foot way into them all . any ordinary gentleman may have a few terrasses , or slopes , well exposed . a tryal of sloping walls not to be depended upon , unless made by a very good artist . a good culture more significant than a good exposition . sloping walls very necessary , while our summers continue to be so cold . the cause of that change in our seasons referred to a phenomenon like smoak , that incompasses the body of the sun , and is seen to spread an exceeding great way from it . the origine of that smoak . how to determine the figure of the space it lies in . it may grow thicker , and yet not be perceived to have changed , except perhaps by its effects . directions about garden walls ought to be taken from monsieur . la quintinye , and the present discourse . let your walls be straight . how they must be if they stand by themselves , without any earth on either side . fig. xix . how if they rest against a terrasse or slope of earth . fig. xx. let the earth of the terrasses be throughly setled . the perpendicular height of sloping walls . their inclination . of a broad terrasse and how it may be made ; fig. xxi . fig. xxii . when its sides are almost equally leaning ; fig. xxiii . fig. xxiv . and when the terrasse runs from east to west . the ground of alleys for fruit may be made sloping towards the south . the north wall may be left bare , and herbs sown at the foot of it : or else the earth be kept resting , in order to renew that of the south wall. slopes preferred to walls . if you can have but one slope , give it the best exposition . of a slope round the garden . of a terrasse round the garden . of more terrasses in the garden . of flat and sharp terrasses . description of a walk very well secured from winds . fig. ii. iii ▪ of the disposition the roots ought to have , in a tree that is to be planted against a sloping wall. description of a ladder to be used about sloping walls . of harbours and summer houses , in our large gardens . fig. xvi . of ornaments of architecture , in a wall altogether smooth . the manner of ordering fruit-trees by the sieur le gendre ... ; wherein is treated of nurseries, wall-fruits, hedges of fruit-trees, dwarf-trees, high-standers, &c. ; written originally in french and translated faithfully into english at the request of severall persons of honour. manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. english arnauld d'andilly, monsieur (robert), 1588-1674. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a50005 of text r21095 in the english short title catalog (wing l943a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 227 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 109 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a50005 wing l943a estc r21095 12405259 ocm 12405259 61372 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a50005) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 61372) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 281:7) the manner of ordering fruit-trees by the sieur le gendre ... ; wherein is treated of nurseries, wall-fruits, hedges of fruit-trees, dwarf-trees, high-standers, &c. ; written originally in french and translated faithfully into english at the request of severall persons of honour. manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. english arnauld d'andilly, monsieur (robert), 1588-1674. evelyn, john, 1620-1706. [36], 154, [17] p. : ill. printed for humphrey moseley ..., london : 1660. sieur le gendre is the pseudonym of robert arnauld d'andilly. cf. bm. first english ed. of: la manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. the translation has been attributed to john evelyn. cf. nuc pre-1956. advertisement on p. [1]-[16] at end. reproduction of original in huntington library. eng fruit-culture -early works to 1800. a50005 r21095 (wing l943a). civilwar no the manner of ordering fruit-trees. by the sieur le gendre, curate of henonville. wherein is treated of nurseries, wall-fruits, hedges of fr arnauld d'andilly, monsieur 1660 42145 12 15 0 0 1 0 9 b the rate of 9 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the b category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 2005-08 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-09 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2005-11 john latta sampled and proofread 2005-11 john latta text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-01 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the manner of ordering fruit-trees london printed for hamphrey mosesey the manner of ordering fruit-trees . by the sieur le gendre , curate of henonville . wherein is treated of nurseries , wall-fruits , hedges of fruit-trees , dwarf-trees , high-standers , &c. written originally in french , and translated faithfully into english , at the request of severall persons of honour . a piece so highly approved of in france , that it hath been divers times printed there . london , printed for humphrey moseley , at the prince's armes in s. paul's church-yard . 1660. to the right honourable john lewis de faucon , knight ; lord of ris , marquess of charlevalle , counsellor in ordinary to the king in all his councils , and first president in his parliament of normandy . my lord , were you not so great a lover of gardens and gardening , as you are , yet such are my obligations to you , that i could not , without extream injustice , grant a dispensation to my self , should i not dedicate this work unto you . 't is unto you i owe all that i am , and that honest leisure which hath given me the means of informing my self in the knowledge of ordering trees . i should be truly ingrateful , if , upon this occasion , i gave you no mark of my respects and acknowledgements . be pleased then , my lord , to receive this book as a homage which i owe unto you ; the payment whereof gives me very great contentment . if at any time your great and noble employments permit you to give your self the recreation of your orchards , you will find nothing there , i confess , which is new to you ; yet there you will see , at least , some shadow of this pleasant art , the secrets whereof you are so perfectly acquainted with : you know how many charms this lovely part of agriculture hath , that it affords us joyes , which are altogether pure , and hopes as sweet as innocent . i have my self been taken with them from my tender years ; but when i consider , that this love hath found a place in your heart , and that the same hand , which so worthily holds the ballance of justice , disdaines not sometimes to cultivate trees , so noble an example redoubles my passion . the glory of imitating you is a new spur unto me , and binds me more strongly to this dear entertainment of my dayes : indeed , my lord , if one consider the wonders of your life , he that sees those eminent qualities , which render you admirable unto all france , that invincible fidelity to the service of your king , that high prudence , which in the midst of so many tempests , knew how to preserve a calm in our province , will doubtlesse have wherewithall to flatter himself , when he finds that he followes in the paths of so excellent a person ; that he loves at least what so great a man hath an affection for , and that he hath some inclinations common with him : i know , my lord , that i take up too much of your time , thus to entertain you with our rustick divertisements : but expect not , that a gardiner should entertain you with any other discourse , than that of his owne art , i leave the whole field of your prayses to be tilled by those great spirits , whereof our age is so fruitfull : posterity will read in their works all that which our eyes have seen ; and , like us , will wonder how one single person , in such difficult conjunctures , could manage so many spirits , and dis-entangle so many and so different interests . as for me , i can discourse of nothing but our wall-trees , and those benefits which i have received from your hand : assuredly , when i think upon your goodnesses , and all those favours which you have so liberally heaped upon me : i ought , methinks , to have nothing in my mouth but thanks , and nothing but thoughts of gratitude in my heart : this , my lord , is my thought , and this is what i am able to do to acquit my self towards you : this is that which this book shall publish in every place where it shall have the fortune to arrive : it is an infant , which now i dare to present unto you ; hitherto it appeared not without trembling , and shewed it self in publick , onely to try whether the world would judge it worthy of you ; now , that it hath found amongst good men more approbation than it could hope for , i present it unto you wholly , and without reservation : suffer it , my lord , to call it self yours , that under so powerfull a protection it may pass through all those climates where our french muses are known to instruct or recreate all those that love gardens and gardening . i am , in all sorts of respect ( my lord ) your very humble , obedient , and faithfull servant , le gendre , curate of henonville . the preface . it is now a long while that some of my friends have solicited me to publish the principall observations i have made concerning fruit-trees , by endeavoucing to perswade me , that the curious would be very glad to have , by this means , communicated unto them , that which i have been able to learn upon this subject , by an experience of almost fifty years : during which i have employed all the time that i believed i might justly take for my divertisement about them . at the last , i have yielded to what they desired of me , performing that design with the most exact order that it was possible for me to do ; wherein i am rather obliged to excuse my self , if any thing be faulty in my observations , either for the substance or manner of writing them , than to recommend the matter of my work ; for , i am well assured , that will of it self be agreeable enough . and were i so happy to have as many approvers of my small labour , as there are persons which love plants , i might safely boast of the approbation of the greatest part of good men . indeed , never did men so much employ themselves about this noblest and most pleasant part of agriculture , as they have done of late . there is scarce a person which talks not of fruit-trees ; nor is there any , but such as lack land , that do not plant ; and even those , too , are pleased with the discourse of it , and with the divertisment they take in seeing fruits and trees well ordered in the gardens : all imaginable curiosities tending thereunto are sought after ; men ran even to excess and superfluity ; and our age and countrey have now no less improved themselves in this agreeable recreation , than in those high speculations and great employments of the most eminent professions , for which it is at present as famous as any other that ever was ; which gives me occasion to say , that , if this art deserve not to be put in the number of the best sciences , and principall occupations of the mind ; it hath , nevertheless , this advantage , that it hath alwayes kept some proportion with them , and hath almost inseparably followed them throughout the world . all antiquity gives us assured proofs of this truth ; for , not to insist upon the times of the ancient patriarchs , who were the first in cultivating trees , as well as in forming the manners of men ; it is certain , that the politeness of understanding , the knowledge of excellent things , and the studies of philosophy , were no sooner entred among the persians and the greeks , but that agriculture followed them as their faithfull and innocent companion . from hence we read , that the kings of persia thought they did not any thing beneath that supercilious majesty ( which made them to be adored by their subjects as gods upon earth ) when they took care of their gardens , in the ruling and ordering their plants , and in forming the squares of them , themselves : on the contrary , they beasted to the ambassadours which came unto them from that nation of the world , with they most esteemed and feared , that they had planted the trees in their orchards with their own hands . as for the grecians , their most ancient philosophy , treated of by their poets , is all interwoven with precepts of agriculture : and the chiefest of their authours , who have given unto men the rules of living well , by the knowledge of morality ; and have raised their spirits to the search of the most hidden parts of natural philosophy , piercing even into the secrets of their prophane theologie ; have , at the same time , and in the same writings , taught them the art of tilling the earth , and of soliciting her ; as she desires to be , before she will enrich men with the abundance of her fruits : i pretend not to make a deduction of all the ancient worthies of that famous nation , whereof some gave up themselves wholly to this business , as the most proper and commodious , in order to the leading of a quiet and vertuous life ; believing that there was nothing more comely and agreeing with a veritable philosopher , than by reasoning with the earth , to learn how to reason well with men , and yet better with himself ; others , amidst the great employments of their estates , have at least looked upon it as the worthiest and most excellent divertisment of great persons . when afterwards the study of arts and sciences passed into italy , and rome began to rob greece of its rarities ; the love of trees did at the same time transplant it self thither , and the knowledge how to order them did there encrease in the same measure , as great men and noble spirits appeared in that place : the scipio's and the laelii , not onely pleased themselves in this exercise , but did also very well understand the practise and the secrets of it ; they knew what things were necessary for the embellishment of those gardens , which they cherished with so much tenderness ; and planted in order and method the trees which these ancient consuls ( having onely the inclination without knowledge ) set confusedly in the earth , when they came with diligence to resume their labour , after they had triumphed over the enemies of the commonwealth . as soon as politeness and the knowledge of excellent things , could arrive in africa , the curiosity of plants came also thither ; and , amongst other praises , which history gives unto massinissa king of numidia , it takes notice that he had so great a care of his gardens , and bore so much affection unto trees , that his labours overcame the drouth of his territories , and made all sorts of fruits to grow there , that seemed to require such climates as differed most from his ; that is , a more pleasant and favourable heaven : so that art surpassing nature , africa was her self astonished to find within her self so many excellent productions of the earth , whereof before she knew not so much as the very names : it is very likely , that this king had received his instructions , and followed in this the example of scipio the great , his intimate friend , who , out of that affection which he had unto plants , would doubtless plant trees in africa as well as trophies . i cannot but further take notice , how much cicero ( that admirable spirit , who alone was capable of equalling the vast greatness of the roman empire ) loved this agreeable divertisment : it is impossible so much as to read that which he makes his cato to say of it , without taking up the same affections , and without being charmed , as well by the subject whereof he treats , as beauty and graces of his expressions . but can any thing be added to those inimitable delicacies of the great poet , when in his georgicks he doth , at once , witness unto unto us the exact knowledge and the extreme passion which he had for all that which concerneth trees . at length , this knowledge descended unto us , after it had passed through so many illustrious nations ; and it may seem , that our french men have taken it up as a part of that universall succession which is fallen to them , of all the excellent qualities of those great personages , of whom antiquity so much boasts : for it is certain , that there is no nation of the world , amongst whom it flourishes , at present , with more lusture , especially about paris , which being the france , as i may call it , of france it self , is also , as it were , the center and perfection of the best agriculture . some , perhaps , may accuse me of straying too far for a gardiner , because that i may seem , while i thus wander through stranger nations , to forsake the matter in hand ; wherein i onely proposed to my self the deduction of those observations which i have made , during so many years , and to expound the method , which i esteem to be the best , in order to fair trees and good fruits : but it is impossible for me , in this rencontre , to hinder myself from flattering my passion by so great and noble examples ; and i perswade myself , that there are divers persons who will not think amiss of it ; for such as are pleased with this recreation will not blame me for having an affection for what they themselves love , and for discoursing upon it with the greatest advantage that i can ; and if the desire of imitating such worthy persons , be capable of making those men relish these innocent delights , who , untill now , were ignorant of them , i am assured that they will wish me well , and that they will entertain some good thoughts of him , who hath given them an inclination unto that thing , whereof they will find every day more and more the charms and sweetnesses : for our agriculture hath in it this singular property , that such as have once loved it , do never forsake it , but , on the contrary , do every year take much more delight in it than before ; which shewes , that it hath in it somewhat of solidity and truth , which attracts men , by reason , and not by fancy : indeed , all other pleasures vanish , or do at last grow less by time ; some are ruined by reason , others worn away by time , the greatest part are destroyed by themselves ; and , being but weak remedies of our continuall labour , or our ordinary indigence , they become troublesome and unpleasing , so soon as they have produced their effect : but the affection which is taken unto trees , grows up every day with them : it strengthens its self in well-govern'd spirits , as trees put forth stronger roots in a good soyl. so that i perswade my self , i might borrow those words of the poet to make up the motto of a true gardiner , crescent illae , crescetis amores . experience hath taught me this truth in mine own person ; for having already passed atmost through all the degrees of age , and being now entred into that of an old man , i have found , that this inclination which i took up from mine infancy , hath ever since , from time to time , increased in me ; so that i may boast my self to have been one of the first that hath searched out the true method of oringing trees to perfection , particularly wall-trees and dwarf-standers ; for i remember , that in my youth my curiosity led me to visit all the gardens then in reputation ; i frequented all such as desired to have fair fruits , and would pass for able men in this affair : i saw , even at that time , some great trees ordered well enough ; but for all other sorts of plants , such as are most now in esteem , and do ordinarily prove best , i could not look upon them without compassion : those which then took in hand to plant them against walls , set them with the same confusion , as if they had been planting thorn-hedges : and when they began to grow up , some did cut them into a works , as they doe hedges of witch hasell ; others suffered them to grow up at liberty , so that their tops growing immediately above the wall , there remained nothing under shelter , but the trunk ; and all the bearing bougis received no advantage by it : the gardiners , which would be accountedmen of abilities in places of the most curiosity , did order their dwarf-trees after a much more outragious manner , so that they might be called monsters rather than dwarfs ; for they put them into a thousand extravagant postures , making them to represent all sorts of living creatures , in a manner altogether ridiculous . thus by making very bad figures they spoyled very go●d trees , their works deserving to be equally detested by expert statuaries and good gardiners : for my part , making at the same time some small reflection upon that which trees do of themselves require , to bring them to their perfection ; it seemed unto me , that these which i saw maimed in this manner , did groan under the tyranny of their masters , and complained unto me of their cruelty : guiding my self , therefore , by reason , in a matter whereas yet i had no example , i found that it was impossible to receive that satisfaction , which ought to be expected from the beauty of a tree , and the abundance of its fruits , by forcing it thus against its nature ; and so was quickly perswaded , that , to do well , an order must be searched out , quite contrary to that which i saw practised ; and that the nature of the tree ought principally to be observed , that it may be followed as much as is possible , in preserving unto it the shape and extent which it desires to have ; and that in cutting off what is superfluous , and making it handsom , care must be taken not to disfigure it . i applied my self principally to the culture of wall-trees , working according to these principles ; and in few years i found the advantage which this sort of plant gives us above others . in which i was much assisted , by the invention of graffing upon a quince stock , and may say , that i also was one of the first that brought it into vogue , and which took notice of the profit and commodity of it . i will not enlarge my self in this preface , to discourse upon this subject , because i have made very ample observations upon it in the sequell of this book : but i shall onely say before-hand , that as wall-trees please me much better than all other plants ; so i love quince-stocks for plants against a wall more than all others : there are still some persons that are not of this mind , though but few ; such as will not endure , that men should speak to them of wall-trees , professing that they will have no other trees , than such whose fruits and shape were known in our fore-fathers dayes ; they would have this way of planting to pass for a novelty , which hath nothing in it deserving the cost that is to be employed about it : they say , that the fruits thus produced are not good , losing thereby the taste that is naturall to them : that such trees die immediately , not being able to endure the torture which is put upon them ; and that the pains and care taken about them passeth without comparison the pleasure received by them . these are the great accusations brought against wall-trees : but , should i undertake their defence , i would make use of no other arguments , than to lead such enemies of this sort of plant into gardens that are well kept , where they might see walls wholly covered with fruit-trees , whose boughs are guided in a handsome order fully garnished with leaves , and loaden with those admirable fruits , whose bigness , savour , and colour do equally satisfie the taste and eyes of such as eat or behold them : this sight would doubtless cause them to change their opinion ; and , if idleness , or an aversion for excellent things , or covetousness ( which causes the most part of men to cry down such things as they will not be at the charge of having ) do hinder them from choosing this pleasure for themselves ; at least , i am sure they could not blame others for being delighted with them . it would also prove very easie to answer , otherwise , whatsoever can be said against wall-trees : for , as to the beauty of their fruit , no man so much as doubts that they far exceed all other trees : and as for their goodness , i deny not but that there are some sorts of fruits which have a higher and more perfect taste , when they grow upon great trees in the open air , than when planted against a wall , as amongst others , the a rousselet , which being the most delicate of all pears for taste , seems to give some disadvantage to this form of trees which we esteem : but then there are divers other kinds which are much better upon wall-trees , nay which canscarce come to perfection otherwise : were there no more of these than the bon crestien onely , it were enough to make wall-trees to be esteemed above others : for sure it is , that this pear deserves more looking after than all others , because it surpasses all , without comparison , both for its beauty and its long continuance ; and being certainly the best of all that are eaten for six whole moneths of the year , it is second even in taste to very few of those that are the most excellent in those seasons , which do most abound with pears , which are , the end of summer and the autumn : now experience teacheth us , that the position of the wall contributes very much , as well to the goodness , as to the beauty of this fruit , because it requires much of the sun to come to its perfection , and doth extremely fear great winds and overmuch cold ; whereas , by this means , it finds the beat of the one encreased , and a remedy against the inconveniences of the others ; so that at present we see , by the help of this invention , a very great aboundance of them in such places , as heretofore had no more than were brought out of far countreys , or , at least , if some did grow there before , it was upon trees well ordered , that were planted in some court , and could not otherwise be preserved , but under the shelter of a whole house ; and yet for all this they came not to their true colour , but , by their greenness , witnessed , that they could not arrive at their entire maturity . it is a wonderfull advantage which planting against a wall hath , to afford heat enough unto such fruits as require much more than our climate yeilds , and yet , notwithstanding , not to give too much to those which are content with that of ordinary trees , or which bring their fruit well enough to perfection in colder countreys : for by this means , we see in one garden alone , that which heretofore could not be met with , except in many different climates ; and the position of walls helped by the address of the master , incloseth within one and the some place all the different qualities of far distant countries , so t' at now we are no more obliged to fetch our bon crestiens from touraine , our amadotes from bourgogne , our portail from poictou , nor the s. lezin from anjou : all these do now grow at home with us , and the gardens about paris do now abundantly furnish us with them all , which each of these countreys gave us but in part , and by retail . as for that objection which saith , that wall-trees last but for a while : it is true , that they come to ruine in few years , when they are ill kept ; but when they are carefully ordered , and as they ought , they afford a pleasure unto a man during his whole life ; and if they last not so long as great trees , yet they come to perfection sooner without comparison ; for if they be well planted , and the trees well chosen , they may bear the first year , and are at their perfection in their fourth or fifth : whereas great trees are so long in coming , up , that the expectation is able to weary out the most patient man . as for the charge which many persons fear in giving themselves to this curiosity , it is not so much as they would perswade themselves ; those that are at much cost about them , do certainly bestow more upon what is useless than what is necessary ; the ability of the gardiner , with time , and practise , is the principall , all the rest consists but in a few things : and therefore i can assure them , that , amongst all other divertisments , to the which they can give themselves , as there is none more innocent , so none that will cost them less than this : i will say further , though i have undertaken this work onely for the satisfaction of ingenious men , and at the desire of them that lo●e the best agriculture , and not to give precepts for house-keeping , that , notwithstanding , such as will consider the profit more than the pleasure of wall-fruits , shall from them be sure alwayes to find their expectation answered . in the last place , i cannot endure that any should complain of the care which this kind of tree requires , because that in this consists the chiefest pleasure of them : it is this care , which by its secret charms fetters the gardiner to his work ; 't is this which gives him a pleasant divertisment throughout the whole year , even then , when the trees are unprofitable , and seem to be intirely dead : 't is this which gives life to that pleasing hope , which is often-times more agreeable than the very enjoyments of the fruits themselves , and which assords us almost as much pleasure in the planting of the trees , as in seeing them arrived at their perfection : 't is this which makes us to look upon these productions of nature as our own handy-works , and to make that difference which all the world takes notice of , betwixt that which we have obtained by our industry , and that which we have onely borrowed : and do we not see in all other things of the world , that pains and pleasure , which seem to be of a very different nature , have nevertheless a natural society , which binds them together by an inseparable consequence ? it is an effect of the divine goodness , which having condemned men to the just punishment of perpetuall labour , was pleased that they should find their consolation in their pains , and that they should , in them , meet with sweetness , which very often surpasses the bitter of them : indeed , those that have a strong affection for any thing , never complain of the difficulties which they encounter in it . these rather do , for the most part , serve but to encrease their pleasure , because they do set their desire on work ; and this being seconded by hope , renders not onely the enjoyment more agreeable , but also forms a present delight , which often-times surpasseth even the enjoyment it self : for this reason , we do not hear those that love hunting complain of the wearinesses of that painful exercise : it being so true , that they place their delight in this trouble , that often-times they would not so much as regard those beasts which they took so much pains to follow , if they could have them with the same ease that men take tame beasts out of their yards . but , besides all this , where , i pray , is that great trouble which men would afright themselves with , in the ordering of plants ? is there any exercise of the body which requires not much more ? and besides , are all masters condemned to do themselves the work of their gardiners ? i know very well that such as do sometimes work upon them with their own hands , do from them receive more pleasure than others ; yet they also do receive enough , who are able to work themselves , when they please , and to know whether such as they employ do their business as they ought ; for in vain doth the master search after good gardiners , if he himself be not able to judge of their sufficiency ; and besides that , he deserves not to enjoy these benefits of the earth , who knows not how to relish them . it is almost impossible that he should be well served , when he knows not whether those that serve him do well or ill : for this reason , i dare boldly affirm , that such ought wholly to be excluded from our agriculture , who desire to continue in their ignorance , either through an affected indifference , or a blame-worthy idleness . it is not for their sakes that i write this book ; and if i could , i would willingly forbid them , even to read it : but if there be any one who desires to tast of these innocent pleasures , and finds himself transported with this inclination , which is common to so many deserving persons , i can assure him , that he shall not meet with all those difficulties wherewith the enemies of our plants do threaten him : from this book , he may presently receive as much knowledge as is necessary for him to have for his divertisment therein : provided , that at the same time he set apart some hours for practise , and make application of my rules upon trees , or cause some other to do it in his sight : here he will find , in short , all that which mine own experience , and the acquaintance which i have had all my life long with the masters of this art , could gain unto me after so long a time ; and will , in a few hours , make his advantage of that pains which i have daily continued for so many years . for it is certain , that a long study , and great practise are required to make observations in those things which must be learned by experience and reason both together , and in which a man must often-times attend many years to make one single experiment , especially where scarce any one hath gone before , from whom he may take instructions with assurance : but he that finds gathered into one , all that a man could get by his own experience , during his whole age ( and that long enough ) or draw from the communication of others , will find these things very easie , by making use of his labour , to whom , at the first , they were very hard . i say not this , as pretending to boast that i have set down all that can be said of this matter ; for then should i have written more than i know my self : on the contrary , i am throughly perswaded , that i may yet learn many things entirely new ; wherefore i do with much earnestness intreat all those that are able to adde to my observations , or else can correct them , as i doubt not but there are many who can ; i intreat such , i say , not to envy their skill to those that love gardening , and to my self inparticular , since i so freely communicate unto them all that which i my self have gotten . i know there are some great personages of these times , who are of the most knowing in this affair , whom , as they have all their life long mixed this divertisment with their publick employments and profound studies of the highest sciences ; i do conjure , that they would be pleased not to deny a few hours more of their leisure , to instruct such as follow them in their inclination ; and that they will not refuse to adorn those gardens which they have alwayes so much loved , with the beauties of our language which they have in such perfection ; or at least , that they will permit somewhat of this subject to fall from their hands , amongst so many noble works , which daily proceed thence , and do ravish into admiration all such as behold them : it is not that i think of entering the lists with them , or disputing against them the prize of agriculture : for , although i know that it is this sort of contention which is esteemed good and profitable amongst men , by one of those ancient philosophicall poets , whose authority i have made use of at the beginning of this preface notwithstanding i have no other thought in it , but that of exciting them to appear in this field , being ready to yeild them the p●ace so soon as they shall be pleased to take it ; and shall believe , that i have entirely satisfied that passion which i have alwayes ●ad to be serviceable to the gardiners , if i may be so happy as to procure for them so good masters . the manner of ordering fruit-trees . chap. 1. concerning nurseries . the first and principall care which they ought to take , who would have store of plants , and those faire , is , to have nurseries of their own , in which they may bring up trees wherewith to plant their gardens : it being certain , that trees taken from such domestick nurseries , thrive much better then others procured from abroad ; because that being replanted presently after they have been taken up , and meeting with earth of the same nature with that , to which they have been accustomed , they doe thereby grow again with the greater facility : whereas , on the contrary , trees brought from afar off are alwayes much changed in the transportation , their roots often battered and spoyled , and run a hazard of being hurt by frosts ; so that they grow again with much more difficulty , and ordinarily a great number of them die . besides that , it is a great advantage to a planter to be assured of the goodnesse of his trees , and of the kinde of their fruit ; and by that meanes to avoyd the displeasure which often-times befalls those that buy , of being forced to re-plant new trees , or to graffe again such as they have bought , when they might have expected to enjoy their fruit . to which may also further be added , that such as bring not up nurseries of their own , cannot make large plantations without great cost . some judge it more advantagious to take such trees as have been brought up in a dry and barren soyle to replant them in a better , than to chuse them from a good ground : being perswaded that these thirsty trees meeting with a fresh earth , doe immediately perceive that change , and spring with the greater vigour ; but , reason and experience teach us , that trees brought up in a hungry ground , finding but little nourishment there , doe likewise put forth but few roots , and can therefore have but a small growth of body , and that yellowish and mossy ; and although they be afterwards replanted in an excellent soyle , having but few roots they are not capable of drawing aboundantly that good nourishment which there they meet with , and consequently of growing to any purpose . besides that , their barke being already dry and withered for want of nourishment , by reason of that small moysture which they found in that barren ground , cannot easily receive the sap when it begins to ascend into the branches : on the contrary , experience lets us see that trees taken from a good ground , have alwayes good store of root , the body strong and vigorous , and that when they are re-planted in a soyle as good ( be it by nature or art ) they doe take againe very easily , and sprout with great force . chap. ii. the manner of planting nurseries , and keeping them in order . to make a good nursery , care must be had especially of three things : the first is , to choose good plants : the second , to place it in a good soyle : and the third , to dresse it well ; because the want of either of these three , renders the two others useless . to bring up a nursery of pear-trees & * apple-trees for high-standers , and proper for the producing of large trees , you must choose peare and apple-stocks of one years growth onely : these come of the kernels of those fruits , which to that end must be sowne in march upon beds of earth well prepared after the same manner that gardiners sow their seeds . these kernels so sowne and weeded during the summer , wil put forth a twig strong enough to be planted in a nursery the winter following : the way to procure such kernels with ease , is to sift the huskes or remainder of apples and pears , when the perry and sider is pressed from them : but without taking this trouble , you may buy , or cause to be brought , out of normandy , both these sorts of plants already grown , where they sow great quantities of them . the best plant to graff such apple-trees upon , as you would have to grow against a wall , in pallisades or hedges , and such as you desire to keep low for dwarf-trees , is that of the b paradise-apple-tree , which grows but little into wood , bears quickly and much fruit . these kindes of plants are brought up of spriggs , or cuttings , put into the ground , as also those of quince-trees , whereof i shall speak hereafter . the a sweeting is another kind of apple-tree , which comes very near to that of the paradice-apple , and which likewise grows from a sprig ; but the plant of it is not good for this purpose , because it growes too much into wood , and cannot be kept low , as a dwarf or shrub . to graff such pear-trees upon , as are proper to be planted against a wall , & b in hedges , or to be kept low for dwarf-standers , the plant of a quince-tree proves the best , because the quince is naturally of a dwarfish stature , and may very easily be kept low . c tree-stocks are not so proper for this use , because they by nature shoot up too fast ; and if you cut off any branch to stop their growth and keep them low , they put forth divers others with more force , and so till they arrive at their full growth , do produce nothing but wood , and very little fruit : and further , that small quantity of fruit which they do bear , is ordinarily greener , more lateward , and worse coloured than that of such trees as are graffed upon the quince-stocks ; except the portail , which graffed upon a pear-stock becomes very good , provided that it be planted in a hot and gravelly soyle , for in rich and cold grounds it hath no tast . next after the portail those of bezi-d'heri , the a beurre and the orange-pear prove better upon a pear-stock then any others , because they do ordinarily beare much : since then the nature of peare-trees graffed upon a peare-stock , is to raise themselves into a great tree , and to grow much in wood , it is easie to be judged that if they be not plashed against very high walls , where they may spread themselves with freedome , they cannot take effect , nor be proper for hedges or walls of ordinary height , or be kept low , except in a dry , stony , or sandy soile , where meeting with a scant nourishment they cannot shoot upward with much force , and therefore in such grounds they will soonest bear . some do more esteem those peare-trees that are graffed upon a tree-stock than those that are graffed upon a quince , because they think the fruit of these latter to be harsher and lesse delicate than the others . experience neverthelesse teacheth us , that this opinion is not true , and that the harshnesse which is sometimes found in those fruits that are graffed upon a quince is not naturall to them , but is either caused by the over-moist and grosse earth which nourishes them , or by the too great quantity of dung wherewith the ground was manured when they were planted . and indeed we may easily mark , that this harshnesse grows lesse , and passeth away as the dung consumes and the trees grow older : 't is for this reason therefore that trees ought never to be dunged when they are planted , unlesse there be a necessity for it ; because the dung renders their fruit lesse delicate . there are three severall sorts of quince-trees : the first is that which is called the apple-quince-tree , which beares a small fruit , flat and round like an apple . this kinde is not good to graff pears upon , because its nature enclining to that of the apple-tree agrees not with the pear , so that we see the syens which are graffed on it , do languish or dye immediately . this sort of quince-tree may be known by its leaf , which is round and small ; and by its wood , which is rough and full of suckers ; as also by its barke , which is whitish . the other two sorts of quince-trees , though both good to graff pears upon , & both bearing fair fruit , are yet very different , the sap of the one being much sweeter then that of the other , and consequently better . this difference may be observed at the foot of old graffed trees ; one of these sorts not waxing big according to the proportion of the graff it beares , and therefore makes a knobbe round about the joyning of the graffe in the fashion of a roll , which spoyles the shape of the stemme , and shewes that this kind of quince-tree hath not the sap so plentifull nor so good as that which encreaseth equally with the graffe . from whence we may easily conclude , that this last kind is the best of all the three , and that this is the true quince-stock upon which a peare should be graffed ; it being a certaine signe that the sappe is the most pleasant and most conformable of all others to the nature of the pear-tree , because both of them are so perfectly joyned together , and do grow equally great : this best kinde of quince-tree may be known by its fruit , which is longer and bigger then that of the other sorts ; it may also be known by its bark , which is smoother , blacker , and clearer ; and by its leaf , which is longer and bigger than the others . quince-stocks may be raised by sowing the kernels as i have said before , but the best and more ready way is to have them from shoots : to which end you must plant great stocks of the best sort of quince-trees , about four foot assunder , and at the time of the new moon in march , cut them at an inch above ground , to the end that they may put forth store of young shoots , which must neither be stripped nor pruned for feare of withering ; but after they are shot up to the height of about a foot and halfe , they must bee covered a foot high with good earth , to which must be mingled a little rotten bedmould to make them take root the sooner ; the winter following , if these young sprouts have put forth any roots , they may be taken away though feeble , and planted in the nursery : after these shoots are all taken off , it will be necessary to cover the old stocks all the winter with a little earth , & to uncover them again in february , to the end that they may put forth new shoots , which when grown up , must be heaped with earth as the former : and by this meanes you may gather every year good store of plants : there is yet another way of raising quince-stocks in good ground , by couching some of the boughs of the trees in the earth in winter time , as they do with vines . the same course may be taken to raise young plants of the paradise-apple , but they are longer in growing then the quinces . the plants proper for such nurseries as are designed for the graffing of peaches , a pavies , abricots , and plumms , are those of young damson-trees and s. julien-plums , because their sap is more pleasant than that of other plummes , and also because they last the longest : some there are that plant stocks of abricots and almonds , to incculate upon them peaches and pavies ; but these are very subject to a gumme which gathers about the scutcheon ( or bud ) so that if the gardiner be not very carefull to take it away or prevent it , the bud is often-times enoked and killed by it : true it is , that when they do take , they bear very faire fruit , and , amongst others , admirable nectarines . for this cause , the best and surest stock for these kindes of fruit , is that of damsons , and the s. julien , but especially that of damsons , because it lasts longer , and hath the sweeter sap . this sort of stock is bred at the foot of damson-trees , and the s. julien , which do put forth many suckers . the almond-tree is likewise not bad for this purpose in such grounds as are hot and sandy : but it proves not ordinarily from a nursery , because that being replanted it takes again but very seldom ; it is for this cause necessary to breed it in the place where it must stand ; which is done by sowing sweet almonds there at the beginning of march , after they have lyen in sand to bud during the winter : and there likewise to inoculate them with a scutcheon , a the bud not shot forth , that very year at the end of august , or the beginning of september , when the greatest force of the sap is past ; or else the second yeare , if they be too weak the first . in the same manner the stones of peaches or abricots , may be sown and inoculated ; and these without staying for the moneth of march , may be put into the ground as soon as the fruit is eaten : but the trees graffed upon them , last not so long as upon an almond-stock . peach-trees and pavies may also be brought up from a stone , but they doe very often degenerate ; and there are no peaches but those of pau , persiques , violet-peaches , and the common peaches , which doe ordinarily take this way . abricot-trees , although they may be graffed upon all sorts of plum-stocks , doe neverthelesse beare the fairest fruit upon those that have the biggest plums , and especially when they are white . when they are inoculated upon damsons , their fruit is dryer and more firme : those abricot-trees which come of a stone , bring forth lesse abricots , but earlier ripe , and of a quicker tast then others , wch . makes some to esteem them the more ; but they do not agree with all sorts of ground , and are better in those that are hot than in the richer soils . the good sorts of plummes may be graffed upon all kinds of plumme-trees , except such as bear small sower plums , because their sap is too harsh . to make nurseries of cherry-trees and other red fruits , you must plant the suckers of white and red a merisiers , because their sap is more pleasant and nourishing then that of the black merisier : there is neverthelesse a sort of the red merisier , whose fruit is bitter , upon which the ordinary cherry & hart-cherries being graffed , the tree becomes as strong and as bigge as upon other stocks , but there growes a great knob about the joynt of the graff , which marres the beauty of the tree , and shews that this sort of merisier hath its sap very sharp and bitter , because its stock encreaseth not in proportion to the graff . the best stock to inoculate or graffe may-cherries upon , is that of the suckers of forward cherries , though it be true that thereby the fruit becomes not so bigge or faire , nor the tree it selfe so strong as those which are graffed upon good merisiers . the cherry-stock is also better then the merisier to graffe a morella-cherries upon , because that tree ordinarily blooming much and bearing but little , it comes by being graffed upon a cherry-stock to beare more plentifully , and preserves its fruit better , because the sap of a cherry-stock is not so plentifull as that of the merisier . it is in vain to have procured good plants , if care be not taken to plant them in a good soile . to this purpose , a soft earth must be chosen somewhat fresh , and which is rich enough to be planted upon without dunging , especially when in it you would plant nurseries of pear-trees and apple-trees brought up from kernels ; for the dung breeds in the ground great white worms , which eat the roots of the plant , and cause it to die . besides that , earth too fat and too much manured , breeds cankers in the bark of the trees , which destroyes them utterly : but if the earth be not otherwise good enough of its self without being amended , it is better to stay till the plant hath put forth its third leaf before it be dunged , because that after three yeares it will be strong enough to resist those worms which the dung breeds . the ground most proper to plant a nursery in , is such as hath neither been too much cultivated , nor too leight ; but contrarily , that is the best which hath a body ; and provided , that you have some short small mould to put about the roots in planting : that which is new broke up and hath lain long , is the most excellent of all . having then found a good plot of ground proper to make a nursery , you must there open trenches of the largenesse and depth of a spade-bit , placing them three foot , or three foot and halfe from one another , and observe , as much as you can , to make them so that one of the ends lie towards the south , and the other towards the north : for being thus disposed , and the nurseries well graffed , that is , the graffes set with their backs towards the south ( which must alwayes be observed if you would graff well ) or as near it as is possible , the trees do the better uphold one another , and defend themselves much better from the great windes of the south . the ground being thus prepared , you must in the moneth of november , or december , choose a faire day to plant it in , because that in faire weather the earth is short , easier to work , and better encloses the root of the plant ; but in such soyles as are moist and lateward , it is better to stay till the end of february before you plant , because too much moisture and water corrupt and rot the roots during winter . for this reason therefore , in cold and moist countreys the water must of necessity be dreyned out , & the earth heighthened in the form of ridges , upon which the trees are to be planted : but the hot and early grounds must be planted in november , that the roots beginning before winter , whilest the warm weather lasts , to put forth some small filaments , may so unite themselves with the earth , that the trees at spring may thereby grow and flourish much the better . having chosen a good soyle , a proper season , and a faire day , he that would plant a nursery of apple and pear-stocks brought up of kernels , must observe to cut off half the root of the plant , and to pare off the top to about seven inches : then to place them in the trenches at the distance of seven or eight inches betwixt each twig , and to put them no deeper within the ground than they were in that place from whence they were taken : the trenches , after this , must be filled with mould that is soft and small , that it may the better enclose the roots of these small plants ; and the earth must be digged on both sides , and heaped about the plant , that no more of it appear above than the heighth of half a fingers breadth . nurseries of quince-stocks , and such as are designed for the bringing up of dwarf-trees , be they pear-trees , peaches , or plum-trees , must be planted after another manner : for these plants must be placed in the trenches at the distance of two foot from one another , and must be cut at 2. or 3. inches from the ground , to the end that they may put forth young wood upon which to graff ; onely the paradice apple-tree must not be cut lower then a foot and half from the earth , because this kinde of tree being a long time in growing big , it will be necessary to preserve its old wood to graff upon in a cleft , and to enjoy it thereby the sooner . for by this kind of graffing it comes much more quick then by inoculating it with a scutcheon . nor is it sufficient for the bringing up of fair trees , to have procured good plants , and to have planted them well ; but it is further of very great importance to be carefull in the well ordering of them . to this end , about the moneth of may , when the little pear or apple-stock begins to bud , you must with your finger carefully take off all the buds but one from each stock , so that it may put forth but one shoot onely , and at the same time cause all the weeds to be taken away which are grown about them ; and at the beginning of june in a faire season , the nursery must be digged and laid even the depth of a good spade-bit in the middle of the furrow onely ; for the gardiner when he comes neare the stocks at about a foot distance , must carry the spade lightly , and not enter it above half so deep as before , for fear of hurting the roots . this being done , it must be covered all over with ferne , while the earth is yet fresh , about four inches thick , yet so that it choke not the stocks : afterwards , about the end of october , the fern must be handsomely gathered together with the spade , and cast into the middle betwixt the rowes of the plants , and the stocks must afterward be uncovered about the depth of half a spade-bit in manner of a trench , that during the winter the raines and snow may the more easily fall to the roots of the plants to moisten them . in uncovering the plants , the earth that is taken away must be throwne upon the fern , to cause it to rot the better ; but care must be taken to leave the earth about the foot of the plants an inch or two thick , that they may be preserved from the frost , and for fear of cutting or uncovering their roots . when the winter is past , the plants must be covered again in the moneth of march in a faire season , and the whole nursery digged again and laid eeven . in digging it , the ferne must be cut with the spade , and mingled with the earth , because it serves for soyle , and hath a particular property to make the stocks put forth a great many filaments , or small haire-roots . it is necessary that the nursery be thus kept and renued after the same fashion every year , untill the plants have been two years graffed : but in those countreys where fern is not to be had , the nurseries must be leightly digged thrice during every summer , to keep them fresh , and to hinder the weeds from growing : these three stirrings must be in march , may , and july ; and in the moneth of october , the plants must alwayes be uncovered , as i have before shewed . if the nursery being thus digged profit not , it must in the moneth of november of the third year , be dunged ; the earth being every where and equally over-spread and covered with good , fat , half-rotten dung , to the thicknesse of four inches , and at the same time digged to mix the earth and dung together . when the nursery is to be dunged on this manner in the moneth of november , it will be needlesse to dig it , or to uncover the plants in the moneth of october . care must also be taken when the plants begin to form their stemmes to cleanse them by cutting off all their shoots to the height of six or eight inches onely to prepare a place for the graffe ; and then to cut off nothing above that height , because these young stock are so tender that no branch can be taken from them , or their tops be cut without altering their sap , which keeps them back , and much hinders their growth . for this reason , you must observe , not to strip or cut off any of the wood of the quince-stocks , plumme-stocks , or merisiers , planted in a nursery before the moneth of march in their second year ; but then in stripping them it must be observed , that not above one branch ( or two at most ) is to be left upon each root ; which must at the same time be cleansed to the height of about eight inches , to make place for the scutcheons ; and each stump must be cut close , that it may be recovered when it shall be time to inoculate . in the same manner the stocks of the paradice-apple are to be prepared , that they may be graffed upon a cleft . the nurseries of stocks , being in this manner well planted and dressed , will be strong enough to be graffed in their third or fourth year : those of quince-trees and plum-trees in their second . those that would make nurseries of wall-nut-trees , chest-nuts , or oakes , to be planted in walks , & avenues before their houses , or in their woods , must procure of the fairest wall-nuts , chest-nuts , and acorns , which must immediately be put into beds of sand , either in vessels , or else in some cellar or covered place , where the frost may not hurt them , untill march , when they must be planted in good ground well digged ; with this difference neverthelesse , that the nuts must be set in trenches made eight foot from one another , and seven or eight inches betwixt each nut. the nuts , being so set and dressed , as is before-said , for the nurseries , will put forth trees strong enough at 4. or five years to be taken up and set in the places where they are to grow : but the acorns and chestnuts must be scattered very near to one another , and confusedly in the trenches made at two foot distance , and covered with earth at the depth of four or five fingers onely : afterwards they must be kept with some small slight dressing and digging for three years , without pulling or stripping them ; after which time they are to be taken up and planted in woods : or if you be desirous to raise them into tall trees , for walks or avenues , they must be set in a nursery like peary-stocks : and then , when they are set into the nursery , they must be cut at an inch from the ground , and so left at liberty to shoot out till march , of their second year ; when they must be stripped to the height of half a foot onely , and but one sprigg left upon them : after which , they must not be touched , nor any branch of them be cut , till they be taken up to be placed where they must grow . although , according to the order of my design , i am to speak of no trees , but such onely as bear fruit , having enclosed all my walks within the compasse of a garden , yet hath the beauty of woods and walks carryed me insensibly out of it : and now i find my self so far ingaged , that i believe i may , returning to the path from which i have strayed , speak a word or two of the different sorts of wild trees , with which woods and avenues may be planted , and the manner also of breeding them . for avenues , men commonly plant lime-trees , elmes , pines , or firre-trees . for the bringing up of lime-trees and elmes , the seeds of them must be gathered , and sown in the moneth of march , upon beds of earth , after the manner already mentioned , for quince , and pear-stocks , then covered with small mould , or rotten leaves of trees : for 3. years you must keep them with a slight dressing , that the weeds grow not : these seeds thus sown , shoot forth plants which may well be taken up after three years , to be planted in woods , or in nurseries , if you desire to have them fair trees , proper for avenues ; you may likewise take suckers of elms , and plant them in a nursery like the a tree-stocks , or the shoots of quince-trees . to bring up pines and fir-trees , you must , in the moneth of october , sow the seeds of them , scattering them without any order in shady places , covered with leaves , as in woods that are somewhat open : and when they are come up , leave them there till they be three or four foot high , when you may take them up , and set them where they must stand , because being removed when they are young , they do the more easily take again . they may also be brought up in a nursery ; but then they must be taken up , being very small ; and if they are to be carried far , care must be had of coning them in bags , with their roots well wrapped up in mosse or earth , that they come not to the aire ; and observe to plant them immediately in good ground in the shade , three or four foot distant every way from one another , that you may take them up with the earth about their roots , when they are fit to be set in the places where they must stand . chap iii. the manner of graffing the nurseries . there being many different wayes of graffing , each where of is to be spoken of particularly and apart ; i suppose , that not onely by the order of this discourse , but also according to that of the seasons , i am to begin with that which is performed in a cleft , and to give the rules which must be observed in it . graffing in a cleft is that which takes best upon the pear and apple-stocks , because it comes much sooner then that which is performed by inoculation . when the stocks of these plants are strong enough to be graffed , the first rule which is to be observed , is , to graff them all at one time ; and to that end , to pull upall those stocks that are too weak , and plant them in some other place , for they would otherwise choke the graffs , and hinder them from growing : then you must graff them in febr. or march at the full moon , that they may spring with the more vigour : for it is certain , that if they be graffed in the wane , they will bear too soon . care must also be taken to cut the syens from such trees as are in their year of bearing , and full of fruit-buds ; and when they are grown , they must be cut in the wane , at six or seven foot high , to form the head of the tree . to graff well after this way , you must cut off the stock you would graff upon towards the bottom , five or six inches from the ground ; it must be cut aslope like a hinds foot , to the middle of the stemm , and the other half flat , that thereby the syen may the better be placed upon it : because the tree being this cut , doth the more easily recover it self . you must also be carefull to cut this slope towards the north , for two reasons : first , because it will not dry so soon as if it were exposed to the south , and therefore recovers it self the sooner : and again , because the back of the graff must ( as i have said before ) alwaies be turned towards the south , or as near it as may be ; in as much as thereby it better resists the great winds : and on the contrary , when turned with the back towards the north , it is by the least wind loosened and broken . now that the back of the graffs may be turned toward the south , it is easie to be judged , that the slope of the cut must be on the side exposed to the north . it is further necessary to be observed , that no more but one syen be put upon each stock , how big soever , to the end it may form but one stemm , and also that the graff may become proportionable to the bignesse of the stock , that is , strong if that be strong , and little if that be weak : as soon as the tree is graffed , it must presently be covered handsomly , and without shaking the syen ) with clay or galt , mixed with very small hay or mosse , lest it dry and crack . this way of graffing in a cleft is also best , upon paradice-apple-stocks , and plumm-stocks , when you graff other plumms upon them : it is also good for cherries and merisiers . inoculating by a scutcheon , with a a bud not shot forth , is better then graffing upon quince-stocks ; and upon plumme-stocks , when you put upon them peaches , pavies , and abricot-trees . but the scutcheon must be placed upon young wood , and where the stock is not too big , because when the bark is hard , they take with more difficulty , & are the longer before they be recovered . now for asmuch as these trees are seldom brought up with a high stemm , for standers , but are for the most part designed to be planted in hedges , against walls , or kept low , as dwarf-trees , and for that reason ought to be branched from the foot , there may two buds be put upon each stock , when they are inoculated ; onely care must be taken not to put them both upon one side , one above the other : for by that means they will harm one another , and coming to shoot will give an ill shape unto the tree . the best way to place them is on both sides , and one higher than the other , because when they are put over against each other , it proves very hard to cut off the head of the tree betwixt the two buds ; and the place cut , will the more hardly recover it self . some there are , who do most esteem the trees that come of one bud onely , accounting them handsomer then others : wherefore in the inoculating of them , they put but one bud upon each stock ; for my part , though i am of their opinion so far , as to think those trees which have but one stemm to be more naturall , and consequently more beautiful than others , especially dwarf-standers , which , to be well fashioned , ought to have their stemm about a foot high ; yet i would counsel the putting of two buds alwayes upon every stock , because , if either of the two take , the stock may not fail : but then too , it is onely upon condition to leave onely the best growing , and to take off the other at the beginning of the second year . this kind of inoculating , with a bud not shot forth , is to be performed in the wane of the moon , in june , july , or august , alwayes upon young wood , because it hath more sap , and the bark , by consequence , more tender , and easie to be taken up : for this reason , in the planting of quince and plumm-stocks , they must be cut at two inches from the ground ( as i have said before ) to make them put forth new wood , but not inoculated untill their second year , to the end , that they may be strong enough : for if they be weak , the graff cannot shoot forth but with difficulty , and doth but languish . there being no more certain means of procuring fair trees , than by graffiing and inoculating upon a stock that is strong and vigorous . the time proper for inoculating , depends upon the quality of the territory , because according as that is early or late , so must the work there be earlier or later ; it being easie to judge , that in hot countreys , where the sap begins to ascend betimes , it descends also sooner ; and on the contrary , that it lasts longer in moist grounds , where the spring is more lateward : for this cause , the gardiner must not alwayes stay for the second sap , but often inoculate after the first , especially upon plum-stocks : it is true , that it is better to stay for the second , when abricot-stocks , almonds , and peach-stocks , are to be inoculated upon : because their first sap is so aboundant , that if , while it is in force , the bark be cut to put in a bud , it issues out , and causeth a gumm about the scutcheon , which oftentimes chokes and kills it . to hinder this mischief , the gardiner must be carefull to untye the scurcheon betime , to give way for the passage of the sap ; but the best and most assured remedy is , not to inoculate these sorts of trees , untill the end of their second sap , after that the greatest force of it is past : he must also be carefull , not to inoculate them , but in a dry season , for the rain mischiefs the bud , and hinders the taking of it . peaches and pavies must alwayes be inoculated with a scutcheon , upon damson-stocks , or the st. julien , abricot , or almond-stocks . but , as i said before , the almond-tree , if re-planted , very seldome takes again ; wherefore , such as would put peach-trees and pavies upon it , must sow almonds in the place where they desire their trees should grow ; and those sweet almonds onely , because they have a better sap to nourish the graffe than the bitter ones . the almond-tree takes much better than the plumm-tree , in dry and hard grounds , because , having but few roots , it needs not so much nourishment ; it is also not so subject to put forth many suckers from its foot as the plumm-tree , and wears not out the ground so much : but it decayes and dies much sooner then the plumm-tree . plumm-trees may be graffed upon other plumm-trees , both by inoculation , and in a cleft ; but the graff upon a cleft comes to its perfection very much faster than that which is inoculated . abricots may be inoculated upon all sorts of plumm-stocks ; but they bear the fairest fruit , when they are put upon such as bring forth the biggest whiteplumms , because these are somewhat of their nature : and by the same reason , when they are inoculated upon the stock of a small black damson , their fruit is dryer , firmer , and more proper for the confectioner . cherry-trees , and other red fruits , may both be graffed in a cleft , and inoculated a with a budd not shot forth ; but it is a better way , and more assured to inoculate them b with a budde shooting forth : this kind of inoculation is like the other , by a bud not shot , save onely that it must be done about mid-june , and that presently upon it the head or branches of the tree must be cut three inches above the scutcheon , to the end that the sap , finding no other course , may come freely to it , and cause it to spring . there is another sort of graffing like unto that which is performed in a cleft , which they call a taking out a piece , because in this manner of graffing the stock is cleft but very little , instead whereof a place is cut in the wood to enter the graff . this way of graffing is principally put in practice upon great trees , because they cannot wholly be split , without harming them much : and in graffing them it must be observed , not to cut off their heads too short , nor too near the stemm , because they recover not without great difficulty ; and being so wounded , do very often die : you must also observe , to leave them some small branches here and there upon the top of the tree uncut off , to receive a part of the sap ; for when that begins to ascend , and instead of meeting great branches ( as it was wont ) in which to spread it self , meets with nothing but small graffs , too weak to receive it all , it chokes them through its aboundance , and causeth them to dye : but then after the graffs are taken , and have well shot forth , you must in march , the next year after , take away wholly all those boughs which were left , and cut them as close as may be , to the stemm of the tree , that their places may the more easily be covered again . this kind of graffing must be put in practice in february , as well as the other which is in a cleft . if these great trees have their bark too hard , and their wood too stubborn to be graffed upon , it will be better to cut off their heads somewhat high , to make them put out young wood and new branches , upon which you may graff , in their third year : but seeing these great trees cannot be graffed but very high , and at the end of the boughs , care must be had to put some twiggs about the graffs as soon as they are put in ; for coming to grow , their shoot is so tender , and so full of leaves , that during the two first years they are very subject to be broken with the least wind . these twigs also serve to hinder the birds from setling upon the graffs , and spoyling them . there are , besides these mentioned , divers other different wayes of graffing , as that which is called a en flusteau ( or , in a flute ) which is used for chestnut-trees about midsomer , when the trees are in their full sap ; and that which is made betwixt the bark and the wood upon great trees , which have their bark too thick : but this last sort of graff is not so good , because it is very subject to be broken with the least winds , and the stemm can very hardly recover it self . some use yet another way of graffing , very extraordinary ; they take the end of a twigg ( about as long as the breadth of 3. fingers ) of that fruit which they would graff , which they sharpen flatwise , and in the moneth of march or april , when the sap is in the tree , having made an incision , a-cross in the bark of the stock , they place the graff in it , tying it with hemp , as in inoculating : this sort of graff does not ordinarily take , no more than that which is made by approach . for graffing in a cleft , it is indifferent , whether you cut your syens in the increase of the moon , or in the wane , because , that in the moneth of february ( which is the proper season for this sort of graffing ) there is no sap in the trees : for which reason , you may , if you please , cut them even in the moneth of december , or january , and keep them untill febr. or march , provided nevertheless , that they be put half-way into the ground , every one apart by it self ; but in summer , as all graffing must be performed in the wane , to bring forth much fruit , and the boughs cannot be graffed too fresh , being then in their full sap ; so they must likewise be cut in the wane : but that which ought principally to be observed for all sorts of syens , is , that they must be gathered from such trees as are in their year of bearing , that is , very full of fruit , or of buds in order to it : for it is certain , that the syens contain in them the same qualities with the tree from which they were taken : and therefore if the tree be in the year of its rest , in the which it bears none , or but little fruit , they cannot be so good : and indeed , experience teacheth us , that the graffs which are cut from trees without fruit , bear alwayes but very little , and that very seldome . this hinders not , but that one may take syens very good for bearing , sometimes from graffs of two years : for although these trees have no fruit-buds , because they are yet too young , they may nevertheless be in their bearing year , and so communicate that good quality to their syens : but because the bearing year cannot be distinguished from that of their repose , but only by their fruit-buds , it is alwayes most certain , to gather the syens from such trees , as are full of those buds . the syen , which is a shoot but of one year , when the wood of it is become firm , is as good to be graffed in a cleft , as that which bath old wood upon it : it is true , that this last beares fruit sooner then the other ; and in case of necessity , when syens of the last year cannot be gotten , one may cut such as are of two years growth ; but these shoot not forth with so much vigour , as those which are younger , and by the same reason do also bear fruit sooner . the nurseries being graffed , must be diversly cultivated , according to the nature of the trees which you bring up in thom : to keep those plants well which are graffed in a cleft , and designed for trees with a high stemm , such as pear-trees , apple-trees , and others , for standers , you must be carefull to pull off all the buds of the graff as soon as it begins to shoot , leaving onely one bud upon it , that it may grow up but with one single stemm : after which , they must be left to grow at liberty , because the young sprout is then so tender and delicate , that the least branch cannot be cut off without much altering the sap , and wronging the stemm ; which by that means would be the longer in growing big : for this reason , those that are over-hasty to cleanse their nurseries , by taking away the superfluous branches too soon , do hinder them and spoyl them ; for the graffs , instead of growing big , and strengthening themselves at the foot in proportion to their growth , do , when they are pruned , shoot up suddenly , and not being able any longer to uphold themselves , must of necessity be kept up with sticks , which spoyls them , and hinders a good part of the plants in the nursery from coming to good : it is therefore necessary to stay untill the third year , before you begin to strip the graffs ; and then also at the first you must be content only to writhe the branches , which you intend to take away , with your hand , at three or four inches from the body , unto the height of two or three foot , to the end onely , to stop the sap , and to hinder it from quitting the stemm , and spending it self in useless branches ; but in the moneth of april , in the year following , those branches must be wholly taken away , and cut off as near the stem as may be , that they may recover again the sooner , and no knot be caused in that place , from which each of them was cut . in this manner , the taking away all useless branches from the trees must be continued from year to year , according to their strength , to raise and bring up their stemm to six or seven foot high ; at which heighth they must be stopped ( by cutting them ) in the moneth of march , and the wane of the moon ; to strengthen them downwards , and form their heads . those that are curious , to have apple-trees with a fair stemm , and strait , must graff their nurseries with syens , taken from the apple-tree , called de suraut , which bear great sowre apples ; because these syens will the first year put forth a shoot of six or seven foot high , growing more in one year than others in two , and so in four years do make great trees fit to be taken up , and set in the place where they are to grow ; upon which , two years after they may graff any kinds of good apples , which they desire to have . for such nurseries as are inoculated with a bud not shot forth , being for trees designed to be planted against a wall , or to be kept low , as shrubs , or dwarf-trees , they must be ordered otherwise than those whereof i have already spoken : for the stock upon which you inoculate must not be cut off till after the winter , when the bud is taken , and ready to shoot forth ; and then you must observe , not to cut it lower than at three fingers breadth above the bud , for fear of altering it ; and for the same reason , to cut it aslope , with the cut outwards ; and after that , let the bud grow without touching it , except it shoot upward too strongly without putting forth any branches : for then it will be necessary to stop it at half a foot high , by pinching it with your fingers , to make it grow strong , and put forth nearer to the foot ; it being the beauty of trees planted against a wall , or kept low , to be well furnished with branches from the foot . pear-trees graffed upon quince-stocks , cannot be fit to be re-planted , till after their second , third , or fourth year , when their bark is well recovered : but peaches and pavies , when they are strong , and have shot well , are better to be taken up after their first year , than after their second or third leaf ; because , as they come very quickly , so are they sooner fit to be removed than others : besides that , being of a dry wood , they spring again the better , when they are young , and have a tender bark . for which reason also , care must be taken in the re-planting of them , to cut off the stump which remains above the graffe , and then to cap it with galt , or clay mixed with hay ; by which meanes the bark will the more easily be recovered . the order of graffing differing sorts of fruit in the same nursery , depends upon the ingenuity of the master but the best , in my opinion , is either to graffe the same kinde of fruit upon a whole row of stocks , or if but a part , then next to one another ; and at the same time , to write in a book the names of the fruits , the quantity of stocks that are graffed with them , and in what row they be : and if in the same row there be divers stocks graffed with different fruits , to marke with a great stake the beginning of each sort , to the end , that when you would take up a tree , you may not be mistaken in the kind of fruit which you desire . such as are curious to procure from all parts the best sorts of peares , must , when they graff their nurseries , graff many fruits of the largest kind , such as pound-pears , summer bon crestiens , and others , which have store of sap ; upon which afterwards they may graff in a cleft other sorts of rare pears , whereof the syens cannot be had in summer , either because they are at too great a distance , or else because their wood is too tender and delicate to be inoculated : those that are curious , may likewise re-graff upon the same trees winter-bon crestiens , and bergamots , which will thereby become bigger and fairer . graffing may be practised all the year long ; that is , in a cleft , in the moneths of february , march , and april ; by inoculating with a bud shooting forth , in may and june ; with a bud not shot , in july , august , september , and the beginning of october , upon almond-stocks and peaches , grown from a stone : and again , in a cleft , in the moneths of november , december , and january : but in these last seasons they do not ordinarily take , so that it is alwayes better and surer to graff in the proper seasons . curiosity hath perswaded some to invent extraordinary graffs , by mingling the species of trees entirely different , that thereby they might prevail with nature , to bring forth new monstrous fruits : they were perswaded , that by passing the branch of a vine through the body of a walnut-tree , pierced with a wimble , and afterwards exactly stopping both ends of the hole , this branch would take its nourishment from the nut-tree , and so might produce grapes full of oyl , instead of wine ; they believed , that by graffing a rose-bush upon a holly-tree , or a broom , it would bring forth green or yellow roses ; that having graffed the a calville-apple upon a black mulbery , or peach-trees upon quinces , they might gather black apples , and peaches without stones : but experience hath taught them , that nature is most chast in her alliances , and most faithfull in her productions , and that she cannot be debauched , or corrupted by any artifice : indeed it is but a vain imagination , to believe that the syen can quit its species , to take that of the stock upon which it is graffed ; it being certain , that it takes nothing from it besides its nourishment . and , as every one knows , that things which are contrary in their nature , endeavour alwayes to destroy each other , and that they can never be perfectly united together , because union cannot consist but betwixt things of the same nature ; so may every one easily judge , that syens cannot prove , or take effect , except upon stocks of the same kind , or which have a sap conformable to them : experience shewing us , that they either grow or languish according as the sap of the stock , that nourisnes them , is more or less proper for them : for this reason , a pear-tree can never take upon an apple-stock , nor peaches upon quince-trees , because their species are wholly different . i deny not , but the stock or foot , of trees which are graffed , doth in some manner communicate its quality to the graffs it bears ; but it never causes them to change their kind . the winter bon crestiens being graffed upon the a gros rateau , the pound-pear , or the summer bon crestien , bear alwayes the same kind of fruit : but they bring forth bigger pears , because the sap of those trees , upon which they are graffed , is very aboundant : for the same reason peaches become very fair , being inoculated upon an abricot . hart-cherries , and b guisnes , are bigger upon a merisier , than upon a cherry-stock : and the morella-cherries set upon a cherry-stock , prove better than the hart-cherries so put , because of the likenesse and conformity of their sap ; wherefore it may be concluded , that to graff well , you must never put any trees but upon such stocks as are proper for them : as the great kind of black mulberrie , upon that of the small kind ; it being certain , that it takes better upon that , than upon the white mulberry ; the almond-tree upon the black damson ; the small medlar upon the white thorn , or quince-tree ; the a green oaks must also , for the same cause , be graffed in a cleft upon the common oak , but somewhat late , because their sap is more lateward . chap. iv. of the severall kinds of ground , and the trees which prove best upon each of them . after you have brought up fair trees in your nurseries , before you can have fruit of them , you must of necessity plant them somewhere else , be it against a wall , or in the open air . but as the best trees cannot prosper , unless they meet with a good soyl , very great care must be taken before they be planted , to prepare the earth well for them , and to make it good . according to this order , therefore , having already treated of nurseries , i come now to speak of the different sorts of earths , and of those trees which agree best with each of them . those who have gardens and orchards , situated in a very good soyl , need not all these instructions , because the excellent nature of their ground does more of it self , and without any pains , than that which is amended with the greatest care . the onely design of this discourse , being but onely to help nature , presupposes her to be sick , and to have need of succours from abroad . those then that would plant , must , above all things , observe the quality of their ground , and know whether it be strong or light , whether it be too dry or too moist , soft or stony ; not onely , that he may give it such helps as are necessary and capable to correct its fault , but also to plant in it such sorts of trees as are proper for it : because it being impossible , so to dung or amend a ground , as to make it absolutely to change its nature , especially for great plants , it is certain that we must conform to it , and set no trees but such as will take , in it : for to endeavour to force nature is but to lose our labour . every one may easily know the quality of the earth of his own garden ; wherefore i think it sufficient to say what sorts of fruit-trees will take best upon each ground . garden-pear-trees will thrive best in a soft earth , and of a great depth , for their roots grow downwards , and alwayes search towards the bottom of the ground ; so that it is observed , as soon as they meet with hard rocky a earth , or b galt , they turn yellow , their tops dry up , and they diminish rather than encrease . but for apple-trees , seeing their roots tend not downward , but spread toward the superficies of the earth , they need not so great a depth of it . but then it must likewise be strong , so that they may there find store of nourishment , and fresh also , that their roots may run into it the more easily : i deny not , but apple-trees may grow in a sandy ground , and bear very good fruit , though finding less nourishment there , they cannot put forth so many branches , nor have those they do put sorth so strong . quince-trees thrive best in a soft ground , and somewhat a fresh , because their roots , which are tender , do there spread without pain , and gather together good store of nourishment ; and , because they grow not deep within the earth , it is enough for them if they find a good soil of two or three foot deep ; in strong and moist grounds they encrease much in wood , and maintain themselves very green ; but then the fruits graffed upon them , are harsh , and without colour , especially winter-fruits , as the bon crestien : whereas , on the contrary , quince-trees planted in a dry , gravelly , & light ground , grow not so much in wood , but their fruit is better , fairer coloured , and more tender . the cause of this difference is easie to be known , by him who considers , that the beauty and vigour of trees depends upon that of their roots ; and that according as they delight themselves in a ground , or else disagree with it , so the trees must either flourish extremely , or languish , since it is from their roots , that they draw all their nourishment : for this reason , when ever you see a tree grow yellow , or diminish , be assured that its roots are sick . now the roots cannot suffer , but either through too much moisture and cold , or else through too much drought ; because both the one and the other of these two extremes destroyes that temper which is requisite in the earth , for the nourishment of plants ; the water by its cold drives out that heat , which animates the earth , & so renders it dead & incapable of production : it stops the sap , and consequently makes the trees to suffer . hence we see , that cold rains in summer , if too frequent , make the greenest trees turn yellow : but too great heat doth likewise cause the same effect ; for it dries the earth too much , and dissipates all that moisture which should nourish the roots . from this , seeing that the sun more easily penetrates such grounds as are dry , and without moisture , it is easie to judge , that trees growing there must turn yellow , and changed , sooner than in stronger grounds , which defend themselves better from the heat . for the same reason must fruits be tender , and well coloured , in dry ground ; and , on the contrary , very harsh and gross , without colour or tast , in grounds that are cold and moist : because it is the sun , which by its heat dissipates the cold and gross moisture of the earth , and renders it more subtle & delicate : in those grounds , therefore , into the which it pierces most , the roots finding but little moisture do consequently encrease but little in their wood ; but that sap which they do draw from thence , being well prepared , and very pleasant , makes their fruit sweet in substance , and of a thin skin , which takes a better colour , and causes them to ripen the sooner : whereas , on the contrary , the sun not being able to pierce into strong grounds , the trees are there nourished with a grosser moisture , which renders their fruit harsh , unpleasant , and longer in growing ripe : and as winter-fruits are longer upon the trees , and do need a greater heat to ripen them , so they do the more participate of the harshness of the earth which nourished them : experience confirms this truth ; insomuch , as we see that in cold and rainy years , the fruits have neither tast nor beauty , especially in such grounds as are strong and moist . after this discourse founded upon reason , and confirmed by experience , it is easie to know what ground is proper for each kind of fruit ; and i conceive it almost needless , to go on to speak more particularly of it ; nevertheless , that i omit nothing , i shall adde , that the plum-tree grows very well upon dry and stony grounds , because its root is strong and vigorous ; that the almond-tree takes well also upon the same sort of ground , because it requires but little nourishment ; and that cherry-trees , with other red fruits , are more delighted with a soft and sandy earth , because their roots are tender , and spread upon the surface of the ground . i must end this chapter , as i began it , by saying , that it is not written for such as have gardens and orchards , situated in an excellent soyl , because that all sorts of trees prove well in a good ground . but the ground not being good every where , and men resolving rather to cultivate and plant that place where their lot falls , though bad , then to quit it & seat themselves in a better soyl , i conceived it my duty by this advice , to help them in making a good use of their ground , and to draw all possible advantages from their bad situation , by planting such trees as may prosper in it . chap. v. of the severall wayes of manuring grounds , what dung is proper for them , and how it ought to be used . he that knows the fault of his ground , whether it be too dry , or too moist , too hot , or too cold , may easily judge , with what dung it is to be amended , provided , that he know the different qualities of his dung . for it being certain , that no fault can be amended , but by its contrary , he must conclude , that if his ground be too dry , he must moisten it ; if too hot and burning , he must refresh it ; as also , that ground too cold and moist , must be heat and dryed . i shall , for this reason , content my self to speak onely concerning the different qualities of the several sorts of dung and soyl , wherewith the ground may be manured ; leaving it to the prudence of the gardiner how to apply them , & to make use of them , according to the different quality and necessity of his ground . cow-dung , which is , of all , the most common , being throughly rotten , is also the best , because it is the fattest of all others , and so doth the more correct the most ordinary fault of grounds , which is , that they are too dry and hungry . it preserves it self a long while in the earth , and not having too much heat , it must be carried and buried before winter , which is the best season for dunging , because the dung upholds the soyl , makes it more movable and light , and causes the snow and rains , which fall in the winter , to sink the deeper into it , and by their moisture to render it the more fruitfull . sheeps dung is also very fat , but being hotter than cow-dung , it is more proper for cold grounds ; this must be laid and buried in the moneth of november before the depth of winter . horse-dung is the least fat of them all , and therefore is not very proper for trees , which have alwayes more need of fat and nourishment , than of heat : for this reason it is most ordinarily used for kitchin gardens , to heat the ground , and thereby to bring up the herbs quickly ; it is upon the same account exceeding good in such grounds as are very moist , to dry them , and thereby to make them more light and short . it may , notwithstanding , be employed for all uses , when it is throughly rotten , or when mingled with other sorts of dung , that is , when it hath lost all its heat . this must be spread betimes , and buried in the beginning of winter , to the end , that all its heat may be dissipated before the spring : for if you should stay till winter is past , before you make use of it , it might heat too much , and even burn the roots of the trees . hogs-dung is the coldest of all , and therefore best for the hottest soyls ; and seeing that trees do ordinarily turn yellow , by reason of too much drought , it is very proper to cause them to flourish again ; it must be buried as soon as ever it is spread on the ground . pidgeons-dung is too hot to be used when it is fresh , but when its heat is extinguished , it doth wonderfully re-enliven trees , and give them a new vigour . it loses its force , and is consumed in the earth in two years : it must be spread in the beginning of winter , and not buried till the spring , by reason of its heat : it may nevertheless be carryed , fresh as it comes out of the pidgeon-house , to the foot of old trees , to renew them ; but then , it must be spred in the beginning of november , two inches thick onely , and care must be had to lay it no nearer than within afoot of the stemm , and not to bury it untill spring , that , during the winter , it may receive all the snow and rains . in those countreys , where dung is hard to be procured , it is very good to make use of the cleansings of pools or lakes , and of the earth of turfs out upon the high-wayes ; the scourings of ponds , being very fat and moist , are excellent good for such lands as are light , and which have no body nor moisture : but they are not to be used before the sun and the frost have passed over them for a year or two . the mould of a turf , out upon the high-way , is alwayes the fattest , and the best of the whole countrey , both because it it is least used , and also , because it receives the dung of the bea●ts that pass over it ; there must be taken of it but the depth of half a foot , or a foot at most , according to the goodness of the soyl : it must be well out and chopt into small morsels , before it be buried , that it may mix the better with the naturall mould , and communicate its goodness unto it . this sort of earth , being very soft , without heat , and extremely nourishing , is very excellent to be put into the holes about the roots of trees , when they are planted , that it may lye close about them , and fill up all the vacuities , for which end it must be made very short and small . every one knowing the quality of his ground , and that also of all sorts of dung , and other manure , which may be used , will easily judge , with which sort his ground is to be amended ; but this knowledge will be to small purpose , if at the same time he know not how to make good use of it : for if the dung be not employed as it ought to be , it may hurt the trees very much , and spoyl them , instead of doing them good . a man can never take too much care in preparing a ground well , before it be planted , because the beauty of the trees depends absolutely upon it ; and the faults which are there made at the first , become afterwards irreparable : it being almost impossible to search under the roots of a tree , or to bring any soyl thither , when it is once planted : for this reason it is , that to prepare the ground well for great plants , the holes must be opened greater or less , according as the ground hath more or lesse need of being amended : in the richest soils they must be made six foot square , & if for pear-trees , they must be digged two foot deep , for apple-trees but one foot : for if the holes be made deeper , the roots will follow the good mould , and descend to the bottom , when being straitned , and not finding sufficient nourishment , they languish . whereas , being planted very high , & their roots spread upon the surface of the earth , which is alwayes the best , they profit with pleasure , and bring forth their fruit bigger , and better nourished . now seeing , that in digging these holes , all the earth that is taken out of them is not equally good , and none but the best must be taken to fill them again , it is fit to be known , that the uppermost earth is alwayes the most exexcellent , not onely where stone , gravel , or galt , lie very near the sword , but also even in the best grounds ; because the deeper earth having never felt the heat of the sun , nor received that pleasant moisture which the rains bring with them , is , as it were , dead and incapable of production ; and therefore must never be put again into the hole , where it would remaine unprofitable . for the same reason , if such as plant could have the patience to leave the holes open for a year ; it is certain , that the soyl would thereby become the better , and that the earth , which was taken out of them , would be made more capable of production , when it had , for that space of time , received the heat and influences of the sun . these holes being thus digged , before you fill them , you must work the bottom well , and then put in of the best mould , the depth of a foot , and spread upon that half a foot of rotten or chopt dung , which must then be wrought together with the mould twice or thrice over , untill they be well mixed ; because , if the dung should remain all together , it would grow hot , and spoil the roots of the trees , instead of profiting them . you must afterwards put in a second bed of earth , of the same depth with the first , and half a foot of dung upon it , mixing them likewise well together ; and if there shall be need , you may also adde a third bed , and so fill the hole , till it be half a foot higher than the rest of the ground , because the dung settles as it rots . this order must be followed ( as i have said already ) according as the earth hath more or less need of being amended , but alwayes rather profusely than covetously ; but if a sufficient quantity of dung cannot be procured , enough to make three beds , care must be taken , especially to amend the bottom of the hole , because , that after it is filled , and the tree planted , that can be come at no more , whereas on the contrary , the upper part of the earth is alwayes easily dunged . in moist grounds , and such as have no great depth , it is needless to make holes wherein to plant the trees ; but after that the ground is well digged and dunged , according as there is need , it is best to set the trees upon it , without sinking them in , and to cover the roots with the mould of turfs chopt very small , a foot and half high , and for the breadth of five or six foot round about the stemm : and because in such places the roots ought to be hindred , as much as may be , from growing downwards towards the bottom , especially those of pear-trees , it must be observed in the planting of them , that all the undermost roots , and such as descend , are to be cut flat , not aslope like a hinds foot : those trees which shall be thus planted above ground , may , after three years , in the moneth of november , be conveniently dunged upon the roots . to plant trees well against a wall , a trench must be opened of eight foot wide , and three foot deep ; in the digging whereof , care must be had , not to come near the wall by half a foot ; and that side of the trench also , that is towards it , must be cut aslope , for fear of uncovering the foundation , and causing the ruine of the wall . whilest this trench is in digging , the good mould must be severed from the bad , and all the stones and roots carefully taken out of it , if there be any , that it may afterwards be filled in the same manner with the holes before spoken of ; that is to say , the bottom of the trench must be digged , then a foot deep of good mould put into it , and half a foot of very rotten dung upon it : these must be well mixed , and the filling of the trench continued in the same manner with mould and dung , until it be half a foot higher than the rest of the ground ; and because that wall-fruits must be set with greater care than other trees , the planter must be curious in causing better mould , such as that of turfs , cut small , to be brought thither , if that which was taken out of the trench be not good enough ; and observe to put in a double proportion of mould to that of dung . such as cannot at the first make trenches so large , must be content to open them at first but four foot wide , and two or three years after to inlarge them , according as the trees shall have need of it . when dwarf-standers are to be planted , sometimes it is necessary to dig trenches , and to fill them with the same care as those for wall-fruits ; and sometimes also , it is sufficient to make holes of six foot square , and to dung them well : this difference depends upon the quality of the ground , and the goodness of the soyl . chap. vi . how the different sorts of fruits are to be disposed , according to the severall positions . for the well-disposing of trees in a garden , there must be considered , the quality of the soyl , its position in order to the sun , and its situation in regard of the winds . after the reading of the chapter where the different qualities of grounds are treated of , it is easie to judge , that such fruits as are tender , and full of moisture , are to be planted in those grounds that are most pleasant and dry , and the bigger fruits , such as pears and apples , in those grounds that are stronger and moister : because the first ( to be tender , and of a good tast ) do require a dryer soyl , and the others , needing a more plentifull nourishment , would have that which is more strong and moist . now , as in generall , all such fruits as have stones , are more tender than those with kernels , it is better to plant them in a dryer and softer earth : but , to be yet more exact , it must be observed , that among such fruits as have stones , some are more tender than others ; and that of fruits with kernels , some are dry , and others full of moisture ; and that they ought , therefore , to be placed in grounds more or less dry , according to their different qualities . for this cause , such pears as are very sull of moisture , as the winter-bon crestien , the beurré , the bergamot , and the other a beurrées , or butter-pears , are to be placed in the dryer grounds ; and those pears which are very dry , as the amadote , and others of the like nature , in those grounds that are moist ; because by this means the quality of the ground corrects the contrary fault of the fruit . this is the reason why the same kinds of fruit are better in one garden than in another : and from hence the bon crestien pears are of a more tender substance , and a higher tast , when they grow in dry grounds , in which the amadote is not so good , becoming too dry and stony ; which , on the contrary , is excellent in moist grounds , where the bon crestien hath neither colour nor tast , because of the too much moisture , which makes its substance more rude nd gross . some grounds there are of so just a temper , and so sweet a constitution , that all sorts of fruits , be they dry or waterish , tender or gross , do com to an equall perfection in them . in these happy situations , the observations which we have now made , are useless ; such as plant in these , can never commit an errour ; and therefore this advice is onely proper for those grounds , which being without that excellent temperament , do approach to the one or the other extreme , and are either too cold or too hot , too dry or too moist . another thing necessary in the disposing of trees , is , to observe their position in order to the sun , and that especially in wall-trees . now there are four principall sorts of these positions : one towards the east , upon which the sun shines from its rising untill noon : the second , contrary unto it , towards the west , which receives the sun from noon till night : the third is that towards the south , which is enlightened by the sun from eight in the morning till 4 in the afternoon . the fourth , which hath the least sun of all , is that which looks towards the north , and which sees not the sun but for three hours in the morning , and as much in the afternoon , during the summer solstice . all other kinds of positions are comprehended under these four principall ones , and differ no otherwise , than as they do inequally partake of the sun , and enjoy more or less of its heat . the best position for wall-fruits , is that which hath the sun from eight or ten of the clock in the morning , untill the evening , or from the sun-rising untill two or three in the afternoon , because that is the time of the greatest heat of the day . the other positions are better or worse , according as they are more or less exposed to the mid-day sun ; those which have it onely rising or setting , produce no effect but in very hot countreys , where two hours of the sun ripen fruits more than four or five in these that are cold ; for , the ripening of fruits proceeds as well from the quality of the ground , as from the aspect of the sun . from whence it may be known , that the severall sorts of fruit are to be planted according to the situation and position of the walls , and according to the quality of the ground . that position which looks towards the sun-rise , and loseth it not till two or three in the afternoon , is best for tender fruits , such as peaches , pavies , and abricots , which in that site do ordinarily bear more fruit , and that also better and fairer coloured ; it is also most proper for early and tender pears , as the small muscat-pear ; because the heat of the rising sun being pleasant and encreasing proportionally untill noon , pierces the fruit insensibly , and makes it more delicate . the same sorts of fruits prove not so well in the contrary situation , because that all the morning they keep somewhat of the moisture and coolness of the night , and when the sun begins to shine upon them about noon , passing upon a sudden from one extremity to another , they are too tender to resist its violent heat , which scorches instead of ripening them . this comes ordinarily to pass , especially in very hot soyles . seeing therefore the sap of these sorts of trees is more tender and delicate than that of others , it is better to plant them in other situations , and to set no fruits towards the west , but such as are strongest , and pear-trees rather than peaches . such , nevertheless , as have store of walls , will not do amiss in exposing the same sorts of fruits to different sunnes , because , that in bloomingtime there do arise cold winds , sometimes from one quarter , sometimes from another , which spoyl and blast the blooms : from whence we see , that the same fruits do take better sometimes in one situation , sometimes in another . those walls which have the sun from nine or ten in the morning , untill the evening , are the best for bon crestien , and bergamot pear-trees , and all other sorts of pears that are full of moisture ; because these fruits have need of a great heat to ripen them , and give them a good tast . that situation which sees not the sun , but from one or two in the afternoon , untill night , is good for no other fruit but pears ; out of which also the bon crestien , and bergamot , are to be excepted , which cannot come to ripeness in that situation , unless in a territory extraordinarily hot . in this situation may be planted some abricot-trees , because their fruit will there ripen more lateward , and have less colour , & so will be more proper to be preserved ; but they bear but little , for the most part , when so placed . the best situation of all for the abricot-tree , is that which looks toward the sun-rising , for in that position it bears more than in any other . but yet , if from a tree so placed , you would every year have good store of abricots , you must be carefull , so long as the trees are in bloom , to have them covered every night with mats , or linnen clothes to preserve them from the frost , and not to have them uncovered when the sun shines hot , because that heat scorches the blooms , being already made tender by the frost and cold of the night . but in this covering of abricot-trees , it must be observed , to put the mats or clothes at night upon the tree , and to fasten them against the wall , that they may be the better preserved from the cold winds ; but in the day-time , to put them at some distance from the wall , that the air may pass between . experience teaching us , that this care of covering the abricot-trees , preserves their fruit ; every one may easily judge , that during the excessive heats of summer , especially such as come upon a sudden , it is very proper , to hinder the sun from burning the fruits , by covering the trees from ten of the clock till three , either with leavy boughes , or mats , and not to bring them nearer than a fathom from the tree , that the aire may pass betwixt both . this care doth not onely preserve the fruit , but doth also keep the trees alwayes green and vigorous , and defends the young shoots from being dryed and scorched by the too great heat . for the same reason it is , that in countreys extraordinarily hot , the fruits must be left more covered with leaves ; and in march the ground being newly stirred at the foot of the trees , there must be spread some long coorse dung without heat , five or six foot in breadth , and four inches thick , which must presently be covered with a little mould , to hide it from sight , that the beauty of the walk be not spoyled . in the placing of great plants , it is not enough to consider the quality of the soyl , but it must further be observed , how they are exposed to the winds , that endeavours may be used to set them under shelter ; for great winds do very much harm to trees : and for this reason trees prove better in valleys , ( provided they be not too moist ) than upon hills , and high and open situations , where they are too much beaten with winds : besides that , in valleys the soil is alwayes better , because that the fat , and best moisture of the whole countrey , descends thither with the rains . the winds are to be feared , either for the frost in the spring , when the trees are in bloom , or for the fruits in autumn : and therfore , because cherries , plumms , and other stone-fruits , are early in bloom , and more subject to frosts , it is best to plant them under shelter from the north , and north-west winds , because the south and the south-west winds being not ordinarily great , but in the autumn , they cannot incommodate those earlier fruits . but seeing pear-trees and apple-trees put forth their blooms later , and do better resist the frost ; if in planting them they canuot be sheltred , both from the north-west and southern winds , it will be most convenient to keep them from the south-winds , that their fruit may be the better preserved , which is not gathered till autumn . chap. vii . of the order and distance which is to be observed in planting of trees . since that , neither all soyls , nor all situations are equally proper for all forts of fruits , it may easily be known , that , to order fruit-trees well , it is necessary to separate them , and to make particular plantations of pear-trees , apple-trees , red-fruits , and plumm-trees , to the end , that each of these kinds may be placed in that soyl & situation , which is the most proper for it : besides , that all these sorts of trees growing unequally , and some of them coming to a greater bigness than others , they must of necessity be planted in divers places , and be set at different distances , for they cannot be mixed together without hurting each other . an order yet more exact , may be observed in the placing of trees , which is in every particular plantation , to place all the trees of the same sort of fruit together , and in the same row ; as all the a roussellets , and so all other different kinds : in this , neverthelesse , every man may use his own discretion , and place them according to his fancy . the keeping of a more exact order in the placing of wall-sruit is likewise indifferent , so that the severall sorts be exactly put in such situations , as are most proper for them . the same sorts of fruit may either be set all together , or else mixed with others : in this every one may follow their own inclination ; nevertheless , in making a great plantation , i think it very convenient to separate such pears as are to be eaten raw , from the baking pears , the summer-fruits from the winter , and to plant every kind by it self ; because the seasons of their growing ripe , being different , they are more easily gathered , when set apart by themselves ; and in such plantations as are for sider , it is very convenient to separate the different sorts of apples , because each sort makes its particular sider . besides this order , the planter must be very carefull , be it in wall-fruits or great plants , to set the trees at a convenient distance , according to their kinds , not too near , nor too far from each other . that this may be done , he is to consider of the goodness of the ground , because the trees become larger , and grow further out in a strong , than in a light soyl . he must also have a regard to the winds , because , as the greater plantations are more or less expofed to them , so must the trees be set closer or further from each other : for it is certain , that trees defend themselves much better from the winds , when they are planted near together . in good grounds , which are designed to be kept in tillage , that other things may be sown under the trees , the ordinary distance betwixt pear-trees or apple-trees ought to be betwixt eight or ten fathoms : but if the ground be left for herbage four or five fathom betwixt each tree will be sufficient ; and in places exposed to great winds , the distance must not be above three or four fathomes , because the trees being planted close do preserve one another ; in sandy and stony grounds it is good to keep the same distance , of between three and four fathomes . for stone-fruits ; as plumm-trees , abricots , cherry-trees , and a vigarro-tires graffed upon a b merisier , be they high-standers or dwarfs , they must be planted at three fathomes from one another ; but if the cherry-trees be graffed upon cherry-stocks taken from the roots of others , because these increase not so much in wood , it is sufficient to plant them at 12 or fifteen foot asunder , according to the goodness of the ground . as for peare-trees graffed upon quince-stocks , planted for dwarf-standers in any sort of alley or walk , it is the custome to set them at every twelve foot , except it be in waterish grounds , where they must be placed at 15 foot distance , to the end , that being further from each other , they may enjoy the more air and sun . yet when they are planted in a single row , they may be set between eight and nine foot from one another , because that meeting thereby the sooner , they do give a better shape unto the hedge ; neither can they hurt each other , because they have aire enough on both sides : but if they are to be plashed upon a pole-hedge on the other side of a walk from the wall , these trees must be placed at twelve foot asunder , and ordered in the same manner as those against a wall . the distance of dwarf pear-trees , and apple-trees graffed upon tree-stocks ( that is , such as are raised from kernels ) ought , in light and sandy grounds , to be eighteen foot , and twenty four foot in stronger grounds , the same as in great plants ; for there is no difference betwixt them , save that the one are tall , and have a high stemm , and the other lower , and without a stemm , shooting out their branches at a foot from the ground , and are more under shelter from the winds . as for apple-trees graffed upon the paradice-apple , seeing that they grow very little in wood ; the ordinary rule , when they are planted in many rowes , is , to place them nine foot a sunder : but when one row is to be planted alone , they may be placed at every sixt foot . in the planting wall-fruits ; peaches , abricots , and plumm-trees , must be set at fifteen foot from each other in light grounds , and at eighteen in those that are stronger ; for , all sorts of pear-trees , they are commonly planted at eight , ten , and twelve foot , according to the quality of the soyl . those that plant wall-fruits , do ordinarily mix pear-trees and peaches together , supposing by this diversity to render them the more beautifull , because by this means their walls will never be unfurnished : indeed , the peach-trees suddenly putting forth good store of wood , do in short time cover the wall , and then , when they begin to wast and diminish , the pear-trees succeed , insensibly filling up that place , which the peach-trees seem of their own accord to have quitted to make room for them ; nevertheless , those that are more curious have found by experience , that it is better to plant all the pear-trees by themselves , and to set the peach-trees and abricots together , without intermixing them ; because that the walls being set with trees that are equall , and of one and the same kind , are the more equally covered ; and the trees themselves do thereby become the more agreeable , and easier to be kept in order . besides that , peaches and abricot trees set upon a plumm-stock do much eat out the earth , and rob the pear-trees of their nourishment . those , notwithstanding , who are impatient , till they see their walls covered , may plant their pear-trees at a fathom distance ; but yet with this resolution , to take away one betwixt every two after five or six years , when they begin to endammage one another . this manner of placing the trees at every six foot , affordeth the pleasure of seeing the walls alwayes wel furnished , and also of gathering much more fruit in the first years ; but it must be observed , to set two pear-trees of one kind of fruit together , that when one is to be taken away , there may alwayes remain another in his place and order . besides this care of planting the pear-trees together , and setting them at the distance before-mentioned ; it is also very convenient to intermix severall kinds of pears , and to plant winter-pears amongst the summer ones , those that are early among such as are lateward , whereby the pleasure may be had of seeing the walls alwayes furnished with fruit . the same order may be kept in wall-trees of peaches and abricots ; and also when pear-trees are planted in a counter-hedge over against the wall ; except that in such hedges , there must be planted neither the bon crestien , bergamot , nor the petit muscat , because these sorts prove not so well in a hedge as against a wall . one may also plant muscats against a wall , and betwixt them , at every fifteen foot , a peach-tree , having a stemm of four foot high , without branches , that they may be plashed above the muscat , and cover the rest of the wall ; but then care must be had of planting onely such peach-trees as are inoculated upon other peaches , or almond-stocks ; for such as are set upon plumm-stocks ●o feed too much upon the ground , & will rob their muscats of their nourishment . pear-trees may be planted also in the same manner , provided they be graffed upon quince-stocks , and that the stemm be four foot high without branches as before . in the planting of avenues ( leading to houses ) and walks , two things are to be observed ; the largeness of the allyes , and the distance betwixt the trees . it is is a thing very difficult to give a certain rule for the largeness of allies , because it ought to be proportioned to their length , and the situation of their avenues . it depends , therfore , wholly upon the ingenuity and prudence of him that orders them . for the distance betwixt the trees , it must be different according to the diversity of their kind : elms and lime-trees must be planted two fathoms from each other : chest-nuts , walnut-trees , apple-trees and pear-trees , at four , five , and sixe fathoms . as for oaks and beeches , wherewith they do ordinarily plant their avenues in the countrey of caux , they must be set at no further distance than nine foot from one another . but pines and fir-trees at four fathoms asunder , by reason of their spreading of their branches . chap. viii . the manner of planting , and keeping trees well . trees are not fit to be re-planted till their sap be wholly spent ; for if there be any in them , when they are taken up , having now no more nourishment , they fade , and their bark , which is yet tender , grows riveld and dry , so that it is less capable of receiving the new sap , when it begins to ascend in the spring . the fall of the leaves in all sorts of trees informs us , when the sap leaves them ; for it is that , by which they are nourished ; and we see , that if trees grow yellow and sick , having but small store of sap , they presently cast their leaves : now seeing that the sap fails sooner in dry grounds , than in those which are moist , it is certain , that in such grounds , trees may both be taken up , and also re-planted earlier : but to speak in generall , all plantations are to be made in the moneths of november and december , and such as are soonest made are alwayes the best ; except in such grounds as are too moist and full of water , where you must stay till february , or the beginning of march , to the end , that the roots of your plants be not rotted by the water in the winter , which having not yet taken again , are not strong enough to resist too much moisture . a fair day ( as i said before , when i spake of nurseries ) is alwayes to be chosen to plant in ; because the earth is shorter and better to be handled , when it is dry ; and therefore , for this reason , plantations are never to be made in the time of rain or snow ; to both which , the moneth of january being mo●t subject , is therefore the most unfit to plant in . the first care which must be taken , before you begin to plant , is to take up the trees well , without spoyling any of their roots , because that all their vigour depends upon them ; they must therefore be preserved as whole and as entire as is possible . care must also be had in taking up a tree out of a nursery , not to lay naked the whole root , for fear of harming those trees that are about it : but after that some earth is taken away from about the foot of it , it may be turned downward half-way towards the ground , and drawn long-wayes gently by strength of arms : for by this means the roots are preserved entire from breaking , and the trees not endammaged that are left behind . the tree being thus taken up with care , you must , before it be re-planted , pare off the ends of all its roots ( taking away onely such as are too confused ) and strip well from them all their small fibers or filaments , where there are too many of them , because these , when the tree comes to be planted , would otherwise clogg together , and hinder the mould from falling easily between the principall roots , and so from filling up all their vacuities : for this reason the gardiner cannot be too carefull in taking away the small threds ; for the greater and middle sort of roots never fail of putting forth new ones ; and those which he leaves being too confused , do alwayes harm the tree more than they profit it ; and the great roots must also in the paring of them be left as long as may be , and the cut must be at the end of the root , on the lower side of it , so that the cut may be upon the mould . the roots being all , on this manner , refreshed and cleared , if it be a tree with a high stemm , and designed to be planted in the open air , the stemm of it must be pared off at seven foot high , and all the small branches and buds , which remain upon it , must be taken off with exactness ; for , those shoots which open themselves a passage in the bark , and come out of the body of the tree , do alwayes grow up with the greatest vigour : but if the tree be designed for a wall , or a dwarf-tree , it must be left shorter or longer , according to the strength of its foot , the quantity of its roots , and the goodness of the soyl ; the judgement whereof depends upon the prudence of the gardiner : nevertheless , seeing it is necessary that such trees should put forth branches near the ground , to cover the lower part of the wall , in which the beauty of wall-trees doth chiefly consist , it will be best , if the foot be not well furnished with branches , to cut it very short , that it may put forth many : it is true , that a tree thus stopt , having no old wood remaining upon it , cannot so soon bear fruit : as for peach-trees , they being very subject to want boughs in the middle , must alwayes , when they are planted , be cut very short . the tree being thus cut , must presently be planted , either in the hole , or in the trench prepared for it , and must not be sunk into the ground above the depth of half a foot : afterwards , all the roots must be handsomly extended , without forcing or constraining them : and if it be a wall-tree , the foot of it must be placed at ten or twelve inches from the wall ; and so laid , that the upper part of the stemm or branches may come within two inches of it , that the new branches may by that means be the more commodiously plash'd against it . when the tree is so placed , the roots must all be drawn outwards as much as may be , and brought from the wall , that they may thereby find the more nourishment , and be more plentifully watered with the rains during the summer . after this , the roots must be covered with good mould , soft and light , mixed with some other mould from a bed throughly rotten , if such be to be had ; for , this causeth them to take again the sooner , and put forth a greater quantity of fibrous roots : care must also be taken to furnish them well with mould , so as no void space may remain betwixt the roots : to this end , after they are covered with earth , the tree must be lifted up a little , and shaken with your hand , that the mould ( being short and movable ) may fall , and slip between the roots , to fill up entirely all the holes . the gardiner must , as i said , observe in planting , not to sink the trees into the ground more than half a foot ; for the ground being alwayes better above than downwards , the roots do there find the more nourishment , and are not so subject to be rotted and spoyled by too much moysture : besides that , being near the surface of the ground , they are more sensible of the heat of the sun , and do likewise receive advantage by the dews and small rains which fall in summer ; whereas , on the contrary , when the roots are sunk too deep , they are never refreshed by all those summer rains , which are neither of such force or continuance to pierce into the earth more than a good half-foot ; so that the earth which is beneath dries and hardens it self about the roots , and affords them no more nourishment : from whence it may easily be conjectured , that the most ordinary cause which makes trees to grow yellow , proceeds from their being set too deep in the earth . but seeing the trees so planted near the surface of the earth , may , for the two first years , suffer from the great heat of the sun , having their roots yet too tender to resist it , it will be necessary to cover them , by making a bank of ordinary mould a foot high above them , for the wideness of four foot round about the stemm ; the top whereof must be laid plain , that the waters may the better stop there , and pierce to the foot of the tree : it is further needfull in march , after this earth hath been well stirred , to spread upon it some long dung , that is not hot , the breadth of three foot about the stemm , and four inches thick : or , if such dung is not to be had , to lay some fern upon it at the beginning of june , so that the earth may be kept fresh , and the roots preserved from the too great heat of the sun ; but if neither dung nor fern can be had whererewith to cover these banks of earth , then they must be stirred four or five times a year , onely the depth of half a spade-bit , for fear of harming the rootes ; and these stirrings must bee continued untill the trees be strong , and so these banks of earth will by little and little be brought lower , by stirring them from year to year . now seeing that in trenches and holes filled up with good store of dung , the earth settles in proportion as the dung rots and consumes ; it must be observed in planting , to set the roots of the trees level with the ordinary ground , because the earth setling in the trench , sinks lower , and carryes the tree along with it : this care must especially be had in the planting of such pear-trees as are ingraffed upon a quince-stock , and apples upon a paradise-apple ; because if these two sorts of trees be planted too low , so that the graffs come to be within the ground , they will put sorth roots , and thereby cause the trees insensibly to partake of the graff , and so to change their nature . in cold and moist grounds , the trenches must be raised ( be it for wall-fruits , or a counter-hedges ) 2 foot higher than the ordinary ground , upon which the trees are to be planted , to the end that being further from the water , their fruit may be better and fairer coloured ; for they cannot have a good tast growing in such grounds as are alwayes moyst and wet : for this reason it is , that the sides of hills and higher situations are the most advantageous for the goodness of fruits , because the waters run from them with the more facility . there may likewise be laid in the bottom of the trench , a bed of stones , of a foot deep , or else so much stony and gravelly earth , to draw the waters to the bottom , and cause them to drain away ; upon which it must be filled up with sharp sand , or plaister-stone and marl mixed with good mould , to diminish the too aboundant moisture , and make the trees to profit the more , and to bring forth their fruits of a better colour and tast ; it is also very good in such moist soyls at the beginning of november , when the earth , at the foot of the wall-trees , hath been stirred , to spread some marl upon it half a foot deep , and six foot broad , which is to be buried at spring , when the winter-frosts and snowes have passed upon it . after that the trees are planted with the care above-mentioned , if the stems of the taller plants be any thing feeble , it will be needful to strike in a stake at the foot of each of them , which must be strong , and of the length of five foot above ground , to keep the trees steddy , and hinder the winds from shaking them . but this stake must be shorter than the stemm of the tree , lest it wry the branches that shoot forth . it is further necessary , in such places where beasts are pastured , to put thorns about each tree , to keep the beasts from coming near it , or rubbing themselves against it : but because these thorns may grate and hurt the bark , which is yet tender , and so breed cankers in the trees , which kill them , their whole stemms must , before the thorns are put about them , be covered with long litter or fodder , and then be bound about with straw . the same course must be taken with those trees that have been bred in a nursery , where , having been alwayes shaded and covered from the sun , their bark is so tender and delicate , that if it be on a sudden exposed to hard frosts , and to the great heats of the sun , especially in a soyl that is dry and hot , it becomes withered and base , whitish and mossy : for this reason it is , that to preserve it neat and handsom , it must , for six years , be covered with straw , untill the trees have gotten strength , and are accustomed to the open air . such as are curious , may further observe , when they plant trees , whose bark is not well recovered again , to turn the back of the graff towards the south , and the cut towards the north , because in that position it will the more easily recover ; and if they remove such kinds of trees as are tender and difficult to grow again , such as are fir-trees , and pines , they must be carefull to set them in the same situation , and so to turn them , that they may be exposed to the sun and frosts , in the very same manner that they were before they were taken up ; because that by this means these tender trees , receiving the same impressions of the air , to which they were accustomed , are scarsely at all sensible of their change : for this reason , when they are taken up , they must be marked upon their stemm which fide stood north , and which south , that in re-planting them , they may be put again in the same situation . the first care which must be taken , in the ordering of such trees as are newly removed , is , to take off all the buds from the high-standers when they begin to shoot forth , till you come to the heighth of a foot and half , above which no shoot is to be taken from them , untill the third year , when in the moneth of march they must be cleared of some of their branches , by cutting off such of them as are weak and uselesse : in doing whereof , the stubs or stumps must be , cut to the quick , and smoothed , and then immediately capped over with clay , that the bark may recover with the more facility . but wall-trees and dwarfs must be let alone , and suffered to put forth their sprouts at liberty , without taking any branch from them , during the first year ; except that , if they shoot upwards too fast , it will be necessary to stop them at a foot high , by pinching them once to make them grow big and strong , and also to make them put forth such other small branches , as may furnish the bottom of the wall . the earth , at the foot of wall-trees , and such as are planted in counter-hedges over against walls , must be stirred four times in a year , for the breadth of six foot , in march and october , to some depth ; but in may and july , the depth of half a spade-bit onely , to kill the weeds , and to keep the mould short and capable of receiving the rain in summer . in great plantations , where beasts are pastured , the earth must be stirred four foot wide about the stemm of each tree four times a year : bvt where the beasts come not , all the ground must be ploughed , or digged in such places where the plough cannot passe , and sown with wheat or oats , each other year one ; and care must be taken to dung it well that year when it is to be sown with wheat , and to stir it four times in the year wherein it lies fallow : this course is to be continued until the trees be grown so big , that their shadow hinders the profiting of the corn ; then the tillage of the whole may be let alone , and used onely about the foot of the trees , according as there shall be need : the often stirring of the ground hath this advantage , that it hinders richer grounds from chapping , and keeps those alwayes fresh that are light and sandy . in plantations , where the trees stand at the distance of eight or ten fathoms , ( so placed , because the ground may alwayes be tilled and sown ) there is no further care to be taken , for that which is used about ordinary tillage , but onely that such as plough them must take heed that the plough spoyl not the trees by coming too near them . for the well-ordering of dwarf-standers , it is necessary to stir all the ground about them four times a year with a spade , or a forked pick-axe , not sowing any grain upon it , save only in the midst of the alloys , where it may be sown ; and , nearer the trees , to the distance of four or five feet from them , may be made beds of strawberries , and other small sallad-herbs ; for , other herbs and flowers being planted in the tillage above their roots , do wrong the trees ; except onely anemone's and ranunculus , which may be set at the foot of the wall , because they have but few leaves and roots : for the same reason there may be planted upon the border of the tillage , at six foot from the trees , a row of strawberry-plants . such as plant pear-trees and apple-trees in avenues , along the wayes , or about the sides of their grounds , should put none there but such as have a very high stem , such as are the apple-trees , which they call de manerbe , and hautbois , or the long-apple-tree : for besides that , these two kinds have alwayes a fair stemm ; they do alwayes form their heads round , with tall and strait boughes , so that loaden carts cannot touch them ; and their fruit is not subject to fall , yet excellent for sider . another care must be , to plant there no fruits which are good to be eaten in summer , lest instead of fruits they receive nothing but a displeasure . for the well planting and ordering of avenues , be they elmes , lime-trees , chest-nuts , wallnut-trees , pear-trees , or apple-trees , the same care must be had which is used in great plantations of fruit-trees ; but as for oaks and beeches , the manner is very different : for these must be planted whole , without heading them , so as you must be content onely to prune them , and to cut off their branches at two or three inches distance from the stemm , untill you come within three foot of the top ; then you must put them in the ground with all their roots , and cover the foot of each with a bank of earth two or three foot high , rising to a point towards the stemm , which must be pressed close , and beaten , to uphold the foot of these trees , and to hinder them from being shaken by the winds , because , that being planted at twelve or fifteen foot high , with all their top , they are subject to be overturned by them : for the same reason these banks of earth must not be taken away , nor stirred , till after five or six years , when the trees have taken a firm root ; but it will suffice to open a small trench about them , which may retain the waters to moisten and nourish the roots . fir-trees and pines , being very difficult to take root again when they are removed , must of necessity be replanted while they are very young , when they are not above four or five foot high ; their branches also must not be taken off , nor their roots be cut , unless such as have been hurt ; but they must , when they are planted , be banked with earth , as the oaks and beeches , & not be pruned before they are grown very big : and even then you must observe , in the cutting any branch from them in the moneth of march , to rub the wound immediately with hogs-dung or cow-dung , to hinder the gumm from issuing out , because that doth very much wrong these kinds of trees , and often causes them to dye . such as have brought them up from seeds ( as i have before mentioned ) may , when they are three or four foot high , take them up with the earth about their roots , to set them where they are to grow : or if they desire to transplant them with more security , they must dig a trench at three or four foot distance about the tree , betwixt two and three foot deep , and in a hard frost undermine this heap of earth , so as to take it up whole , and transport it so into the hole prepared for it . this is a most excellent way of transplanting trees , because that so they may be planted again entire , it being needlesse to cut any of their boughs . chap. ix . how trees are to be pruned and plashed . the skill of pruning and plashing trees well , be it against a wall , in a counter-hedge , or in dwarf-trees , is that which is most considerable about them , because that all their handsomness and their preservation depends upon it ; it is a thing very rare among gardiners , for the doing of it well depends more upon their ingenuity than upon their hand : it is also very hard to give instructions for it , because it consists not in certain and generall maxims , but varies according to the particular circumstances of each tree , so that it depends absolutely upon the gardiners prudence , who ought of himself to judge what branches must be left , and which are fit to be cut away ; and therefore may be learned more easily by experience than by a discourse . there are many different wayes of plashing : that which is performed with nails , and little pieces of leather or lists of cloth put about the branches , cannot be used but upon walls coated with plaister , because upon others the nails will not hold . this fashion of plashing is of all others the most neat , by it the trees are best extended , and most handsomly couched , making a kind of tapestry of greens very agreeable ; it is also commodious , in asmuch as by it the boughs are better conducted , with more case and less constraint : nevertheless , it is better for pear-trees than peaches , because the pears having a long stalk , do bear off and separate themselves the better from the wall , so that they ripen very well : but the fruit of peach-trees , pavies , and abricot-trees , is fastened so close unto its branch , and remains thereby so joyned to the wall , that it cannot ripen equally on all sides . lists of cloth are better for this use than leathers , for the rain and sun spoyl them not , nor cause them to shrink up . in this sort of plashing , you must be carefull not to girt the list too close about the branch , and to fasten the nayl beneath it : for the branch tending naturally upwards , and drawing towards the top of the tree , batters and hurts it self when it meets with the nail about it : this kind of plashing is both the most convenient and the handsomest of all others , but it is also much the longest in doing , and that which requires the greatest care . some few years since , an invention hath been found out of fastening into walls the bones of sheeps feet , and plashing the trees to them : this way is not so handsom as that with nailes , because these bones alwayes appear betwixt the leaves . it is likewise not so commodious , for these not being to be placed alwayes where they ought , the boughes must often-times be forced before they can be fastened to them ; those that will make use of them , must fasten them so into the wall , that they appear not without it more than a full inch ; and they must be placed at the distance of four or five inches from one another , that being so near , some of them may be found fit to fasten each bough unto without forcing it : this way of plashing hath this advantage , that it lasts long , and requires no cost to be maintained , seeing there needs no more than a bulrush in summer , and small oziers in winter , to tye the branches to them : in those countreys where these bones are scarce and difficult to be procured , they may be set at two foot distance from each other , and have little rods fastened to them in the fashion of a lattice , upon which the boughes may be plashed : but in this case the bones must be set two full inches out of the wall , that the rods may with the more ease be tyed to them . the way of plashing upon squares made of round poles , is not so handsome and sightly as the rest , and it costs more ; but then it hath this advantage , that the fruits ripen well upon it ; for being not at all kept close to the wall , because of the thickness of the trellis , they do the better enjoy the heat and aire , which pass easily behind the branches . those kind of palissades must be often renewed , if they be not made of good wood , as of oak , chestnut-tree , or ash . in making this trellis , all the bark of the poles must be taken off carefully before they be used , because so they will last the longer ; besides that , ear-wigs , caterpillers , and other small vermine , which spoyl both the blossoms and fruit , cannot there find any place to hide themselves . the best invention of all , and that which is the most commodious , which lasts the longest , and is easiest , and of least cost to be maintained by gardiners , is , to make the trellis of laths of a full quarter of an inch square , and of nine or ten foot long , or more , if it may be , according to the heighth of the wall : these laths must be placed in squares at nine inches distance , and tied with iron or brass wire , and must be upheld by small iron hooks fastned in the wall in a strait line , at three soot and a half from each other , and two inches without the wall : this kind of trellis is costly at first ; but because it lasts long , and is easily kept , it proves the best of all , and of least charge . there are some , who , to make their palissades the handsomer , do cause wood to be sawn two inches square , and then have it cut and framed by a joyner , in the fashion of a window-frame : but this trellis lasts not so-long by much , as those which are made of cleft wood , because that wood which is sawn moulders and rots quickly . before you begin to plash , you must , as i said before , leave the trees to sprout at full liberty for the first year , without taking off their buds , or stopping them , and then stay till february or march of their second year , before you being to cut them , or fasten them to the wall , because their first shoots are so tender , that you cannot plash them without forcing them , which changes them very much : notwithstanding , when peach-trees , abricot-trees , and even pear-trees , do sprout too strongly in their first year , you must nip the ends of their principall boughs which rise too fast , and then extend and fasten them to some of the laths , to preserve them from the winds , and to give them their first shape . trees may be pruned all the winter long , but it is better to stay till the hard frosts be over , and not to begin till the end of february in the wane , and so from that time untill the end of march , especially for weak and tender trees , as peaches and abricots , which are very subject to the frosts . great trees , standing in the open air , may be pruned and cleared of their wood untill the end of april ; but if any great boughs be cut from them , you must observe to cut them close to the body of the tree , and to cap or cover them presently ; for if the wood , where it is cut , remain uncovered , and open unto the air , it rots and causeth a hollowness in the body of the stemm , which increasing by little & little , gets at length into the heart of the tree , and kills it . the same accident happens to branches ill cut , because of the stumps there left , which hinder the recovering of the bark : therefore the gardiner cannot be too carefull in taking off branches from his trees , to cut them all very smooth , and near the stemm , and if they be great , to cover them immediately with galt or clay , wrought with hay or moss , to keep them from the heat and scorching of the sun , which hinders the sap from coming to the cut ; those chissels which joyners use are very commodious to cut off the greater boughs smooth and handsom , doing it much better than either bill or saw. the great trees being thus cleared and discharged of all their confused and useless boughes , do ordinarily put forth great store of false sprouts , which must every yeare be taken off with great care . to plash young trees planted against a wall , after that the useless branches are taken off , and such as cannot well be brought unto the wall , you must begin with the master-bough , which must form the body of the tree : this must be placed strait upwards , without leaning towards either side , and must be left shorter or longer at the top , according to the strength of it , and of the tree : after which , all the rest of the branches must be put in order on either side , and some of them laid , if it may be , within half a foot of the ground , to cover the lower parts of the wall : in plashing of these , you must guide them all , like the fingers of a mans hand when it is open , or like the ribs of a fan when extended ; and care must be taken not to force or bend them , bowing like a cats back , for if they be so forced , they make , as it were , an elbow ; where the sap stopping alwayes puts forth a false shoot , which takes away all the strength from the remainder of the bough , and hinders its growth : for this reason , the tops of the boughs must never be fastned lower than the place out of which they grow , but must still be conducted along , somewhat ascending . observe likewise , that the branches must not be crossed , nor passed one above another , nor two fastned in one place ; but they must be separated from each other , and set a convenient distance according to the number of them and the strength of the ttree . sometimes , nevertheleless , the gardinar is constrained , when the trees are old , and unfurnished with boughs in the middle , to turn the smaller branches upwards , and to bring them towards the stemm to preserve the beauty of the tree , and hide such places as are void and unfurnished : this want of boughs doth ordinarily befall to the tree , through the ignorance of the gardiner , for want of his guiding them well at the first ; or through his negligence in pruning them , taking away their shoots , and plashing them in such seasons as are proper for them : for it is certain , that most trees become not unfurnished of boughs , but onely because they have been neglected , or else cut and plashed inconveniently and out of season : and experience lets us see , that it is easie , with a little care and skill to keep them alwayes fair and well furnished with boughs , and to make them last a very long while , bearing fair fruit . in pruning and stopping the growth of the boughs , care must be taken further , to cut one short betwixt two long ones , that being unequall when they come to spring , the middle of the tree may be the better furnished : in the same manner must the branches of dwarf-standers be cut , because that each branch , which is cut , doth put forth many more ; and therefore being cut all of the same height , they cause a confusion of branches on the top of the tree , and the midst of it in the mean while remains unfurnished , because the sap desires alwayes to ascend , and runs more willingly into the higher boughs , than into those that are lower : for which reason it must be stopped by this unequall cutting of the branches . the pruning depends principally upon the prudence of the gardiner , which he ought diversely to practise , according to the different qualities of the trees , & according to their strength : it being certain , that they must be cut more or less short , according as their force is . i have seen some trees which the gardiner durst not cut nor stop very much , because that being in very good ground , their sap was so plentifull , that , if it were stopt never so little , it would cast it self into the buds which would have born fruit , and make them grow into wood : for this cause the pruning must be performed with skill and judgement , and not without great care ; for it contributes very much , not onely to the fairness of the fruit ; but is further absolutely necessary , for the keeping of the trees a long time strong and vigorous . the importance of this care is not so visible in the first years ; because at the first , the trees do alwayes spring with great force , and do appear fair , although they be not well ordered : but when this first vigour is past , men may presently begin to perceive a great difference ; for they see such as have been neglected , to diminish and come to nought in a short time , and the others on the contrary , to maintain themselves alwayes in their strength ; it being an effect of their cutting , which renews the trees by little and little from year to year . pear-trees may be pruned all the winter long ; but the best season of doing it , is ( as i said before ) that of the wane in february ; this pruning is to be put in practise diversly , according to the quality and condition of the trees ; for sometimes the boughs must be cut short , when they shoot forth too abundantly ; sometimes also , it is necessary to take off the young wood , and to preserve the old , that they may bear the sooner ; and sometimes it is not amiss to cut off the old worn-out boughs , which have no strength left , and to let the young ones grow in their places , that the trees may be renewed , and , as it were , made young again . and again , sometimes it is sufficient to clear them , by taking away those branches that are too confused . but that which the gardiner , in pruning of his trees , is principally to look after , is , that he leave neither the foot nor the body of the trees too much unfurnished : for this reason he must cut them rather too short , than leave the boughs too long , taking most from the highest branches , & such as are towards the top of the wall , because these draw all the sap to themselves , and leave the bottom of the tree unfurnished : this is the cause that peach-trees are so difficult to be kept ; experience teaching us , that if the gardiner do not perfectly understand the way of cutting them , and taking their sprouts away , as they ought to be , they will be ruined in six or seven years , although , that being well ordered , they may last more than twenty years . trees to be well pruned , must have their boughs every year refreshed more or less , according to their force , by cutting away the wood that springs , in the moneth of august ( which being the shoot of the latter sap cannot be ripened ) unless it be necessary to preserve it for want of better , or that it be found to be strong and well nourished . those boughs also that shoot too fast , be stopped and kept shorter than the others ; for they draw all the sap to them , and wrong the rest which are weaker : but the master-bough must alwayes be preserved , being that which grows strait upwards ; so stopping it from year to year , that it may always be the strongest , and maintain the shape of the tree . those boughes also which are weak and small , must be shortened , and those which are disposed to bear fruit the year following ; to the end , that they may grow strong , and that their buds may be the better nourished . it is further necessary , to prune those branches that are full of fruit-buds , for the too great quantity of blooms consumes the trees : besides that , from thence the fruits do become less fair ; but in the pruning of these , it must be observed , to cut them above a leaf-bud , and as near to it as may be , for two reasons : the first is , because by that means the fruit will profit the more ; for when it is not covered with leaves , it dries , and seldom arrives to its naturall perfection , or to be so good as others : the second , because so the branch will recover it self that very year ; whereas , if it be cut higher , and far from a leaf-bud , there will remain a little stump at the end of the twigg , which dries up , and cannot recover it self in two or three years : as for such boughs as are taken wholly off , they must ( as i have often said ) be cut as near the stemm as may be , for so they will recover the sooner , and that without making any knot . the pruning of peach-trees must be the last of all , and then when they begin to spring , and are ready to flower ; because their young wood is so tender , that if it be cut it will be dried and spoyled upon the least frost , from whence a great many of the smaller twiggs dye , and must oftentimes be cut again the second time . dwarf-standers , which are planted in open aire , must be pruned as those that are planted against a wall ; that is , such boughs as grow too fast , must be shortened ; those that are vveak must be stopped , to make them grovv bigger ; those that are useless , must be taken avvay ; and if they shape not the tree vvell , they must , in their first years , be fastened unto frames , to give unto the trees that roundness and fashion vvhich you desire . some gardiners there are , so ignorant , that they clip their dvvarf-trees vvith shears , to shape them into a bush , and to keep them the more neat , not knovving or considering , that by this means there is a confusion of branches caused upon the tops of their trees , vvhich dravv all the sap unto them , and leave the foot unfurnished ; and that the same confusion of branches so chokes up that little fruit vvhich they bear , that it can neither prosper , nor have a good tast : for this reason these sorts of trees must alvvayes be cut vvith a pruning-knife , those boughs being kept lovv , vvhich do shoot up too much , and those taken away , which are superfluous , to preserve thereby those in the midst of the tree , being those that ordinarily do bear fruit . plum-trees & cherry-trees must not be cut or stopped on the top , but onely cleared and discharged of their useless wood within the tree ; and for this reason they are not proper to be kept as bushes or dwarfs . the trees being thus pruned and plashed with care ; as soon as the sprouts begin to appear , and during the moneths of may , june , july , and august , you must , in the wane of the moon , break the false shoots and sprouts which come before and behind the stemm , and cut off those that shoot upon the elbow of such boughs as are bent , because that these false shoots do carry away all the sap of tree , and the nourishment of good boughs ; you must likewise pinch such as rise too high , to make them fork , and furnish the body of the tree ; but then you must be carefull to do it seasonably , before they be too long and too hard ; for then they put sorth spriggs onely at the second or third last leaf-buds , and do not furnish themselves towards the foot ; but if the gardiner hath not been carefull to take off the false shoots from his trees in season , so that they are now grown too hard , he must be content to cut them at two or three inches from the bough , to retain that sap within the body of the tree , which these would carry away , and stay till the winter following before he take them quite off ; for so long as the tree is in its sap , you must never , except in case of great necessity , cut off any branch from it , nor make the least incision upon it , for fear of harming it . the gardiner must be carefull , as i have said , in pruning his trees , & taking off the shoots , not to leave them too naked ; it being as dangerous to take away too much wood from them , as to leave them too confused ; he must therefore consider the goodness of his ground , the force of the tree , and the manner of its springing , whether it be with more or less vigour : it being certain , that if he pinch or stop those too much , which are of great strength , he destroys all their fruit-buds , and makes them spring to wood ; and , on the contrary , he alters and dries up those that are weak and languishing . it is also of importance , that he take notice of the kind of the tree which he is to prune ; for , as there are some sorts of pear-trees which do not so well furnish themselves with boughs as others , such as the rousselet , the cuisse-madame , and the jargonelle , it is easie to be judged , that he must stop and pinch them shorter and oftener , to force them to put forth , and to furnish themselves with a greater store of branches . he must further observe , in the ordering of peaches and abricots , that these kinds of trees , having very much sap , become unfurnished in the middle , and come to ruine in a short time , if he let them grow too far , or stay too long before he pinch them ; for the great shoots which they put forth , do not only carry all the strength of the foot to the top of the tree , but do also choke up the smaller branches that are behind , and those which fill up the middle of the tree , and do hinder the fruit from having a good tast or colour : he must therefore fasten , to the wall , all those branches as they shoot , and plash the peach-trees and abricot-trees oftener , and with more care than the pear-trees , because that having more sap , they put forth their shoots with more force . when the wall-trees are grown to the top of the wall , and the dwarfs exceed the heighth , which they ought to have , or if they grow crowned , and are worn out , they must be brought down , by cutting some of the principal boughs from the body of the stemm near unto some new shoot , that they may be renewed , and grow with young wood : this must especially be practised upon ches and pavies to make them young again by little and little ; for being wholly headed all at once , they dye , very seldome shooting again ; except , notwithstanding , common peach-trees , and those that grow of a stone , as those that are planted in the vineyards , which are renewed by lopping . pear-trees and abricot-trees , when they are past their strength , and bear no more fruit , but such as is small and base , may have their heads cut off in the wane of the moon in february , at a foot above their division , cutting them aslope , with the cut towards the wall , that it may be shaded from the sun , for so they will put forth new branches , vvhich in tvvo or three years do make a nevv tree , and bear fair fruit . if those trees , vvhich stand in open air , have their bark base , and covered vvith moss , you must , in winter , after a rain , or in a misty and moist season , rub them vvith vvispes of stravv or stubble , that are very rough , and scrape off the moss vvith knives of vvood , that it may fall off . after vvhich , you must , vvith a bill , take avvay the old bark to the quick ; for the trees being thus cleared and discharged , do shoot forth vvith nevv strength , bearing fairer and better nourished fruit . sometimes also , trees may be renevved by dunging & laying soyl at the foot of them ; but , as i have said before , it must be onely vvhen they have need of it ; for dung makes the fruit more rude and gross : when you find it necessary to dung a tree , you must in november uncover the root of it , by taking avvay the earth half a foot deep , and four or five foot vvide about the stemm , according to its bigness , so that the smallest part of the roots be laid bare , and then spread upon good , fat , half-rotten dung for the thickness of half a foot , till you come vvithin a foot of the stemm ; for it can do no good to the greater roots , because the tree dravvs its nourishment onely from the small ones : aftervvards you must fling in the earth again upon the dung , and turf it on the top , that it may consume in the winter : when the trees are not to be dunged , it is needlesse to open their roots every yeare , unlesse it be in dry and hot grounds , where it is good to uncover them in november or december , and leave them so till winter be past , that the snow and rain may the more moysten the bottom of the ground : but in this case care must be had to leave the foot of the tree and the roots covered with a little earth , to defend them from the frost : in other soyles , if the trees are not to be dunged , it will be sufficient in october or november , to stir the ground well , four or five foot above the stemm . when it is necessary to dung apple-trees , peach-trees , or abricots , inoculated upon a plumm-stock , or pear-trees graffed upon a quince , it is enough to spread the dung upon the ground six foot round about the stemm , and so to digg and work the earth and it well together with a spade ; for the roots of these sorts of trees spreading near the surface of the earth , are easily sensible of the amendment . chap. x. the way of procuring fair fruit . although the beauty of fruits depends principally upon the goodness of their kinds , and the vigour of the trees ; and though the excellency of their tast proceeds from the quality of the soyl , and their position , in regard of the sun ; yet cannot very fair . fruits be had , unlesse care be taken , when they are first knotted , to pluck off and disburthen the trees of some of them , when they have too many ; for it is certain that the sap , spreading into too great a quantity of fruits , cannot make them to grow great , or nourish them with such abundance , as is necessary for their perfection : and therefore fruit must never be left upon trees but in proportion to their strength . this care serves not onely to make the fruits which remain , grow fairer and better ; but it contributes very much also to the preservation of the strength of the trees ; and indeed we see , that such trees as bear exceeding full , and are not eased of their fruit , do spend all their force , and ruine themselves in two or three years : this course is principally to be taken with large fruits , and winter-pears , because they need much nourishment , and hang a longer time upon the trees . when there is too much fruit upon the trees , you must take off some of them at the beginning of june , observing to leave but few upon the weaker boughes , because they have not sap enough to nourish them : and for the same reason , there must no more be left upon the stronger boughs , but in proportion to their strength , and not above one or two upon every knot , especially upon the bon crestien pear-trees ; for by this means they become fairer without comparison . but in the taking of the fruits thus , you must be carefull to break off the pears , or cut them in the middle of the stalk with shears , and to wring off the abricots , peaches , and pavies , that you loosen not , nor harm the rest . when the fruits begin to grow ripe , if the heads be not too great , it is good to take away , or turn aside the leaves that cover them , to make them better coloured : this must particularly be practised upon the winter-bon crestien , violet-peaches , and cherry-peaches , because their beauty consists in the brightness of their colour : but for this , the gardiner must take a proper season , and not uncover them but when it is convenient : for if he take away the leaves too soon , while the fruit is yet tender , it dryes and burns away through the too great heat ; and , on the contrary , if he stay too long , the fruit remains without colour , and of a flatter tast : this care is very necessary in cold and moist soyls , where the fruit being more rude and gross , hath need of a greater heat to ripen it well , and to give it a higher tast . every one may easily know the time that is the most proper for the gatherring of summer-fruits : but for those of the autumn and the winter , they must be left upon the tree as long as may be , because so they will keep the better ; except , notwithstanding , some of the butter-pears , as the common beurré , the bergamot , the summer bon crestien , which must be gathered before they be fully ripe , for so they may be kept the longer , and are better , and less harsh . that winter-fruits may keep well , they must be gathered in a fair season , and carried into the room where they are to be kept ; such as are the best and most delicate , must be laid in rows upon the boards , and the rest laid on heaps , and so left , the windows of the room being open for about a moneth , untill they have sweat and cast forth all their water ; then the fruits must be dryed again , & all the windows shut , & opened no more untill all the fruit be gone out : but as soon as the room is empty , it must be carefully cleansed , and all the windows set open , that the air may carry away and dissipate the smell of the fruit : the winter bon crestiens being well wiped and dryed , must be laid without touching one another , in presses close shut , and care taken not to handle them , but by the stalk , lest they grow black . a warm fruit-chamber makes the fruits to grow yellow and ripe the sooner ; as on the contrary , when it is cold , they keep the longer , and ripen later : it ought to be so placed , that it freez not within it , no more than when orange-trees are kept in winter : but if the fruits happen to be laid up in such a place where the frost may enter , they must be covered with straw when the frost begins , and wet clothes be laid upon that , the windows close shut , and not be touched till the frost and thaw be wholly passed , and the fruits throughly dryed again . chap. xi . concerning the diseases of trees . the diseases of trees do alwayes begin from their roots , and are never caused but by the ill qualities of the soyl which nourishes them ; it being easily judged that since from the ground they draw all their nourishment , if that be good , they must necessarily profit ; and , on the contrary , must languish , when that either wants moisture , or else supplies them with such as is bad : for this reason , when a tree droops , it may be concluded , that the soyl wherein it is planted is not proper for it ; and therefore either its place must be changed , or the fault of the earth must be amended : i know very well , that the cause of the languishing of a tree proceeds sometimes from the ill kind of plant upon which it is graffed , and sometimes also from having been ill planted and ordered . but having already shown how good plants may be chosen , and how trees ought to be cultivated ; i suppose , that he which plants , hath been carefull to choose none but good trees , and that he orders them well , and therefore that they cannot be sick but through the fault of the soyl , which either hath not been enriched enough at the first , or else is now worn out . trees do easily shew their maladies by their leaves , which grow yellow ; and by their shoots , which are weak , languishing , and dry at the ends : now seeing that trees cannot suffer , but either from the too great drouth of the earth , or else from its too much moysture ; it is easily known , that if they complain for being planted in too moist a soyl , they must be kept dry , either by stones , or some other of the means heretofore mentioned : but , on the contrary , when they suffer in dry and hard grounds , it is necessary for their cure , that they have the earth taken from them in november , and all their roots being laid bare , must have hoggs-dung , mixed with good mould , spread upon them , because this sort of dung , being cold , refresheth and moistneth the ground , which is too dry , and takes away , consequently , the cause of the disease . drooping trees may also be helped by opening the ground at the foot of them ; and when the mould is well stirred , covering it with pidgeons-dung , spread two or 3 inches thick over all the extent of the roots : which dung must be left so spread untill march , and then be wrought in and mixed with the mould ; but none of this dung must be spread within a foot of the stemm . yet this is not enough for the recovery of diseased trees , to have thus amended the ground about their roots , but it will be necessary likewise , in the months of february or march in the new moon , to cut them very short , and so let them shoot out all the summer at full liberty , without pinching or plashing them , except it be very little , untill they be fully recovered . when trees grow dry , and die at the top , it is certain , that their evil proceeds from their roots , therefore must these be uncovered , and if they be yet sound and strong , the ends of each of them must be cut , and good mould of turfs , well mixed with dung , must be laid upon them , and the top of the stemm must be cut off to the quick ; for so the tree having strength remaining , & not being as yet in its time of decay , shoots forth again , and renews it self in a short time : but if its roots be rotten and spoyled , there is no other remedy but to stock it up , and to plant another in its place , after the earth hath been changed and dunged , which cannot be otherwise than much vvorn out . seeing that the end and perfection of fruit-trees is to bear fruit , it may be said , that such as are in their full strength , and yet bear none , are defective : this default comes either from their having bin inconveniently graffed , or else by reason of the too great plenty of nourishment , which makes them put forth nothing but wood , and no fruit ; the remedy for which , is to weaken them by taking away from them this their too great vigour : to this end , the earth must be taken from the foot of them in march , in the wane of the moon , and the half of some of their principall roots must be cut off : and if they be great trees , the stemms of them may be bored through the middle with a wimble near the ground , and the hole filled with a pin of dry oak : for by tormenting the trees on this manner , they lose their too great force , and bear more ; but the better and more assured vvay , vvhen these sorts of trees are capable of being graffed again , is , to re-graff them in a cleft . there are some sorts of trees , as the amadote , and some others , which do bear no fruit , be it against a wall , or as dwarf-trees , untill they be old ; i have taken notice , that the best way to make them bear , is when they are fit to be removed , to take them wholly up in november , in the wane , and presently to plant them again in the same , or another place , with all their roots , onely a little refreshing the ends of them , and cutting the tops of the boughs a little , as much as you would have done , had they not been taken up : experience having taught me , that after this change they do , in a short time , bear good store of fruit . there are some trees also , which are subject to a contrary fault to that now mention'd , which ruine and consume themselves within a few years , by too much bearing : to diminish this ruinous and mortal fruitfulness , their heads must be cut off , or their boughs shortened to the half , two or three dayes after the new moon in march , and for two or three years all their fruit-buds must be taken off ; for by this means ( provided that their roots be lively ) they will grow much into wood . trees are also subject to other maladies , as cankers , which breed in their bark , and eat it , so that they cause the death of the bough whereon they are ; peach-trees and abricot-trees are more ordinarily taken with this disease than pear-trees , because of the too great abundance of their sap ; to heal them of it , you must , as soon as it appears , cut off all the bark which is eaten with it , and even the wood that is infected by it ; and if it hath eaten round about , the bough must be cut off under-neath it to the quick , and the cut must immediately be covered with fresh cow-dung or hogs-dung , and wrapped about upon that with flax or linnen , so that no air come to it : by this means will the canker be stopped from going further , and the bough will recover . there are also certain worms bred betwixt the bark and the wood of trees , which do them much harm ; when they are perceived , they must be followed , & their track discovered with the point of the pruning-knife , untill they be found : and if they be at the end of a bough , it must be cut off below them , and the opening which is made upon the bark , rubbed with cow-dung or hogs-dung , that it may the more easily recover . caterpillers are very hurtfull to trees or fruits ; for which cause the gardiners cannot be too carefull to take them away in the winter , and to take heed that in wall-trees no old leaf remain betwixt the tree and the wall , because in such they shelter themselves : in the spring , when the trees begin to blossom and grow green , an exact search is very necessary to take away the caterpillers , for then they run upon the blossoms , and spoyl the fruits as fast as they knot ; they are the cause of the unhandsomness , which we see upon may pears , for on that side where they have bitten or eaten them , the skin profits no more ; so that the pears increasing , but upon one side , become hunch-back'd , and of an extravagant shape . the time of the day most proper for the taking away these caterpillers , is betwixt nine and ten in the morning when the sun shines , because then they run upon the blooms , and the new shoots . a principall advice concerning all trees . the conclusion . it would be to no purpose to have examined the nature of trees with so much care , and to have given so many instructions for the well ordering of them , if i should not conclude with that advice which i hold to be the principall and most important of all ; should i not shut up all with this truth , that , no man can have fair plants , unless he love them : for it is neither the goodness of the soyl , nor the quantity of dung , nor the advantageous situation , which make trees to grow well ; but it is the affection of the master which animates them , and renders them strong and vigorous . thus we see , that if this affection be wanting , if they be neglected , though they be planted in the best grounds , they languish and become unfruitfull . men are no longer in the earthly paradise , where they might eat the most admirable fruits , without labour ; they must till the ground , they must cultivate the trees , if they will gather the fruit of them . nature no longer yields any thing of her own accord , she must be wooed and flattered , if vve vvould obtain vvhat vve desire at her hands ; vve must love her , if vve vvould be loved by her . 't is this affection which alone hath given me the skill i have in plants : 't is that vvhich made me note those faults i committed about them at the first : 't is that vvhich made me search out the causes of them , and vvould give no repose unto my mind , till i had perfectly knovvn them . and therefore , if this love of plants be not to be found in the heart of the master , or at least in that of his gardiner , i vvould not counsel him to plant , because his labour vvill remain unprofitable , and vvithout fruit ; nor have i vvritten these memorials for others than those that have this inclination , and are lovers of plants ; for having this affection , they need but small assitance besides , to do vvonders : and although i knovv vvell that my vvork is very rude , & little considerable , i hope , notvvithstanding , that it vvill prove usefull for them in their vvork , by laying open unto them the vvay to nevv knovvledge ; so that being already good gardiners , they may make use of it as a vvild-stock , upon vvhich they may put good graffs , and gather from them excellent fruits . finis . courteous reader , these books following are printed for humphrey moseley , at the princes armes in st. pauls church-yard . various histories , with curious discourses in humane learning , &c. 1 historicall relations of the united provinces of flanders , by cardinall bentivoglio : englished by the right honorable henry earle of monmouth . fol. 2. the history of the warrs of flanders , written in italian by that learned and famous cardinal bentivoglio ; englished by the right honorable henry e. of monmouth . the whole worke illustrated with a map of the 17. provinces , and above 20 figures of the chiefe personages mentioned in this history . fol. 3. the history of the warrs of the emperor justinian , with the persians , goths , and vandalls , written in greek by procopius of caesaria in eight bookes , translated into english by sir henry holcroft . knight . fol. 4. de bello belgico , the history of the low-country warrs , written in latine by famianus strada , in english by sir robert stapylton , illustrated with divers figures . fol. 5. the use of passions , written by i. f. senalt , and put into english by henry , earle of monmouth 8o . 6. judicious and select essaies and observations by the renowned and learned knight , sir walter raleigh , with his apology for his voyage to guiana . fol. 7. the compleat horsman and expert farrier in two books , by thomas de grey esquire , newly printed with additions . in 4o 1656. 8. unheard-of curiosities concerning the talismanicall sculpture of the persians . the horoscope of the patriarchs , and the judgment of the starrs , by j. gaffarel , englished by edmund chilmead , ch. ch. oxon. 9. the history of the inquisition , composed by r. f. servita , the compiler of the history of the councill of trent , in 8o . translated out of italian . 10. biathanatos , a paradox of self-murther , by dr. jo. donne , dean of st. pauls london . 11. the gentlemans exercise , or the art of limning , painting , and blazoning of coats and armes , &c. by henry peacham master of arts , 4o . 12. m. howels history of lewis the thirteenth king of france , with the life of his cardinal de richelieu . fol. 13. mr. howels epistolae ho elianae . familiar letters domestick and forren , in six sections partly historicall , politicall , philosophicall , the first volume with additions , 8o . 14. mr. howels new volume of familiar letters partly historicall , politicall , philosophicall , the second volume with many additions . 8o . 15. mr. howels third volume of additionall letters of a fresher date , never before published . 8o . 16. mr. howels dodono's grove , or the uocall forest , the first part , in 12o . with many additions . 17. mr. howels dodona's grove , or the uocall forest , the second part , in 8o , never printed before . 18. mr. howels , englands teares for the present wars . 19. mr. howels fre-eminence and pedegree of parliament , in 12o . 20. mr. howels , instructions and directions for forren travels , in 12o with divers additions for travelling into turky , and the levant parts . 21. mr. howels vote , or a poem royall presented to his late majesty , in 4o . 22. mr. howels angliae suspiria & lachrymae , in 12o . 23. marques virgilio malvezzi's romulus and tarquin , englished by hen. earl of monmouth , in 12o . 24. marques virgilio malvezzi's david persecuted , englished by ro. ashly . gent. in 12o . 25. marques virgilio malvezzi , of the successe and chiefe events of the monarchy of spain , in the year 1639. of the revolt of the catalonians from the king of spain . englished by rob. gentilis gent. in . 12o . 26. marques virgilio malvezzi's considerations on the lives of alcibiades , and coriolanus , two famous roman commanders , englished by rob. gentilis . 27. policy unveiled , or maximes of state , done into english by the translator of gusman , in 4o . 28. gracious priveleges granted by the king of spaine to our english merchants , in 4o . 29. englands looking in and out by sr. ralph maddison , knight , 4o . 30. gratiae ludentes , jests from the university . 31. the antipathy between the french and the spanyard , an ingenious translation out of spanish . 32. mr. birds grounds of grammar , in 8o . 33. mr. bulwers phylocophus , or the deafe and dumb mans friend , in 12o . 34. mr. bulwers pathomyotomia , or a dessection of the significative muscles of the affections of the mind , 12o . 35. an itinenary containing a voyage made through italy in the yeares 1646 , 1647. illustrated with divers figures of antiquity , never before published , by john raymond , gent. in 12o . books in humanity lately printed . 36. the history of life and death , or the prolongation of life , written by francis lord verulam , viscount st. alban in 12o . 37. the naturall and experimentall history of winds , written in latine by francis . lord verulam viscount st. alban , translated into english by an admirer of the learned author . 12o . 38. the life of the most learned father paul , authour of the history of the councill of trent , translated out of italian by a person of quality . 8o . 39. paradoxes , problems , characters , & . by dr. donn dean of st paul's , to which is added a booke of epigrams , written in latin by the same author , translated by iasper main . d. d. 12o . 40. ignatius his conclave , a satyr written by dr. donne deane of st. paul's . 12o . 41. a discovery of subterraneall treasure , viz. of all manner of mines and minerals , from the gold , to the coale , with plain directions and rules for the finding of them in all kingdomes , and countries , written by gabriel platt . 4o . 42. richardi gardiner , ex aede christi oxon. specimen oratorium . 8o . 43. the soveraignty of the british seas , written by that learned knight sir iohn burroughes keeper of the records in the tower . 12o . 44. grammatica burlesa , or a new english grammar made plaine and easie for teacher and schollar , composed by edward burles master of arts . 45. artificiall arithmetick containing the quintessence of the golden rule , the true valuation of all annuities , also to find the distance at one station ; an art never till now published , usefull for merchants , gunners , seamen , and surveyors , by robert iager of sandwich in kent gent. 46. naturall and divine contemplations of the passions and faculties of the soul of man in three books , written by nicholas moseley esq . 8o . severall sermons , with other excellent tracts in divinity , written by some most eminent and learned bishops , and orthodox divines . 47. a manuall of private devotions & meditations for every day in the week , by the right reverend father in god , lancelot andrews late lord bishop of winchester , in 24o . 48. a manuall of directions for the sick , with many sweet meditations and devotions , by the right reverend father in god , lancelot andrews , late lord bishop of winchester , in 24o . 49. ten sermons upon severall occasions , preached at st. pauls crosse , and elsewhere , by the right reverend father in god , arthur lake , late lord bishop of bath and wells . in 4o . 50. six sermons upon severall occasions , preached at court before the kings majesty , and elsewhere , by that late learned and reverend divine , iohn donne , dr. in divinity , and dean of st. pauls london , in 4o . 51. private devotions in six letanies , with directions and prayers for the dayes of the weeke and sacrament , for the houre of death , and the day of judgment , and two daily prayers , for the morning and evening , written by dr. henry valentine , 24o . 52. a key to the key of scripture , or an exposition with notes upon the epistle to the romans , the three first chapters , by william sclater , dr. in divinity and minister of the word of god at pitmister in somersetshire , in 4o . 53. sarah and hagar , or the sixteenth chapter of genesis opened in ninteen sermons , being the first legitimate essay of the pious labours of that learned , orthodox , and indefatigable preacher of the gospell , mr. josas shute . b. d. and above 33 years rector of st mary woolnoth in lombardstreet , in folio . 54. christ's tears with his love & affection towards jerusalem , delivered in sundry sermons upon duke 19. v. 41 , 42. by richard maden , b. d. late of magdalen colledge in gam. in . 4o . 55. three sermons viz. the benefit of contentation , the affinity of the faithfull , and the lost sheep found , by mr. henry smith . 4o . 56. ten sermons preached upon severall sundayes , and saints dayes , by peter hausted mr. in arts , and curat at uppingham in rutland in 4o . 57. eighteen sermons preached upon the incarnation and nativity of our blessed lord and saviour jesus christ , wherein the greatest misteries of godliness are unfolded , to the capacity of the weakest christian , by iohn dawson oxon. in 4o . 58. the history of the defenders of the faith , discoursing the state of religion in england during the reigns of king henry 8. edward 6. queen mary , and queen elizabeth . by c. l. in 4o . 59. christian divinity , written by edmund reeve batchelour in divinity , in 4o . 60. the communion-book catechism expounded by edmund reeve batchelour in divinity , in 4o . 61. the true and absolute bishop , wherein is shewed how christ is our onely shepheard and bishop of our soules , by nicolas darton , master in arts , in 4o . 62. a description of the new-born christian , or a lively pattern of the saint militant child of god , written by nicholas hunt , master in arts , in 4o . 63. divine meditations upon the 91. psalm , and on the history of agag king of amalek , with an essay of friendship written by an honourable person , 64. an historicall anatomy of christian melancholy , by edmund gregory oxon , in 8o . 65. lazarus his rest , a sermon preached at the funerall of that pious , learned , and orthodox divine , mr. ephrim udall , by thomas , reeve , b. d : 66. the survey of man , in a sermon as it was delivered by mr. john bishop at his fathers funerall . 67. enchiridion containing institutions divine and morall , written by francis quarles , 24o . books in divinity lately printed . 68. the psalmes of david from the new translation of the bible , turned into meter , to be sung after the old tunes used in the churches ; by the right reverend father in god henry king bishop of chichester . 12o . 69. choice musick for three voices , and a thorough-base composed by mr. henry and mr. william lawes , brothers and servants to his late majesty ; with divers elegies set in musick by severall friends upon the death of mr. william lawes . 4o . 70. letters between the lord george digby and sir kenelm digby knight , concerning religion . 8o . 71. essaies in divinity by dr. donn . d. of saint paul's , before he entred into holy orders . 12o . 72. publike devotions , or a collection of prayers used at sundry times by divers reverend and godly divines , together with divine implorations , and an introduction to prayer . 24o . 73. the sinners tears in meditations and prayers by thomas fettiplace of peterhouse camb. 12o . 74. quaestio quodlibetica , or a discourse whether it be lawfull to take use for mony by r. f. knight . 75. sions prospect in its first view presented in a summary of divine truths consenting with the faith professed by the church of england , confirmed from scripture and reason , composed by mr. robert mossom minister : 4o . 76. flores solitudinis , certaine rare and elegant pieces , viz. two excellent discourses . 1 of temperance and patience . 2 of life and death by i. e. nierembergius . the world contemned ; by eucherius , bishop of lions . and the life of paulinus bishop of nola , collected in his sicknesse and retirement , by henry vaughan . 77. 14. sermons on severall texts of scripture with a catechism written by willam g●y rector of buckland . choyce poems with excellent translations , by the most eminent wits of this age . 78. epigrammata thoma mori angli , in 16o . 79. fragmenta aurea , a collection of all the incomparable pieces written by sr. iohn sucklin knight , 8o . 80. poems , songs , sonnets , elegies , and letters by iohn donne , with elegies on the authors death , to which is added divers copies under his own hand , nevor before in print . 8o . 81. juvenalls 16. satyrs translated by sir robert stapylton , wherein is contained a survey of the manners and actions of mankind , with annotations , 8o . 82. musaeus on the loves of hero and leander , with leander's letter to hero , and her answer , taken out of ovid , with annotations by sir robert staplyton , in 12o . 83. poems , &c. written by mr. edward waller of beconsfield , esq . 8o . 84. pastor fido , the faithfull shepheard , a pastorall , newly translated out of the originall , by mr. richard fanshaw , esq 4o . 85. poems , with a discovery of the civill warrs of rome , by mr. richard fanshaw , esq in 4o . 86. europa , cupid crucified , venus vigils , with annotations , by thomas stanley , esq 8o . 87. coopers hill , a poem written by mr , john denham esq the 2d edition with additions , 4o . 88. medea , a tragedy written in latin by lucius annaeus seneca , englished by mr. edward sherburn esq with annotations , 8o . 89. seneca's answer to lucilius his quaere , why good men suffer misfortunes , seeing there is a divine providence , englished by mr. edward sherburn , esq 8o . 90. madagascar with other poems , by sr. w. davenant . 91. poems with a masque by thomas carew esq . gentleman of the privie chamber to his late majestie , revived and enlarged with aditions , 8o . 92. poems of mr. john milton , with a masque presented at ludlow castle before the earle of bridgewater , then president of wales , 8o . 93. poems , &c. with a masque called the triumph of beauty , by james shirley , gent. 8o . 94. the mistriss , or severall copies of love-verses , written by mr. abraham cowley . 80. 95. stepps to the temple , sacred poems with the delights of the muses upon severall occasions by richard crashaw of cambridge . 12o . 96. divine poems written by francis quarles 8o . 97. clarastella , with other occasionall poems , elegies , epigrams , satyrs , written by r. heath . esq : 98. poems written by mr. william shakspeare . 99. arnalte & lucenda , or the melancholy knight , a poem translated by l. laurence . 4o . 100. the odes of casimire , translated , by mr. george hills of newark . 12o . 101. alarum to poets by i. l. 4o . 102. fragmenta poetica or miscellanies of poeticall musings , by nich. murford gent. 12o . 103. hymnus tabaci , authore raphaele thorio . 8o . 104. hymnus tabaci , a poem in honour of tobacco heroically composed by raphael thorius , made english by peter hausted mr. of arts , camb. 8o . 105. olor iscanus , a collection of some select poems , and translations , written by mr. henry vaughan 106. argalus and parthenia by francis quarles . 107. the academy of complements wherein ladies , gentlewomen , schollers and strangers may accommodate their courtly practise with gentile ceremonies , complementall , amorous , high expressions and forms of speaking , or writing of letters , most in fashion , with additions of many witty poems and pleasant new songs . 12o . poems lately printed . 107. poems and translations , the compleat works of thomas stanley esq 8o . 105. choice poems with comedies and trage dies , by mr. william cartwright late student of ch. ch. in oxford , and proctor of the university . the aires and songs set by mr. henry lawes , servant to his late majesty in his publick and private musick . 108. herodian of alexandria , his imperiall history of twenty roman caesars , and emperours of his time , first written in greek , and now converted into an heroick poem by c. stapleton . 4o . 109. the card of courtship or the language of love fitted to the humours of all degrees , sexes and conditions . incomparable comedies and tragedies written by several ingenious authors . 110. comedies and tragedies written by francis beaumont , and john fletcher , never printed before , and now published by the authors originals copies , contayning 34 playes , and a masque , fol. 111. the elder brother by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 112. the scornfull lady by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 113. the woman hater by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 114. thierry and theodoret by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 115. cupids revenge by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 116. monsieur thomas by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 117. the two noble kinsmen by francis beaumont . and iohn fletcher . 118. the country captain and the variety , two comedies written by a person of honour . 12o . 119. the sophy , a tragedy writen by mr. iohn denham esq fol. 120. brennoralt , or the discontented collonel , a tragedy written by sir iohn suckling knight . 4o . 121. the deserving favorite by mr. lod. car●el . 122. albovine king of lombardy by sir william davenant . 123. the just italian by sir william davenant . 124. the cruel brother by sir william davenant . 125. the unfortunate lovers by sir william davenant . 126. love and honour by sir william davenant . 127. the sophister by dr. z. 128. revenge of bussy d ambois george chapman 129. byrons conspiracy george chapman 130. byrons tragedy . george chapman 131. contention for honour and riches j. shirley 132. triumph of peace in 4o j. shirley 133. the dutchess of malfy by iohn webster . 134. the northern lass by richard broome . 135. the cid , a tragicomedy translated out of french by ioseph rutter gent. 12o . 136. the wild goose chase a comedy written by fr. beaumont and iohn fletcher . fol. 137. the widow , a comedy by ben : iohnson , iohn fletcher , and t : middleton . 138. the changling by t middleton and rowley . 4o . 239. six new plaies . 1. the brothers . 2. the sisters . 3. the doubtfull heir . 4. the imposture . 5. the cardinall . 6. the court-secret , by i. shirley . 140. five new plaies . 1. a mad couple well matcht . 2 the novella . 3. the court begger . 4. the city wit . 5. the damoiselle , by richard broome 141. the tragedy of alphonsus emperor of germany , by george chapman 4o . 142. two tragedies . viz. cleopatra queen of aegypt , and agrippina empresse of rome , by thomas may esq . playes lately printed . 143. the gentleman of venice , a tragi-comedy by james shirley . 144. the polititian , a tragedy by james shirley . 145. the pāssionate lovers in two parts , by mr. lodowick carlel . 146. mirza , a tragedy , really acted in persia with annotations by robert barren esq. 147. three new playes , viz. 1 the bashfull lover . 2 the guardian . 3 the very woman , by phillip massonger , gent. new and excellent romances . 148. cassandra the fam'd romance , the whole work in five parts , written in french , and now elegantly rendered into english by a person of quality , fol. 149. ibrahim or the illustrious bassa , an excellent new romance , the whole worke in foure parts , written in french by monsieur de scudery , and now englished by henry cogan gent. fol. 150. artamenes , or the grand cyrus , an excellent new romance , written by that famous wit of france , monsieur de scudery governour of nostre-dame , and now englished by f. g. esq . fol. 151. the continuation of artamenes , or the grand cyrus , that excellent new romance , being the third and fourth parts , written by that famous wit of france , monsieur de scudery governour of nostre-dame , and now englished by f. g. esq . fol. 152. the third volume of artamenes or the grand cyrus , that excellent new romance , being the fift and fixt parts , written by that famous wit of france , monsieur de scudery governour of nostre-dame , and now englished by f. g. esq . fol. 153. the fourth volume of artamenes , or the grand cyrus , that excellent new romance , being the seaventh and eighth parts , written by that famous wit of france , monsieur de scudery governour of nostre-dame , and now englished by f. g. esq . fol. 154. the history of polexander , a romance , englished by william browne gent. fol. 155. the history of the banished virgin , a romance translated by i. h. esq . fol. 156. casandra the fam'd romance , the three first books , elegantly rendred into english by the right honorable the lord george digby . 8o . 157. the history of philoxipes and policrite , a romance , made english by an honorable person . 8o . 158. the history of don fenise , a new romance , written in spanish by francisco de las coveras , englished by a person of honour . 8o . 159. aurora ismenia , and the prince , with oronta the cyprian virgin , translated by thomas stanley esq . 160. cleopatra , a new romance , englished by a gent. of the inner temple , in 8o . 161. la stratonica or the unfortunate qeene , a new romance , translated into english . 162. choice novels , and amorous tales written by the most refined wits of italy , newly translated into english by a person of quality . in 8o . 163. nissena , a new romance , englished by an honorable person , in 8o . 164. dianea , a new romance , written in italian by ●io francisco loredano , a noble venetian , englished by sir aston cockaine , in 8o . bookes lately printed for humphrey moseley . 165. a german diet , or the ballance of europe , wherein the power and weaknesse , glory , and reproach , vertues and vices , plenty and wants , advantages and defects , antiquity and modernes of all the kingdomes and states of christendome are impartially poiz'd by james howel esq . fol. 166. renatus des cartes ' , excellent compendium of musick with necessary and juditious animadversions thereupon , by a person of honour , illustrated with divers figures in 4o . 167. the scarlet gowne , or the history of the lives of all the present cardinals of rome , written in italian and englished by henry cogan , gent. 8o . 168. a discourse of constancy , by justus lipsius , faithfully englished by r. g. sometimes of ch. ch-oxon . containing many sweet consolations for all that are afflicted in body , or in mind . 12o . 169. le chemin abrege , or a compendious method for the attaining of sciences in a short time , with the statures of the academy of cardinall richelieu , englished by r. g. gent. 170. the academy of eloquence , containing a compleat english rhethorick , with common places and formes to speake and write fluently according to the present mode , together with letters amorous and morall , by thomas blunt . gent. 12o . 171. the secretary in fashion , or a compendious and refined way of expression in all manner of letters , with instructions how to write letters of all sorts , composed in french by p. st de la serre , in 8o . 172. curia politiae , or the apologies of severall princes justifying to the world their most eminent actions by the strength of reason , and the most exact rules of policy , by the acurate pen of monsieur de scudery , governer of nostre-dame , and now englished with the figures of many emperors and kings . 173. {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , or observations on the present manners of the english , briefly anatomizing the living by the dead , with an usefull detection of the mountebanks of both sexes by richard whitlock m. d. late fellow of all souls colledge in oxon 8o . 174 174. scholae wintoniensis phrases latinae the latine phrases of winchester school , corrected and much augmented with poeticalls added , and four tracts . 1. of words not to be used by elegant latinists . 2. the difference of words like one another in sound or signification . 3. some words governing a subjunctive mood not mentioned in lillies grammer . 4. concerning {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} & {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} for entring children upon making of themes , by h. robinson d. d. sometimes school-master of winchester colledge , published for the common use and benefit of grammer schools . 175. atheismus vapulans , or a treatise against atheism rationally confuting the atheists of these times by william towers , late student of ch. ch. oxon. 176. de juramenti obligatione promissorij praelectiones septem. of the obligation of promissory oathes , seven lectures read in the divinity schools at oxford by robert sanderson d. d. and englished by his late majesties appointment . 8o . 177. politick maxims and observations written by the most learned hugo grotius , translated for the ease and benefit of the english statesmen by h. c. s. t. b. 178. the perfect horseman or the experienc'd secrets of mr. markhams fifty yeares practice , shewing how a man may come to be a generall horse — man by the knowledge of these seven offices , viz. the breeder feeder ambler rider keeper buyer farrier . published with some additions by lancelot thetford practitioner in the same art. 40. yeares . 179. divine poems written by tho. washborn . b. d. 180. buxtorf's epitome of his hebrew grammar , englished by iohn davis mr. of arts . 181. fasciculus poematum & epigrammatûm miscelaneorum authore iohanne donne . d. d. 182. poemata graeca & latina , à gùlièlmo cartwright , c. c. oxon. 183. the marrow of complements , containing amorous epistles , complementall entertainments , dialogues , songs , and sonnets , presentations of gifts , instructions for woers , with other pleasant passages . bookes newly printed for humphrey moseley . 184 the fifth volume of artamenes , or the gran● cyrus , that excellent new romance ; being the nint and tenth parts : written by that famous wit of france , monsieur de scudery , governour of nostre-dame , and now englished by f. g. esq . 185 elise , or , innocency guilty ; a new romance , translated into english by john jennings gent. 186 clelia , an excellent new romance , written in french , by the exquisite pen of monsieur de scudery , governour of nostredame de la gard. 187 coralbo , a new romance in three bookes ; written in italian by cavalier gio francesco biondi , and now faithfully rendred into english . 188 the lusiad , or , portugalls historicall poem ; translated into english by richard fanshaew , esq . 189 the history of philosophy , the first part ; by tho. stanley , esq . 190 the history of the kingdome of naples , with the lives of all their kings ; written by that famous antiquary , scipio mazzella , with an addition of what happened during the rebellion of massaniello , and continued to this present yeare , by i. h. esq . 191 mr. howel's fourth volume of familiar letters , never published before . 192 manziny , his most exquisite academicall discourses upon severall choice subjects ; turned into french by that famous wit , monsieur de scudery , and into english by an honourable lady . 193 the english treasury of wit and language , digested into common places , by iohncotgrave , gent. 194 lusus serius , a philosophicall discourse , of the superiority of the creatures , by michael mayerus . 195 the aphorisms of hippocrates , with a short comment on them ; taken out of galen , heurnius , fuchsius , &c. 196 euphrates , or , the waters of the east , by eugenius philalethes . 197. hermeticall physick , or the way to preserve and restore health , by henry nellius chymist , and englished by henry vaughan , gent. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a50005e-440 a a●tile croissant , with a half-moon , perhaps with an instrument of that figure or shape . a the name of a delicate small pear . notes for div a50005e-1060 * pommiers france , that is , apple-trees as are not wild . b a kind of codling . a diulcain . b contr ' espallier , properly such a hedge as is planted over against a wall on the other side of the walk . c such as are raised from the kernels of pears or apples . a butter-pear . a peach that cleaves to the stone . a a locil dormant , a close shot bud . a merisiers are trees bearing small & sowre cherries : of this fort are our honey-cherries and ordinary black cherries , especially the wild kinds of them . a grosses griotes a srocks grown from kernels . a a ocil dormant , with a sleeping or close bud. a a ocil-dormant , with a shut bud . b a ocil poussant , with an open bud . a emporie-piece . a enter en flusteau , is , to lodge a short graff ( cut off with some more bark at the foot then needs to cover it ) within the tender bark of a shoot or branch that is little bigger then the graff it self . a an apple with a blackisn rind , and red within , like our queen-apple . a pear as big as a mans fist . b a kind of little , sweet , and long cherry : merisier is a small , bitter , & wild cherry-tree . a chesnes verts , the holm oak , or french oak , which never casts its leaves , but is alwayes green . a tuff , a kind of white sand , or soft and brittle stone , often-times lying in flakes in goodground . b glaise ; a moistslimy white soyl . a tresch , fresh or moist in a lower degree . a soft and tender pears . a a delicate small pear . a hart-cherry-trees . b the small , wild , bitter cherry-tree . a contr'espalliers , hedges on the other side of a walk from the wall , made with poles , & the trees plashed in them . a nevv orchard and garden, or, the best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard particularly in the nor[th] and generally for the whole kingdome of england, as in nature, reason, situation and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare : with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse, their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes : as also the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances, being the experience of 48 yeares labour ... / by william lawson ; whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the tree ordering manner of fruits in their gathering, carring home & preseruation. lawson, william, fl. 1618. 1631 approx. 221 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 72 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a05195 stc 15331.3 estc s4739 23846437 ocm 23846437 26903 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a05195) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 26903) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 1835:19) a nevv orchard and garden, or, the best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard particularly in the nor[th] and generally for the whole kingdome of england, as in nature, reason, situation and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare : with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse, their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes : as also the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances, being the experience of 48 yeares labour ... / by william lawson ; whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the tree ordering manner of fruits in their gathering, carring home & preseruation. lawson, william, fl. 1618. harward, simon, fl. 1572-1614. most profitable newe treatise from approued experience of the art of propagating plants. markham, gervase, 1568?-1637. and now the second time corrected and much enlarged. [8], 134 p. : ill. printed by nicholas okes for iohn harison, at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row, london : 1631. "the country house-wifes garden" has special t.p.; it is sometimes erroneously attributed to gervase markham. includes "a most profitable newe treatise from approued experience of the art of propagating plants, by simon harward." statement of responsibility follows edition statement. t.p. contains illustration. signatures: a⁴ b-i⁸ k⁴ (last leaf blank). reproduction of original in the university of illinois (urbana-champaign campus). library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early 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corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng fruit-culture -great britain. gardening -early works to 1800. 2002-06 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-08 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-09 jennifer kietzman sampled and proofread 2002-09 jennifer kietzman text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-10 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a nevv orchard and garden or the best way for planting , grafting , and to make any ground good , for a rich orchard : particularly in the nor●● and generally for the whole kingdome of england , as in nature , reason , situation , and all probabilitie , may and doth appeare . with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse their vertues , seasons , profits , ornaments , varietie of knots , models for trees , and plots for the best o●dering of grounds and walkes . as also the husbandry of bees , with their seuerall vses and annoyances 〈◊〉 being the experience of 48. yeares labour , and now the second time corrected and much enla●ged , by william lawson . whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants , with the tr●● ordering of all manner of fruits , in their gathering , carring home , & preseruation . skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines . nemo sibi 〈◊〉 . london , printed by nicholas okes for iohn harison , at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row . 1631. to the right vvorshipfvll sir henry belosses . knight and baronet . worthy sir , when in many yeeres by long experience i had furnished this my northerne orchard and countrey garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes , i did impart the view thereof to my friends , who resorted to me to conferre in matters of that nature , they did see it , and seeing it desired , and i must not denie now the publishing of it ( which then i allotted to my priuate delight ) for the publike profit of others . wherefore , though i could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all writers , to chuse a patron and protector of their workes , and so shroud my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour , yet haue i certaine reasons to excuse this my presumption : first , the many courtesies you haue vouchsafed me . secondly , your delightfull skill in matters of this nature . thirdly , the profit which i receiued from your learned discourse of fruit-trees . fourthly , your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours . last of all , the rare worke of your owne in this kind all which to publish vnder your protection , i haue aduentured ( as you see ) vouchsafe it therefore entertainement , i pray you , and i hope you shal● finde it not ●he vnp●ofitablest seruant of your retinue : for when your serious employments are ouerpassed , it may interpose some commoditie , and raise your contentment out of varietie . your worships most bounden , william lavvson . the preface to all well minded . art hath her first originall out of experience , which therefore is called the schoole-mistresse of fooles , because she teacheth infallibly , and plainely● as drawing her knowledge out of the course of nature , ( which neuer failes in the generall ) by the senses , feelingly apprehending , and comparing ( with the helpe of the minde ) the workes of nature ; and as in all other things naturall , so especially in trees : for what is art more then a prouident and skilfull collectrix of the faults of nature in particular workes , apprehended by the senses ? as when good ground naturally brings forth th●stles , trees stand too thicke , or too thin , or a ●●●derly , or ( without dressing ) put forth vnprofitable suckers , and such like all which and a thousand more , art reformeth , being taught by experien●e and therefore must we count that art the surest , that stands vpon experimentall rules , gathered by the rule of reason ( not conceit ) of all other rules the surest . whereupon haue i of my meere and sole experience , without respect to any former written treat●se gathered these rules , and set them downe in writing , not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my lord and master in heauen : neither is this in●urious to any , though it differ from the common opinion in diuers points , to make it knowne to others , what good i haue found out in this facultie by long triall and experience . i confesse freely my want of curious skill in the art of planting . and i admire and praise plinie , aristotle , virgil , cicero , and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind , and leaue them to their times , manner , and seuerall countries . i am not determined ( neither can i worthily ) to set forth the praises of this art : how some , and not a few , euen of the best , haue accounted it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse , to haue faire and pleasant orchards , as in hesperia and thessaly , how all with one consent agree , that it is a chiefe part of husbandry ( as tully de senectute ) and husbandry maintaines the world ; how ancient , how , profitable , how pleasant it is , how many secrets of nature it doth containe , how loued , how much practised in the best places , and of the best : this hath already beene done by many . i only aime at the common good . i delight not in curious conceits , as planting and graffing with the root vpwards , inoculating roses on thornes . and such like , although i haue heard of diuers prooued some , and read of moe . the stationer hath ( as being most desirous with me , to further the common good ) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the knots and models by the best artizan cut in great varietie , that nothing might be any way wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of this booke . and i shew a plaine and sure way of planting , which i haue found good by 48. yeeres ( and moe ) experience in the north part of england : i preiudicate and enuie none , wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning that good ( to them vnknowne ) which is well intended . farewell . thine , for thy good , w. l. a table of the things contayned in this booke chap. 1. of the gardner his labour and wadges . pag. 1 chap. 2. of the soyle . pag. 3 the kinds of trees . p. 3 of barren earth . p. 4 of grasse . p. 5 of the crust of the earth . p. 6 chap. 3. lowe & neere the riuer . p. 6 of windes . p. 8 of the sunne . p. 8 trees against a wall . p. 8 chap. 4. of the quantity . p. 10 orchards as good as a corne-field . pag. 10 good as the vineyard . p. 11 what quantity of ground . 11 want no hinderance . p. 12 how land-lords by their tenants may make flourishing orchards . p. 12 chap. 5. the forme of the orchard . 12 chap. 6. of fences . pag. 14 effects of euill fencing . p. 14 the kinds of fencinge● . p. 15 of pales and rayles . p. 15 of stone-walles . p. 15 of quicksets and moates . p. 16 chap. 7. of setts . p. 17 of slipps . p. 17 of burknots . p. 17 of small setts . p. 18 tying of trees . p. 19 signes of diseases . p. 19 of suckers . p. 20 a running plant . p. 20 of bough setts . p. 21 the best sett . p. 22 times of remouing . p. 23 the manner of setting . p. 26 chap. 8. of the distance of trees . p. 28 the hurts of too neere planting . p. 28 all touches hurtfull . p 29 the best distance . p. 29 of wast ground in an orchard . p. 30 chap. 9. of the placing of trees . p. 31 chap. 10. of grafting . p. 33 ●he kinds of grafting . p. 34 〈◊〉 to gra●t . p. 34 what a graft is . p. 34 ●he ●ies of a graft . p. 34 〈◊〉 of grafting . p. 35 〈◊〉 of grafts . p 36 〈…〉 sing . p. 37 . p. 38 . p. 39 ●●aft●ng in the scutcheon p 39 chap. 11. the right dressing of trees . p. 40 timber-wood euill dress 41 the cause of hurts in wood . pag. 42 how to dresse timber . p. 43 the profit of dressing . p 43.45 trees will take any form● . 44 how to dresse all fruit-trees . p. 44 the best times for proyning . p. 47 faults of euill dressing and the remedies . p. 48 of water-boughes . p. 49 barke-pyld . p. 49 56 instruments for dressing . 50 chap. 12. of foyling . p 53 time fit for foyling . p. 53 chap. 13. of annoyances . p 54 two euill in an orchard . p. 54 of galls cankers mosse &c. 55 of w●l●ull annoyances . p. 60 chap. 14. of the age of trees . p. 60 the parts of a trees age . p 61 of mans age . p. 62 the age of timber-trees . 64 to discerne the age of trees . p. 65 chap. 15 : of gathering and keeping fruit. p. 65 chap. 16. the profit of orchards . p. 67 of cydar and perry . p. 67 of fruit , waters and conserue . p. 68 chap. 17. of ornaments . p. 68 of the delights . p. 69 the causes of delights . p. 70 of flowers , borders , mounts &c. p. 71 of bees . p. 72 the best , svre and readiest vvay to make a good orchard and garden . chapter . 1. of the gardner , and his wages . whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant , and profitable orchard , must ( if he be able ) prouide himselfe of a fruicterer , religious , honest , skilful in that faculty , & therwithall painfull : by religious , i meane ( because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to church ) maintaining , & cherishing things religious : as schooles of learning , churches , tythes , church-goods , & rights ; and aboue all things , gods word , & the preachers thereof , so much as he is able , practising prayers , comfortable conference , mutuall instruction to edifie , almes , and other works of charity , and all out of a good conscience . honesty in a gardner , will grace your garden , and all your house , and helpe to stay vnbridled seruingmen , giuing offence to none , not calling your name into question by dishonest acts , nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example . for there is no plague so infectious as popery and knauery , he will not purloine your profit , nor hinder your pleasures . concerning his skill , he must not be a scolist , to make shew or take in hand that , which he cannot performe , especially in so weighty a thing as an orchard : than the which , there can be no humane thing more excellent , either for pleasure or profit , as shall ( god willing ) be proued in the treatise following . and what an hinderance shall it be , not onely to the owner , but to the common good , that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost , by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull arborist . the gardner had not need be an idle , or lazie lubber , for so your orchard being a matter of such moment , will not prosper . there will euer be some thing to doe . weedes are alwaies growing . the great mother of all liuing creatures , the earth , is full of seed in her bowels , and any stirring glues them heat of sunne , and being laid neere day , they grow : mowles worke daily , though not alwaies alike . winter herbes at all times will grow ( except in extreame frost . ) in winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow , and your allyes cleansed : drifts of snow will set deere , hares , and conyes , and other noysome beasts ouer your walles & hedges , into your orchard . when summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours , your gardner must dresse his hedges , and antike workes : watch his bees , and hiue them : distill his roses and other herbes . now begins summer fruit to ripe , and craue your hand to pull them . if he haue a garden ( as he must need ) to keepe , you must needs allow him good helpe , to end his labours which are endlesse , for no one man is sufficient for these things . such a gardner as will conscionably , quietly and patiently , trauell in your orchard , god shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse , and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees , he will prouoke your loue , and earne his wages , and fees belonging to his place : the house being serued , fallen fruite , superfluity of herbes , and flowers , seedes , graffes , sets , and besides other offall , that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall , will much augment his wages , and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe . i● you be not able , nor willing to hire a gardner , keepe your profits to your selfe , but then you must take all the pains : and for that purpose ( if you want this faculty ) to instruct you , haue i vndertaken these labours , and gathered these rules , but chiefly respecting my countries good . chap. 2. of the soyle . fruit-trees most common , and meetest for our northerne countries : ( as apples , peares , cheries , filberds , red and white plummes , damsons , and bulles , ) for we meddle not with apricockes nor peaches , nor searcely with quinces , which will not like in our cold parts , vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of sunne , or other like meanes , nor with bushes , bearing berries , as barberies , goose-berries , or grosers , raspe-berries , and such like , though the barbery be wholesome , and the tree may be made great : doe require ( as all other trees doe ) a blacke , fat , mellow , cleane and well tempered soyle , wherein they may gather plenty of good sap . some thinke the hasell would haue a chanily rocke , and the sallow , and eller a waterish marish . the soile is made better by deluing , and other meanes , being well melted , and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes ( for euery thing subiect to man , and seruing his vse ( not well ordered , is by nature subiect to the curse , ) is killed by frosts and drought , by fallowing and laying on heapes , and if it be wild earth , with burning . if your ground be barren ( for some are forced to make an orchard of barren ground ) make a pit three quarters deepe , and two yards wide , and round in such places , where you would set your trees , and fill the same with fat , pure , and mellow earth , one whole foot higher then your soile , and therein set your plant. for who is able to manure an whole orchard plot , if it be barren ? but if you determine to manure the whole site , this is your way : digge a trench halfe a yard deepe , all along the lower ( if there be a lower ) side of your orchard plot , casting vp all the earth on the inner side , and fill the same with good short , hot● & tender muck , and make such another trench , and fill the same as the first , and so the third , and so through out your ground . and by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life . but be sure you set your trees , neither in dung nor barren earth . your ground must be plaine , that it may receiue , and keepe moysture , not onely the raine falling thereon , but also water cast vpon it , or descending from higher ground by sluices , conduits , &c. for i account moisture in summer very needfull in the soile of trees , & drought in winter . prouided , that the ground neither be boggy , nor the inundation be past 24. houres at any time , and but twice in the whole summer , and so oft in the winter . therefore if your plot be in a banke , or haue a descent , make trenches by degrees , allyes , walkes , and such like , so as the water may be stayed from passage . and if too much water be any hinderance to your walks ( for dry walkes doe well become an orchard , and an orchard them : ) raise your walkes with earth first , and then with stones , as bigge as walnuts : and lastly , with grauell . in summer you need not doubt too much water from heauen , either to hurt the health of your body , or of your trees . and if ouerflowing molest you after one day , auoid it then by deepe trenching . some for this purpose dig the soile of their orchard to receiue moisture , which i cannot approue : for the roots with digging are oftentimes hurt , and especially being digged by some vnskilfull ●eruant : for the gardiner cannot doe all himselfe . and moreouer , the roots of apples & pea●es being laid neere day , with the heate of the sun , will pu● forth suckers , which are a great hinderance , and sometimes wi●h euill guiding , the destruction of trees , vnlesse the deluing be very shallow , and the ground laid very leuell againe . cherries and plummes without deluing , will hardly or neuer ( after twenty yeares ) be kept from such suckers , nor aspes . grasse al●o is thought needfull ●or moisture , so you let it not touch the roots of your trees : for it will breed mosse , and the boall of your tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the sunne and ayre . some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so , by re●son of waters standing thereon , for except in soure marshes , springs , and continuall ouerflowings , no earth can be too moyst . sandy & fat earth wi●l auoid all water falling by receit . indeed a stifle clay wi●l not receiue the water , and therefore if it be grassie or plaine , especially hollow , the water will abide , and it wil seeme waterish , when the fault is in the want of manuring , and other good dressing . this plainnesse which we require , had reed be naturall , because to force an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse . for euery soile hath his crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots , and whence they draw their sap , which is the best of the soile , and made fertile with heat and cold , moisture and drought , and vnder which by reason of the want of the said temperature , by the said foure qualities , no tree nor herbe ( in a manner ) will or can put root . as may be seene if in digging your ground , you take the weeds of most growth : as grasse or docks , ( which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare ) yet bury them vnder the crust , and they will surely dye and perish , & become manure to your ground this crust is not past 15. or 18 inches deepe in good ground , in other grounds lesse . hereby appeares the fault of forced plaines , viz. your crust in the lower parts , is couered with the crust of the higher parts , and both with worse earth : your heights hauing the crust taken away , are become meerely barren : so that either you must force a new crust , or haue an euill soile . and be sure you leuell , before you plant , lest you be forced to remoue , or hurt your plants by digging , and casting amongst their roots . your ground must be cleered as much as you may of stones , and grauell , walls , hedges , bushes , & other weeds . chap. 3. of the site . there is no difference , that i find betwixt the necessity of a good soile , and a good site of an orchard . for a good soile ( as is before described , cannot want a good site , and if it do , the fruit cannot be good , and a good site will much mend an euill soile . the best site is in low grounds , ( and if you can ) neere vnto a riuer . high grounds are not naturally fat . and if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand , the very descent in time doth wash it away . it is with grounds in this case as it is with men in a common wealth . much will haue more : and once poore , seldome or neuer rich . the raine will scind , and wash , and the wind wi●l blow fatnesse from the heights to the hollowes , where it will abide , and fatten the earth though it were barren before . hence it is , that we haue seldome any plaine grounds , and low , barren : and as seldome any heights naturally fertill . it is vnspeakeable , what fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters . neither did i euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a riuer side . the goodnesse of the soile in howle or hollowdernes , in york●sh●re , is well knowne to all that know the riuer humber , and the huge bulkes of their cattell there . by estimation of them that haue seene the low grounds in holland and zealand , they farre surpasse the most countries in europe for fruitfulnesse , and only because they lie so low . the world cannot compare with aegypt , for fertili●y , so farre as nilus doth ouer flow his bankes . so that a fitter place cannot be chosen for an orchard , then a low plaine by a riuer side . for b●si●es the fatnesse which the water brings , if any cloudy mist or raine be stirring , it commonly falls downe to , and followes the course of the riuer . and where see we greater trees of bu●ke and bough , then standing on or neere the waters side ? if you aske why the plaines in holderns , and such countries are destitute of woods ? i answer that men and cattell ( that haue put trees thence , from out of plaines to void corners ) are better then trees . neither are those places without trees . our old fathers can tel vs , how woods are decaied , & people in the roomth of trees multiplied . i haue stood somwhat long in this poynt , because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees . a low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds , both for shaking downe your vnripe fruite . trees the most ( that i know ) being loaden with wood , for want of proyning , and growing high , by the vnskilfulnesse of the arborist , must needes be in continuall danger of the south-west , west , and north west winds , especially in september and march , when the aire is most temperate from extreme heat , and cold , which are deadly enemies to great winds . wherefore chuse your ground low or if you be forced to plant in a higher ground , let high and strong wals , houses , and trees , as wall-nuts , plane trees , okes , and ashes , placed in good order , be your fence for winds . the sucken of your dwelling house , descending into your orchard , if it be cleanly conueyed , is good . the sunne , in some sort , is the life of the world . it maketh proud growth , and ripens kindly , and speedily , according to the golden tearme : annus fructificat , non tellus . therefore in the countries , neerer approching the zodiake , the sunnes habitation , they haue better , and sooner ripe fruite , then we that dwell in these frozen parts . this prouoketh most of our great arborists , to plant apricockes , cherries and peaches , by a wall , and with tackes , and other meanes to spread them vpon , and fasten them to a wall , to haue the benefit of the immoderate reflexe of the sunne , which is commend●ble , for the hauing of faire , good & soone ripe fruit . but let them know it is more hurtfull to their trees then the benefit they reape therby : as not suffering a tree to liue the tenth part of his age . it helpes gardners to worke , for first the wall hinders the roots , because into a dry and hard wall of earth or stone a tree will not , no● cannot put any root to profit , but especially it stops the passage of sap , whereby the barke is wounded● & the wood , & diseases grow , so that the tree becomes short of life for as in the body of a man , the leaning or lying on some member , wherby the course of bloud is stopt , makes that member as it were dead for the time , till the bloud returne to his course , and i thinke , if that stopping should continue any time , the member would perish for want of bloud ( for the life is in the bloud ) and so endanger the body : so the sap is the life of the tree , as the bloud is to mans body : neither doth the tree in winter ( as is supposed ) want his sap , no more then mans body his bloud , which in winter , and time of sleep draws inward . so that the dead time of winter , to a tree , is but a night of rest : for the tree at all times , euen in winter is nourished with sap , & groweth as well as mans body . the chilling cold may well some little time stay , or hinder the proud course of the sap , but so little & so short a time , that in calme & mild season , euen in the depth of winter , if you marke it , you may easily perceiue , the sap to put out , and your trees to increase their buds , which were formed in the summer before , & may easily be discerned : for leaues fall not off , til they be thrust off , with the knots or buds , wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit plentifully two yeares together , and make themselues ready to blossome against the seasonablenesse of the next spring . and if any frost be so extreme , that it stay the sap too much , or too long , then it kils the forward fruit in the bud , and sometimes the tender leaues and twigs , but not the tree . wherefore , to returne , it is perillous to stop the sap . and where , or when , did you euer see a great tree packt on a wall ? nay , who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat , come to age ? i haue heard of some , that out of their imaginary cunning , haue planted such trees , on the north side of the wall● to auoide drought , but the heate of the sunne is as comfortable ( which they should haue regarded ) as the drought is hurtfull . and although water is a soueraigne remedy against drought , ye want of sun is no way to be helped . wherefore ●o conc●ude this chapter , let your ground lie ●o , that it may haue the benefit of the south , and west sun , and so ●ow and close , that it may haue moysture , and increase his fatnesse ( for trees are the greatest ●uckers & pillers of earth , and ( as much as may be ) f●ee from g●eat winds . chap. 4. of the quantity . it would be remembred what a benefit riseth , not onely to euery particular owner of an orchard , but also to the common wealth , by fruit , as shall be shewed in the 16. ch●pter ( god willing ) whereupon must needes follow : the greater the orchard is ( being good and well kept ) the better it is , for of good things , being equally good , the biggest is the best . and if it shall appeare , that ●o ground a man occupieth ( no , not the corne field ) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse , and house keeping ( not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure ) quantity for quantity , than a good orchard ( besides the cost in planting , and dressing an orchard , is not so much by farre , as the labour and seeding of your corne fields , nor for durance of time , comparable , besides the certainty of the on before the other ) i see not how any labour , or cost in this kind , can be idly or wastfully bestowed , or thought too much . and what other things is a vineyard , in those countries where vines doe thriue , than a large orchard of trees bearing fruit ? or what difference is there in the iuice of the grape , and our cyder & perry , but the goodnes of the soile & clime where they grow ? which maketh the one more ripe , & so more pleasant then the other . what soeuer can be said for the benefit rising from an orchard , that makes for the largenesse of the orchards bounds . and ( me thinkes ) they do preposterously , that bestow more cost and labours , and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard , whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit , by infinite degrees . and further , that a garden neuer so fresh , and faire , and well kept , cannot continue without both renewing of the earth● and the hearbs often , in the short and ordinary age of a man : whereas your orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares , as shall be shewed chap. 14. in a large orchard there is much labour saued , in fencing , and otherwise : for three little orchards , or few trees , being , in a manner , all out-sides , are so blasted and dangered , and commonly in keeping neglected , and require a great fence ; whereas in a great orchard , trees are a mutuall fence one to another , and the keep●ng is regarded , and lesse fencing serues sixe acres together , than three in seuerall inclosures . now what quantity of ground is meetest for an orchard can no man prescribe , but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement , to be measured according to his ability and will , for other necessaries besides fruite must be had , and some are more delighted with orchard then others . let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case , for an orchard once planted will maintaine it selfe , and yeeld infinite profit besides . and i am perswaded , that if men did know the right and best way of planting , dressing , and keeping trees , and felt the profit and pleasure thereof , both they that haue no orchards would haue them , & they that haue orchards , would haue them larger , yea fruit-trees in their hedges , as in worcester-shire , &c. and i think , that the want of plunting , is a great losse to our common-wealth , & in particular , to the owners of lord-ships , which land lords themselues might easily amend , by granting longer terme , and better ●ssurance to their tenants , who haue taken vp this prouerbe botch and sit , build and flit : ●or who will build or plant for an other mans profit ? or the parliament mighte ioyne euery occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of fruitfull ground , so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit . thus much for quantity . chap. 5. of the forme . the goodnesse of the soile , and site , are necessary to the wel being of an orchard simply , but the fo●me is so farre necessary , as the owner shall thinke meete , for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular man is delighted , we leaue it to himselfe , suum cuique pulchrum . the forme that men like in generall is a square , for although roundnesse be forma perfectissima , yet that principle is good where necessi●● by art doth not force some other forme . if within one large square the gardner shall make one round laby●inth or maze with some kind of berries , it will grace your forme , so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes , so will foure or more round knots do . for it is to be noted , that the eye must be pleased with the forme . i haue seene squares rising by degrees with stayes from your house-ward , according to this forme which i haue , crassa quod aiunt minerua , with an vnsteady hand , ●ough hewen , for in forming the country gardens , the better sort may vse better formes , and more costly worke . what is needefull more to be sayd , i referre that all ( concerning the forme , ) to the chapter 17 of the ornaments of an orchard . chap. 6. of fences . all your labour past and to come about an orchard is lost vnlesse you fence well . it shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose at the rootes , the barke pild , the boughes and twigs cropt , your fruite stolne , your trees broken , and your many yeares labours and hopes destroyed , for want of fences . a chiefe care must be had in this point . you must therefore plant in such a soile , where you may prouide a conuenient , strong and seemely fence . for you can possesse no goods , that haue so many enemies as an orchard , looke chapter 13. fruits are so delightsome , and desired of so many ( nay , in a manner of all ) and yet few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them . fence well therefore , let your plot be wholly in your owne power , that you make all your fence your selfe : for neighbours fencing is none at all , or very carelesse . take heed of a doore or window , ( yea of a wall ) of any other mans into your orchard : yea , though it be nayld vp , or the wall be high , for perhaps they will proue theeues . all fences commonly are made of earth , stone , bricke , wood , or both earth and wood . dry wall of earth , and dry ditches , are the worst fences saue pales or railes , and doe waste the soonest , vnlesse they be well copt with glooe and morter , whereon at mighill-tide it will be good to sow wall-flowers , commonly called bee-flowers , or winter gilly-flowers , because they will grow ( though amongst stones ) and abide the strongest frost and drought , continually greene and flowring euen in winter , and haue a pleasant smell , and are timely , ( that is , they will floure the first and last of flowers ) and are good for bees . and your earthen wall is good for bees dry and warme . but these fences are both vnseemly , euill to repaire , and onely for need , where stone or wood cannot be had . whosoeuer makes such walles , must not pill the ground in the orchard , for getting earth , nor make any pits or hallowes , which are both vnseemly and vnprofitable . old dry earth mixt with sand is best for these . this kind of wall will soone decay , by reason of the trees which grow neere it , for the roots and boales of great trees , will increase , vndermine , and ouerturne such walles , though they were of stone , as is apparant by ashes , rountrees , burt-trees , and such like , carried in the chat , or berry , by birds into stone-walles . fences of dead-wood , as pales , will not last , neither will railes either last or make good fence stone walles ( where stone may be had ) are the best of this sort , both for fencing , lasting , and shrouding of your young trees . but about this must you bestow much paines and more cost , to haue them handsome , high and durable . but of all other ( in mine owne opinion ) quickwood , and moats or ditches of water , where the ground is leuell , is the best fence . in vnequall grounds , which will not keepe water , there a double ditch may be cast , made streight and leuel on the top , two yards broad for a faire walke , fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle , with a gutter on either side , two yards wide , and foure foot deepe set with out , with three or foure chesse of thorns , and within with cherry , plumme , damson , bullys , filbirds , ( for i loue these trees better for their fruit , and as well for their forme , as priuit ) for you may make them take any forme . and in euery corner ( and middle if you will ) a mount would be raised , whereabout the wood may claspe , powdered with wood-binde : which wil make with dressing a faire , plesant , profitable , & sure fence . but you must be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly , or that there be a supply betime , either with planting new , or plashing the old where need is . and assure your selfe , that neither wood , stone , earth , nor water , can make so strong a fence , as this after seuen yeares growth . moates , fish-ponds , and ( especially at one side a riuer ) within and without your fence , will afford you fish , fence , and moysture to your trees , and pleasure also , if they be so great and deepe that you may haue swans , & other water birds , good for deuouring of vermine , and boat for many good vses . it shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your orchard , if you be a niggard of your fruit . for as liberality will saue it best from noysome neighbours , liberality i say is the best fence , so iustice must restraine rioters . thus when your ground is tempered , squared , and fenced , it is time to prouide for planting . chap. 7. of sets . there is not one point ( in my opinion ) about an orchard more to be regarded , than the choyce getting and setting of good plants , either for readinesse or hauing good fruite , or for continuall lasting . for whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good sets , or in getting , or gathering , or setting his plants , shall neuer haue a good or l●sti●g orchard . an●●●ake want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe hinder●nce to the most orchards , and ●o many for hauing of orchards at all . some for readinesse vse slips , which seldome take roote : and if they doe take , they cannot last , bo●h because their roote hauing a maine wound will in short time decay the body of the tree : and besides that rootes being so weakely put , are soone nipt with drought or frost . i could neuer see ( lightly ) any slip but of apples onely set for trees . a bur-knot kindly taken from an apple tree , is much better and surer . you must cu● him c●ose at the roote ende , an handfull vnder the knot . ( some vse in summer about lammas to ci●cumc●se him , and put ea●th to the knots with hay roaps , and in winte● cu● him off and set him , but this is curiosity , re●dlesse , and danger with remouing , and drought , ) and cut away all his twigs saue one , the most principall , which in setting you must leaue aboue the earth , burying his ●●unk in the ●●●st of the earth for his root . i● matters not much what part of the bough the twig growes out of . if it grow out of or ●eere the roote end , some s●y such an apple will haue no c●are nor kirnell . or if ●t ●p●e●se the plantor , he may let h●s bough be crooked , and leaue out his top end , one foote or somewhat more , wherein will be good grafting● if either you like not , or doubt the fruite of the bou●h o● commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit ) or ●fy●●●hinke he will not couer his wound safely . the most vsual kind of sets , is plants with rootes growing of kirnel , of apples , peares , and crabbes , or stones of cherries , p●ummes , &c. remoued out of a nursery , wood or other orchard , into , and set in your orchard in their due places i g●ant this kind to be better than either of the former , by much , as more sure and more durable h●rein you must no●e that in sets so remoued , you get all the roots you can , and without brusing of any ; i vtterly disl●ke the opinion of those great gardners , that following their bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away , for tops cannot growe without rootes . and because none can get all the rootes , and remouall is an hinderance , you may not leaue on al● tops , when you set them : for there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of a tree , euen in the number ( at least ) in the growth . if the roots be many , they will bring you many tops , if they be not hindred and if you vse to stow or top you tree too much or too low , and leaue no issue , or little for sap , ( as is to be seene in you● hedges ) it will hinde● the growth of rootes and b●ale , because such a kind of stowing is a kind of smothering , or choaking the sap . great wood , as oke , e●me , ash , &c. being continually kept downe with sheeres , knife , axe . &c. neither boale nor roote will th●iue , but as an hedge or bush . if you intend to gr●ff● in your set , you may cut him closer with a greater wound , and ne●rer the earth , within a foote or two , because the graft or grafts will couer his wound . if you like his fruite , and would haue him to be a tree of himselfe , be not so b●ld : th●s i can tell you , that though you do cut his top close , and leaue nothing but his bulke , because his ●ootes are ●ew , if he be ( but little ) bigger than your thumbe ( as i wish all plants remoued to be ) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares ; by good guidance that is● i● the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his vppermost ●p●ig , you cut him off ●sl●pe cleanely , ●o that the sprigge sta●d on the backe side , ( and if you can northward , that the wound may ha●e the benefit of sunne ) at the vpper ende of the wound : and let that sprigge onely be the boale . and take this for a generall rule ; euery young plant , if he thriue , will recouer any wound aboue the earth , by good dressing , although it be to the one halfe , and to his very heart . this short cutting at the remoue , saues your plants from wind , and neede the les●e or no st●king . i commend not lying or leaning of trees against holds or st●yr●s ; for it breedes obstruction of ●ap and wounds incureable . all remouing of trees as great as you● arme , or aboue , is dangerous : though sometime some such will grow but not continue long : because they be tainted with deadly wounds , e●ther in the roote or top . ( and a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good ) and though they ge● some hold in the earth with some lesser taw , or tawes , which giue some nourishment to the body of the tree : yet the heart being tain●ed , he will hardly euer ●hri●e ; which you may easily discerne by the blackenesse of the boughes at the heart , when you dresse your trees . also , when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish , the tops decaying , blacken the boughes , and the boughs the armes , and so they bo●le at the very heart . or th●s ta●n● in the remouall , if it ki●l not presently , but after some short time , it may be discerned by blacknesse or ye●lownesse in the barke , and a small hungred leafe . or if your remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer , and little or few spraies , it is a great signe of a taint , and next yeares d●ath . i haue knowne a tree tainted in setting , yet grow , & beare blossomes for diuers yeares : and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit . next vnto this or rather equall with these plants , are suckers growing out of the roots of great trees , which cherries and plums do seldome or neuer want : and being taken kindly with their roots , will make very good sets . and you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes wi●h the taws of the tree , wh●nce you take them . they are of two sorts : either growing from the very root of the tree : and here you must be carefull , not to hurt your tree when you gather them , by ripping amongst the rootes ; and that you take them cleane away : for these are a great and continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree : and they will hardly be cleansed . secondly , or they do ar●e f●om some taw : and these may be taken without danger , with long and good rootes , and will soone become trees of strength . there is another way , which i haue not throughly proued , to get not onely plants for gr●ffing , but sets to remaine for trees , which i call a running plant : the manner of it is this : take a roote or kirnell , and put it into the middle of your plot , and the second yeare in the spring , g●●d his top , if he haue one principall ( as commonly by nature they haue ) and let him put forth onely foure cyo●s toward the foure corners of the orchard , as neere the earth as you can . if he put not foure , ( which is rare ) stay his top till he haue put so many . when you haue such foure , cut the stocke aslope , as is aforesayd in this chapter , hard aboue the vttermost sprig , & keepe those foure without cyons cleane and straight , till you haue them a yard and a halfe , at least , or two yards long . then the next spring in graffing time , lay downe those foure sprayes , towards the foure corners of your orchard , with their tops in an heape of pure and good earth , and raised as high as the roote of your cyon ( for sap will not descend ) and a sod to keepe them downe , leauing nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward . in that hill he will put rootes , and his top new cyons , which you must spread as before , and so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground , or as farre as you list . if in bending , the cyons cracke , the matter is small , cleanse the ground and he will recouer . euery bended bough will put forth branches , and become trees . if this plant be of a burie knot , there is not doubt . i haue proued it in on● branch my selfe : and i know at wilton in cleeue-land a peare-tree of a great bulke and age , blowne close to the earth , hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth , and from roote to top , a great number of mighty armes or trees , fi●ling a great roomth , like many trees , or a little orchard . much better may it be done by art in a lesse tree● and i could not mis●ke this kind , saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection . many vse to buy sets already grafted , which is not the best way : for first , all remoues are dangerous : againe , there is danger in the carriage : thirdly , it is a costly course of planting : fourthly , euery gardne● is not trusty to sell you good fruite : fiftly , you know not which is best , which is worst , and so may take most care about your worst trees . lastly , this way keepes you from practise , and so from experience● in so good , gentlemanly , scholerlike , and profitable a faculty . the onely best way ( in my opinion ) to haue sure and lasting sets , is neuer to remoue : for euery remoue is an hinderance , if not a dangerous hurt or deadly taint . this is the way . the plot-forme being layd , and the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard , digge the roomth , where you● sets shall stand , a yard compasse , and make the earth mellow and cleane , and mingle it with a few coale-ashes , to auoide wormes : and immediately after the first change of the moone , in the latter end of february , the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer , put in euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of app●es or peares , of the best : euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger , finger deepe , a foote distant one from another : and that day moneth following , as many moe , ( lest some of the former misse ) in the same compasse ; but not in the same holes . hence ( god willing ) shall you haue rootes enough . if they all , or diuers of them come vp , you may draw ( but not digge ) vp ( nor put downe ) at your pleasure , the next nouember . how many soeuer you take away , to giue or bestow elsewhere , be sure to leaue two of the proudest . and when in your 2. and 3. yeare you graffe , if you graffe then at all , leaue the one of those two vngraffed , lest in graffing the other you faile : for i find by tryall , that after first or second graffing in the same stocke , being mist ( for who hits all ) the third misse puts your stocke in deadly danger , for want of issu● of sap . yea , though you hit in graffing , yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise be broken downe . if your graffes or graffe prosper , you haue your desire , in a plant vnremoued , without taint , and the fruite at your owne choyce , and so you may ( some little earth being remooued ) pull , but not digge vp the other plant or plants in that roomth . if your g●●ffe or stocke , or both perish , you haue another in the same place , of better strength to worke vpon . for thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your grafted stocke much . and it is hardly possible to misse in grafting so often , if your gardiner be worth his name . it shall not be amisse ( as i iudge it ) if your kirnels be of choyce fru●te , and that you see them come forward proudly in their body , and beare a faire and broad leafe in colour , tending to a greenish yellow ( which argue● pleasant and great fruit ) to try some of them vngraffed : for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit , ten or twelue yeares , or moe ; and at their first bea●ing , the fruit will not seeme to be like his owne kind : yet am i assured , vpon tryall , before twenty yeares growth , such trees will increase the bignesse and goodnesse of their fruite , and come perfectly to their owne kind . trees ( like other breeding creatures ) as they grow in yeares● bignes and strength , so they mend their fruit . husbands and houswiues find this true by experience , in the rearing of their yong store . more then this , th●e is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last , if his keeping and dressing be answerable . i grant , the readiest way to come soone to fruit is graffing : because in a manner , all your graffes are taken of fruit bea●●ng trees . now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue , the ground being ready , the best time is , immediatly after the fall of the leafe , in , or about the change of the moone , when the sap is most quiet : for then the sap is in turning : for it makes no stay , but in the extremity of drought or cold . at any time in winter , may you transplant trees so you put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting : and therefore open , calme and moist wea her is best . to remoue , the leafe being ready to fall and not fallen , or buds apparan●ly put forth in a moist warme season , for need , sometime may do well : but the safest is ●o walke in the plaine trod●e● path . some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe , and i heare it commonly practised in the south by our best a●borists , the leafe not fallen : and they giue the reason to be , that the descending of the sap will make speedy rootes . but marke the reasons following and i thinke you shall find no soundnesse , either in that position or practise , at least in the reason . 1. i say , it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet , for euery remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap , by staying the course therof in ●he body of your plant , as may appeare in trees remoued any time in summer , they commonly dye , nay hardly shall you saue the life of the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood ( scarcely herbes ) if you remoue them in the pride of sap . for proud sap vniuersally staied by remoual , euer hinders ; often taints and so presently , or in very short time ki●s . sap is like bloud in mans body , in which is the life , cap. 3. p. 9 if the blood vniuersally be cold , life is excluded ; so is sap tainted by vntimely remouall . a stay by drought , or cold , is not so dangerous ( though dangerous if it be ex●reme ) because more naturall . 2. the sap neuer descends , as men suppose , but is consollidated & transubstantiated into the substance of the tree , and passeth ( alwayes aboue the earth ) vpward , not onely betwixt the barke and the wood , but also into and in both body & barke , though not so plentifully , as may appeare by a tree budding , nay ●●uctifying two or three ye●es , after he be circum●is●d at the very root , ●i●e a riuer that inlargeth his channel by a continu●l descent . 3 i cannnot perceiue what time they would h●●● the sap to descend . a● m●●sommer in a biting drought it staies , but descends not , for immedi●tly vpon moisture it makes second shoots , at ( or before rathe● ) michaeltide , when it shapens his buds for next yeares f●uit . if a● the f●l of leafe , i grant , about that time is the greatest stand , but no descent , of sap , which begins somwhat before the leafe fall , but not long , therfore at that time must be the best remouing , not by reason of descent , but stay of sap . 4. the sap in this course hath his profitable apparant effects , as the growth of the tree , couering of wounds , putting of ●uds , &c. wh●rupon it follows , if the sap descend , it must needs haue some effect to shew it . 5. lastly , boughs plasht and laid lower then the root , dye for want of sap descending , except where it is forced by the maine streame of the sap , as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes , or except the plasht bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne , yea vnder boughs which we commonly call water boughs , can scarcely get sap to liue , yea in time dye , because the sap doth presse so violently vpward , and therefore the fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top . obiect . if you say that many so remoued thriue , i say that somewhat before the fall of the leafe ( but not much ) is the stand , for the fall & the stand are not at one instant , before the stand is dangerous . but to returne . the sooner in winter ●ou remoue your sets , the better ; the latter the worse : for it is very perillous if a strong drought take your sets before they haue made good their rooting . a plant set at the fall , shall gaine ( in a a manner ) a whole yeeres growth of that watch is set in the spring after . i vse in the setting to be sure , that the earth be mouldy , ( and somewhat moist ) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or bruising : and as i f●●l in earth to his root , i shake the set easily to and fro , to make the earth settle the better to his roo●s : and withall easily with my foot i put in the earth close ; for ayre is noysome , and w●ll follow concauities . some prescribe oates to be put in w●●h the earth . i could like it , if i could know any reason thereof : and they vse to set their plant with the same side toward the sunne : but this conceit is like the o●her . for first i would haue euery tree to stand so free from shade , that not onely the root ( which therefore you mus● ke●p● bare from grasse ) but body , boughes , and branches , and euery spray , may haue the benefit of sunne . and what hurt , if that part of the tree , that before was sh●dowed , be now made partaker of the heat of the su●n ? in ●urning of be●s , i know it is hurtfull , because it changeth their entrance , passage , and whose worke : but not so in trees . set as deepe as you can , so that in any wise you goe no● beneath the crust . looke chap. 2. we speake in the second chapter of moysture in genera●l : but now especial●y hauing put your remoued plant into the earth , powre on water ( of a puddle were good ) by distilling presently , and so euery weeke twice in strong drought , so long as the earth will drinke , and refuse by ouerflowing . for moisture m●llifies , and both giues leaue to the roots to spread , and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty & facility . nurses ( they say ) giue most & best milke after warme drinks . if your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of your plant , such plant shall neuer like , or but for a time . there is nothing more hurtfall for young trees then piercing drought . i haue known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres growth , & thriue well for a good time , perish for want of water , and very many by reason or taints in setting . it is meet your sets and grafts be fenced , till they be as big as your arme for feare of annoyances . many waies may sets receiue dammages , after they be set , whether grafted or vngrafted . for although we suppose , that no noysome beast , or other thing must haue accesse among your trees : yet by casualty , a dog , cat , or such like , or your selfe , or negligent friend bearing you company , or a shrewd boy , may tread or fall vpon a young and tender plant or graft . to auoid these and many such chances , you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set , neither so neere , nor so thicke , but that it may haue the benefit of sun , raine , and ayre . your stakes ( small or great ) would be so surely put , or driuen into the earth , that they breake not , if any thing happen to leane vpon them , else may the fall be more hurtfull , then the want of the fence . let not you stakes shelter any weeds about your sets , for want of sunne is a great hinderance . let them stand so farre off , that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt , either by rubbing on them , or of a●y other thing passing by . if your stocke be long , and high grafted ( which i must discommend ( except in need ) because there the sap is weake , and they are subiect to strong wind , and the lighting of birds ) tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay , and let their tops stand aboue the grafts , to auoid the lighting of crowes , pyes , &c. vpon your grafts . if you sticke some sharpe thornes at the roots of your stakes , they will make hurtfull things keepe off the better . other better fences for your grafts i know none . and thus much for sets and setting . chap. 8. of the distance of trees . i know not to what end you should prouide good ground , well fenced , & plant good sets ; and when your trees should come to profit , haue all your labours lost , for want of due regard , to the distance of placing your trees . i haue s●ene many trees stand so thicke , that one could not thriue for the throng of his neighbours . if you doe marke it , you shall see the tops of trees rubd off , their sides galled like a galled horses backe , and many trees haue more stumps then boughes , and most trees no well thriuing , but short , stumpish , and euill thriuing boughes : like a corne field ouer-seeded , or a towne ouer peopled , or a pasture ouerlaid , which the gardiner must either let grow , or leaue the tree very few boughes to beare fruit . hence small thrift , galls , wounds , diseases , and short life to the trees : and while they liue greene , little , hard , worme-eaten , and euill thriuing fruit arise , to the discomfort of the owners . to preuent which discommodity , one of the best remedies is the sufficient and fit distance of trees . therefore at the se●ing of your plants you must haue such respect , that the distance of them be such , that euery tree be not annoyance , but an helpe to his fellowes : for trees ( as all other things of th●●● m● k●nd ) should shroud , and not hurt one another . and assure your selfe that euery touch of trees ( as well vnder as aboue the earth ) is hurtfull . therefore this must be a generall rule in this art● that no tree in an orchard well ordered , nor bough , nor cyon , drop vpon , or touch his fellowes let no man thinke this vnpossible , but looke in the eleuenth chapter of dressing of trees if they touch , the winde will cause a forcible 〈◊〉 young twigs are tender , if boughes or armes touch 〈◊〉 , if they are strong , they make great galls . no kind of touch therefore in trees can be good . now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite , and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth , that each tree by probability will take and fill . and herein i am of a contrary opinion to all them , which practise or teach the planting of trees , that euer yet i knew , read , or heard of . for the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot : if twenty foot , it is thought very much . but i suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betw●xt tree and tree , or rather too too little . for the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread● and fill , so they touch not by one yard at least . now i am assured , and i know one apple-tree , set of slip finger-great , in the space of 20 yeares , ( which i account a very small part of a trees age , as is shewed chapter 14. ) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse , that is , fiue or sixe yards on e●ery side . hence i gather , that in forty or fity yeares ( which yet is but a small time of his age ) a tree in good soile , well liking , by good dressing ( for that is much auaileable to this purpose ) will spread double at the least , viz. twelue yards on a side , which being added to twelue alotted to his felllow , make twenty and foure yards , a●d so farre distant must euery tree stand from another and looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue , so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth , or rather further , if there be no stop , nor let by walls , trees , rocks , barren earth , and such like : for an huge bulk , and strong armes , massie boughes , many branches , and infinite twigs , require wide spreading roots . the top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in , high and low , this way and that way : but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth , they may not goe downward , nor vpward ou● of he earth , which is their element , no more then the fish out of the water , camelion out of the aire , nor salamander out the fire . therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth . and i dare well say , if nature would giue leaue to man by art , to dresse the roots of trees , to take away the tawes and tangles , that lap and fi●t and grow supe●fluously and disorderly , ( for euery thing sublunary is cursed for mans sake ) the tops aboue being answerably dressed , we should haue trees of wouderfull greatnes , and i●finite durance . and i perswade my selfe that this might be done sometimes in winter , to trees standing in faire pl●ines and kindly earth , with small or no danger at all . so that i conclude , that twenty foure yards are the least space that art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another . if you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree ? i answer : if you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space , you may , and as your trees grow contigious , gr●a● and thick , you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees . and this i take to be the chiefe cause , why the most trees stand so thicke . for men not knowing ( or not regarding ) this secret of needfull distance , and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes , thinke much to pull vpp an● , though they pine one another . if you or your heires or successors would take vp some great tre●s ( past setting ) where they stand too thicke , be sure ●ou doe it about miasummer , and leaue no maine roo●● i destina●e this sp●ce of foure and twenty yards , for trees of age & sta●ure . more then thi● , yo● h●ue borders to be made for wal●es● with roses● berries , &c. a●d chiefly consider : that your orchard , for the first twenty or thirty yeeres , will serue you ●or many gardens , for safron , licoras , roots , and other herb● for profi● , and flowers for pleasure : so that no ground need be wasted if the gardiner be skillfull and diligen● . but be sure● you come not neere with such deepe de●uing the roots of your trees , who●e compas●e you may partly discerne , by the compasse of the tops , if your top be well spread . and vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees , be sure no herbes will like . let this be said for the distance of trees . chap. 9. of the placing of trees . the placing of trees in an orchard is well worth the regard : for although it must be granted , that any of our foresaid trees ( chap. 2. ) will like well in any part of your orchard , being good and well drest earth : yet are not ●ll trees alike worthy of a good place and therefore i wish that your filbird , plummes , dimsons , bules●● , and such like , be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your orchard into your fence : for there is not such fertility and easefull growth , as within : and there also they are more sub●ect , and an abide the blasts of aeolus . the che●ries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of summer , and th● rest standing ●onger , are not so soone shaken as your better fr●i● : neither if they suffer losse , is your losse so grea● . besides that , your fences and ditches w●ll de●ou●e ●ome of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges and seeing the continuance of all these ( except nu●s ) is small , the care of them ought to be the lesse . and make no doubt● but the fences of a large orchard wi●l containe a suffi●ien●●umber of such kind of fruit-trees in the wh●le compasse . it is not materiall , but at your pleasure , in the s●d fences , you may either intermingle your seuer●l ki●ds of fruit-trees , or set euery kind by himself● , which order doth very well become your bet●er and greater fruit . let therefore your appl●s p●●res , an● quinches , possesse the soile of you o●chard , vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds : and of them let your greatest ●rees of growth stand furthest from sunne , and your quinches at the s●u●h side or end , and your● apples in th● middle , so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes . the warden-tree , and winter-peare will challenge the pre●emine●ce for stature . of your apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth . a good pippin will g●ow large , and a costard-tree : stead them on the north side of your other apples , thus being placed , the least will giue sun to the rest , and the greatest will shroud their fellowes . the fences and out-trees will guard all . chap. 10 of g●af●ing . of this there be diuers kinds , but three or foure now especially in vse : to wit , grafting , incising , packing on , grafting in the scutchion , or inoculating : whereof the chiefe and most vsuall , is called grafting ( by the generall name , catahexocen : ) for it is the most knowne , surest , readiest , and plainest way to haue store of good fruit . it is thus wrought : you must with a fine , thin , strong and sharpe saw , made and armed for that purpose , cut off a foot aboue the ground , or thereabouts , in a plaine without a knot , or as neere as you can without a knot ( for some stocks will be knotty ) your stocke , set , or plant , being surely stayed with your foot and legge , or otherwise straight ouerthwart ( for the stocke may be crooked ) and then plaine his wound smoothly with a sharpe knife : that done , cleaue him cleanly in the middle with a cleauer , and a knocke or mall , and with a wedge of wood , iron or bone , two handfull long at least , put into the middle of that clift , with the same knocke , make the wound gape a straw bredth wide , into which you must put your graffes . the graft is a top twig taken from some other tree ( for it is folly to put a graffe into his owne stocke ) beneath the vppermost ( and sometime in need the second ) knot , and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot ( and some time out of the knot when need is ) with shoulders an ynch downeward , and so put into the stocke with some thrusting ( but not straining ) barke to barke inward . let your graffe haue three or foure eyes , for readinesse to put forth , and giue issue to the sap . it is not amisse to cut off the top of your graffe , and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long , because commonly you shall see the tops of long graffes die . the reason is this . the sap in graffing receiues a rebuke , and cannot worke so strongly presently , and your graffes receiue not sap so readily , as the naturall branches . when your graffes are cleanely and closely put in , and your wedge puld out nimbly , for feare of putting your graffes out of frime , take well tempered morter , ●oundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung ( for the dung of cattell will grow hard , and straine your graffes ) the quantity of a gooses egge , and diuide it iust , and therewithall , couer your stocke , laying the one halfe on the one side , and the other halfe on the other side of your graffes ( for thrusting against your graffes ) you moue them , and let both your hands thrust at once , and alike , and let your clay be tender , to yeeld easily ; and all , lest you moue your graffes . some vse to couer the clift of the stocke● vnder the clay with a piece of barke or leafe , some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter , which as they be not much needfull , so they hurt not , vnlesse that by being busie about them , you moue your graffes from their places . they vse also mosse tyed on aboue the clay with some bryer , wicker , or other bands . these profit nothing . they all put the graffes in danger , with pulling and thrusting : for i hold this generall rule in graffing and planting : if your stocke and graffes take , and thriue ( for some will take and not thriue , being tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing ) they will ( without doubt ) recouer their wounds safely and shortly . the best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the next spring , for that saues a second wound , and a second repulse of sap , if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as your thumbe , to as big as an arme of a man. you may graffe l●sle ( which i like ) and bigger , which i like not so w●ll . the best time of the y●ere is in the ●ast part of february , or in march , or beginning of apr●ll , when the su●ne with his h●a● begins to make the s●p stirre more rankely , about the change of moone before you see any great apparancy of lease or fl●we●s but onely knots and bads , and before they be proud , though it be sooner . cheries , pea●es , apricocks , q●●nces , and plummes would be gathered and graf●ed sooner . the graff●s may be gathered sooner in february , or any time within a moneth , or two before you graffe or vpon the same day ( which i commend ) if you get them any time before , ●or i haue knowne graf●es gathered in december , and doe well , take heed of drought . i haue my selfe ●aken a bu●knot of a tree , & the same day when he was laid in the earth about mid februory , gathered graf●s and put in him , and one of those graffes bore the th●rd yeere after , and the fourth plentifully . graffes of old trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees , for they sooner breake and bud● if you keepe graffes in the earth , moisture with the heat of the sun will make them sprout as fast , as if they were growing on the tree . and therefore seeing keeping is dangerous , the surest way ( as i iudge ) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your graf●ing . the gr●fts would be taken not of the proudest twigs , for it may be your stocke is not answerable in strength . and therefore ( say i , the graf●s brought from south to vs in the north although they take and thriue ( which is somewhat doub●full , by reason of the difference of the clime and carriage ) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold notherne soile , in growth , taste &c. nor of the poorest , for want of strength may make them vnready to receiue sap ( and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted ) nor on the outside of your tree , for there should your tree spread but in the middest● for there you may be sure your tree is no whit hindered in his growth or forme . he will still recouer inward , more then you would wish . if your clay clift in summer with drought , looke well in the chinkes for emm●●s and earewigs , for they are cunning and close theeues● about grafts you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening , and the rather in the moist weather . i haue had many young buds of graffes , euen in the flourishing , eaten with ants. let this suffice for graffing , which is in the faculty counted the chiefe secret , and because it is most vsuall it is best knowne . graffes are not to be disl●ked for growth , till they wither , pine , and die . vsually before m●dsummer they breake , if they l●ue . some ( but few ) keeping proud and greene , will not put till the second yeere , so is it to be thought of sets . the first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth , it is but the sap the graffe brought with him from his tree . so soone as you see the graft put for growth , take away the clay , for then doth neither the stocke no● the graffe need it ( put a little fresh well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke ) for the clay is now tender , and rather keepes moisture then drought . the other waies of changing the naturall fruit of trees , are more curious then profitable , and therefore i mind not to bestow much labour or time about them , onely i shall make knowne what i haue proued , and what i doe thinke . and first of incising , which is the cutting of the backe of the boale , a rine or branch of a tree of some bending or knee , shoulderwise with two gashes , onely with a sharpe knife to the wood : then take a wedge , the big●es of your graffe sharpe ended , flat on the one side , agr●eing with the tree , and round on the other side , and with t●●● being thrust in , raise your barke , then p●t in your gr●ffe , fashioned like your wedge iust : and lastly cou●r your wound , and fast it vp , and take heed of straining . this will grow but to small purpose , for it is weake hold , and ligh●ly it will be vnder growth . thus may you graft betwixt the barke and the tree of a great stoc●e that will not easily be clifted : but i haue tryed a better way for great trees , viz● first , cut him off straight , and cleanse him with your knife , then cleaue him into foure q●arte●s , equally with a strong cleauer : then take for euery clift two or three small ( but hard ) wedges iust of the bignesse of your graf●s , and with those wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so wide ( but no wider ) that they may take your foure gr●ffes , with thrusting not with straining : and lastly couer and clay i● closely , and this is a sure and good way of grafting : or thus , clift your stocke by his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer , and open him with your wedge in euery clift one by one , and put in your grafts , and then couer them . this may doe well . packing on is , when you cut asl●pe a twig of the same bignesse with your graft , either in or besides the knot , two inches long , and make your graft agree ●umpe with the cyon● and gash your graft and your cyon in the middest of the wound , length-way , a straw breadth deepe , and thrust the one into the other , wound to wound , sap to s●p , barke to barke , then tie them close and clay them . this may doe well . the fairest graft i haue in my little orchard , which i haue planted , is thus packt on , and the branch whereon i put him , is in his plentifull roote . the sprig . the graft . the twig . the graft . inoculating is an eye or bud , taken barke and all from one tree , and placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another , cut both of one compasse , and there bound . this must be done in summer , when the sap is proud . chap. 11. of the right dressing of trees . if all these things aforesaid were indeed performed , as we haue shewed them in words , you should haue a perf●ct orchard in nature a●d subst●nce , begu●ne to your hand : and yet are all these things nothing , if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees . such is the condition of all earthly things , whereby a man receiueth profit or pleasure , that they degenerate presently without good ordering . man himselfe left to himselfe , growes from ●i heauenly and spirituall generation , and becommeth beastly , yea deuillish to his owne kind , vnlesse he be regenerate no ma●u●ll then , if trees make ●heir shootes , and put their spraies disorderly . and truly ( if i were worthy to iudge ) there is not a mischiefe ●h●t b●eedeth greater and more generall harme to all the orchard ( especially if they be of any continuance ) that euer i saw , ( i will not except three ) then the want of the ski●full d●essing of trees . it is a common and vnskilfull opinion , and saying . let all grow , and they will bea●e more fruit : and if ●oulop away su●erfluous boughts , they say , what a pitty is this ? how many apples would there haue borne ? not considering there may arise hurt to your orchard , aswell ( nay rather ) by abundance , as by want of wood . sound and thriuing plan● in a good soile , will euer yeeld too much wood , and disorderly , but neuer too little . so that a skilfull and painfull a●bo●ist , need neuer want matter to ●ffect a plentifull and well drest orchard : for it is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes if your gardner haue skill to know them ) whereof you● plants will yeeld abundance , and skill will leaue sufficient well ordered . a●lages both by rule and experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees : yet haue not any that i know described vnto vs ( except in darke and generall words ) what or which are those superfluous boughes , which we must take away , and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping . and we may well assure our selues , ( as in all other arts , so in this ) there is a vantage and dexterity , by skill , and an habite by practise out of experience , in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind ; yet doe i not know ( let me speake it with the patience of ou● cunning arborists ) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so necessary , and so little regarded , not onely in orchards , but also in all other timber trees , where or whatsoeuer . imagine the roote to be spread farre wider . if all timber trees were such ( will some say ) how should we haue crooked wood for wheeles , co●r●s , &c. answ. dresse all you can , and there will be enough crooked for those vses . more than this , in most places , they grow so thicke , that neither themselues , nor earth , nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue , nor sunne , nor raine , nor ●ire can doe them , nor any thing neere or vnder them any profit or comfort . i see a number of h●gs , where out of one roote you shall see three or foure ( nay more ) such as mens vns●ilfull greedinesse , who desiring many haue ●ore good ) pretty okes or ashes , straight and tall , because the root at the first shoote giues sap amaine : but if one onely of them might bee suffered to grow , and that well and cleanely pruned , all to his very top , what a tree should we haue in time ? and we see by those rootes continually and plentifully springing , notwithstanding so deadly wounded . what a commodity should arise to the owner , and the common-wealth , if wood were cherished , and orderly dressed . the wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away , would giue vs store of fences and fewell , and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of huge length and bignes . but here ( me thinkes ) i heare an vnskilfull arborist say , that trees haue their seuerall formes , euen by nature , the peare , the holly , the aspe , &c. grow long in bulke with few and little armes , the oke by nature broad , and such like . all this i graunt : but grant me also , that there is a profitable end , and vse of euery tree , from which i● it decline ( though by nature ) yet man by art may ( nay must ) correct it . now other end of trees i neuer could learne , than good timber , fruit much and good , and pleasure . vses physicall hinder nothing a good forme . neither let any man euer so much as thinke , that it vnprobable , much lesse vnpossible , to refo●me any tree of what kind soeuer . for ( beleeue me ) i haue tried it , i can bring any tree ( beginning by time ) to any forme . the peare and holly may be made to spread , and the oke to close . but why do i wander out of the compasse of mine orchard , into the forrests and woods ? neither yet am i from my purpose , if boales of timber trees stand in need of all the sap , to make them great and straigh● ( for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees ) then it must needes be profitable for fruit ( a thing more immediately seruing a mans need ) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld : for as timber sound , great and long , is the good of timber trees , and therefore they beare no fruite of worth : so fruit , good , sound , pleasant , great and much , is the end of fruit-trees . that gardner therefore shall performe his duty skilfully and faithfully , which sha●l so dresse his trees , that they may beare such and such store of fruit , which he shall neuer do ( dare vndertake ) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees . a fruit-tree so standing , that there need none other end of dressing b●t fruit ( not ornaments for walkes , nor delight to such as would please their eye onely , and yet the b●st forme ca●not but both adorne an● d●light ) must be parted from wi●hin two foote , or thereabouts , of the earth , so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote , and no higher , for drinking vp the sap that should f●ede his fruit , for the boale will be first , and best serued and fed , because he is next the roote , and of gre●●est waxe and substance , and that makes him longest of life , into two , three , or foure armes , as your stocke or graff●s yeelde twigs , and euery arme into two or more bran●hes , and euery branch into his seuerall cyons , still spre●ding by equ●ll degrees , so that his lowest spray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand , and his highest be not past two yards higher , rar●ly ( especially in the middest ) that no one twig touch his fellow . let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough , or ●op ●qually . and when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower , than his fellowes ( as they will with weight of fruite ) ease him the next spring of his superfluous twigs , and he will ri●e : when any bough or spray shall amount aboue the rest ; either snub his top with a nip be●wixt your finger and your thumbe , or with a sharpe knife , and take him cleane away , and so you may vse any cyon you would reforme , and as your tree shall grow in stature and st●ength , so let him rise with his tops , but flowly , and e●rely , especially in the middest , and equally , and in bredth also , and follow him vpward with lopping hi● vnder growth and water boughes , keeping the s●me distance of two yards , but not aboue three in any wise , betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs . 1. thus you shall haue well liking , cleane skind , healthfull great , and long-lasting trees . 2. thus shall your tree grow low , and safe from winds , for his top will be great , broad and weighty . 3. thus growing broad , shall your trees beare much fruit ( i dare say ) one as much as sixe of your common trees , and good without shadowing , dropping and fretting : for his boughes , branches , and twigs shal be many , and those are they ( not the boale ) which beare the fruit . 4. thus shall your boale being little ( not small but low ) by reason of his shortnesse , take little , and yeeld much sap to the fruit . 5. thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put forth more blossomes , and more fruite , being free from taints ; for strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely , whereas weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme . some vse to bare trees rootes in winter , to stay the setting til hotter seasons , which i discommend , because , 1. they hurt the rootes . 2. it stayes it nothing at al 3. though it did , being small , with vs in the north , they haue their part of our aprill and mayes frosts . 4. hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting . 5. they wast much labour . 6. thus shall your tree be easie to dresse , and without danger , either to the tree or the dresser . 7. thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling , bruising or breaking of cyons . this is the best forme of a fruit tree , which i haue here onely shadowed out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye , than the mind , crauing pardon for the deformity , because i am nothing skilfull either in painting or caruing . imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare , the whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes , boughes , branches , and cyons . the perfect forme of a fruit-tree . if any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme : experto crede roberto , i can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age . the fittest time of the moone for proyning is as of grafting , when the sap is ready to stirre ( not proudly stirring ) and so to couer the wound , and of the yeere , a moneth before ( or at least when ) you graffe . dresse peares , apricocks , peaches , cherries , and bullys sooner . and old trees before young plants , you may dresse at any time betwixt leafe and leafe . and note , where you take any thing away , the sap the next summer will be putting : be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you would not haue him , rub it off with your finger . and here you must remember the common homely prouerbe : soone crookes the tree , that good camrell must be . beginne betime with trees , and do what you list : but if you let them grow great and stubborne , you must do as the trees list . they will not bend but breake , nor bee wound without danger . a small branch will become a bough , and a bough an arme in bignesse . then if you cut him , his wound will fester , and hardly , without good skill , recouer : therefore , obsta principijs . of such wounds , and lesser , or any bough cut off a handfull or more from the body , comes hollowness , and vntimely death . and therefore when you cut , strik close , and cleane , and vpward , and leaue no bunch . this forme in some cases sometimes may be altered : if your tree , or trees , stand neere your walkes , if it please your fancy more , let him not breake , till his boale be aboue you h●●ad : so may you walke vnder your trees at your pleasure . or if you set your fruit-trees for your shades in your groues , then i ●espect not the forme of the tree , but the comelinesse of the walke . all this hitherto spoken of dr●ssing , must be vnderstood of young plants , to be formed : it is meete somewhat be sayd for the inst●uction of them that haue olde trees already formed , or rather deformed : for , malum non vitatur nisi cognitum . the faults therefore of a disordered tree , i find to be fiue : 1. an vnprofitable bo●l● . 2. water-boughes . 3. fretters . 4. suckers : and , 5. one principall top . a long boale asketh much ●eeding , and the more he hath the more he desires , 1 and gets ( as a drunken man drinke , or a couetuous man wealth ) and the lesse remaines for the fruit , he puts his boughes into the aire , and makes them , the fruit , and it selfe more dangered with windes : for this i know no remedy , after that the tree is come to growth , once euill , neuer good . water boughes , 2 or vndergrowth , are such boughes as grow low vnder others and are by them ouergrowne , ouershadowed , dropped on , and pinde for want of plenty of sap , and by that meanes in time die : for the sap presseth vpward ; and it is like water in her course , where it findeth most issue , thither it floweth , leauing the other lesser sluces dry : euen as wealth to wealth , and much to more . these so long as they beare , they beare lesse , worse , and fewer fruit , and waterish . the remedy is easie , if they be not growne greater then your arme . lop them close and cleane , and couer the mid●l of the wound , the next summer when he is dry , with a salue made of tallow , tarre , and a very little pitch , good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree : vnl●sse it be barke-pild , and then sear-cloath of fresh butter , hony , and waxe , presently ( while the wound is greene ) applyed , is a soueraigne remedy in summer especially . some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of hay , mo●st , and rub it with dung . fretters are , when as by the negligence of the gardner , two or moe parts of the tree , or of diuers trees , as armes , boughes , branches , or twigs , grow so neere and close together , that one of them by rubbing , doth wound another . this fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care ( at least ) in the arborist : for here the hurt is apparant , and the remedy easie , seene to betime : galls and wounds incurable , but by taking away those members : for let them grow , and they will be worse and worse , & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth , and danger the whole tree auoide them betime therefore , as a common wealth doth bosome enemies . a sucker is a long , proud , and disorderly cyon , growing straight vp ( for pride of sap makes proud , long , and str●ight growth ) out of any lower parts of the tree , receiuing a great part of the sap , and bearing no fruit , till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree . these are like idle and great dro●es amongst bees ; and proud and idle members in a common wealth . the remedy of this is , as of water-boughes , vnlesse he be growne greater then all the rest of the boughs , and then your gardner ( at your discretion ) may leaue him for his boale , and take away all , or the most of the rest . if he be little , slip him , and set him , perhaps he will take : my fairest apple-tree was such a slip. one or two prin●ipall top boughes are as euill , in a manner , as suckers , they rise of the same cause , and receiue the same remedy : yet these are more tolerable , because these beare fruit , yea the best : but suckers of long doe not beare . i know not how your tree should be faulty , if you reforme all your vices timely , and orderly . as these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first planting : so may they well serue to helpe old trees , though not exactly to recouer them . chap. 12. of foyling . there is one thing yet very necessary for make your orchard both better , and more lasting : yea , so necessary , that without it your orchard cannot last , nor prosper long , which is neglected generally both in precepts and in practise , viz. manuring with foile : whereby it hapneth that when trees ( amongst other euils ) through want of fatnesse to feed them , become mossie , and in their growth are euill ( or not ) thriuing , it is either attributed to some wrong cause , as age ( when indeed they are but young ) or euill standing ( stand they neuer so well ) or such like , or else the cause is altogether vnknowne , and so not amended . can there be deuised any way by nature , or art , sooner or soundlier to seeke out , and take away the heart and strength of earth , then by great trees ? such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap . what liuing body haue you greater then of trees ? the great sea monsters ( whereof one came a land at teesmouth in yorkeshire , hard by vs , 18. yards in length , and neere as much in compasse ) seeme hideous , huge , strange , and monstrous , because they be indeed great : but especially , because they are seldome seene : but a tree li●ing , come to his growth and age , twice that length , and of a bulke neuer so great , besides his other parts , is not admired , because he is so commonly seene . and i doubt not , but if he were well regarded from his kirnell , by succeeding ages , to his full strength , the most of them would double their measure . about fifty yeeres agoe i heard by credible and constant report , that in brooham parke in west more-land , neere vnto penrith , there lay a blowne oake , whose trunke was so bigge , that two horse men being the one on the one side , and the other on the other side , they could not one see another : to which if you adde his armes , boughs , and roots , and consider of his bignesse , what would he haue been , if preserued to the vantage . also i read in the history of the west-indians , out of peter martyr , that sixteene men taking hands one with another , were not able to fathome one of those trees about . now nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots● taws and tang●es , to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the earth ( which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare ) hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit , and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth , will waine all she cannot feed , like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats . see you not how trees especially , by kind being great , standing so thicke and close , that they cannot get plenty of sap , pine away all the grasse , weeds , lesser shrubs , and trees , yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap ? so that trees growing large , sucking the soile whereon they stand , continually , and amaine , and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them decaying ( for what is there that wastes cotinually , that sha●l not haue end ? ) must either haue supply of sucker , or else leaue thriuing and growing . some grounds will beare corne while they be new , and no longer , because their crust is shollow , and not very good , and lying they s●ind and wash , and become barren . the ordinary corne soiles continue not ferti●e , with following and foyling , and the best requires supply , euen for the little body of corne. how then can we thinke that any ground ( how good soeuer ) can sustaine bodies of such greatnesse , and such great feeding , without great plenty of sap arising from good earth ? this is one of the chiefe causes , why so many of our orchards in england are so euill thriuing when they come to growth , and our fruit so bad . men are loth to bestow much ground , and desire much fruit , and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse , nor yet feed them with manure . therefore of necessity orchards must be foiled . the fittest time is , when your trees are growne great , and haue neere hand spread your earth , wanting new earth to sustaine them , which if they doe , they will seeke abroad for better earth , and shun that , which is barren ( if they find better ) as cattell euill pasturing . for nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good , and to auoid hurt . the best time of the yeere is at the fall , that the frost may b●●e and make it tender , and the raine wash it i●to the roots . the summer time is perillous if ye digge , because the sap 〈◊〉 amaine . the best kind of foile is such as is fat , hot , and tender . your earth must be but lightly opened , that the d●ng may goe in , and wash away ; and but shallow , lest you hurt the roots : and in the spring closely and equally made plaine againe for f●are of suckers . i could wish , that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine orchard , that euery seuen yeeres at least , the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least . puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully , will not onely moisten but fatten especially in iune and iuly . if it be thicke and fat , and applied euery yeere , your orchard shall need none other foiling . your ground may lye so low at the riuer side , that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon , shall saue you all this labour of foiling . chap. 13. of annoyances . a chiefe helpe to make euery thing good , is to auoid the euils thereof : you shall neuer attaine to that good of your orchard you looke for , vnlesse you haue a gardner , that can discerne the diseases of your trees , and other annoyances of your orchard , and find out the causes thereof , and know & apply fit remedies for the same . for be your ground , site , plants , and trees as you would wish , if they be wasted with hurtfull things , what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell ? it is with an orchard and euery tree , as with mans body . the best part of physicke for preseruation of health , is to foresee and cure diseases . all the diseases of an orchard are of two sorts , either internall or externall . i call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees . 1 galles . 2 canker . 3 mosse . 4 weaknes in setting . 5 barke bound . 6 barke pild . 7 worme . 8 deadly wounds . galles , canker , mosse , weaknes , though they be diuers diseases : yet ( howsouer authors thinke otherwise ) they rise all out of the same cause . galles we haue described with their cause and remedy , in the 11. chapter vnder the name of fretters . canker is the consumption of any part of the tree , barke and wood , which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes . mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all , the cause is pointed out in the same chapter , in the discourse of timber-wood , and partly also the remedy : but for mosse adde this , that at any time in summer ( the spring is best ) when the cause is remoued , with an harecloth , immediatly after a showre of raine , rub off your mosse , or with a peece of weed ( if the mosse abound ) formed like a great knife . weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same chapter , and his remedy . all these flow from the want of roomth in good soile , wrong planting , chap. 7. and euill or no dressing . bark-bound ( as i thinke ) riseth of the same cause , and the best , & present remedy ( the causes being taken away ) is with your sharpe knife in the spring , length-way to launch his bark throughout , on 3. or 4. sides of his boale . the disease called the worme is thus discernd : the barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall , the wood will die & dry , and you shall see easily the barke swell . it is verily to be thought , that therin is bred some worm i haue not yet thorowly sought it out , because i was neuer troubled therewithall : but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places . i thinke it a worme rather , because i see this disease in trees , bringing fruit of sweet taste , and the swelling shewes as much . the remedy ( as i con●ecture ) is so soone as you perceiue the wound , the next spring cut it out barke and all , and apply cowes p●●le and vineger presently , and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space : for i well perceiue , if you suffer it any time , it eates the tree or bough round , and so kils . since i first wrote this treatise , i haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme , because i read in the history of the west-indians , that their trees are not troubled wiih the disease called the worme or canker . which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap , witnesse pliny , by reason their country is more ho● then ours , whereof i thinke the best remedy is ( not disallowing the former , considering that the worme may breed by such an humor ) warme standing , sound lopping and good dressing . barke-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. chapter . deadly wounds are when a mans arborist wanting skill , cut off armes , boughes or branches an inch , or ( as i see sometimes ) an handfull , or halfe a foot or more from the body : these so cut cannot couer in any time with sap , and therefore they die , and dying they perish the heart , and so the tree becomes hollow , and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long . the remedy is , if you find him before he be perished , cut him close● as in the 11. chapter : if he be hoald , cut him close , fill his wound , tho neuer so deepe , with morter well tempered & so close at the top his wound with a seare cloth doubled and nailed on , that no aire nor raine approach his wound . if he be not very old , and detaining , he will recouer , and the hole being closed , his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres . hurts on your trees are chiefly ants , earewigs , and caterpillars , of ants and earewigs is said chap. 10. let there be no swarme of pismires neere your tree-root , no not in your orchard , turne them ouer in a frost , and powre in water , and you kill them . for caterpillars , the vigilant fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web , or the decay of leaues eaten round about them . and being seene , they are easily destroyed with your hand , or rather ( if your tree may spare it ) take sprig and all ( for the red peckled butter fly doth euer put them , being her sparm , among the tender spraies for better feeding , especially in drought , and tread them vnder your feet . i like nothing of smoke among my trees . vnnaturall heates are nothing good for naturall trees . this for diseases of particular trees . externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall . naturall things , externally hurting orchards . 1 beasts . 1 deere . 2 birds . 1 bulfinch .   2 goates .   2 thrush .   3 sheepe .   3 blackbird .   4 hare .   4 crow .   5 cony .   5 pye.   6 cattell .       7 horse .   &c. the other things are , 1 winds . 2 cold. 3 trees . 4 weeds . 5 wormes . 6 mowles . 7 filth . 8 poysonfull smoke . externall wilfull euils are these . 1 walls . 2 trenches . 3 other works noisome done in or neere your orchard . 4 euill neighbours . 5 a carelesse master . 6 an vndiscreet , negligent or no keeper . see you here an whole army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the most fruitfull trees the earth beares ? assailing your good labours . good things haue most enemies . a skilfull fructerer must put to his helping hand , and disband and put them to flight . for the first ranke of beasts , besides your out strong fence , you must haue a faire and swift greyhound , a stone-bow , gun , and if need require , an apple with an hooke for a deere , and an hare-pipe for an hare . your cherries and other berris when they be ripe , will draw all the black-birds , thrushes , and maw pies to your orchard . the bul-finch is a deuourer of your fruit in the bud , i haue had whole trees shald out with them in winter-time . the best remedy here is a stone bow , a piece , especially if you haue a musket or spar-hawke in winter to make the black-bird stoope into a bush or hedge . the gardner must cleanse his foile of all other trees : but fruit-trees aforesaid chapter 2 for which it is ordained , and i would espeecially name oakes , elmes , ashes , and such other great wood , but that i doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees : for i admit of nothing to grow in mine orchard but fruit and flowers . if sap can hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees , why should we allow of any other , especially those , that will becom their masters , & wrong them in their liuelyhood . and although w●●dmit without the fence of wallnuts in most plaine places , trees middle-most , and ashes or okes , or elmes v●most , set in comely rowes equally distant with faire allies ●wixt row and row to auoide the boisterous blasts of winds , and within them also others for bees ; yet wee admit none of these into your orchard-plat : other remedy then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts . weeds in a fertile soile ( because the generall curse is so ) till your trees grow great , will be noysome , and deforme your allies , walkes , beds , and squares , your vnder gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly & handsome from them and all other filth with a spade , weeding kniues , rake with iron teeth : a skrapple of iron thus formed . for nettles and ground-iuy after a showre . when weeds , straw , stickes , and all other scrapings are gathered together , burne them not , but bury them vnder your crust in any place of your orchard , and they will dye and fatten your ground . wormes and moales open the earth , and let in aire to the roots of your trees , and deforme your squares and walkes , and feeding in the earth , being in number infinite , draw on barrennesse● wormes may easily be destroyed . any summer euening when it is darke , after a showre with a candle , you may fill bushels , but you must tred nimbly● & where you cannot come to catch them so ; sift the earth with coale ashes an inch or two thicknes , and that is a plague to them , so is sharpe grauell . moales will anger you , if your gardner or some skilful● moale-catcher ease you not , especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of your trees : you must watch her wel with a moal spare , at morne , noon , and night , when you see her vtmost hill , cast a trench betwixt her and her home ( for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and br●ed in about aprill , which you may discerne by a principall hill , wherein you may catch her , if you trench it round and sure , and watch well ) or wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage ( for such she hath ) there trench , and watch , and haue her . wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the master and fruterer , which they beare to their orchard . iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill neighbour-hood . and then if ( god blesse and giue successe to your labours ) i see not what hurt your orchard can sustaine . chap. 14. of the age of trees . it is to be considered : all this treatise of trees tends to this end , that men may loue and plant orchards , whereunto there cannot be a better inducement then that they know ( or at least be perswaded ) that all that benefit they shall reape thereby , whether of pleasure or profit , shall not be for a day or a moneth , or one , or many ( but many hundreth ) yeeres . of good things the greatest , and most durable is alwaies the best . if therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience , it be made ( i thinke ) manifest , but i am sure probable , that a fruit tree in such a soile and site , as is described so planted and trimmed and kept , as is afore appointed and duely foiled , shall dure 1000● yee●es , why should we not take paines , and be at two or three yeeres charges ( for vnder seuen yeeres w●ll an orchard be perfected for the first planting , and in that time be brought to fruit ) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting let no man thinke this to be strange , but peruse and consider the reason . i haue apple trees standing in my lit●le orchard , which i haue knowne these forty yeeres , whose age before my time i cannot learne , it is beyond memory , tho i haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres and vpwards : these trees although come into my poss●ssion very euill ordered , mishapen , and one of them wounded to his heart , and that deadly ( for i know it will be his death ) with a wound , wherein i might haue put my foot in the heart of his bulke ( now it is lesse ) notwithstanding , with that small regard they haue had since , they so like , that i assure my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3. which i discerne not onely by their owne growth , but also by comparing them with the bulke of other trees . and i find them short ( at least ) by so many parts in bignesse , although i know those other fruit-trees to haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding . herehence i gather thus . if my trees be a hundred yeeres old , and yet want two hundred of their growth before they leaue encreasing , which make three hundred , then we must needs resolue , that this three hundred yeere are but the third part of a trees life , because ( as all things liuing besides ) so trees must haue allowed them for their increase one third , another third for their stand , and a third part of time also for their decay . all which time of a tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres , three hundred for increase , three hundred for his stand , whereof we haue the te●rme stature , and three hundred for his decay , and yet i thinke ( for we must coniecture by comparing , because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees ) i am within the compasse of his age , supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of preseruing his life . consider the age of other liuing creatures . the horse and moiled oxe wrought to an vntimely death , yet double the time of their increase . a dog likewise increaseth three , stanns three at least , and in as many ( or rather moe ) decayes . euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth , and so must it needs be with trees . a man comes not to his full growth and strength ( by common estimation ) before thirty yeeres , and some slender and cleane bodies , not till forty , so long also stands his strength , & so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay . euer supposing that he be well kept with necessaries , and from and without straines , bruises , and all other dominyring diseases . i will not say vpon true report , that physicke holds it possible , that a cleane body kept by these 3. doctors , doctor dyet , doctor quiet , and doctor merriman , may liue neere a hundred yeeres . neither will i here vrge the long yeeres of methushalah , and those men of that time , because you will say , mans dayes are shortned since the floud . but what hath shortned them ? god for mans sinnes : but by meanes , as want of knowledge , euill gouernment , ryot , gluttony , drunkenesse , and ( to be short ) the encrease of the curse , our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age . now if a man , whose body is nothing ( in a manner ) but tender rottennesse , whose course of life cannot by any meanes , by counsell , restraint of lawes , or punishment , nor hope of praise , profet , or eturnall glory , be kept within any bounds , who is degenerate cleane from his naturall feeding , to effeminate nicenesse , and cloying his body with excesse of meate , drinke , sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant and so much desired as the causes of his owne death , as idlenesse , lust , &c. may li●e to that age : i see not but a tree of a solide substance , not damnified by heate or cold , capable of , and subiect to any kinde of ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him , feeding naturally , as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities , eased of , and of his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him , should double the life of a man , more then twice told ; and yet naturall phylosophy , and the vniuersall consent of all histories tell vs , that many other liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres : as the hart and the rauen. thus reporteth that famous roterodam out of hesiodus , and many other historiographers . the testimony of cicero in his booke de sen●ctute , is weighty to this purpose : that we must in posteras aetates ferere arbores , which can haue none other sence : but that our fruit-trees whereof he speakes , can endure for many ages . what else are trees in comparison with the earth : but as haires to the body of a man ? and it is certaine , without poisoning , euill and distemperate dyet , and vsage , or other such forcible cause , the haires dure with the body . that they be called excrements , it is by reason of their superfluous growth : for cut them as often as you list , and they will still come to their naturall length ) not in respect of their substance , and nature . h●ires endure long , and are an ornament and vse also to the body , as trees to the earth . so that i resolue vpon good reason , that fruit-trees well ordered , may liue and like a thousand yeeres , and beare fruit , and the longer , the more , the greater , and the better , because his vigour is p●oud and stronger , when his yeeres are many : you shall see old trees put their buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then yong trees by much . and i sensi●ly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their ●rust , as they grow greater , both for number , and greatnesse . young he●fers bring not fo●th calues so faire , neither are they so plentifull to milke , as when they become to be old ki●e . no good houswife will b●e●d of a young but of an old bird-mother : it is so in all things naturally , therefore in trees . and if fruit-trees l●st to this age , how many ages is it to be supposed , st●ong and huge timber-trees will last ? whose huge bodies require the yeeres of diuers methushalaes , before they end their dayes , whose sap is strong and bitter , whose barke is hard and thicke , and their substance solid and stiffe : all which are defences of health and long life . their strength withstands all forcible winds , their sap of that qu●lity is not subiect to wormes and tainting . their barke receiues seldome or neuer by casualty any wound . and not onely so , but he is free from remoualls , which are the death of millions of trees , where as the fruit-tree in comparison is little , and often blowne downe , his sap sweet , easily , and soone tainted , his barke tender , and soone wounded , and himselfe vsed by man , as man vseth himselfe , that is either v●skilfully , or carelessely . it is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees , which you may easily know , till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres , by his knots : reckon from his roote vp an arme , and so to hys top-twig , and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot , except lopping or remouing doe hinder chap. 15. of gathering and keeping fruit. although it be an easie matter , when god shall sen● it , together and keepe fruit , yet are they certaine things worthy your regard . you must gather your fruit when it is ripe , and not before , else will it wither and be tough and sowre . all fruit generally are ripe , when they beginne to fall . for trees doe as all other bearers doe , when their yong ones are ripe , they will waine them . the doue her pigeons● the cony her rabbets , and women their children . some fruit tree sometimes getting a taint in the setting with a frost or euill winde , will cast his fruit vntimely , but not before he leaue giuing them sap , or they leaue growing . except from this foresaid rule , cherries , damsons , and bullies . the cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red , and sweet : damsons and bulies not before the first frost . apples are knowne to be ripe , partly by their colour , growing towards a yellow , except the leather-coat and some peares and greening . timely summer fruit will be ready , some at midsummer , most at lammus for present vse ; but general●y noe keepi●g fruit before michal-tide . hard winter fruit and wardens longer . gather at the full of the moone for keeping , gather dry for feare of rotting . gather the stalkes with all : for a little wound in fruit , is deadly : but not the stumpe , that must beare the next fruit , nor leaues , for moisture putrifies . gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe , for all will not keepe alike , and it is hard to discerne them , when they are mingled . if your trees be ouer-laden ( as they will be , being ordered , as is before taught you ) i like better of pulling some off ( tho they be not ripe ) neere the top end of the bough , then of propping by much , the rest shall be better fed . propping puts the bough in danger , and frets it at least . instruments : a long ladder of light firre : a stoole-ladder as in the 11. chapter . a gathering apron like a poake before you , made of purpose , or a wallet hung on a bough , or a basket with a fiue bottome , or skinne bottome , with lathes or splinters vnder , hung in a rope to pull vp and downe : bruise none , euery bruise is to fruit death : if you doe , vse them presently . an hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary , breake no boughes . for keeping , lay them in a dry loft , the longest keeping apples first and furthest on dry straw , on heapes ten or fourteene dayes , thicke , that they may sweat . then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth , and lay them thinne abroad . long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth softly : but not in nor immediately after frost . in a loft couer well with straw , but rather with chaffe or bra●●e : for frost doth cause tender rottennesse . chap. 16. of profits . now pause with your selfe , and view the end of all your labours in an orchard : vnspeakable pleasure , and infinite commodity . the pleasure of an orchard i referre to the last chapter for the conclusion : and in this chapter , a word or two of the profit , which thorowly to declare is past my skill : and i count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the sunne with a candle , or number the starres . no man that hath but a meane orchard or iudgement but knowes , that the commodity of an orchard is great : neither would i speake of this , being a thing so manifest to all ; but that i see , that through the carelesse lazinesse of men , it is a thing generally neglected . but let them know , that they lose hereby the chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping . compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground , set with fruit-trees and hearbs , so as is prescribed , and an whole acre ( say it be two ) with corne , or the best commodity you can wish , and the orchrad shall exceed by diuers degrees . in france and some other countries , and in england , they make great vse of cydar and perry , thus made : dresse euery apple , the stalke , vpper end , and all galles away , stampe them , and straine them , and within 24. houres tun them vp into cleane , sweet , and sound vessels , for feare of euill ayre , which they will readily take : and if you hang a poakefull of cloues , mace , nutmegs , cinamon , ginger , and pils of lemmons in the midst of the vessell , it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine . the like vsage doth perry require . these drinks are very wholesome , they coole , purge , and preuent hot agues . but i leaue this skil● to physitians . the benefit of your fruit , roots and hearbs , though it were but to eare and sell , is much . waters distilled of roses , woodbind , angelica , are both profitable and wondrous pleasant , and comfortable . saffron and lico●as will yeeld you much conserues and preserues , are ornaments to your feasts , health in your sicknesse , and a good helpe to your friend , and to your purse . he that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits , is well worthy to want , when others abound in plenty of good things . chap. 17. ornaments . me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare orchard for fruit , and but halfe good , so long as it wants those comely ornaments , that should giue beauty to all our labours , and make much for the honest delight of the owner and his friends . for it is not to be doubted : but as god hath giuen man things profitable , so hath he allowed him honest comfort , delight , and recreation in all the workes of his hands . nay , all his labours vnder the sunne without this are troubles , and vexation of mind : for what is g●eedy gaine , without delight , but moyling , and turmoylidg in sl●u●ry ? but comfortable delight , with content , is the good of euery thing , and the patterne of heauen . a morsell of bread with comfort , is better by much then a fat ox● with vnquietnesse . and who can deny , but the principall end of an orchard , is the honest delight of one wearied with the works of his lawfull calling ? the very workes of , and in an orchard and garden , are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours . when god had made man after his owne image , in a perfect state , and would haue him to represent himselfe in authority , tranquillity , and pleasure vpon the earth , he placed him in paradise . what was paradise ? but a garden and orchard of trees and hearbs , full of pleasure ? and nothing there but delights . the gods of the earth , resembling the great god of heauen in authority , maiestie , and abundance of all things , wherein is their most delight ? and whither doe they withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate , being tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious controuersies ? choked ( as it were ) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings , their stomacks cloyed with variety of banquets , their cares filled and ouerburthened with tedious discoursings ? whither ? but into their or●hards ? made and prepared , dressed and destinated for that purpose , to renue and refresh their sences , and to call home their ouer-wearied spirits . nay , it is ( no doubt ) a comfort to them , to set open their cazements into a most delicate garden and orchard , whereby they may not onely see that , wherein they are so much delighted , but also to giue fresh , sweet , and pleasant ayre to their galleries and chambers . and looke , what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability , prouoked with delight , the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe , if power were answerable to our desires , whereby we shew manifestly , that of all other delights on earth , they that are taken by orchards , are most excellent , and most agreeing with nature . for whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our sences , and that onely , with delight , this makes all our sences swimme in pleasure , and that w●th infinite variety , ioyned with no less● commodity . that famous philosopher , and matchlesse orator , m. t. c. prescribeth nothing more fit , to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three or foure score yeeres , then the pleasure of an orchard . what can your eye desire to see , your eares to hear , your mouth to tast , or your nose to smell , that is not to be had in an orchard , with abundance and variety ? what more delightsome then an infinite variety of sweet smelling flowers ? decking with sundry colours , the greene mantle of the earth , the vniuersall mother of vs all , so by them bespotted , so dyed , that all the world cannot sample them , and wherein it is more fit to admire the dyer , then imitate his workemanship . colouring not onely the earth , but decking the ayre , and sweetning euery breath and spirit . the rose red , damaske , veluet , and double double prouince rose , the sweet muske rose double and single , the double and single white rose . the faire and sweet senting woodbinde , double and single , and double double . purple cowslips , and double cowsl●ps , and double double cowslips . primerose double and single . the violet nothing behinde the best , for smelling sweetly . a thousand more will prouoke your content . and all these , by the skill of your gardner , so comely , and orderly placed in your borders and squares , and ●o intermingled , that none looking thereon , cannot but wonder , to see , what nature corrected by art can doe . when you behold in diuers corners of your orchard mounts of stone , or wood curiously wrought within and without , or of earth couered with fruit-trees : kentish cherry , damsons , plummes , &c. with staires of precious workmanship . and in some corner ( or moe ) a true dyall or clocke , and some anticke-workes , and especially siluer-sounding musique , mixt instruments and voices , gracing all the rest : how will you be rapt with delight ? large walkes , broad and long , close and open , like the tempe groues in thessalie , raised with grauell and sand , hauing seats and bankes of cammomile , all this delights the minde , and brings health to the body . view now with delight the workes of your owne hands , your fruit-trees of all sorts , loaden with sweet blossomes , and fruit of all tasts , operations , and colours : your trees standing in comely order which way soeuer you looke . your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with feberries , raspberries , barberries , currens , and the rootes of your trees powdred with strawberries , red , white , and greene , what a pleasure is this ? your gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the field , ready to giue battell : or swift running greyhounds : or of well sented and true running hounds , to chase the deere , or hunt the hare . this kind of hunting shall not waste your corne , nor much your coyne . mazes well framed a mans height , may perhaps make your friend wander in gathering of berries , till he cannot recouer himselfe without your helpe . to haue occasion to exercise within your orchard : it shall be a pleasure to haue a bowling alley , or rather ( which is more manly , and more healthfull ) a paire of buts , to stretch your armes . rosemary and sweete eglantine are seemely ornaments about a doore or window , and so is woodbinde . looke chapter 5 , and you shall see the forme of a conduite . if there were two or more , it were not amisse . and in mine opinion , i could highly commend your orchard , if either through it , or hard by it there should runne a pleasant riuer with siluer streames : you might sit in your mount , and angle a peckled trout , or sleightie eele , or some other dainty fish. or moats , whereon you might row with a boate , and fish with nettes . store of bees in a dry and warme bee-house , comely made of fir-boords , to sing , and sit , and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts , make a pleasant noyse and sight . for cleanely and innocent bees , of all other things , lone and become , and thriue in an orchard . if they thriue ( as they must needes , if your gardiner bee skilfull , and loue them : for they loue their friends , and hate none but their enemies ) they will , besides the pleasure , yeeld great profit , to p●y him his wages yea , the increase of twenty stockes of stooles , with other fees● will keepe your orchard . you need not doubt their stings , for they h●rt not whom they know , and they know their keeper and acquaintance . if you like not to come amongst them , you need not d●ubt them : for but neere the●r store , and in their owne defence , they will not fight , and in that case onely ( and who can blame them ? ) they are m●nly , and figh● desperately . some ( as that honorable lady at hacknes , whose name doth much● grace mine orchard ) vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their orchard , or garden , which is good , but wood is better . a vine ouer-shadowing a seate , ●●is very comely , though her grapes with vs ripe slowly . one chiefe grace that adornes an orchard , i cannot let slip : a brood of nightingales , who with their seuerall notes and tunes , with a strong delightsome voyce , out of a weake body , will beare you company night and day . she loues ( and liues in ) hots of woods in her hart . she will helpe you to cleanse your trees of caterpillers , and all noysome wormes and flyes . the gentle robin●red-brest will helpe her , and in winter in the coldest stormes will keepe a part . neither wi●l the silly wren be behind in summer , with her distinct whistle ( like a sweete recorder ) to cheere your spirits . the black-bird and th●estle ( for i take it the thrush sings not , but deuoures ) sing loudly in a may morn●●●● and delights the eare much ( and you neede not 〈◊〉 their company , if you haue ripe cherries or berries , and would ●s gladly as the rest do you pleasure : ) but i had rather want their company than my fruit . what shall i say ? a thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an orchard : and sooner shall i be weary , then i can recken the least part of that pl●asure , which one that hath and loues an orchard , may find therein . what is there of all these few that i haue reckoned , which doth not please the eye , the eare , the smell , and taste ? and by these sences as organes , pipes , and windowes , these delights are carried to refresh the gentle , generous , and noble mind . to conclude , what ioy may you haue , that you liuing to such an age , shall see the blessings of god on your labours while you liue , and leaue behind you to heires or successors ( for god will make heires ) such a worke , that many ages after your death , shall record your loue to their countrey ? and the rather , when you consider ( chap. 14. ) to what length of time your worke is like to last . finis . the covntry hovse-vvifes garden . containing rules for hearbs and seedes of common vse , with their times and seasons , when to set and sow them . together , with the husbandry of bees , published with secrets very necessary for euery house-wife . as also diuerse new knots for gardens . the contents see at large in the last page . genes . 2.29 . i haue giuen vnto you euery herbe , and euery tree , that shall be to you for meate . london , printed by nicholas okes for iohn harison , at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row . 1631. the covntry hovs vvifes garden . chap. 1. the soyle . the soyle of an orchard and garden , differ onely in these three points : first , the gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer , because hearbes being more tender then trees , can neither abide moisture nor drought , in such excessiue measure , as trees ; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle , the remedy is easie against drought , if need be : water soundly , which may be done with small labour , the compasse of a garden being nothing so great , as of an orchard , and this is the cause ( if they know it ) that gardners raise their squares : but if moysture trouble you , i see no remedy without a generall danger , except in hops , which delight much in a low and sappy earth . secondly , the soyle of a garden would be plaine and leuell , at least euery square ( for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme ) the reason : the earth of a garden wanting such helpes , as should stay the water , which an orchard hath , and the rootes of hearbes being short , and not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome , are more annoyed by drought , and the soyle being mellow and loose , is soone either washt away , or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing . thirdly , if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes , and namely , of grasse , the hearbes shall neuer thriue : for how should good hearbes prosper , when euill weeds waxe so fast : considering good hearbes are tender in respect of euill weedes : these being strengthened by nature , and the other by art ? gardens haue small place in comparison , and therefore may be more easily be fallowed , at the least one halfe yeare before , and the better dressed after it is framed . and you shall finde that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes , but also is a speciall ornament , and leaues more plentifull sap for your tender hearbes . chap. 2. of the sites . i cannot see in any sort , how the site of the one should not be good , and fit for the other : the ends of both being one , good , wholesome , and much fruit ioyned with delight , vnlesse trees be more able to abide the nipping frostes than tender hearbes : but i am sure , the flowers of trees are as soo● perished with cold , as any hearbe except pumpions , and melons . chap. 3. of the forme . let that which is sayd in the orchards forme , suffice for a garden in generall : but for speciall formes in squares , they are as many , as there are diuices in gardners braines . neither is the wit and art of a skilfull gardner in this poynt not to be commended , that can worke more variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce , and of all those things , where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied . the number of formes , mazes and knots is so great , and men are so diuersly delighted , that i leaue euery house-wife to her selfe , especially seeing to set downe many , had bene but to fill much paper ; yet lest i depriue her of all delight and direction , let her view these few , choyse , new formes , and note this generally , that all plots are square , and all are bordered about with priuit , raisins , fea-berries , roses , thorne , rosemary , bee-flowers , isop , sage , or such like . the ground plot for knots . cinkfoyle . flower-●e●uce . the trefoyle . the ●ret . lozenge●● . crosse-bow . diamond . ouall . maze . chap. 4. of the quantity . a garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an orchard , both in regard of the much weeding , dressing and remouing , and also the paines in a garden is not so well repaied home , as in an orchard . it is to be graunted , that the kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries , roots , cabbages , &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a rich orchard : but notwithstanding i am of opinion , that it were better for england , that we had more orchards and gardens , and more large . and therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will. chap. 5. of fence . seeing we allow gardens in orchard plots , and the benefit of a garden is much , they both require a strong and shrowding fence . therefore leauing this , let vs come to the hearbs themselues , which must be the fruit of all these labours . chap. 6. of two gardens . hearbes are of two sorts , and therefore it is meete ( they requiring diuers manners of husbandry ) that we haue two gardens : a garden for flowers , and a kitchen garden : or a summer garden : not that we meane so perfect a distinction , that the garden for flowers should or can be without hearbes good for the kitchen , or the kitchen garde● should want flowers , nor on the contrary : but for the most part they would be seuered : first , because your garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace , if among them you intermingle o●ions , parsnips , &c. secondly , your garden that is durable , must be of one forme : but that , which is for your kitchens vse , must yeeld daily rootes , or other hearbes , and suffer deformity . thirdly , the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready , at one time , either for gathering , or remouing . first therefore of the summer garden . these hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squ●●es and knots , and all to be set at michael-tide , or somewhat before , that they may be setled in , and taken with the ground● before winter , though they may be set , especially sowne in the spring . roses of all sorts ( spoken of in the orchard ) must be ● be●t . some vie to ●et sl●ps and twine them , which sometimes , but seldome thriue all . rosemary , lauender , bee flowers , isop , sage , time , cowslips , pyony , d●●ies , cloue gilnflowers , pinkes , sothernwood , l●●lies , of all which hereafter . of the kitchen garden . though your garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it se●fe a profit , and exquisite forme to the eyes , yet you may not altogether neglect this , where your hearbes for the pot do growe . and therefore , some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd . the ra●her because aboundance of roses and lauender yeeld much profit , and comfort to the sences : rose-water and lauender , the one cordiall ( as also the violets , burrage , and buglas ) the other reuiuing the spirits by the sence of smelling : both most ●urable for smell , both in flowers and water : you need not here ●aise your beds , as in the other garden , because summer towards , will not let too much wet annoy you . and these hearbes require more moysture : yet must you haue your beds diuided , that you may goe betwixt to weede , and somewhat forme would be expected : to which it auaileth , that you place your herbes of biggest growth , by walles , or in borders , as fenell , &c. and the lowest in the middest , as saffron , strawberries , onions , &c. chap. 7. diuision of hearbs . garden hearbs are innumerable , yet these are common and sufficient for our country house-wifes . hearbs of greatest growth . fenell , anglica , tansie , hollihock , louage , elly campane , french mallows , lillies , french poppy , endiue , succory and clary . herbes of middle growth . burrage , buglas , pa●sley , sweete sicilly , floure-de-luce , stocke gil●flowers , wall-flowers , anniseedes , coriander , feather fewell , marigolds , oculus christi , langdibeefe , alexanders , carduus benedictus . hearbes of smallest growth . pansy , or har●s-ease , coast margeram , sauery , strawberries , saffron , lycoras , daff●downdillies , leekes , chiues , chibals , skerots , onions , batchellors buttons , d●sies , peniroyall . hitherto i haue onely reckoned vp , and put in this ranke , some hearbs . their husbandry follow each in an alphabeticall order , the better to be found . chap. 8. husbandry of herbes . alexanders are to be renewed as angelica . it is a timely pot-hearbe . anglica is renued with his seede , whereof he beareth plenty the second yeare , and so dieth . you may remoue the rootes the first yeare . the leaues distilled , yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the stomacke . the roote dried taken in the fall , stoppeth the poares against infections . annyseedes make their growth , and beareth seeds the first yeere , and dieth as coriander : it is good for opening the pipes , and it is vsed in comfits . art●choakes are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets , in march , euery third or fourth yeare . they require a seuerall vsage , and therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues , especially considering they are plentifull of fruite much desired . burrage and buglas , two cordials , renue themselues by seed yearely , which is hard to be gathered : they are exceeding good pot-hearbes , good for bees , and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke , as quinces and wardens . camomile , set rootes in bankes and walkes . it is sweete smelling , qualifying head-●ch . cabbages require great roome , they seed the second yeare : sow them in february , remoue them when the plants are an handfull long , set deepe and wet . looke well in drought for the white caterpillers worme , the spaunes vnder the leafe closely : for euery liuing creature doth seeke foode and quiet shelter , and growing quicke , they draw to , and eate the heart : you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning . it is a good pothearbe , and of this hearbe called cole , our countrie house-wiues giue their pottage their name , and call them caell . carduus benedictus , or blessed thistle , seeds and dyes the first yeere , the excellent vertue thereof i referre to herbals , for we are gardiners , not physitians . carrets are sowne late in aprill or may , as turneps , else they seede the first yeere , and then their roots are naught : the second yeere they dye , thei● roots grow great , and require large roome . chibals or chiues haue their roots parted , as garlick , lillies , &c. and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere : a good pot-hearb opening , but euill for the eies . clarie is sowne , it seeds the second yeere , and dyes . it is somewhat harsh in taste , a little in pottage is good , it strengtheneth the reines . coast , roo●es parted make sets in march : it beares the second yeere : it is vsed in a e in may. cor●ander is for vsage and vses , much like anniseeds . daffadownd●llies haue their roots parted , and set once in three or foure yeere , or ●onger time . the● flower timely , and after midsammer , are scarcely se●ne . they are mo●e for ornament , then for vse , so are dasies . da●sie-rootes parted and set , as flowre-deluce and camomile , when you see them grow too th●cke or decay . they be good to keepe vp , and strengthen the edges of your borders , as pinkes , they be red , white , mixt . ellycampane root is long lasting , as is the lou●ge , it se●ds yeerely , you may diuide the root , and set the roote , taken in winter it is good ( being dryed , powdered and dru●ke to kill i●ches . endiue and suc●ory are much like in nature , shape , and vse , they renu● themselues by seed , a● fennell , and other hearbs . you may remoue them before they put forth shankes , a good pot-hearbe . fennell is renued , either by the seeds ( which it beareth the second yeere , and so yeerely in great abundance ) sowne in the fall or spring , or by diuiding one root into many sets , as a●tichoke , it is long of growth and life . you may remoue the roote vnshankt . it is exceeding good for the eyes , distilled , or any otherwise taken : it is vsed in dressing hiues for swarmes , a very good pot-hearbe , or for sallets . fetherfewle shakes seed . good against a shaking feuer , taken in a posset drinke fasting . flower-deluce , long lasting . diuide his roots , and set : the roots dryed haue a sweet smell . garlicke may be set an handfull distance , two inches deepe , in the edge of your beds . part the heads into seuerall cloues , and euery cloue set in the latter end of february , will increase to a great head before september : good for opening , euill for eyes : when the blade is long , fast two & two together , the heads will be bigger . hollyhocke riseth high , seedeth and dyeth : the chiefe vse i know is ornament . isop is reasonable long lasting : young roots are good set , slips better . a good pot-hearbe . iuly-flowers , commonly called gilly-flowers , or cloue-iuly-flowers ( i call them so , because they flowre in iuly ) they haue the name of cloues , of their sent . i may well call them the king of flowers ( except the rose ) and the best sort of them are called queene-iuly flowers . i haue of them ●ine or ten seuerall colours , and diuers of them as big as roses : of all flowers ( saue the damaske rose ) they are the most pleasant to sight and smell : they last not past three or foure yeeres vnremoued . take the sl●ps ( without shanks ) aud set any time , saue in extreme frost , but especially at michael tide . their vse is much in ornament , and conforting the spirits , by the sence of smelling . iuly flowers of the wall , or wall iuly-flowers ● wall-flowers , o● bee-flowers , or winter iuly-flowers , because growing in the walles , euen in winter , and good for bees , will grow euen in stone walls , they will seeme dead in summer , and yet reuiue in winter . they yeeld seed plentifully , which you may sow at any time , or in any broken earth , especially on the top of a mud-wall , but moist , you may set the root before it be brancht , euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root , or crop him in summer , and he will flower in winter : but his winter-seed is vntimely . this and palmes are exceeding good , and timely for bees . leekes yeeld seed the second yeere , vnremoued and die , vnlesse you remoue them , vsuall to eate with salt and bread , as onyons alwaies greene , good pot-hearb , euill for the eyes . lauendar spike would be remoued within 7 yeeres , or eight at the most . slips twined as isop and sage , would take best at michael-tide . this flower is good for bees , most comfortable for smelling , except roses : and kept dry , is as strong after a yeere , and when it is gathered . the water of this is comfortable . white lauendar would be remoued sooner . lettice yeelds seed the first yeere , and dyes : sow betime , and if you would haue them cabbage for sallets , remoue them as you doe cabbage . they are vsuall in sallets , and the pot . lillies white and red , remoued once in three or foure yeeres their roots yeeld many sets , like the garlicke , michael-tide is the best : they grow high , after they get roote : these roots are good to breake a byle , as are mallowes and sorrell . mallowes , french or gagged , the first or second yeere , seed plentifully : sow in march , or before , they are good for the house-wifes pot , or to breake a bunch . marigolds most commonly come of seed , you may remoue the plants , when they be two inches long . the double marigold , being as bigge as a little rose , is good for shew . they are a good pot-hearbe . oculus christi , or christs eye , seeds and dyes the first or second yeere : you may remoue the yong plants , but seed is better : one of these seeds put into the eye , within three or foure houres will gather a thicke skinne , cleere the eye , and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to the eye . a good pot-hea●be . onyons are sowne in february , they are gathered at michael-tide , and all the summer long , for sallets ; as also young parsly , sage , chibals , lettice , sweet sicilly , fennell , &c. good alone , or with meate as mutton , &c. for sauce , especially for the pot . parsly sow the first yeere , and vse the next yeere : it seedes plentifully , an hearbe of much vse , as sweet sicily is . the seed and roots are good against the stone . parsneps require and whole plot , they be plentifull and common : sow them in february , the kings ( that is in the middle ) seed broadest and reddest . parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke , not good for euill eies : when they couer the earth in a drought , to tread the tops , make the rootes bigger . peny-royall , or pudding grasse , creepes along the ground , like ground iuie . it lasts long , like daisies , because it puts and spreads dayly new roots . diuide , and remoue the roots , it hath a pleasant taste and smell , good for the pot , or hackt meate , or haggas pudding . pumpions : set seedes with your finger , a finger deepe , l●te in march , and so soone as they appeare , euery night if you doubt frost , couer them , and water them continually out of a water-pot : they be very tender , their fruit is great and waterish . french poppy beareth a faire flower , and the seed will make you sleepe . raddish is sauce for cloyed stomacks , as cap●rs , oliues , and cucumbers , cast the seeds all summer long here and there , and you shall haue them alwaies young and fresh . rosemary , the grace of hearbs here in england , in other countries common . to set sl●ps immediately after lammas , is the surest way . seede sowne may proue well , so they be ●owne in hot weather , somewhat moist , and good earth : for the hearbe , though great , is nesh and tender ( as i take it ) brought from hot countries to vs in the cold north : set thinne . it becomes a window well . the vse is much in meates , more in physicke , most for bees . rue , or hearbe of grace , continually greene , the sl●ps are set . it lasts long as rosemary , sothernwood , &c. too strong for mine housewifes pot , vnlesse she will brue ale therewith , against the plague : let him not seede , if you will haue him last . saffron euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at m●dsummer : for when all other hearbs grow most , it dyeth . it floweth at michael-tide , and groweth all winter : keepe his flowers from birds in the morning , & gather the yellow ( or they shape much like lillies ) dry , and after dry them : they be precious , expelling diseases from the heart and stomacke . sauery seeds and dyes the first yeere , good for my housewifes pot and pye . sage : set slips in may , and they grow aye : let it not seed it will last the longer . the vse is much and common . the monkish prouerbe is tritum : cur moritur homo , cum saluia crescit in horto ? skerots , the roots are set when they be parted , as pyonie , and flower-deluce at michael-tide : the roote is but small and very sweet . i know none other speciall vse but the table . sweet sicily , long lasting , pleasantly tasting , either the seed sowne , or the root parted , and remoued , makes increase , it is of like vse with parsly . strawberries long lasting , set roots at michael-tide or the spring , they be red , white and greene , and ripe , when they be great and soft , some by midsummer with vs. the vse is : they will coole my housewife well , if they be put in wine or creame with sugar . time , both seeds , slips and rootes are good . if it seed not , it will last three or foure yeeres or more , it smelleth comfortably . it hath much vse : namely , in all cold meats , it is good for bees . turnep is sowne . in the second yeere they beare plenty of seed : they require the same time of sowing that carrets doe : they are sicke of the same disease that cabbages be . the roote increaseth much , it is most wholesome , if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth : soueraigne for eyes and bees . i reckon these hearbs onely , because i teach my countrey hou●ewife , not skilfull artists , and it should be an endlesse labour , and would make the matter tedious to reckon vp , land● beefe , stocke-iuly-flowers , char●all , valerian , go-to bed at no●ne , piony , liconas , tansie , garden mints , germander , centaurie , and a thousand such physicke hearbs . let her first grow cunning in this , and then she may enlarge her garden as her skill and ability increaseth . and to helpe her the more , i haue set her downe these obseruations . chap. 9. generall rules in gardening . in the south parts gardening may be more timely , and more safely done , then with vs in yorkeshire , because our ayre is not so fauourable , nor our ground so good . 2 secondly most seeds shakt , by turning the good earth , are renued , their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels , till the sunne their father can reach them with his heat . 3 in setting hearbs , leaue no top more then an hand●ull aboue the ground , nor more then a foot vnder the earth . 4 twine the roots of those slips you set , if they will abide it . gilly-flowers are too tender . 5 set moist , and sowe dry . 6 set slips without shankes any time , except at midsummer , and in frosts . 7 seeding spoiles the most roots , as drawing the heart and sap from the root . 8 gather for the pot and medicines , hearbs tender and greene , the sap being in the top , but in winter the root is best . 9 all the hearbs in the garden for flowers , would once in seuen yeeres be renued , or soundly watered with puddle water , except rosemary . 10 in all your gardens and orchards , bankes and seates of camomile , peny-royall , daisies and violets , are seemely and comfortable . 11 these require whose plots : artichokes , cabbages , turneps , parsneps , onyons , car●e●s , and ( if you will ) saffron and scerrits . 12 gather all your seeds , dead , ripe● and dry . 13 lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs , as vsually they doe : for dung not melted is too hot , euen for trees . 14 thin setting and sewing ( so the rootes stand not past a foot distance ) is profitable , for the hearbs will like the better . greater hearbs would haue more distance . 15 set and sow hearbs in their time of growth ( except at midsummer , for then they are too too tender ) but trees in their time of rest . 16 a good housewife may , and will gather store of hearbs for the pot , about lammas , and dry them , and pow●d them , and in winter they will make good seruice . thus haue i lined out a● garden to our countrey housewiues , and giuen them rules for common hearbs . if any of them ( as sometimes they are ) be knotty , i referre them to chap. 3. the skill and pain●s of weeding the garden with weeding kniues of fingers , i refer to themselues , and their maides , willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine : withall i aduise the mistresse , either be present her selfe , or to teach her maides to know hearbs from weeds . chap. 10. the husbandry of bees . there remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed , which in mine opinion makes as much for ornament as either flowers , or forme , or cleanlinesse , and i am sure as commodious as any of , or all the rest : which is bees , well ordered . and i will not account her any of my good house-wiues , that wanteth either bees or skilfulnesse about them . and though i knowe some haue written well and truely , and others more plentifully vpon this theame : yet somewhat haue i learned by experience ( being a bee-maister my selfe ) which hitherto i cannot finde put into writing , for which i thinke our house-wiues will count themselues beholding vnto me . the first thing that a gardiner about bees must be carefull for , is an house not stakes and stones abroad , sub●dio : for stakes rot and reele , raine and weather eate your hiues , and couers , and cold most of all is hurtfull for your bees . therefore you must haue an house made along , a sure dry wall in your garden , neere , or in your orchard : for bees loueflowers and wood with their hearts . let the floores be without holes or clifts , least in casting time , the beees lye out , and loyter . and though your hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another : yet will bees know their home . in this frame may your bees stand drye and warme , especially if you make doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter , as in an house : prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open . i my self haue deuised such an house , and i find that it keeps and strengthens my bees much , and my hiues will last sixe to one . m. markham commends hiues of wood i discommend them not : but straw hiues are in vse with vs , and i thinke with all the world , which i commend for nimblenesse , closenesse , warmnesse and drinesse . bees loue no externall motions of dawbing or such like . sometimes occasion shall be offered to lift and turne hiues , as shall appeare hereafter . one light entire hiue of straw in that case is better , then one that is dawbed , weighty and cumbersome . i wish euery hiue , for a keeping swarme , to hold three pecks at least in measure . for too little hiues procure bees , in casting time , either to lye out , and loyter , or else to cast before they be ripe and strong , and so make weake swarmes and vntimely : whereas if they haue roome sufficient , they ripen timely , and casting seasonably , are strong , and fit for labour presently . neither would the hiue be too too great , for then they loyter , and waste meate and time . your bees delight in wood , for feeding , especially for casting : therefore want not an orchard . a mayes swarme is worth a maies foale : if they want wood , they be in danger of flying away . any time before midsummer is good , for casting and timely before iuly is not euill . i much like m markhams opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead or forsaken hiue , so they be fresh & cleanly . to thinke that a swarme of your owne , or others , will of it selfe come into such an hiue , is a meere conceit experto crede roberto . his smearing with honey , is to no purpose , for the other bees will eate it vp . if your swarme knit in the top of a tree , as they will , if the winde beate them not to fall downe : let the stoole or ladder described in the orchard , doe you seruice . the lesse your spelkes are , the lesse is the waste of your honey , and the more easily will they draw , when you take your bees . foure spelkes athwart , and one top spelke are sufficient . the bees will fasten their combes to the hiue . a little honey is good : but if you want , fennell will serue to rub your hiue withall . the hiue being drest and ready spelkt , rubd and the hole made for their passage ( i vse no hole in the hiue , but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out mice ) shake in your bees , or the most of them ( for all commonly you cannot get ) the remainder will follow . many vse smoke , nettles , &c. which i vtterly dislike : for bees loue not to be molested . ringing in the time of casting is a meere fancie , v●olent handling of them is simply euill , because bees of all other creatures , loue cleanlinesse and peace . therefore handle them leasurely & quietly , and their k●eper whom they know , may do with them , what he will , without hurt : being hiued at night , bring them to their seat . set your hiues all of one yeere together . signes of breeding , if they be strong . 1 they will auoid dead young bees and droanes . 2 they will sweat in the morning , till it runne from them ; alwaies when they be strong . signes of casting . 1 they will fly droanes , by reason of heat . 2 the young swarme will once or twice in some faire season , come forth mustering , as though they would cast , to proue themselues , and goe in againe . 3 the night before they cast , if you lay your eate to the hiues mouth , yo shall heare two or three , but especially one aboue the rest , cry , vp , vp , vp ; or , tout , tout , tout , like a trumpet , sounding the alarum to the battell . much descanting there is , of , and about the master-bee , and their degrees , order and gouernment : but the truth in this point is rather imagined , then demonstrated there are some coniectures of it , viz. we see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest , & we heare commonly the night before they cast , sometimes one bee , sometimes two , or more bees , giue a lowd and seueral found from the rest , and sometimes bees of greater bodies then the common sort : but what of all this ? i leane not on coniectures , but loue to set downe that i know to be true , and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine . keepe none weake , for it is hazard , oftentimes with losse : feeding will not helpe them : for being weake , hey cannot come downe to meate , or if they come downe , they dye , because bees weake cannot abide cold . if none of these , yet will the other bees being strong , smell the honey , and come and spoile , and kill them . some helpe is in casting time , to put two weake swarmes together , or as m. markham well saith : let not them cast late , by raising them with wood or stone : but with impes ( say i. ) an impe is three or foure wreathes , wrought as the hiue , the same compasse , to rase the hiue withall : but by experience in tryall , i haue found out a better way by clustering , for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of any that i know . that is this : after casting time , if i haue any stocke proud , and hindred from timely casting , with former winters pouerty , or euill weather in casting time , with two handles and crook●s , fitted for the purpose , i turne vp that stocke so pestred with bees , and set it on the crowne , vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward , i place another empty hiue well dr●st , and spelkt , into which without any labour , the swarme that would not depart , and cast , will presently ascend , because the old bees haue this qualitie ( as all other breeding creatures haue ) to expell the young , when they haue brought them vp . they gather not till iuly ; for then they be discharged of their young , or else they are become now strong to labour , and now sap in flowers is strong and proud : by reason of time , and force of sunne . and now also in the north ( and not before ) the hearbs of greatest vigour put their flowers ; as beanes , fennell , burrage , rape● &c. the most sensible weather for them , is heat and drought , because the nesh bee can neither abide cold or wet : and showres ( which they well fore-see ) doe interrupt their labours , vnlesse they fall on the night , and so they further them . after casting time , you shall benefit your stockes much , if you helpe them to kill their droanes , which by all probability and iudgement , are an idle kind of bees , and wastefull . some say they breed and haue seene young droanes in taking their honey , which i know is true . but i am of opinion , that there are also bees which haue lost their stings , and so being , as it were gelded , become idle and great . there is great vse of them : deus , et natura nihil fecit frustra . they hate the bees , and cause them cast the sooner . they neuer come foor●h but when they be ouer heated . they neuer come home loaden . after casting time , and when the bees want meate , you shall see the labouring bees fasten on them , two , three , or foure at once , as if they were theeues to be led to the gallowes , and killing them , they cast out , and draw them farre from home , as hatefull enemies . our housewife , if she be the keeper of her own● bees ( as she had need to be ) may with her bare hand in the heate of the day , safel● destroy them in the hiues mouth . some vse towards night , in a hot day , to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board , with little holes , in at which the lesser bees may enter , but not the droanes , so that you may kill them at your pleasure . snayles spoile them by night like theeues : they come so quietly , and are so fast , that the bees feare them not . looke earely and late , especially in a raine or dewey euening or morning . mice are no lesse hurtfull , and the rather to hiues of straw : and therefore couerings of straw draw them . they will in either at the mouth , or sheere themselues an hole . the remedy is good cats , rats-bane and watching . the cleanly bee hateth the smoake as poison , therefore let your bees stand neerer your garden then your brew-house or kitchen . they say sparrowes and swallowes are enemies to bees , but i see it not . more hiues perish by winters cold , then by all other hurts : for the bee is tender● and nice , and onely liues in warme weather , and dyes in cold : and therefore let my housewife be perswaded , that a warme dry house before described , is the chiefest helpe she can make her bees against this , and many more mischiefes . many vse against cold in winter , to stop vp their hiue close , and some set them in houses , perswading themselues , that thereby they relieue their bees . first , tossing and mouing is hurtfull . secondly , in houses , going , knocking , and shaking is noysome . thirdly , too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them : but lastly , and especially , bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp . for at euery warme season of the sunne they reuiue , and liuing eate , and eating must needs purge abroad , ( in her house ) the cleanly bee will not purge her selfe . iudge you what it is for any liuing creature , not to disburden nature . being shut vp in calme seasons , lay your eare to the hiue , and you shall heare them yarme and yell , as so many hungred prisoners . therefore impound not your bees , so profitable and free a creature . let none stand aboue three yeares , else the combes will be blacke and knotty , your honey will be thinne and vncleanly : and if any cast after three yeares , it is such as haue swarmes , and old bees kept all together , which is great losse . smoaking with ragges , rozen , or brimstone , many vse : some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water , and the water well brewde , will be good botchet . drawe out your spelkes immediatly with a paire of pinchars , lest the wood grow soft and swell , and so will not be drawne , then must you cut your hiue . let no fire come neere your hony , for fire softeneth the waxe and drosse , and makes them runne with the hony . fire softneth , weakeneth , and hindereth hony for purging . breake your combes small ( when the dead empty combes are parted from the loaden combes into a siue , borne ouer a great bowle , or vessel● , with two staues , and so let it runne two or three dayes . the sooner you tunne it vp , the better will it purge . runne your swarme honey by it selfe , and that shall be your best . the elder your hiues are , the worse is your honey . vsuall vessels are of clay , but after wood be satiated with honey ( for it will leake at first : for honey is maruellously searching , the thicke , and therefore vertuous . ) i vse it rather because it will not breake so soone , with fals , frosts , or otherwise , and greater vessels of clay will hardly last . when you vse your honey , with a spoone take off the skin which it hath put vp . and it is worth the regard , that bees thus vsed , if you haue but forty stockes , shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of ground . and thus much may suffice , to make good housewiues loue and haue good gardens and bees . deo laus . finis . the contents of the countrey house-wifes garden . chap. 1. the soyle . pag. 77 chap. 2. site . p. 78 chap. 3. forme . p. 79 chap. 4. quantity . p. 85 chap. 5. fences . p. ibid. chap. 6 two gardens . 86 chap. 7. diuision of herbs . p. 88 chap. 8. the husbandry of herbes . p. ibid. chap. 9. generall rules . p. 96 chap. 10. the husbandry of bees . p. 98 bee-house . p. 98. hiues . p. 100. hiuing of bees . p. ibid. spelkes . p. 101. catching . p. 102. clustering . p. 103. droanes . p. 104. annoyances . p. 105. taking of bees . p. 106. straining honey . p. ibid. vessels . p. ibid. a most profitable newe treatise , from approued experience of the art of propagating plants ; by simon harward . chap. 1. the art of propagating plants . there are foure sorts of planting , or propagating , as in laying of shootes or little branches , whiles they are yet tender in some pit made at their foote , as shall be sayd hereafter , or vpon a little ladder or basket of earth , tyed to the bottome of the branch , or in boaring a willow thorow , and putting the branch of the tree into the hole , as shall be fully declared in the chapter of grafting . there are likewise seasons to propagate in ; but the best is in the spring , and march , when the trees are in the flower , and doe begin to grow lusty . the young planted siens or litt●e grafts must be propagated in the beginning of winter , a foot deepe in the earth , and good manure mingled amongst the earth , which you shall cast forth of the pit , wherein you meane to propagate it , to tumble it in vpon it againe . in like manner your superfluous siens , or little plants must be cut close by the earth , when as they grow about some small impe , which we meane to propagate , for they would doe nothing but rot . for to propagate , you must digge the earth round about the tree , that so your rootes may be laid in a manner halfe bate . afterward draw into length the pit on that side where you meane to propagate , and according as you perceiue that the roots will be best able to yeeld , and be gouerned in the same pit , to vse them , and that with all gentlenesse , and stop close your siens , in such sort , as that the wreath which is in the place where it is grafted , may be a little lower then the s●ens of the new wood , growing out of the earth , euen so high as it possible may be . if the trees that you would propagate be somewhat thicke , and thereby the harder to ply , and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit : then you may wet the stocke almost to the midst , betwixt the roote and the wreathing place , and so with gentle handling of it , bow downe into the pit the wood which the grafts haue put forth , and that in as round a compasse as you can , keeping you from breaking of it : afterward lay ouer the cut , with gummed waxe , or with grauell and sand . chap. 2. grafting in the barke . grafting in the barke , is vsed from mid august , to the beginning of winter , and also when the westerne winde beginneth to blow , being from the 7. of february , vnto 11. of iune . but there must care be had , not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season , because it would wash away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together , and so hinder it . grafting in the budde , is vsed in the summer time , from the end of may , vntill august , as bring the time when the trees are strong and lusty , and full of sap and leaues . to wit , in a hot countrey , from the midst of iune , vnto the midst of iuly : but cold countries , to the midst of august , after some small showies of raine . if the summer be so exceeding dry , as that some trees doe withhold their sap , you must waite the time till it doe returne . graft from the full of the moone , vntill the end of the old . you may graft in a cleft , without hauing regard to the raine , for the sap will keepe it off . you may graft from mid august , to the beginning of nouember : cowes dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft . it is better to graft in the euening , then the morning . the furniture and tooles of a grafter , are a basket to lay his grafts in , clay , grauell , sand , or strong earth , to draw ouer the plants clouen : moste , woollen clothes , barkes of wilow to ioyne to the late things and earth before spoken , and to keepe them fast : oziers to tye againe vpon the barke , to keepe them firme and fast : gummed wax , to dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut , that so the raine and cold may not hurt them , neither yet the sap rising from belowe , be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes . a little sawe or hand sawe , to sawe off the stocke of the plants , a little knife or pen-knife to graffe , and to cut and sharpen the grafts , that so the barke may not pill nor be broken ; which often commeth to passe when the graft is full of sap . you shall cut the graffe so long , as that it may fill the cliffe of the plant , and therewithall it must be left thicker on the barke side , that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other incisions , as any need is to be made , which must be alwaies well ground , well burnished without all r●●t . two wedges , the one broad for thicke trees , the other narrow for lesse and tender trees , both of them of box , or some other hard and smooth wood , or steele , or of very hard iron , that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe . a little hand-bill to set the plants at more liberty , by cutting off superfluous boughs , helu'd of iuory , box , or brazell . chap. 3. grafting in the cleft . the manner of grafting in a cleft , to wit , the stocke being clou'd , is proper not onely to trees , which are as great as a mans legs or armes , but also to greater . it is true that in as much as the trees cannot easily be clouen in their stocke , that therefore it is expedient to make incision in some one of their branches , and not in the maine body , as we see to be practised in great apple trees , and great peare-trees , and as we haue already declared heretofore . to graft in the cleft , you must make choise of a graft that is full of sap and i●yce , but it must not bee , but till from after ianuary vntill march : and you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded , because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on high , and risen to the top , and there dispersed and scattered hither and thither , into euery sprigge and twigge , and vse nothing welcome to the graft . you must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft in , but ten or twelue dayes before : for otherwise , if you graft it new gathered , it will not be able easily to incorporate it selfe with the body and stocke , where it shall be grafted ; because that some part of it will dry , and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the rising vp of the sap , which it should communerate vnto the graft , for the making of it to put forth . and whereas this dried part will fall a crumbling , and breaking thorow his rottennesse , it will cause to remaine a concauity , or hollow place in the stock , which will be an occasion of a like inconuenience to befall the graft . moreouer , the graft being new and tender , might easily be hurt of the bands , which are of necessity to be tyed about the stocke , to keepe the graft firme and fast . and you must further see , that your plant was not of late remoued , but that it haue already fully taken root . when you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft , you must see that they be cut in the end all alike . see that the grafts be of one length , or not much differing , and it is enough , that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the plant is once sawed , and lopped of all his small siens and shootes round about , as also implyed of all his branches , if it haue many : then you must leaue but two at the most , before you come to the cleauing of it : then put to your little saw , or your knife , or other edged toole that is very sharpe , cleaue it quite thorow the middest , in gentle and soft sort : first , tying the stocke very sure , that so it may not cleaue further then is need : and then put to your wedges into the cleft vntill such time as you haue set in your grafts , and in cleauing of it , hold the knife with the one hand , and the tree with the other , to helpe to keepe it from cleauing too farre . afterwards put in your wedge of boxe or brazill , or bone at the small end , that so you may the better take it out againe , when you haue set in your grafts . if the stocke be clouen , or the barke loosed too much from the wood : then cleaue it downe lower , and set your grafts in , and looke that their incision bee fit , and very iustly answerable to the cleft , and that the two saps , first , of the plant and graft , be right and euen set one against the other , and so handsomely fitted , as that there may not be the least appearance of any cut or cleft . for if they doe not thus ●●mpe one with another , they will neuer take one with another , because they cannot worke their seeming matter , and as it were cartilaguous glue in conuenient sort or manner , to the gluing of their ioynts together . you must likewise beware , not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch , but somewhat aside . the barke of your plant being thicker then that of your graft , you must set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft , that so the two saps may in any case be ioyned , and set right the one with the other but the rinde of the plant must be somewhat more out , then that of the grafts on the clouen side . to the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping , you must principally take heed , not to ouer-cleue the stockes of your trees . but before you widen the cleft of your wedges , binde , and goe about the stocke with two or three turnes , and that with an ozier , close drawne together , vnderneath the same place , where you would haue your cleft to end , that so your stocke cleaue not too farre , which is a very vsuall cause of the miscarrying of grafts , in asmuch as hereby the cleft standeth so wide and open , as that it cannot be shut , and so not grow together againe ; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe , and breatheth out all his life in that place , which is the cause that the stocke and the graft are both spilt . and this falleth out most often in plum-trees , & branches of trees . you must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your grafts , and plants , that nothing may continue open , to the end that the wind , moisture of the clay or raine , running vpon the grafted place , do not get in : when the plant cleueth very straight , there is not any danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the graft . if you leaue it somewhat vneuen , or rough in some places , so that the saps both of the one and of the other may the better grow , and be giued together , when your grafts are once well ioyned to your plants , draw out your wedges very softly , lest you displace them againe , you may leaue there within the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood , cutting it very close with the head of the stocke : some cast giue into the cleft , some sugar , and some gummed waxe . if the stocke of the plant whereupon you intend to graft , be not so thicke as your graft , you shall graft it after the fashion of a goates foot , make a cleft in the stocke of the plant , not direct , but byas & that smooth and euen , not rough : then apply and make fast thereto , the graft withall his barke on , and answering to the barke of the plant. this being done , couer the place with the fat earth and ●oste of the woods tyed together with a strong band : sticke a pole of wood by it , to keepe it stedfast . chap. 4. grasting like a scutcheon . in grafting after the manner of a scutcheon , you shall not vary nor differ much from that of the flute or pipe , saue only that the scutcheon-like graft , hauing one eyelet , as the other hath yet the wood of the tree whereupon the scutcheon-like graft is grafted , hath not any knob , or budde , as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted , after the manner of a pipe . in summer when the trees are well replenished with sap , and that their new siens begin to grow somewhat hard , you shall take a shoote at the end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree , whereof you would faine haue some fruit , and not many of his old store or wood , and from thence ruise a good eylet , the tayle and all thereof to make your graft . but when you choose , take the thickest , and grossest , diuide the tayle in the middest , before you doe auy thing else , casting away the leafe ( if it be not a peare plum-tree : for that would haue two or three leaues ) without remouing any more of the said tayle : afterward with the point of a sharpe knife , cut off the barke of the said shoote , the patterne of a shield , of the length of a nayle . in which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together , with the residue of the tayle which you left behinde : and for the lifting vp of the said graft in scutcheon , after that you haue cut the barke of the shoote round about , without cutting of the wood within , you must take it gently with your thumbe , and in putting it away you must presse vpon the wood from which you pull it , that so you may bring the bud and all away together with the scutcheon : for if you leaue it behinde with the wood , then were the scutcheon nothing worth . you shall finde out if the scutcheon be nothing worth , if looking within when it is pulled away from the wood of the same sute , you finde it to haue a hole within , but more manifestly , if the bud doe stay behind in the wood , which ought to haue beene in the scutcheon . thus your scutcheon being well raised and taken off , hold it a little by the tayle betwixt your lips , without wetting of it , euen vntil you haue cut the barke of the tree where you would graft it , and looke that it be cut without any wounding of the wood within , after the manner of a c●utch , but somewhat longer then the scu●cheon that you haue to set in it , and in no place cutting the wood within ; after you haue made incision , you must open it , and make it gape wide on both sides , but in all manner of gentle handling , and that with little sizers of bone , and separating the wood and the barke a little within , euen so much as your scutcheon is in length and breadth : you must take heed that in d●ing hereof , you do not hart the bark . this done take your scutcheon by the end , and your tayle which you haue left remaining , and put into your incision made in your tree , lifting vp softly your two sides of the incision with your said sizers of bone , and cause the said scutcheon to ioyne , and lye as close as may be , with the wood of the tree , being cut , as aforesaid , in waying a little vpon the end of your rinde : so cut and let the vpper part of your scutcheon lye close vnto the vpper end of your incision , or barke of your said tree : afterward binde your scutcheon about with a band of hempe , as thicke as a pen of a q●ill , more or lesse , according as your tree is small or great , taking the same hempe in the middest , to the end that either part of it may performe a like seruice ; and wreathing and binding of the said scutcheon into the incision of a tree , and it must not be tyed too strait , for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other , being hindred thereby , and neither the scutcheon , nor yet the hempe must be moist or wet : and the more iustly to binde them together , begin at the back● side of the tree , right ouer against the middest of the incision , and from thence come forward to ioyne them before , aboue the eylet and tayle of the scutcheon , crossing your band of hempe , so oft as the two ends meet , and from thence returning backe againe , come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets : and thus cast about your band still backward and forward , vntill the whole cleft of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said hempe , the eylet onely excepted , and his tayle which must not be couered at all ; his tayle will fall away one part after another , and that shortly after the ingrafting , if so be the scutcheon will take . leaue your trees and scutcheons thus bound , for the space of one moneth , and the thicker , a great deale longer time . afterward looke them ouer , and if you perceiue them to grow together , vntye them , or at the leastwise cut the hempe behinde them , and leaue them vncouered . cut also your branch two or three fingers aboue that , so the impe may prosper the better : and thus let them remaine till after winter , about the moneth of march , and aprill . if you perceiue that your budde of your scutcheon doe swell and come forward : then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts , aboue the scutcheon : for if it be cut off too neere the scutcheon , at such time as it putteth forth his first blossome , it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it , and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past , and that the shoote beginneth to be strong : beginning to put forth the second bud and blossome , you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three fingers in the top of the tree , which you left there , when you cut it in the yeere going before , as hath beene said . when your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length , you must sticke downe there , euen hard ioyned thereunto , little stakes , tying them together very gently and easily ; aud these shall stay your shootes and prop them vp , letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them . thus you may graft white roses in red , and red in white . thus you may graft two or three scutcheons : prouided that they be all of one side : for they will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee all staruelings , ne●ther would they be directly one ouer another ; for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree , and so those aboue should consume in penury , and vndergoe the aforesaid inconuenience . you must note , that the scutcheon which is gathered from the sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre , must be cut in square forme , and not in the plaine fashion of a scutcheon . it is ordinary to graffe the sweet quince tree , bastard peach-tree , apricock-tree , iuiube-tree , sowre cherry treee , sweet cherry-tree , and chestnut tree , after this fashion , howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily , and more profitably ; although diuers be of contrary opinion , as thus best : take the grafts of sweet quince tree , and bastard peach-tree , of the fairest wood , and best fed that you can finde , growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old , because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the others : and you shall graffe them vpon small plum-tree stocks , being of the thicknes of ones thumbe ; these you shall cut after the fashion of a goats foot : you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides then one , being about a foot high from the ground ; you must open it with your small wedge : and being thus grafted , it will seeme to you that it is open but of one side ; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little mosse , putting thereto some gummed wax , or clay , and binde it vp with oziers to keepe it surer , because the stocke is not strong enough it selfe to hold it , and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others are dealt withall : this is most profitable . the time of grafting . all moneths are good to graft in , ( the moneth of october and nouember onely excepted ) but commonly , graft at that time of the winter , when sap beginneth to arise . in a cold countrey graft later , and in a warme countrey earlier . the best time generall is from the first of february , vntill the first of may. the grafts must alwaies be gathered , in the old of the moone . for grafts choose shootes of a yeere old , or at the furthermost two yeeres old . if you must carry grafts farre , pricke them into a turnep newly gathered , or say earth about the ends . if you set stones of plummes , almonds , nuts , or peaches : first let them lye a little in the sunne , and then steepe them in milke or water , three or foure daye● before you put them into the earth . dry the kernels of pippins , and sow them in the end of nouember . the stone of a plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in nouember , or february . the date-stone must be set the great end downwards , two cubits deepe in the earth , in a place enriched with dung . the peach-stone would be set presently after the fruit is eaten , some quantity of the flesh of the peach remaining about the stone . if you will haue it to be excellent , graft is afterward vpon an almond tree . the little sie●s of cherry-trees , grown thicke with haire , rots , and those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great cherry-trees , being remoued , doe grow better and sooner then they which come of stones : but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or three yeeres old , the branches must be lopped . the contents of the art of propagating plants . the art of propagating plants . page 109. grafting in the barke . p. 111. grafting in the cleft . p. 113. grafters tooles . time of planting & seting . time of grafting . how to cut the stumps in grafting . sprouts and imps : how gathered . grafting like a scutcheon . p. 116. inoculation in the barke . empla●ster-w●se grafting . to pr●cke stick●s to beare the first yeere . to haue cherries or plums without stones . to make quinces great . to set stones of plummes . dates , nut , and peaches . to make fruit smell well . to plant cherry-trees . the hvsband mans frvitefvll orchard . for the true ordering of all sorts of fruits in their due seasons ; and how double increase commeth by care in gathering yeere after yeare : as also the best way of carriage by land or by water : with their preseruation for longest continuance . of all stone fruit , cherries are the first to be gathered : of which , though we reckon foure sorts ; engl●sh , flemish , gascoyne and blacke , yet are they reduced to two , the early , and the ordinary : the earely are those whose grafts came first from france and flanders , and are now ripe with vs in may : the ordinary is our owne naturall cherry , and is not ripe before iune ; they must be carefully kept from birds , either with nets , noise , or other industry . they are not all ripe at once , nor may be gathered at once , therefore with a light ladder , made to stand of it selfe , without hurting the boughes , mount to the tree , and with a gathering hooke , gather those which be full ripe , and put them into your cherry-pot , or kybzey hanging by your side , or vpon any bough you please , and be sure to breake no stalke , but that the cherry hangs by ; and pull them gently , lay them downe tenderly , and handle them as little as you can . for the conueyance or portage of cherries , they are best to be carried in broad baskets like siues , with smooth yeelding bottomes , onely two broad laths going along the bottome : and if you doe trasport them by ship , or boate , let not the siues be fil'd to the top , lest setting one vpon another , you bruise and hurt the cherries : if you carry by horse-backe , then panniers well lined with fearne , and packt full and close is the best and safest way . now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite , as n●rtarines , apricockes , peaches , peare-plumbes , damsons , bullas , and such like , although in their seuerall kinds , they seeme not to be ripe at once on one tree : yet when any is ready to drop from the tree , though the other seeme hard , yet they may also be gathered , for they haue receiued the full substance the tree can giue them ; and therefore the day being faire , and the dew drawne away ; set vp your ladder , and as you gathered your cherries , so gather them : onely in the bottomes of your large siues , where you part them , you shall lay nettles , and likewise in the top , for that will ripen those that are most vnready . in gathering of peares are three things obserued ; to gather for expence , for transportation , or to sell to the apothecary . if for expence , and your owne vse , then gather them as soone as they change , and are as it were halfe ripe , and no more but those which are changed , letting the rest hang till they change also : for thus they will ripen kindely , and not rot so soone , as if they were full ripe at the gathering . but if you● peares be to be transported farre either by land or water , then pull one from the tree , and cut it in the middest , and if you finde it hollow about the choare , and the kernell a large space to lye in : although no peare be ready to drop from the tree , yet then they may be gathered , and then laying them on a heape one vpon another , as of necessi●y they must be for transportation , they will ripen of themselues , and eate kindly : but gathered before , they will wither , shrinke and eate rough , losing not onely their taste , but beauty . now for the manner of gathering ; albeit some climb into the trees by the boughes , and some by ladder , yet both is amisse : the best way is with the ladder before spoken of , which standeth of it selfe , with a basket and a line , which being full , you must gently let downe , and keeping the string still in your hand , being emptied , draw it vp againe , and so finish your labou● , without troubling your selfe , or hurting the tree . now touching the gathering of apples , it is to be done according to the ripening of the fruite ; your summer apples first , and the winter after . for summer fruit , when it is ripe , some will drop from the tree , and birds will be picking at them : but if you cut one of the greenest , and finde it as was shew'd you before of the peare : then you may gather them , and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection . for your winter fruit , you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation before shewed ; but it must be gathered in a faire , sunny , and dry day , in the waine of the moone , and no wind in the ●●st , also after the deaw is gone away : for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to rot and mi● dew : also you must haue an apron to gather in , and to empty into the great baskets , and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you , which you cannot reach with your hands at ease : the apron is to be an ell euery way , loopt vp to your girdle , so as it may serue for either hand without any trouble : and when it is full , vnloose one of your loopes , and empty it gently into the great basket , for in throwing them downe roughly , their owne stalkes may pricke them ; and those which are prickt , will euer rot . againe , you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues or brunts , because the one hurts the tree , for euery brunt would be a stalke for fruit to grow vpon : the other hurts the fruit by bruising , and pricking it as it is layd together , and there is nothing sooner rotteth fruite , then the gre●ne and withe●ed leaues lying amongst them ; neither must you gather them without any stalke at all : for such fruit will begin to rot where the stalke stood . for sach fruit as falleth from the trees , and are not gathered , they must not be layd with the gathered fruit : and of fallings there are two sorts ; one that fals through ripenesse , and they are ●est , and may be kept to ba●e or roast : the other windfals , and before they are ripe ; and they must be spent as they are gathered , or else they will wither and come to nothing : and t●●●e●o●e it is not good by any meane● to beate downe fruit with poales , or to carrie them in carts loose and iogging , or in sacks where they may be bruised . when your fruit is gathered , you shall lay them in deepe baskets of wicker , which shall containe foure or sixe bushels , and so betweene two men , carry them to your apple-loft , and in shooting or laying them downe , be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse , and leasure , laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe : but if there be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them seuerally , then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour , and of winter fruit , such as will taste alike , may if need require , be laid together , and in time you may separate them , as shall bee shewed hereafter . but if your fruit be gathered faire from your apple-loft , then must the bottomes of your baskets be lined with greene ferne , and draw the stuborne ends of the same through the basket , that none but the soft leafe may touch the fruit , and likewise couer the tops of the baskets with ferne also , and draw small cord ouer it , that the ferne may not fall away , nor the fruit scatter out , oriogge vp and downe : and thus you may carry fruite by land or by water , by boat , or cart , as farre as you please : and the ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising , but also ripens them , especially peares . when your fruit is brought to your apple-loft or store● house , if you finde them not ripened enough , then lay them in thicker heapes vpon fearne , and couer them with ferne also : and when they are neere ripe , then vncouer them , and make the heapes thinner , so as the ayre may passe thorow them : and if you will not hasten the ripening of them , then lay them on the boords without any fearne at all . now for winter , or long lasting peares , they may be packt either in ferne or straw , and carried whither you please ; and being come to the iourneys end , must be laid vpon sweet straw ; but beware the roome be not too warme , not windie , and too cold , for both are hurtfull : but in a temperate place , where they may haue ayre , but not too much . wardens are to be gathered , carried , packt , and laid as winter peares are . medlers are to be gathered about michaelmas , after a frost hath toucht them ; at which time they are in their full growth , and will then be dropping from the tree , but neuer ripe vpon the tree . when they are gathered , they must be laid in a basket , siue , barrell , or any such caske , and wrapt about with woollen cloths , vnder , ouer , and on all sides , and also some waight laid vpon them , with a boord betweene : for except they be brought into a heat , they will neuer ripen kindly or taste well . now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe , the ripest , still as they ripen , must be taken from the rest : therefore powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely , that so you may well finde them that be ripest , letting the hard one fall into the other basket , and those which be ripe laid aside : the other that be halfe ripe , seuer also into a third siue or basket : for if the ripe and halfe ripe be kept together , the one will be mouldy , before the other be ripe : and thus doe , till all be throughly ripe . qu●nces should not be laid with other fruite ; for the sent is offensiue both to other fruite , and to those that keepe the fruit or come amongst them : therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe , where they may haue ayre enough : they must be packt like medlers , and gathered with medlers . apples must be packt in wheat or rye-straw , and in maunds or baskets lyned with the same , and being gently handled , will ripen with such packing and lying together . if seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one maund or basket , then betweene euery sort , lay sweet strawe of a pretty thicknesse . apples must not be powred out , but with care and leasure : first , the straw pickt cleane from them , and then gently take out euery seuerall sort , and place them by themselues : but if for want of roome you mixe the sorts together , then lay those together that are of equall lasting ; but if they haue all one taste , then they need no separation . apples that are not of like colours should not be laid together , and if any such be mingled , let it be amended , and those which are first ripe , let them be first spent ; and to that end , lay those apples together , that are of one time of ripening : and thus you must vse pippins also , yet will they endure bruises better then other fruit , and whilst they are greene will heale one another . pippins though they grow of one tree , and in one ground , yet some will last better then other some , and some will bee bigger then others of the same kinde , according as they haue more or lesse of the sunne , or more or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches : therefore let euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest , and longest lasting . againe , the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the age of the tree : for as the t●ee increaseth , so the fruite increaseth in bignesse , beauty , taste , and firmnesse : and otherwise , as it decreaseth . if you be to transport your fruit farre by water , then prouide some dry hogges-heads or barrells , and packe in your apples , one by one with your hand , that no empty place may be left , to occasion sogging ; and you must line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw ; but not the sides , to auoid heat : and you must bore a dozen holes at either end , to receiue ayre so much the better ; and by no meanes let them take wet . some vse , that transport beyond seas , to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw : but it is not so good , if caske may be gotten . it is not good to transport fruite in march , when the wind blowes bitterly , nor in frosty weather , neither in the extreme heate of summer . if the quantity be small you would carry , then you may carry them in dossers or panniers , prouided they be euer filled close , and that cherries and peares be lined with greene fearne , and apples with sweete straw ; and that , but at the bottomes and tops , not on the sides . winter fruite must lye neither too hot , nor too cold ; too close , nor too open : for all are offensiue . a lowe roome or cellar that is sweet , and either boorded or paued , and not too close , is good , from christmas till march : and roomes that are seeled ouer head , and from the ground , are good from march till may : then the cellar againe , from may till michaelmas . the apple loft would be seeled or boorded , which if it want , take the longest rye-straw , and raise it against the walles , to make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth ; and let it be no thicker then to keepe the fruite from the wall , which being moyst , may doe hurt , or if not moist , then the dust is offensiue . there are some fruite which will last but vntill allhallontide : they must be laid by themselues ; then those which will last till christmas , by themselues : then those which will last till it be ●andlemas , by themselues : those that will last till shrouetide , by themselues : and pippins , apple-iohns , peare-maines , and winter-russettings , which will last all the yeere by themselues . now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes , pick them out , and with a trey for the purpose , see you turne the heapes ouer , and leaue not a tainted apple in them , diuiding the hardest by themselues , and the broken skinned by themselues to be first spent , and the rotten ones to be cast away ; and euer as you turne them , and picke them , vnder-lay them with fresh straw : thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse , which otherwise would rot suddenly . pippins , iohn apples , peare maines , and such like long lasting fruit , need not to be turned till the weeke before christmas , vnlesse they be mixt with other of a riper kind , or that the fallings be also with them , or much of the first straw left amongst them : the next time of turning is at shroue-tide ; and after that , once a moneth till whitson-tide ; and after that , once a fortnight ; and euer in the turning , lay your heapes lower and lower , and your straw very thinne : prouided you doe none of this labour in any great frost , except it be in a close celler . at euery thawe , all fruit is moyst , and then they must not be touched : neither in rainy weather , for then they will be danke also : and therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes , and doores , that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them , as at nine of the clocke in the fore-noone in winter ; and at sixe in the fore-noone , and at eight at night in summer : onely in march , open not your windowes at all . all lasting fruite , after the middest of may , beginne to wither , because then they waxe dry , and the moisture gone , which made them looke plumpe : they must needes wither , and be smaller ; and nature decaying , they must needes rot . and thus much touching the ordering of fruites . finis . london , printed by nicholas okes for iohn harison , at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row . 1631. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a05195-e3510 religious . honest. skilfull . painfull . wages . kinds of trees . soyle . barren earth . plaine . moyst . grasse . naturally plaine . crust of the earth . low and neere a riuer . psal 1.3 . ez● . ●7 . 8 . 〈◊〉 39.17 . mr. markham . winds . chap. 13. sunne . trees against a wall . orchard as good as a corn-field . compared with a vinyard . compared with a garden . what quantity of ground● want is no hinderance . how landlords . by their te●an●s may mak● flour●shing orchards in england . the vsuall forme is a square . a. al these squares must bee set with trees , the gardens and other ornaments must stand on spaces betwixt the trees , & in the borders & fences . b. trees 20. yards asunder . c. garden knots . d. kitchen garden . e. bridge . f. conduit . g. staires . h. walkes set with great wood thicke . i. walkes set with great wood round about your orchard . k. the out fence . l. the out fence set with stone-fruite . m. mount to force earth for a mount , or such like set it round with quicke , and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward , with the cart●● in the midle . n. s●ill-house . o. good standing for bees , if you haue an house . p. if the riuer run by your doore , & vnder your mount , it will be pleasant . effects of euill fencing . let the fence be your owne . kinds of fences , earthen walles . pale and raile . stone walls . quicke wood and moates . moates . slip● . bur-knot . vsuall sets . maine rootes cut . stow sets remoued . generall rule . ●ying of trees . generall rule . signes of diseases , chap 13. suckers good sets . a running plant. sets bought . the best sets . vnremoued how . sets vngrafted best of all . time of remouing . generall rule . remooue soone . the manner of setting . set in the crust . moysture good . gra●ts must be fenced . hurts of too neere planting . remedy . generall rule . all touches hartfull . the best distance of trees . the part● of a tree . waste ground in an orchard . kinds of gra●●ing . graft how . a graft what . eyes . generall rule . time of graffing . gathering graffes . graffes of old ●●ees . where taken . emmits . incising . a great stocke . packing thus . inoculating . necessity 〈…〉 sli●g trees . generall rule . profit of trees dressed . the end of trees . trees will take any forme . the end of trees . how to dresse a fruit-tree . benefits of good ●ressing . time best for proining , dressing betime . faults of euill drest trees , and the remedy . the forme altered . dressing of old trees . faults are fiue , and their remedies . 1 1 long boale . no remedy . 2 2 water boughs . remedy . barke-pild , and the remedy . fretters . touching . remedy . suckers . remedy . one principall top or bough , and remedy . instruments for dressing . necessity effoiling . trees great suckers . great bodies . time fit for foyling . kind of foyle . two kinds of euils in an orchard . galls . canker . mosse . weaknesse in setting . barke-bound . worme . remedy . barke pild . wounds . remedy . hurts on trees ants , earewigs , caterpillars , and such like wormes . externall euils . remedy . decre , &c. birds . remedy . other trees . winds . frosts . weeds . remedy . wormes moales . remedy . wilfull annoyances . remedy . the age o● trees . gathered by reason out of experience . parts of a trees age . mans age . the age of timbe● tree● . age of trees disc●rne● . generall rule cherries . &c. apples . when. dry stalkes . seuerally . ouerladen ●●ees . instruments . bruises . keeping . cydar and perry . fruit. waters . conserue . d●li●ht the chiefe end o● orchards . an orchard delightsome . an orchard is paradise . causes of wearisomnesse . orchard is the remedy . all delight in orchard● . this delights all the sences . delighteth old age . causes of delight in an orchard . flowers . borders and squares . mounts . whence you may shoote a bucke . dyall . musique . walkes . seates . order of trees . shape of men and beasts . mazes . bowle● alley . buts . hearbes . conduit . riuer . moats . bees . vine . birds . n●●hting●le . robin-red-brest . wren . black-bird . thrush . your owne labour . notes for div a05195-e9940 dry. hops . plaine . bee-house . hiues . hiuing of bees . spelkes . catching . clustering . droanes . annoyances . taking of bees . straining honey . vessels . notes for div a05195-e15060 cherries . gathering of cheries . to carry che●rie● . other stone-fruit . g●thering of peares . gathering of apples . to vse the fallings carriage of fruit . of wardens . of medlers . of ●uince● . to packe apples . emptying and laying apples . difference in fruit. transporting fruit by water . when not to transport fruit . to conuay small store of fruit . roomes for fruite . sorting of fruit. times of stirring fruit . the french gardiner instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees and herbs for the garden : together with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural / first written by r.d.c.d.w.b.d.n. ; and now transplanted into english by phiocepos. jardinier françois. english. 1658 bonnefons, nicolas de. 1658 approx. 327 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 168 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-05 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a28676 wing b3598 estc r28517 10618174 ocm 10618174 45415 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a28676) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 45415) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1350:8) the french gardiner instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees and herbs for the garden : together with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural / first written by r.d.c.d.w.b.d.n. ; and now transplanted into english by phiocepos. jardinier françois. english. 1658 bonnefons, nicolas de. evelyn, john, 1655-1699. phiocepos. [8], 294, [11] p., [4] leaves of plates : ill. printed by j.c. for john crooke, london : 1658. "three times printed in france and once in holland." epistle dedicatory signed: j.e. reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the 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readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng fruit-culture -france. gardening -early works to 1800. 2002-05 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-06 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-07 olivia bottum sampled and proofread 2003-02 aptara rekeyed and resubmitted 2003-03 jennifer kietzman sampled and proofread 2003-03 jennifer kietzman text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a hertochs fecit the french gardiner : instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees , and herbs for the garden : together with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural ; three times printed in france , and once in holland . an accomplished piece , first written by r. d. c. d. w. b. d. n. and now transplanted into english by philocepos . london , printed by i. c. for iohn crooke at the ship in st. pauls church-yard . 1658. to my most honour'd and worthy friend thomas henshaw , esquire . sir , i have at length obey'd your commands , only i wish the instance had bin more considerable : though i cannot but much approve of the designe and of your election in this particular work , which is certainly the best that is exstant upon this subject , notwithstanding the plenty which these late years have furnish'd us withal . i shall forbear to publish the accident which made you engage me upon this traduction ; because i have long since had inclinations , and a design of communicating some other things of this nature from my own experience : and especially , concerning the ornaments of gardens , &c. because , what respects the soyle , the situation and the planting is here performed to my hand with so mu●h ingenuity , as that i conceive there can very little be added , to render it a piece absolute and without reproach . in order to this , my purpose was to introduce the least known ( though not the least delicious ) appendices to gardens ; and such as are not the names only , but the descriptions , plots , materials , and wayes of contriving the ground for parterrs , grotts , fountains ; the propor●ions of walks , perspectives , rocks , aviaries , vivaries , apiaries , pots , conservatories , piscina's , groves , crypta's , cabinets , eccho's , statues , and other ornaments of a vigna , &c. without which the best garden is without life , and very defective . together with a treatise of flowers , and ever-greens ; especially the palisades and contr-espaliers of alaternus , which most incomparable verdure , together with the right culture of it , for beauty and fence , i might glory to have been the first propagator in england . this , i say , i intended to have published for the benefit or divertisement of our country , had not some other things unexpectedly intervened , which as yet hinder the birth and maturity of that embryo . be pleased , sir , to accept the productions of your own commands ; as a lover of gardens you did promote it , as a lover of you i have translated it . and in the mean time that the great ones are busied about governing the world ( which is but a wildernesse ) let us call to minde the rescript of dioclesian to those who would perswade him to re-assume the empire . for it is impossible that he who is a true virtuoso , and has attain'd to the felicity of being a good gardener , should give jealousie to the state where he lives . this is not advice to you who know so well how to cultivate both your self and your garden : but because it is the only way to enjoy a garden , and to preserve its reputation . sir , i am your most humble and most obedient servant j. e. to the reader . i advertise the reader that what i have couched in four sections at the end of this volume , under the name of an appendix , is but a part of the third treatise in the original : there remaining three chapters more concerning preserving of fruits with sugar ; which i have therefore expresly omitted , because it is a mysterie that i am little acquainted withall ; and that i am assured by a lady ( who is a person of quality , and curious in that art ) that there is nothing of extraordinary amongst them , but what the fair sex do infinitely exceed , whenever they please to divertise themselves in that sweet employment . there is also another book of the same author intituled les delices de la campagne , ( or the delights of the countrey ) being as a second part of this : wherein you are taught to prepare and dresse whatsoever either the earth or the water do produce , dedicated to the good housewives : there you are instructed to make all sorts of french bread , and the whole mysterie of the pastry , wines , and all sorts of drinks . to accommodate all manner of roots good to eat ; cocking of flesh and fish , together with precepts how the major domo is to order the services , and treat persons of quality at a feast , a la mode de france , which such as affect more then i , and do not understand in the original , may procure to be interpreted , but by some better hand then he that did the french cook , which ( being as i am informed an excellent book of its kinde ) is miserably abused for want of skill in the kitchin. if any man think it an employment fit for the translator of this former part ; it will become him to know , that though i have some experience in the garden , and more divertisement , yet i have none in the shambles ; and that what i here present him was to gratifie a noble friend , who had only that empire over me , as to make me quit some more serious employments for a few dayes in obedinc● to his command . farewell . the french gardiner . the first treatise . section i. of the place , of the earth and mould of the garden , together with the means to recover and meliorate ill ground . site . all those who have written concerning the husbandry of the countrey , have accompanied it with so many insupportable difficulties about the disposition of the edifices , and other parts appertaining to the demesnes , that it were altogether impossible to accommodate a place sutable to their prescription : forasmuch as the situations never perfectly correspond to their desires : and therefore i shall by no means oblige you to the particular site of your garden , ; you shall make use of the places as you finde them , if already they are laid out : or else you shall ( with good advice ) prepare a new one in some part that lyes most convenient to your mansion . soile . touching the ground , if you meet with that which is good , it will be to your great advantage , and much lessen your expence : but it is very rarely to be found where the land doth not require a great deale of labour : for many times the surface of the ground shall be good , which ( being opened the depth of a spade-bit onely ) will be found all clay underneath which is a more pernicious mould for trees then the very gravell it self : since in gravell , the rootes may yet encounter some smal veynes for their passage in searching the moysture beneath from whence to draw nourishment : but the clayie which is a sort of earth ( wherewithall the bakers of paris do make the hearths of their ovens ) is like a board , so thick , and hard , that the roots cannot peirce it : and in the extraordinary heats of sommer it hinders the moysture which is below , that it can by no means penetrate ; in so much as the trees and other plants become so extreamely drie , that instead of advancing their growth they altogether languish , and in conc●usion perish . dressing for redresse of this defect , there is onely one expedient ; and that is by hollowing and breaking up the ground 3 or 4 foot deep , beginning with a trench 4 or 5 foot large , the whole length of the place that you will thus open , casting the several moulds all upon one side ; and thus when your trench is voyded and emptied to the depth which you desire , you shall cast in long dung , of the marc , or husks of the wine-presse , or cider , and fearne ( which if you can commodiously procure is of all other composts the best ) leaves of trees , even to the rotten sticks and mungy stuffe to be found under old wood piles , mosse , and such like trash ; in fine whatever you can procure with the most ease and least charge : for all the design in this stirring the ground is onely to keep it hollow , that so the moysture beneath may invigorate the trees , and plants during the excessive drouths . you shall therefore lay it halfe a foot thick at the bottome of your trench ; and afterwards dig a second of the same proportion , casting the mould which lies uppermost ( and which is ever the best ) upon the dung , and so making this second trench as deep as the former , you shall fill your first trench ; and the mould which you found undermost , shall now lye on the top , thus continuing your trenches , till you have finished the whole piece . peradventure you may object , that the earth which you take from beneath , will be barren ? i confesse with you , that for the first year , the goodnesse of it will not appear , but when ( with that little amendment which you bestow upon it ) it shall be mellow'd by the rains , and frosts of one winter , it shall produce abundantly more then what before lay above , which being exhausted and worn out through the long usage , hath certainly lost a great part of its vertue . neither are all seasons proper for this labour ; because during the great heats , this earth is so extreamely hard and bound , that neither crow , nor pick-axe can enter it . the winter is then the most convenient season of all other ; for as much as the autumn raines , having well moystned the earth , it is dug with the more facility ; and besides , the rain , the snow , and the frosts , which are frequent in that season , contribute much to the work ; nor are labourers ( being at that time lesse imployed ) so chargable , as when they work in the vineyards , and during august , when they are hardly to be procured for money . as concerning the bottom , where you encounter with gravell , you shall husband it as we have allready described , by breaking it , and the stones that are mingl'd in the ground shall be carried out of the garden . but in case the gravell lie not very thick and that when it is broken up you arrive at sand , or to another smaller loose gravell , it shall suffice that it be broken up without flinging out of the trench : since the trees will shoot sufficient rootes amongst this smaller gra●vell , by reason of the moysture which the duug lying above them will coutribute . you must remember to lay excellent dung half consumed at the bottome of such trenches out of which you have cast the gravell , to the end that the rain and all other refreshings may the more easily passe through it ; especially if it be of the huskes of the presse , fearne and the like , such as we have already mentioned . you will object ( i suppose ) that to trench and dresse a whole garden in this manner is to engage one into an extraordinary expence ? i grant it indeed , but it is once for all , and the emolument which will result from one such labour , will recompence the charge an hundred fold : since the trees will be more beautifull , without mosse , or galls , and without comparison produce their fruits abundantly more faire then those which are planted in a ground which is not thus dressed . artichocks , leekes , and other rootes grow there to a monstrous bignesse : briefly you will finde your self so extreamely satisfied perceiving the difference , to what your garden produced before it was thus loosened , that you will have no cause to regret your expences . however if you would be yet more thrifty , i shall instruct you how by another expedient you may amend your garden with lesse charge , but withall , as the expence will not be so great , so neither will the product be so faire . of this i purpose to treate hereafter , in the planting of pole-hedges and the kitchen-garden . many that are curious do extreamely exceed all this : for they passe all their earth through a hurdle to cleer it from the stones , which is done by placing the hurdle or cive upon the margent of the trench , and so shoveling the mould to the top of the cive , the earth passes , and the stones rolle to the foot of the cive , which are afterwards carried forth of the garden . the forme of this cive is a frame joyned together , two inches thick , six-foot high , and five foot in breadth which shall have two crosse quarters within the height , of the same bignesse of the frame , and all the four crosse peices shall be equally b●ared about the bignesse of those sticks which the chandlers use to make their candles on ; these holes must be a fingers thicknesse distant one from another , and in them you shall fit sticks of dog-wood because it is tough and very hard when it is dry , and which will endure longer without breaking then any other . note , that both the top , and the bottome of your frame must be pierced quite through , that when any of the sticks are broken , you may put new ones in their places , fastning them with small wedges at the extreames . sect . ii. of espaliers , or wal-fruit and of single pole-hedges and shruls . wall-fruit ▪ ●edges . wal-fruits being the principal ornament of gardens it is most reasonable that we should assigne them the most eminent place and give a full description of them , as being indeed the subject upon which i determine chiefly to discourse in this first treatise . by espalier , we mean those trees with which the wals of gardens be adorned and furnished : to bring this to perfection you must make a large trench , as i have described it before . if the ground be of clay , you are to husband it as hath bin spoken of clay , and if of a rocky nature , as of rocky : but you shall leave one foot of earth unbroken , next to the wal , for fear least you indanger the foundation ; and after having layed a bed of dung , of halfe a foot thick at the bottome of your trench , you shall cast thereupon , of the very best mould which came forth of the trench to the thicknesse of a foot ; this done , you shall marke out the places where you design to plant your trees , which shall be at a reasonable distance . that of twelve foot to me seems the most convenient ; but this at your owne discretion , i shall oblige you to no law , every man hath his particular fancy , but my opinion is , that if they are planted neerer , they will much incommode one another in few years , if farther remote , and that a tree chance to die , or that you graft an other , whose fruit may peradventure not pleas● you it will extreamly vex you to see your wal so long disfurnished , and naked in that place . distance . having thus marked the place for your trees , according to the proportion of 12 feet , you shall cause the pits where you plant them to be filled ( at three foot distance from either side of your marke ) with the best mould , which must be mingled with short dung of an old melon bed , or else with some other , which before had bin employed in your garden for plants ; and thus there will remaine a space of six foot , in which intervall you shall cast a second layer of cow , hogs , or sheeps dung very fat and well rotten , after this you shall fling thereupon the mould which you had out of the trench , and dressing your border , make it very even . planting . you shall make the holes for your trees , at the places before marked out , and plant them handsomly , making a small heap in the center of the pitt , to set your tree upon , whilst you extend the roots all about it , drawing them downward , and then the hole being filled , and the mould cast in , you may tread it about the tree the better to fix it , and fil up the hollow places . you may if you please , before you plant , break away the ledge of earth to the very wall a foot on either side of the place where you intend to plant your trees , without the least prejudice to your wall . you shall set your tree a foot distant from the wal , the branches somewhat inclining towards it , for the more ornament in their growth , this will also bring the roots better to the middle of your trench , by which they will more easily finde nourishment . have a special care that you put no other dung neer the roots of your trees , then that short stuff of the old bed ( which it will be good to mingle also with store of excellent mould ) least the summer burne it all ; for as much as new dung keeps the earth hollow and loose till it be totally consumed ; but if otherwise you cast it into the intervalls , when your trees are once taken , and that their roots within 2 or 3 years have found this excellent dung ( which will by that time be quite rotten ) they will shoot wonderfully , produce a clean bark , and most incomparable fruit . concerning esphaliers ( which i will english palisades ) i will shew you severall formes of accommodating then according to the age of your trees . * the first is , to fix small stakes into the ground halfe a foot distant from your wal , to begin to conduct the tender sprouts of your trees , and if need require , you may add some cross poles or lathes , as many as are necessary , binding to them your tender shoots with the gentlest osiers , or rushes , without knitting them too fast , but onely to guide them for the pr●sent . the second manner shall be to make a hedge of poles , and la●hes equally cancelled and well bound , which , being of greater strength then the former , will oblige the trees to what flexure and forme you please . the third is a lattice fashioned to the wall , and supported with the bones of horses legs or by iron hooks , fixed in the wall , least otherwise the tree , rising and forceing it to come at the fresh aire , bend it forwards , and break or overturne the hedg , whose stakes are onely fixed in the loose and newly broken up earth , and besides , with length of time they become rotten . see the figure or first plate . the fourth , which is the most substantial of all the rest , and more easily maintained , is to place in the wall the ends of woodden blocks , about the bignesse of a strong rafter , which are to be placed at eight equidistant squares , projecting onely six inches from the wall , in which you shall boar holes with an auger an inch and an half deep , and some two inches from the ends : be sure to place them at equal distance , for height , and breadth ; and in the middest of every square , there shall be also one block , resembling the figure of a quincunce . then you shall provide lathes , or poles , which you shall cause to be made exactly of the length , that your blocks-ends are placed , which lathes or poles you shall shave and fit at both ends , to enter into the holes made in the extreames of the blocks , and to fix them well you shall bend them alittle like a bow , putting the two ends into the opposite holes and letting the bow goe , they will force in themselves so strongly as that they shall need no other fastning . the figure which is at the beginning of the treatise , will sufficiently informe you . when your trees are now a little strong , they will not need to be spread with so much wood , as when they are young ; it shall suffice in these kinds of espaliers to stop the strongest branches onely . and when any of these poles shall chance to be rotten , another may easily be supplied , reserving alwaies provision of them in your house . the fifth is , to take quarters of wood , a little bigger then your poles , and to accommodate them to your iron hooks , or horses bones ( as we have said above ) and bind them with copper or brasse wyre which will continue a very long time . as they are frequently in france , with a kind of rough-cast if the wall be built of unhewen stone . the sixth and last fashion , to plie or palisade your trees ( and which is the handsomest and most ageeable , but cannot easily be made , save where the walls are plastred over ) is to take shreads of leather , or lists , of cloath with which you shall stay the tender branches , fixing the list of the cloath to the wall with a naile , and so the boughs will take their plie as they grow bigger , without either casting forwards , or loosning the nailes , which will rust within the wall . these three last manners of espaliers are in greatest practise , to defend the trees from snailes , earewigs , stotes , & other noxious infects which creep into the withy twigs , and betwixt the rinds of round poles , which are not quarter wood . be carefull not to plant any tree in the coines or angles of your walls ; since they can there come but to half their nourishment ; and besides in so doing it will marr the figure of your garden , the tree shooting forth all his branches forward , to come at the aire . pole-hedges . the counter espalier is a hedge which formes all the walkes and allies of the garden , it is planted in the same manner as the former , excepting onely that the trench shall be at the least four foot broad , causing the moulds to be cast , the good upon one side , and the worse upon the other , that so you may fling the best into the bottome of your trench , and the rest upon it . then you shall plant your trees in lines very even , perpendicular and not inclining as in wall-fruit . the wood which supports these trees must of necessity be fixed in the earth , and bound athwart with poles : all the curiosity which can be expressed in this manner of hedge , is to make it with quarter wood and bind them with iron or brasse wyre . there are some , to spare the charge of maintaining these palisads , satisfie themselves with b●nding and joyning the trees together when they are strong enough , but then they ought to be planted nine foot asunder ; and the mischief is , that they are extreamly subject to be shaken by high winds . shrubs . 〈…〉 kitchin-garden by the path sides ; which one may cut in what figure he please , round , square , flat at top , or let grow in the shape of a cypresse ; in clipping whereof men are rather satisfied with their forme , then their fruit , which the walls and contr ' espaliers abundantly afford . you shall therefore plant them in the most commodious places of your borders , and at equal distances one from another , observing what i have already taught concerning planting . the description which i have given you of planting your trees , will exempt you of the expence of trenching your whole garden ; the allies and walkes not so much needing it , for before the trees shall come to shoot their roots as far as the walks , they will have sufficient strength to pierce them and search out the best ground . howbeit you shall not leave your allies neglected , but shall cause them to be diligently weeded , and especially be carefull to cleanse them of couch or dog-grasse to the very least string , though you dig after it a spadebit deep , continually shaking it from the earth ; and if after all this you perceive any of it remaining , be sure to eradicate it how deep soever it lie , that so you may utterly exterminate a weed so extreamly noxious to your garden . section . iii. of trees , and of the choice which ought to be made of them . trees their choice . it is to no purpose to have well prepared your ground , unlesse you also plant it with the best and choycest fruit , which you may find in the nurseries of such gardiners as have the reputation of honest and trusty men ; for the greater part of those which ●ell , usually cheat those who deale with them . therefore of such , i shall not advise you to buy any , unlesse you first see the fruit on them , and so you may retaine them from that time , sealing them with little labels or bonds of parchment , with your own seale , that thereby when you take them up , you may be sure of your purchace . with those whom you may confide in , for their faithfull delivery , you may be lesse exact ; however it shall not be amisse to seale them , though it were onely to give other customers notice , that you have already bargain'd for them . if you desire to mark the species , you may effect it two manner of waies ; one by writing the name of the tree upon small pieces of slate , and the other , by binding to them locks of wooll died with several coulours , whereof you shall make a memorandum , and this shall serve you to difcerne your trees in planting , them , that so distinguishing your summer fruit from the winter , your wals , espaliers , contr ' espaliers and bushes may afford an object more agreeable , since they will never be intirely naked , but will here and there be still furnished with fruits , and also that you may the better sever them , that two of the same sort be not contiguous to one another . pears . the fruits which you shall make particular choyce of , as for pears ( if you desire to make profit of them in the market ) shall be the summer and winter bon-chrestien , the muscat , the great and lesser rath-ripe peare , the portail , the summer and winter bergamotte , st. lezin , amadotte , bezidairy , double flower , the great russeting of rheims , the perfume pear , and p●ire boeure of both sorts , the messire iohn , cir● , cadilla● , and what ever other you finde to sell dearest . apples . for apples , the renettings of severall sorts , cour-pendu , red pipin , chesnut , apis gros and petit , pigeonnet the iudea and others , peaches . abricots . as for peaches and abricots , they allwaies sell well ; but these two sorts of fruits , are not so proper in espaliers , because their boughs frequently dye , sometimes upon one branch sometimes on the other , and very often quite perish , which is very illfavored to behold , by reason of the breach which it causes in your espaliers . those which are chiefly in reputation are the rath peaches or peaches of troy , alberges , pavies , cherry-peaches , violette de pau , brignons , and others . cherrie● for cherries and bigarreaux , for as much as there are particular orchards of them , i will discourse no further of them , then onely to tell you that those which have the shortest , stalke , and least stone , resembling those of the vally of montmorency are the most excellent . there are likewise precoce and rath-ripe cherries , which are to be planted where they may stand warme , and exposed to the southern aspect , or else set in cases , to be removed into the stove during the winter , together with the orange-tree : but these serve rather for curiosity then for profit . returne we therefore to the election of our trees , and let us not suffer this digression to hinder us from saying all that can be spoken upon this argument , and in particular , concerning peare trees which are the bearers of the most delicious and best fruit of your garden . that tree which is grafted upon a quince is to be preferred before all other , because t is not only an early bearer , but produces large and lovely fruite ruddy and blushing where it regards the son , and yellow on the other part which is more shaded by its thicknesse . those which are on the freestock are esteemed to beare better relished fruit but they are nothing so large , nor so rarely colour'd , as are those which be grafted upon the quince , and that 's it we principally look after for sale , other pears being allwaies of a green and lesse tempting colour : and besides , they are long in bearing , and frequently fail of blossoming , spending much in superfluous wood ; if plyed in form of wall-fruit , you prune them till they are shot up very tall , and past their utmost effort . age. concerning the age you shall best choose your trees when they are about four years growth or thereabout , as being then of a very fair size ; for if they be younger , it will be a long while ' ere they will have garnished your walls ; and if they be elder , they will have shot their great roots , which one shall endanger the breaking or splitting in transplanting them , to the exceeding prejudice of the tree , which are wounds that are a long time recovering , and it must have shot a good quantity of new strings , before it will any thing prosper . it is the opinion of very many , that one should plant a great and full grown tree once for all , forasmuch as they are so long arriving to their perfection : 〈◊〉 i am quite of another sentiment ; for i conceave that a well chosen tree , and that is of a thriving kind , of the age i have spoken , shall make a fairer root then one that is elder , and which can send out but very small twigs , though in greater quantity . shape . as to the shape and forme of the trees , be carefull that they be clean from mosse , not stubbed , sightly and thriving ; the body clean and large , that the escuchion or ●left be well recovered at the stocke , and that the tree be plentifully furnished beneath , handsomely spread and agreeable at the wall . taking up . i would have you present your selfe at the takeing up of your trees that they break off as few of the string roots as is possible , nor split or cut any of the greater roots . transporting and transplanting . choose a fair day , about st. martines , for as soon as ever you shall perceive the leafe to fall you may securelty ●ake up your trees , and then transport them as gently as may be , either on the backs of men or beasts , and plant them again with all expedition , least otherwise they languish , and the hairy-roots grow drie : but as you plant , remember to cut off the small poynts of the roots , to quicken them , and take away that which may be withered . but you must not prune them till the season , for the reasons , which i shall hereafter prescribe . from peare-trees grafted upon the freestock you should cut off the downe right root , that so the other roots may fortifie and extend themselves all about to sucke the best mould . all sorts of other trees may be drawne , transplanted , and cultivated in the same manner , without any difference or distinction . pruning . touching the pruneing of trees , the just season for those which are old planted , is in the decrease of the moon in ianuary , at which time grafts for the cleft , and crowne are to be gatherd and provided : and for such as are newly planted , they must not be disbranched till the sap begins to rise , that the wound may the soner be cured , for if you cut them in winter , the wood will be dried by the frost in place of the scar and make a stubb of dead wood to the very bud , which should else shoot neer to the cut . i could scarcely resolve with my self how to teach this art of pruning : since it would merit an express discourse to instruct you perfectly : but having in my preface resolv'd to conceal nothing from you as a secret , i had rather hazard the censure of captious persons , then hide the art from you , how you may attain the most excellent and fairest fruit : in description whereof i shall nevertheless be as succinct and brief as i can ; teaching in a very few lines ( by way of maximes ) what would employ more then two sheets , if i should give a contexture to my period . therefore you shall begin to prune , by cutting off all the shoot of august where ever you encounter it , unless the place be naked , and that you suspect the next old branch will not suffice to cover it , without cutting it off , which would exceedingly spoil and deform your tree . those young branches which proceed from the old , and shoot lustily , must be stopped at the second or third knot ; for they would attract all the sap which ought to nourish the branch : and in case the tree be plentifully garnished , you may cut them off at their first peeping ; and such as you would spare are to be conducted where you would have them continue . every branch which sprouts as well before as behinde the tree must be cut off , because they deforme it . all buds that will be fruit shall be spared ; yet if there be any at the top of a branch which you desire should fortifie and spread , cut off that branch near a sprig-bud , rubbing off the fruit-buds which are on the new shoot . every branch which is to spread and fortifie , must be prun'd , be it never so little : but on the stronger you may leave more buds , then on the weak and feeble . every branch forceably plyed to garnish any void place , doth never bear the fruit fair : but in case it be guided thither from its prrimary shooting , it will do well enough . every bud which hath but a single leaf produces only wood : that of fruit hath many , and the more , the sooner it will bear , and the greater its fruit . the fruit-bud which grows on the body of the tree produces fairer fruit , then such as break out of the collaterall twigges , and tops of branches . you shall rub off all twig-bu●s , which sprout before or behinde your trees . if you desire to have your tree soon furnished on both sides , hinder it from shooting in the middle . the more you prune a tree , the more it will shoot . you should prune but little wood from trees that are graffed on the free-stock , and which do not yet produce fruit-buds : but afterward hauing passed their effort , they will bear but too plentifully . make as few wounds in a tree as possibly you can , and rather exterminate a deformed branch , then haggle it in several places . cut your branches alwayes slanting , behind a leaf-bud , to the end they may the sooner heal their wounds without leaving any stubs , which you shall afterward cut off to the very quick , to avoid a second skar , and a great eye-sore . when your trees form into crowns or bunches , the tops of your branches that have been too much pruned , or that have cast their fruit , leaving the knots of the stalks , they are to be discharged of it , to beautifie the tree . you shall also disburthen your trees that are too fertil , commencing with the smaller , by cutting the stalks in the middle without unknotting them : the fewer the tree doth nourish , the fairer will be your fruit . nailing and pruning . the best season to binde , plash , nail and dress your trees is in the moneth february , for the greatest frosts being then past , one may cut off what is superfluous without difficulty , and besides , the sap not as yet risen , there will be no danger of breaking off the buds , knotted into fruit . but the greatest dificulty in this work , is to spread the trees handsomely like a fan when it is displayed , that is , that as the sticks or ribs of a fan , never thwart one another , so nor should the branches of your trees . spreading and this is a vulgar error amongst the greatest part of gardiners , which proceeds from their ignorance , and that they will undertake , the ordering of trees , which is a peculiar science , not to be attained amongst the cabbage-planters . error . they do extrtamly ill , when they fagot and bundle together a great many smal twigs , in one tack , which is a fault altogether unsufferable ; for indeed one should never leave above the breadth of a single branch , about all the tree ; in fine they are so stupid , that they pass , and repass the branches , and wind them about the poles which ( in palissade hedges ) are erected for their support ; or else they thrust and draw the tree behinde , and the poles before , which are so grosse mistakes , that they may not be past over without due reproach . i shall counsell these men in charity , to put themselves into the service of some skilfull gardiner for a year or two , where they may learn to order trees as they ought , and profit by his instructions . and yet notwithstanding all this , if you spie a place about your tree which is very naked and unfurnished , you may in such a case thwart some small branch to cover that eie-sore and voide , but let this be rarely , and so disposed as not easily to be discovered . dressing . it is requisite that you give foure diggings or dressings to your trees every year , and you may employ that ground by sowing it with the seeds of such hearbs , as will be in season and ready to be spent at the renewing of every dressing , such as are lettuce , purslaine , cherile , cichorie , nay even yong cabbages to transplant ; in fine , what ever is not to abide long in a place ; and there you may also replant , lettnce to pome and head , cichory to blanch it , purslain to pickle , and for seed , and thus your labour will redouble the profit , for by this means your trees will ( besides the dressing , stirring and opening of the uld ) be often watered by the gardiner , whose care must be continuall about these youngherbs and plants . the season for the first is before winter , when you should well dung such as have need , and the digging ought to be very deep : at expiration of winter give it a second labour , mingling it with the soyl which you first bestowed upon it ; the other which follow need only suffice to preserve it from weeds ; but never dig it in rainy or scorching weather ; for the one will make morter of the ground , and the other will chap and and parch it : if you give it a stirring when the vine begins to soften the verjuice-grape , and tinge the black clusters , you shall finde your pears in the space of a week to swell and improve exceedingly . but you shall by no means sow any seeds which produce any large roots , not so much for that they require a longer sojourn in the ground to arrive to their full growth , as because they will suck , emaciate , and dry much of the mould about them . for this reason likewise let the greater cabbages , and leeks of the second year be sedulously banished . old trees . it will be necessary at every three or four years period , to cherish and warme your aged trees , and such as were old planted , and this is done by uncovering the mould within a little of the roots , and applying of excellent dung thereon . the best season for this worke is at the commencement of winter , that so the dung may be halfe consumed before the heat and drouth of summer invade it . section . iv. of the seminary , and nursery . seminary . the seminary being the mother and the nurse for the elevation and raising of trees , it will be highly requisite to give you perfect instructions , after what manner it is to be governed ; and therefore begin we with seeds . all sorts of seeds affect a fresh place cleansed from bushes , trees , and roots , & would be sheltred from the darts of the meridian sun by some high wall or other fence : and this is a convenience which you may easily finde in some quarter of your garden , where the wall is towards the south : one year will amply furnish you with all sorts of plants , and indeed with more then you can tell how well to employ . seeds . kernels . stones . having therefore provided store of kernells and stones the year before , and as you eat the fruits , and the winter well spent ; you shall towards the end of february , sow your kernells , &c. in lines upon beds , sow every species apart , and in like manner set the stones in even files about 4 inches asunder . i presuppose , that the ground where you designe them , hath been well dressed and prepared at the begining of the winter , and that it shall receive a second e'●e you begin to sow . your kernells and stones will spring up the first year , some stronger , some more fe●ble then others , but that 's nothing , they will all serve to transplant . notwithstanding , if you did sow them in a bed or quarter behinde your pole-hedges : at the same south-side , that they might be visited a little by the rising and declining of the sun ) they would be better to be planted forth at two years growth then at one , but with such as they are omit not to store your seminary . set your peach stones at such time as the fruit is in maturity , interring them with the peach about them as they are gatherd from the tree but you must not forget to marke the place with a little stick , least in dressing the seed plot , you break off their sprouts . seed-plot to begin therefore your seminary , having made choyce of some fit place in your garden , you shall dress , labour and dig it very well and then tread it very even all over to settle the earth ; afterwards you shall cut out small trenches about a spade-bit deep , and two foot distant each from other , casting the mould on one side upon the margent of your furrow : this done , set your plants ( having first a little topped them ) about halfe a foot distant , and supporting them with your hand cover their roots with the mould which you cast out of the trench , and so tread them in to fix them , least , being loose they vent and spend themselves . you must observe to plant every species by themselves , pears with pears , apples with apples , &c. and be carefull that the weeds doe not suffocate the plants , and therefore they must be dressed and weeded upon all occasions . cutting . but you shall not cut your plants till the sap begins to rise , and then you may nip them within halfe a foot of the ground : and where they shoot leave only one cutting , the remainder of the following winter , still rubbing the formost buds for a foot space , to secure the bark from knots , which would be a great impediment , when you are to graft upon them . cra●●ing . if in the same year that you planted you find any of them strong enough to inoculate , & that they have plenty of sap , graft on them without farther difficultie . my opinion is that a man cannot inoculate either on wild or free-stock too young ; provided they be large enough to receive the scutcheon ; and my reason is , that the stocke and the scutcheon taking their growth proportionably the incision of the stock will the sooner be healed , and they will shoot with a great deale more vigour , then those which you shall bud upon stronger sets , which are 2 or 3 years recovering the place from whence you tooke the dead part , and of which at the other side of the scutcheon , the barke of the wild stock does frequently die three or four inches below the scutcheon , so that it will require three or four years to heal the defect : adde to this : that the bark of an old stock , will not unite so well with that of of the scutcheon ; but is apt to make a great wreath , subject to peel and unglue ; a thing which never arrives when the rinds are both of them young and tender . some observe yet , that tall stocks are to be graffed together , affirming that they grow equally : but chosing my plant at half a foot , it were impossible that all should prosper , and be taken up together separated , but with difficulty , and without violating the roots : and therefore it is better doubtless to graff young , for the causes already specified , since the stronger must needs master the weaker : and those likewise which are most vigorous will surmount the other ; and a small compasse will furnish you with a sufficient quantity of good trees , provided you suffer them not to grow there too long . quince-stocks . you shall likewise provide you a seminary of quince-stocks like to the other , and order them in the same manner . there are three sorts of quinces : that which is poynted before ; the pear or female quince , which hath the fruit like a callebasse ; the great portugall quince pointed at both extreams . the first is the least , the ordinary is next , that of portugal much more excellent , and abounding in sap. the right quinces ( which is that which i name the wild-stock ) are such as have their fruit resembling a gourd or callebasse , and not such as be great behind and pointed before . peaches . for the peaches which proceed from the stones that you set , i advise you to prepare a quarter in your garden a part , for the reasons already alledged : because that if you range them in hedges or walls some of the branches perishing every year , will prove a very great eye-sore : and therefore my counsell is that in one of the quarters most distant from your house ( toward the north where they will not impeach the prospect of your garden ) plant the peach-trees which you shall take out of your seminary , placing them six foot from one another equidistant on every side in the quincunx , and thus they will produce you a world of fruit , by reason of their multitude . dressing . you must be carefull to give them four dressings or diggings , prune off the dead wood , and to cut off at the second or third joynt the young shoots , which growing too exuberant will draw all the sap of the tree to themselves , and starve the old branches , which in defect of nourishment will shortly perish ; for observe this as a maxime , that the sap does allways apend to the most tender shoots ) you may also intermix some abricots in the same place , which are to be governed after the same manner of the peaches . nursery . you shall plant your nursery , in some large bed or quarter of your garden , which lyes most remote from your dwelling , least when it shall appear like a grove or copse-wood , it hinders your prospect . plot. the plott designed , and the ground exquisitely piched and voyded of all manner of weeds and roots , you shall marke out with a line , and make holes every way , 2 foot large and 2 deep , distant 4 foot asunder , and the ranges also as wide from each other . then taking your grafted trees out of the seminary , you shall transplant them into this nursery ; nor is it materiall though the shoot be but of the first year they will serve well enough to replant ; and in that you shall punctually observe the rules which i have prescribed in planting of esphaliers and hedges , which is , to mingle some fine dung of the old bed with good mould , and making a little marke at the center of the holes , there you shall place your tree , extending the roots of it on every side , and allwaies drawing them downwards ; then fill the hole up to the very graft , and tread the mould about it to establish the tree . planting . note that the graft be almost levell with the ground for the greater ornament of the tree ; since it would be a very great eye-sore to see the knott or swelling where it was grafted , and especially in some whose graff is bigger then the stock which beares it , and so it makes an ilfavoured wreath at the closing which is very ugly and disagreeable . however you shall remember to plant somewhat hig●er when it has not bin long since the ground was trenc●ed , for as much as the dung underneath , when it begins to consume will make the tree to sinke . trees . as for trees in hedges and counter-hedges exposed to the south , one may set them four fingers lower then the soil , the better to refresh them ; and without any peril of striking out small roots , by reason of the drouth ; yet in case there should sprout any , the gardiner searching with his spade may cut them away , and give the knot a little air to stop their growth for the future . you shall likewise remember that ( if during the extream heats you will benefit your trees ) you put some mungy fearn , or half rotten dung about all their feet ; yet so as it do not touch the stemme : and thus you may spread it for a yard compass , and about four fingers thick ; this will both shade the roots , and exceedingly refresh the mould about them , preserving the earth from gaping in extremity of weather , by which oftentimes the tree languishes , and the small roots become dry : but if you a little stir the ground before you apply this dung , you will render a double advantage to your trees , for the earth will by this means maintain it self supple , and put forth no weeds through the dung . it will be requisite to have a nursery for three main considerations . the first is , that you may always have provision of trees , fit to supply the places of such as accidentally dye , or languishing do not thrive . the second is , to dis-incumber your seminary which will otherwise be too full and thick of young trees . and thirdly that you may spare some for the market , to recompence the expence of your first plantation ; and besides , they may yield you some fruit where they stand , which will extreamly please you ; add to this , that a tree which has been frequently transplanted , becomes a great deal more generous and kind then if it had bin immediatly drawn from the seminary only , and planted in his station to continue . disbranching . it is also convenient to have a nursery for those trees which are grafted upon the * free-stock ( as pears , apples , and others ) which you designe for trees of six foot stem , you cut off the top , or master root , and as the tree grows , to prune those branches neer the trunk , which suck too much of the moysture , or fork and deforms the tree ; but spare the smaller ones , that the stem may fortifie by stopping the sap in its course . there are very many which extreamly mistake themselves in this particular taking off all the branches upon the body of the tree to the place where they would have it head and so are constrained to set a prop or a stake to redress and secure it from the violence of impetuous winds , which bends and wrests the trunck , by reason of its weighty head which renders its top heavy , and hinders the body of the tree of its growth because the sap speedily passing upwards to the new shoots makes no halt by the way , as it would doe if some of the young branches were left . nipping . there is a season when to nip the bud and stop the trees whilst the sap is up : and the buds which may in this case be taken away , are such as most deforme the tree ; but you must ever spare those which will be fruit . and to distinguish them one from the other , such as have but one leafe apendant produce wood only , whereas those which are fruitfull are plentifully furnished with leaves . pruning . you may also prune off those yong shoots which are too exuberant , and that may draw too much sap from the tree to the prejudice of the rest of the branches : where therefore you observe this , you shall stop them at the third or fourth knot , and after it hath put forth its sap. they use also to prune in augustspring , as well to impeach its unhandsome spreading , as that it may ripen before winter and not starve the branches below , which must of necessity be cut off in february . if you desire to make a plantation of great trees in an orchard by themselves , you must of necessity graft them upon freestocks , and not upon the quince , that is to say , pears , and the apples upon the apples of paradise , for otherwise they will never become of any stature , but will be low and shrubbie . distance . you may plant your apple trees 30 foot distant , and your pears , plum-trees and other fruits 24 : forme . and be carefull that you plant them in the quincunx , that is , in lines which mutually cut at right angles . in such a plot of ground you may safely sow some seeds , and pulse , which will occasion you to open and stirr the ground ; for i advise you above all things not to permit any wild herbs or weeds in your orchard , rather restraine your self to a smaller circuit of ground , which you may manage well , then to undertake a larger , and neglect it for want of dressing . great orchards are admired , but the smaller better cultivated , and you shall receive more profit from a small spot well husbanded then from a large plantation which is neglected . section . v. concerning graffs , and the best directions how to choose them . graffing . there is a great deale of dificulty in the well choosing of grafts ; for upon that does depend their earely bearing , there being some which produce no fruit in ten or twelve years . the best grafts are those which grow upon the strongest and master branch of a tree , which is wont to be a good bearer and such a one as does promise a plentiful burden that year , and is thick of buds ; for hence it is that your young grafted trees , have fruit from the second or third year , and sometimes from the very first . whereas on the contrary , if you take a graft from a young tree which has not as yet borne fruit , that which you shall propagate from such a tree will not bear a long time after . ●noculating . the graffe or bud for the scutcheon , ought to be gathered in the moneth of august , at the decrease , and immediatly grafted or for a more certain rule , without such notice of the moon , observe when your wild-stock , and free are in the prime of their sap : for the escutcheon is allwaies fit enough , but the wild-stock does frequently fail of being disposed to receive it , for want of sap : as it commonly happens in an extreame drie summer where they shoot not at all , or very little in the agust-spring : and therfore if you have many trees to graft , loose no time , and be sure to begin early . season . you shall know whether your wilde-stock be in the vigour of his sap by two indications . the one is , by making incision , and lancing the bark with a pen-knife , and lifting it up ; if it quit the wood , there is sap sufficent ; but if it will not move readily , you must attend , till it ascend ; for it will else be but labour in vain , and prejudice your tree . the other is , when at the extremities of the branches of the wilde stock , you see the leaves of the new sap appear white and pallid , it is a symptome that the tree is in case , and fit to graffe . choyce . a graffe for the scutcheon shall be chosen from a shoot or syen of that year , mature and very fair ; for there are many which are thin and meagre at the points , and upon such you shall hardly finde one or two buds that are good : gather it neer to the shoot of the precedent year , cutting the upmost point in case you may not take off the scutcheons , and cut away also all the leaves to a moyety of the stalk . and the reason why i oblige you to cut off the top of the graffe , and its leaves so far , is , because if you spare them they will wither , and so drie all the graffe , that it will not be possible to separate the escutcheon from the wood , and besides all the leaves are worth nothing . time. if you defer your graffing till the morrow , or some dayes after they are gathered , you shall dip their ends in some vessel , the water not above two inches deep , till such time as you intend to graffe them , but if you will graff them on the same day , you need onely keep them fresh in some cabbage leaves , or moyst linnen clout . cleft . graffs for the cleft are to be gathered in the wain of the moon in ianuary , to the increase of it in february , and so continuing from moon to moon , till you perceive that the sap being too strong in the stock , separates the rinde from the wood . choyce . to choose a graff well for the cleft , my opinion is , that it should have of the wood of the * two saps of the precedent year , whereof the oldest will best accommodate with the cleft , and the other will shoot and bud best ; though i do not utterly reprove the graffing of the wood though but of one year ; but the tree will not bear fruit so soon . you shall gather your graffs at the top of the fairest branches , as i have formerly said , and you shall leave three fingers length of the first sap , or old wood , that you may cut your graffe with the greater case . to conserve them till you graffe , it is sufficient to cover them by bundles half wayes in the earth , their kindes distinguished , least if you should mingle them , and should graffe of two sorts upon the same same tree , you be constrained to cut one of them off ; since two several kindes of fruit do never agree well upon the same stem , the one hindring the other from arriving to its perfection by robbing it of the sap. sect . vi. the manner how to graffe . i have never observed above four several necessary manners of graffing , and from which you may hope for an assured success , the rest being more curious then profitable , seeing that by these four a man may graffe all sorts of trees and shrubs whatsoever . of these the escutcheon holds the preheminency ; for as much as it is applicable upon all sorts of trees , the most easy to do , and the soonest that bears fruit . the cleft or stock followes , and that as practicable upon the greater trees , and also upon the smaller , even to those of one inch diameter . the crown is not much in use , save upon trees of the largest size . the approch is not ordinarily practised , except it be upon orange , limmon trees , and other rare plants , such as we conserve in cases , and are therefore joyned with the more facility . inoculating to begin therefore with the escutcheon . your stock being stripped of all its small twigs the height of half a foot , or a little more , from the season that they use to cut trees ; or else deferred till graffing time , you shall choose out the fairest part of the bark of your stock , and if it be possible upon the quarter which is exposed to the most impetuous windes ; because they come sometimes so furiously , that they loosen the shield , being yet tender , and charged with branches and leaves ; which accident does not happen so frequently , when they are thus placed , as when they are graffed on the other side , though you should set supporters to uphold them . cut your escutcheon long enough , an inch or thereabout , and reasonably large , that it may derive sufficient nourishment ; be sure to take it off dextrously , and look within it , whether the sprout of the bud hold to it ; for if that stay behinde with the wood from whence you took it , it is worth nothing : you shall hold this in your mouth by the end of the stalk of the leaf , which i ordered you to reserve expressly when you gather your graffs ; then make incision upon your stock , and gently loosen the bark with the pointed handle of your knife , without rubbing it against the wood , for fear of scraping the sap which is underneath ; this done , place your scutcheon between the wood and the bark , thrusting it down till the head of the shield joyn with the incision at the top of your stock , and that it be even and flat upon the wood , which being performed , you shall binde it about with hemp , beginning to tie it very close above , neer the bud , then turning it below , leave the eye but a very small compass , and thus you shall finish your binding with a knot . season . be careful when you graffe , that it be neither during the excessive heat of the sun , nor in a rainy season , for the scutcheon will not endure to be wet , and it will be in great danger of not taking , if it rain the first four or five dayes immediatly after your inoculating . there are some who take off part of the wood with the shield , which they do with one cut of the knife , which manner of inoculating i do not disapprove : i have succeeded well in it my self , and besides in so doing , there is no danger of impeaching the bud of your scutcheon , that is , of leaving the eye of the bud behinde you . those which have many trees to inoculate use this way because it is more prompt & expedite . three weeks after you have inoculated ( or thereabout ) you may cut the knot of the ligature , that the sap may enjoy the freer intercourse . winter past , and the bud beginning to open , cut your stock three or four fingers above the scutcheon , and cut likewise the binding behinde it , and the rinde it self to the very wood ; this must be done at one gash of the knife , from the bottom to the top . howbeit you shall not take off the tow from about the scutcheon , but let it fall of it self ; for there is danger in quitting it , lest you press the bud , which is then extreamly tender : you shall not cut off the stub which remains beneath the scutcheon , till you prune the tree , which must be in february the year following . after your scutcheon has put forth its first sap , you may prune it at top , that it may shoot out branches about the eyes below , otherwise it will mount without forking , and so your dwarf will have no grace or beauty . the just season to stop them is in the decrease of the moon , when the sap of august shoots out ; you may then also , if you please , ●ut the wood of your stock which you left above the scutcheon , and cover the wound with good earth thinly mixed with hay , and making it a little hood , or more curiously , with a plaister of wax , mixed with a composition which i shall describe hereafter . if you will attend the issue of the winter following to cut the heel of your tree , you need not be obliged to wrap it up , and secure it thus , because the ascending sap will immediately cure it . i have observed , that a scutcheon set on a wilde or free-stock of about an inch diameter or more , does not prosper and shoot so well , as upon one that is younger , and besides , it is more subject to unglue . some there be that inoculate from the very first rise of the sap , but they do not much advance ; for the scutcheon not shooting till august , the sprout is nothing so fair as that of the close eye or shut bud , since it is frequently found that the wood of the new shoot never ripens , and the winter approaching kills it ; and therefore i counsel you not to inoculate so early , unlesse the necessitie be very urgent . in the cleft . in the cleft or stock , all sorts of trees from one inch bignesse to the greatest that are may be graffed : the most proper season for it , is from the beginning of the new moon in february , till the sap ( becoming too lustly in the tree ) separates the wood from the bark ; for then you shall leave off graffing . when you graffe in the cleft , if it be to make dwarfs , you must first saw your stock four inches , or thereabout , above ground , and then with your pruning-knife pare off the surface of the wood , where the saw has passed , about the thicknesse of a six-pence , because the track of the saw leaving it rugged will hinder the sap from healing the grated wood ; nor can the graffe joyn to its trunk unlesse the rinde be refreshed , and cut to the quick with the knife . when this is done , you shall cleave the stock where the bark appears most even , and least knotty ; and observe , that you never place your knife exactly in the middle of the tree , where the pith and heart of the wood is , but a little towards the side . then cut and fit your graff , sharpning all the old wood , as far as the new in fashion of a wedg , equal on both sides , yet leaving the two rindes fast to the wood in the narrowest parts ; for if once they be separated , your graff is good for nothing : then top your graffe three or four inches , more or lesse , according as it will bear it ; for as much as upon a small stock one would not leave them so long , as upon a great tree . thus prepared , you shall open the stock with a small wedge made of some tough wood , such as box , ebony or the like , striking it in gently , and then lodge your graffe at the edge of your stock , sinking it down as far as the new wood , and place it so that the parts through which the sap has intercourse ( which is mutual 'twixt the wood and the bark ) do exactly correspond . having thus lodged your graffe , you may place a second on the other end of the cleft , alway remembring to put two graffs into every cleft , provided that you can so place them that they be not contiguous ; for by this means they will sooner recover their stock , then if there were but one , because the sap ascends equally on both sides , and preserves the back side of the rinde from withering , as we have already said : after this you shall cover what remains of the cleft , 'twixt the two graffs , with a little of the thinnest and most tender bark , joyning it accurately to keep the water from entering in : then you shall make the hood with fine earth and hay ; some cover the hood with mosses , and with two short willow-rinds laid ' thwart one another , bind them on with an ozyer to the foot of the stock , to maintain them the more fresh , and preserve them from the water . when you graffe upon great trees , you shall choose the smoothest and most even branches to place your graffs upon , if they be very big you may lodge four upon it , making the cleft in forme of a crosse , yet without touching the pith of the tree , the remanent branches which you do not graffe , must be sawed off within half an inch of the stem , and then paring away the wood which the saw may have grated , you shall swathe it about with loam till the bark have healed the wound , to guard it from the scorching of the summer , and the frost of the winter , which would exceedingly prejudice it , by penetrating to the very heart of the tree . it will be good to apply some stayes to the branches which are graffed , to strengthen the young shoots , and secure them from the windes , till the second year be past , and that they are well established ; and if you finde any that grows disorderly , you shall cut it off , as also if they come too thick , and choke one another , by this means giving free air to the tree . upon your small wilde stocks , which will support but a single graffe , you shall cut the hinder part where you might place a second , to the very heart of the stock , slanting it in , like that part of a pipe which is applied to the nether lip , this will greatly contribute to its recovery . and when you graffe small stocks , which have not strength enough to fasten their graffs , you shall assist them , by binding them about with some tender twig of an ozier . now , albeit i did oblige you to choose a graffe with the old wood , yet i would not have you to cast away that which is but of one sap , nor the cuttings of those where you took the graffes of the two saps , because they are excellent , however they produce their fruit something later then the oher , nor do they bear so great a burthen ; and therefore unless it be in case of necessity , i would only use those which are of two saps . crown . graffing in the crown or 'twixt the wood and the bark is never practised , save upon old trees , whose rinde being very tough can indure the wedg without splitting , and which will not suffer the cleaving ( by reason of the thicknesse of the bark ) but with much difficulty , and besides it is a great hazard if it takes . to graffe in the crown , having sawed your tree at the place where you would graffe it , and pared away the raggednesse which the saw hath left to the quick , especially about the bark , you shall cut and sharpen your graffe but on one side , then str●ke in a small iron wedge 'twixt the wood and the rinde , and so taking out the wedge , set in your graffe , rinde to rinde , and wood to wood , to the full depth that it is sharpned . thus you may place as many as you please about the trunk , provided that their number do not split off , and cleave the bark . approch . to graffe by approch it is very easy ; for you have only to take two young branches , one of the free and graffed , and the other of the wilde stock , without separating them from their stems , and then paring away about four fingers breadth of bark , and wood till you approch neer to the pith , and so marry them together as dextrously as 't is possible , tying them about with raw hemp , from one end of the cut to the other , and so let them remain for two saps : then after a moneth or six weeks are expired , if you perceive the wood to swell , and that the ligature incommode them , you shall cut it upon the wilde stock , with one gash of your knife , as we taught you before on the scutcheon . at the beginning of winter , you may cut and sever the natural tree from its stock , and cut away the head of the stock within two inches of its graffe , and thus these two twigs concorporating , it will receive t●e nourishment of the wilde stock . r●member to cover the wounds of them both , with the wax , which i shall hereafter instruct you how to make . you shall not cast those twigs into the fire which you cut off from the quince , which you graffed in the cleft , for you may reserve the cuttings , which will strike root the first year , and must be set in your nursery to be graffed when they are ready , and what you prune off from the q●ince trees during winter , will be very good for this purpose . the prunings of the pomme de parradis , which they call the scion , will also take in layers . cuttings layers . all sorts of cuttings are to be planted in a small trench , such as we described in the nursery , which may be about the breadth and depth of a s●ade-bit : but first strip off the leaves , and cut them slan●ing at the great ends , in form of a does foot , and so you shall lay them at the bottom of your trench very thick , one by an●ther , because there will many of them die ; and let their small ends appear above ground , and so cover them , and fill the trench , pressing it well down upon the cutting , that the ayr do not enter , and when you dress them , cleanse them only with a haw , that the weeds do not choke them , and it will suffice . then cut off the tops of your layers all of an evennesse , within three fingers of the ground , and that especially when you perceive the sap to be rising , which you shall finde by the verdure of their buds , which never shoot when the scion begins to take root . you may not cut , or stop the first years shoots , fearing lest they put forth their buds beneath at august , which will hardly come to maturity : it were better stay till february , and then leave them as the tree will best support it , and in such places as you des●re they should shoot , rubbing off such as pe●p before , behinde , and in other unprofitable places . this opposes the opinion of many , but experience makes me persist in my own . sect . vii . of trees and shrubs in particular , how they are to be governed , and their maladies cured . trees . i thought it requisite to make a chapter apart , to comprehend in particular , all that we have spoken in general , in the several precedent sections , and that for the avoyding of confusion , and to the end , that in case there were any thing which might seem difficult to you ( though i have much endeavoured to render my self intelligible in the simplest terms , and the most vulgar that our language will bear , that i might be understood of all , and profit them by it ) i might more perspicuously explain it , in particularizing all sorts of fruits , which we in france do usually furnish our gardens withall . pears . i will therefore set pears in the first place , as those which of all others bear the most rarity of fruit , and are the principal ornament of the walls , contr ' espaliers and bushes of a garden , from whence we may gather fruit in their perfection during six moneths of the year at least , and for that it is a fruit which one may in great part keep till the new ones supply us again , and that without shriveling , or any impeachment of their taste , a thing which we finde not in any other fruit besides . graffing . all sorts of pear-trees may be graffed after any of the four precedent manners , but they succeed incomparably upon the quince , and in the scutcheon produce their fruit much earlier , and that fairer , ruddy , and of greater size , then when they are graffed upon the free-stock , excepting only the portail , which often misses taking upon the quince , and will therefore hit better upon the free-stock : the summer bon chrestien and the vallee are very fit for it , and if they have been formerly graffed upon the quince , it is the better , for it will render the fruit a great deal more beautiful , and fair . and in case that any graffed either in scutcheon or the cle●t upon the quince fortune not to take , and that you conceive it to be dead , let the stock shoot , it will produce wood sufficient , which you may clear of all the small branches , and at the neer expiration of the winter following , you shall earth it up at the ends in forme of a great mole-hill , leaving out the extreams of the branches , without cutting them off , and they will not fail to strike root the same year , provided that you remember to water them sometimes during the great heats , and that you do not suffer the rain to demolish the earth about them , which must be continnally maintained in its first height ; and if in the same year , you finde any of those branches strong enough inoculate them without any more ado , unlesse you will choose rather to stay till the next year and graffe them all together ; every one of these will be as so many trees to your hand , which you may plant in your nursery , the year after they have made their first shoot , accurately separating them from the mother-stock , and cutting the ends of their great root aslant . remember to graffe them conveniently high , that your tree may have sufficient stem , and all that part which is in earth will abound with small root● ▪ if you have any old quince-trees , and would raise young suckers from them , lay some of the branches in the ground , and in one year they will be rooted : but in case you desire to produce a tree at once ; you may effect it as i have already described it . the season of laying these branches is all the winter long , till the buds begin to spring , provided that the earth be qualified . apples . apple-trees challenge the second place , and may be likewise graffed after all the four wayes , they succeed very well upon the scion of the pear-main grafted on layers of the tree ( called by the french * pommier de parradis ) and in particular the queen-apple do●s wonderfully prosper upon it , and is more red within , then those which are graffed upon the free-stock . there are some curious persons who graffe the q●een-apple upon the white mulbery , and hold that the fruit does surpasse in rednesse , all others that are graffed , either on the free-stock , or the forementioned scion : but my opinion is , that it is the age of the trees only which imparts that colour to them . plum. plum-trees are ordinarily graffed in scutcheon and in the cleft , if you have any stocks rais'd from the stones , or the suckers which spring from the damask-plum , they will yield very good trees , and bring abundance of fruit , there being no plum whatsoever which bears so full as the damask . the wilde-plum ( which you shall know by the rednesse of the ends of the branches ) is not fit at all to graffe upon , for it rejects many kinds of fruits , and is besides very uncertain to take . your old plum-trees , whose small twigs grow in bundles and puckles , may be recovered and made young again , by taking off the head of them at the end of winter ; they will shoot anew , and bear fruit the very year following : but you must cloame the heads of the wounded branches , and refresh the tract of the saw , as i directed you before . abricots . abricots are grafted either in the stock , or in the bud , upon plants springing of their own stones , and also upon a plum-stock , but the white pear-plum , and moyend ' oeuf make a very fair abricot , and much larger then upon any other sort of plum. peaches . peaches , perses and * pavies , are ordinarily graffed by inoculation upon a peach , plum , or almond tree , but i prefer the plum , because they are of longer continuance , and do better resist the frosts , and the pernicious winds , which shrivel and rust the leaves , and the young shoots . the white plum , or poictrons are not at all proper , but the black damask , * cyprus , and * st. iulian. such as are budded on the peach do not last , upon the almond somewhat longer , and produce more abundance and much better fruit : but there is so much difficulty of governing the almond-tree in our climate , that one had better content himself with plum-stocks ; for the almond is very impatient of transplantation , and in great danger of perishing , if you remove him not the first , or second year at farthest , after he has made the first shoot : and besides , you must be sure to place him where he is ever to abide , and bud him there , without thought of stirring him afterwards . the almond-tree is of all others the most obnoxious to frosts , by reason of his early blossoming ; all the good in him is this , that he never sends forth any suckers from the root . cherries . cherries , bigarreaux and the like fruits are better propagated on the small wilde , or bitter cherrie , then upon the suckers which spring from the roots of other cherrie-trees of a better kinde , though tollerable in defect of the other : and the right season to bud them , is , when the fruit begins to blush , and take colour . they do very well graffed in the stock , and shoot wonderfully , but the bud is much to be preserved . they have of late found out an expedient to prevent the gumme which incommodes the graffes and clefts of cherry-trees , to which they are wonderfully obnoxious : and that is , by sawing and paring the part smooth with a knife , afterwards to make an incision of two inches length into the first and utmost rinde , drawing it aside , and separating it from the green some two inches long , without peeling it quite off : then in the middle of this length to make the cleft lodge the graff , and cover it with this skin , by replacing it ; and then swathe it , as the custome is . for stones and almonds of all sorts , which you would sow to produce natural fruit or graffe upon : prepare a bed of earth before winter , trench it , and tread it , then rake and water it : which done , range all your stones on it at three inches distance , ( every species apart ) then lay as many boards upon them as wil cover the bed , and upon the boards a good quantity of weighty stones ; cover all this with new dung to prevent the frost : the moneth of may following take up your boards : you shall finde your stones sprouted ; which you shall immediately take up without impeaching the sprouts , and so place them where you would have them remain : this is a particular which will extreamly satisfie you , as in time you will finde . figs. figs of all sorts are propagated by layers , and suddenly bear fruit , which you may facilitate by passing a fair branch through some bushel or bushels , and environing it with rich earth , that it may take root . but be careful that you fasten the vessel very well to the side of the tree , lest the windes and its own weight turn it over , and ruine your labour . you may also take the suckers which spring out of the earth from the foot of a fig-tree ready rooted , or the cuttings , which you may cultivate and govern after the manner of quinces ; but yet without cutting off the tops of the branches which you so lay , for this wood having a large pith , is very subject to the iniury of winde and water : and the sooner you plant these trees in the places designed for their abode , the better they will take . winter past , gather off all the unripe figs before they fall off themselves , for if they stay till they spontaneously quit the trees , they will have exhausted them very much of their sap , to the great prejudice of the figs which are to succeed them , and which by neglecting this do oftentimes never arrive to their maturity . and forasmuch as the fig-tree does very much suffer by reason of the frosts , you are obliged to plant them in a warm place , or in cases , which you may remove and house with your orange-trees in the winter . mulberies take likewise of cuttings and layers , pricking them in a moyst place , half a ●oot profound , not permitting above three fingers of the tops to peer out of the earth , and treading it down with your feet as you should do quinces . if you would sowe mulberies , to produce a great quantity in a little ground ; take an old well-rope , which is made of a certain wood called the bline , easy to be twisted , and rub it with such ripe mulberies as you finde fallen off the tree ; bury this cord four fingers deep in a trench , cover it with earth : and the next year you shall have trees enough both to store your self and your friends . oranges . limmons . concerning orange and limmon-trees , i shall only deliver the principal and most ordinary government of them , which is to sowe their repins in boxes , and when they are two years old , transplant them in cases , every one in a case by it self , filled with rich mellon bed-mould , mingled with loam refined and matur'd by one winter , and when they can well support it , you may either inoculate , or graffe them by approch in the spring of the year : above all things , be diligent to secure them from cold , and commit them early to their shelter , where , that they may intirely be preserved from the frost , you may give them a gentle stove , and attemper the air with a fire of charcoal , during the extream rigour of the winter , in case you suspect the frost has at all invaded them . but so soon as the spring appears , and that the frosts are intirely past , you may acquaint them with the air by degrees , beginning first to open the doors of the conservatory in the heat of the day , and shutting them again at night , and so by little and little you may set open the windowes , and shut them again in the evening , till all danger is past , and then you may bring them forth , and expose them boldly to the ayr during all the summer following . as these trees grow big , you may change and enlarge their cases , but be sure to take them out earth and all , razing the stringy and fiberous roots , a little with a knife , before you replace them , and supplying what their new cases may want , with the fore-described mould : some when they alter their cases denude them of all the earth , conceiving it exhausted and insipid : but it is to the extream prejudice of the tree , and does set it so far back , that a year or two will hardly recover it . you may gather the flowers every day , to prevent their knotting into fruit , or ( being too luxurious ) their languishing ; it will suffice therefore that you spare some of the fairest , and best placed for fruit , and of them as many as you conceive the tree can well nourish . the spiders do extreamly affect to spread their toyles among the branches and leaves of this tree , because the flies so much frequent their flowers and leaves , which attract them with their redolency and juice , and to remedy this , use such a brush as is made to cleanse pictures withal , from the dust , but treat them tenderly . shrubs . arbusts and all shrubs , such as pome-granads , iassemins , musk-roses , &c. woodbines , myrtles , ordinary laurel , cherry-laurel , r●se-laurel , althea-frutex , lilac , guelder-roses , phylirea , alaternus , and divers more superfluous to repeat here ; of these we will only take the principal , and discourse a little upon them . granads . granads , as well those which bear the double flower , are propagated from layers , letting them passe the year in the ground , they will be sufficiently rooted before winter , to be transplanted : you may likewise govern their branches and cuttings as you did the quince . they may be either budded , or graffed in the cleft in the ordinary season : and some plant them in cases to preserve them in the house during winter ; but they will endure without doors , planted against some well-sheltered wall , where they will prosper very well . the granads which they call de raguignan , are most beautiful , very glowing , and of a rich taste , although something lesse . if your pome-granads run out too exuberant , and neither knot , nor preserve their fruit ; it proceeds from the drouth of the ground ; and therefore being in flower , you should water them , and their flowers will stop and knit . jass●mine common white iassemine , and yellow , are produced also by layers , out of which you may draw a rooted plant whereon to graffe the spanish iassemine , which you must preserve in cases , and house with your oranges in winter ; you shall cut it every year , ( at the end of winter ) neer the graft , leaving but one bud at a twig to produce young shoots for flowers : you may form the plant like the head of an ozier , leaving it only a foot high at the stem : you may graffe it in cleft , upon a shoot of the precedent year , placing the graffe in the middle of the pith of its stock , and inveloping it with your cerecloth , head it as you do other graffes : if you will plant it abroad against some wall expos'd to the east or south , you may govern it as you do the vine , making small heads at each knot : but you must loosen it from the wall in winter , and gently bend it towards the ground , the more commodiously to cover it with mats and long dung till the spring , at what time you may redress , prune and apply it to the wall as before . musk-rose the musk-rose may be budded upon a sweet-brier , and are easily ordered ; for you need onely discharge them of the dead wood , and stop the young shoots which are too exuberant , and draw away all the sap to the prejudice of the rest of the branches : you may also lay them in the ground , and separate other trees from them ; or the cuttings ordered like quinces , and interred in the shade . myrtl●s . laurels . myrtles , cherry-laurels and rose-laurels , are produced of layers . it is sufficient that it be done a little before august ; but you should cleave or wound that part of the wood a little which you plunge into the ground , at some joynt , cleaving it half the thicknesse of the branch , and three or four fingers in length , according as it is in strength , and in six weeks they will shoot a sufficient root to be severed and transplanted ; moreover they produce suckers ready rooted , which you may separate from their mothers . you may forme cherry-laurels in palisades and hedges , which support the winter abroad very well . common laurels are rais'd of seed in cases like oranges , and may be transplanted the first or second year , and being planted under the drip ( not the gutter ) of a house shaded from the sun , they will flourish wonderfully : some cover them with fearn or straw , to secure them from the frosts , to which they are obnoxious . phyliriea . alaternus phylirea and alaternus are sown likewise in cases before winter , and set in the house , where the berries will come up and sprout a great deal better , then if they had been sown at the spring . by that time they are half a foot high you may transplant them , and ( if you please ) clip and fashion them like box without any danger , shaping them into close walks and cabinets , upon frames of wood , as you will. althea-frutex . arbor . judae . lilac . concerning the rest , as althea-frutex , arbor iudae , lilac , &c. being plants which are easily propagated , i shall pass them over for fear of swelling this book , and importuning the reader . let us conclude rather with the diseases to which our trees and plants are obnoxious , and speak of those animals which incommode them . diseases . of all the maladies to which trees are subject , the canker is the most perilous , for it chaps and mortifies that part of the bark where it breeds , daily augmenting , unless prevented by a prompt and speedy remedy , so soon as it is perceived ; so that if you neglect to visit your trees , you shall often finde them all dead upon one side : to remedy which you must launce and open the living bark round to the very quick as deep as the wood , and so the canker will fall of it self : or else you must scrape it well , that the bark may the more easily recover , the sore ; and secure it from the hail , by covering it with a little cow-dung , and swathing it with a clout of some mosse . moss . the mosse which invades trees proceeds commonly from some occult and hidden cause , which is , when the roots encounter with a gravelly , sandy or other bad mould , so that they cannot penetrate to search for refreshment ; this burns up the tree , and spoils it of his leaves , during the great hea●s . for this , there is only this expedient . if it be a small tree , you must take it up with as much mould about its root as possible , and make a pit for it four foot square , filling the bottom with mellon-bed-dung , and the rest with rich earth , and then replace the tree , observing what i have already said ; and thus the tree may be taken up without any damage , and will take again with ease , provided that you be careful to preserve its rootes from languishing and taking ayr. but in case the tree be old , you must bare the root before winter , and dis-interre the greatest roots half their thickness , making a large trench about the foot of the tree , and so let it remain all winter ( that the earth may become mellow ) till the spring , when you must fill the apertures with well consum'd dung mixed with earth , and especially about the roots ▪ you may take off the mosse from great trees with a plane , lightly paring off the dry surface of the bark ; and from smaller trees with a blunt knife , or some proper instrument of wood . the properest season for this work is after a soaking rain , or great dew in the morning ; for whilst the great heats continue , it cleaves so obstinatly to the trees , that you cannot scrape it off without prejudicing the bark , if you would utterly eradicate it : neither ought you to neglect this cure , for the mosse undisturbed doth daily augment , and is the same inconvenience to trees that the itch is to animals . if you water your trees during the excessive heats , and cover the roots with fern , or other mungy stuff , it will preserve them from this disease . jaundies . the iaundies or languor , which you may perceive by the leaves of trees , proceed from some hurt , which either the mols , or mice , may have done to their rootes ; or by the stroake of some spade or peradventure by the too great aboundance of water which corrupting suffocates them . for redresse hereof you must uncover the roots intirely , and visite them , to see if they have received any prejudice from any of the forementioned accidents ; and in case you finde any galling or hurt upon a roote , you shall cut it smooth off , aslant , above , but neare the place , and then strow the bottom of the hole with some chimny-soote to make these creatures abandon their haunt filling up the rest with rich mould ; and if the cause proceed from corrupted water , you must divert it with a trench . moles . to take the moles , some place a butter-pot crosse their passage sinking it two fingers lower then the tract , by which meanes they often fall in and perish . others use a pipe of wood of about two foot long , and the bore as big as your wrist , in this trunk is a small tongue of tin or thin plate of iron within four fingers of either end , which is fastned to the trunk with a wyer a little slanting at the bottom towards the middle of the pipe ; that so the mole entring in , and thrusting the tongue can neither get out at one end or other : you must place this trunke exactly in the moles passage : some to make them quit an obstinate haunt make a small hoop of elder , which they six halfe a foot into the ground . but the most infallible way is , to watch them in the morning and evening , when they worke in their hills , and to fling them dextrously out with the spade . if you take any alive , put them in an empty butterpott , for they report , that they will invite others by their cry , who running through the same passage fall into the same pot and so are caught . they are destroyed likewise with mole-graines , which is a set of sharp iron points , skrewed upon a staffe , which struck upon the hill when the mole is working , does certainly pierce him through , amaze , or kill as you shall finde if you dig immediatly after it . mice . field-nice are best taken by making them a small hutt of ferne or straw , like the cover or hack of a bee-hive , placing under it some vessell full of water filled within 4 fingers of the brim , and cover it with some husks of oats to hide the water which will soon tempt them to wallow in 't , and ●earch for the grain , and so drown themselves . it is good also to put some wheat-ears or of oates , which may hang near the middle of the vessell , without touching it ; for the mice striving to come at the corne will fall into the water . or you may poyson them with arsenick or ratts-bane the powder of it mingled with grease ; but you may by this means endanger your catts , which finding and eating the dead mice will not long survive them . worms . the worme getts sometimes between the barke and body of a tree : if you can discover whereabout they lie , you may soon draw them out without making any great incision . there is also another kind of small worme , which they call the nip-bud which breeds at the very poynt of young shoots , and kills all their tops ; but these are easily destroyed , for cutting the branch to the quick , you shall be sure to find them . there is a green-worme which devoures the young shoots as fast as they grow , and those are very hard to un-nestle , unless you daub them with quick-lime newly quinched , which you may easily do with a small painters brush . ants. ants and pismires will forsake their haunt , if you incompasse the stemme four fingers breadth with a circle or roule of wooll newly plucked from a sheeps belly , or if you anoint it with tarre . but there is an other expedient more cleanly and not so difficult , which is to make little boxes of cards or pastboard pierced full of holes with a bodkin , every box having a baite of the powder of arsenick mingled with a little hony ; these boxes must be hung upon the tree , and this wil certainly destroy them ; but you must be carefull that you do not make the holes so large that a bee may enter least they poison themselves also . a glasse-bottle with a little hony in it , or that has had any other sweet liquor in it fastned to the tree , will attract all the ants , which you may stop , and kill them , by washing the bottle with a little hot water ; then carrying it to its place again rinced with a little sweet syrup , you will by this meanes intirely destroy them . snails . shell-s●ailes you may easily gather from behinde the leaves which grow neerest to the fruit which they begun to eat the night before . for yor shall find some fruit half devoured in one night , insomuch as one would think it the work of some stotes , field-rats , or nut-mouse , whereas indeed they are nothing but the snailes which in great numbers devonr as much as one of those animals . you should never pluck off the fruit which the snails or other vermine have begun , for as long as they last , they will not touch any of the rest . the black snails ( without shell ) are easily gathered , for they cleave to the leaves , and feed upon them . woodlice . earwigs . as for wood-lyce , earwigs , martinets , and the smaller insects which likewise infest trees , you shall place ho●fs of bullocks , sheep or hogs , upon short stakes fixed in the ground , or upon the ozyers which fasten your palisades , and wall-fruit , and this chase will employ two men from morning break , who must take them gently , but speedily off , and shake them into a kettle of scalding water , which they are to carry with them ; or the other may bruise such as are likely to escape with some instrument of wood . cater-pillars . caterpillars are easily gathered off during all the winter , taking away the packets which cleave about the branches , and burning them ; but if you neglect this , till they are disclos'd , you will not be able to destroy them without much difficulty : but in case you have not prevented it , be diligent to take them whilst they are yet young , when either through the coldnesse of the night , or some humidity , they are assembled together in heaps ; for otherwise ; when the sun is hot , and that it is high day , they will have over-spread your trees . and the destruction of these vermine is so absolutely necessary , that you shall quit all manner work to accomplish it ; for a garden anoy'd with this plague but one year only , shall resent it more then three years after . and now we will shut up this treatise with the receipt which i promised to give you of the composition to cover your graffs . the composition to hood your grafs . take then half a pound of new wax , as much burgundy pitch , two ounces of ordinary turpentine , melt all these ingredients in a new earthen pot , glazed , sufficiently stirring it ; then let it cool at least twelve hours , then break it into pieces , and hold them in warm water half an hour , where you must work it with your hands , till it become very pliable . or you may dip any clouts in this composition , and afterwards cut them out into plasters , fitted to the wounds of your trees , which will lesse waste your store , and not take up so much of your composition as if you applyed it in morsels ; and you may make use of this cerecloth to cover the clefts of your trees , which gape between a stock that hath two graffs , and secure it from the rain ; and you may winde it about the hoods , before you daub them with loam and hay , and this will certainly preserve your graffs from all injuries of water whatsoever . to make fruit knot . there are some so curious , that to make their fruit knot well , and abide upon such trees , which spend all in blossoms , do make holes in divers parts of the tree with an auger of about a finger bore , filling the hole again with a pin of oak , which they beat in quite crosse the tree . this they conceive does stop the fruit . you may experiment it if you please , the labour is not great , nor at all to the hazard of your tree . a catalogue of the names of fruits known about paris . pears whose fruit is in perfection at the end of iune , and in iuly . small blanquet . hasty pear of several sorts . musk-pear , or sept en gueule , &c. the musky st. john. in iuly and in august . the great amyret . lesser amyre● . little john amyret . good twice a year . camouzines . lady-dear muscat . lady-dear green. citron-pear . cocquin rozat . ladies thigh . madera-pear . desgranges yellow . two headed pear . sweet two sorts . vacher rozatte . espargne . fine gold long stalk . fine gold of orleans . fine gold , great , round and rosse . friquet . gloutes de gap. magdalene . muscat long tayl . pearl muscat . great musky white and yellow . the great muzette . small muzette . perdreau . the pearl . pernant rozat . province pear . pucell of xainctonge . green royal. rozat of three colours . rozat red , straked with green. rozat royal. the king of the sommer . the superintendent , or great green musk. in august and september . the amazon . amours . amydon . armentieres . balme . the father in law. fair and good. sommer bergamotte . great blanquet . the butter-pear of august , long and round . green butter-pear . beuueriere . bezy of mouuilliers . sommer green bon-chrestien . the good micet of coyeux . the ugly-good . the younger brother . the rosy musk-flint . the maidens flesh . the wax-pear . the citron pear . the melt in mouth . rosy daverat . golden pear . white ladder pear . spicing . the forrest pear . the ditch pear . musky ant pear . the mangy pears . rosy garbot . the cake pear . giacçiole of rome . long gillets . gracçioli , or cowcumber pear round and red . the greasie pear . the jealous pear . jargonelle . jouars . the red and yellow balsam pear . milan pears . muscadel of piedmont . round and rosie muscat . nançy muscats . summer novelet . summer onion . musky onionet . d' or. the red orange of xainctonge , red and very great . yellow orange , pennach't with red like a tulip . orange knotted . flat green orange . canarie palmes . perfume of sommer . passe-good of burgogne . pepin . white and red piedmont . sommer portugal . putes , or pimp-pear . xaintogne rosy of three sorts . ingranad rosy . round rosie , green mixed with red . grey rosie of xaintonge . rosie or hasty butter-pear . bloody pear . wilde sweeting . sorel pear . the sugar pear . white sugar pear . the treasurer . the cheat-liquorish . the turky pear . the valley pear . clown of anjou . clown of reatte . in september and october . an●y , the english pear the goose's bill . long and green butter-pear . caillouat of champagne . the musky calvill . the cinnamon pear . cappon . the long clairvils . sommer certeau . the toad-pear . the deans pear , white , or st. michaels pear . the thorn pear . fontarabie . galore . the clove pear . the round clove . grain . rozatte guamont . high relish . jargonell of autumn . rosie kerville . the sawcy pears . the lombardy pear . the meilleraye pear . the flies pear , or soft butter . monsieurs pear . small melt in mouth . the muscat . mont dieu . the moutieres of daulphine . oignon of xaintonge . the poictiers . the rebet . the roland ▪ the great russet of rheims . small russet . long rosy poud'red with red . rosie green two sorts . st. michael . st. samson , or ditch pear . champagne without name . sausedge pear . rozatte of september . supreams . the pear of three tastes . the found-pear . vintage pears . ysambert . pear evelyn . in october and november . amadotte . the silver pear . the bag pipe pear . the ice pear . the great stalked pear . ugly-good . the lady pear . the great mary of amiens . messire john , green . the grey messire john. my lords pear . the autumn marrow in mouth . the peach-pear . the noiron . the virgin of flanders . the double virgins . robine . king of saulçay . king musky pear , all yellow . autumnal saffran pear . the seigneur . the sun-pear . the so-good . the vine-pear . the virgoulette : great and small . in november and december . aleaume . the musk long bergamo●s . the round betgamots . bezy d' hery . carisy . the double cartelle , the burnt cat. the charity pear . stopple-pear . the squib-pear . spindle-pear . girogille , or venus nipple . our lady-pear . the autumn pear . winter virgins . king of autumn . the peerlesse pear . white sucrin . black sucrin . in december and ianuary . the namelesse pear . gascogne bergamotte . musk-bon-chrestien . bonne foy. the ugly morma . cadillac-pear . certeau madam . pear of the other world . the pound pear . the scarlet pear . the fig pear . the winter flower . free royal. the great mesnil . keville . the dry martins . winter messire john. the white milan pear . the onionet with a short stalk . the orient pear . the leaden pear . the red king pear . the rosie saffran . the rozat of st. denis . the healthy pear . the saulsig-pear . the wreathed pear of two sorts . the cheat knave or ugly good . the priests load . in ianuary and february . the alençon pear . the amber pear . the lovers pear . bezy of privillier . bezy of quassoy . the winter butter p. of xaintonge the butter pear of yveteaux . the bouvart pear . the musk caillotet , or curdled p. the caillouat of varennes . the winter rosie flint . the carcassonne . the great certeau . the carmelite . the small hooked certeau . the castle gontier . the condon . the little dagobert . the dagobert of miossan . dame houdette . the red ladder pear . winter fine gold. rosy florentine . the fremont , or st. franceis . the winter spindle . the garay of auxois . the gourmandine . the huge hongrie . the incognito of persia. the winter legat. the sweet limon . the long green pear of berny . the micet . winter melt in mouth . the fleshy stalk muscat . the mazeray muscat . the winter bag-pipe . nanterre . the o●gnon of st. john of angely . the winter orenge-pear . the rose perigord . the petit oing . plotot , or squat pear . portail-pear . the prince or bourbon . the prince of sillery . the white rabu . the great and little ratot . the pear royal. rozatte of xaintonge . rozatte of mazuere . st. anthony-pear . the suisse with red , green , and yellow cheeks . the greening . the valladolid . the winter clown . in february and the other following moneths till new ones . bezy . the latter bon-chrestien . the great chrestien . calo rozat . the gallon oak-pear of severall sorts . the double blossom pear . gastelier . the great kairville . liquet . the long-liv'd pear . the long green pear . the musk pear . the parmein . the winter virgin. rille . the winter saffran pear . the peerlesse pear . the thoul pear . the great found pear . the little found pear . the vignolettes . rath-ripe apples . danquelles . the white calvil . the cleer calvil . the red calvil . queen apple . white camoise . carmagnolles . the tender chesnut . the clicquet , or rattle apple . the single short-start . red short-start . the great cushion apple . round cushion apple . long cushion apple . the apple of hell , or black apple . the scarlet apple . the spicing . the may-flower . the raspis apple . giradottes . the frozen apple . the great-ey'd apple . the jacob apple . lugelles . magdalene . the minion . the snow apple . our ladies apple . the oblong lissee . orgeran . passepommes or hony meal of several kindes . pommasses . the white rambourg . red rambourg . the hasty reinette or pippni . the royal. the dewy apple . the large red of september . the soft red . the st. john of two sorts . the clustred apple . the vignan court. the march violet . keeping apples . the great , and small apis , or appius claudius . the apioles . the parsly apple . babichet . the great white apple . the lcy white apple . the little-good . the white apple of bretagne . the red apple of bretagne . the cardinal . camuese , or flat snout . winter-chesnut . the citron-apple . the coqueret of several sorts . hard short-start . red short-start . russet short-start . douettes . the bretagne cloth of gold. the stranger . white fenouill . red fenouill . the yron apple . the great belly'd woman . the high-good . horluva . jayet . the judea apple . malingres , or maligar apple . mattranges . winter passe-pommes , or hony-meal . the pigeonnet . pear-apple . the raeslee . the reinet of auv●rgne . pippin of mascons . the grey reinet . the flat reinet . robillard . the winter reed . the rose apple . the apple without blossom . health . the seigneur . the vermillion . plums early and late : abricots . abricotines . amber . the great appetite . bessonne or twin-plum . all saints , white . blosses . good at christmas . prunella of provence . citron prunellas . white cherry-plum . red little cherry-plum . round citrons . pointed citron . pigeons heart . cypres . almond . the white damask . great double damask . the latter grey damask . the hasty black damask . musky black damask . the violet damask . white date . red date . great dattille . datilles . black diapred . white diapred . the escarcelle . the double flower . high good. great imperial . round imperial . joinville . jorases . green peascod . maximilian . merveille , or balsam plum . mirabolans . mirabelles . the looking-glasse . the egge yolk . yolk of bourgogne . monsieurs plum. montmiret . musk the passe for velvet of valency . white black red perdrigon . late green great violet . poictron . small grape plum. queen claudia . cocles kidney . roche corbon . roman . latter round . king of bresse . little st. anthony . st. catharine . st. cir. the white st. julien . black st. julien . huge saluces of two sorts . the plum without stone . simiennes . black trudennes . red trudennes . the vacation plum. the black vintage . verdach . peaches . great alberges . small alberges . alberges of province . aubicons . almond peach . amber peach . angelicks . white forward peach . yellow forward peach . great brignons of bearn . musky brignons . cherry peach . corbeil peaches . winter hard peach . double-flower peach . gallion peach very fair . yellow pavie . magdalen pavie . magdalene peach . white mircoton . yellow mircoton . mircoton of jarnac . nutmeg peach . parcouppes , or gashed peach . pau-peach . prune-peach . pavies-raves . peach-rave . persiques . persilles , or parsly peach . rossan peach . white scandalis . black scandalis . yellow peach . troy peach . the fromentee peach . the violet peach . cherries , heart-cherries , &c. bigarreaux . red cherrie . white cherrie . double blossom cherrie . heart-cherrie . preserving cherry , great . sweet guin cherries . white guin cherries . black guin cherries . merizettes . double blossom merizier . mountmorency cherry , short stalk . rath-ripe : or may. trochets clustred , or flanders cherrie . the all saints cherrie . figs , white figs. bourjassotes . bourno-saintes . flower-fig . gourravaund of languedoc . marseilles fig. white dwarfe . violet dwarfe . violet fig. oranges . bigarrades . china-orange . spanish genoa orange . portugall province limons and citrons . limonchali . limoni cedri . limoni dorsi . limoni of grarita . sweet limons . pommes d' adam . poncilles . spada fora with laurel leaves . other curious trees . arbutus . azarollier , or neapolitan medlar . carob-tree . cornelian . jujuba . mirabolans of africa . medlars without stone . pistachia . berberies without stone . reader , if in this catalogue of fruits , i have either mistaken or omitted many of the true english names , it is because it was a subjection too insupportable : and besides the french gardiners themselves are not perfectly accorded concerning them ; nor have our orchards , as yet , attained to so ample a choyce and universal , as to supply the deficiency of the dictionary . the second treatise . section 1. of melons , cucumbers , gourds , and their kindes . melons . since melons are the most precious fruits that your kitchen garden affords , i think it most proper to discourse of them in the front of this chapter , & instruct you how you ought to govern them in this our climate , for which alone , i have calculated all these observations passing by those which ( differing from ours ) may possibly fill you with doubt , should i confound you with the manner how they order them in the hotter countreyes , different from ours , more temperate , and cold in respect to these delicate fruits . seeds . in order to this intention of ours , which is , that we may have them excellent : you must diligently enquire after the best seeds , such as you may procure out of italy , from lions , tours , anjou , champagne , and other places , where men emulate one another who shall have the best melons . also to have of all the kindes , sucrin , morin , melonnes , grenots , white , wraught , or embrod'red , ribb'd , and others , even to the locking up of those seedes whose fruite has pleased you ; for some affect them of one tast , which another will reject , and hold worth nothing . one loves to eat them a little greene , another would have them very ripe . and therefore you shall furnish your self with such kindes as are most agreeable to your tast , and as thrive and ripen best in your ground , which is the thing you must chiefly respect ; for oftentimes there comes such raines from august as uterly spoyl them ; depriving them both of odor , savor , and colour , filling them so with water that they are not to be eaten , and ●ipening them so altogether , that they are only ●it to be given to horses , who extreamly affect them ; in briefe , these rains spoyl , and utterly destroy your meloniere , where you have bestowed so much care , and the paines of five or six moneths are lost , without gratifying you with the least of your hopes ; and therefore you should endeavour to have them early that you may prevent these inconveniences . in those countryes where they raise great store with little trouble ; but plant them in the open ground , as we do cabbages , as soon as the rains come , they give over eating them , and think them as bad as poyson . plo● . to begin then your meloniere , or melon plot , you shall choose a place in your garden the most secured from pernicious winds , which you shall close in with a reede-hedge handsomely bound in pannells , which you shall set up with sufficient stakes or posts fixed in the ground , and sustained , lest the windes overturne them : to this enclosure you must make a door , which you shall keep under lock and key , that none molest your plantation ; and particularly to keep out women-kinde at certaine times , for reasons you may imagine . f●gure the figure at the frontispiece of this treatise , will easily instruct you in what manner you should inclose your melon ground . in this parke , which may be of what extent you think good , you shall make beds of horse-dung , such as you have provided the winter before and heaped up together in some place neer your meloniere , as fast as it is throwne forth of the stable . season . about midd-february you shall begin to prepare a bed for the seeds , taking dung hot from the stable , and of that of your foresaid heape , mingling them together , that the heat of the fresh may communicate it self to the other . beds . make your bed the whole length of your melon ground , four foot large leaving a path about it of three foot wide , that you may have place to put hot dung when you perceive the bed to languish , and that it begins to coole overmuch . this bed handsomly made , and trodden with the feet to excite the heat , you must cover the ●op of it with ( neer four inches thick ) of excellent mould , or rather with that rich stuff , which comes from a last years bed mingled with a little of the purest mould you can procure : this composition you must spread , keeping a board to the side and margent of the bed , and clapping the earth down with your hand against the board , to render it the more firme and even . your bed thus prepared , of about a yard high you shall suffer to repose till it has passed its greatest heats ; which may continue two or three dayes , more , or lesse , according to the temper of the season . the extreamity of heat past ( which you shall discover by the sinking of the bed and by examining it with your finger ) you will easily judge if it be well qualified for your seed : for if you cannot suffer your finger in it , it is yet too hot , and it ought to be but tepid , but not qui●e cold , in which case , you mast heat it again by applying new made dung immediately to the sides of your bed in the passage about it , as i before have described . the bed in perfect temper , and your seeds steeped in good wine-vinagre , or cow-milk eight and fourty howers , every species apart by themselves : you shall sowe them at one end of your bed , reserving the rest , for the other seeds whereof i shall speak hereafter . sowing . draw then upon your terras , narrow furrowes with the point of your finger quite crosse your bed ; but let the lines be six inches asunder , and as even as you can , which you may facilitate with the help of a rule . upon every of these lines make three holes in the earth or terras , joyning your fingers together in fashion of a hens-rump , and in each of these holes put three or four melon-seeds , all of a sort . upon the intervalls 'twixt the lines , which i advised you to leave , you may sow lettice-seeds for early sallets , in other chervill ; and you may fringe the whole bed about with purslaine ; for these herbs will be very forward , and are to be taken up very young , least they suffocate your melon-plants , but this will spare you a weeding , and will be a kind of dressing to them also . covering . be carefull to cover your bed every night , and when the weather is bad , with hurdles made of straw , or close matts , which are to be supported with ribs , and arches of poles or small rafters layd crosse into forkes fixed in the ground , at the sides of the bed. you shall not approach these coverings neerer then four inches to your bed ; if it happen to freez or snow , you shall then fill the whole vacuum with fresh and newly drawn dung , till the weather be more kind . but if your seeds burn , by reason of the too great heat of your bed , ( which you shall soon perceive , for they ought not to be long in the ground ) you shall sow them all over again , and heat the bed a new by the sides , with hot dung , as you have been taught . season . the perfect season to sowe melon-seeds , is in the full of february . when your plants begin to peep you shall cover them with pretty large drinking-glasses , leaving a little passage for the ayr 'twixt the glasse and the earth , least otherwise , they suffocate and tarnish . thus you shall let them grow to the fourth or sixth leafe before you remove them . transplanting . they are transplanted after four several fashions . first upon the beds , which you must prepare at t●e side 〈◊〉 this genial bed , and all together : make holes in the middle of these beds four foot asunder , and in each of these holes put in half a bushel of excellent rich mould without making your whole ●ed of it , and in this , you shall transplant your melons , taking them dextrously from the nursing-bed with a good clod of earth about the noots . in the evening about sun-set will be the most covenient time for this purpose , and if it may , let it be after a fair day , for it will much improve your plants . this done , shelter the beds from the sun for three or four dayes following , but you must water them from the first day of their planting that they may take hold and spring the sooner . then you shall cover them with wider glasse bells till the fruit be big , and indeed , as long as the plant may be contained under it , leaving it a little ayr 'twixt the bell and the bed for fear of choaking the plant , unlesse the bell have a hole at the top , which you may stop at night . from ten in the morning till four in the afternoon , you may take off the bells , to accquaint them with the ayr and fortifie your melons against unseasonable weather , but you must cover them again in the evening . stormes . there sometimes happen such storms of hail as crack all the bells , and to prevent this , some are provided with covers made of straw of the same shape , to clap over the glasses at night , to prevent this accident . bells . others make bells of earth , but i do no way approve of this invention , for it is not possible that the sun should sufficiently penetrate this earth , as it doeth the glasse : they may pretend them for the night onely and to pervent hayl , and that indeed with better reason . if you perceive your plant to languish , and not improve , water it within halfe a foot of its roote , with water where in pigeons dung has been steeped . ●runing your melons now reasonable strong , choose out the prime shoots ( which will be in number equal to your seeds ) the rest you must gueld and prune off , and when you perceive three or four melons knotted upon one shoot , you shall stop that vine pinching a knott above that of the fruit , then extend all the other shoots of your plants , spreading them upon every part of your bed , that they may nourish the fruit with more ease , which when it is grown as big as your fist you shall forbear to water any longer , unlesse it be in some excessive dry season , when you perceive the leaves burne , and that the plant it self scorches ; in such case , you may refresh every languishing foot with a little water . you must place a tyle under every melon , the better to fashion them , and advance their maturity by the reflection of the sun from it , and this is a thing which cannot be so well upon a dung-bed , ( in which some transplant and force them ) besides they will be much dryer , and lesse participate of the loathsome quality of the dung . you shall never suffer any small new shoot or string to draw away the sap from your leading plant , but nip it off immediately , unlesse it be that your fruit lies naked , and too much exposed , and that it stand in need of any leaves to accelerate its growth & preserve it in temper . transplanting . the second method of transplanting melons , is to make , neer the end of summer , trenches of about 2 foot deep , and four foot large , ( as they do in anjou ) leaving a square of three foot between each of them , to cast the mould upon , which you must form into a ridge somewhat round , in form of an asses-back , by which name the french call them . then you shall fill the trench with good dung , and very rotten earth , scoarings of ditches , which has laine two or three years mellowing in the raines and frosts . season . then in march when the winter has sufficiently ripened the foresaid earth , you shall stir and mingle that which lyes in the ridge with the ditch-scouring adding to it new dung well consumed , and so fill up your trenches with this mixture , and let it be kept well weeded till the season that you transplant your melons on it , as i have before instructed you . transpla●ting . there is yet a third fashion a great deale more easy then this , and which i have found as succesfull , as any of the former two , and which hath afforded me store of excellent and high tasted melons every year , ( but attribute the principall cause of it , to the goodnesse of my soil which is sandy , but richly improv'd by a long cultivation . ) there is no more difficulty in the business , then to give the ground three or four dressings before and after winter , and at the time of transplanting to make pits in the middle of the beds , which you must fill with a bushell of the mould , and halfe dung , of an old hot-bed , and in this to set your plants after the manner i have taught you . wa●ring . there are a world of curiosities in transplanting of melons , some place them in vessells of earth , pierced full of holes , and filled with excellent mould , and so change their beds when they are over chilled , others in baskets of the same shape , and some again , are so nice about them as would weary the most laborious gardiner . ga●hering if during the excessive heats you perceive that your melons suffer for want of refr●shment , and scald ( as they term it ) it will be good to to afford a watring to exery root , but this only in case of extream necessity , and very rarely . to k●ow when your melon is fit to be gather'd , you shall perceive him to be ripe when the stalke seem● as if it would part from the fruit , when they begin to gild and grow yellow underneath , when the small shoot which is at the same knot withers , and when approching to the fruit , you be saluted with an agreable odor . but such as are accustom'd , and frequent the melonieres judge it by the eye , observing only the change of their colour and the intercostal yellowness , which is a sufficient index of their maturity . those melons which are full of embrodery and characters are commonly twelve or fifteen dayes a fashioning , e're they be perfectly ripe . the morins grow yellow some days before they be fit to gather . for their gathering , let it be according as they turne ; if to be conveyed far off you shall gather him instantly upon his first change of colour , for they will finish their ripening by the way . but if he be spent immediately , gather them thrrough-ripe , putting them into a bucket of water drawn new out of the well , and let them refresh themselves there , as you would treat bottles of wine , since comming newly from the melonieres , they are sun-heated , and nothing so quick and agreable to be eaten . others which you must gather as fast as they ripen may be layd upon a board in some coole place , and spent according to their maturity . you shall remember to leave the joynt which holds to the stalk of every melon , with two or three leaves for ornaments , and be carefull not to break off the stalk , least the melon languish , ( as a cask of wine unbunged ) and loose the richnesse of its gust . visi●i●d and 〈◊〉 . you must not think it much to visit your meloniere at the least four times a day when your melons begin to ripen , lest they passe their prime , and lose of their tempting , becoming lank and flashy . choice . to choose a perfect good melon it must neither be too green nor over-ripe ; let him be well nourished , and have a thick & short stalk , that he proceed of a vigorous plant , not forced with too great heat , weighty in the hand , firme to the touch , dry , and of a vermilion hue within . lastly that it have the flavor of that pitchy mixture wherewith seamen dresse their cordage . seeds . remember to reserve the seeds of all such mellons as you found to be excellent and the most early , ( as before i advertis'd you ) preserve them carefully , taking those which lodged at the sunny side , they are better at two or three years old then at one . cowcumbers . cowcumbers are sown and raised upon the same bed , and at the same time with melons ; having before imbibed the seeds in either cow or breast milk . there are of white and green , which they call parroquets : you shall forbear to gather some of your fairest , whitest , longest and earliest fruit , but leave them for seed , letting them ripen upon their own stalks as long as the plant continues , which will be till the first frosts : as for the parroquets , they may all be spent , since the seeds of the white cowcumbers do sufficiently degenerate into them . they are transplanted also as melons are both in beds and in open ground , but they must be exceedingly watered , to make them produce abundantly ; the vines and superfluous shoots must be guelded , the false flowers which will never knot into fruit are to be nipped off . the first colds bring the mildew upon them , which is when the leaves become white and mealy , a signe that they are neer their destruction . gather them according to your spending , for they will grow bigger every day , but withall , harder , and the seeds more compacted renders the fruit less agreeable to the tast : they are then in perfection a little before they begin to grow yellow . pumpeons . pumpeons are raised also upon the hot-bed , and are removed like the former , but for the most part upon plain ground : being placed in some spacious part of your garden because their shoots and tendrells straggle a great way before they knot into fruit . transplanting . when you transplant them make their pits wide enough asunder , twelve foot or there about , and lay two bushells of rich soyle to every plant ; because of the strength of the plant ; water them abundantly . ga●hering . the time of gathering them is in their perfect maturity , which is about august , nor do they spoyl at all by lying upon the earth , but become daily riper by it . when the first cold begins to come , gather them in a morning and heape them one upon another , that they may drie in the sun , and afterwards carry them into some temperate roome upon boards , where let them ly without touching one another : above all , preserve them from the frost , for that will immediately perish them . if you have plenty , and abound , you may put it into your ordinary house-hold bread or that of your owne table . but first you must boyle it after the same manner as you prepare it to fry , only a little more tender , then drain the water from it , and wet your flower with this mash and so make your bread . it wil be of better colour , and better relish being a little dow , and is very wholesome for those who stand in need of refreshment . there is a small kind of pumpeon which knots into fruit neer the foot without trailing , and bears abundantly : they must be guelded leaving none but the fairest . poitirons * potirons white and coloured , priest-capps , spanish trumpets , gourds and the like , are to be order'd as you doe pumpeons , with this only difference , that some of them would be stalked , and not suffered to ramp upon the ground . seed . the seeds of these , as also of pumpeons are to be saved , as you spend their fruite , but it must be carefully cleansed and dried in the air , and secured from mice which devour these seeds as well as those of melons and cowcumbers . sect . ii. of artichocks , chardons , and asparagus . artichokes the artichock is one of the most excellent fruits of the kitchen garden , and recommended not only for its goodnesse , and the divers manners of cooking it : but also for that the fruit contiuues in season a long time . of these there are two sorts , the violet and the green. the slips which grow by the sides of the old stubs , serve for plants , which you must set in very good ground , deep dunged , and dressed with two or three manures . planting . when the frosts are entirely past , in april you shall plant the slips , having separated them from the stem with as much root as you can , that they may take the more easily , and if they be strong enough , they will bear heads the autumn following . you shall plant them four or five foot distant one from another , according to the goodnesse of the soil ; for if it be light and sandy , you may plant them closer ; if it be a strong ground , at a greater distance to give scope to the leaves , which with the fruit wil come fairer and bring forth more double ones . they shall need no other culture before winter , then to be dress'd and weeded sometimes . you shall cover them in winter to preserve them from the frost ; and to do this , they order them after divers manners ; some cutting all the plants within a foot of the ground , and gathering up the rest of the leaves , ( as they do to blanch succory ) think it sufficient to make it up in form of a mole-hill , leaving out at the top , the extreams of the leaves , about two fingers deep to keep the plant from suffocating ; and then covering them with long dung preserve them thus from the frosts , and hinder the rain from rotting them . others make trenches 'twixt two ranges , and cast the earth in long bankes upon the plants , covering them within two fingers of the topps , as i shewed you above : and there be some which onely put long dung about the plants , and so they passe the winter very well : all these severall fashions are good , and every man a bounds with his particular reason . ear●h●ng . onely be not over ea●ly in earthing them , least they grow rotten , but be sure that the great frosts doe not prevent and surprise you , if you have many to govern . if you desire to have fruit in autumne you need onely cut the stemm of such as have borne fruit in the spring , to hinder them from a second shoot . and in autumn these lusty stocks will not faile of bearing very faire heads , provided that you dresse and dig about them well , and water them in their necessitie , taking away the slips which grow to their sides , and which draw all the substance from the plants . the winter spent , you shall uncover your artichockes , by little and little , not at once , least the cold ayr spoyl them , being yet tender , and but newly out of their warm beds : and therefore let it be done at three times , with a four dayes interval each time , at the last whereof , you shall dresse , dig about and ●rim them very well , discharging them from most of their small slips , not leaving above three of the strongest to each foot for bearers . chard . to procure the chard of the artichocks ( which is that which growes from the rootes of old plants ) you shall make use of the old stemmes which you do not account of . for it will be fit to renew your whole plantation of artichocks every five-year , because the plant impoverishes the earth , and produces but small fruite . slips . the first fruites gathered , you shall pare the plant within halfe a foot of the ground , and cut off the stemm as low as you can possible ; and thus you will have lusty slips ; which grown about a yard high , you shall bind up with a wreath of long straw , but not too close , and then inviron them with dung , to blanch them . thus you may leave them till the great frosts before you gather them , and then reserve them for your use in some cellar or other place lesse cold . gathe●ing but it is best to gather them from time to time as you spend them , beginning w●th the largest , and sparing the rest , which will soon be ready , having now all the nourishment of the plant . spanish chardon . the spanish chardons are not so dilicate to govern , as those of the artichocke , nor produce they chards so sweet and tender : they are to be tyed up after the same manner to make them white . they spring of seeds , and are transplanted in slips . the flowers of these chardons which are little violet colour'd beards , being dryed in the ayr , will serve to turne milk withall , and make it curdle like rennett : the spanyard and languedociens use it for that purpose . asparagus asparagus are to be raised of seeds in a bed a part , the ground prepared before with divers diggings , and well dunged : at the end of two years you may take up the rootes and transplant them . to lodg them well , you must make trenches four foot large , and two in depth ( leaving an intervall of four foot wide 'twixt the trenches to cast the mould on which you take out of them ) and make them very levell at bottom , the earth cast in round banks on both sides , bestow a good dressing upon the bottoms of your trenches mixing the mould with fine rich dung , which you must lay very even in all places . this done , plant your asparagus by line at three foot distance , placeing two rootes together : you may range the first at the very edg of the trench , for that when you dig up the allyes , you may in time reduce them to a foot and a half wide , casting the earth upon the quarters , and then cutting above a foot large on either side of your aspargus , where the earth was heaped up , your plants will shoot innumerable roots at the sides of the alleys . you shall plant a third range in the midst between the two which we have named . it will be expedient to place them in crosse squares , that the rootes being at a convenient distance they may extend themselves through all the bed . some curious persons put rammshorns at the bottome of the trench , & hold for certaine , that they have a kind of sympathie with asparagus , which makes them prosper the better , but i refer it to the experienced . dressing . they will need dressing but three times a year . the first , when the arsparagus have done growing : the second at the beginning of winter ; and the last , a little before they begin to peep : at every one of these dressings , you shall something fill , and advance your beds about four fingers high with the earth of your allyes , and over all this spread about two fingers thick of old dung . three years you must forbear to cut , that the plant may be strong , not stubbed , for otherwise they will prove but small . and if you spare them yet four or five years longer , you will have them come as big as leeks , after which time , you may cut uncessantly , leaving the least to bear seed , and that the plant may fortifie . during these four-years , observing to give them the severall dressings , as i have declared , your bed will fill , and your paths discharged of their mould , you may dig them up , and lay some rich dung underneath . you know that the plants of asparagus spring up and grow perpetually , and therefore when the mould of your alleyes is all spent upon the beds you must of necessity bring earth to supply them , laying it upon the bed in shape like the lid of a truncke otherwise they will remaine naked , and perish . cutting . when you cut your asparagus , remove a little of the earth from about them , lest you wound the others which are ready to peep , and then cut them as low as you can conveniently , but take heed that you do not offend those that lye hid , for so much will your detriment be , and it will stump your plant . such as you perceive to produce onely small ones , you shall spare that they may grow bigger , permitting those which spring up about the end of the season in every bed , to run to seede , and this will exceedingly repayr the hurt which you may have done to your plants in reaping their fruit . sect . iii. of cabbages and lettuce of all sorts . cabbage . there are so many severall sorts of cabbages , that you shall hardly resolve to have them all in your garden , for they would employ too great a part of your ground , and therefore it will be best to make choyce of such as are most agreable to your tast , and that are the most delicate and easiest to boyle , since the ground which produces them , & the water which boyles them , renders them either more or lesse excellent . seed . we have seede brought us out of italy , and we have some in france , those of italy are the coleflower , those of rome , verona , and milan , the bosse , the long cabbage , of genoa , the curled and others . in france we have the ordinary headed cabbage of severall sorts , and some that do not head at all , and therefore i think it necessary to treat here particularly of them all , as briefly as i can . coleflowers . i will begin with coleflowers as as the most precious : seed . they bring the seede to us out of italy , and the italians receive it from candia and other levantine parts , not but that we gather as good in italy and france also ; but it dos not produce so large a head , and is subject to degenerate into the bosse cabbages , and na●ets and therefore it were better to furnish one self out of the levant either by some friend , or other correspondent at rome : the linnen drapers and millaners of paris can give you the best directions in this affaire which traffick in those places , linnen , lace , and gloves . to discover the goodnesse of the seed ( which is the newest ) it ought to be of a lively colour , full of oyle , exactly round neither shrivled , small or dried , which are all indications of its age , but of a broun hue , not of a bright red which shews that it never ripened kindly upon the stalke . sowing . being thus provided with good seede , sow it as they do in italy or france . the italians sow it in cases and shallow tubes in the full moon of august ; it comes speedily up , and will be very strong before winter : when the frosts come remove them into your cellar , or garden-house , till the spring , and that the frosts are gone , and then transplant them into good mould ; thus you shall have white , very fair heads , and well conditioned before the great heats of sommer surprize them . the italians stay not so long , as till their heads have attained their utmost growth , but pull them up before , and lay them in the cellar , interring all their roots and stalks to the very head ; ranging them side by side and shelving , where they finish their heads , and will keep a long time ; whereas if they left them abroad in the ground , the heats would cause them run to seed . the french are satisfyed to have them by the end of autumn keeping them to eat in the winter : not but that ( being early raised ) they have some which head about iuly ; but the rest grow hard and tough by reason of the extream heat , and improve nothing for want of moysture , producing but small and trifling heads , and most commonly none at all . and therefore i counsel you to sowe but a few upon your first bed in the meloniere thinly , sowing them thinly in li●es , four fingers asunder , and covering them with the mould . two or three ridges shall abundantly suffice your store . towards the end of april , when your melons are off from their beds and transplanted , you may renew your sowing of coleflowers , ( as you were taught before ) these will head in autumn , and must be preserved from the frosts , to be spent during the winter . removing . you must stay before you remove them till the leaves are as large as the ralme of your hand , that they may be strong . pare away the tops of them , and earth them up to the very necks , that is , so deep that the top leaves appear not above three fingers out of the ground , or to be more intelligible , you shall interre them to the last and upmost knot ; moreover you must hollow little basins of about half a foot diameter , and four fingers deep at the foot of each stalk , that the moysture may passe directly to the root when you water them , it being unprofitably employed elsewhere . transplanting . the just distance in transplanting is three foot asunder ; two ranges are sufficient for each bed : but be careful to keep them weeded and dug as often as they require it , till the leaves cover the ground , and are able to choke the weeds that grow under them . if you make pits in the places where you remove them , aud bestow some good soil ( as i described in melons and cucumbers ) they will the better answer your expectations , for they will produce much fairer heads . cabbage . watring . all sorts of cabbages whatever they be , must be carefully watred at first , for a few dayes after their planting that they may take the better root , which you shall then perceive , when their leaves begin to erect , and flag no longer upon the ground . sowing . all kindes of cabbages are to be sown upon the melon bed , whilst the heat remains , that they may cheq and spring the sooner , sowe them therefore very thin in travers lines cross your melon bed . in april you shall sowe fresh upon the same bed and place where your melons and cucumbers stood . birds . now forasmuch as the birds are extreamly greedy to devour their seeds as soon as they peep , because they bear the husk of it upon the tops of their leaves ; i will teach you how you may preserve them . some spread a net over the beds , sustaining it half a foot above the surface : others stick little mills made of cards , ( such as children in play run against the winde with ) and some make them with thin chips of firre , such as the comfit makers boxes are made withall , tying to the tree or pole which bears it some feathers , or thing that continually trembles ; this will extremely affright the birds in the day time , and the mice in the night ; for the least breath of winde will set them a whirling , and prevent the mischief . wormes . there breeds besides in these beds a winged insect , and palmer worms , which gnaw your seeds and sprouts : to destroy these enemies , you should place some small vessels , as be●r glasses , and the like , sinking them about three fingers deeper then the surface of the bed , and filling them with water within two fingers of the brim , and in these they will fall and drown themselves as they make their subterranean passages . large sided cabbages . the large sided cabbages , shall not be sowne till may , because they are so tender , and if they be strong enough to be removed by the begining of iuly they will head in autumn : to my gusto there is no sort of cabbage comparable to them , for they are speedily boyled , and are so delicate , that the very grossest part of them melts in ones mouth : if you eat broth made of them , fasting , with but a little bread in it , they will gently loosen the belly , and besides , what ever quantity of them you eat , they will never offend you ; briefly , t is a sort of cabbage , that i can never sufficiently commend , that i may encourage you to furnish your garden with them rather then with many of the rest . vvhite cabbage . of the white headed cabbage , those which come out of flanders are the fairest and of these one of the heads produced in a rich mould hath weighed above fourty pounds . those of aubervilliers are very free , and a delicate meate . there is another sort of cabbage streaked with red veines , the stalk whereof is of a purple colour when you plant it , and they seem to me , the most naturall of all the rest , for they pome , close to the ground and shoot but few leaves before they are headed , growing so extreamly close , that they are almost flat at top . red cabbage . the red cabbage should likewise have a little place in your garden , for its use in certain diseases . pefumed cabbage . there is yet another sort of cabbage , that cast a strong musky perfume , but bear small heads , yet are to be prized for their excellent odor . the pale tender cabbages are not to be sown till august , that they may be removed a little before the winter , where they may grow and furnish you all the winter long , and especially during the greater frosts , which do but soften , mellow , and render them excellent meat . they plant also all those italian kindes , of which the * pancaliers are most in esteem , by reason of their perfum'd relish . planting . to plant all these sorts of cabbages , the ground deeply trenched and well dunged beneath ; you shall tread it out into beds of four foot large ; and within a foot of the margent , you shall make a small trench , four fingers in depth , and of half a foot large , angular at the bottome , like a plough-furrow new turned up : in this trench ( towards the evening of a fair day ) you shall make holes with a setting stick , and so plant your cabbages , sinking them to the neck of the very tenderest leaves ; having before pared off their tops . place them at a convenient distance , according to their bignesse and spreading ; then give them diligent waterings , which you shall pour into these furrowes only ; since it would be but superfluous to water the whole bed . a man may transplant them confusedly in whole quarters , especially the paler sort , for the frosts ; but it is neither so commodious as in beds for the ease of watring them , nor for the distinction of their species : be carefull to take away all the dead leaves of your cabbages , as well that they may looke handsomely , as to avoid the ill sents which proceed from their corruption , which breeds and invites the vermine , snaile , frogs and toads , and the like which greatly endamage the plants . seed . when their heads and pomes are formed , if you perceive any of them ready to run to seede , draw the plant half out of the ground , or tread down the stem , till the cabbage inclines to one side , this will much impead its seeding , and you may mark those cabbages to be first spent . for the seeds , reserve of your best cabbages , transplanting them in some warm place , free from the winter winds , during the greater frosts , and covering them with earthen pots , and warm soyl over the pots : but when the weather is mild , you may sometimes shew them the ayr , and reinvigorate them with the sun , being carefull to cover them again in the evening , least the frost surprise them . others you shall preserve in the house , hanging them up by their rootes about a fourtnight , that so all the water that lurks amongst the leaves may drop out , which would otherwise rot them . that season past bury them in ground half way the stalk , ranging them so neer as they may touch each other . for those which arive to no head you need only remove them , or leave them in the places where they stand , they will endure the winter well enough , and run to seed betimes . when the seed is ripe ( which you will know by the drinesse of the swads which will then open of themselves ) you shall gently pull up the plant , drawing it by the stalks , and lay them aslope at the foot of your hedges or walls to dry , and perfect their maturity : but it w●ll not be amisse to fasten them with some small twig of an ozyer , for fear the winde fling them down , and disperse a great deale of the seeds . season of sowing . in august you shall sowe cabbages to head , upon some bed by it self , there to passe the winter , as in a nursery , till the spring , when you must plant them forth in the manner i have already taught : and by this means you will have headed cabbages betimes , especially provided that you be careful in well ordering them . insects . there are several little animals which gnaw and indammage cabbages , as well whilst they are yet young and tender , as when they be arrived to bigger growth ; as a certain green hopping flie , snails , ants , the great flea , &c. the best expedient i finde to destroy these insects , is , the frequent watering , which chaces them away , or kills them : for during the great heats , you shall see your cabbages dwindle and pine away , every day importun'd by these animals . at the full of the moon every moneth , if the weather be fair , it is good to sowe your cabbages , that you may prevent the disorders , which these devourers bring upon them : and you may do it without expence , by sowing them upon the borders under your fruit trees , which you must frequently dig , and besides the waterings which you must bestow upon your young plants , will wonderfully improve your trees . there are a curious sort of cabbages , which bear many heads upon the same stalk , but they are not so delicate as the other . when yo● have cut off the heads of your cabbages , if you will not extirpate the trunk , they will produce small small sets , which the italians call broccoli , the french des broques , and are ordinarily eaten in lent in pease-pottage , and * intermesses at the best tables . letice . there are almost as many sorts of lettuce as there be of cabbages and therefore i have ranged them together in the same chapter . for such as harden and grow into heads we have the cabbage-lettuce and a sort that beares divers heads upon the same stalk . the cockle lettuce , the genoa , roman and the curled lettuce , which pome like succory . others that grow not so close , as a sort of curled lettuce and severall other species : others which must be bound to render them white , such as the oake-leafed , the royal and roman . sowing . lettuce may be sown all the year long , winter excepted : for from the time that you begin to sow them upon your first bed ( as i have describ'd it in the article of melons ) to the very end of october , you may raise them . transplanting . to make them pome and head like a cabbage , you shall need onely to transplant them , half a foot or little more distant , and this you may do upon the borders , under your hedges , trees , and palisades , without employing any other quarter of your garden . during the excessive heat of the year , it will be difficult to make them head , unlesse you water them plentifully , because the season prompts them to run to seed . those of genoa are to be preferred before all others , by reason of their bignesse , and for that they will endure the winter above ground , being transplanted ; or you may make use of them in pottage , and for that they furnish you with heads from the very end of april . for such as do not come to head at all you need only sow them , and as they spring , to thin them ( that is extirpate the supperfluous ) that those which remain may have sufficient soope to spread : some transplant them , but it is lost labour , the plant being so easily raised . roman lettuce . heading . the lettice-royall would be removed at a foot or more distance , and when you perceive that the plants have covered all the ground then in some fair day , and when the morning dew is vanish't you shall tie them in two or three several places one above another , which you may do with any long straw , or raw-hemp , and this at severall times , viz. not promiseuously , as they stand , but choosing the fairest plants first to give roome and ayr to the more feeble , and by this means they will last you the longer : the first being blanched , and ready , before the other are fit to bind . blanching . if you would blanch them with more expedition , you shall cover every plant with a small earthen pot fashioned like a gold-smiths crusible , and then lay some hot soyl upon them ; and thus they will quickly become white . seed . lettuce-seed is very easily gathered , because the great heats cause it to spring sooner up then one would have it , especially the earliest sowne . pull them therefore up as soone as you perceive that above halfe of their flowers are past , and lay them a ripening against your hedges , and in ten or twelve dayes they will be drie enough to rub out their seed betwixt your hands , which being clensed from the husks and ordure , preserve , each kind by it selfe . sect . iv. of roots . roots . parsenp . the red beet , or roman parsnep , as the greatest , shall have the preheminence in this chapter . they should be placed in excellent ground , well soyl'd and trenched , that they may produce long and fair roots , not forked ; for if they do not encounter a bottom to their liking , they spread indeed at head , but have always a hole in the middle , which being very profound , renders them tough and full of fibers to the great detriment of their colour , which makes them despised . and therefore , if , to avoid the expence , you do not trench your garden , you must of necessity bestow two diggings one upon another , as i shall here teach you , a diminutive only of trenching . you must dig a furrow all the length of your bed , a full foot deep , and two foot large , casting the earth all at one side , then dig another course in the same trench , as deep as possible you can , without casting out the mould : afterwards fling in excellent dung , fat and rich , which must lye about four fingers thick ; and for this the soyl of cows and sheep , newly made after fothering time is past , is the best . when this is done , dig a second trench , casting the first mould upon this compost , and lay dung upon that likewise ; then dig the next , and cast soyl upon that , as you did upon the first , and so continue this till you have trenched the whole bed. your last furrow will be but a single depth , for which you may consider of three expedients , and take that which best pleases you , and which will cost you least to fill ; or else you may fetch the earth which you took out of the first trench , and fill it up even , setting your level on , or leaving it void to cast your weeds into , where they will consume and become good soyl reserving so much earth as will serve to make the area of the bed even , at every dressing which you give it . this manner of good husbandry is what i would have described before in the first section of the former treatise , when i spake of trenching the ground , when i promised to shew how you should better and improve your garden at lesse charge , and this i esteem sufficient for the raising of all sorts of pot herbs and pulse . ●owing . the winter intirely past you shall sow your red beets either upon beds , making holes with the setting stick fourteen or fifteen inches asunder , and dropping 3 seeds into every hole , or confusedly , to be transplanted , those which are not transplanted be subject to grow forked , but those which you thus remove , grow ordinarily longer and fairer , because you will be sure to choose the likeliest plants . removing . in removing the plants you shall practise the same rule that i shewed in cabbages , excepting only , that you cut not off the tops . housing . a little before the frosts you shall draw them out of the ground , and lay them in the house , burying their rootes in the sand to the neck of the plant , and ranging them one by another somewhat shelving and thus another bed of sand , and another of beets , continuing this order to the last . after this manner they will keep very fresh , spending them as you have occasion , and as they stand , and not drawing any of them out of the middle or sides for choyce . seed . for the seed you shall reserve of the best and fairest roots , which you shall bury as you did the rest , to replant in the spring , in some voyd place neer the borders of your fruit-hedges ; because there you may stop its growth , which the windes would overthrow by reason of its overlopping , and poize ; unlesse it be sustained : except that you had rather place them in some bed , where you must support them with strong stakes for the purpose . the grain ripe , pull up the plan●s , and tye them to your pole-hedg , that they may dry and ripen with the more facility : then rub it out gently 'twixt your hands , and be sure to dry it well to preserve it from becoming musty . carrots . carrots and parsneps are to be governed like beets ; but are much more hardy , and easily endure the winter without prejudice , till the spring , when they run up to seed , and are then not to be eaten : and therefore you shall draw your provisions in the winter , and preserve them for your spending , as you did the beets . season . there are carrots of three colours , yellow , white , and red . the first of these is the most delicate , for the pot , or inter-mess : if you would have those that be very tender in may ( as the picards and those of amiens have them , who put them in their pottage instead of hearbs ) you must soyl the ground , and prepare it by good dressing before summer . in august you shall sowe at the decrease of the moon : they will spring before winter , and when you cleanse them from weeds , you must thin them where you finde they grow confusedly , since you need not transplant them as you do your beets . seed . for the seed , chuse the very prime and longest roots ; lay them all winter in the cellar , and set them in the ground again at the spring as you do beets , that they may run to seed : and in case you leave any in the grou●d , they will easily passe the winter without rotting , and come to seed in their season : but it is best to draw them out , as i said , that you may cull the best for propagation ; a rule to be well observed in all sorts of plants , if you be ambitious to have the best . salsifix . garden salsifix is of two sorts , the common is of a violet colour , the other is yellow : this is the salsifix of spain which they call scorsonera , they are different as well in leaf , as in flower : for the violet have their leaf like the small five rib'd plantine , and those of the yellow are much larger . it is but very lately that we have had this scorsonera in france ; and i think my self to be one of the first : 't is a plant aboundantly more delicious then the common salsifix , and has preheminence above all other . roots , that it does not lye in the ground as other roots which become stringy and endure but a year : leave these as long as you please in the earth , they will dayly grow bigger , and are fit to eat at all seasons ; though it yearly run up to seed . dressing . 't is good to scrape off the brown crusty part of the rinde ( from whence they derive their name scorfonera ) and to let them soak a while in fair water before you boyl them ; because they cast forth a little bitternesse , which they will else retain , and that the common salsifix is free of ; which being simply washed , are boyled , and the skin peeled off afterward . season . there are two seasons of sowing ; in the spring , and when the flower is past ; letting the seed flye away : for the more uniformity they are sown in lines upon beds ; four rankes on a bed : when they blowe you must raile about your bed with stakes and poles like a pole hedg , for fear the wind breake their stalks and fling them downe , to the great prejudice of your seed . but the common salsifix does flower before the spanish . seed . to gather the seed , you must be sure to visit your salsifix four or five times a day , for it will vanish and flie away like the down or gossemeere , of dandelyon , and therefore you must be watchfull , to gather all the beards , and taking them with the tops of your fingers , pluck out the seed ( as soon as ever you perceive their heads to grow downy ) which you shall put into some earthen pot ( which must stand ready , neer the bed , that you may not be troubled to carry it in and out so often ) covering it with a tyle , to keep out the raine , &c. radishes . there are three sorts of radishes . the horse-radish , the black-radish and the small ordinary eating radish . horse-radishes . the horse-radish is a grosse kinde of food , very common in limoges amongst the poorer people , who diversly accommodate them , by boyling , frying , and eating them with oyle , having first cut them in slices and soaked them in water to take away their rankness : you may sowe them all ialy even to three lines , that in case the first crops do not prosper , the other may . they affect a sandy ground well soyled , and turned up two or three times , and so they will come very fair , there are some that are as big as a twopeny loafe : you must draw them out of the ground before the frosts , and conserve them in a warme place , as you do your turneps . seed . for their seed you need only leave the fairest in the ground which will passe the winter well enough and produce you their seed in their season ▪ but the most certain way is to transplant some of the biggest as soon as the hard frosts are past . the black radish is little worth , but they are raised as the smaller are . small raddish . sowing . the small radish or little rabbon , may be sown at every decrease of the moon , from the time you begin your hot melon-bed , to the very end of october . they are several wayes ordered : for if you desire them very fair , transparent , clean and long , you must when you sowe your melons in some part of the bed , ( whilst it yet remains warm ) make holes as deep as your finger , three inches distant from each other . in every of these holes drop in two radish seeds , and covering them with a little sand leave the rest of the hole open : thus they will grow to the whole length of your finger higher then otherwise they would have done , and not put forth any leaves till after they are come up above the level of the bed. when your melons are transplanted , you may sowe them upon their bed , and in other open ground , by even lines . seed . let the first sown run to seed , and gather them when you first perceive their swads below to open and shead : then lay them to ripen and drie along your hedges , as i instructed you before . the best seed which we have comes from the gardens about amiens ; where amongst their low grounds they raise that which is excellent . at their first coming up , they appear like the wilde : but after the fourth or sixth leaf they grow very lusty , provided they be well watered . turneps . there are several sorts of turneps which i shall not particularize ; i shall onely affirme that the lesser are the best , and most agreeable to the tast , the other being soft , flashy , and insipid . season . you may sowe them at two seasons ; at spring , and in the beginning of august . all the difficulty is in taking the right time , for if the weather prove wet , the seed will burst , and not sprout at all : if too dry it will not come up , and therefore , if you perceive your first season to faile , you shall give them a second digging or howing , and sowe anew . vermine . so soon as they come up and have two or four leaves , if the weather be very dry , the ticquet , or winged wormes , and the flea , will fall upon them and devoure them , and all your paines : therefore ( as i said ) if you see your first to have failed , you must begin again . to be excellent , they must not remain above six-weekes in the ground , least they become worm-eaten , withered , ill meat , and full of strings . housing . house●hem ●hem in winter in your cellar , or some other place where they may be exempt from the frost , and without any other trouble , save laying them in heaps , or bunches . seed . for the seed reserve the biggest , longest , and brightest roots , which you shal plant in the ground at spring , and draw forth again when you perceive the pods to open ; then set them a drying , and afterwards rub out the seed upon a sheet , expos'd the remainder of the day to the sun to exhaust their moysture ; then , having well cleansed it , reserve it in some temperate place . parsly . we will range parsly also among the roots , though its leafe be the most in esteem , and used in severall dishes , serving oftentimes instead of pepper and spice . season . when the frosts are past , you shal sowe the greater and lesser sort of parsly , the pennach't , and the curled , in ground deeply dug , and well ●oyled that it may produce long and goodly roots . sow your seed upon your beds in each four lines , the mould made very fine and well raked : you may sow leeks over them , chopping them gently in with the rake only : when all is clear , cover the whole bed about two fingers thick with some dung of the old bed as wel to amend the ground , as to preserve the seeds from being beaten out with the raine , your watring , and from bursting . dressing . now ●ince parsly-seed lyes a moneth in the ground , before it comes up , the leeks will have time enough to spring and be sufficiently strong to be removed , and when you pull them up for this purpose , it will serve as a second dressing and weeding to your parsly , and when by this means they are grown , you may thin them where you perceive the plants come up too thick , which will very much improve them . you may cut the leaves when ever you have need , without the least detriment to the plant . rootes . leave the roots in the ground for your use , because they daily grow bigger and that even all the winter long , however you 'l do well to take as many up as you conceive you may need , least when the earth is hard frozen , you can procure none in case of necessity . seed . for the seed , let one end of your bed stand unpulled up till it is all ripe , which you must set a drying , as you did the others . skirret . the skirret comes of seed and of plants , but the best and fairest of plants ; and of these , those which they bring from troyes in champagne are most esteemed . to plant them , you must in spring ( the ground well dug , and dressed ) make four small rills on each bed , two fingers deep , then make holes with the dibber at half inch distance setting in every hole two or three young slips , which you may take from the old plants , being carefull to water them at the beginning . spending . draw them out of the ground according as you spend them , the rest which you leave will grow bigger and in their season produce their ●eed . rampions rampions , though it be a plant very agreeable to the tast , and which they have severall wayes of dressing : yet i will not spend time in teaching you how to order them , since they grow wild in sufficient quantity , and are not worth the trouble ofr●aising . jerusalem artichocks ierusalem artichocks are round roots which come all in knots and are eaten in lent like the bottomes of other artichocks : they need no great ordering , and if they be planted in good ground they will flowrish exceedingly . seed . they are raised of seed , and planted in roots , bearing flowers , like a small heliotrope , in which there growes a world of seed . danger . the physitians say that the use of them is prejudiciall to the health and that they are therefore to be banished from good tables sect . v. of all sorts of pot-hearbs . pot-herbs . beet-leeks we will begin with the white beet or leeks as being the greatest of all the pot-hearbs , and of which there is more spent then of any of the rest . the white beet or beet-card ( for so some will call it in imitation of the picards , who really merit the honour to be esteemd the best and most curious gardiners for herbs , before any other of all the provinces of france : be it that the●r soyle and climate produce more , or that they are more industrious . their hearbs are a great deal more fair and large , then in other places . season . i have seen of those amongst them that have been of eight inches circumference , or little lesse , and in length proportionable to their thickness ) is to be sown at spring when the frosts are quite gone . transplanting . you may make use of your hedge-borders for this purpose , and when they come to have six leaves , you shall transplant them in ground that has been deeply trenched the autumn before , and lain mellowing all the winter . before you remove them , soyl the ground very well , and then giving it another digging , turn the dung into the bottom , then taking them out of your nursery beds , cut off their tops and transplant them in quarters , two ranges in a bed ; and a yard distant , making a small trench or line , as i shewed before , concerning removing of cabbages , which i forbear to repeat to avoid prolixity . if you would have them abound in fair cards , you must keep them well hou'd , weeded , and watred when you perceive they need it . gathering . you must not cut them when you gather , but pull them off from the plant , drawing them a little aside , and so you shall not injure the stalk , but rather improve those which remain : a little time will repair its loss . plant not those for cards which you shall finde green , for they degenerate . sowing . you may sowe them all the summer , that you may have for the pot , and to farce such as are tender : also at the end of august , which you may let stand all the winter as a nursery , and transplant at spring , which will furnish you with leeks very early . red beets . there is a red beet if you desire to have of them , for curiosity rather then for use , because they produce but small cards , which being boyled , lose much of their tincture , becoming pale , which renders them lesse agreeable to the palat , and to the eye , then the white . seed . for the seed , leave growing of the whitest and largest , without cropping any of their leaves , which you shall support with a good stake , lest its weight overthrow it , to the prejudice of the seeds which would then rot in lieu of ripening . two plants are sufficient to store you amply , which you shall pull up in fair weather ( when , by the yellownesse of the colour you shall judge it to be ripe ) and lay a drying , afterwards rub out the seeds with your hands upon some cloth , and cleansing it from the husks , give it a second drying , lest it become musty ; for being of a spongy substance , as the red beets are , it will continue a long time moyst . orache . there is another sort of beets , which is called oracke , very agreeable to the taste , it is excellent in pottage , and carryes its own butter in it self : it is raised as the former is , excepting only that you may plant it neerer , and needs no transplanting , 't is sufficient that it be weeded , and houed when there is cause . succory . there are several kindes of garden succories , different in leaf and bigness● , but resembling in taste , and which are to be ordered alike . season . sow it in the spring upon the borders , & when it has 6 leaves replant it in rich ground about 18 inches distance , paring them at the tops . when they are grown so large as to cover the ground , tye them up , as i instructed you before , where i treated of rom ▪ lettuce , not to bind them up by handfuls as they grow promiscuously , but the strongest & forwardest at first , letting the other fortifie . i remit you thitherto avo●d repetition . it is in the second section , art. lettuce , where you will also finde the manner of whiting it under earthen pots . blanching . there is yet another fashion of blanching it . in the great heats , when instead of heading you perceive it would run to seed , hollow the earth at one side of the plant , and couch it down without violating any of the leaves , and so cover it , leaving out only the tops and extremity of the leaves , and thus it will become white in a little time , and be hindred from running to seed . those who are very curious bind the leaves gently before they interre them , to keep out the grit from entring between them , which is very troublesome to wash out , when you would dresse it . remember to couch them all at one side , one upon another , as they grew being planted , beginning with that which is neerest the end of the bed , and continuing to lay them , the second upon the first , and the third upon the second , till you have finished all the ranges . i finde likewise two other manners of blanching them for the wint●r ; the first is at the first frosts , that you ●ye them after the ordinary way , and then at the end of eight or ten dayes , plucking them up , couch them in the bed , where you raised them from seeds , making a small trench cross the bed the height of your plant , which will be about eight inches , beginning at one end . in this you shall range your plants side by side , so as they may gently touch , and a little shelving : this done , cover them with small rotten dung of the same bed : then make another furrow for a second range , in which order lay your plants as before , continuing this order til you have finish'd , and last of all cover the whole bed four fingers thick , with hot soyl fresh drawn out of the stable ; and in a short time they will be blanched . if you will afterwards cover the bed with some mats placed a●lant , like the ridge of a house to preserve them from the rain , they will last a very long time without rotting . when you would have any of them for use , begin at the last which you buried , and , taking them as they come , draw them out of the range , and break off what you finde rotten upon the place , or that which has contracted any blacknesse from the dung , before you put it into your basket for the kitchen . housing . a second manner of preserving it , is , to interre it , as before , in furrows of sand in the cellar , placing the root upmost , lest the sand run in between the leaves , and you finde it in the dish when they serve it . you need not here bestow any dung upon them , it is sufficient that the sand cover the plant four fingers high , and when you take it out for use , before you dresse it , shake it well the root upmost , that all the sand may fall out from the leaves . take them likewise as they happen to lye in the ranges . there is a kinde of succory , which hardens of it self without binding ; which is a small sort , but very much prized for its excellence . seed . for the seed , leave of the fairest plants growing , and particularly such as you perceive would whiten of themselves , and head without tying . let it well mature , though it a little over ripen : since it is not subject to scatter and fall out as many others are . on the contrary , when being exceedingly dryed , you shall lay it upon the barn-floor , you shall have much adoe , to fetch out the seeds from the heads , though you thrash it with a flail . endive . of endive or wilde succory , some of it bears a blew flower , others a white , it is to be governed like the garden , but with lesse difficulty ; for you need only sowe it in a small rill , weeding , houing , and thinning it in due season . blanching . housing . to blanch it , cover it only with reasonable warm dung , and drawing it out at the first appearance of frost , keep it under sand in your cellar , as you do other roots : but first , it ought to be almost white of it self : the root is very much esteemed , which has made me dubious whether i should not have placed it amongst them , but i concluded it most properly reserved with the curled succory in respect of their conformity , as well in growing , as in producing its seeds . sorre●l . of sorrel we have very many kindes , the great , the lazy , &c. for as much as one leaf is sufficient for pottage , being so prodigiously large , that they have some leaves seven inches broad and fifteen or eighteen long : it is a sort which has been transported out of the low-countryes , and i have had of the first . a second kinde is another large sorrel resembling patience . a third produces no seed , but is propagated from the small side-leaves , which it shoots when it begins to spread in the ground . a fourth is the small sorrel which we have had so long in use . a fift is the round-leaved sorrel , large , and small , which also does not seed , but is to be raised of the little strings with which it o'respreads the ground , and by little tendrels which grow about the plant , and which you may take up in tuffts to furnish your beds withall . a sixt is the wild sorrel , frequently found upon the up-lands and therefore not worth the paines to plant in gardens . lastly , there is a seventh sort , which bears a small traingular leafe called alleluja , it is very delicate and agreeable by reason of its acidity , like the other sorrel for tast , but excellent in pottage , farces and sallades , as being endowed with the same qualities and rellish of the other sorrels . soweing . you may sow all those sorts , which produce seed , after the frosts , in narrow rills , four in a bed , but be diligent to weed it , lest it be overgrown ; when it is a little strong thin it a little , that it may the better prosper , and if you please , you may furnish other beds with what you take away . transplanting but it is the best way if you would transplant it , it , to gather of the strongest , and at the beginning of autumn or spring make borders a part : they doe well either way , continue long in perfection , even till ten or twelve years . but then it will be fit to remove it , because the ground will be weary of being alwayes burthened with the same plant , and delights in diversity : besides the rootes crowding and pressing one another , cannot finde sufficient substance to nourish and entertain them . dressing ▪ they must be dug at least thrice a year , which should be at the entry of the hard frosts , you must shake some melon bed dung upon them : the soyl of poultry is excellent and makes it wonderfully flourish . at this second digging , you shall extirpate what ever you finde grow scatring out of range by the sheading of seed , and geuld them also about , cutting off all the leaves and stalks neer the ground , before you cover them with the dung . seed . the seed is easily gatherd from such as bear it , for it runs up at midd-summer , and when you see it ripe , cut off the stalkes close to ground , afterwards being dryed , it soon quits the pouches , cleanse it well and preserve it for use . patience . patience must be ordered like sorrel : the plant is not so delicious to the palate , however one would have a bed of it , that your garden may be compleat . borrage . the vertues of borrage recommends it to your garden , though it impaire the colour of your pottage , darkning it a little the flowers of it are a very agreeable service , to garnish the meate , pottages , sallades , and other dishes ; since by reason of their sweetnesse , they may be eaten without any disgust . soweing . it is to be sow●e in the spring , like other herbs , and may be left in the ground : their hardy ro●ts supporting the hardest frosts , sprouting a fresh in the spring : the gardiners of paris pull up the whole plant , and sowe it many times in the year , to have it alwayes tender . for the ordering of it , it is sufficient that it be gently houed and weeded . seed . for the seed , let the fairest plants run , and when they are full ripe on the stalke , gather and save it . buglosse . buglosse is to be govern'd like borrage , and therefore i will spend no more time upon it . chervill . chervill , besides what i told you before , that you should sowe it upon beds to compose swaller salades at the end of winter ; it will be good to sowe new from moneth to moneth ( though it be but little ) that you may still have it fresh and more tender , then that which is old sowne . the borders of your wall-fruit and hedges may serve for this effect , forasmuch as it cannot prejudice your trees , being so small , and requiring so little substance for its growth , and the small time of its sojourne in a place . seed . you shall let one end of your bed run to graine , which will amply suffice to furnish you , let it ripen well upon the stalke then pull it up or cut it , and dry it perfectly before you reserve it , there is another sort of spanish chervill which is called mirrhis odorata whose leafe much resembles hemlock : but very agreeable to the tast , having a perfume like the green anis , and much pleasanter being a little chewed . at the spring , when it makes a shoot from its old stalke , they cover it with small dung , and then with hot soyl over to choke it , that it may be fit for salads ; it is infinitely to be preferred before allisanders , or the sceleri of italy . sowing . you shall sowe it in spring in some place by it self , and till it be come up do nothing to it , besides cleansing it of weeds as they spring up , it being some times a whole year under ground . seed . the seed you shall gather in its season , and order it as you do the rest . allisanders . allisanders are to be ordered as i now shewed you in spanish chervill , only the seed of it does not ly so long hid , and that it is not to be eaten till it be buryed under the dung , or covered with pots like succory . sceleri . italian sceleri shall be treated after the same manner : the shoot or stalke is that which is the most excellent in the plant , because it is so delicate and tender . soweing . these three last plants , are not to be sowne every year , but preserve themselves in the ground during winter without prejudice . purslaine . of purslaines i finde four sorts , the greene , and white , and the golden lately brought us from the ilands of st. christopher , which is the most delicate of all the rest ; and lastly the small wild purslain ▪ which the ground spontaneously produces and is therefore least esteemed . soweing . it is to be sowne at spring upon the bed , and all summer long , to have alwayes that which is tender , bur first you must dig the earth well , and throughly dresse it : sprinkle your seed as thin as you can , which is the more difficult to do , because the grain is so exceeding smal , and when it is sowne , you shall cover it no otherwise , then by clapping the bed with the back of your spade . this done , water it immediately , that you make no holes in the bed , thus it will come up speedily , provided that you ply it with refreshments at the beginning . transplanting . to be master of excellent seed you must transplant it , and thus you will produce goodly stalks● to pickle , and serve to put in your winter salads , and in pottage . seed . you shall perceive the graine to be ripe , when it lookes very black , and then you shall pull up the plant , and lay it upon a sheet to wither , and dry in the sun : but at night carry it in the same sheet into the house , and the next day expose it again , continuing so to do till it be all perfectly ripe , then rub it 'twixt your hands , and poure it into another sheet to dry throughly before you box it up . you shall set your plants a drying again for some dayes after , and they will furnish you with more seed which could not be gotten out the first time . you shall finde that new seed is nothing so good to sowe as that which is two , three , or four years old . spinach . of spinach there are three sorts : the large which has not the leafe so pointed and prickly as the smaller , and the pale , which makes up the third . soweing . season . it would be sowne in the beginning of autumn , that it may gather some streugth before winter . if you perceive that it springs too fast , you may cut for pottage , and to make tarts , it will be a great deall tenderer then in lent when it is chiefly eaten . the manner of soweing of it is on beds in small rills four lines in a bed . when it is up keep it neatly weeded , and extirpate all such stragling plants as you shall find out of their files . seed . reserve a corner of your bed for the seed , cutting off al the rest as you have occasion . at lent pull up the plant quite for the use of the kitchin , cutting away only the roots . the seed is of two sorts , the prickly , and the smooth and round which produces the pale coloured and most delicate . sect . vi. of beanes , peas , and other ▪ pulse . beanes . there are three sorts of great beanes . those which we call at paris , marsh-beans , which grow very large , flat , and of a pale colour : of others there are many lesser kinds like the first but a little rounder . and some there are lesse yet than these , and wholly different from the first , being almost exactly round , of a gray , or a little reddish-coulour . and these are such as they give to horses , and which they grind for divers purposes . i shall here only treate how the great ones are to be ordered , leaving the small as of small consequence , and shall shew you how different mens opinions are for the time and manner of soweing them , sowing . some sowe them about advent , and hold that they shall have of the first ready to eat : others stay till candlemasse , and some will have the frosts first past : every man hath his particular reasons , because say they , the flea devoures their tops when they are in flower . for my own particular ( who alwayes love to be sure ) i stay till after the frosts are past , and i build my reason upon this ; that the season is all in all : not that i would disswade any from soweing in advent , or in february , but i would advise you to be sparing , and to reserve the greatest quantity for the spring , since it being necessary to sowe them in the best ground , and the lowest you have , it would be scarce fit to dig at those two seasons , being more retentive of water then the lighter grounds , choyce . before you sowe them , make choice of the most healthy and best condition'd ; then steep them a day or two in water wherein dung has been imbibed , this will cause them to flourish exceedingly , and advance their growth above ten or twelve dayes , and besides they 'l not remain● so long in the earth before they come up , will greatly prevent the danger of wormes , and , being throughly soaked in the foresayd liquor , will participate of its good quality , which is to make them produce great abundance . ground . for their soweing , the ground ought to be dug and prepared before winter , and cleansed of weeds , then with the houe make a furrow , upon the side whereof , ( and not at the bottome ) drop your beans a little above halfe a foot asunder , then open another trench , and with the earth which comes out of that , cover your first , then a third , placing your beans as on the first and so continuing every second furrow to drop the beans : be careful to make your trenches as direct as you can , that you may the better houe , weed , and crop them , without breaking their stalks , when you pass between them . there are others , who after they have well dug and dressed their ground , tread it out into quarters , and plant their beans with a dibber ; but i most of all affect the first , because it makes the ground looser about them . houing . whilst they are growing , and that the weeds are ready to choke them , you shall houe and cleanse them carefully , without doing them any harm ; and when they are pretty strong , you shall observe that the flies and gnats will even cover the tops of their spindles , lighting upon the tenderest part of them , which with your knife you may crop off , and so carry away both the tops and the insects , casting your cuttings into a bushel , and afterward burn them , or bury them in your dunghil pit , or in some other place distant from your beans , lest they return back again . gathering . some of these beds you must destine to be eaten young and green , and not gather the pods amongst the whole crop ; and when you have quite plundered a plant , cut the stalk close to the ground , that it may shoot up another , which will produce its fruit in the latter season . seed . for seed , let them drie upon the stalks , till both the pods and they are grown black ; then in the heat of day pull them up , and thrash them out gently with a flail , fanning them out at your leasure . hame . burn not the hame which they afford , though it makes excellent ashes , but cast it amongst your soyl , and let it rot there , for it will greatly improve it : nay if you would make your ground exceeding rich , sowe beans in it , and when they begin to lose their blossoms , dig them in all together , earth and beans , without minding your losse , for this sort of soyl is a wonderful improvement of your land . there are a great kinde of beans , which are of a red-brown colour : but they are nothing so delicious as the pale . haricots . the small haricot or kidney beans are of two sorts , white , and coloured , amongst which there are also some white , but they are lesse and rounder then the great white ones . sowing . to commence with the great , you shall sowe them in some bed apart , four ranges in a bed , that you may the more commodiously stick them , then if they were sown confusedly : some of these also you shall destine to be eaten green , leaving the rest till they are dryer , and for seed . when you gather them be careful not to break their stalks , that they may bear till it be withered to the very root . painted . beanes . the painted and coloured beans , which are a lesser sort , are commonly sown in the open ground , newly dug and raked over , without any further care then what you take of such seeds as are sown abroad in the fields , unlesse it be , that , eight or ten dayes after they are come up , you houe them a little , and then touch them no more till they shoot forth their strings , ( which is about the beginning of iuly ) which you must cut off , that the pods may the better prosper , which are below the stalks , and to prevent , that in catching one to another ( by over branching ) they be not thrown down , and so perish those which grow beneath , instead of ripening them . soyle . this kinde of bean doth not require so strong a mould as the marsh beans do , but rather a sandy . sowing . they would be sown at the beginning of may , and pulled up as the plants drie , threshing them forth as i spake before of marsh-beanes : for if you gather them greener , you will be much troubled to finde a convenient place to drie them , they being so cumbersome , if you have plenty . white . streaked . bean●s . as for the white which are riced , seeing they clime to the very top of the boughs , and continue long bearing , you shall do well to gather those pods which , you finde drie , since they doe not ripen together , and to prevent two inconveniences , the first whereof is , that being past their maturity , the pod will open of it self in the heat of the day , and so lose out their beanes , and the second that in case there fall any considerable raines , the skin of the pods being over soaked , will cleave to the beanes with a certain inseparable glue which it produces , indamaging the beanes by a musty finnow which bespots them , and makes them very ill-●avoured to the sight , and worse to the taste : and besides you will be constrained to shail them out by hand to the great losse of time . you should separate and draw out all such as you finde black , mixed with black and white , forasmuch as they also become black , and in boyling darken and tinge the liquor . red bean● but the red are to be esteemed above all the rest , because of their delicatenesse , much surpassing the white , though they are most accounted of at paris . peas . of pease there are found several species very much different , viz. the hot-spurs or hasties , the dwarf , the great white pease , the black-ey'd pease , great and small green , the crown'd pease : and those without skins of two sorts , the cic●es with , and without skins , monethly pease , the grey pease , and the lupines . of all which i think it not amisse to particularise in brief , their maner of ordering , though there be no great difficulty in the plant , yet for your better instruction . soweing . there are three manners of soweing peas . in beds or quarters making four or five ranges in each . according to the kinds which you will sowe : in heaps or clusters , and in confusion . hot-spurrs hot-spurrs and hasties , would be sowne from candlemas or a little after the great frosts . soyl. sandy ground is that which they most delight in to come early and if the place be something high and lie expos'd to the south-sun , it will exceedingly advance them , of which we have the experience about charenton and st. maur neer paris , from whence we have them very early , and all the secret is , in often houing them which doth wonderfully advance them . soweing . if you sow them in furrows and lines you will finde it very commodious when you come to dresse them , because you will finde room enough to stand and come at them between the files , without indamaging the shoots , and when they are growe to range them one upon another for the more convenient houing them , which should be often reterated , and gather the cods with more ●ase when they are ripe without hurting the plants . setting . if you sowe them in heapes , plant them with the setting-stick , or dibber , a full foot distance , and put six or eight peas in every hole , they will come up and grow without cumbring the ground , if you have the leasure to hou and dresse them sufficiently . as for those which you sowe confusedly upon the ground newly dug , or in furrows after the plough , they will not require so much attendance , because they spread and display themselves on both sides , and cannot be hou'd above once , without great hazard of spoyling many of them with your feet . great pease . bushing . all sorts of great pease ( as the white , green , crown'd , those without skin , and the cich●s ) would be sown in quarters , and small rills , four ranges in a bed , for the more commodious bushing them in two ranks , every rank serving to support two of pease , and the greater kinde your pease are of , the stronger and higher must your bushes be ; because they climb to the very top , producing cods at every joynt ; especially the greater kinde of those without skins , whose cods grow eared , and are very weighty , shooting their braches at every joynt from the foot , every of which doth oftentimes bear as many cods , as the master stalk of the others . this is a sort of pease which you ought much to esteem for its deliciousnesse , and they may be eaten green with as much pleasure as radishes . these are called holland pease , and were not long since a great rarity . mould . if you would have very fair pease , you must sowe them in rich mould , and geld them when they are grown about four foot high : but the mischief is , that being sown in a strong ground , they do not boyl so well as those which are produced in a light sandy , which is the only proper ground which they require to b●rightly condition'd . distance . you must not set your quarter of pease so bushed as that they may intertwine and intangle each other ; but leave a void bed betwixt two , to give ayr to your plants , lest otherwise they suffocate , and rot at the bottom . beds . you may employ these interposed beds by sowing any other sort of roots heretofore described , and which will wonderfully thrive by reason of the refreshment which they will receive from the shade of the higher peas . gray peas you shall also set a part some particular beds to be eaten green , and cause the cods to be gatherd by some carefull person , who may have the patience to take them off handsomly , or else cut them from their stalks without injuring them , that thus relieving the plant from all it affords they may the longer continue . small peas . for the smaller sort of peas ( as the white , green , gray , hasties , dwarf ; and black-ey'd ) you may sowe them after the plough in open field , for since they do not branch much , they never choak . soweing . they may be sown in two fashions , either in ground newly dug and which has one dressing before wet winter : or under furrow that is , to say by sowing them upon the field , before you plough , and then in making the furrows the peas slide in , and are coverd with earth by the culter . pidgeons . this kind of husbandry is practised for two respects , the one to lodg them coldly when the earth is too light , and the other to preserve them from the pigeons , for those which are onely harrow'd in upon the superficies , they scrape out like poultry , and so devour the greatest part of your seed . houing . there is also another method of soweing peas , in use amongst those of picardy : they have a kind of flat ●hou , like those which the vignerons use about paris , where the vines grow in a pale moyst soyl , or in a sandy . this instrument is very like their hou's , when they have done with them being too much worn at the sides , these they round to a point in the middle , or to make it more intelligible , they do very much resemble the culter of a plough , and use it after the same fashion as they plow the furrows , that is , without ridges or pathes , save only upon the lands where it is divided 'twixt neighbour and neighbour . with these , upon newly dug ground , cleansed of weeds and well dress'd , they make a rill or tr●nch , going backward and drawing the earth which separates it self on both sides : and in these furrows they sowe their pease at a reasonable distance and then beginning a second rill , the houe covers that which was sown before . and so the third the second , till they have finish'd the whole plot. this manner of husbandry is very expedite , and commodious for their cleansing , without danger of treading upon them when they are grown . in this manner they sowe like-wise all sorts of beans , radishes , sorrel , leeks , and divers other hearbs , some deeper then other , according to the nature and strength of the seed . mo●ethly peas . monethly pease ( so called because they last almost the whole year , continually flourishing ) must be sown in some place of your garden well defended from the cold win●les , that you may have fruit betimes . c●●ting . they need no other curiosity about ordering then other pease , only that they would be speed●ly cut being green , leaving none of them to drie ; and as you perceive that any thing springs from them of which you have no hope it should produce cods , to cut it off . wat●ing . you must have a great care to water them , especially during august , and to shelter them with pannels of reeds or mattresses during the excessive heats , to preserve them from the scorching sun. lupines . lupins or taulpins ( so called because the mole flyes the place where they are sowen ) are a flat kinde of pease , round like a bruised pistol bullet . slave-peas . in the gallyes they call them slave-peas , because they are their chief sustenance : they are bitter of tast , and must be a long time soaked before they be boyled . they proceed from pods fastned to the stalk like beanes , and are very full . in spain they sowe whole fields of them for their cattell . soweing . they must be sown in furrows four fingers distant , and four files in a bed and will prosper well enough in ordinary ground . lentills lentils should be sown at the same season as peas in ground newly dug , but if it were prepared the winter before , they will be a great deal fairer . mould . they affect sandy mould , and are to be gathered being ripe , and may be bound in swaths : thus you may leave them in the barns as long as you please unthrashed , because they are not so obnoxious to the mice not to be worme-eaten as other peas which are continually gnawn as long as they remain in their cods , thrashing and therefore they must be thrashed out as soon as possible you can , for which reason some bringing them out of the field in a fair day , thrash them in the very street upon some spacious place expos'd to the sun , which dos much contribute to their loosning : housing . for there is a great deal of trouble in housing them and besides they will sweat as many other graines do , and soften their cods which makes them difficult to beat out : notwithstanding you may house the gray peas to give your horses in the h●me , which will whet their appetite , and much restore them if they be fallen in their flesh . sect . vii . of onions , garlick , chibols , leeks , odoriferous plants , and other conveniences of a garden , not comprehended in the precedent chapters . onions . onions are of three colours , the white , the pale , and the purple-red : i say of three colours , for i do not conceive them to be of three different species , because they are so alike in taste : but i referre their qualities to the judgement of the botanists . oweing . besides your sowing of onions with parsly as i shewed you before , you shall sowe others upon a bed apart , and when it is grown as big as a hens quill , you may transplant it in lines with a dibber , that you may have them very fair . if you leave any upon the bed where you sowed it , 't will diminish , and rise out of the ground at the season , sooner then that which you removed . seeding . during the great heat of summer , it would run to seed , which you must prevent by treading upon the spindle , which will stop its carreer , and make the onion the fairer . drying . housing . when you finde them out of the ground , and that the leaf is become very drie , as it uses to be in august , then you shall take them quite out of the earth , searching with your spade for every small head , letting them dry upon the bed , and afterward lay them up in some temperate place , and an ayr rather d●ie then moyst . seed . for the seed , you shall choose ●he fairest and biggest that you reserved , and when the frosts are past plant them in ground very well soyled , and clear from stones , which is the mould thy best affect . for this you may make use of the houe , rilling the bed where you would set them : not long-wayes but a thwart , and deep enough , then lay them in the bottom of the rills , half a foot distant and cover them by drawing the second trench and thus a third , and a fourth continuing the order till your bed be finished . when it is in seed 't is very subject to be overthrown by the wind by reason of its weight , and the weaknesse of th● spindle , which being easily bent or broken fals with the head to the ground , which rots the seed instead of ripening it , and therefore to remedy this , you shall rail the bed a-about ( as i directed you concerning salsifix ) or else stake them from space to space , to which you shall tie them up , by four or five spindles together bending them gently to the props if it be possible without breaking them . the stalks drie , and the head discovering the seed gives testimony of its maturity , and therefore you shall draw them up , and having cut off all their spindles , you shall lay the heads a drying upon some cloath , seperating that which falls out of it self upon the cloath , as the best conditioned : afterwards when it all is perfectly drie , rub the heads in your hands , and getting out as much as you can with patience and much drying . if you do not immediately rub it out , bind up the heads in bunches , and hang them up in your house , because they will both keep and augment in good nesse taking them only as you have occasion . there is so great deceit in buying this seed , that i would advise you to use none but which is of your own growth , unlesse you have some intimate friend that will send you that which is excellent , to renew your store , for some merchants sell it old , and so it can never prosper , or else they scald it to make it swell : to discover that which is good put a little into a porrenger of water , and let it infuse upon the hot embers , and if it be good it will begin to check and speer , if it do not , its worth nothing . chibol . chibolls of all sorts , from the greatest to the english-cives , are to be planted in cloves , four or five together , to make a tuft , in distance according to their bignesse , they requiring no other care , then to be weeded and cleansed , and , if you will , a little dunged before the winter . thus you may let them continue in their bed as long as you please , the plant continually improving by off-s●ts which it will produce in abundance . transplanting however it will be good at every three or four years end to take it up , and plant it in another place , forasmuch as the ground is weary of bearing perpetually but one sort , and loses that quality which is most proper to the plant , rendring it languid and weak if it dwell on it too long . garlick . ● garlick is to be orderd like onions , planting . the best season is to plant it at the end of february . the time of bruising it , to make the spindles knot , is about st. peters in iune , and to pull it out of the ground , at st. peters in august , according to ●he old gardiners adage . sow at st. peters the first crop . your garlick at st. peters stop . and at st. peters take it up . pulling . housing . when you have amassed them together you shall let them dry in heaps upon the bed , and then in the cool of the morning bind them up with their own leaves , by dozens , and there let them passe the day in the hot sun , before you carrie them in , hanging it to the beames of the sieling to keep it drie . eschalots , or ( as the french call them ) appeties , being a species 'twixt an oniamd garlick , and add a rare relish to a sawce , neither so rank as the one , nor so flat as the other ) are to be orderd like chibolls , planting . planting the little cloves , to make them greater , and in the moneth of august , you shall pull as many of them out of the ground as you desire to reserve , and hang them up as you did the garlick . leeks . blanching . leeks are to be planted like onions , and transplanted in files with the dibber , as deep as may be , that you may have a great deale of white-stalke ; nor should you fill the trench till a little after , and that they be well grown , this will augmeut their blanching . but besides this there is another way , and that is when they have done growing , to lay them in the rill one upon another , leaving only the very extremities of their leaves out of ground , and thus what is covered will become white , and this does much lengthen the plant , one such leek being as good as two others . seeds . for the seed , reserve of the fairest and longest to transplant in the spring : and when they are run up , environ them with supporters and palisades as you doe onions to preserve their heads from falling to the ground . when they are ripe , cut them off ●rie , and reserve them in bunches , or otherwise as you did the onions . herbs odi●●sant . sweet and odoriferant herbs , and what other you ought principaly to furnish your garden withall as are proper for salades , and for the service of the kitchen , omitting the rest at your own pleasuure , such as are southen-wood , hysope , cassidonia : ●aulme , camomile , rue , and others . we will here discourse of such only as you ought of necessity be provided . salad . for salads , balm , tarragon , sampier , garden-cresses , corne-sallet , pimpinell , trippe-madame , are such as we do ordinarily use together with those which i have described in the foregoing sections ▪ that salad being most agreeable , which is composed with the greatest variety of herbs . some of these herbs are to be sown , and others to be planted in roots and though they all for the most part bear seed , yet none so effectually as the rooted plants . corne salad . pimpinel . cresse . those which you are to sowe are the corne-salad , pimpinel , and cresses , the rest are to be planted in roots● all of them passe the winter in the ground without prejudice . and you may leave them as long as you please in the beds where you sowed and planted them ; without any ▪ farther trouble then to weed them and now and then dig up and cleanse the paths least the weeds ocome them . the rest which you gather for the kitchen , are thyme , savory , marjoram and sage , of both sorts , and r●semary ; all which plants are easy to be raised , and sufficiently furnish you . licoris . we will not omit licoris , to gratifie such as make use of it in their p●isans : but if you plant it in your garden , place it in some quarter where it may not prejudice it , for if it like the ground , it will s●ring and goe a great deal deeper then the very couch or dog-grasse , and put you to a world of difficulty to come at it in case you should resolve to extirpa●e it intirely . there grows as good in all places of france , as any that they transport out of spain . plantin● to furnish your self with this take rooted plants , and lay them half a foot in ground , it will need no other labour to make it thrive , but to preserve it well weeded and clensed by stirring up the earth . time. thyme is both sown and planted ; one thyme tuft wil afford many slips , which you may set with the setting-stick , as you doe all sorts of cuttings . savory . savory is every year to be sown , and therefore be carefull to reserve the seeds , and the hearb also being dried , to serve in divers seasonings . marioram of marjoram there is the sweet , and the pot-marjoram . the first sort is very t●nder in winter , and therefore the seeds thereoff should be carefully preserved , to sowe of it every year : the winter or pot-marjoram ( which is a bigger kind ) may be perpetuated where you please . sage . garden and bastard-sage grows well of slips or branches cleft off with roots from the main stemms . rosemary . rosemary is also planted of slips , and roots split from the old stock . fenell . sweet-fenell and anis , which are plants to be sown and governed without much difficulty , are not to be forgotten in your garden . satisfie your self therefore with these few instructions which i have given of odiriferous plants : the apprehensions i have of swelling our volume has caused me to passe them so lightly over . there now only remains to conclude this treatise the addition of some plants and shrubs which bear fruit , highly necessary to accomplish your garden . st●awberies . strawberries are of four kinds . the white , the large red , the capprons , and the small red wild strawberry . plan● . concerning these last sort which are the small , you need not put your self to the trouble of cultivateing them , if you dwell neer the woods , where they abound ; for the children of every village will bring them to you for a very small reward : and in case you be far from these pretty sweets , you may furnish some small carpets of them on the sides of some of your alleys without other care or pains then to plant them , sending for such as are in little sods from the places which naturally produce them , or else you may sowe them , by casting the water wherein you wash the strawberies before you eat them , upon the foresaid beds . 〈◊〉 . for the great white straberies , the red , and c●aprons you shall plant in borders , four ranges in a border or low-bed , which must have a path between , of a foot and half at least : the best plants are such as you take from the strings which they make during all the summer , and to put three plants in every hole which you shall make with the dibber . season . the best season , is to plant them in august , when their strings are lusty , and have taken roots by their joynts , forming a small plant at every knot . proping . to order them well you must dresse , weed and loosen the mould about them very dilligently , and to have fair and clear fruit you shall stick a small prop to every plant , to which you shall bind their stalks with a straw and by this means , besides that your fruit will prove much fairer , snails , toads , frogs , and other noxious animals will forsak●● them , for want of covertures , which they would not do if the whole plant lay upon the ground , where they fail not to eat ago●dpart of them , ever attayning the fairest . 〈◊〉 when your strawberies shoot their strings , you must castrate them and leave them none but such as you reserve to ●urnish you with plants . ren●wing and you shall every year renew some of your 〈…〉 such as are above four of five years old , as beginning then to impair of their goodnesse and vertue . dressing . it will be convenient to strew them over with some melon-bed dung , a little before the great frosts , which will much improve them , cutting off all their leaves , as i taught you concerning sorrell . soyl. the soyl which they most affect is rather a sandy then a stiff , and therefore you shall make choyce of that part in your garden for them which most approaches this mixture . strawberries in autumn . if you desire to have strawberries in autumn , you shall only cut off the first blossomes which they put forth , and hinder their fructifying , they will not fail of blowing anew afterwards , and produce their fruit in the latter season . raspis . r●spis are of two colours , the white and the red : you must plant 〈◊〉 which you may split off into many from a good stemm : they are to be planted four fingers distant from one another in an open trench as deep as your spade-bit , as i have described it in my discourse of a nursery , whither i referr you for more brevity . p●uning . besides the former labours , they will only require that you free them of their dead wood , and clear them of the suckers which they shoot up in the paths between their ranges : but if you perceive that notwithstanding all this , they spring too fast as to endanger their choaking , you shall succor them by pruning off the new sets , and sparing the old , as the most ingenuous and fruitfull . goosber●ies . of gooseberries there are two kindes , the great-large and the small white ones which are thorny and full of prickles : others red , white , and perled , without prickles , which in normandy they call g●delles . they are all of them to be planted , and governed like raspis , and therefore i proceed no farther . champignon . choyce . champignons , and all other kinds resembling them to which the italians give the common apellative of fongi , we distingush in our language , naming some of them mushroms of the woods , which rests , and are very large . and are such as grow by the borders and skirts of great for-mushroms of the meadews , and sweet pastures , which are such as grow frequently where the cattell feeds , and seldom flourish till after the first fogs of autumn are past . these last are those which i esteem the best of all , as well because of their beauties and whitenesse above , as for their vermillion beneath , add to this their agreeable sent , which are wanting in the other . the garden mushroms which are ordinarily grow upon the beds , and those which do not appear before the beginning of may , hid under the mosse in the woods from whence they seem to derive their name of moush , or mousserons . bed mushram . dressing . of all these species there is only the bed-mushrums which you can produce in your garden , and to effect this , you must prepare a bed of mules or asses soil , covering it over four fingers thick with short and rich dung and when the great heat of the bed is qualified , you must cast upon it all the parings and falls of such mushrums as have been dressed in your kichen , together with the water wherein they were washed as also such as are old and wormeaten , and a bed thus prepared will produce you very good , and in short space . the same bed may serve you two or three years and will much assist you in making another . production . if you poure of this water upon your melon beds , they may likewise furnish you with some . but i had almost forgotten to inform you , that there are certain stones , which being placed in the dunghill , have the vertue to produce them in a little time , and that there are some curio●s persons which have of these stones , to whose better experience i recommend you . morrille● concerning morilles , and truffs : the first whereof is a certain delicate red mushrum , and the other an incomparable kind of round ru●●et excressence which grows in drie ground , without any stalk , leafe , or fibers to it , and therefore used to be found out by a hog , kept and trained up in the mysterie : there are but very few places which do naturally produce them . conclusion . and thus i presume to have sufficiently instructed you , in all things which are necessary to be cultivated in gardens ; at the least ; what is commonly eaten and in request in our parisien france . other provinces have other plants , the spoyls whereof they afford us so good cheap , that it is not worth the while to husband them : as for instance , capers , &c. not but that they prosper very wel in these parts ; but they are troublesome and require a large compasse , for a small crop , flourishing better amongst the stones of some antient ruine , then in any other place : t is too great a subjection to gather their blossomes , and to pickle them in salt , and would cost you more then you may buy them for of the oyl-men let us conclude this discourse then , and hasten to shew you how the fruits of the garden are to be conserved in their naturall , according to the precedent sections and articles , as your fruit , your herbs and your pulses are disciplind in the two former treatises . an appendix to the former treatises . sect . i. of the manner how to conserve fruits in their natural . conserving of fruits in their naturall . raspis . there is nothing which doth more lively concern the senses then in the depth of winter to behold the fruits so fair , and so good , yea better , then when you first did gather them , and that then , when the trees seem to be dead , and have lost all their verdure , and the rigour of the cold to have so despoyl'd your garden of all that imbellished it , that it appears rather a desart then a paradise of delices : then it is ( i say ) that you will taste your fruit with infinite more gust and contentment , then in the summer it self , when their great abundance , and rarity , rather cloy you then become agreeable . for this reason therefore it is , that we will essay to teach you the most expedite , and certain means how to conserve them all the winter , even so long , as till the new shall incite you to quit the old. for it is just with fruits as it is with wines : those which we drink first are the more delicate and juicy ; and those which we reserve for the latter part of the year are more firm and lasting : both excellent in their season : but so soon as the new are made , and fit to pierce , we abandon the old , which we before esteemed so agreeable . in like manner it is , so soon as the new fruits approach to their maturity , we forsake those of the year past ; and one dish of strawberries , or cherries , ( though never so green ) or forward pears , shall be preferred to the best , and fairest bon-chrestien which you can produce . conservatory . fabrick . situation to pursue then our first intention . it will be necessary to choose some place in your house the most commodious to make your reserva●●ry or store-house , which should have the windows and overtures narrow to prevent the extreamity both of heat and the cold : these you shall allways keep shut , and so secured from the ayr as only to afford you a moderate light , which you shall also banish by closing the wooden shutters when you go out : and indeed were there none at all , and that the door to it were very straight , and low , it would be the better keeping it shut so soon as ever you are entred . such a place designed for your store , you shall build shelves about , and ( if the room be capable of it ) that the middle be to lay fruit in heaps , such as are the most common and destind for the servants , and if it be not wide enough , it shall suffice to shelve it three parts and leave the fourth for the heaps . shelving . let your shelves be layd upon brackets of wood or iron very strong because of their charge : two of them side by side , two foot broad : which you must ledg with a small lath , to keep the fruit from rowling and falling off : but let-none of these shelves be within a yard of the floor , that you may place the best rare fruit under them , seperateing and distinguishing them according to their kinds : but you may continue the shelves upward to the very ceeling placing them about nine or ten-inches asunder . and for the more convenien●e you should have a smal light frame of steps by which you ascend and reach to the uppermost shelf , when you would visite your fruit : a ladder being nothing so convenient , wearying the feet , and more subject to fall . season of gathering fruit . the season of gathering your winter-fruits being come , which you shall discover by many indications , as when they begin to drop off themselves , which commonly happens after the first rains of autumn , when the tree being sobb'd and wet , swells the wood , and loosens , the fruit : or when the first frosts advertise you that it is time to lay them up : or ( to be more certain ) at the decrease of the moon in october ( thus for the pears and apples ) begining to gather the softest first , and finishing with the harder , that they may have the more time to perfect their maturity . there are some fruits that are only to be eaten ripe as the gros●enil-pear * cor●nes , services , azerolls , and the like , which you shall leave upon the tree till you perceive by their falling in great numbers , they admonish you to gather them . medlars are to be gathered about st. lukes , according to the ●roverb . medlars . baskets . when you gather your fruits , you should be provided with strong ozier baskets , to be born full betwixt two men , and you shall put a little straw at the bottom , lest the weight of the uppermost bruise the undermost against the basket . fallen fruit . you shall as you gather your fruits separate the fairest and biggest from the midling and such as are fallen off themselves , or as you have thrown down in gathering the others , putting each sort in a b●●ket apart : i speak not here of the smallest and the crumplings , for i suppose you discharg'd your trees of them before , so soon as you perceived that they did not thrive , to give the more nourishment to the rest . the worm-eaten apples should be put also amongst those which are fallen to be spent first . housing . as fast as you gather your fruits , you shall carrie them into your store-house , and range them upon your shelves so as they may not touch one another , putting ● little straw all under them , and in like manner distinguishing the fairest and biggest from the lesser upon several shelves and heaping up the worm-e ●en and fallen , as i but now directed you . bon-chresten as ●ouching the bon chrestien pears , they are more curiously to be gathered then the rest , for the stalkes of such as are very fair and well coloured , red at one side and yellow at the other , should be sealed with spanish wax to preserve their sap from evaporating : this done , wrap them up in drie pa●ers and put them in a bushell or a box well covered , that they may grow t●wny and mature being thus shut up . you shall practice the same upon the double-f●owere pear , the cadillace , the thoul , and others which are graffed upon the q●ince , and which receive their colour from the tree : for as for those as are graffed upon the pear-stock , they commonly continue green ; and therefore without any farther trouble , you need only range them upon the shelves , as you did the rest . c●●inet . those that are very curious have a cupboard which shutts very close , in which they reserve their bonne chrestiens : this cupboard is furnished with shelves , upon every of which are fastned small quarters of wood , which are laid cross like a grate , every square neer as big as the greatest pear . upon each of these s●uares they lay a pear by it self , for fear lest they should touch ; and that if any of them should be perished , it do not in●ect its neighbour . this cupboard they keep very close , pasting pieces of paper about the key-holes , to keep out the ayr , and never open it , save when they would take our fruit , and this closing them up does give them a most excellent colour : but before they thus shut them up , ● they leave the pears five or six dayes in the baskets , wherein they were brought out of the orchard , that they may have time to sweat . ripe fruit . those fruits which are to be leaten ripe , should be layed in heaps , and if they do not mellow fast enough to your desire , you shall put them into a wheat-sack , and shall jumble them together betwixt two , this concussion one against the other will exceedingly advance their maturity . grapes . your muscat grapes of all colours , as the chasselats , bicane , and rochel grapes , or others more ordinary , are to be preserved several ways , either singly ranging them upon straw o● h●nging them in sieves up to the ceeling , covering them over with paper to guard them from the dust , or barrelling them up with oat-chaff or in a tub of ashes , or which is best , hanging them by their ends ( not stalks ) in your forementioned cub-board . to keep them . i pretermit severall o●her curious wayes of keeping grapes , as when they are in flower to put the clusters into a glasse-violl , and when it is ripe cut it from the vine , and seal up the stalk , but it must so hang as that none of them touch the ●ide of the glasse , and then close the mouth of it with soft wax , to keep out the ayr , this will preserve the chister till christmas . there are divers other means , which i omit because they are altogether unprofitable , troublesome , and expensive . and though i have not before taught you how you may store your self with these muscat-grapes of all colours , it is not out of ignorance , for i am abundantly furnished withthem ; but because it is a plant which is to be governed like the other vines , i referr it to my vignerous , who have from their youth been accostomed to the ordering of vines , their experience instructing them in those necessary subjections which a gardner would never observe , with so many precautions as they are obliged to do , especially in planting and pruning them , which are the onely things i instrust them in , and am well satisfied . vermine . i shall tell you upon this occasion , that all sorts of flies , and bees , wasps , &c. dormise , and rats , are exceedingly licorish of these grapes , when they are ripe , to prevent which you shall place some clove of garlick half hid in severall places upon the poles which support them , neer the clusters , and the very sent thereof will chase them away . aspect . the fullest aspect of the meridian sun , and shelter of some wall , is the onely place that the muscat and precoce grape affects . rotten fruit . mice . cats . to conclude this section , i will advise you to visit your conservatory often , that in case you finde any of the fruits rotten , you take them away ; for they spoil all that they touch : but if you perceive any one that the mice have begun , stirre it not from the place ; for as long as any of that single fruit remains , they will never attaque another : in the mean time set a trap to catch them , for to let cats in , they will disorder your fruit , and leave their ordure amongst the heaps , and upon the shelves . sect . ii. of dried fruits . dryed fruit . there are divers fruits that we drie in ovens , which in hotter countreys they drie in the sun , as in provence the prunella's , in langvedoc raisins of the sun ; but since the cold of our climate obliges us to make use of the oven , i will here describe in particular , how each of them ought to be dried . cherries . beginning then with ch●rries , white , hearts , and the preserving cherries , as with the first which the season prescribes us . chuse such as are very ripe , fair , fresh , and not bruised : you shall spread them upon lattices , or hurdles made of wicker , ranging them one by another , as handsomely as you can , without suffering them to lye one upon another , with their stones and stalkes then put them into the oven which must be of a temperate heat . such as it usually is after the household bread is drawn . and then leaving them as long as any heat remains , you shall take them forth turne them , to the end they may perfectly dry : after this you shall heat the oven again , putting them in , and repeating this course till they are sufficiently dryed to be kept , then let them cool in heaps a whole day , and afterwards binding them up in small bunches , reserve them in great * round boxes exquisi●ely shut . plum. plums are to be dried like cherries very ripe gathered , the best for this purpose are such as are fallen off the trees , for they are most fleshy , and will be more agreable to eat then those which you shall gather , which retaine alwaies some verdure upon them . the very best to drye are to be chosen , as the imperial , date , and st. catherine , diaper , perdrigon , cytrout , 〈◊〉 mirabolan , roche-corbon , damasks of all sorts , and the st. iulian for ordinary spending . prunellas . if you desire to counterfeit prunellas , you must make choyce of the fairest of your plums , as the perdrigon , the abricotplum , * egg-yolk , brignolles or others , which have a white skin , pee●e them without a knife , drawing them by the skin which will easily quit the plum , if it be throughly ripe , then stone them without breaking the fruit , as i shall hereafter instruct you when i speak of abricots . boyle the skins well with a little water , and strain it through a cloath , and in this juice ( which be in the consistance of a syrupe infuse your plums as often as you set them into the oven , flatting them every time : if your liquor be not thick enough , you shall adde to it the juice of white corrinths , very ripe , which will render your syrup sufficiently thick . you may also ( if you please ) adde some sugar to them , they will be excellent , and require less drying . the provençals instead of setting them in the oven , stick them upon thorn branches , one upon each thorn , and so leave them to drie in the sun. peaches . peaches are to be ordered after the same manner as plums , excepting that they must be gathered from the tree ; for those which fall , besides that they are over-ripe , they wil have such bruises as will hinder their drying , without great trouble , and will be very disagreeable to the taste : before you stone them , you shall set them once into the oven to mortifie them : afterwards you shall slit them neatly with a knife , and take out the stone ; then open and flat them upon some table , that when you set them in the oven , they may dry as well within as without , by reason of their great thickness ; & the last time you draw them out of the oven , whilst they are yet hot , close them again , & flatten them , to reduce them to their natural shape . abricots . abricots are also to be gathered ripe from the tree , you need not open them , to take out their s●ones , but thrust them out dextrously , neer the stalk : neither in drying them need you open them like peaches ; but leave them whole , and only flatting them , that they may drie equally in every part , and be the more commodiously ranged in the boxes . if you desire to have them excellent , put a pill of sugar about the quantity of a p●a , in the place of the stone ; and fill an earthen milk-tray , covering it with a lid of paste closed thereto : then set it in the oven , as soon as the bread hath taken colour , and there let it remain till it be cold : after which you shal set it in the stove upon slatse , as they drie sweet-meats ; and when they are sufficiently dry to keep , whilst yet warm , strow some finely searced sugar upon them , and leave them two dayes before you set them up . pear● ▪ pears are to be dried pared and unpared , in the same manner as i shewed you before : but being pared they are much more delicate , and the parings are to be used , to infuse in the liquor , as i taught you in plums . you must leave their stalks , and the crown when you pare them , choosing such fruit as is the fairest , most delicate , and full of flavour , as the orange , summer bon-chrestien , muscadel , great m●scat-pear , the rousset , & a hundred others as rare . you shall put of these likewise in earthen pans , with their skins upon the fruit , before you cover them with paste , thus drie , and strew them as you did your abricots . the pear is not to be gathered over ripe , for that wil render it too flashy . in grape-time , you may infuse the parings in new white wine instead of water , or in cyder-time in new perry made without water . apples . apples are commonly dried without paring them , and are to be slit in the midst , taking out the core : some of them you may boyl for liquor to s●ak those in which you intend to dry . grapes . grapes of all sorts , muscadine and others , are to be dried in the oven , upon the hurdle , without farther trouble then onely to drie them in a temperate heat , and turn them frequently , that they dr●● equally . those of languedoc passe them through a * lye before they drie them in the sun. beanes . amongst drie fruits i will also range green beans , which being well dress'd with a little winter savory dried ( the true seasoning of beans ) may pass for new . to drie them , you shall take those that are tender , which have yet their * skins green , before they are white ; take off this coat ( that is , peel them ) then drie them in the sun upon papers , often turning them daily , at evening bring them in , and expose them again to the sun every day , till you finde them very drie , which will soon be , if it be not close weather : being drie , you may keep them covered in boxes , carefully preserving them from all moysture . before you boil them , you must lay them in soak for the space of half a day in warm water . pease . for green peas● chuse the youngest , which shailed out of their ●ods , drie as you did the beans , and infuse them likewise in warm water before you boil them , adding to the liquor , a handful of the leaves of new pease , if you have any green , tying them in a bunch , lest they mingle with your pease . mushrum● morilles and mushrums are to be filed on a thred , and hung up in some hot place , as over an o●en , where they will easily drie ; or if the place be commodious for it , before the fire , or set into the oven itself temperately warm . sect . iii. to pickle fruits with salt and ●inegre . pickling cucumbers . cucumbers are the biggest garden fruit which we use to pickle , they are to be chosen very small , ( which they call cornets or gerkins , because we choose those which resemble little crooked hor●s , and that do not improve ) or else somewhat bigger , but very young , before their seeds be hard , which are nothing so pleasant to eat : these are to be pickled pared , or whole ; but it is best to pare them before you put them in pickle then afterwards ; because of the loss of your salt and vinegre upon the skin , which will become so hard , as scarcely to be eaten : but they are handsomer and whiter , being pared at that instant when you serve them to the table , then such as you pare before they be pickled : so that you may do which of them you please . the other small horned cucumbers are to be pickled without paring , by reason of the delicateness of their skin . cathering you must gather very early in a fair morning , and let them lie all the rest of the day in the sun to mortifie them a little , that they may the better receive in the salt. put the pared , the unpared , and the ge●kins , each of them in well glazed earthen pots apart ( for those that are unglazed , crumble and moulder away , by reason of the salt which does penetrate them , and so lose their pickle ) ranging them handsomly , and crowding them as neer as you can to one another , without bruising : then you shall strew a good quantity of salt upon them , and the vinegre afterwards , tilf the uppermost of all are well covered ; otherwise there will breed a mouldinesse that will spoil all that remain bare . thus set them up in a temperate place , and touch them not at least in six weeks , that they may be perfectly pickled . your store-house will be the most convenient place to keep them in . 〈◊〉 . let the purslain which you would pickle be of tha● which you have transplanted , that it may be the fairer . the true season to gather it is , when it begins to flower , if you would have that which is tender : for if you omit it till it be out of flower , that you may save the seed , ( as it is commonly sold ) it will be too hard to eat . let it also be dried and mortified in the sun , two or three dayes , and then range it in glazed pots with vinegre and salt as you did the cucumbers . c●pers broom-b●ds . sampiere . tarr●gon . capers , broom-buds , sampier , tarragon and the like , are to be pickled after the same manner as above . artichoks . bottoms of artichock● are to be pickled in salt , but after another method then the former ; for they must first be above half-boyl'd , and when they are cold , and well drain'd of their water , which should likewise be dried with a cloth to take out all their hu●idity , range them in pots , and pour brine upon them , as strong as it can possibly be made ; which is done by putting into it so much salt , as till it will no longer imbibe , & that the salt precipitates to the bottom whole and without melting . this we call marinated water . upon this water ( which will cover your artichocks ) you must pour sweet butter melted , to the eminence of two fingers , that you may thereby exclude the air ; then the butter being cold , set up the pot with your cucumbers , or in some other temperate place , covered and well secur'd from the cats & the mice , which else will make bold to visit your b●tter . but i presume that before you put the artichoks in the pot , you did prepare them as you would have done to serve them to the table , that is , taken off all the leaves and the chocke which is within . time. the true season for this is in autumn , when ( practising what i taught you before in the second treatise in the chapter of artichokes ) your plants produce those which are young and tender , for they are these which you should take to pickle , before they come to open and flower , but yet not till their heads are well formed and hard . when you would eat of them , you must extract their saltnesse by often shifting the water , and boyle them once again before you serve them to the table . asparagus peas . champignons . asparagus , peas without cods , morilles , champignons , or mushrums , are also to be pickled in salt , ( having first parboyl'd them , & prepared every sort in its kind ) af●●r the same manner that you did artichoks . v●sit your pots . you shall monethly be sure to visite your pots , that in case you perceive any of them mouldy , or to have lost their pickle , you may according repayr it . cornelians . i have some years since invented the pickling of cornelians , and have frequently made them passe for olives of veronna , with divers persons who have been deceived , their colour so resembling them , and their tast so little different . to effect this , i cause the fairest and biggest to be gathered when first then would begin to blush , & then letting them lye a while , i pot or barrel them up , filling them with brine , just as i do artichocks , and to render them odoriferous , adding a little branch of green fenel , & a few bay-leaves : then closing the vessel well , touch it not for a moneth after . if you finde them too salt , dilute & abate the pickle before you serve them to the table . sect . iv. to preserve fruit with wine in the must , in cider , or in hony. to preserve fruit with wine cider . hony . all sorts of fruits which may be preserved in sugar , may also be preserved in must , in cyder , or in hony . and there is no other dfficulty in making choyce of fruits to scald and preserve this way , then in choosing such as you would preserve in sugar . in must. to describe in this place the principall rules which must of necessity be observed in preserving fruit in the must or new wine ; you shall take ▪ three pails full , three pots , or 3 parts of must , according to the quantity of fruit which you intend to preserve : set it in a kettle or skillet on the fire , but with care , that if your fire be of wood , the flame being too great do not burn some side of the vessell . then let your must continue boyling till it be reduced to one third part , that it may be of fitting ●onsistence to preserve your fruit in , sufficiently , & keep it from moulding & spoyling . the fruits being pared or unpared , according to their natures or your curiosity , those which ought to be scalded being done , well drained , and dryed from their water , are to be put and preserved in this must carefully scummed , and made to ●oyl till you perceive that the syrupe is of a sufficient consistence , which you shall know by dropping some of it on a plate , if it appear in stiff rubies & run not about , the plate a little inclining . you cannot take your must too new , & therefore , as soon as you perceive the grapes very ripe , tread them immediatly , and take of that must as much as will serve , white or re● , according to the fruit you would preserve . some fruits as the quince , the pear , & the blew grape , &c. require must of blew grapes , others of white , as walnuts , the muscat-grape & the like , whose candor and whitenesse you desire to preserve . to heighten the tast of those fruits which you ought to preserve in red-wine , put in a little cinnamon and cloves tyed up in a button of lawn that they may not be dispersed amongst the preservs , lost or consum'd in the syrupe , and to those which require white wine , a bunch of green fenel bound up likewise in a cloath . ma●malad of grapes or raisins ▪ codiniack , or marmalad of grapes is made of the fairest , & ripest blew grapes , gathered in the afternoon at the heat of the day , to the end that their moysture may be intirely dryed up : lay them in some lost of your house , where both the ay● & the sun have free entercourse , spreading them upon tables or hurdles , that , for at the leas● a fortnight , they may there sweat & shrink : in case the weather prove cloudy , or that the season prove cold , you may set them in your o●en temperately warm , after which presse them wel with your hands , cleansing them from all their seeds and stalks , putting the husks and juice to boyl in the kettle , & diligently scumming and cleering it from the seeds : reduce this liquor also to a third part , diminishing the fire , according as your con●ection thickens , and stirring it often about with your spatule or spoon to prevent its cleaving to the vessel , and that it may boyl equally . being thus prepar'd , you shall percolat it through a sieve or course cloath , bruising the husks with your wooden ladle , the better to express out the substance , aud besides , you shall wring it forth , or squeez it in a press : when this is done , set it again on the fire , & boyl it once more keeping it continually stirring till you conceive it to be suffici●ntly boiled , then taking it off , pour it into earthen-pans , to prevent its contracting any ill smack from the kettle , and being half cold , put it into gally-pots , to keep . potting . you shall let your pots stand open five or six daies , and then cover them with paper so fitted as to lye upon the very preserve within the pot , and when visiting your pots , you finde that any of your paper is mouldy , take it away and apply another , this doe as long as you shall see cause , which will be untill such time as all the superfluous humidity be evaporated , for then the mouldinesse will vanish unlesse your confection was not sufficiently boyled , in which case it must be boyled again , and then you may cover them for altogether . m●stard de dijon . to make mustard a la mode de dijon , you shalf only take of this codiniack and put to it store of seneve or mustard-seed well b●uised in a mortar with water , & finely searced , and when it is exquisitely mixed together , quench therein some live coles , to extract all the bitternesse from the se●d , then either barrel or pot it up , well closed , and reserved for use . you may also preserve all sorts of fruit in perry that has not been diluted , reducing it in boyling also to a third part , as we shewed you in the must. lastly . in hony. to preserve in hony , you shall take that which is most thick , hard and most resembling sugar , boyling it in a preserving pan , scumming it exactly , & stirring it about to prevent its burning . you shall discover if it be enough boyled , by putting into it a hen● egg , if it sink , it is not yet enough , if it float , it is of sufficient consistence to preserve your fruits : you know that hony is very subject to burn , & therefore finish this preparation upon a gentle fire , frequently stirring the bottom of your pan with the spatule to prevent this accident . finis . table of the principal matters contained in this bo●k . the first treatise . § i. of the place , of the earth , and mould of the garden , together with the means to recover , and meliorate ill ground . s●te pag. 1 soil . 2 dressing . 3 skreening . 8 §. ii. of espaliers or wall-fruit , and of single pole-hedges , and shrubs . planting . 12 pole hedges . 18 shrubs . 19 §. iii. of trees , and of the choyce wh●ch ought to be made of them . pears . apples . peaches . abricots . 2● ▪ 24 cherries . 25 age. 26 shape . taking up . 27 transporting . transplanting . 28 pruning . 29 nailing . spreading . errour . 34 dre●sing . 36 old trees . 37 §. iv. of the seminary and nursery . seminary . 38 seeds . kernels . stones . 39 seed-plot . 40 cut●ing . 41 graffing . 42 quince-stocks . peaches . 44 dressing . 45 nursery . plot. 46 planting . 47 trees . 48 nipping . pruning . 51 distance . forme . 52 §. v. concerning graffs , and the best directions how to choose them . graffing . 54 inoculating . season . 55 choyce . 56 time. cleft . choyce . 57 §. vi. the manner how to graff . p. 59 inoculating . 60 season . 62 cleft . 65 crown . 70 approach . 71 cutting . layers . 73 §. vii . of trees , and shrubs in particular , how they are to be governed , and their maladies cured . trees . 75 pears . graffing ▪ 76 apple-trees . 79 plum. 80 abricots . peaches . 81 cherries . 80 figs. 84 mulberies . 86 oranges . limmons . 87 shrubs . 89 granads . 9● jassemine . 91 musk-rose . myrtles . laurels . 92 phylyrea . alaternus . althea frutex . arbor judae . lilac . diseases . 94 mosse . 95 jaundies . 97 moles . 98 mice . 100 worms . 101 pismires . 102 snails . 103 wood-lice . earwigs . caterpillars . 104 composition to hood graffs withall . 105 to make fruit knot . 106 a catalogue of the names of fruits known about paris , and when they are in season . 108 the second treatise . § ▪ i. of melons , c●cumbers , gourds , and their kinds . melons . 135 seeds . 136 plot. 117 figure . 138 season . beds . 139 sowing . 140 governing . 142 season . transplanting . 143 stormes . ●ells . pruning . 145 transplanting . 147 season . transplanting . 148 watring . gathering . 149 visiting . care. 151 choice . seeds . cucumbers . 152 pumpeons . transplanting . gathering . 154 seed . 156 § ii. of artichocks , chardons , and asparagus . artichocks . planting . 157 earthing . 159 chard . 160 slips . gathering . 161 spanish-chardon . asparagus . 162 planting . 163 dressing . 164 cutting . 165 §. iii. of cabbages , and lettuce of all sorts . cabbage . 166 seed . cole-flowers . 167 sowing . 168 removing . 170 transplanting . 171 cabbage . watring . sowing . birds . 172 wormes . 173 large sided cabbage . 174 white cabbage . 175 red. perfum'd . cabbage . 176 planting . 176 seed . 178 season of sowing . insects . 180 lettuce . sowing . 182 transplanting . 183 roman lettuce . heading . 184 blanching . seed . 185 § vi ▪ of roots . roots . parsneps . 186 sowing . 188 removing . housing . 189 seed . carrots . 190 season . seed . 191 salsifix . 192 dressing . season . 193 seed . 194 radishes . horse-radishes . seed . 195 small radish . sowing . 196 seed . turneps . 197 season . vermine . 198 housing . seed . parsly . season . 199 ●re●●ing . 200 roots . seed . skirret . 201 spending . rampions . jerusalem artichocks . seed . 202 dangers . 203 § v. of all sorts of pot-herbs . beet-leeks . 203 season . transplanting . 204 gathering . sowing . beets red. seed . 206 orache . succory . season . 207 blanching . 208 housing . 210 seed . 211 endive . blanching . housing . sorrell . 212 sowing . transplanting . 214 dressing . seed . 215 patience . borrage . sowing . 216 seed . buglosse . chervill . 217 seed . sowing . 218 seed . allisaunders . sceleri . sowing . p●rslain . 219 sowing . transplanting . 220 seed . spinach . 221 sowing . season . seed . 222 § vi. of beans , peas , and other pulse . beans . 223 sowing . choyce . 224 ground . 225 houing . 226 gathering . seed . hame . 227 haricots . sowing . 228 painted beanes . soyl. soweing . 229 white streaked beans . 230 red beans . peas . 231 sowing . hot-spurrs . soil . 232 soweing . setting . 233 great peas . bushing . 234 mould . distance . beds . 235 gray-peas . small-peas . soweing . 236 pigeons . houing . 237 monethly peas . cutting . watring . lupines . 239 slave-peas . soweing . lentils . mould . 240 thrashing . housing . 24● § ▪ vii . of onions , garlicke , chibols leeks , odirif●r●●us plants , and other conveniences of a garden , not comprehended in the precedent chapters . onions . sowing . 242 seeding . drying . housing . seed . 243 chibols . transplanting . 24● garlick , planting . pulling . housing . eschalots . 247 planting . leeks . blanching . 248 seeds odoriferant . 249 salad . corne-salad . pimpinell . cresse . 250 licoris . planting . 251 time. savory . ma●joram . sage . 252 rosemary . fenell . strawberies . plants . 25● beds . season . 254 propping . stringing . removing . 255 dressing . soil . strawberries in autumn . raspis . 256 pruning . goosberries . 257 champignons . choyce . 258 mushrum-bed . dressing . produc●ion . 259 morills . truffs . conclusion . 260 an appendix to the former trea●ise . ● i. of the manner 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 fruits in their naturall . conserving fruit● . 263 consevatory . fabrick . situation . 265 ●●elving . 266 season of gathering fruit . 267 medl●rs . b●●kets . fallen fruit . 268 nousing . 〈◊〉 chrestien . 269 cabinet . 270 ripe-fruit . gr●pe● . 271 keeping . 272 vermine . 273 aspect . rotten fruit ▪ mic● . cat● . 274 §. ii. of dryed fruit● dried-fruit● . 〈◊〉 . ●75 plums . 276 〈◊〉 . 277 peaches . 278 abric●t● . 279 pear● . 280 apples . grapes . bea●s . 281 pea● . 282 mushrums . 283 § iii. to pickle 〈◊〉 with salt and ●i●egre . pi●kle cucumbers . ●83 gathering . ●84 purslain . 285 capers . broom-buds . sampiere tarragon . artichocks . 286 season . 287 asparagus . peas . champigno●s . pickle . c●rnelians . 288 § iii. to preserve fruit with wine in the must , in cider , or hony. in mu●●●9 marmalad of grapes or 〈◊〉 . 291 potting . must●rd of dijon . 293 in hony. 294 books printed for , and to be sold by iohn crooke , at the signe of the ship in st. pauls church-yard . annales veteris testamenti , à prima mundi origine deduct● ; unà cum rerum afiaticarum , & aegyptiacarum chronoco , à temporis historici principio usque ad maccabaicarum initia producto : à viro reverendissimo & doctissimo , iacobo vsserio , archiepiscopo armachano . folio ej●sdem annalium pars secunda , quae ad annum christi octogesimum producitur , ●nà cum harmonia evangeliorum , ab exercitatissimo sacris literis doctore , iohanne richard sono epischopo ardachadensi conscripta . folio ejusdem de textus hebraici veteri● testamenti variantibus lectionibus ad lodovicnm capellum epistola . quarto vsserii de lxx interpretum versione syntagma . quarto the holy history ; containing excellent observations , on all the remarkable passages and histories of the old testament , with a vindi●ation of the verity thereof from the aspersions of atheists and antiscripturians . written originally in french , by the curious pen of nicolas cau●●●n ▪ s. i. and now elegantly rendred into english out of the seventh and last edition by a person of honour . 4● the bishop of derry's victory of truth for the peace of the church , in answer to mounsieur millitie●e . 8● — of liberty and necessity , in answer to mr. hobbs . 8● — his replication to the popish bishop of calcedon , in defence of his vindication of the church of england . 8● — his vindication of the church of england from the aspersions of schism cast upon it by the papists . 8● mountagues miscellanea spiritualia , or devout essays . the second part . 40 the history of the ●ron age : wherein is set down the origi●al of all the wars and commotions , that have hapned from the year of god 1500. with the manner of their prosecution and events , till the year 1656. illustrated with the figures of the most renowned persons of this pressent time . folio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , of drinking water , against our novelists that prescribed it in england , by richard short , doctor of physick . whereunto is added 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 ●arm drink , and is an answer to a treatise of warm drink , printed at cambridge . 8● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ●ive introductori●● a●glo-latino-graecum , complect●ns colloqui● fa●iliaria aesopi febulas & lu●i●●i , s●léctiores mortuorum diologos , in usum scholarum , per j. sh. 8● the life and death of the most reverend and learned father of our church dr. iames vsher , late archbishop of armagh , and primat● of all ireland , in a sermon at his funeral , at the abby of westminster , april . 17th . 1656. by nicholas bernard , d. d. and preacher to the honourable society of grays inne , london . 8● the judgement of the late archbishop of armagh and primate of ireland , of the extent of christs death and satisfaction , &c. of the sabbath , and observation of the lords day : of the ordination in other reformed churches , &c. by n. ber●ard , d. d. and preacher to the honourable society of grays inne , london , 8● the holy life of mounsieur de re●ty , a late noble man of france , and counsellour to k. le●is xiii . written in french by iohn baptist s. iure , and faithfully translated into english by e. s. gent. ●● castigations of mr. hobbes his last animadversions , in the case con●erning liberty and universal necessity , with an appendix concerning the catching of leviathan , or the great whale , ●y 〈◊〉 bramball , d. d. and bishop of d●●●y . 8● ☞ the annals of the worl● 〈◊〉 from the origin of time , and continued to the beginning of the emperour vespasians reign , and the total destruction and abolition of the temple and common-wealth of the jews , containing the historie of the old and new testament , with that of the maccabees . as also all the most memorable affairs of asia and egypt , and the rise of the empire of the roman caesars under c. iulius and octavianus , collected from all histories , as well sacred as profane , and methodically digested by the most reverend iames vsher arch-bishop of armagh , and primate of all ireland . folio hymens preludia , or loves master piece , being the seventh part of that so much admired romance , intituled cleopatra written originally in french , and now rendered into english by j. c. 8● de hibernia et antiqui●atibus suis disquisitiones , editio secunda emendatior et quarta parte auctitor . accesserunt rerum hi●erni earum reguante hencico , viii . annales ●unc primum in lucem ●diti . a iacob● wat●o . autore equ . au● . 8● honoria and mammon , with the contention of ajax and ulisses for the armor of achilles , by iames shyrly , gent , 8● certain discourses , viz. of babylon ( revel . 18. 4. ) being he present see of rome , ( with a sermon of bishop bedels upon the same words ; of laying on of hands ( heb. 6. 2. ) to be an ordained ministry ; of the old form of words in ordination ; of a set form of prayer . each being the judgment of the late arch-bishop of armagh and primate of all ireland . published and enlarged by n. bernard . d. d. and preacher to the honourable society of grays-inne , unto which is added a character to bishop bedel , and an answer to mr. perce's fifth letter concerning the late primate . 8● hymens preludia or loves master-piece , being the ninth and tenth part of that so much admired romance intituled cleopatra , written originally in french , and now rendered into english , by i. d. folio . the antiquitie● of warick shiere illustrated and beautified with maps , prospects and pourtractuers , by william dugdale . folio . by whom also a●● manner of books are to be sold brought from beyond the sea● . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a28676-e1290 * pole-hedge set up agai●st a wall , much used in france . * such as are pr●duced of kernels . a wilde appl● produced of kernels , on which they graff the dwarf * viz. that which rises in spring & august . * a kind of codling . * sort that cleaves to the stone . * a great white plum , as big as an abricot . * a black unpleasant fruit . * a kind of round pumpeon or citrovill . * a long excellentt cabbage . * small dishes of severall things which stand twixt the greater to garnish the table . * a kinde of hip , a ●ound red berrie , cor●●es is a fruit fashioned like a pear and to be rotted like a medlar . pear . * they call them in f●ance bush●ll . boxes , bei●g of that shape and containing about hal● a bushell . * moyen d● oeuf , a plum so called . * 〈◊〉 preserve them from worms * in which the beau●s are involved . gas●be an instrument made like an oare .